    [From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

                    COLUMBIA RIVER

                                                                                                                                                                                                           7'
                    ESTUARY

                    REGIONAL MANJ%%XwlT l'E,,NT

                    PLAN

                                                                                                                                                                                                                   ;r -T I,-
                                                                                                                                                                                  9                   f

                                                                             @iL"@

                                                                                                                                        TV
                                                                                                                                      1k.

                                                                                                                                                                         Ap

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        ell
                                                                                                                                                4r
                                                                                                                                   f@ ;L 71

                                              AA

                                          COLUMBIA RIVER ESTUARY

                                      REGIONAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

                                                  Adopted June 1979 by the
                                            Columbia River Estuary Study Taskforce

                                               Prepared under the supervision of
                                            James W. Good, CREST Director 11976-79

                                                      Ian McColgin, Editor

                                                 Property   of CSC Librazy

                                                     U . S . DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
                                                     COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
         ;@z                                         2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
                                                     CHARLESTON , SC 29405-2413

                   cm

                   Um
                   Preparation of this document was financially aided through grants from the Oregon Land
                   Conservation and Development Commission and the Washington State Department of
                   Ecology with funds obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
                   and appropriated for Sections 305 and 306, respectively, of the Coastal'Zone Management
                   Act of 1972.

                                                         COVER AND MAPS

                                            River Spirits, by Gayle McKennon, is based on tradi-
                                          tional Northwest Indian motifs. This graphic is projected
                                          on a map of the estuary. All maps in this Pla-n were
                                          drawn by Wait Lindstrom.

                                                 Vzo-.61"T. z"-

                                                       Typesetting and printing by
                                                  Consolidated Printing& Stationery, Inc.
                                                             Astoria, Oregon

                                                                                        CONTENTS

                                                                                            PART I

                                                                                       BACKGROUND

                               11.    PURPOSE OF THE PLAN          ...............................................................                              1-1
                               12.    CONTENT AND USE OF THE DOCUMENT                  .........................          I''..''   .........    I I ......     1-2
                               13.    ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE               ........................................................                           1-3
                               14.    PLANNING ISSUES, PROBLEMS AND NEEDS                  ..............................................                       1-5
                               15.    INVENTORY OF PHYSICAL, BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS                             ....................           1-7

                                                                                           PART 11
                                                                                 REGIONAL POLICIES

                                20.    CREST GOALS       ...................................................................                             11-1

                                21.    ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT POLICIES                 ...............................................                     11-2
                                       21.10 Fisheries     ............................                                                                  11-2
                                       21.20 Deep Water Navigation, Ports and Industrial Development                    .......................          11-2
                                       21.30 Shallow Draft Ports and Marinas           ..............................................                    11-3
                                       21.40 Recreation and Tourism          .....................................................                       11-3
                                       21.50 Forestry and Forest Products Industry           ..........................................                  11-3

                                22.    RESOURCE PROTECTION POLICIES              ..................................................                      11-4
                                       22. 10  Energy Facilities    ...........................................................                          11-4
                                       22.20   Significant Areas     ............................................                    .....  I  .......   11-4
                                       22.30   Water Quality Maintenance          .................       ;  ...............................             11-4
                                       22.40   Wildlife Habitat     ............................................................                         11-5
                                       22.50   Restoration     .................................................................                         11-5
                                       22.60   Mitigation    ................................................................                            11-6

                                23.    LAND    AND WATER USE POLICIES            ...                                                                     11-7
                                       23.10   Residential,, Commercial and Industrial Development                ...........................            11-7
                                       23.20   Agriculture     ................................................................                          11-7
                                       23.30   Land Transportation Systems         .................................................                     11-7
                                       23.40   Mining and Mineral Extraction         ...............................................                     11-8
                                       23.50   Public Access    ..............................................................                           11-8
                                       23.60   Shoreland Hazard Areas          ....................................................                      11-8

                                24.    LAND    AND WATER ACTIVITY POLICIES               .............................................                   11-9
                                       24.10   Dredging and Dredged Material Disposal              ......................................                11-9
                                       24.20   Dredged Material Disposal Site Selection            ......................................                11-9
                                       24.30   Estuarine Construction       ......................................................                       11-10
                                       24.40   Filling Estuarine Waters and Wetlands          .........................................                  11-10
                                       24.50   Diking    ....................................................................                            11-10.

                                25.    INTERGOVERNMENTAL COORDINATION AND PUBLIC EDUCATION POLICIES                                   ..............     11- 11
                                       25. 10 Local Intergovernmental Coordination              ........................................                 11- 11
                                       25.20   State and Federal Consistency         ................................................                    11-11
                                       25.30   Development Evaluation, Permit Information, and Permit Review                     ..................      Il- 11
                                       25.40   Scientific Research and Planning          .............................................                   11-12
                                       25.50   Public Education     ...........................................................                          11-12

                                                                                  PART III
                                         MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND DEVELOPMENT STANDARDS
                     30.    PLAN ELEMENTS.,       ..................................                 :--*-*'           ...  ''****   ....  **  ... 111- 1                    0

                     31.    CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR LAND AND WATER USES                             ..............................               111-2
                            31. 10 Aquatic Area Designations           ..................................................                          111-2
                            31.20 Shoreland Designations           .....................................................                           111-3

                     32.    DEFINITIONS      ....................................................................                                  111-4

                     33.    DEVELOPMENT STANDARDS                  .......................................................                         111-5
                            Table 33-1, Aquatic Area Permitted Uses/Activities                .....................................                111-6
                            Table 33-2, Shorelands Permitted Uses/Activities                .....................................                  111-7
                            33.01   Agriculture      ...............................................................                               111-9
                            33.02   Airports   ..................................................................                                  111-9
                            33.03   Aquaculture       ...............................................................                              111-9
                            33.04   Commercial Uses         ..........................................................                             111-10.
                            33.05   Docks and Moorage          ........................................................                            111- 11
                            33.06   Industrial and Port Facilities        .................................................                        111- 11
                            33.07   Land Transportation Facilities         ................................................                        111-12
                            33.08   Log Dump/Sort Area (i n-water)            ..............................................                       111-13
                            33.09   Log Storage (in-water)         ......................................................                          111-13
                            33.10   Log Storage/Sorting Yard (dry land)             ..........................................                     111-1.3
                            33.11   Marinas    ..................................................................                                  111-14
                            33.12   Mining/Mineral Extraction          ..................................................                          111-14
                            33.13   Navigational Structures        .....................................................                           111-15
                            33.14   Recreation Uses        ...........................................................                             111-15
                            33.15   Residential Uses       ...........................................................                             111-16
                            33.16   Restoration/Resource Enhancement                ..........................................                     111-17
                            33.17   Solid Waste Disposal           .......................................................                         111-17
                            33.18   Timber Propagation/Harvesting             ..............................................                       111-17
                            33.19   Utilities  ..................................................................                                  111-18
                            33.20   Bankline or Stream Alteration            ...............................................                       111-18
                            33.21   Dikes    ....................................................................                                  111-19
                            33.22   Dredging      ............                                                                                     111-19
                            33.23   Dredged Material Disposal          ..................................................                          111-20
                            33.24   Excavation - Creation of New Water Surface Area                 ...............................                111-22
                            33.25   Fill  ......................................................................                                   111-22
                            33.26   Piling/Dolphin Installation        ..................................................                          111-23
                            33.27   Shoreline Stabilization        .....................................................                           111-23

                     34.    THE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND DEVELOPMENT STANDARDS IN LOCAL ORDINANCES                                               ...  111-25
                            34. 10 Oregon      ..................................................................                                  111-25
                            34.20 Washington         ...............................................................                               111-25

                                                                                    PART IV
                                                                   LAND AND WATER USE PLAN

                     40.      BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY                     ....................................................                              IV - 3

                     41.      LOWER RIVER AND ISLANDS                .......................................................                               IV - 9
                              41.01   Mouth of Columbia River          .....................................................                               IV - 11
                              41.02   Estuary Channels       ............................................................                                  IV - 13
                              41.03   Estuary Sands      ...............................................................                                   IV - 14
                              41.04   RiverChannels         .............................................................                                  IV - 15
                              41.05   Snag Islands       ...............................................................                                   IV - 16
                              41.06   Cathlamet Bay       ..............................................................                                   IV - 17
                              41.07   Upper Marsh Islands          .........................................................                               IV - 17
                              41.08   Tenasillahe Island       ...........................................................                                 IV - 18
                              41.09   Fort Stevens State Park        .......................................................                               IV - 19

                              42.     YOUNGS BAY - ASTORIA             ..........................................................                            IV - 21

                                      42.01   Hammond            .................................................................                           IV - 23
                                      42.02   Tansy Point - Alder Cove        .....................................................                          IV - 26
                                      42.03   North Warrenton      ............................................................                              IV - 27
                                      42.04   Upper Skiponon River        .......................................................                            IV - 30
                                      42.05   Middle Skipanon River       .......................................................                            IV - 32
                                      42.06   Mouth of Skipanon River         .....................................................                          IV - 34
                                      42.07   YoungsBay          ................................................................                            IV - 38
                                      42.08   Airport   ....................................................................                                 IV - 42
                                      42.09   Lewis and Clark River       ........................................................                           IV - 44
                                      42.10   Miles Crossing     ..............................................................                              IV - 46
                                      42.11   Youngs River       ...............................................................                             IV - 48
                                      42.12   South Astoria      ...............................................................                             IV - 51
                                      42.13   Port of Astoria    ..............................................................                              IV - 52
                                      42.14   Downtown Astoria Waterfront           .................................................                        IV - 54
                                      42.15   Uppertown - Alderbrook          .....................................................                          IV - 56
                                      42.16   Tongue Point       ...............................................................                             IV - 58
                                      42.17   Lois and Mott Islands       ........................................................                           IV - 62
                              43.     EASTERN CLATSOP            .................................................................                           IV - 63
                                      43.01   John Day River       ..............................................................                            IV - 67
                                      43.02   John Day Point - Settlers Point       .................................................                        IV - 69
                                      43.03   Settlers Point East to Ivy Station    ................................................ .                       IV - 70
                                      43.04   Svensen Island       .............................................................                             'IV - 72
                                      43.05   Ivy Station - Big Creek     ........................................................                           IV - 73
                                      43.06   Big Creek - Little Creek    .......................................................                            IV - 74
                                      43.07   Fertile Valley     ...............................................................                             IV - 76
                                      43.08   Mouth of Blind Slough       .......................................................                            IV - 77
                                      43.09   Gnat Creek         ................................................................                            IV - 79
                                      43.10   Brownsmead         ...............................................................                             IV - 80
                                      43.11   Clifton Channel      .............................................................                             IV - 82
                                      43.12   Bradwood           ..................................................................                          IV - 83
                                      43.13   Wauna/Westport          ...........................................................                            IV - 84

                              44.     WAHKIAKUM         ....................................................................                                 IV - 87
                                      44.01   Puget Island       ................................................................                            IV - 90
                                      44.02   Eastern Wahkiakurn County          ...................................................                         IV - 92
                                      44.03   Cathlamet and White-tailed Deer Refuge              .......................................                    IV - 94
                                      44.04   Skomokawa to Three Tree Point           ...............................................                        IV - 97
                                      44.05   Three Tree Point to Harrington Point         ............................................                      IV - 99
                                      44.06   Grays Bay and Tributaries       ......................................                I ..............         IV - 101

                              45.     BAKER BAY      ......................................................................                                  IV - 105
                                      45.01   Knoppton/Frankfort        .........................................................                            IV - 107
                                      45.02   McGowan            ..................................................................                          IV - 109
                                      45.03   Chinook     ...................................................................                                IV - 110
                                      45.04   Chinook River      ..............................................................                              IV - 112
                                      45.05   BakerBay     ..................................................................                                IV - 114
                                      45.06   Wallocut River     ..............................................................                              IV - 117
                                      45.07   Ilwaco    ....................................................................                                 IV - 118
                                      45.08   Fort Canby North     ............................................................                              IV - 120
                                      45.09   Cape Disappointment        ........................................................                            IV - 121

                                                                         PART V

                                                 DREDGED MATERIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

                 50.    SUMMARY AND PLAN DEVELOPMENT            .....................................          I............        V - 2

                 51.    POLICIES AND STANDARDS        ..........................      ;  ................................           V - 3

                 52.    DREDGING TECHNOLOGY AND COSTS             ..................................................                V - 7

                 53.    DREDGING DISPOSAL OPTIONS          ........................................................                 V - 9

                 54.    IMPLEMENTATION AND SHORELAND DMD SITE MANAGEMENT                   ..............................           V- 12

                 55.    ESTUARY-WIDE PROJECTS       .............................................................                   V- 14
                        55. 10 Corps of Engineers Projects   ......................................................                 V- 14
                             55.11 Columbia River at the Mouth      ................................................                V- 14
                             55.12 Lower Columbia River Estuary       ...............................................               V - 14
                             55.13 Upper Columbia River Estuary       ...............................................               V - 15
                        55.20 Private Projects ................................................................                     V-   17

                 56.    BAKER BAY PROJECTS     ..... ..........................................................                     V - 17
                        56.10 Baker Bay West Channel      ........................................................                  V- 17
                        56.20 Chinook Channel      ...............................................................                  V -  18
                        56.30 Future Projects  ................................................................                     V -  19
                        56.40                                                                                                       V - 19
                        56.50 Port of Chinook    ...............................................................                    V - 20

                 57.    YOUNGS BAY - ASTORIA PROJECTS          ....................................................                 V - 21
                        57.10  Hammond Channel       ............................................................                   V - 21
                        57.20  Hammond Boat Basin       ..........................................................                  V - 21
                        57.30  Tansy Point  ....................................................................                    V - 22         0
                        57.40  Skipanon Channel     .............................................................                   V - 22
                        57.50  Warrenton    ...................................................................                     V - 22
                        57.60  Youngs Bay and River     ..........................................................                  V - 24
                        57.70  Astoria Turning Basin    ..........................................................                  V - 24
                        57.80  Port of Astoria .................................................................                    V - 24
                        57.90  Tongue Point    .................................................................                    V - 25

                 58.    UPPER ESTUARY PROJECTS       ............................................................                   V - 26
                        58.10  Grays Bay    .....................................................................                   V - 26
                        58.20  Skomokawo     ..................................................................                     V - 27
                        58.30  Price Island ...................................................................                     V - 28
                        58.40  Cathlomet    .....................................................................                   V - 28
                        58.50  Puget Island  ..................................................................                     V - 28
                        58.60  Bradwood     ....................................................................                    V - 29
                        58.70  Wauna-Westport     .........  I., ..................................................            I    V - 29

                 .59.   DREDGED MATERIAL DISPOSAL SITES        ....................................................                 V - 30
                        59.10 OceanSites    ...................................................................                     V - 30
                        59.20 Estuary Sites  ...................................................................                    V - 30
                        59.30  Flow-Lane Sites   ...............................................................                    V - 31
                        59.40  Beach Nourishment Sites      .......................................................                 V - 31
                        59.50  Shoreland Sites   ...............................................................                    V - 33

                                                                                    PART VI

                                                             RESTORATION AND MITIGATION PLAN

                          61. BACKGROUND          ......................................................................                        VI -2
                                      State and Federal Programs      .......................................................                   VI - 2
                                      Relationship of Restoration and Mitigation       ..........................................               VI  -3

                          62.    RESTORATION POLICIES        ..............................................................                     VI  -3

                          63.    MITIGATION POLICIES       ................................................................                     VI  -4

                          64.    TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR MITIGATION               ..........................................               VI - 5
                                 The Scientific Basis for Mitigation    ......................................................                  VI - 5
                                 Ecological Significance of Physical Properties      ............................................               VI - 6
                                      Salinity and Temperature Regime         .................................................                 VI - 6
                                      Substrate Type    ..................................................................                      VI - 6
                                      Tidal Exposure    ..................................................................                      VI - 7
                                      Slope and Area    .................................................................                       VI  -7
                                      Current Velocity and Pattern      ......................................................                  VI  -7
                                      Orientation to Solar Radiation    .....................................................                   VI - 7
                                      Annual Submergence Time         .......................................................                   VI  -7
                                 Biological Productivity   ...............................................................                      VI - 8
                                 Habitat and Species Diversity     .........................................................                    VI - 8

                                 SUMMARY TABLE        ...................................................................                       VI - 8

                          65.    POTENTIAL RESTORATION/RESOURCE ENHANCEMENT PROJECTS                      ............................          VI - 10
                                 Marsh Restoration - Creation Sites     ......................................................                  VI -  10
                                 Shoal Area Restoration    ...............................................................                      VI  - 14
                                 Eroded Shoreline Restoration Sites     .....................................................                   VI  - 15
                                 Shoreland Vegetation      ...............................................................                      VI -  16
                                 Pile Dike or Piling Removal     ...........................................................                    VI -  16
                                 Fisheries Enhancement     ...............................................................                      VI -  16

                          66.    MITIGATION NEEDS       ..................................................................                      VI -  18
                                 66.10  Hammond      .....................................................................                      VI -  18
                                 66.20  Middle Skipanon      ..............................................................                     VI -  18
                                 66.30  Mouth of the Skipanon      .........................................................                    VI -  18
                                 66.40  YoungsBay     ...................................................................                       Vl-   19
                                 66.50  Port of Astoria .................................................................                       Vl-   19
                                 66.60  Uppertown Alderbrook       .........................................................                    VI - 20
                                 66.70  Tongue Point    .................................................................                       VI - 20

                          67.    IMPLEMENTATION        ...................................................................                      VI - 20
                                 67. 10 The Mitigation Process     .........................................................                    VI - 20
                                 67.20 Mitigation Plan Content       ........................................................                   VI - 21
                                 67.30  Mitigation Bank    ...............................................................                      VI - 22
                                 67.40  Mitigation Site Reservation     .....................................................                   VI - 23

                                                                               PART Vil

                                                                    PLAN IMPLEMENTATION

                   71.    LOCAL GOVERNMENTS            ..............................................................                          VII - 2
                          Washington      ........................................................................                             VII - 2
                          Oregon   ............................................................................                                Vil - 3

                   72.    STATE AGENCIES       ....................................................................                            VII - 4
                          Washington      ........................................................................                             VII - 4
                          Oregon   ............................................................................                                VII - 4

                   73.    FEDERAL AGENCIES       ......  I  ....... I....................................................                      VII - 4
                          Federal Consistency      .................................................................                           Vil - 4
                          Excluded Federal Lands       ..............................................................                          VII - 5

                   74.    INTERGOVERNMENTAL COORDINATION                  ................................................                     VII - 6
                          Local Coordination     ..................................................................                            VII - 6
                          Local-State-Federal Coordination        ......................................................                       VII - 7

                   75.    ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES                       ....................................                VII - 8
                          Local Environmental Impact Assessments -Washington                 ...................................               VII - 8
                          Local Environmental Impact Assessments -Oregon               .......................................                 VII - 8
                          State Environmental Impact Assessments - Washington              ....................................                VII - 8
                          State Environmental Impact Assessments - Oregon              .......................................                 Vil - 9
                          Federal Environmental Impact Assessments             .............................................                   Vil -9

                   76.    PLAN REVIEW AND AMENDMENT PROCESS                    .............................................                   VII - 9
                          Scheduled Biennial Review and Amendment               ............................................                   VII - 9
                          Scheduled Six Year Review and Update            ................................................                     Vil - 9
                          Unscheduled Reviews and Updates           ....................................................                       Vil - 9

                   77.    COLUMBIA RIVER ESTUARY DATA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM                           ..............................             VII - 10

                   78.    COLUMBIA RIVER ESTUARY INFORMATION CENTER                       .....................................                VII - 11

                   79.    AGENCY ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES               ................................................                     VII - 12

                                                                             PART Vill

                                                                           APPENDICES

                   APPENDIX A,        SELECTED GLOSSARY         ......................................................                       Vill - 3
                   APPENDIX     B,    OREGON GOAL EXCEPTIONS              ..............................................                     Vill - 7
                   APPENDIX     C,    CREST CHARTERS        .........................................................                        Vill - 21
                   APPENDIX     D,    CREST PROGRAM PARTICIPATION                ..........................................                  Vill - 24
                   APPENDIX     E,    STATE AND FEDERAL TECHNICAL ADVISORY COMMITTEES                         .....................          Vill - 25
                   APPENDIX     F,    HISTORY OF STATE AND FEDERAL AGENCY INVOLVEMENT IN PLAN DEVELOPMENT                              ...   Vill - 27
                   APPENDIX     G,    CREST CHRONOLOGY OF MAJOR EVENTS                    ...................................                VIII - 28

                                                                             PART I

                                                                       BACKGROUND

                          11.  PURPOSE OF THE PLAN     ................................................................             I - 1
                          12.  CONTENT AND USE OF THE DOCUMENT          .................................................           1-2
                          13.  ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE         ........................................................            1-3
                          14.  PLANNING ISSUES, PROBLEMS AND NEEDS         ..... ........................................           1-5
                          15.  INVENTORY OF PHYSICAL, BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS               ...................     1-7

                          IiUll"@!T@,'.1@111@@-
                                                                7,@
                                                .. ...... .......
                                                                                      M @,M@',,
                                                                     q,-
                                                                                                                          m

                                                                              "'lU
                                                                                    "M

                                                                                             iK,
                                                                                                                                 I*24@@

                                                                                                                                 Mq' MWI,

                                                                                    M,
                                                                                       U,
                                                                                                      N
                                                                                                                            AV,
                                                                                                            Mig
                                                                                                                              el t
                                                                                                                           RE
                                                                                                      .. . ........
                                                                                                                                    M Q

                                                                                                                          MI @11@

                                                                                                    W

                                               IN,

                                                                                                 21

                            'W
                            Q

                                                            'J@
                                                                                      "T,
                                                                                                         -Ann Myers, Compleat Photographer

                                                                11.  PURPOSE       OF  THE   PLAN

                          The Columbia River Estuary Regional Manage-               confusion of ports and the private sector. The re-
                        ment Plan is the culmination of 41/2 years of plan-         gional plan was also in response to state coastal
                        ning by the Columbia River Estuary Study Taskforce          zone management programs and federal funding
                        (CREST), local jurisdictions, state and federal agen-       under the 1972 Coastal. Zone Management Act. The
                        cies, and concerned citizens. Impetus for developing        needs for better management data, long term pro-
                        the plan came from growing conflicts over use and           tection to critical natural resource areas, and chan-
                        development of estuarine areas-. Responding to the          nel development all contributed to-the planning
                        need to preserve rapidly dwindling n.atural re-             program.
                        sources, particularly in coastal areas, state legisla-
                        tures and the federal Congress passed new envi-
                        ronmental protection laws which drastically
                        changed the ground rules for. development, to' the

                                                  12. CONTENT AND USE OF THE DOCUMENT

                    The Columbia River Estuary Regional Manage-                       Oncorhynchus hisuich Coho Salmon
                  ment Plan expresses decisions of the CREST Council
                  on estuarine management issues. The plan has no
                  legal authority except as it is implemented by local
                  governments in revised local comprehensive plans
                  (Oregon) and amended local Shoreline Manage-
                  ment Master Programs (Washington). Also, the de-
                  cisions in the plan do not supercede or negate other
                  management and regulatory authorities, except to
                  the extent provided in state and federal consistency
                  procedures.                                                          Ron Pittard". Searep Studio, courtes-N, Clatsop County
                  PART I BACKGROUND - explains how the
                  plan may be used, how public and private interests            PART IV LAND AND WATER USE PLAN -
                  were involved in developing the pjan, what issues             contains the decisions about how aquatic and share-
                  and problems were central in developing the plan,             land areas are to be used in the future. Land and
                  and how inventory and other information were used             water use designations will be used in local plans
                  in the planning process.                                      and ordinances to define where various uses and ac-
                  PART 11 REGIONAL POLICIES - developed                         tivities can occur. Special policies about resources
                  early in the CREST program, served as guidelines for          that need special protection or how development
                  detailed land and water use decisions and as a                should proceed are also included here. State and
                  framework for the development standards which                 federal consistency procedures will be used to im-
                  will be used in local ordinances. The regional poli-          plement the plan at these governmental levels.
                  cies will be incorporated into local plans and used as
                  general guidelines for land and water actions.                PART V DREDGED MATERIAL MANAGE-
                                                                                            MENT PLAN - describes the location
                  PART III MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND DE-                            and procedures for use of dredged material disposal
                            VELOPMENT STANDARDS -defines                        sites. Dredging needs over the next 20 years were
                  the different land and water use designations that            estimated and sites located to handle disposal of the
                  were used in the Land and Water Use Plan. Designa-            material. Procedures for local jurisdictions to reserve
                  tions range from Natural to Development and can               sites for future dredged material disposal uses are
                  be converted into "shoreline environments" for                also in this part of the plan. Local governments will
                  Washington shoreline management programs and                  incorporate these procedures into their plans,
                  "zones" for Oregon local ordinances. This part of the         protect sites from other uses, and state and federal
                  plan has detailed development standards for 19                consistency procedures will apply at those levels.
                  categories of uses (residential, commercial, etc.)            PART VI RESTORATION AND MITIGATION
                  and 8 categories of activities (dredging, filling, etc.)
                  which will also be incorporated into local ordi-                          PLAN - includes potential restoration
                  nances. State and federal agencies will apply the             projects, possible development project mitigation
                  standards through state and federal consistency               needs, and a process to determine mitigation plans
                  procedures.                                                   for specific developments. Local governments must
                                                                                incorporate mitigation procedures into their plans
                                                                                and protect potential sites from other uses. State and
                                                                                federal consistency procedures will apply where
                                                                                appropriate.

                                                                                PART VII IMPLEMENTATION - describes in
                                                                                detail how the plan will be used by local, state and
                                                                                federal agencies. Procedures for intergovernmental
                                                                                coordinati6n, the functions of the restructured CREST
                                            ,,a ask-
                                                                                organization, environmental impact assessment
                                                                                procedures, a plan review and amendment process,
                                                                                a description of the on-going estuary research
                                                                                program and the Columbia River Estuary Information
                                                                                Center are all covered in this part of the plan. These
                                                                                implementation procedures will be used at all
                                                                                governmental levels.
                                                     4ohn Atkinson              APPENDICES - provide a glossary, LCDC Goal
                                                                                exceptions, details on how the plan was developed,
                                                                                who was involved, and how the work program was
                                                                                organized and funded.

                  1-2

                                                                  13. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

                               The development of the Columbia River Estuary                  on-going estuary research program, CREST was re-
                           Regional Management Plan has been brought about                    structured and reestablished as a new organization
                           through the combined efforts of local governments,                 effective July 1, 1979. The functions of the organiza-
                           concerned citizens, state and federal agencies,                    tion are detailed in Part VII of this plan; the new
                           industry, and environmental groups. Formal deci-                   Charter and Agreement is part of Appendix C.
                           sion-making authority rested with the local CREST                  Citizen Involvement
                           Council, but the real work and development of the                     The decentralized CREST planning process pro-
                           plan was carried out by working committees which                   vided the citizens of the estuary area with the oppor-
                           included representatives from all interests. While a               tunity to play a significant role in making plan
                           consensus was not reached on all issues, the de-                   decisions. The working committees appointed by the
                           centralized organizational       structure for planning            CREST Council to develop plan recommendations
                           was such that the concerns and viewpoints of all                   were composed primarily of public-minded private
                           interests were thoroughly considered. A sincere                    citizens.
                           effort was made to balance the sometimes conflict-                    In both Washington and Oregon, news media and
                           ing needs to preserve dwindling natural resources                  other publicity helped solicit interested people to
                           and provide the opportunity for economic growth                    serve on planning committees.
                           and stability.                                                        In Oregon, existing city and county citizen in-
                           Local CREST organization                                           volvement committees were also involved in plan
                               In 1974, a series of organizational meetings were              development, as well as detailed plan review and
                           held to discuss establishment of an organization of                conflict resolution. This resulted in a high level of
                           local Washington and Oregon governments to                         coordination between CREST and local jurisdictions
                           spearhead development of a comprehensive estuary                   throughout the process. Numerous public meetings
                           plan and provide local impetus for a major research                were held to review draft policies, plans and irn-
                           program to learn more about the estuary and                        ple.mentation measures with interested citizens, and
                           promote wise management.                                           copies of material were always available. in an
                               At the beginning of 1975, the Columbia River                   effort to reach as many people as possible, CREST
                           Estuary Study Taskforce (CREST) was established                    made presentations on draft plan material to service
                           under the authority of ORS 190 (Oregon I ntergovern-               clubs, granges, environmental groups and other
                           mental Coordination Act) and RCW` 34.39 (Washing-                  organizations. Radio talk shows, public attitude
                           ton Interlocal Cooperation Act). A Charter and                     questionnaires and news media were used to
                           Agreement was developed (cf. Appendix C) and 10                    promote communication. The result of this active
                           local governments joined in the effort.                            program of citizen involvement is that the public is
                                   Washington                       Oregon                    well informed about what CREST has done. There is
                                City of Cathlamet               City of Astoria               ..a high level of plan acceptance in the local area,
                                   Port of I lwaco              Port of Astoria               and many are aware that CREST is not just a tooth-
                                 Town of Ilwaco                 Clatsop County                paste or motel.
                                   Pacific County            Town of Hammond                  State and Federal Agency Coordination
                               Wahkiokum County               City of Warrenton                  State and federal agencies play important man-
                               The CREST Council, made up, of delegates and                   agement, regulatory and development roles in the
                           alternates from each local member government (cf                   estuary, particularly for fish and wildlife manage-
                           Appendix D), was the policy- and decision-making                   ment, water quality maintenance, and construction
                           body for development of the Columbia River Estuary                 and maintenance of navigation channels and struc-
                           Re i al Management Plan. The CREST staff, which                    tures. The two states also own and manage the
                               .?ion
                           i n :uded a land use planner, two oceanographers, a                majority of estuarine bedlands and tidelands in the
                           fisheries biologist and support staff (cf. Appendix D),            public interest. Two National Wildlife Refuges make
                           was responsible to the CREST Council for develop-                  up nearly one third of the entire estuary. These
                           ment of the work program and coordination of the                   important roles made it essential to prescribe a key
                           planning process. The CREST work program and                       role for state and federal agencies in development
                           funding provided to develop the plan are outlined in               of the estuary plan. Acceptance and implementation
                           Appendix E.                                                        through state and federal consistency is a key factor
                               Coordination of the CREST planning with local                  in the usefulness of the plan. When CREST was es-
                           planning commissions and governing bodies was                      tablished in early 1975, state and federal technical
                           through extensive staff level contact, staff attend-               advisory committees (TAC's) were established.
                           ance at regular local government meetings to give                  Persons who served on these committees are listed
                           progre  'ss reports and solicit comments, and through              in Appendix E. These committees were coordinated
                           CREST Council meetings. This contact was particu-                  by the representatives from the Department of
                           larly intense during the conflict resolution period.               Ecology (for Washington State agencies), the De-
                               To assure proper implementation of the plan, to                partment of Land Conservation and Development
                           provide technical assistance and information to local              (for Oregon State agencies), and the Pacific North-
                           governments and to provide active support for the                  west River Basins Commission -(for federal
                                                                                              agenciesl

                                                                                                                                                        1-3

                      CITIZENS AND.                       CREST WORKING                                     LOCAL
                   INTEREST GROUPS                           COMMITTEES                                GOVERNMENT                                                 STATE
                                                                                                                                                            GOVERNMENT

                                                             Regional Policy                                 CREST
                                                              Committee                                     Member                                    Oregon                  Washington
                                                                                                         Governments                                   State                    State
                                                                                                                                                     Agencies                 Agencies
                                                             Land And Water                                                                               I
                                                                Use Plan                                                                                  gon
                                                              Committees                                                                             Technical
                                                          Youngs Bay-Astoria                                                                         Advisory
                                                          Planning Committee                                                                       committee
                             Citizen                            BakerBay                                                                             (L. C. D. C.             Washington         t_1
                                                          Planning Committee                                                                        Coordinator)              Technical
                            Advisory                                                                                                                                                             M
                                                          Wahkiakum County                           CREST COUNCIL                                                            Advisory           CA
                             Groups                       Planning Committee                             (IOMembers)                                                          Committee            4
                             interest                                                                                                                                          (D. 0. E.         0
                                                          Lower River & Islands                            Executive                                                                             M
                             Groups                       Planning Committee                              Committee                                                           Coordinator)       0
                            General                                                                                                                                                              >
                             Public                          Eastern Clatsop                                  Staff                                                                              Z
                                                          Planning Committee                                                                                                                     N

                                                                                                                                                                                                 0
                                                                                                                                                                                                 Z

                                                             Dredged Material                                                                                    FEDERAL
                                                          Disposal /Restoration
                                                          Mitigation Technical                                                                              GOVERNMENT
                                                               Committee

                                                                                                                                                                  Federal
                                                             Implementation                                                                                       Agencies
                                                               Committee                                                                                              I
                                                                                                                                                                   Federal
                                                                                                                                                                   Technical
                                                                                                                                                                   Advisory
                                                                                                                                                                 Committee
                                                                                                                                                                 (P. N. R. B. C.
                                                                                                                                                                 Coordinator)

                           While the development of the CREST program was              These functions were carried out through regular
                         directed at the local level, the active involvement of        individual contact between CREST staff and agency
                         state and federal agencies (particularly those man-           representatives; periodic full TAC meetings to re-
                         aging natural resources) throughout the planning              view CREST work on a particular step in the planning
                         process figured largely in the content and orienta-           process;. review and comment on draft policies and
                         tion of the plan. As outlined in the CREST Phase I            planning documents; direct participation on
                         report, major functions of these advisory committees          planning committees and special opportunities for
                         were to:                                                      agency representatives to explain agency policies
                           � Review (and consensus on) each element of the             and concerns to local citizen planning groups; and
                             planning program;                                         direct participation in conflict resolution meetings.
                           � Provide consultation and assistance in the for-           Agency representatives were also notified of regular
                             mulation of plan policies;                                CREST meetings which would interest them.
                           � Provide technical support;                                  The details of agency participation in the devel-
                           � Communicate agency concerns, needs and in-                opment of regional policies, land and water use
                             terests to CREST;                                         plans, dredged material disposal and restoration/
                           � Where appropriate, provide to CREST explana-              mitigation plans and implementation measures are
                             tions of existing agency policies and proce-              found in Appendix E.
                             dures;
                           � Identify and resolve interagency conflicts.

                                                     14. PLANNING ISSUES PROBLEMS AND NEEDS

                           The major issue in the estuarine area reflects the          obtain space for expansion. Deepwater port poten-
                         general national concern for balancing conservation           tial has not been conclusively determined.
                         of the quality of the natural environment with con-             Large industrial processing plant proposals such as
                         tinued economic development and full economic                 AMAX, which could add a significant number of
                         use of the resources available. In the Columbia Rive.r        permanent jobs to the employment base, imme-
                         estuary area, this is most often experienced as in-           diately raise environmental concerns.
                         ability to obtain adequate information for making               Astoria's tax base is not large enough to support
                         good decisions supporting preservation, develop-              needed public facilities and services. In other locali-
                         ment, or a balance between them.                              ties, the tax base potential is not fully utilized.
                           At the outset of the CREST program, an attempt                Differing opinions, both inside and outside the
                         was made to define the specific issues that should be         local area, on the value of economic growth to the
                         addressed. Through a series of interviews and                 area need to be resolved.
                         workshops, a list of issues, problems and needs was             The Area Has Not Identified or Designated Suit-
                         compiled. These are outlined below and have been              able and Adequate Sites for Industrial and Econom-
                         addressed in the plan through policies, land and              ic Base Expansion.
                         water use decisions, and implementation measures.               Lack of suitable level land areas is a problem in
                         Further, the estuary research program (cf. 77) is             specific locations such as Astoria, east of Astoria,
                         designed to provide new data on biological, physi-            and along the Washington shore.
                         cal, chemical, and sediment processes that will                 Filling tidelands is now largely discontinued be-
                         result in more informed decision making.                      cause of environmental considerations, thus fore-
                           Four major categories of issues or problems                 closing use of some potential sites.
                         emerged: economy/land and water use; fish and                   A new master plan of Clatsop airport will be
                         wildlife/biological/chemical; physical alterations            needed to identify industrial development potential
                         and hydraulics; political/resource management                 on adjacent lands there.
                         fragmentation.                                                  The Tongue Point reserve fleet site appears to
                         Economy - Land and Water Use Problems                         have potential, but no use has yet been found.
                                                                                         Environmental problems prevent use of possible
                           Economic Base Has Shown Little Growth Since                 sites on tributary streams.
                         1950 and Is Not Well Balanced.
                           Major resource based industries - forestry, fish-             Determination of Compatibility of a Variety of
                         ing, agriculture - are seasonal, are unable to                Land Uses and Coordination of Land Use Develop-
                         realize growth potential.                                     ments Does Not Occur.
                           Tourism is highly seasonal, and tourist potential,            The most appropriate uses of waterfront land such
                         including maritime history, historic sites, etc., has         as those needing water access have not been estab-
                         not been realized.                                            lished through zoning or other regulation.
                           Astoria is the only major port on the estuary and,            The impact of recreation homes and second
                         although growing, finds its full foreign trade and            homes is not well documented.
                         barge traffic potential hampered by inability to                Location, size and number of marina develop-
                                                                                       ments, particularly on the Washington shore, could
                                                                                       adversely affect other resource values.

                                                                                                                                             1-5

                     The Area's Non-Water Transportation Network Is                   Adverse Effects Are Experienced from Industrial
                  Inadequate for Economic Expansion.'                              and Other Effluents Discharged to the River.
                     Highway 30 east from Astoria to Fern Hill is in-                 Pulp and paper mills discharge into the river.
                  adequate, particularly for trucks, and is dangerous              Heated effluent plume can be avoided by upstream
                  under night or rainy driving conditions.                         migrating mature fish but not always by downstream
                     North shore highway improvement          could elimin-        immature migrants. Heat plumes may also cause
                  ate other shoreline uses.                                        death in a fish distressed by supersaturation. Care-
                     Only one rail line is available to the area, on the           less handling of logs can result in unwanted wood-
                  Oregon side. No passenger service is available.                  chips in the river.
                     Clatsop airport use is minimal and service is in-                Willamette River water quality at discharge to
                  adequate.                                                        Columbia is questioned, particularly at low-flow
                     Some Public Facilities Are Inadequate to Support              periods.
                  Development.                                                        The effects of airborne effluents not known.
                     Poorly located sanitary landfills ]each into                     Log storage in water produces acid, reduces dis-
                  streams.                                                         solved oxygen, and the long-term accumulation of
                     Domestic water supplies are inadequate in some                bork and organic material may lead to a sludge
                                                                                   build-up and fouling of the sediments, all of which
                  localities.                                                      may harm aquatic organisms.
                                                                                      Some local sewage disposal systems are inade-
                  Fish and Wildlife - Biological-Chemical                          quate and need to be corrected.
                     Problems                                                         Wildlife Management and Enhancement Pro-
                     For Some Species, Such as Dungeness Crab, Pro-                grams Are Incomplete.
                  duction and Harvest Does Not Equal Previous                         Non-native rodents, such as nutria, which are
                  Years; For Others, Production Potential or Efficien-             destroying needed gross and willow vegetation on
                  cy Is Not Fully Realized.                                        the river sand islands should be exterminated.
                     Hatchery and natural spawning area problems,                     Important "nursery" areas for wildlife species are
                  especially from logging practices, inhibit production            not fully identified and protected.
                  enhancement.                                                        Refuge management may favor single-use con-
                     Crab- harvest varies greatly from one year to                 cepts without adequate consideration of feasible
                  another for unknown reasons.                                     multiple-use potentials.
                     The potential for natural production of chum and
                  pink salmon from small streams is not utilized.
                     More information is needed to adequately
                  evaluate changes in the food chain caused by                     Physical Effects - Alterations
                  people and development.                                             The Effects of Channel Dredging Are Repeatedly
                     Total aquaculture potential has not been deter-               Cited as a Major Problem.
                  mined.                                                              The full effects of the pile dikes are not always
                     Present sports, commercial and Indian harvesting              anticipated; some are adverse, such as shoaling two
                  methods may not be the best for maintenance and                  or three miles away. Commercial fishing drift rights
                  enhancement of the salmon and steelhead runs.                    can be especially affected by this.
                     The Biology and Chemistry of the Columbia River                  The best control of flow with channel stabilization
                  Estuarine System Is Not Fully Enough Understood to               to result in the least bottom sand movement and the
                  Determine Whether Management of Alteration                       least sand bar buildup is not known.
                  Programs Will Be Detrimental or Beneficial.                         Spoil disposal is a major part of the dredging
                     Public opinion demands that estuarine alterations             problem. Adverse effects should be minimized by
                  be supported by best scientific data.                            use as a resource on dry land to improve develop-
                     Good data on estuarine productivity are either                ment sites or deepwater disposal which will not
                  locking or have not been made readily available.                 affect the river or fish life adversely.
                     An inventory of all estuarine resources has never                Channel dredging may have             contributed to
                  been completed.                                                  Hammond Beach erosion.
                     Biological and chemical effects of Columbia River                The quality of dredged material       is important. In
                  plume on associated areas such as Willapa Bay are                some industrial locations, it may contain toxic solids
                  not well known or documented.                                    which require careful disposal location.

                  1-6

                              Sand Movement and Shoaling Problems Are                          cluctivity of those beds.
                           Numerous.                                                             Shading effect is adverse to biologic regimes in
                              Port of Astoria slips have a continual siltation                 water below.
                           problem, the actual cause of which has not been                       Wave Action of Ocean-Going Vessels Adversely
                           identified.                                                         Affects Wildlife, Beaches and Other Recreational
                              Port of Ilwaco-Baker Bay, now mostly shallow,                    Activity and Causes Some Shoreline Erosion. Beach
                           used to have good, deep water.                                      "Drift" from Logging Waste, Slash, etc., Gets into
                              Adverse effects of Megler Bridge are not known.                  Tributary Streams. Slide and Slump Areas are Pro-
                              Sand accretion-depletion takes place as a result of              blem Areas to Be Avoided.
                           north and south entrance jetties. Blowing sand con-
                           tributes to these problems.                                         Political - Resource Management
                              Best Method of Responding to Flood and Other                       Fragmentation
                           Flow Conditions Are Not Agreed Upon.                                  There Is No System to Assign Management Re.
                              Areas for river to "spread" should be left. Dikes                sponsibility for Program Implementation Measures
                           should be set back.                                                 to Appropriate Levels of Government and Agen-
                              Existing lowland protective dikes are deterio-                   cies.
                           rating, may not be well located, and may lack eco-                    Presently, a locality is inundated with control
                           nomic justification.                                                agencies operating independently-
                              Possible effects of flood and power peaking regu-                  Opportunities for local control are continually
                           lation, irrigation, and withdrawals upstream need to                minimized, but should be maximized.
                           be understood.
                                                                                                 No System Exists for Recording and Tabulating
                              Sedimentation Problems and Effects Are Diverse.                  Local Citizen Attitudes Toward Estuarine Resource
                              Youngs Bay, Baker Bay and Grays Bay portions of                  Management.
                           the estuary are filling quite rapidly.                                Credibility of recommendations will depend on
                              Sedimentation and other watershed management                     quality of scientific information base supporting
                           problems in tributary streams with particularly ad-                 them.
                           verse effects at confluence with Columbia are                         Adequate reporting to the public is needed during
                           caused in part by upstream logging, road-building,                  any study program.
                           etc.
                              Log Storage Has Adverse Effects.                                   Current Planning and Study Programs are Frag-
                                                                                               mented.
                              Logs on the bottom will cause shoaling.                            Timing of studies is important.
                              Log rafts break up during flooding conditions and                  Funding for agency participation is often minimal
                           cause damage to structures along the river and inter-               or locking.
                           fere with gillnet fish drifts.                                        Continuing direct contact with interested local
                              Dry storage close to tributary streams causes drain-             officials and citizens in study areas was not done in
                           age and other problems.                                             the past, yet is essential for support and implemen-
                              Sinker logs on bottom and logs resting on bottom                 tation.
                           when tide is out reduce or eliminate biologic pro-

                                  15. INVENTORY OF PHYSICAL, BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS

                              The major companion document of this plan is the                 than 50 maps depicting physical process and biolo-
                           Columbia River Estuary Inventory of Physical, Bio-                  gical resources. Inventory data was used extensively
                           logical and Cultural Characteristics, compiled by                   throughout the planning process, particularly as it
                           CREST and published in June, 1977. The purpose of                   relates to specific geographic locations and pro-
                           the Inventory was to collect published and unpub-                   posed uses. Summaries of inventory data for each
                            ished data about the estuary into a single docu-                   geographic subarea of the estuary are provided in
                           ment, with analysis and organization that would be                  the Land and Water Use Plan (cf. Part IV).
                           'useful in the planning process and in future mana-
                           ging of estuarine resources. The Inventory contains
                           400 pages of text, numerous tables of data and more

                                                                                                                                                          1-7

                                                                                              PART 11
                                                                                    REGIONAL POLICIES

                                20.    CREST GOALS       ...................................................................                                 11- 1

                                21.    ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT POLICIES                   ................................................                      11-2
                                       21.10 Fisheries       .........................           ; .......................................                   11-2
                                       21.20 Deep Water Navigation, Ports and Industrial Development                       .......................           11-2
                                       21.30 Shallow Draft Ports and Marinas             ...............................................                     11-3
                                       21.40 Recreation and Tourism            ......................................................                        11-3
                                       21.50 Forestry and Forest Products Industry            ..........................................                     11-3

                                22.    RESOURCE PROTECTION POLICIES                 ..................................................                       11-4
                                       22.10    Energy Faci I ities  ........................................................                           ...  11-4
                                       22.20    Significant Areas      ..........................................................                            11-4
                                       22.30    Water Quality Maintenance           .................................................                        11-4
                                       22.40    Wi Id I if e Habitat ...........................................................                             11-5
                                       22.50    Restoration     ...............................................................                              11-5
                                       22.60    Mitigation    .................................................................                              11-6

                                23.    LAND     AND WATER USE POLICIES              ..................................................                       11-7
                                       23.10    Residential, Commercial and Industrial Development                   ...........................             11-7
                                       23.20    Agriculture     ...............................................................                              11-7
                                       23.30    Land Transportation Systems         .................................................                        11-7
                                       23.40    Mining and Mineral Extraction           ...............................................                      11-8
                                       23.50    Public Access     ..............................................................                             11-8
                                       23.60    Shoreland Hazard Areas          ....................................................                         11-8

                                24.    LAND     AND WATER ACTIVITY POLICIES               .............................................                      11-9
                                       24.10    Dredging and Dredged Material Disposal               ......................................                  11-9
                                       24.20    Dredged Material Disposal Site Selection             ......................................                  11-9
                                       24.30    Estuarine Construction       ......................................................                          11-10
                                       24.40    Filling Estuarine Waters and Wetlands           .........................................                    11-10
                                       24.50    Diking   ....................................................................                                11-10

                                25.    INTERGOVERNMENTAL COORDINATION AND PUBLIC EDUCATION POLICIES                                      .............       11- 11
                                       25. 10 Local Intergovernmental Coordination                ........................................                   11-11
                                       25.20 State and Federal Consistency              ...............................................                      11- 11
                                       25.30    Development Evaluation, Permit Information, and Permit Review                       .................        1[- 11
                                       25.40    Scientific Research and Planning          .............................................                      11-12
                                       25.50    Public Education     ............................................................                            11-12

                           20. CREST GOALS                                                                The CREST goals were used to develop regional
                           -To improve and'diversify the economy of                                  policies which in turn served as a guide for de-
                               the area                                                              veloping the Columbia River Estuary Land and
                                                                                                     Water Use Plan. The Regional Policies listed below
                           -To reconcile conflicting uses of estuarine                               are a refinement of CREST's earlier policies. They
                               resources                                                             provide a framework for the Development Standards
                                                                                                     (Part 111) and are the over all policy statements for
                           -To protect and enhance natural resource                                  the Columbia River Estuary Land and Water Use Plan
                               values of the estuary                                                 (Part IV).
                           -To improve estuarine resource manage-                                      The Regional Policies have been divided into five
                               ment through intergovernmental com-                                   groups: economic development, resource pro-
                               munication and coord'ination at local,                                tection, uses, activities, and intergovernmental
                               state and federal levels                                              coordination and public education.
                           -To increase public understandiT of the
                               natural value of the estuary a                 n     its use-
                               fulness to people

                                                        21. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT POLICIES

                 21.10 FISHERIES                                                     21.16 Tributary streams in the estuary should be
                    Columbia River Basin anadromous fish resources                   evaluated to determine the potential for future arti-
                 have played a major role in the cultural develop-                   ficial and natural fish production. Where feasible,
                 ment of the estuary area. The dramatic decrease in                  hatchery    production should be increased and
                 natural and hatchery runs of these fish is partially                damaged     stream habitat should be restored. Tax
                 the result of habitat destruction or degradation                    incentives or other renumeration for landowners
                 caused by man. The advent of the 200 mile limit has                 who maintain or enhance salmon or steelhead
                 allowed diversification in the fishing industry, buo                streams on their own property should be encour-
                 enhancement efforts have not maintained the                         aged.
                 salmon fisheries.                                                   21.17 Estuary fish-food production and resting
                                                                                     areas, such as shallow submerged lands, wetlands
                 21 1.11 Areas should be reserved that will provide for              and marshes should be preserved. The use of adja-
                 adequate dock and moorage space for present and                     cent shorelands should be controlled to protect these
                 anticipated future commercial and sports vessels                    vital links in anadromous fish life cycles. Migration
                 and for fish processing, boat repair, cold storage and              routes should not be obstructed.
                 other support facilities.                                           21.18 Fish enhancement programs of local, state
                 21.12 Traditional fishing areas should be protected                 and federal groups are strongly supported. Special
                 when dredging, filling, pile driving, constructing                  consideration should be given to restoration of the
                 pile dikes or rock jetties, or other disruptive instream            chum salmon runs.
                 activities are permitted.
                 21.13 Wise management of fishery resources and                      21.20 DEEP-WATER NAVIGATION, PORTS
                 maintenance of reproductive stocks is strongly                               AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
                 supported.                                                             As the gateway to the Columbia and Snake River
                 21.14 Minimum tributary stream flows necessary to                   system of ports, the location of the Columbia River
                 maintain aquatic life should be set. In those streams               estuary favors significantly increased port develop-
                 where private water rights preclude maintenance of                  ment in future years.
                 minimum flows, and where low flows interfere with                   21.21 Development and improvement of existing
                 fish migrations, state water quality management                     port sites is encouraged prior to development of new
                 programs should include provisions for both the                     port sites.
                 purchase of private water rights and construction of
                 small impoundments on tributaries to maintain                       21.22 Port improvement, expansion and moderniza-
                 minimum flows. Other impoundments on tributary                      tion will require some filling or dredging of present-
                 streams are discouraged, unless provision is made                   ly undeveloped areas. Biological productivity and
                 for protecting the fishery resource before construc-                habitat values should be given due consideration in
                 tion. The use of Columbia River water or ground                     designing and constructing port facilities.
                 water for industrial purposes and ground water for                  21.23 Shorelands with the characteristics of adja-
                 municipal purposes is encouraged over use of                        cent deep-water access, adequate rail or road
                 tributary stream waters.                                            access and sufficient backup land should be
                 21.15 Maintenance of existing, favorable anadro-                    reserved for future deep-water port development,
                 mous fish habitat through establishment of pro-                     giving due consideration to existing uses.
                 tective stream corridors and control of potentially                 21.24 Port development needs should be evaluated
                 harmful watershed activities is strongly supported.                 and plans developed in light of projected long-term
                                                                                     statewide,  Pacific Northwest and national needs.

                                                                      T'q
                                                                        ..... ...... ..

                                                                      ........... ..........

                                                                            2

                                            2,711            io@

                                                                                                                         Port of Astoria Photo

                 11-2

                           21.30 SHALLOW-DRAFT PORTS                                       21.50 FORESTRY AND FOREST PRODUCTS
                                   AND MARINAS                                                     INDUSTRY
                             Shallow-draft ports and marinas play a significant              The forest lands of southwest Washington and
                           economic role in the Columbia River estuary. Since              northwest Oregon are among the more productive
                           marina construction usually involves major altera-              commercial forests in the world, and the forest
                           tions of estuary shorelines, it is important that               products industry has been. a major contributor to the
                           marinas be sited, designed, constructed and ex-                 economy of the Columbia River estuary.
                           panded with care for the estuarine environment and              21.51 Continued management of commercial forest
                           for other shoreline uses.                                       lands for. the production of forest products is strongly
                           21.31 New marinas should be constructed only                    encouraged. Continuation and expansion of related
                           when existing marinas are inadequate or cannot be               forest product industries are also supported, con-
                           expanded to meet the demand. Marina sites should                sistent with the maintenance of air and water
                           be located in or adjacent to areas of extensive boat            quality.
                           usage and in areas capable of providing the neces-              21.52 Locally-grown forest products should be pro-
                           sary services to support the marina. These services             cessed in the estuary area. Appropriate shoreland
                           include access roads or streets, adequate upland                areas should be reserved for siting water dependent
                           parking, trailer storage areas, water and sewer-                and water related facilities.
                           service, and power supplies. The feasibility of dry
                           boat moorage should be considered in the design of              21.53 Existing state Forest Practices Acts and other
                           new, expanded or remodeled, marina facilities.                  relevant state and federal regulations should be
                           21.32, Marina development and expansion will                    strictly enforced to preserve water quality, spawning
                           require some filling and/or dredging or present y               areas and riparian habitat. Appropriate measures
                           undeveloped areas. Biological productivity and                  should be taken in all road building, site prepara-
                           habitat values should be given due consideration 'in            tion, timber harvest, slash burning, fertilization and
                           designing marina facilities.                                    pest control to minimize runoff of pollutants, solar
                                                                                           heating of stream waters, mass soil movement,
                           21.33 Proliferation of individual, single-purpose               surface erosion and extreme fluctuations in stream
                           piers and mooring facilities is discouraged, in favor           flow.
                           of public or private community port facilities.                 21.54 Water storage and transport of logs are sup-
                           21.34 Provision should be made for adequate flush-              ported as energy-efficient and economically neces-
                           ing/water circulation to ensure maintenance of                  sary uses of estuarine and tributary waters. New log
                           water quality in design of marina facilities.                   storage sites should be situated in areas where the
                           21.35 Navigational access in the estuary and its                adverse effects on water quality will be minimized,
                                                                                           where navigation will not be impaired, and where
                           tributaries should be maintained in light of expected           estuarine productivity and wildlife habitat will not
                           future demand of recreational bodting and sports                be unduly disrupted. No new log storage should be
                           and commercial fishing. Peripheral channels,                    allowed where logs and booms would rest on the
                           streams and sloughs should not be closed to naviga-             bottom at low water. Easy let-down facilities and
                           tion. Provision should be made for dredging areas               banding are strongly encouraged at all log dump
                           traditionafly used for access to fishing grounds and            sites. The compatibi I ity of log storage sites with other
                           moorage.                                                        estuarine uses should be examined on a case-by-
                           21.40 RECREATION AND TOURISM                                    case basis. Alternative land and water log storage
                                                                                           sites should be found in cases where conflicts cannot
                             Boating, fishing, hunting, hiking and nature en-              be resolved.
                           joyment are essential to the lifestyle of     Lower Co-         21.55 The drift and snag material problem should be
                           lumbia area residents and to the tourist industry.              dealt with through:
                           21.41 The natural resources on which these octivi-                0  Efficient management of timber inventories, the
                           ties are based should be conserved and enhanced.                     establishment of time limits on water storage of
                           21.42 Consistent with demand, natural resource                       log rafts and the bundling of logs to minimize
                                                                                                the occurrence of "sinker logs",
                           values, private property rights and the need for                  0  Land disposal of sinker logs removed from the
                           other, more intensive development:                                   estuary, and
                               Local, state and federal agencies are encour-                 9  Location of new log storage sites away from po-
                               aged to use their authority and resources to                     tential conflict areas, such as gillnet fish drifts.
                               provide recreational facilities and maximum
                               opportunity for public access to the estuary, and           21.56 Tax and other incentives for restoration of
                               Expansion and new development of tourist fa-                stream habitat that has been damaged should be
                               cilities is encouraged.                                     provided.

                                                      22. RESOURCE PROTECTION POLICIES

                  22.10 ENERGY FACILITIES                                           22'.16 CREST supports energy conservation and the
                                                                                    development of environmentally sound alternate
                     The Columbia River estuary area, because of its                energy sources. Possible energy sources such as
                  deep-water access and large freshwater supply, has                solar power, wind power and wood by-products
                  potential for development of petroleum support and                should be investigated.
                  processing industries, thermal power plants and
                  other energy facilities. There are also serious limita-
                  tions to development and operation of energy-                     22.20 SIGNIFICANT AREAS:
                  related facilities on the estuary, due to its dynamic                      NATURAL, SCIENTIFIC,
                  physical character, its valuable natural resources,                        SCENIC,* HISTORICAL,
                  and the resource-based industries it supports.                             CULTURAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL
                  22.11 Petroleum product storage, transport and
                  processing industries proposed for an estuary loca-                 The   estuary has certain unique natural fectures
                  tion and industries requiring the transport of hazard-            which   in turn have influenced archaeological, his-
                  ous substances through the estuary will be evaluated              torical and cultural development, and these
                  by CREST and local governments. Such facilities                   features, once destroyed, can never be replaced:
                  should not be constructed unless it can be demon-                 22.21 Open space and significant areas for wildlife
                  strated that:                                                     habitat and human study, interpretation and enjoy-
                     �  The plant wi I I be compatible with the area;               ment should be preserved, except where develop-
                     �  Alternate locations not affecting the estuary are           ment is indicated in the local Comprehensive Plan or
                        not feasible;                                               Shoreline Program.
                     �  Economic, fiscal and growth impacts will be
                        favorable; and                                              22.22 Significant natural and scientific areas and
                     �  Safety and hazard risks (including explosion,               scenic views should be set aside for preservation
                        fire, spillage, and potential air or water pollu-           and managed so as to protect the unique charac-
                        tion), adverse effects on fish and wildlife re-             teristics of the area.
                        sources, and other land and water environ-                  22.23 Known or newly discovered archaeological
                        mental impacts will be minimized.                           sites in areas where construction is intended should
                  22.12 Local support for or opposition to the develop-             be formally excavated or preserved intact in accord-
                  ment of upriver energy facilities or other industrial             ance with state and federal laws.
                  facilities that require transport of petroleum products           22.24 Historical buildings and cultural landmarks
                  or other hazardous substances through the estuary                 under threat of demolition should be examined to
                  will be considered by CREST and local governments                 see if they can be moved, restored, or preserved by
                  on the basis of the potential impacts identified                  public or private means.
                  above.                                                            22.25 The potential for restoration and re-creation
                  22.13 Petroleum spill containment and clean-up                    of historical waterfront areas should be investigated.
                  equipment should be located in the estuary area.
                  This equipment should be capable of controlling a                 22.30 WATER QUALITY MAINTENANCE
                  large spill in hydraulically-active areas of the es-
                  tuary. The U.S. Coast Guard tanker inspection pro-                  Estuarine water quality is vital to estuarine pro-
                  gram should be vigorously pursued to keep unsafe                  ductivity, the fishing industry, recreation and tour-
                  tankers out of coastal waters.                                    ism. Estuarine water quality is a result of activities.
                                                                                    taking place upstream, as well as in the estuary
                  22.14 The states of Oregon and Washington should                  itself.
                  work together to develop joint policies for the Co-
                  lumbia River concerning petroleum product supply,                 22.31 Wastes from such non-point sources as forest
                  transport and processing facilities and thermal                   lands, road building, agricultural lands, natural
                  power plants. Local governments should be consult-                stream bank erosion, and urban runoff should be
                  ed in this matter.                                                identified and a program developed for their con-
                                                                                    trol. This is the most important, least understood and
                  22.15 Although      licensing is controlled by state              most difficult to control estuarine water quality
                  governments, development of thermal power plants                  problem.
                  in the estuary area is discouraged due to the poten-
                  tial for direct environmental impacts, the lack of                22.32Adequate municipal waste treatment of those
                  long-term nuclear waste storage facilities, and the               domestic and industrial wastes that enter municipal
                  indirect impacts' of industrial expansion and rapid               sewer systems should be provided.
                  urban growth. When a thermal power plant is                       22.33 Treatment of industrial wastes released di-
                  proposed in the estuary area, CREST, local govern-                rectly into the river and estuary should be improved.
                  ments and citizens should be consulted concerning                 Industrial wastes should be more adequately char-
                  the advisability of construction in the area and                  acterized and effluent standards upgraded in ac-
                  design of the facility. Adverse impacts should be                 cordance with the Federal Water Pollution Control
                  minimized.                                                        Act. Provision should be made for cooling of thermal

                  11-4

                            effluents before they are returned to the river. Re-            22.50 RESTORATION
                            clamation and re-use of waste water should be con-
                            sidered in the design and construction of new in-                 The Columbia River estuary has been substantially
                            dustrial facilities.                                            altered over th6 past century to provide for naviga-
                                                                                            tion, shoreline development and agriculture. Up-
                            22.34 Waste discharges to tributary streams, en-                river dams and watershed activities have also con-
                            closed bays and sloughs should be eliminated where              tributed significantly to changes in the natural func-
                            possible.                                                       tioning of the estuary. While it is not possible or
                            22.35 Fish processing wastes are a special category             desirable to return the estuary to its pre-nineteenth
                            of industrial wastes. The environmental and eco-                century condition, restoration or creation of'certain
                            nomic advantages and disadvantages of releasing                 habitat and cultural values is an important estuary
                            these wastes to the estuary require investigation to            management objective.
                            determine if legislative changes should be sought to            22.51 Overall Restoration Policy
                            allow such disposal.                                              All restoration projects should serve to revitalize,
                            22.36 A minimum'streamflow should be established                return, replace or otherwise improve the estuarine
                            for each season for the Columbia River. Consump-                ecosystem or highly-valued cultural characteristics.
                            tive uses should not be allowed to decrease Colum-                Examples include restoration of natural biological
                            bia River flow below the set levels. The late summer            productivity, fish or wildlife habitat, or aesthetic,
                            low flow period is particularly critical for fishery            cultural and historic resources which have been
                            resources. The effects of decreasing the spring and             diminished or lost by past al   .terations, activities or
                            winter flow maximums-on sedimentation processes                 catastrophic events.
                            and on fishery resources require further research                 In selecting projects, priority should be given to
                            and appropriate action.                                         those projects which provide substantial public
                                                                                            benefits and which restore the habitat types, re-
                            22.37 Facilities for the  public dumping of oil and             sources or amenities which are in shortest supply as
                            emptying of holding tanks by all vessels should be              compared to post abundance. Particular emphasis
                            provided in convenient places so that these wastes              should be given to aquatic and riparian habitat
                            will not be dumped in the river.                                restoration.
                                                                                            22.52 Habitat Creation Through Dredged Material
                                                                                                  Disposal
                                                                                              Disposal of dredged material in water and wet-
                                                                               ZE
                                                                                            land areas for the specific purpose of creating shal-
                                                                                            low water, intertidal, or island areas is strongly dis-
                                                                                            couraged, because this practice contributes to the
                                      di MRI                                                downward trend of available aquatic habitat.
                                                                                              Habitat creation through upland plantings on
                                       NN
                                                             Pore of AstoHa Photo           existing dredged material islands is encouraged to
                                                                                            provide wildlife habitat.
                                                                                              Marsh plantings on existing interticlal areas should
                                                                                            continue to be evaluated and considered as a
                            22.40 WILDLIFE HABITAT                                          habitat creation technique.
                              Substantial destruction of natural habitat in the             22.53 Diked Lands Restoration
                            Columbia River estuary area has been caused by                    Restoration of marginal and 'unused low-lying
                            such factors as dredging, filling, diking, urban de-            diked areas to estuarine wetland is encouraged;
                            velopment, the pressure of recreational activities,             active restoration to provide potential for diverse
                            logging and agriculture.                                        habitat (e.g. mudflat and marsh) as.well as passive
                                                                                            restoration are encouraged. If loss of productive
                            22.41 Significant areas of all types of ecosystems in           farmland or significant wildlife habitat would occur,
                            the Columbia River estuary should be protected from             breaching of dikes is strongly discouraged. Except
                            development.                                                    through public condemnation procedures, removal
                            22.42 The habitat of rare and endangered species                of dikes protecting private lands shall not occur with-
                            should be protected.                                            out the expressed consent of the landowner. In-
                                                                                            centives should be provided to private landowners
                            22.43 New development should be designed and                    who restore diked areas to aquatic production.
                            constructed so as to:
                              �  Maintain wherever possible a natural, vegeta-              22.54 Restoration of Shoaled Areas
                                 tive buffer strip along wetlands and rivers and              Estuary areas that have shoaled or filled at an un-
                                 streams, and                                               naturally high rate, resulting in loss of a particular
                              � Minimize the alteration of land and vegetation,             type of aquatic habitat or loss of traditional-ly navi-
                                 and                                                        gable areas, should be restored to historic'Conditions
                              � Preserve open space, including agricultural and             as practical. Passive measures are preferred, but
                                 forest lands.                                              active measures or a combination may be required.
                                                                                            All such projects-should be carefully evaluated to
                            22.44 To avoid erosion problems and disrupt        'ion of      ensure, potential ecological, economic and social
                            wildlife habitat,.,the use of off-road vehicles should          benefits to man and, natural resources outweigh
                            be strictly regulated.                                          potential losses.

                22.55 Removal of Old Pilings and Structures                        habitats and species diversity, unique features
                   Old piling, navigational structures and buildings               and water quality. The cost of mitigation shall be
                which are a hazard to navigation, contribute to                    included as part of project cost analysis.
                excessive shoaling, or pose a danger to life and                      Actions exempted from the mitigation require-
                property should be removed. Prior to any such re-                     ment above include:
                moval, however, costs and benefits should be eva-                     -Removal or filling of less than 50 cubic yards
                luated, including the potential for erosion or sedi-                    of material or when an Oregon State Remov-
                mentation caused by removal, the biological habitat                     al and Fill Permit is not otherwise required;
                value and probable life of the structure, and the                     -Filling for repair and maintenance of existing
                historic and scenic value.                                              functional dikes when there is negligible
                22.56 Erosion Area Restoration                                          physical or biological damage to tidal marsh
                   Where feasible, areas with erosion problems                          or interticlal areas;
                should be vegetated with marsh and shoreland                          -Riprap to allow protection of an existing bank
                planting to establish a natural buffer against ero-                     line with clean, durable erosion resistent
                sion. Beach nourishment should be used to restore                       material provided that the need for riprap
                historic shoreline configurations where feasible.                       protection is demonstrated and that this need
                Structural solutions should be used as a last resort to                 cannot be met with natural vegetation, and
                protect I ife and property.                                             no appreciable increase in existing upland
                                                                                        .occurs;
                22.57 Shoreland Revegetation                                          -Filling for repair and maintenance of existing
                   Shoreland and especially riparian areas          where               roads when there is negligible physical or
                vegetation has been removed for timber harvest or                       biological damage to tidal marsh or interticlal
                urban development should be revegetated as soon                         areas;
                as possible. Areas of existing shoreline development                  -Dredging or filling required as part of an es-
                should be considered for revegetation for both                          tuarine resource creation, restoration or en-
                aesthetic, biological and bank stabilization values.                    hancement project agreed to by local, state
                22.58 Restoration of Deteriorated Urban Waterfronts                     and federal agencies; and
                   Redevelopment of deteriorated urban waterfront                     -Other proposed projects or activities where,
                areas is strongly encouraged. Development should                        upon determination of the Oregon Division of
                be water oriented, public access should be pre-                         State Lands, the proposed alteration would
                served, and recreational facilities should be im-                       have negligible physical, biological and
                proved, where possible. While priority should be                        water quality impacts.
                given along the waterfront to waterclepenclent and                    Actions not considered as mitigation under
                water related uses, provision may also be needed                   Oregon Land Conservation and Development
                for other uses. Renovation and repair of historic                  Commission (LCDC) Goal Number 16 include the
                buildings is highly desirable; removal of deterio-                 transfer of ownership of estuarine lands, including
                rated structures and pilings may be appropriate.                   wetlands and submersible lands, to public owner-
                22.60 MITIGATION                                                   ship; the dedication of estuarine lands for certain
                                                                                   natural uses; and the provision of funds for re-
                   Necessary new development projects in the Co-                   search.
                lumbia River estuary will have adverse environ-                 22.62 Mitigation for Dredging, Filling or Otherwise
                mental impacts, regardless of how carefully the                         Degrading Biologically Productive
                projects are designed and constructed. The adverse                      Subtidal Areas
                effects of such development can be mitigated by the                Dredging, filling or other activities or alterations
                restoration or enhancement of other estuarine                   which significantly degrade or destroy biologically
                areas.                                                          productive subtidal areas should be mitigated by
                22.61 Mitigation for Dredging, Filling or Diking                restoration, habitat creation, enhancement or other
                       Tidal Marsh or Intertidal Areas                          appropriate means.
                   The following policies fulfill the requirements of           22.63 Mitigation for Degradation or Destruction of
                Oregon low. While Washington state low does not                         Critical Wildlife Habitat
                specifically require mitigation for dredge and fill                Mitigation for significant alterations which would
                activities in interticlal or tidal marsh areas, the fol-        degrade or destroy critical habitat for endangered or
                lowing policies are strongly encouraged. Alternative            threatened species, or other wildlife, shall be re-
                forms of mitigation in Washington, including preser-            quired through restoration, resource enhancement,
                vation, compensation and resource enhancement,                  preservation, or financial compensation. Mitigation
                are also encouraged.                                            for loss of other valuable wildlife habitat, such as
                   0 Adverse impacts to estuarine resources resulting           freshwater marshes, spruce swamps and old growth
                   from dredge, fill or dredged material disposal               forest is encouraged.
                   activities (public or private) permitted in interticlal      22.64 Mitigation Sites
                   or tidal marsh areas shall be mitigated by                      While a range of actions may be taken to satisfy
                   creation, restoration or enhancement of estu     .arine      mitigation requirements, mitigation sites or projects
                   areas. Such mitigation shall improve or maintain             should be preferentially evaluated asfollows:
                   the functional characteristics and processes of the             6 Areas in close proximity to the development site
                   estuary, such as its naf6ral biological productivity,

                   11-6

                                   with physical characteristics such that when re-                 Because estuarine tidal marshes and flats are eco-
                                   stored, the area will develop a similar quality               logically diverse, it may be impossible to create or
                                   and quantity of plant and animal life and per-                restore a single site with the same mixture of eco-
                                   form similar ecological functions;                            system components as are present at the site to be
                                �  Areas in other parts of the estuary that meet the             altered. In such cases, more than one mitigation site
                                   above physical and biological criteria;                       may be required. All important ecological features
                                �  Areas or resources in shortest supply as com-                 of the development site should be created or re-
                                   pared to past abundance, particularly tidal                   stored elsewhere within the estuary, whether sep-
                                   marshes and the salmon resource.                              arately or together.
                                Estuarine alterations for development in one state
                             can be mitigated through restoration or other actions
                             in the other state.

                                                            23. LAND AND WATER USE POLICIES

                             23.10 RESIDENTIAL, COMMERCIAL                                       ment in order to preserve the natural values of
                                   . AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT                                  riparian vegetation and wildlife and -to provide
                                Uses of the estuary are concentrated at its shore-               maximum open space.
                             line, resulting in conflicts and degradation of natural             23.20 AGRICULTURE
                             shoreline values. While much of the undeveloped or                    Agriculture is the most extensive use of the
                             marginally developed shoreland and the adjacent                     estuary shorelands. While some of this agricultural
                             wetlands and waters have important natural values                   land is highly fertile, most of it is diked tideland
                             that should be preserved, there are some areas                      subject to the 100 year flood. These diked tidelands
                             where development is both appropriate and desir-                    also have other limitations on development.
                             able.
                                                                                                 23.21 Continued agricultural use of productive agri-
                             23.11 General priorities for use of these shorelands                cultural lands should be encouraged, and con-
                             and adjacent aquatic areas are:                                     version to more intensive, non-agricultural use
                                (1 )Uses which maintain the integrity of the es-                 strongly discouraged. Exceptions to this include de-
                                    tuary                                                        velopment within established urban growth bound-
                                (2) Water dependent uses
                                (3) Water related uses                                           aries and non-intensive uses of general public
                                (4) Non-water related uses that do not degrade                   benefit, such as public access and recreation.
                                    estuarine resources or unalterably commit                    23.22 Development of new crops to increase pro-
                                    shorelands to intensive use                                  cluctivity of agricultural shorelands is encouraged.
                                (5) Non-water related uses that permanently alter                23.23 Damage to the estuarine ecosystem resulting
                                    shorelands, or estuarine resources, upon a                   from agricultural non-point source pollution should
                                    showing of public need.                                      be prevented.
                                Non-water related or marginal use may be pre-
                             ferred if:                                                          23.24 In undiked areas, the maintenance of suffi-
                                �  Further water dependent use of the shoreline                  ciently wide, natural, vegetative buffer strips along
                                   would overly congest sma I I waterways;                       streambanks is strongly encouraged to serve as bank
                                �  Water dependent or related use would result in                stabilization and as a natural filter for runoff.
                                   extensive negative impacts on adjacent es-                    23.25 Laws requiring adequate maintenance of
                                   tuarine wetlands and waters; or                               existing dikes and.ticlegates to prevent flooding and
                                   The proposed use is part of an overall plan for               erosion of agricultural lands should be observed and
                                   restoration of an historic waterfront to promote              enforced.
                                   tourism and community development.
                             23.12 Where non-water dependent residential,                        23.30 LAND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
                             commercial or industrial development exists on                        Although shipping is the most important form of
                             Water Dependent Shorelands, local governments                       transportation in the estuary area, road and rail
                             should encourage gradual transition of shorelines to                transport are also vital to the local economy. Steep
                             water dependent uses through land use controls,                     topography has encouraged construction of most
                             taxes, or other incentives for property ow.ners.                    land transportation corridors on shorelands or fill in
                             23.13 Residential, commercial and industrial shore-                 the estuary. The, impact of these alterations has been
                             land developments should be designed and con-                       high.
                             structed to minimize adverse environmental im-                      23.31 Land transportation systems should be main-
                             pacts, promote visual attractiveness and provide ap-                tained and improved to support existing urban
                             propriate visitor facilities and public access to the               areas, to allow use of the major development sites
                             water. Clustering of residential, commercial and                    indicated in the Land and Water Use Plan, and to
                             industrial uses is preferred over scattered develop-                support rural and recreational uses.

                                                                                                                                                           11-7

                23.32 New land transportation systems shall not be           ment of public access to water for all people, con-
                located so as to eliminate or render useless Water           sistent with legitimate shoreland uses and the need
                Dependent Shorelands. New transportation systems             for protection of the estuary from overuse. Public
                should be located and designed to direct urban               purchase of lands or scenic easements may be
                expansion toward areas identified as suitable for            necessary or desirable in some instances.
                development, and not toward rural areas. Existing            23.52 Special provision is needed in urban areas to
                systems and right of ways should be used to the              preserve remaining open space and improve the
                degree possible.                                             public access to the water through restoration of
                                                                             historic waterfronts, and construction of other public
                23.33 New land transportation systems should be              facilities.
                designed and located to take advantage of the
                natural topography and to cause minimum disrup-              23.53 Where major shoreline developments are
                tion of the shoreline area. They should be located on        allowed, they should not, singly or in combination
                uplands whenever possible. They shall not be                 with other developments in the area, exclude the
                located in aquatic areas except where bridge cross-          public from shoreline access to areas traditionally
                ings are needed or where no feasible shoreland or            used for fishing, hunting or other shoreline activi-
                upland route exists.                                         ties.
                23.34 Scenic areas with public roadways should               23.54 The private use of privately owned shorelands
                provide for safe pedestrian and nonmotorized vehi-           is legitimate and must be protected against en-
                cle travel. Provision shall be made for sufficient           croachment. Compensation of land owners for the
                viewpoints, rest areas and picnic areas along public         cost of preventing or repairing damages occasioned
                shorelines. Extensive loops or spurs of old highways         by public access may be necessary in some cases.
                with high aesthetic qualities shall be kept in service       23.55 The establishment of foot and bicycle paths
                as pleasure bypass routes, especially where main             along shoreline bluffs and other shorelands should
                highways, paralleling the old highway, must carry            be investigated. Such paths should not impair fish
                large traffic volumes at high speeds.                        and wildlife habitat or interfere unduly with agri-
                23.35 Maintenance of roads and railroads         i and       culture or other shoreland uses. Purchase of ease-
                maintenance or replacement of bridges shall be               ments from property owners may be necessary.
                allowed, regardless of the designation of the area           23.56 Publicly owned shorelands with water access
                through which the road or railroad passes.                   that are declared surplus and have significant scenic
                23.40 MINING AND MINERAL EXTRACTION                          or recreational value should in most cases remain in
                 Sand, gravel and minerals are valuable resources.           public hands. They should not be sold or traded
                In some instances, the only locally available source         without a local public hearing to determine the
                of these materials is from wetlands and submerged            advisability of the sale or trade. Publicly owned tide-
                lands. However, their removal can result in erosion          lands should remain in public ownership.
                of adjacent land and the shifting of sediments in the        23.57 Public access to publicly owned shorelands
                removal areas, causing negative economic and en-             (e.g. public street ends) should be maintained and
                vironmental effects.                                         improved whenever possible, consistent with
                23.41 On the basis of an environmental impact                authorized use.
                assessment, adequate protection must be provided             23.58 Public access to scenic views and significant
                for adjacent. shoreline property and fishery and             areas should be provided in a manner consistent
                other living resources, including protection against         with the nature of the area.
                sIecliment and silt production.                              23.59 Special consideration should be given to
                23.42 Approved projects must specify and use                 making areas of the estuary available to the elderly,
                mining technology which minimizes the potential              handicapped and physically disabled.
                damage to estuarine resources, in conformance with           23.60 SHORELAND HAZARD AREAS
                the Washington State Surface Mining Act or Oregon
                State Reclamation of Mined Lands Act.                          Natural hazards affecting the shorelands of the
                23.43 Extraction of gravel, minerals and construc-           estuary include flooding (by abnormally high tides,
                tion sand from estuary tributaries should be per-            river discharge or combination), wind, wave action,
                mitted only when these resources are not otherwise           erosion, storm surges, tsunamis, weak foundation
                locally available. The material should be taken from         soils and earth and rock fall. Development in hazard
                the least biologically sensitive parts of the stream.        areas without proper safeguards subjects people
                                                                             and property to needless dangers and costs tax-
                23.50 PUBLIC ACCESS TO THE ESTUARY                           payers money in relief after damage occurs.
                       AND ITS SHORELINE                                     23.61 Development in areas subject to the above
                  Public access to the shoreline and adjacent inter-         hazards is generally discouraged and, when pro-
                tidal areas is sanctioned by low and custom. Proba-          posed, shall be protected from the hazard.
                ble future population growth and urban develop-              23.62 Shoreland and aquatic development should
                ment will increase the demand for public access,             be evaluated prior to construction to ensure that they
                while decreasing its availability.                           wi I I not create or worsen hazards elsewhere.
                23.51 Federal, state and local actions in the estuary        23.63 Measures will be taken to discourage re-
                area should provide for maintenance and improve-             construction of structures in hazard areas, which
                                                                             have been damaged or destroyed.

                                                         24. LAND AND WATER ACTIVITY POLICIES

                          24.10 DREDGING AND DREDGED MATERIAL                           shoreland capacity for dredged material disposal
                                  DISPOSAL                                              will be exhausted in the next twenty years. Iden-
                                                                                        tification of dredged material disposal sites is an
                            Dredging and dredged material disposal are ac-              estuary-wide concern.
                          tivities of estuary-wide significance that may involve
                          several planning jurisdictions, are necessary. for the        24.21 Dredged material disposal sites should be
                          economic health of the region, and can have major             designated for their final use with a Developmmt
                          impacts on the estuarine environment.                         overlay for disposal use and should be managed for
                                                                                        the benefit of the final use, the public, and the
                          24.11 Dredging should be for the purpose of main-             estuarine environment.
                          taining, improving and establishing navigation
                          channels and access to water dependent facilities.            24.22 Shoreland disposal sites should be selected
                          Dredging and dredged material disposal should dis-            for the conformity of the final use, after deposition
                          turb the minimum area necessary for the project and           of dredged materials, to the comprehensive plan or
                          s.hould be conducted so as to protect or enhance              shoreline management plan.
                          wetlands and other estuarine resources.                         Emphasis should be placed on sites where:
                                                                                          0  Materials may be stockpiled for future use;
                          24.12 Loss of productive habitat and other environ-             *  The land use designation is already Develop-
                          mental damage should be,minimized by the loca-                     ment;
                          tion, design and construction of both facilities re-            e  Materials will help restore degraded habitat;
                          quiring dredging and sites for dredged material                 o  The final development or recreational use will
                          disposal. Disposal of dredged materials shall be at                benefit from deposition of dredged materials;
                          an approved site where the biological productivity                 or
                          and physical characteristics are appropriate to re-             9  toxic or polluted materials will present minimal
                          ceive the material. Dredged materials shall not be                 health and environmental hazards.
                          placed in productive habitat unless part of an ap-              Sites with significant agricultural, habitat, scenic,
                          proved development project. Shoreland disposal                recreational, archaeological, or historical values
                          should enhance or be compatible with the final use            and sites where the present intensity or type of use is
                          of the land. Except for flow-lane disposal and beach          inconsistent with dredged material disposal should
                          nourishment, in-water disposal inside the estuary             be avoided.
                          may be substituted for ocean disposal only when sea             Engineering factors to be considered in site selec-
                          or weather conditions pose a hazard to the dredging           tion should include: size and capacity of the site;
                          vessel.                                                       dredging method; distance from dredging opera-
                          24.13 Adverse hydraulic effects from dredging and             tions; elevation; and the costs of site acquisition,
                          disposal, such as over-channelization, destabiliza-           preparation and revegetation.
                          tion of fine-textured sediments, erosion, siltation,          24.23 Approved shoreland disposal sites should be
                          increased flood hazard, and undesirable circulation           given either a high, medium, or low priority on the
                          changes, shall be avoided.                                    basis of site suitability as specified in 24.22 ' above.
                          24.14 The timing of dredging and disposal opera-              High priority sites should not be developed until
                          tions shall be coordinated with state and federal re-         their use for dredged material disposal is completed.
                          source agencies, local governments, and private               Development of medium priority sites may be
                          interests to protect marine productivity, minimize            delayed if use of the site for dredged material dis-
                          interference with fishing, and insure proper                  posal can occur within an acceptable period and
                          flushing.                                                     such use prior to development is in the public
                                                                                        interest. Low priority sites may be used for dredged
                          24.15 The effects of both initial and subsequent              material disposal, but will not be reserved for that.
                          maintenance dredging shall be considered prior to             use.
                          approval of new dredging projects. New projects
                          should not be approved unless adequate disposal               24.24 In-water disposal sites should be chosen on
                          sites are available for both the initial and any future       the basis of low benthic productivity and the low
                          maintenance dredging.                                         degree of adverse hydraulic effects from the use.
                                                                                        Long-term use of disposal sites within the estuary
                          24.16* Dredging as a source of material may be per-           should be permitted only when no alternative exists
                          mitted if no alternative source is feasible and the           and the bio-physical impacts are minimal.
                          dredging site is of low biological productivity or for
                          dike maintenance if no alternative source is avail-           24.25 Flow-lane disposal sites should be shown able
                          able and environmental damage is minimized.                   to transport sediment downstream without excessive
                                                                                        shoaling, interference with commercial or sports
                          24.20 DREDGED MATERIAL DISPOSAL                    SITE       fishing, undesirable hydraulic effects, or adverse
                                  SELECTION                                             effects on benthic productivity.
                            More material is dredged from the Columbia River            24.26 Beach nourishment sit   'es should be selected to
                          estuary than can be used constructively, shorelines           offset the effects of active erosion, but should not be
                          have been altered and new land areas have been                used to create new beach or land areas.
                          created by deposition of dredged materials, and the
                          Oregon LCDC Coastal Shorelands Goal 17 exception required                                                          11-9
                          (cf Appendix B)

                                                                                  24.40 FILLING OF ESTUARINE WATERS
                 M
                                                                                           AND WETLANDS

                                                                                     The  Columbia River estuary has lost more than
                                                                                  15% of its volume in the last century. The surface
                                                                                  area,  particularly the area of vegetated wetlands,
                                                                                  has also decreased at an unnaturally rapid rate.
                                                      M":
                                                                                  24.41   Loss of estuarine surface area and volume
                                                                                  should be avoided in the selection of development
                               'ti
                                                                                  and dredged material disposal sites, and the design
                                                                                  of navigational structures.
                                                                                  2A.42 Fill and dredged material shall not be placed
                                                                                  in productive subticlal, intertidal or tidal marsh areas
                                                                                  or areas that support important benthic communities
                                                   Pori of Astoria Photo          unless part of an approved development project.
                                                                                  Aquatic areas where fill may be placed for approved
                 24.30 ESTUARINE CONSTRUCTION:                                    projects are designated in the Land and Water Use
                          PILING/DOLPHIN INSTALLATION,                            Plan (Part IV). For a fill to be permitted, it must fulfill
                          SHORELINE STABILIZATION AND                             a demonstrated public need and support a water
                                                                                  dependent use for which no feasible upland site
                          NAVIGATIONAL STRUCTURES                                 exists. Adverse impacts on estuarine habitat, diver-
                    Certain structures must be placed in the estuary, in          sity, aesthetics, water quality and recreational re-
                 support of water dependent uses, to influence the                sources shall be minimized.
                 movement of the water or to prevent shoreline ero-               24.43 When water dependent or related facilities
                 sion. Adverse effects of these activities and uses               must be placed in aquatic areas, construction of the
                 should be minimized as much as possible.                         facility on piling is preferred over construction on fill
                 24.31 Piling and dolphin installation should normal-             whenever feasible.
                 ly be allowed only in support of waterdepenclent or
                 water related uses and, in special cases, for other              24.50 DIKING OF ESTUARINE WETLANDS
                 uses. Occupation of water surface in productive                           AND SHORELANDS
                 areas should be minimized.                                          To provide continued flood protection for urban
                 24.32 Proper management of existing streamside                   and agricultural lands in the       estuary area, dikes
                 vegetation is the preferred method of shoreline                  should be maintained and improved. Construction of
                 stabilization, followed by planting of vegetation.               new dikes, particularly in tideland and wetland
                 Where vegetative protection is inappropriate (be-                areas must be carefully evaluated to avoid in-
                 cause of high erosion rate, the use of the site or               creasing flood and erosion potential downstream,
                 other factors) structural means such as riprap, pile             and to avoid destructive effects on the estuarine eco-
                 dikes, groins or bulkheading may be used.                        system. Therefore:
                 24.33 Where structural erosion control is necessary,             24.51 New diking of tidelands and wetlands will be
                 the choice between riprap and pile dike or groin                 a I lowed only:
                 placement for erosion control shall be considered on                * As part of an approved fill project; or
                 an individual basis. Factors to be considered                       0 As temporary flood protection in the interest of
                 include, but are not limited to:                                       safety and welfare of the public.
                    � Type of sediments in the area;                              24.52* Dike maintenance by means other than
                    � Effects on wildlife habitat;                                dredging is encouraged. Dredging of shallow, bio-
                    � Uses of lands and waters adjacent to the bank;              logically productive areas adjacent to dikes as a
                    � Effects on fishing areas;-                                  source of material for dike maintenance shall be
                    � Effects on aquatic habitat;                                 permitted if:
                    � Relative effectiveness of the various structures;              0  Alternative sources of material are unavailable
                    � Engineering feasibility;                                          or not economically feasible;
                    � Cost; and                                                      0  The removal of materia*l will not leave potholes
                    � Erosion, flooding and sedimentation of adjacent                   where juvenile salmon and other fishes might
                      areas.                                                            be stranded at low water; and
                    Bulkheading should only be used in developed                     0  Other disruption of tidal flats and marshes is
                 areas.                                                                 minimized.
                 24.34 Navigational structures, such as breakwaters,              24.53 Breaching or removal of dikes may be allow-
                 jetties, groins, pile dikes and fills, are major altera-         ed as part of a restoration or mitigation project.
                 tions of the estuary with long-term biological and               Productive agricultural land and significant wildlife
                 physical effects. An impact assessment should be                 habitat should not be lost.
                 prepared before construction. Alteration of the
                 estuary should be minimized, estuarine productivity
                 maintained, and effects on fish runs and fisheries
                 minimized.                                                        Oregon LCDC Estuarine Resources Goal 16 exception required
                                                                                    (cf Appendix B)
                 11-10

                                   25. INTERGOVERNMENTAL COORDINATION AND PUBLIC EDUCATION POLICIES

                            25.10 LOCAL INTERGOVERNMENTAL
                                     COORDIN
                                                   ATION
                                                                                                                                                   lg
                                                                                                                                     9311,1w, IN.
                              CREST provides local governments in Washington
                                                                                                                                  ;0
                                                                                                                                         @Vu
                            and Oregon a forum for communication and cooper-
                                                                                                                                    43
                            ation in
                                      planning and development activities of re-
                            gional scope and importance. Local governments
                            recognize the mutual benefits of such coordination
                            and the expanded role it provides to local govern-                                                              211  Q,'@
                            ment in estuary decision-making.                                                                                       mn@
                              On behalf of member governments, CREST will:
                            26.11 Provide continued planning assistance               to                                                   John Atkinson
                            member agencies upon request to and approval              by
                            the CREST council, review local comprehensive
                            plans and shoreline management master programs,
                            and make recommendations which will result in                    25.20 STATE AND FEDERAL CONSISTENCY
                            coordination and conformance with the Columbia                            IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER ESTUARY
                            River Estuary Regional Management Plan;                                   AREA
                            25.12 Provide technical information and          assistance         The Columbia River     estuary plan is part of Wash-
                            to member and other agencies for Columbia River                  ington's and Oregon's Coastal Zone Management
                            Estuary Regional Management Plan implementation;                 Programs. The plan is implemented through Shore-
                            25.13 For member agencies and other local inter-                 line Management Master Plans and local compre-
                            ests, act as local liaison to the Pacific Northwest              hensive plans, respectively. Direct state and federal
                            River Basins Commission as they conduct the six-                 activities and state and federally funded or per-
                            year Columbia River Estuary Data Development                     mitted activities in the estuary area shall be con-
                            Program;                                                         sistent with the regional policies, development
                            21,14 Evaluate state and federal estuary activities,             standards, and land and water use designations and
                            programs, developments and project impact assess-                policies in the plan.
                            ments that may affect local governments and report                  Further details for consistency of local, state and
                            results to concerned jurisdictions;                              federal agency activities in the estuary are set forth
                                                                                             in Section VII of the plan.
                            25.15 Coordinate with local, state and federal agen-
                            cies on estuary development, research, regulation,               25.30 DEVELOPMENT EVALUATION,
                            project impact assessment and plan review and                             PERMIT INFORMATION
                            update;                                                                   AND PERMIT REVIEW
                            25.16 Establish and operate a Columbia River                        Development occurring in the estuary or on its
                            Estuary Information Center and provide library in-               shorelands produces impacts of varying type and
                            formation searches, permit information, and other                degree. Permits for developments are required at
                            services to the public, planners, and state and                  the local level in Washington for significant devel-
                            federal managers and researchers.                                opment, construction, or other activities affecting
                                                                                             the estuarine environment. State and federal per-
                                                                                             mits are required for in-water construction, dredg-
                                                                                             ing, filling, waste discharge and numerous other ac-
                            Paltichthys Stellatus Starry F1.ounder                           tivities. These permits are mandated by law and
                                                                                             allow each particular government agency to carry
                                                                                             out its responsibility to control or limit negative eco-
                                                                                             nomic and environmental effects. However, the
                                                                                             proliferation of permits and other requirements and
                                                                                             the lack of knowledge about them adds substantial
                                                                                             cost and time delays to development projects.
                                                                                                CREST will provide information and assistance
                                                                                             about development project permit requirements at
                                                                                             the local, state and federal level. Information to be
                                                                                             provided may include: environmental and legal
                                                                                             constraints, ways to minimize or. mitigate the im-
                                                                                             pacts of the project, ahd general policies of agencies
                                                                                             that will review the project. The intent of this policy
                                                                                             is to facilitate understanding and use of existing
                                                                                             permit processes. Review by CREST is not
                                     Ron Pittard - Searep Studio, courtesy Clatsop County    mandatory.

                25.40 SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND                              25.50 PUBLIC EDUCATION
                        PLANNING IN ESTUARINE AREAS                          Public knowledge of the value of estuarine re-
                  Much important scientific research, funded by the        sources and their importance to the local economy
                Pacific Northwest River Basins Commission's Colum-         could be dramatically improved through a program
                bia River Estuary Data Development Program and             of education and public information. CREST and
                other sources, will be conducted by state and federal      local governments, in cooperation with state and
                agencies, universities, consultants and individuals        federal agencies, educational institutions and pri-
                during the next decade. State and federal agencies         vate groups should:
                periodically develop special-purpose plans for the         25.51 Encourage development of practical educa-
                area which effect local planning and decision-             tionol courses, extension education programs,
                making.                                                    science fairs, library and museum displays relating
                                                                           to the Columbia River estuary and the marine
                25.41 To ensure local coordination and to provide          sciences in general;
                useful information for local estuary management
                decisions, all agencies, consultants, university per-      25.52 Encourage the establishment of major ocean-
                sonnel and private individuals conducting research         ographic research and educational facilities in the
                or developing plans should:                                area;
                  0 Contact CREST and the local jurisdictions con-         25.53 Maintain and expand the CREST library;
                cerned during the project-planning stage, to outline
                the research or planning objectives and schedule,          25.54 Encourage the Corps of Engineers to locate its
                and the means of reporting project results; and            hydraulic model of the Columbia River estuary in the
                  0 Ensure that the results are conveyed as quickly        localarea.
                as possible to local government agencies. Research-
                ers are requested to provide reports in clear and
                simple language.
                25.42 CRESTwill:
                  * Keep a file of com@letecl, on-going and pro-
                posed research or planning programs that are im-
                portont or useful to local governments in the estuary
                area.
                  0 Work with the Columbia River Estuary Data De-
                velopment Program through its Technical Advisory
                Committee.

                                                                                                                Wait Lindstrom

              11-12

                                                                                                   PART III
                                                          MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND DEVELOPMENT STANDARDS

                                     30.    PLAN ELEMENTS         ..................................................................                                 III- I

                                     31.    CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR LAND AND WATER USES                              ..............................                111-2
                                            31.10 Aquatic Area Designations             ..................................................                           111-2
                                            31.20 Shoreland Designations             ........................            .............................               111-3

                                     32.    DEFINITIONS       ....................................................................                                   111-4

                                     33.    DEVELOPMENT STANDARDS                 .......................................................                            111-5
                                            Table 33-1, Aquatic Area Permitted Uses/Activities                  ...................................                  111-6
                                            Table 33-2, Shorelands Permitted Uses/Activities                 .....................................                   111-7
                                            33.01    Agriculture      ...............................................................                                111-9
                                            33.02    Airports     ..................................................................                                 111-9
                                            33.03    Aquaculture      ..............................................................                                 111-9
                                            33.04    Commercial Uses         ...........................................................                             111-10
                                            33.05    Docks and Moorage          ........................................................                             111- 11
                                            33.06    Industrial and Port Facilities        .................................................                         111- 11
                                            33.07    Land Transportation Facilities         ................................................                         111-12
                                            33.08    Log Du mp/Sort Area (i n-water)           ..............................................                        111-13
                                            33.09    Log Storage (in-water)        ......................................................                            111-13
                                            33.10    Log Storage/Sorting Yard (dry land)             ..........................................                      111-1.3
                                            33.11    Marinas      ..................................................................                                 111-14
                                            33.12    Mining/Mineral Extraction          ..................................................                           111-14
                                            33.13    Navigational Structures         .....................................................                           111-15
                                            33.14    Recreation Uses        ...........................................................                              111-15
                                            33.15    Residential Uses       ...........................................................                              111-16
                                            33.16    Restoration/Resource Enhancement                ..........................................                      111-17
                                            33.17    Solid Waste Disposal         .......................................................                            111-17
                                            33.18    Timber Propagation/Harvesting             ..............................................                        111-17
                                            33.19    Utilities    .............                          .......    ................................                 111-18
                                            33.20    Bankline or Stream Alteration            ...............................................                        111-18
                                            33.21    Dikes    ....................................................................                                   111-19
                                            33.22    Dredging     .................................................................                                  111-19.
                                            33.23    Dredged Material Disposal          ..................................................                           111-20
                                            33.24    Excavation - Creation of New Water Surface Area                  ...............................                111-22
                                            33.25    Fill  ......................................................................                                    111-22
                                            33.26    Piling/Dolphin Installation        ....................           ; .............................               111-23
                                            33.27    Shoreline Stabilization         .....................................................                           111-23

                                     34.    THE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND DEVELOPMENT STANDARDS IN LOCAL ORDINANCES                                                 ...  111-25
                                            34.10 Oregon          ..................................................................                                 111-25
                                            34.20 Washington          ...............................................................                                111-25

                                                                      30. Two elements provide the framework for de-
                                                                      veloping and implementing the Columbia River
                                                                      Estuary Regional Management Plan. The Classifica-
                                                                      tion System defines nine land and water use desig-
                                                                      nations with differing management objectives. The
                                                                      Development Standards provide detailed guidelines
                                                                      for meeting these management objectives consistent
                                                                      with CREST goals and regional policies (cf PART 11).

                                  31. CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR LAND AND WATER USES

                  The CREST land and water use classification sys-           31.10 AQUATIC AREA DESIGNATIONS
                tem was developed from two basic premises.                     Aquatic areas include the tidal waters and wet-
                  First, aquatic and shoreland areas, by their very          lands of the estuary and non-tidal sloughs, streams,
                nature, require different management approaches.             lakes, and wetlands within the shoreland planning
                Even where the,management objectives are similar,            boundary. The lands underlying the waters are also
                aquatic areas serve different purposes and sustain           included.
                different development impacts than shorelands. This            The upper limit of aquatic areas is the line of non-
                concept is fundamental to state and federal man-             aquatic vegetation or, where such a line cannot be
                agement and regulatory programs, and has, for                accurately determined, Mean Higher High Water
                aquatic areas, a historical basis in the public trust        (MHHW) in tidal areas or Ordinary High Water
                doctrine.                                                    (OHW) in non-tidal areas.
                  Second, aquatic and shoreland areas in the Co-               Aquatic areas can be divided into wetlands, the
                lumbia River estuary exhibit a wide range of natural         upper portion of the aquatic zone, and waters, the
                and human features which require different types of          lower portion. Wetlands and waters adjoining at
                management. Areas with significant natural re-               Extreme Low Water (ELW) in tidal areas [about three
                source values need protection from human disturb-            feet below Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW), or
                ance, while other areas with present or potential use        Columbia River Datum above Altoona on the Wash-
                for agriculture, timber production, recreation '  water      ington shore], or at a water depth of six feet relative
                related industry, or port development should be              to Ordinary Low Water (OLW) in non-tidal areas.
                reserved for such uses.
                  The CREST land and water use classification sys-           Natural Aquatic areas are managed for re-
                tem separates aquatic from shoreland areas and de-           source protection, preservation and restoration, with
                fines management designations for each area.                 severe restrictions on the intensity and types of uses.
                These designations provide for uses and activities           Natural Aquatic areas may include tidal marshes
                ranging from preservation to intensive development           and mud-sand flats that, because of a combination
                and are generally consistent with Oregon and Wash-           of factors such as size, biological productivity and
                ington coastal zone management programs.                     habitat value play a vital role in the functioning of
                  Local jurisdictions may modify the classification          the estuarin'@ ecosystem. Natural Aquatic areas
                system's terms as they implement the Regional Man-           may also include ecologically important subticlal
                agement Plan through comprehensive plan or shore-            areas.
                line management amendments. For example,                     Conservation Aquatic areas are managed for
                Washington jurisdictions may use the term urban in           low to moderate intensities of use, with emphasis on
                place of the development designation in the CREST            maintaining the flow of aquatic resource and rec-
                system. Such changes do not alter the intent or defi-        reational benefits. Minor alterations may be per-
                nitions of the designations.                                 mitted in conjunction with approved uses. Conserva-
                                                                             tion Aquatic areas may include open water portions
                                                                             of the estuary and valuable tidal marshes and mud-
                                                                             sand flats of lesser biological significance than those
                                                                             in the Natural category.
                                                                             Rural Aquatic areas are managed for resource
                                                                             conservation and uses associated with agriculture
                Rhacochilusvacca PilePerch                                   and rural recreation. Rural Aquatic areas may in-
                                                                             clude non-tidal sloughs, lakes, and other waters
                                                                             associated with rural uses and activities such as
                                                                             farming.
                                                                             Development Aquatic areas are managed for
                                                                             navigation and other water dependent uses, con-
                                                                             sistent with the need to minimize damage to the
                                                                             estuarine ecosystem. Some water related and other
                                                                             uses may be permitted. Development Aquatic areas
                                                                             may include: areas suitable for deep or shallow
                                                                             draft navigation, including shipping and access
                                                                             channels or turning basins; dredged material dispos-
                                                                             al sites and mining or mineral extraction areas; and
                                                                             areas adjacent to developed or developable shore-
                                                                             lines which may need to be altered to provide navi-
                                                                             gational access or create new land areas for water
                                                                             dependent uses.

                       Ron Pittard - Searep Studio, courtesy Clatsop County

                111-2

                         31.20 SHORELAND DESIGNATIONS                                  Rural Shorelands are managed for agriculture,
                           Shoreland areas include forest, cliffs, steep topo-         timber production, recreation, and other rural uses
                         graphy, diked form and urban lands along the es-              and activities. Rural Shorelands may include areas
                         tuary and the tidal reaches of the estuary tributaries,       for exclusive farm use, areas for rural low density
                         and shoreline areas suitable or already developed             residential or other uses associated with agriculture,
                         for water dependent uses.                                     forest management, or rural service areas.
                           Shorelands of the estuary extend horizontally               Development Shorelands are managed for a
                         from the upper edge of Aquatic areas (cf 31.10)               wide range of water dependent, water related, and
                         landward to the boundary between tideland soils               other uses. Development Shorelands may include
                         and upland soils, or landward 200 feet, whichever is          areas presently developed or suitable for residen-
                         greater. In areas suitable for intensive development          tial, commercial, industrial, or recreational de-
                         or already developed, however, urban features such            velopment. Most such areas are within urban growth
                         as a railroad or highway may be used to mark the              boundaries of existing towns or cities, but may in-
                         inland shoreland boundary.                                    clude other development centers.
                         Natural Shoreland areas are managed for re-                   Water Dependent Development Shorelands
                         source protection, preser  'vation, restoration and rec-      are managed for water dependent uses, with water
                         reation, with severe restrictions on the intensity and        related and other uses allowed only upon satisfac-
                         types of uses. Natural Shoreland areas may include            tion of standards which require a showing of need,
                         unique or highly valuable vegetative or wildlife              direct association with water dependent uses, and
                         habitat and critical habitat for endangered or threat-        provision of public access to the waterfront. Water
                         ened species where a less restrictive designation             Dependent Development Shorelands include areas
                         would not provide adequate protection.                        of high potential for water dependent recreational,
                         Conservation Shorelands are managed for tim-                  commercial, or industrial development, by virtue of
                         ber production, control ot non-point source pollu-            their proximity to deep or shallow draft navigation
                         tion, wildlife, recreation, and other human uses of           channels, existence of sufficient back-up land for
                         low to moderate intensity. Conservation Shorelands            heavy industrial or port uses, potential for aqua-
                         may include commercial forest lands, areas subject            culture, or potential for recreation and scenic en-
                         to severe flooding or other hazards, scenic recrea-           joyment of the waterfront.
                         tion areas, and certain public shoreline areas.

                                                                                                                                              V@

                                                                     MIX
                             @J?

                                                                       RUT, 4

                                                                                                                          Port of Astoria Photo

                                                                                                                                           111-3

                                                                      32. DEFINITIONS

                  Use is the end to which a land or water area is ul-                Conditional (C) uses and activities are permitted
                  timately employed. A use often involves the place-                 only on an individual basis if the applicant can show
                  ment of structures or facilities for industry, com-                over oll conformity with the Comprehensive Plan
                  merce, habitation, or recreation. An accessory Use is              (Oregon) or RCW 90.58.020 (Washington).
                  a use incidental and subordinate to the main use of                 Uses classified as conditional may be authorized
                  the property and located on the same lot or parcel as              provided that the applicant can show that:
                  the main use.                                                      eThe proposed use will be consistent with the
                                                                                      Comprehensive Plan (Oregon) or RCW 90.58.020
                  Activity is any action taken either in conjunction                  (Washington) and the management objectives of
                  with a use or to make a use possible. Activities do                 the land and water use designations; and
                  not in and of themselves result in a specific use.                 eThe proposed use will not interfere with normal
                  Several activities - dredging, piling, fill - may be                public use of public shorelines; and
                  undertaken for a single use - a port facility. Most                *The proposed use of the site and design of the
                  activities may take place in conjunction with a                     project will be compatible with other permitted
                  variety of uses.                                                    uses within the area; and
                  Water Dependent uses and activities can only be                    *The proposed use will cause no unreasonably ad-
                  carried out on, in or adjacent to water. The water                  verse effects to aquatic or shoreland areas; and
                  location or access must be needed for either:                      oThe public interest will suffer no substantial detri-
                  *Water-borne transportation - navigation,                           mental effect.
                     moorage, fueling and servicing ships or boats,                   Uses which are not classified or set forth in the
                     terminal and transfer facilities, resource and ma-              applicable ordinance (Oregon) or master program
                     terial receiving and shipping; or                               (Washington) may be authorized as conditional uses
                  *Recreation - swimming, boating, fishing, hunting,                 provided that the applicant can meet the criteria in
                     viewing, and walking; or                                        32.61 above [and WAC 173-14-140 (1) in Washing-
                  *A source of water - for energy production, cool i'ng              tonl-
                     industrial equipment or wastewater, industrial                   Conditional uses should be allowed in circum-
                     processes, and aquaculture operations.                          stances where denial would result in thwarting poli-
                  Water Related uses and activities are            consistent        cies in this document and the Comprehensive Plan
                  with other water dependent development criteria                    (Oregon) or RCW 90.58.020 (Washington).
                  but do not require direct water access. A use is water              In granting conditional uses, consideration shall
                  related.if:                                                        be given to the cumulative impact of additional re-
                  411t provides goods or services that are directly as-              quests for like actions in the area. The total effect of
                     sociated with water dependent uses, such as                     all conditional uses shall remain consistent with the
                     supplying materials or services to, or using pro-               policies of the Comprehensive Plan (Oregon) or RCW
                     ducts of water dependent uses; and                              90.58.020 (Washington).
                  *Location other than adjacent to the water would                    Local governments may impose, in addition to
                     result in a public loss of quality in the goods and             those standards set forth in the applicable ordi-
                     services offered, considering the economic,                     nance, additional conditions necessary to protect
                     social, and environmental consequences of the                   estuarine, shoreland or upland areas.
                     use.                                                            Not Permitted (N) uses and activities may not
                  Permitted with Standards (PS) uses and activi-                     occur in the specified area. No exceptions can be
                  ties may be undertaken subject to:                                 made.
                  - The general requirement that the use or activity                 Variance procedures are local government actions
                  be designed and conducted in a manner that will                    strictly limited to relief to specific bulk, dimensional
                  minimize, so far as practical, any resultant damage                or performance standards set forth in the applicable
                  to both the ecosystems of affected aquatic and                     implementing ordinance. A variance may be grant-
                  shoreland areas and the public's use of the water;                 ed only where extraordinary or unique circum-
                  and                                                                stances relating.to the property would cause strict
                  - The standards set forth in this document; and                    implementation of the ordinance to impose unnec-
                  - Applicable local, state, and federal permits and                 essary hardships on the applicant or would thwart
                  regulations.                                                       the policies set forth in this document and the Com-
                                                                                     prehensive Plan (Oregon) or RCW 90.58.020 (Wash-
                                                                                     ington).

                  111-4

                                                       33. DEVELOPMENT STANDARDS

                          CREST provided a detailed permitted use matrix to             Estuarine aquatic and shoreland areas are closely
                        planning committees to help them apply the classifi-          related; often the use of one area directly affects the
                        cation system to lands and waters in their regions.           other. These standards reflect this close association.
                        This matrix h 'as been translated into simplified Per-        For example, most use standards for Development
                        mitted Use Tables (Tables 33-1, 33-2 below) and the           Aquatic areas also apply to Water Dependent De-
                        Development Standards for each use and activity.              velopment Shorelands.
                          Permitted and conditional uses and development                In certain instances, the Oregon Land Conserva-
                        standards were largely based on the Washington                tion and Development Commission goal standards
                        Shoreline Management Act guidelines and the sec-              do not fit local conditions and cannot be applied.
                        tions of the Oregon Land Conservation and Develop-            The need for goal exceptions is noted in the stand-
                        ment Commission (LCDC) Estuarine Resources Goal               ards and the actual exceptions are discussed in
                        (Number 16) and Coastal Shorelands Goal (Number               Appendix B.
                        17) dealing with uses and use priorities.

                                      W4,

                                                                           Jr

                                                                                                                 71
                                                                                                                                Awl
                                                                                                                'T

                                                 @4

                                                                                 n
                                          221
                                                                                                           -U@p,

                                                                        H
                                                                     W,
                                                 WMV                   M@
                                                                                                                            I IN M_
                                                                                                       -Judy Byrd - courtesy Compleat Photographer

                                                                                                                                  111-5

                     USES                                                                 NATURAL CONSERVATION                    RURAL          DEVELOPMENT
                     AIRPORJ_S-. (33.02)                                                       N                N                    N                   C
                     AQUACULTURE (33.03)                                                       C                PS                   PS                  PS
                     COMMERCIAL (33.04)                                                        N                C                    C                   PS
                     DOCKS & MOORAGE (33.05)                                                   N         C(OR)/PS(WA)         C(OR)/PS(WA)               PS
                     INDUSTRIAL & PORT FACILITIES (33.06)                                      N                C                    C                   PS
                     LAND TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES (33.07)                                    N                C                    C                   C
                     LOG DUMP/SORT AREA (inwater) (33.08)                                      N                N             N(OR)/C(WA)                C
                     LOG STORAGE (inwater) (33.09)                                      N(OR)/C(WA)             PS            PS(OR)/C(WA)               PS                        >
                     MARINAS (33.11)                                                           N                N                    C                   PS                        AD
                     MINING/MINERAL EXTRACTION (33.12)                                         N                C                    C                   C                         C
                     NAVIGATIONAL STRUCTURES (33.13)                                           N                C                    C                   C
                     RECREATION (33.14)                                                        C                PS                   PS                  PS                        M
                     RESIDENTIAL (@3.15)                                                                                                                                           >
                                                                                               N         N(OR)/C(WA)          N(OR)/C(WA)                C                         ;U
                     RESTORATION/ RESOURCE ENHANCEMENT (33.16)                                                                                                                     m
                                                                                               C                C                    C                   C                         >
                     TIMBER. PROPAGATION/ HARVESTING (33.18)                                   N                C                    C                   PS
                                                                                                                                                                                   m  >
                     UTILITIES (33.19)                                                         N                C                    C                   C                         M
                     ACTIVITIES                                                                                                                                                       m
                                                                                                                                                                                   m
                     BANKLINE OR STREAM ALTERATION (33.20)                                     N                C                    C                   PS                        a
                     DIKES (33,21)                                                                                                                                                 C
                        New Construction                                                       N                C                    C                   PS                        m
                        Repair, Maintenance                                                    PS               PS                   PS                  PS
                     DREDGING (33.22)                                                                                                                                              >
                        New
                                                                                               N                C             C(OR)/PS(WA)               PS
                        Maintenance                                                            C                C                    PS                  PS
                        To Obtain Fill                                                                                                                                             m
                                                                                               N                C                    C                   PS

                     DREDGED MATERIAL DISPOSAL (33.23)                                         N                C                    C                   PS
                     FILL (33.25)                                                              N                C                    C                   PS
                     PILING/DOLPHIN INSTALLATION (33.26)                                       N                C                    PS                  PS
                     SHORELINE STABILIZATION (33.27)
                        Vegetative                                                             PS               PS                   PS                  PS
                        Rip-rap                                                                C                PS                   PS                  PS
                        Bulkheads                                                              N                C                    C                   PS

                                                                                                                                                   WATER DEPENDENT
                 USES                                                       NATURAL CONSERVATION                  RURAL          DEVELOPMENT          DEVELOPMENT

                 AGRICULTURE (33.01)                                             N               PS                  PS                 PS                   C
                 AIRPORTS (33.02)                                                N               N                   PS                 PS                   N
                 AQUACULTURE (33.03)                                             N               PS                  PS                 PS                   PS
                ,COMMERCIAL (33.04)                                              N               C            PS(OR)/C(WA)              PS                   PS
                 DOCKS AND MOORAGE (33.05)                                       N               C                   PS                 PS,                  PS
                 INDUSTRIAL & PORT FACILITIES (33.06)                            N        N(OR)/C(WA)                C                  PS                   PS
                 LAND TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES (33.07)                          N               C                   PS,                PS                   PS
                 LOG STORAGE/SORTING YARD (land) (33.10)                         N               C                   PS                 PS                   C
                 MARINAS (33.11)                                                 N               N                   PS                 PS                   PS               x
                 MINING/MINERAL EXTRACTION (33.12)                               N               C                   C                  C                    C                0
                                                                                                                                                                              m
                 RECREATION (33.14)                                              C               PS                  PS                 PS                   PS               r-
                 RESIDENTIAL (33.15)                                             N               PS                  PS                 PS,                  C                >
                                                                                                                                                                              z
                 RESTORATION/ RESOURCE ENHANCEMENT (33.16)                       C               C                   C                  C                    C                a
                                                                                                                                                                              to
                 SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL (33.17)                                    N               N                   C                  C                    C                10
                                                                                                                                                                              m
                 TIMBER PROPAGATION/ HARVESTING (33.18)                          C               PS                  PS                 PS                   PS               m   >
                                                                                                                                                                              r.
                 UTILITIES (33.19)                                               N               C                   C           C(OR)/PS(WA)                C                q
                                                                                                                                                                              -4  m
                                                                                                                                                                              M
                 ACTIVITIES                                                                                                                                                   a
                 BANKLINE OR STREAM ALTERATION (33.20)                           N               C                   C                  C                    PS               C
                                                                                                                                                                              (A
                                                                                                                                                                              m
                 DIKES (33.21)
                   New Construction                                              N               C                   PS                 PS                   PS               >
                   Maintenance/Repair                                            PS              PS                  PS                 PS                   PS
                 DREDGED MATERIAL DISPOSAL (33.23)                               N               C                   PS                 PS                   PS               <
                                                                                                                                                                              m
                 EXCAVATION to create new water surface (33.24)                  N               C                   PS                 PS                   PS
                 FILL (33.25)                                                    N               C                   PS                 PS                   PS
                 SHORELINE STABILIZATION (33.27)
                   Vegetative                                                    PS              PS                  PS                 PS                   PS
                   Rip-rap                                                       C               PS                  PS                 PS                   PS
                   Bulkheads                                                     N               C                   PS                 PS                   PS

            14

                                                                                           heavily used habitat for resident waterfowl or other
                             33.01 AGRICULTURE - Raising and harvesting                    birds, in the interest of air safety and wildlife con-
                             crops or livestock using acceptable forming prac-             servation.
                             tices, and structures or facilities relating to these
                             uses.                                                         33.0203 Airport facilities shall not be allowed on
                             AREA                                 STANDARDS                new f i I I land.
                             Conservation Shorelands (PS)         33.0101 - 33.0104,       33.03 AQUACULTURE - Raising, feeding, plant-
                                                                  33.0106                  ing, and harvesting fish and shellfish, and asso-
                             Rural Shorelands (PS)                33.0101   -33.0104       ciated facilities necessary for the use.
                             Development Shorelands (PS)          33.0101   -33.0105       AREA                                 STANDARDS
                             Water Dependent Develop-             33.0101   -33.0105       Natural Aquatic (C)                  33.0301  -33.0309
                               ment Shorelands (C)                                         Conservation Aquatic (PS)            33.0301  - 33.0308
                             33.0101 Tillage and drainage practices should mini-           Rural Aquatic (PS)                   33.0301  -33.0308,
                             mize sedimentation and control surface water runoff                                                33.0311
                             of animal wastes and excess fertilizers, herbicides           Development Aquatic (PS)             33.0301  - 33.0308
                             and pesticides. Pesticides and herbicides shall be
                             applied so as to minimize the amount that is lost to          Conservation Shorelands (PS)         33.0301  -33.0308,
                             the aquatic environment.                                                                           33.0310
                             33.0102 In uncliked areas bordering bodies of                 Rural Shorelands (PS)                33.0301  -33.0308,
                             water, a buffer strip of permanent vegetation shall                                                33.0311
                             be maintained between cultivated or pasture areas             Development Sh.orelands (C)          33.0301  -33.0308
                             and the water body, so as to filter surface runoff and        33.0301 Structures and activities    associated with an
                             retard sedimentation.                                         aquaculture operation shall not unduly interfere
                             33.0103 Feed lots or other confinement lots for live-         with navigation.
                             stock shall be:                                               33.0302 Water diversion or other shoreline struc-
                                      0 Located at least 100 feet from streams or          tures shall be located so as hot to unduly interfere
                                        other water bodies;                                with public shoreline access. Public access to the
                                      e Away from hillsides leading directly to            facility shall be provided consistent with safety and
                                        streams;                                           security considerations.
                                      0 Outside the I 00-year f loodplain; and
                                      e Located so as to protect ground water              33.0303 Aquaculture facilities shall be constructed
                                        supplies.                                          to blend in with and hot detract from the aesthetic
                                                                                           qualities of the area. In developed areas, views
                             33.0104 Dikes, ticlegates and drainage systems shall          from upland property shall be given consideration in
                             be kept in good working order.                                faci I ity design.
                             33.0105 On Development and Mater Dependent De-                33.0304 Water diversion structures or manmade
                             veloPment Shorelands, agriculture uses shall be un-           spawning channels shall be constructed so as to
                             developed and low intensity to reserve these areas            maintain minimum required stream flows for aquat-
                             for intensive residential, commercial or industrial           ic life in the adjacent streams.
                             use, as appropriate.                                          33.0305 The potential impacts of introducing a new
                             33.0106 On Conservation Shorelands, agricultural              fish or shellfish species (or race within a species)
                             uses shall be low intensity and consistent.with main-         shall be carefully evaluated in light of existing
                             tenance of the forest resource and recreational               aquatic life and potential fish and shellfish pro-
                             values of these lands.                                        duction in the stream, estuary and ocean.
                             33.02 AIRPORTS - Terminal stations for aircraft               33.0306 Aquaculture facilities shall be located for
                             passenger and cargo operations; include runways,              enough from sanitary sewer outfalls to prevent any
                             towers and associated structures.                             potential health hazard.
                             AREA                                 STANDARDS                33.0307 Water discharged from the facility shall
                             Development Aquatic (C)              All                      meet all federal and state water quality standards
                                                                                           and any conditions attached to a waste discharge
                             Rural Shorelands (PS)                All                      permit.
                             Development Shorelands (PS)          All                      33.0308 Operation of a private salmon hatchery
                             33.0201 Existing airport facilities shall be utilized or      requires a permit from the Oregon Department of
                             expanded to the extent possible before new facili-            Fish and Wildlife or the Washington State Depart-
                             ties may be approved.                                         ment of Fisheries.
                             33.0202 Airports and associated facilities shall be           33.0309 Aquaculture operations in Natural Aquatic
                             located away from migratory bird flyways and                  areas shall be low intensity, undeveloped (no struc-

                                                                                                                                                 111-9

               tures), and consistent with protection of natural               33.0406 Commercial uses situated on floating struc-
               values.                                                         tures shall be located to be protected against cur-
               33.0310 Aquaculture operations in Conservation                  rents and wave action and not to rest on the bottom
               Shoreland areas shall be located not to interfere               at low water.
               with normal forest management practices or re-                  33.0407 When the proposed use is situated directly
               creational uses.                                                on the waterfront, significant public access shall be
               33.0311 Aquaculture operations in Rural areas                   provided, such as waterfront seating, walkways,
               shall be located so as not to interfere with normal             wharves, street furniture, or similar facilities.
               agricultural operations or recreational use.                    33.0408 Uses other than water related should be set
                                                                               back 30 feet from the high water mark, and riparian
                                                                               vegetation should be protected.
               33.04 COMMERCIAL USES - Privately-owned
               or operated facility or place of business open to the           33.0409 In Rural Shorelands, a commercial use
               public for sale of goods or services. Examples in-              shall be permitted only upon a finding that it satis-
               clude: restaurants, taverns, hotels, motels, offices,           fies a need that cannot be accommodated on shore-
               personal services, retail stores, recreational vehicle          lands designated for more intensive development. It
               parks, and campgrounds. Outdoor advertising, signs              shall be located so as not to interfere with, normal
               and billboards are subject to the standards set forth           agricultural practices in adjacent areas.
               here. Public facilities offering similar goods or ser-          33.0410 1 n Conservation and Rural Aquatic areas,
               vices should also meet these standards.                         .only low intensity water dependent or temporary
               AREA                                  STANDARDS                 commercial uses with minimal adverse environ-
               Conservation Aquatic (C)              33.0401   -33.0406,       mental impacts may be permitted,
                                                     33.0410                   33.0411 In Development Aquatic areas or Water
               Rural Aquatic (C)                     33.0401   -33.0406,       Dependent Development Shorelands, water de-
                                                     33.0410                   pendent uses shall have the highest priority. Other
               Development Aquatic (PS)              33.0401   -33.0406,       uses may be allowed if the project satisfies 33.0401
                                                     33.0411   -33.0413        and the applicant presents evidence that either:
                                                                                  (1 ) The use is water related and is not to be situ-
               Conservation Shorelands (C)           33.0401   -33 . 0405,     ated on new fill in an aquatic area;
                                                     33.0407,   33.0408,          (2) The use shares an existing structure, such as a
                                                     33.0414                   wharf or pier, with a water dependent use, and the
               Rural Shorelands (P   .S-OR)          33.0401 - 33.0405,        combination results in a multiple-use facility;
                  (C-WA)               , 1           331.0407,  33.0409           (3) The project provides significant public access
               Development Shorelands (PS)           33.0401 -  33.0405,       or recreation uses through the provision of water-
                                                     33.0407,   33.0408        front seating, walkways, piers, street furniture, or
               Water Dependent Develop-              33.0401 -  33.0405,       similar facilities; or
                                                                                  (4) The use is temporary, with minimal perma-
                  ment Shorelands (PS)               33.0411,   33.0412        nent capital investment, and, in such cases, the
               33.0401 Uses that are not water dependent shall not             temporary use permit will be valid only for a speci-
               preclude or unduly conflict with existing, proposed,            f ied period, not to exceed one year.
               or probable future'water dependent use 'on the site             33.0412 Where a use is permitted under 33.0411 (1-
               ,or in the vicinity.                                            2) above, public access shall be provided as des-
               33.0402 Uses shall be aesthetically compatible with             cribed in 33.0411 (3) above.
               their waterfront location and architecturally related           33.0413 In Development Aquatic areas, uses that
               to any adjacent historic or scenic structures or areas.         are not water dependent shall be located either on a
               33.0403 Sign placement shall not impair visual                  floating structure or pilings, or shall not increase the
               access to the water. When feasible, signs shall be              need for fill, if in association with a water-depend-
               constructed against existing buildings to minimize              ent use located on fi I I.
               visual obstructions of the shoreline and water                  33.0414 In Conservation Shorelands, a commercial
               bodies.. Off-premise outdoor advertising signs shall            use.may be permitted only upon a finding that it
               not be-allowed in aquatic areas.                                satisfies a need that cannot be accommodated on
               33.0404 Pr  'eservation, placement or replacement of            shorelands designated for more intensive develop-
               riparian vegetation in shoreline areas where it                 ment. It shall be low intensity and not conflict with
               would enhance visual attractiveness or assist in bank           forest management or recreational uses in the area.
               stabilization may be required.
               33.0405 Parking facilities shall not be located over
               the water or on the immediate shoreline, except
               where parking elsewhere is rendered impractical by
               topography or constitutes a severeeconomic hard-
               ship to the commercial enterprise, in which case it
               shall remain as far landward as feasible.

                           33.05 DOCKS AND MOORAGE - A pier or se-                        33.06 INDUSTRIAL AND PORT FACILITIES -
                           cured float a, floats for boat lie-up or other water           Public or private use of land or structures for manu-
                           use, often associated with a specific land use on the          facturing, processing, deep water port develop-
                           adjacent shoreland, such as a residence, a group of            ment, and energy generation facilities. (Standards
                           residences, a commercial use or light industrial fa-           for marinas, docks, and piers are provided in 33.05
                           cility. Small commercial moorages (less than 25                and 33.27.)
                           berths) with minimal shoreside services and no solid           AREA                                STANDARDS
                           breakwater are included in this category. Float-
                           houses, which are used for boat storage, net-drying            Conservation Aquatic (C)            33.0601 - 33.0605,
                           and similar purposes, must also meet these require-                                                33.0607, 33.0608,
                           ments (cf. 33.11 MARINAS).                                                                         33.0611, 33.0615
                           AREA                                 STANDARDS                 Rural Aquatic (C)                   33.0601 - 33.0609,
                           Conservation Aquatic                 All                                                           33.0613,   33.0614
                              (C-OR) (PS-WA)                                              Development Aquatic (PS)            33.0601 - 33.0611
                           Rural Aquatic (C-OR) (PS-WA)         All                       Conservation Shorelands             33.0601 - 33.0609,
                           Development Aquatic (PS)             All                         (C-WA)                            33.0612 - 33.
                                                                                          Rural Shorelands (C)                33.0601 -  33.0609,
                           Conservation Shoreland (C)           All                                                           33.0612-   33.0614
                           Rural Shorelands (PS)                All                       Development Shorelands (PS)         33.0601  - 33.0607,
                           Development Shorelands (PS)          All                                                           33.0609,   33.0612,
                           Water Dependent Develop-             All                                                           33.0613
                              ment Shorelands (PS)                                        Water Dependent Develop-            33.0601 -  33.0613
                           33.0501 Where a private individual       dock or moor-           ment Shorelands (PS)
                           age is proposed, the applicant shall provide evi-              33.0601 Uses that are not water dependent shall not
                           dence that alternative -moorage sites such as nearby           preclude or unduly conflict with existing, proposed,
                           marinas, community docks or mooring buoys are not              or probable future water dependent use on the site
                           available, are impractical, or will not satisfy the            or in the vicinity.
                           need. Only one boat dock or moorage area shall.be              33.0602 The placement of facilities shall take into
                           permitted for each waterfront residence, subdivision           account the impact on views and vistas from adja-
                           or other use.                                                  cent roads or residential areas. Facilities which have
                           33.0502 The applicant shall provide evidence that              a decidedly negative impact shall provide for buffer-
                           the size of the dock or moorage is the minimum                 ing, screening or other design features to protect the
                           necessary to fulfill the purpose.                              views or vistas.
                           33.0503 Open moorages are preferred over covered               33.0603 Facilities to treat and dispose of waste
                           or enclosed moorages, except in connection with a              water, and to prevent and clean-up spills and dis-
                           commercial or industrial use where shelter is neces-           pose of toxic materials or petroleum shall be pro-
                           sary for repair and maintenance of vessels and as-             vided as necessary.
                           sociated equipment, such as fishing nets, etc.                 33.0604 The applicant shall present evidence that
                           33.0504 Open pile piers or secured floats shall be             the industrial or port facility will be designed and
                           used for dock construction.                                    constructed to minimize adverse effects on naviga-
                           33.0505 Piers and floats shall extend no further out           tion, water and air quality, sedimentation rates and
                                                                                          patterns, fish rearing or spawning areas, fish migra-
                           into the water than necessary to provide navigation-           tion routes, important vegetative habitat, land trans-
                           al access. Conflict  .s with other water surface us   .es,     portation routes and traffic patterns, public services
                           such as commercial fishing, recreational boating               and facilities, and existing land uses.
                           and log rafting, shall be minimized.
                           33.0506 Floats in tidally influenced areas shall be            33.0605 Where the proposed industrial. use borders
                           located such that they do not rest on the bottom at            aquatic areas designated for resource protection or
                           low water.                                                     conservation, the applicant shall show that meas-
                                                                                          ures to be taken will reduce adverse impacts on such
                           33.0507 Docks and moorages shall be designed so                adjacent areas to a level consistent with their re-
                           that adverse hydraulic effects at the site and in adja-        source protection or conservation use.
                           cent areas are minimized.
                                                                                          33.0606 Facilities should be designed to permit
                                                                                          public viewing of the waterfront and/or operations
                                                                                          from viewpoints which would not interfere with in-
                                                                                          dustrial operations. Public access to the shoreline
                                                                                          and water, consistent with security and safety, shall
                                                                                          be provided.
                                                                                          33.0607 Parking facilities shall not be located over
                                                                                          water or on the immediate shoreline, except where
                                                                                          parking elsewhere is rendered impractical by topo-

               graphy or constitutes a severe economic hardship, in          33.07 LAND TRANSPORTATION FACILI-
               which cases it shall remain as far landward as                TIES - Highways, railroads, bridges and associated
               feasible.                                                     structures and signs which provide for land transpor-
               33.0608 Industrial uses on floating structures shall          tation of motorized and/or nonmotorized vehicles
               be protected against currents and waves, and be lo-           (excluding logging roads).
               cated so as not to rest on the bottom at low water.           AREA                                STANDARDS
               33.0609 Energy facilities will be located and con-            Conservation Aquatic (C)            All
               structed according to the standards of the Oregon             Rural Aquatic (C)                   All
               Energy Facility Siting Council or Washington Thermal          Development Aquatic (C)             All
               Power Plant Siting Law (RCW 80.50). The states
               preempt the regulation, certification and siting of           Conservation Shorelands (C)         All
               thermal power plants.                                         Rural Shorelands (PS)               All
               33.0610* In Development Aquatic and Water De-                 Development Shorelands (PS)         All
               pendent Development Shoreland areas water de-                 Water Dependent Develop-            All
               pendent uses shall have the highest priority. Other             ment Shorelands (PS)
               uses may be allowed if the project satisfies 33.0601
               and the applicant presents evidence that either:              33.0701 Land transportation facilities shall not be
                  (I ) The use is water related and is not to be situ-       located in aquatic areas except where bridge cross-
               ated on new f ill in an aquatic area; or                      ings are needed or where no feasible alternative
                  (2) The use shares an existing structure, such as a        shoreland or upland route exists. Careful considera-
               wharf or pier, with a water dependent use, and the            tion should be given to potential adverse hydraulic
               combination results in a multiple-use facility; or            effects. Undesirable changes in shoaling, erosion
                  (3) The use is temporary, with minimal perma-              and f lood elevations shall be avoided.
               nent capital investment, in such cases, the shoreline         33.0702 The design and location of highways, rail--
               permit will be valid only for a specified period, not         roads and bridges should take advantage of the
               to exceed one year.                                           natural topography to cause minimum disruption of
               33.0611 Multipurpose and cooperative use of pro-              the shoreline area. Causeways across aquatic areas
               posed moorage, parking, cargo handling and stor-              shall not be permitted.
               age facilities should be undertaken where feasible.           33.0703 The applicant shall provide to the planning
               When new facilities are proposed, the applicant               commission an evaluation of the impacts of
               shall show that existing facilities in the area cannot        proposed rail or highway facilities on land use
               be utilized. New facilities should be designed to             patterns, energy use, air and water quality, estuar-
               provide for cooperative use as feasible.                      ine habitat, functions and processes, existing trans-
               33.0612 The design and construction of water de-              portation facilities, and physical/visual access. The
               pendent or water related industrial and port facilities       benefits of the location of new or expanded routes
               shall consider the need to protect or enhance ripar-          shall be weighed against the costs of relocating
               ian vegetation for bank stabilization, wildlife habitat       housing, businesses and public facilities. Routes
               maintenance, water quality, or a visual and noise             shall be selected which preserve public access and
               buffer. Except where direct access to water is re-            avoid separation of high inte  'nsity use areas (such as
               quired for wharves, piers, docks, or water intake or          downstream commercial centers) from the water-
               discharge facilities, protection or enhancement of            front.
               riparian vegetation may be required.                          33.0704 New land transportation routes shall not
               33.0613 Uses which are not water related shall be             degrade the development potential of Water De-
               set back 30 feet from the shoreline and riparian              pendent Development Shorelands.
               vegetation protected in this setback.                         33.0705 Public roadways in scenic areas shall pro-
               33.0614 In Rural Shorelands an industrial use shall           vide for safe peclestriah and non-motorized vehicle
               be permitted only upon 'a finding that it satisfies a         travel, and for sufficient viewpoints, rest areas and
               need that cannot be met on shorelands designated              picnic areas along the public shorelines.
               for more intensive development. It shall be located           -13.0706 Maintenance of existing roads and rail-
               so as not to interfere unduly with normal agricultural        roads and maintenance and improvement of exist-
               or associated uses in adjacent areas.                         ing bridges shall be permitted, regardless of the de-
               33.0615 In Conservation Aquatic areas, only low               signation of the area they pass through.
               intensity water dependent or temporary industrial
               uses with minimal adverse environmental impacts
               shall be permitted.

                 111-12

                         33.08 LOG DUMP/SORT AREA (in-water) -
                         An area to transfer logs to a, from the I nd to water,
                         normally associated with log storage/sort yards, lo
                                                                    a
                                                                                  9
                         booming or processing/shipping facilities where
                         rafts are built or dismantled.
                                                                                           wm'@  ,,,,NE@Iv,
                                                                                            R
                         AREA                                  STANDARDS
                                                                                                                                                %
                                                                                                     VMN-
                                                                                                                                               "p
                         Rural Aquatic (C) (WA only)           All
                         Development Aquatic (C)               All
                         33.0801 Easy-let-clown facilities     sha I I' be used to
                         transfer logs from land to water. Free-fall log dumps
                         are not permitted.
                         33.0802 The best    practicable bark and wood debris
                         controls sha I I be used.
                         33.0803 Other pertinent standards in the Oregon En-
                         vironmental Quality Commission's Program and
                         Policy for "Log Handling in Oregon's Public Waters"                                                 Port of Astoria Photo
                         (October 24, 1975) apply in Oregon. Pertinent stand-
                         ards in the Washington Department of Natural Re-
                         sources Special Provisions for booming and rafting
                         leases shall apply to Washington State owned                     33.10 LOG STORAGE/SORTING YARD (dry
                         aquatic areas.                                                   land) - An area where logs are gathered from sur-
                                                                                          rounding harvest areas, weighed, sorted for species,
                         33.09 LOG       STORAGE (in-water) - The use Of                  size and quality, and stored until ready for transfer
                         water surface   area to store commercial logs in rafts           to water storage areas or to market.
                         until ready for market.                                          AREA                                  STANDARDS
                         AREA                                  STANDARDS                  Conservation Slhoreland (C)           33.1001   -33.1004
                         Natural Aquatic (C-WA)                All                        Rural Shoreland (PS)                  33.1001   -33.1003,
                         Conservation Aquatic (PS)             All                                                              33.1005
                         Rural Aquatic (PS)                    All                        Development Shoreland (PS)            33.1001   -33.1003
                         Development Aquatic (PS)              All                        Water Dependent Develop-              33.1001   -33.1003,
                         33.0901 New log storage areas will be located such                  ment Shorelands (C)                33.1006
                         that logs will not go aground on tidal flats at low              33.1001 Storage. facilities    adjacent to waterways
                         water.                                                           shall be designed, constructed and operated to con-
                         33.0902 New log storage areas will be located in                 trol leachates and prevent the loss of bark, chips,
                         areas where conflicts with traditional and active                sawdust and other wood debris into public waters.
                         gillnet fish drifts are minimized.                               33.1002 Unpaved storage yards underlain by per-
                         33.0903 Log storage areas shall be located where                 meable soils shall have at least a four foot separa-
                         water quality degradation is minimized. Good flush-              tion between the ground surface and the winter
                         ing characteristics should exist at the site.                    water table.
                         33.0904 Other pertinent standards in the Oregon                  33.1003 Other pertinent standards in the Oregon En-
                         Environmental Quality Commission's Program and                   vironmental Quality Commission's Program and
                         Policy for "Log Handling in Oregon's Public Waters"              Policy for "Log Handling in Oregon's Public Waters"
                         (October 24, 1975) shall apply in Oregon. Relevant               (October 24, 1975) apply in Oregon.
                         Washington Department of Natural Resources                       33.1004 In Conservation Shoreland areas, storage
                         Special Provisions for booming and rafting leases                and sorting facilities should be located so as not to
                         shall apply to Washington State owned aquatic                    interfere with non-forestry uses of these areas, such
                         areas.                                                           as recreation.
                                                                                          33.1005 In Rural Shoreland areas, storage and sort-
                                                                                          ing facilities shall be located so as not to interfere
                                           4111                                           with rural residential uses, normal farming opera-
                                                                                          tions and recreation.
                                                                                          33.1006 On Mater Dependent Development Shore-
                                                                                          lands, storage and sorting facilities shall not pre-
                                                                                          clude or unduly conflict with existing, proposed or
                                                                                          probable future water dependent uses on the site or
                                                                                          in the vicinity, unless the dry sort yard is itself an
                                                                                          essential partof a water-dependent facility.
                                                                   Walt Lindstrom

                                                                                                                                               lif - 13

                 33.11 MARINAS - Facilities which provide moor-                 from wind, waves, tidal currents and surge, storms,
                 age, launching, storage, supplies and a variety of             strong prevailing winds and passing ship wakes,
                 services for recreational, commercial fishing and              Marinas should be located or designed in a manner
                 charter fishing vessels. They are differentiated from          which will not adversely affect the natural processes
                 clocks/moorages (33.05) by a marina's larger scale,            of erosion, littoral drift and/or beach accretion.
                 the provision of significant landside services and/or          33.1109 Parking facilities shall remain outside the
                 the use of a solid breakwater (rock, bulkheading,              shoreline area, except where parking elsewhere is
                 etc.).                                                         rendered impractical by topography or constitutes a
                 AREA                                 STANDARDS                 severe economic hardship, in which exceptional
                 Rural Aquatic (C)                    33.1101  -33.1110,        cases it shall remain as for from the ordinary high
                                                      33.1111  (WA)             water mark as feasible.
                 Development Aquatic (PS)             33.1101  -33.1109,        33.1110 Marinas in Rural Aquatic and Shoreland
                                                      33.1111  (WA)             areas shall be designed to minimize interference
                 Rural Shorelands (PS)                33.1101  -33.1110,        with agriculture and other rural uses.
                                                      33.1111  (WA)             33.1111 The 1971 revision of "Criteria Governing
                 Development Shorelands (PS)          33.1101  - 33.1109,       the Design of Marinas for Protection of Fish and
                                                      33.1111  (WA)             Shellfish Resources" by the Washington State De-
                                                                                partment of Fisheries shall be used in design of the
                 Water Dependent Develop-             33.1101  - 33 -1109,      facility (adjusted to local tidal levels) in Washington.
                   ment Shorelands (PS)               33.1111  (WA)
                 33.1101 The applicant shall provide evidence that              33.12 MINING/MINERAL EXTRACTION
                 existing marina facilities are inadequate to meet the          The removal for economic use of minerals, petro-
                 demand and that existing facilities cannot feasibly            leum resources, sands, gravels or other naturally
                 be expanded.                                                   occurring materials from the shorelands and/or the
                 33.1102 Marina facilities shall be designed and                bed beneath an aquatic area.
                 constructed to minimize negative impacts on navi-              AREA                                STANDARDS
                 gation, water and air quality, sedimentation rates             Conservation Aquatic (C)            All
                 and patterns, fish rearing or migration routes,                Rural Aquatic (C)                   All
                 important sediment-dwelling organisms, birds, other
                 wildlife, tidal marshes and other important vegeta-            Development Aquatic (C)             All
                 tive habitat. Effects on traffic patterns, parking faci-       Conservation Shorelands (C)         33.1201 - 33.1206
                 lities, noise levels and uses in adjacent shoreland            Rural Shorelands (C)                33.1201 - 33.1206
                 and aquatic areas shall be considered.       .                 Development Shorelands (C)          33.1201 - 33.1206
                 33.1103 Flushing and water circulation adequate to             Water Dependent Develop-            33.1201 - 33.1206
                 maintain ambient water quality shall be provided by              ment Shorelands (C)
                 design or artificial means. A calculated flushing time
                 shall be presented as evidence that this standard has          33.1201 The operator of a surface mine shall present
                 been met.                                                      to the local government one copy each of a state-
                 33.1104 The amount of water surface occupied sha I I           approved surface mining plan and reclamation
                 be the minimum required to meet the need. In this              plan.
                 regard, new facilities shall make maximum feasible             33.1202 The impacts on fish feeding, spawning and
                 use of dry boat moorage on shoreland areas.                    nursery areas, fish transit and migration, bird and
                 33.1105 Means for preventing oil, fuels and other              wildlife habitat, riparian vegetation, water quality
                 contaminants from entering the water shall be pro-             (dissolved oxygen, turbidity and other relevant
                 vided. Equipment shall be available on-site for                factors), shoaling and erosion of nearby areas, cir-
                 clean-up of accidental spills of contaminants.                 culation, and other relevant factors shall be eva-
                 Sewage and fish wastes shall not be discharged                 luated and minimized.
                 directly into the water.                                       33.1203 Petroleum extraction and drilling opera-
                 33.1106 Marina facilities should provide for maxi-             tions shall not be allowed in aquatic areas. Petro-
                 mum public access and recreation use, consistent               leum may, however, be extracted from beneath
                 with safety and security considerations. Walkways,             aquatic areas using equipment located on adjaceni
                 seating, fishing areas and similar facilities should be        shorelands or uplands, according to the rules set
                 provided.                                                      forth by the Department of Geology and Mineral
                                                                                Industries. Petroleum exploration (not including ex-
                 33.1107 Open moorages are encouraged over                      ploratory drilling) is permitted in shorelonds and
                 covered or enclosed moorages, except in connection             aquatic areas, subject to state standards.
                 with a commercial or industrial use where shelter is           33.1204 Unless part of an approved fill project,
                 necessary for repair and maintenance of vessels and            spoils and stockpiles should be placed beyond the
                 associated equipment, such as fishing nets.                    reach of high water and in such a manner that sedi-
                 33.1108 New marina facilities shall be located in              ment wi I I not enter or return to the waterway.
                 areas where there is natural or manmade protection             33.1205 Riparian vegetation shall be retained to the
                                                                                degree possible. Disturbed shoreline areas shall be
                 111- 14

                           revegetated.                                                      considered before deciding whether to allow the
                           33.1206 Waste-water handling facilities must meet                 use, including the structures' capacity for changing
                           state and federal water quality standards and be                  currents, sedimentation, erosion, sediment move-
                           adequate to prevent damage to in-stream water                     ment by waves and currents, and flushing charac-
                                                                                             teristics; capacity for damaging aquatic habitat and
                           quality.                                                          fishery resources; aesthetic impact; interference
                           33.1207   Mining or mineral extraction should not                 with navigation; occupation of water surface; and
                           occur in productive, shallow sub-tidal areas, tidal               other relevant factors. Effects on long-shore sand
                           flats, or tidal marshes, as determined by the State               transport on beaches and in the river are especially
                           Removal/Fill Permit and Corps of Engineers permit                 important and should be evaluated carefully. Ad-
                           processes. Where mining or mineral extraction in                  verse impacts shall be minimized by both design and
                           such aquatic areas is necessary because no feasible               construction.
                           upland sites exist, the activity should occur in areas            33.1302 Jetties, groins and rock breakwaters shall
                           of sandy bottom sediments, where biological pro-                  be constructed of clean, non-eroclable land materi-
                           ductivity is low and unwanted shoaling has                        als. The size of the material shall be appropriate for
                           occurred.                                                         existing wave, tide and current conditions. In-stream
                           33.1208 If the project is planned for aquatic areas,              gravels shall not be used. Sound engineering prac-
                           the applicant shall present evidence to explain why.              tices and state and federal agency standards shall be
                           the project cannot be carried out on land. Mining/                followed.
                           mineral extraction is not permitted in tidal marshes,
                           and productive tidal flats and subticlal areas.                   33.1303 Pile dikes shall be installed in accordance
                                                                                             with the standards for piling/dolphin installation
                           33.13 NAVIGATIONAL STRUCTURES - Pile                              (33.26).
                           dikes, groins, fills, jetties and breakwaters that are            33.11304 Fills shall be installed in accordance with
                           installed to help maintain navigation channels, con-              the standards on fills (33.25).
                           trol erosion or protect marinas and harbors by con-               33.1305 Floating breakwaters are preferred over the
                           trolling water flow, wave action and sand move-                   solid, rip-rapped, or rock type, when feasible, to
                           ment.                                                             maintain fish habitat and sand movement. Solid
                           Pile dikes are flow control structures that are used              breakwaters should be constructed only where they
                           primarily in river systems and are made of closely                can be designed to minimize detrimental effects on
                           spaced piling connected by timbers; usually they are              sand movement and water circulation.
                           perpendicular to the shore.'They are constructed to               33.1306 In Conservation Aquatic areas, only minor
                           increase scour in the navigation channel and/or                   navigational structures that require no major estuar-
                           control shoreline erosion by interrupting sand trans-             ine alterations may be allowed.
                           port and encouraging sedimentation in the sheltered
                           lee of the pile dike. A single pile dike is unusual;              33.14 RECREATION USES - Uses not otherwise
                           they are generally constructed in groups.                         specified in the Permitted Use/Activity Tables which
                           Groins are analogous to pile dikes, but are con-                  help provide the opportunity for enjoyable active or
                           structed from rocks and can withstand rougher wave                passive leisure-time activities. Examples include
                           condition than pile dikes. Groins are often used on               public parks, waysides, fishing piers, boat launches,
                           beaches where they exert a strong influence on sand               foot paths and bike trails, swimming areas and
                           transport and extend from the backshore seaward                   amusement parks.
                           across the beach.                                                 AREA                                  STANDARDS
                           Jetties are the largest of all navigational structures,           Natural Aquatic (C)                   33-1401   - 13.1405
                           are made of rock or concrete, and are used to stabil-             Conservation Aquatic (PS)             33.1401   -33.1404,
                           ize the channel and improve the scour at the mouth                                                      33-1406
                           of an estuary. They must be able to withstand ex-
                           treme wave conditions and may alter longshore                     Rural Aquatic (PS)                    33-1401   -33.1404,
                           sand transport for many miles along the coast.                                                          33-1407
                           Breakwaters may be a floating structure or-made of                Development Aquatic (PS)              33-1401   -33.1404,
                           rock, steel, concrete, or piling. They are used to pro-                                                 33-1408
                           tect harbors and marinas against waves and cur-                   Natural Shoreland (C)                 33.1401   - 33.1405
                           re n ts.                                                          Conservation Shoreland (PS)           33-1401   - 33.1404,
                           Fills - Aquatic areas are sometimes f illed as a means                                                  33-1406
                           of controlling flows. Fills are often placed between              Rural Shoreland (PS)                  33-1401   -33.1404,
                           pile dikes.                                                                                             33.1407
                           AREA                                   STANDARDS                  Development Shoreland (PS)            33-1401   -33.1404
                           Conservation Aquatic (C)               All                        Water Dependent Develop-              33.1401   -33.1404,
                           Rural Aquatic (C)                      33-1301 - 33.1305            ment Shoreland (PS)                 33-1408
                           Development Aquatic (C)                33.1301  - 33.1305         321.114011 Recreation uses in waterfront areas shall
                                                                                             take maximum advantage of their proiimity to the
                           311.113011 Impacts of navigational     structures shall be        water by providing for water access points, water

                                                                                                                                                    111-15

                  viewing areas and str   'ucture design compatible with          33.1501 The basic shoreline setback for residential
                  the aesthetic qualities of the waterfront location.             structures and associated parking shall be 30 feet as
                  Parking areas shall be located as far from the shore-           measured from the aquatic-shore land boundary.
                  line as feasible.                                               Where erosion or flood hazard exists, the required
                  33.1402 Recreational access to the water along                  setback will be determined on a case-by-case basis
                  publicly owned shorelines shall be maintained to                with appropriate hazard protection required. If the
                  the maximum extent possible, consistent with safety             applicant can demonstrate that existing structures on
                  and resource conservation needs.                                adjoining lots infringe on the 30-foot setback, the
                  33.1403 Recreational water access points provided               setback may be determined by the building line
                  in connection with private commercial development               common to the adjacent existing structures, but no
                  shall be open to public use, except where security              setback may be less than 10 feet without a variance.
                  and safety considerations are overriding.                       33.1502 Removal of existing vegetation along the
                  33.1404 Recreational facilities shall be designed to            stream or river bank shal I not be permitted except as
                  minimize adverse effects on surface or ground water             necessary for property access or placement of resi-
                  quality. The adverse effects of storm runoff from               dential structures. Consistent with maintaining a
                  parking lots shall be given special attention.                  stable shoreline, provision for limited removal or
                                                                                  replacement of vegetation may be made to increase
                  33.1405 Recreation uses of Natural Aquatic and                  livability or provide a view of the water. Applicants,
                  Shoreland areas shall be undeveloped and low in-                particularly for subdivisions, will show how they
                  tensity. Permanent structures, dredging, filling,               plan to preserve and/or replace shoreline vegeta-
                  piling and other alterations are not permitted; tem-            tion.
                  porary structures may be allowed, consistent with               33.1503 Storm drainage systems shall be separated
                  maintenance of natural resource and aesthetic                   from sewage disposal systems. Sewage disposal
                  values.                                                         systems shall be designed so that water quality of
                  33.1406 Recreation uses of Conservation Aquatic                 adjacent coastal waters wil I not be impaired.
                  and Shoreland areas shall be of low to moderate                 33.1504 Subdivisions, mobile home parks and plan-
                  intensity and located so as not to interfere with               ned unit developments shall be designed so as to
                  normal forest management practices or natural re-               protect and compliment the aesthetic character of
                  source protection of aquatic areas.                             the shorelands and adjacent aquatic areas (as view-
                  33.1407 Recreation uses of Rural Aquatic and                    ed from the water or shorelands).
                  Shoreland areas shall be located so as not to inter-            33.1505 Unless it can be demonstrated that ade-
                  fere with normal agricultural practices or                      quate public access exists in the area, subdivisions,
                  sul3stantially degrade natural resource production of           mobile home parks and planned unit developments
                  aquatic areas. Public access may be restricted as               shall provide for public pedestrian access to the
                  necessary to protect flood control structures and pre-          shoreline within the development.
                  vent trespass on private land.
                  33JA08 Recreation uses of Development Aquatic                   33.1506 When only a shoreland area is being de-
                  and Water Dependent Development Shoreland                       veloped, adjacent aquatic areas shall not be used to
                  areas shall be water dependent and located so as                compute lot area or density.
                  not to interfere unduly with industrial uses of these           33.1507 Residential uses in Oregon Development
                  areas.                                                          Aquatic areas shall be limited to accessory uses and
                                                                                  multi-family residences with marina facilities. Multi-
                  33.15   RESIDENTIAL USES - Development of                       family residences shall not preclude or unduly con-
                  land and structures for human occupancy as living               flict with existing, proposed, or probable future
                  quarters. This category includes single and multi-              water dependent use on the site or in the vicinity.
                  family dwellings, subdivisions, mobile homes and                Residences shall not be located on new fill in
                  mobile home parks, and planned unit develop-                    aquatic areas.
                  ments.                                                          Only floating residences shall be allowed in Wash-
                  AREA                                  STANDARDS                 ington Aquatic areas; they shall be located in ac-
                                                                                  cordance with the standards for Docks/Moorages
                  Conservation Aquatic (C-WA)           33.1502 - 33.1507         and Piling/Dolphin Installation. They shall not be lo-
                  Rural Aquatic (C-WA)                  33.1502 - 33.1507         cated over productive fish feeding areas or in a loca-
                  Development Aquatic (C)               33.1502 - 33.1507,        tion inconsistent with the intent of the shoreline
                                                        (OR)                      environment designation. Residential development
                  Conservation Shorelands (PS)          33.1501  -33.1506,        over water and on fill shall not be permitted.
                                                        33.1508                   33.1508 On Conservation Shorelands, no subdivi-
                  Rural Shorelands (PS)                 33.1501  -33.1506,        sions or major or minor partitions may be allowed.
                                                        33.1509                   Single-family residences may be allowed only upon
                  Development Shorelands (PS)           33.1501  -33.1506         a finding that the housing satisfies a need that can-
                                                                                  not be met on shorelanjs designated for more in-
                  Water Dependent Develop-              33.1501  -33.1506,        tensive development, shall be low density, and shall
                    ment Shorelands (C)                 33.1510                   be located so as not to interfere with normal forest

                 111-16

                            management practices.                                             a development project if the restoration or resource
                            33,1509 On Rural Shorelands, residences, residen-                 enhancement is undertaken as mitigation of other
                            tial subdivisions, and major or minor partitions may              adverse effects of the project. For diked tideland
                            be allowed only upon a finding that the housing                   restoration, costs should include costs associated
                            satisfies a need that cannot be met on shorelands                 with the loss of agricultural land.
                            designated for more intensive development, shall
                            be low density, and shall be located so as not to                 33.17 SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL - The depo-
                            interfere with normal agricultural use      Iand practices        sition of municipal or industrial solid waste on shore-
                            on adjacent parcels of land.                                      lands.
                            33.1510 Residential uses in Water.Dependent De-                   AREA                                   STANDARDS
                            velopment Shorelands shall be allowed only as an                  Rural Shorelands (C)
                            accessory use.                                                                                           All
                                                                                              Development Shorelands (C)             All
                            33.16 RESTORATION               -/RESOURCE              EN-       Water Dependent Develop-               All
                            HANCEMENT - Replacing or restoring original                          ment Shorelands (C)
                            attributes or amenities such as natural biological                33.1701 Solid waste disposal on       shorelands shall be
                            productivity and aesthetic or cultural resources                  allowed only when an upland location is not feasi-
                            which have been diminished or lost by past altera-                ble, and as part of the preparation of the site for an
                            tions, activities or catastrophic events. Active Res-             allowed or conditionally allowed shoreland devel-
                            toration involves the use of specific remedial ac-                opment. Sites shall be consistent with the approved
                            tions such as removing dikes or fills, installing water           solid waste disposal plan.
                            treatment facilities, or rebuilding or removing de-
                            teriorated urban waterfront areas. Passive Restora-               33.1702 Solid waste material shall not be deposited
                            tion is the use of natural processes, sequences or                in marshes, wetlands, or other aquatic areas. Solid
                            timing to bring about restoration after the removal or            waste deposited in a shoreland disposal site shall be
                            reduction of adverse stresses. Resource Enhance-                  strictly confined to the site.
                            ment is the use of artificial or natural means to Im-             33.1703 All relevant state and federal air quality,
                            prove the quantity or quality of a specific resource.             water quality and solid waste disposal regulations
                            AREA                                   STANDARDS                  shall be adhered to. Leaching of harmful substances
                            Natural Aquatic (C)                    All                        into ground and surface waters shall be avoided,
                            Conservation Aquatic (C)               All                        and public health and safety protected.
                            Rural Aquatic (C)                      All                        33.1704 Aesthetic impacts of the solid waste dis-
                            Development Aquatic (C)                All                        posal shall be minimized by screening the site with
                                                                                              natural or planted vegetation.
                            Natural Shorelands (C)                 All
                            Conservation Shorelands (C)            All                        33.18 TIMBER PROPAGATION /HARVEST-
                            Rural Shorelands (C)                   All                        ING - Planting, growing, thinning, harvesting, etc.
                                                                                              of trees for commercial purposes. Logging road
                            Development Shorelands (C)             All                        construction is also covered by these standards.
                            Water Dependent Develop-               All                        AREA                                   STANDARDS
                              ment Shorelands (C)                                             Conservation Aquatic (C)               33.1801, 33.1802
                            33.1601 Policies set forth in the Restoration and
                            Mitigation Plan should be consulted in evaluation of              Rural Aquatic (C)                      33.1801,     33,1802
                            individual restoration/resource enhancement pro-                  Development Aquatic (PS)               33.1801
                            jects.                                                            Natural Shorelands (C)                 33.1801,     33.1803
                            33.1602 Restoration/resource enhancement in De-                   Conservation Shorelands (PS)           33.1801
                            velopment Aquatic, Development Shoreland or                       Rural Shorelands (PS)                  33.1801
                            Water Dependent Development Shoreland should
                            be undertaken only if it is likely that the project will          Development Shorelands (PS)            33.1801
                            not conflict with or be destroyed by existing or sub-             Water Dependent Develop-               33.1801
                            sequent development.                                                 ment Shorelands (PS)
                            33.1603 A proposal for restoration or resource, en-               33. 1801 Forest practices and road bu i Idi ng wi I I be i n
                            hancement shall be accompanied by an analysis of                  accord with the rules established under the Oregon
                            possible adverse effects on: circulation and current              State Forest Practices Act administered by the De-
                            patterns; shoaling or erosion; water quality; existing            partment of Forestry, or the Washington State Forest
                            habitat and natural resource values; and feeding                  Practices Acts administered by the Department of
                            and migration of juvenile salmon, other fishes, and               Natural Resources.
                            aquatic organisms. Such effects shall be minimized.               33.1802 In Conservation and Rural Aquatic areas
                            33.1604 The applicant shall establish that the bene-              (primarily Sitka Spruce swamps), the Department of
                            ficial effects of a restoration or resource enhance-              Forestry and local government shall allow only se-
                            ment project outweigh the direct and indirect project             lective commercial timber cutting of no more than
                            costs. Benefits shall include those benefits related to           thirty percent of the merchantable trees in any ten

                year period of time: PROVIDED, that other timber              33.20 BANKLINE OR STREAM ALTERA-
                harvesting methods may be permitted in those lim-             TION- Realignment of a stream bank or the entire
                ited instances where the topography, soil conditions          stream, either within or without its normal high
                or silviculture practices necessary for regeneration          water boundaries.
                make selective logging ecologically detrimental:
                and PROVIDED FURTHER, that clear cutting of timber            AREA                                 STANDARDS
                which is solely incidental to the preparation of- land        Conservation Aquatic (C)             33.2001  -33.2004
                for other uses authorized by these standards may be           Rural Aquatic (C)                    33.2001  -33.2004
                permitted. Disruption of drainage patterns, wildlife
                habitat and aquatic values shall be minimized, and            Development Aquatic (PS)             33.2001  -33.2004
                logging roads and heavy equipment shall not be                Conservation Shorelands (C)          33.2001  - 33.2003,
                permitted in aquatic areas.                                                                        33.2005
                33.1803 In Natural Shoreland areas, timber har-               Rural Shorelands (C)                 33.2001  -33.2003,
                vesting shall only be conducted when necessary for                                                 33.2005
                low intensity, undeveloped recreation facilities such         Development Shorelands (C)           33.2001  -33.2003,
                as trails.                                                                                         33.2005
                33.19 UTILITIES - Public service structures such              Water Dependent Develop-             33.2001  -33.2003,
                as: towers, facilities and major lines for communica-            ment Shorelands (PS)              33.2005
                tion and power transmission; waste water treatment            33.2001 Adverse impacts on fish spawning, feeding,
                plants; storm water and treated waste water outfalls          migration and transit, wildlife habitat, riparian
                (including industrial); and major    water, sewer and         vegetation, circulation patterns, salinity intrusion,
                gas I ines.                                                   water quality, sediment movement and distribution,
                                                                              erosion and shoaling of nearby areas and other es-
                AREA                                 STANDARDS                tuarine processes, habitats and functions shall be
                Co 'nservation Aquatic (C)           All                      evaluated and minimized.
                Rural Aquatic, (C)                   All                      33.2002 An altered water course shall meander and
                Development Aquatic (C)              All                      maintain stream surface area as feasible. Alteration
                Conservation Shorelands (C)          All                      of sloughs, oxbows and marshes shall be minimized.
                Rural Shorelands.(C)                 All                      33.2003 Alignments should make maximum use of
                Development Shorelands               All                      natural or existing deep water channels, but should
                   (C-OR) (PS-WA)                                             not create pockets of stagnant water or other un-
                Water Dependent Develop-             All                      desirable hydraulic conditions.
                   ment Shorelands (C)                                        33.2004 In-stream dredging shall be conducted
                33.1901 Electrical or communication         transmission      according to the Dredging Standards (33.22).
                lines shall be located underground, unless not                33.2005 Standards 33.2402 - 33.2408 set forth under
                economically feasible. Overhead electrical and                Excavation (creation of new water surface area)
                communication transmission lines shall not unduly             shall apply.
                interfere with migratory bird flyways and significant
                habitat of resident waterfowl, birds of prey and
                other birds.
                33.1902 Utilities shall not be located on new fill land          Embiotoca lateralis Striped Seaperch
                unless part of an otherwise approved project and no
                other alternative exists.
                33.1903 Ab  ove-ground utilities shall be designed to
                have the least adverse effect on visual and other
                aesthetic characteristics of the area. Interference
                with public uses and public access to the estuary
                shall be minimized.
                33.1904 Effluents from point-source discharges shall
                meet all applicable state and federal water and air
                quality standards.
                33.1905 After installation or maintenance is com-
                pleted, disturbed stream ba'nks shall be stabilized                      on Pittard - Searep Studio, courtesy ClatsoP County
                (see Bank Stabilization Standards 33.27).
                33.1906 Uti I ities for residences are not considered a
                conditional use and shall be permitted wherever
                residences are permitted.

                            33.21 DIKES - Structures designed and built to                   33.2105 New dike alignment and configuration
                            prevent inundation of a Parcel of land by water. A               shall be' such as to cause no increase in erosion or
                            dike is considered new when placed on an area                    shoaling in adjacent areas and no appreciable in-
                            which: 1) has never previously been diked, or 2)                 crease in back water elevation. Channelization of
                            has previously been diked, but all or a substantial              the waterway should be avoided.
                            part of the area is subject to daily inundation and
                            tidal marsh has been established. Maintenance and                33.2106 Emergency repair to existing dikes is per-
                            repair refer to:    1) existing serviceable dikes (in-           mitted, consistent with other requirements of these
                            cluding those that allow some seasonal inundation),              standards, subject to the rules set forth by the
                            and 2) those that have been damaged by flooding'                 Oregon Division of State Lands or the Washington
                            erosion, tide gate failure, etc., but where reversion            Departments of Fish and Gaime, and the U.S. Army
                            to tidal marsh has not yet occurred, except in drain-            Corps of Engineers.
                            age ways.                                                        33.22 DREDGING - The removal of sediment or
                            AREA                                  STANDARDS                  other material from a stream, river, estuary or other
                            New Dikes:                                                       aquatic area for the purpose of deepening a naviga-
                            Conservation Aquatic (C)              All                        tion channel, mooring basin or other navigational
                            Rura I Aquatic (C)                    All                        areas, or obtaining fill material.
                            Development Aquatic (PS)              All                        AREA                                   STANDARDS
                            Conservation Shorelands (C)           All                        New Projects:
                            Rural Shorelands (PS)                 All                        Conservation Aquatic (C)               33.2201   - 33.2210,
                            Development Shorelands (PS)           All                                                               33.2213
                            Water Dependent Develop-              All                        Rural Aquatic (C-OR) (PS-WA)           33.2201   - 33.2210,
                              ment Shorelands (PS)                                                                                  33.2213
                            Dike Maintenance and Repair:                                     Development Aquatic (PS)               33.2201   -33.2210
                                                                                             Maintenance of Projects:
                            Natural Aquatic (PS)                  All                        Natural Aquatic (C)                    33.2201   -33.2212
                            Conservation Aquatic (PS)             All                        Conservation Aquatic (C)               33.2201   -33.2212
                            Rural Aquatic (PS)                    All                        Rural Aquatic (PS)                     33.2201   -33.2212
                            Development Aquatic (PS)              All
                            Natural Shorelands (PS)               All                        Development Aquatic (PS)               33.2201   -33.2212
                            Conservation Shorelands (PS)          All                        Obtaining Fill Material:
                            Rural Shorelands (PS)                 All                        Conservation Aquatic (C)               33.2201   -33.2212
                            Development Shorelands (PS)           All                        Rural Aquatic (C)                      33.2201   -33.2212
                            Water Dependent Develop-              All                        Development Aquatic (PS)               33.2201   -33.2212
                              ment Shorelonds (PS)                                           33.2201 Dredging in aquatic areas shall           be per-
                            33.2101 The outside face of the       dike shall be suit-        mitted only:
                            ably protected to prevent erosion, as part of any new               (I ) For navigation or navigational access; or
                            dike construction or maintenance of existing dikes.                 (2) In conjunction with a permitted or condition-
                            All standods for shoreline stabilization shall be met,           ally permitted water dependent use of waters or
                            as applicable (cf 33.20). However, trees, brush, and             adjacent shorelands for which there is a demon-
                            shrubs should not be planted.                                    strated public need and for which no feasible al-
                                                                                             ternative exists; or
                            33.2102 Minor dredging as a source of material for                  (3) As part of an approved restoration project; or
                            dike maintenance shall be allowed only when eco-                    (4) As a source of material, as per standard
                            nomicolly feasible upland sources of material are                33.2208 below, or for mining or mineral extraction,
                            not available (cf Dredging Standards 33.22).                     as provided in the Mining and Mineral Extraction
                            33.2103 Good engineering practices shall be follow-              standards (33.12); or
                            ed in dike maintenance, repair and construction.                    (5) For dike maintenance, as provided in 33.2102,
                            State and federal agency regulations apply.                      33.2211, and 33.2212.
                                                                                                (6) In conjunction with a permitted or conditional-
                            33.2104 When new dikes are placed as flood pro-                  ly permitted bridge (@3.07), for which there is a
                            tection, they should be placed on the shorelands and             public need and no other feasible sites or routes
                            not in aquatic areas (including marshes or other                 exist.
                            wetlands). New diking of aquatic areas will be                   33.2202 When dredging is permitted, the dredging
                            subject to the standardsfor fill (cf Fill, 33.25).               shall be the minimum necessary to accomplish the
                                                                                             proposed use.
                                                                                             33.2203 Erosion, sedimentation, increased flood
                                                                                             hazard and other undesirable changes in circulation
                                                                                             shall be avoided in dredging and the disposal of
                                                                                             dredged material. Tidal marshes, tidal flats and

                                                                                                                                                    111-19

                other wetlands should not be adversely affected.                  (2) The dredging method selected will not leave
                The applicant may be required to demonstrate the                potholeswhere juvenile salmon and other fish might
                absence of adverse effects by correlation of field              be stranded at low water; and
                data and mathematical models or the Corps of Engi-                (3) Other disruption of tidal flats and tidal marsh-
                neers' model.                                                   es is minimized.
                33.2204 Bottom sediments and pore water in the                  33.2213 New navigation project dredging in Conser-
                dredging and disposal areas shall be adequately                 vation and Rural Aquatic areas may be allowed
                characterized by the applicant before the operation             only for minor navigational improvements and
                begins. Information that may be required includes,              limited to shallow draft. Such dredging shall not
                as appropriate: particle size distribution, organic             result in major alteration to the estuarine ecosystem.
                content, nutrients, sulfides, oxygen and heavy
                metals, benthic studies or other tests. This require-             Oregon Land Conservation and Development Commission
                ment may, be waived for clean Columbia River sands              Estuarine Resources Goal 16 Exceptions required (cf Appendix B)
                and grovels.
                33.2205 The timing of dredging and disposal shall
                be coordinated with state and federal resource
                agencies, local governments and private interests to            33.23 DREDGED MATERIAL DISPOSAL - The
                ensure adequate protection of biological producti-              deposition of dredged material in aquatic areas or
                vity (fish runs, spawning, benthic productivity, wild-          shorelands. Methods include land disposal, in water
                life, etc.) and to minimize interference with fishing           disposal, in water disposal to create land, beach
                activities, In general, disposal should occur during            nourishment, flow-lane disposal, ocean disposal,
                periods of adequate river flow to aid flushing of               and other in water disposal.
                suspended sediments and downstream transport of                   In-water disposal is the deposition of dredged
                dredged material reaching the bottom.                           material in a body of water.
                33.2206 Adverse short-term effects of dredging and                Flow-lane disposal is the in water deposition of
                disposal such as turbidity, release of nutrients,               dredged material in or adjacent to the maintained
                heavy metals, sulfides, organic material or toxic               navigation channel and within the natural channel
                substances, dissolved oxygen depletion, disruption              or the slopes adjacent to the natural channel. The
                of the food chain, loss of benthic productivity, and            purpose is to avoid permanent deposition and allow
                disturbance of fish runs and important localized                the material to continue downstream.
                biological communities shall be minimized.                        Ocean disposal is the deposition of dredged ma-
                33.2207 All relevant state and federal water quality            terial in the ocean.
                standards shall be met by dredging and dredged                    Land disposal is the deposition of dredged ma-
                material disposal activities.                                   terial on land.
                                                                                  Beach nourishment is the deposition of dredged
                33.2208* Dredging as a source of material forfill or            material in shoreline areas where active erosion is
                construction should not occur in productive, shallow            occurring, as a way of preventing further erosion of
                sub-tidal areas, tidal flats, or tidal marshes. When            the bankline. It is not a way of c@eoting new land or
                dredging as a source of material is necessary, be-              beaches where beaches have not previously
                cause feasible upland sources of material are ab-               existed.
                sent, dredging should occur in areas of sandy bottom
                sediments, where biological productivity is low and             AREA                                STANDARDS
                unwanted shoaling has occurred.                                 Conservation Aquatic (C)            33.2301   -33.2308
                33.2209 Destabilization of fine-textured sediments,             Rural Aquatic (C)                   33.2301   -33.2306,
                erosion and siltation in areas adjacent to the dred-                                                33.2308
                ging project and other undesirable changes in cir-              Development Aquatic (PS)            33.2301   -33.2306,
                culation patterns, such as a substantial reduction of                                               33.2308
                flushing time, shall be avoided.                                Conservation Shorelands (C)         33.2301   -33.2302,
                33.2210 In the evaluation of any dredging project                                                   33.2307-   33.2312
                during the permit process, the adverse effects of               Rural Shorelands (PS)               33.2301   -33.2302f
                both the initial dredging and subsequent mainten-                                                   33.2307-   33.2312
                ance dredging must.be considered.                               Development Shorelands (PS)         33.2301   -33.2302,
                33.2211* In all aquatic areas, minor dredging may                                                   33.2307 - 33.2312
                be permitted to the minimal extent necessary to                 Water Dependent Develop-            33.2301   -33.2302,
                open drainage channels from tide boxes out to                     ment Shorelands (PS)              33.2307   -33.2312
                deeper water.                                                   33.2301 Selection of dredged material disposal sites
                33.2212* In all aquatic areas, dredging of shallow              shall be in accord with the Dredged Material Dis-
                biologically productive areas adjacent to dikes as a            posal Plan, Site Selection and Use Priorities, 53.
                source of material for dike maintenance may be
                allowed upon the applicant's demonstration that:
                  (1) Alternative sources of material are not avail-            33.2302 Standards 33.2202 - 33.2207, Dredging,
                able or are not economically feasible; and                      apply.

                111-20

                            33.2303 With regard to in-water disposal in the                      way through an outfall at a location that minimizes
                            river, estuary and ocean:                                            circulation and flushing. Underground springs and
                               (1) Consideration shall be given to the need for                  aquifers must be identified and protected.
                            the proposed disposal, the availability and desira-                     (2) Dikes shall be well constructed and large
                            bifity of alternate sites and methods of disposal that               enough to encourage proper "ponding" and to pre-
                            might be less damaging to the environment. No site                   vent the return of solids into the waterway or es-
                            should be used if insufficient sediment type and                     tuary. Ponds should be designed to maintain at least
                            benthic population data are available to provide a                   one foot of standing water at all times to further
                            general idea of the biological value of the site.                    encourage proper settling. Weirs should have proper
                               (2) The size and chemical characteristics of the                  crest heights.
                            dredged material should be com         pared with those of           33.2310 Disposal should be compatible with the in-
                            the disposal site, and consideration should be given                 tended land surface use after disposal. Disposal of
                            to matching the dredged material to the capabilities                 dredged material should occur on the smallest
                            of the site.                                                         possible land area consistent with Standard 33.2312
                               (3) In-water disposal requires either a water qual-               below, in order to minimize the quantity of land that
                            ity certification or a short-term exemption. Dredged                 is disturbed. Clearing of land should occur in stages
                            material disposal shall not be permitted in the vicin-               only as needed. Reuse of existing disposal sites is
                            ity of a public water supply intake.                                 preferred to the creation of new sites in order to
                            33.2304 Flow-lane disposal shall be conducted so                     minimize the total land area covered by disposal
                            that:                                                                material. It may, however, be desirable to clear and
                               (11) The material is not deposited upstream from                  fill an entire site at one time, if the site will be used
                            the dredging site. Disposal should not occur under                   for development immediately afterfilling.
                            fresh water flow and tidal conditions where the pre-                 33.2311 Where appropriate, revegetation of land
                            dominant sediment transport at a site is upriver.                    disposal sites should occur as soon as possible, in
                               (2) Use of the disposal site does not interfere with              order to retard wind erosion and to restore wildlife
                            fishing activities by causing major changes in the                   habitat value of the site. Native species should be
                            circulation patterns or bottom configurations of the                 used; the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) and the
                            disposal site.                                                       SCS Inter-Agency Seeding Manual should be con-
                            33.2305 Ocean disposal shall be conducted so that:                   suited. Efforts should be made to minimize the time
                               (1 ) The amount of material deposited at a site is                necessary to achieve leaching of salts from the soils.
                            compatible with the benthic populations and other                    Revegetation of areas that will be reused is strongly
                            uses of the area.                                                    encouraged, to help prevent erosion before reuse.
                               (2) Interference with sport and commercial fish-                  33.2312 Height and Slope requirements: The final
                            ing is minimized.                                                    height and slope after each use of a land dredged
                               (3) Disposal is strictly confined to the designated               material site should be such that:
                            disposal sites.                                                         (1 ) The site does not enlarge itself by sluffing and
                            33.2306 Except for flow-lane disposal and beach                      erosion at the expense of adjacent aquatic areas.
                            nourishment, deposition inside the estuary should                       (2) Loss of material from the site during storms
                            be substituted for ocean disposal only when sea or                   and freshets is minimized.
                            weather conditions are a hazard to safe navigation                      (3) Interference with the view from nearby resi-
                            for the dredging vessel.                                             dences, scenic viewpoints and parks is avoided.
                            33.2307 In Conservation Aquatic areas, only sites
                            designated in the Dredged Material Management
                            Plan may be used for disposal.
                                                                                                                                  -g
                                                                                                                                      R
                                                                                                                                                           0
                            33.2308 Beach nourishment shall be conducted s
                                                                                                                           M
                            that:
                                                                                                                                                          'H4
                               (1) Erosion or deposition downstream from the
                            disposal site does not occur. Particular care must be
                            taken that erosion of the dredged material does not
                                                                                                                                                   P,  M
                            smother marsh or other shallow productive areas.
                               (2) The volume and frequency of dredged mate-
                            rial disposal is such as to maintain a stable beach
                            profile, as nearly as possible. Dredged material shall
                            be graded at a uniform slope and contoured to
                            reduce cove and peninsula formation, to minimize
                            juvenile fish stranding.
                            33.2309 For land disposal:                                                                    Official Corps of Engineers Photo
                               (1 ) Proper diversion of surface discharge must be
                            provided to maintain the integrity of the natural
                            streams, wetlands and drainageways. Leaching of
                            disposal runoff into the waterway must be controlled
                            and all disposal runoff water must enter the water-

                                                                                                                                                            111-21

                 33.24 EXCAVATION - Creation of New Wa-                          33.25 FILL - The placement by man of sediment or
                 ter Surface Area - Excavation of shorelands that                other material (excluding solid waste) in an aquatic
                 create new water surface directly connected to other            area to create new shorelands or on shorelands to
                 tidal or non-tidal waters. The most common exam-                raise the elevation of the land.
                 ples are creation of moorage space or fish ponds                AREA                                  STANDARDS
                 from dry land. Normal agriculture and timber prac-
                 tices are exempt from these standards. Drainage                 Conservation Aquatic (C)              All
                 ditches are subject to these standards only in those            Rural Aquatic (C)                     All
                 cases where tidal or stream waters enter the drain-             Development Aquatic (PS)              All
                 age ditch on a routine basis.                                   Conservation Shorelands (C)           33.2501 - 33.2503
                 AREA                                  STANDARDS                 Rural Shorelands (PS)                 33.2501 - 33.2503
                 Conservation Shorelands (C)           All                       Development Shorelands (PS)           33.2501 - 33.2503
                 Rural Shorelands (PS)                 Ali                       Water Dependent Develop-              33.2501 - 33.2503
                 Development Shorelands (PS)           All                          ment Shorelands (PS)
                 Water Dependent Develop-              All
                    ment Shorelands (PS)                                         33.2501 Fills shall be permitted      only after it is es-
                                                                                 tablished that adverse impacts        on navigation, es-
                 33.2401 Creation of new water surface area shall be             tuarine habitat, processes and functions, water
                 allowed only for navigation, other water-dependent              circulation and sedimentation patterns, water qual-
                 use, or restoration. Adverse impacts on flushing                ity and recreational activities will be minimized.
                 time, erosion of or shoaling in adjacent shores and             33.2502 A fill shall be the minimum necessary to
                 waters, or dissolved oxygen levels, water quality or            accomplish the proposed use.
                 estuarine habitat, processes and functions shall be
                 evaluated and minimized.                                        33.2503 Where existing public access is reduced,
                 33.2402 Interference with existing navigation shall             suitable public access' as part of the development
                 be minimized.                                                   project shall be provided.
                 33.2403 Existing riparian vegetation shall be pro-              33.2504 Fill in aquatic areas shall be permitted only:
                 tected to the extent possible and the new bankline                 (1 ) In conjunction with a permitted or condition-
                                                                                 ally permitted water dependent use for which there
                 shall be stabilized against erosion in an appropriate           is a demonstrated public need and for which no
                 manner, preferably by vegetative stabilization
                 before the new water body is connected to existing              feasible upland sites exist;
                 water bodies (see Shoreline Stabilization Standards                (2) In conjunction with a permitted or conditional-
                 (33.27).                                                        ly permitted bridge, for which there is a public need
                                                                                 and where no feasible upland sites or routes exist; or
                 33.2404   Excavation of as much as is practical of the             (3) As part of an approved restoration project.
                 new water body shall be completed before it is
                 connected to existing water bodies.                             33.2505 Afill in an aquatic area shall be surrounded
                                                                                 by dikes that are appropriately stabilized (see stand-
                 33.2405 The excavation shall not         be permitted if        ards for Shoreline Stabilization [33.27]). Fills in
                 toxic substances or other pollutants will leach into            shoreland areas shall also be con"tained by dikes;
                 the water as a result'of the excavation.                        these dikes shall be stabilized appropriately if they
                 33.2406 Material generated by the excavation shall              abut on a body of water. Disposal behind the dikes
                 be deposited on land in an appropriate manner (see              shall proceed according to Dredging Standards
                 Dredged Material Disposal Standards 33.2301,                    33.2204 - 33.2207 and Dredged Material Disposal
                 33.2307 - 33.2312).                                             Standards 33.2309 and 33.2310.
                 33.2407 Excavation to create new water area should              33.2506 Aquatic areas shall not be used for sanitary
                 not destroy valuable shoreland wildlife habitat, or             landfills or the disposal of solid waste.
                 result in stream channelization.
                 33.2408 Existing public access shall not be reduced,
                 and increased public access to the water and recrea-
                 tional opportunities as part of the project are en-
                 couraged.

                 III - 22

                                                                                             33.27 SHORELINE STABILIZATION - The pro-
                                                                                             tection of the banks of tidal or non-tidal stream, river
                                                                                             or estuarine waters by vegetative or structural
                                                                                             means.

                                                                                             AREA                                  STANDARDS
                                                                                             Vegetative (non-structural) stabilization:
                                                    ......                                   Natural Aquatic (PS)                  33.2701   - 33.2704,
                                                                                                                                   33.2712
                                                                                             Conservation Aquatic (PS)             33.2701   -33.2704,
                                      Z,Z""    Z
                                                                                                                                   33.2712
                                                                                             Rural Aquatic (PS)                    33.2701   - 33.2704,
                                                                                                                                   33.2712
                                                                                             Development Aquatic (PS)              33.2701   - 33.2704,
                                                                                                                                   33.2712
                                                                    M                        Natural Shorelands (PS)               33.2701      33.2704,
                                                                                                                                   33.2712
                                                                                             Conservation Shorelands (PS)          33.2701   -33.2704,
                                                                                                                                   33.2712
                                                                                             Rural Shorelands (PS)                 33.2701   -33.2704,
                                                                                                                                   33.2712
                                                                                             Development Shorelands (PS)           33.2701      33.2704,
                                                                                                                                   33.2712
                                                                                             Water Dependent Develop-              33.2701   -33.2704,
                                                                                               ment Shorelands (PS)                33.2712
                                                         Port of Astoria Photo               Rip rap:
                                                                                             Naturai t-Nquatic (C)                 33.2705   - 33.2710,
                                                                                                                                   33.2712
                                                                                             Conservation Aquatic (PS)             33.2706 - 33.2710,
                                                                                                                                   33.2712
                                                                                             Rural Aquatic (PS)                    33.2706 - 33.2710,
                                                                                                                                   33.2712
                                                                                             Development Aquatic (PS)              33.2706 - 33.2710,
                                                                                                                                   33.2712
                           33.26 PILING/DOLPHIN INSTALLATION -                               Natural Shorelands (C)                33.2705 - 33.2710,
                           The driving of wood, concrete or steel piling into the                                                  33,2712
                           bottom in aquatic areas to support piers or docks,                Conservation Shorelands (PS)          33.2706   -33.2710,
                           structures, moored floating structures, vessels or log                                                  33.2712
                           rafts or for other purposes. A dolphin is a group of              Rural Shorelands (PS)                 33.2706 - 33.2710,
                           pilings held together by steel cable and used for                                                       33.2712
                           mooring vessels, log rafts or floating structures.                Development Shorelands (PS)           33.2706   -33.2710,
                           AREA                                   STANDARDS                                                        33.2712
                           Conservation Aquatic (C)               All                        Water Dependent Develop-              33.2706 - 33.2710,
                           Rural Aquatic (PS)                     All                          ment Shorelands (PS)                33.2712
                           Development Aquatic (PS)               All                        Bulkheads:
                           33.2601 Piling/dolphin installation        shall be per-          Conservation Aquatic (C)              33.2707 - 33.2712,
                           mitted only in conjunction with an allowed or condi-                                                    33.2713 (WA)
                           tional use for which no feasible upland sites exist.              Rural Aquatic (C)                     33.2707 - 33.2712,
                           33.2602 Piling/dolphin installation shall be the min-                                                   33.2713 (WA)
                           imum necessary to accomplish the proposed use.                    Development Aquatic (PS)              33.2707 - 33.2712,
                           33.2602 Piling/dolphin installation shall be per-                                                       33.2713 (WA)
                           mitted only after the applicant has established that              Conservation Shorelands (C)           33.2707 - 33.2712,
                           adverse impacts on navigation, estuarine habitat,                                                       33.2713 (WA)
                           processes and functions, water circulation and sedi-              Rural Shorelands (PS)                 33.2707 - 33.2712,
                           menlalion patterns, water quality, and recreational                                                     33.2713 (WA)
                           activities will be minimized.                                     Development Shorelands (PS)           33.2707 - 33.2712,
                           33.2604 The piling or dolphin and its placement                                                         33.2713 (WA)
                           shall meet all applicable state and federal engineer-             Water Dependent Develop-              33.2707 - 33.r2712,
                           ing standards.                                                      ment Shorelands (PS)                33.2713 (WA)

                                                                                                                                                  111-23

                 33.2701 Plant species shall be selected that        provide
                 suitable stabilization and value for wildlife. Trees,
                 shrubs and grasses native to the area are preferred.                   AmphislichUS Thodoterus Redtail Surfperch
                 33.2702 The applicant shall present justification for
                 the necessity and feasibility for use of a bank with a
                 slope greater than 2:1 (horizontal to vertical).
                 33.2703 The area to be revegetated should be pro-
                 tected from excessive livestock grazing or other
                 activities that would hinder plant development.
                 33.2704 Additional requirements will have            to be
                 met for stabilization of the outer face of a dike (see
                 sta ncla rds f or d i kes [33.21 ]).
                 33.2705 Rip-rap in Natural Aquatic and Shoreland
                 areas shall be allowed only if needed to protect
                 existing uses, unique natural resources, historical or                     Ron Pittard  Searep Studio, courtesN, Clatsop County
                 archaeological sites, and if other land use manage-
                 ment measures or non-structural shoreline stabili-
                 zation measures are inadequate. Adverse impacts
                 on water currents, erosion and shoaling patterns                  occurred, fill may be used to restore the previous
                 shall be minimized.                                               bankline, so long as the corrective action is initiated
                 33.2706 Good engineering and construction prac-                   within one year of the date of the avulsion. Any
                 tices shall be used in the placement of rip-rap, with             extension of the bankline into traditional aquatic
                 regard to slope, size, composition and quality of                 areas shall be subject to the standards for fill. Dis-
                 material, excavation of the toe trench, placement of              ruption of tidal marsh, tidal flat and productive sub-
                 a gravel fill blanket and operation of equipment in               tidal areas shall be minimized.
                 the water. State and federal agency regulations                   33.2710 Construction of shoreline protection meas-
                 should be consulted in this regard.                               ures shall be coordinated with state and federal
                 33.2707 Shoreline protection measures shall -not                  agencies and local interests to minimize the effects
                 restrict existing public access to public shorelines.             on aquatic resources and habitats. Relevant state
                                                                                   and federal water quality standards shall be met.
                 33.2708 Shoreline protection measures should              be      Stream channelization should be avoided.
                 designed to minimize their impacts on the aesthetic
                 qualities of the shoreline.                                       33.2711 Bulkheads shall be designed and construct-
                                                                                   ed in such a manner so that they will not result in
                 33.2709   Bankline protection is not in itself a way to           adverse effects (such as erosion, shoaling, reflection
                 increase land surface area.      Where an    avulsion has         of wave energy or interference with sand transport)
                                                                                   on adjacent shoreline areas. State and federal
                                                                                   agency regulations concerning construction in water
                                                                                   shall be adhered to.
                                                                        @J         33.2712 Emergency repair to shoreline stabilization
                                                                                   facilities is permitted, not withstanding the other
                                                                                   regulations in these standards, subject to those
                                                                                   standards imposed by the Oregon Division of State
                                                                                   Lan
                                                                                       cls and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
                   H                                                               33.2713 In Washington, construction of a normal
                                                                                   p
                                                                                    rotective bulkhead common to a single family
                                                                                   dwelling is exempted from the requirement for a
                                           @:A                                     Shoreline    Substantial Development Permit. The
                                                                                   conditional use procedure is waived for these
                                                                                   bulkheads    in all environments. However, its design
                                                   V.
                               K, _k'                                              must meet    the standards enumerated above. Com-
                                                                                   Mon to a     single family dwelling residence shall
                                                                                   mean that    the residence is existing or will be built
                                                    Port of Astoria Photo          within six months after placement of the bulkhead.

                 111-24

                                                                                      34.

                                             THE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND PEVELOPMENT STANDARDS

                                                                        IN LOCAL ORDINANCES

                           34.10 OREGON
                              Oregon jurisdictions will utilize Tables 33-1,
                           Aquatic Areas Permitted Uses/Activities, and 33-2,
                           Shorelands Permitted Uses/Activities, and the De-                Cymatogaste7aggregata ShinerPerch
                           velopment Standards (Section 33 above) to update
                           ordinances which implement the comprehensive
                           plan. Implementing ordinances.vary among juris-
                           dictions, depending on other plan needs and ad-
                           ministrative capabilities. Thus, the CREST Manage-
                                                                                                                               a"
                           ment System and Development Standards will be
                                                                                                                      Z
                           used in a variety of ways.
                              The land and water use designations established
                           by CREST can be implemented directly as zones, sub-
                           divided into more than one zone for a given desig-
                           nation, or combined with other zones. Certain use
                           categories may be clisaggregated and standards
                           expanded by individual jurisdictions to meet their
                           needs. CREST recommends that uses be directly                         Ron Pittard - Searep Studio, courtes-v ClatsoP County
                           controlled through traditional land use procedures
                           (local permits) and activities controlled with special
                           ordinance procedures that provide for focal review
                           and consistency findings on state and federal per-
                           mits. This minimizes duplication of local, state and
                           federal permits.
                              Activities listed on the Permitted Uses/Activities         vation and Development, the Oregon Division of
                           Tables 33-1 and 33-2 have corresponding state and             State Lands, the Army Corps of Engineers, and other
                           federal permits which must be consistent with the             state permit-granting agencies will be necessary to
                           local plan and implementing ordinances. All ac-               make this system work. The proposed system is con-
                           tivities except vegetative shoreline stabilization,           sistent with the Land Conservation and Development
                           bulkhead shore'line stabilization (where not also             Commission administrative rule on State Permit
                           filling) and piling/dolphin installation are regulated        Consistency and LCDC-adopted Federal Consistency
                           at the state level under the Oregon State Removal/            procedures.
                           Fill Law (ORS 541.605 to 541.695). Federal permits
                           from the Corps of Engineers (Section 10 of the Rivers         34.20 WASHINGTON
                           and Harbors Act and Section 404 of the Clean W      'ater       Washington jurisdiction will utilize the Permitted
                           Act) are required for all the activities listed except        Use/Activity Tables (Tables 33-1 and 33-2) and the
                           vegetative bank stabilization. Local application of           Development Standards (Section 33 above) to
                           ordinance standards for these activities should be            update regulations in their Shoreline Management
                           through the local consistency review of the appro-            Master Programs. Existing regulations vary among
                           priate state and/or federal permit.                           counties and cities and the CREST material will help
                              Certain uses, such as energy facility siting, salmon       standardize regulations for all areas along the
                           hatcheries and drilling for oil, gas or geothermal            Columbia River Estuary. The existing regulations are
                           energy, also require a state permit where local plan          also more complete and thorough for some uses;
                           and ordinance consistency review would be re-                 appropriate detail from those regulations should be
                           quired, in addition to the local land use permit. It          retained.
                           should also be noted that any given project may be              The revised regulations will be the basis for deci-
                           required to meet the standards for several use/ac-            sions on local Substantial Shoreline Development
                           tivity categories. A marina (use) where dredging              Permits and Conditional Use Permits. Where there is
                           (activity), filling (activity), and piling installation       a corresponding federal license or permit, the local
                           (activity) is required serves as an example; stand-           permit decisions will be used as the basis of the De-
                           ards from each category apply.                                partment of Ecology's federal consistency deter-
                              General procedures for consistency review of               mination. Hydraulics permits, issued by the-Depart-
                           state and federal permits are outlined under Federal          ments of Game and Fisheries, must also be obtained.
                           Consistency in Implementation, Part VII, 73.20,               for many of the activities listed in the standards. This
                           Coordination with the Department of Land Conser-              process has been operating for several years.

                                                                                                  PART IV

                                                                                  LAND AND WATER USE PLAN

                              40.       BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY                      ....................................................                                IV - 3

                              41.       LOWER RIVER AND ISLANDS                ........................................................                                 IV - 9

                                        41.01    Mouth of Columbia River          .....................................................                                 IV -  11
                                        41.02    Estuary Channels      ............................................................                                     IV -  13
                                        41.03    Estuary Sands       ...............................................................                                    IV - 14
                                        41.'  04 River Channels        .............................................................                                    IV - 15
                                        41.05    Snag Islands        ...............................................................                                    IV - 16
                                        41.06    Cathlamet Bay       ..............................................................                                     IV -  17
                                        41.07    Upper Marsh Islands         .........................................................                                  IV -  17
                                        41.08    Tenasillahe Island       ...........................................................                                   IV -  18
                                        41.09    Fort Stevens State Park       .......................................................                                  IV -  19

                              42.       YOUNGS BAY - ASTORIA               ..........................................................                                   IV - 21

                                        42.01    Hammond             .................................................................                                  IV - 23
                                        42.02    Tansy Point - Alder Cove         .....................................................                                 IV - 26
                                        42.03    North Warrenton       ............................................................                                     IV - 27
                                        42.04    Upper Skipanon River          ........................................................                                 IV - 30
                                        42,05    MiddleSlipanon River-                                                     ......                                       IV - 32
                                        42.06    Mouth of Skipanon River          .....................................................                                 IV - 34
                                        42.07    YoungsBay           ................................................                       .................           IV - 38
                                        42.08    Airport    ....................................................................                                        IV - 42
                                        42.09    Lewis and Clark River         ........................................................                                 IV - 44
                                        42.10    Miles,Crossing      ..............................................................                                     IV - 46
                                        42.11    Youngs River        .................................................................                                  IV - 48
                                        42.12    South Astoria       .................................               ...............................                    IV - 51
                                        42.13    Port of Astoria     ..............................................................                                     IV @ 52
                                        42.14    Downtown Astoria Waterfront             .................................................                              IV - 54
                                        42.15    Uppertown - Alderbrook           .....................................................                                 IV - 56
                                        42.16    Tongue Point        ....................................................                          ...........          IV - 58
                                        42.17    Lois and Mott Islands .,      .......................................................                                  IV - 62

                              43.       EASTERN CLATSOP              ................................................................                                   IV - 63
                                        43.01    John Day River        ..........    ****  ...  -**    ......                                  ...............          IV - 67
                                        43.02    John Day Point - Settlers Point         .................................................                              IV - 69
                                        43.03    Settlers Point East to Ivy Station        ................................................                             IV - 70
                                        43.04    Svensen Island        .............................................................                                    IV - 72
                                        43.05    Ivy Station - Big Creek       .......................................................                                  IV - 73
                                        43.06    Big Creek - Little Creek      .......................................................                                  IV - 74
                                        43.07    FertileValley       ...............................................................                                    IV - 76
                                        43.08    Mouth of Blind Slough         ........................................................                                 IV - 77
                                        43.09    Gnat Creek          .................................................................                                  IV - 79
                                        43.10    Brownsmead          ...............................................................                                    IV - 80
                                        43.11    Clifton Channel       ..............................................................                                   IV - 82
                                        43.12    Bradwood            .................................................................                                  IV - 83
                                        43.13    Wauna/Westport           ...........................................................                                   IV - 84

                                                                                                                                                                              IV- I

                    44.     WAHKIAKUM          ....................................................................                                 IV - 87
                            44.01    Puget Island    ................................................................                               IV - 90
                            44.02    Eastern Wahkiakum County           ...................................................                         IV - 92
                            44.03    Cathlarnet and White-tailed DeerRefuge              .......................................                    IV - 94
                            44.04    Skomokawa to Three Tree Point           ...............................................                        IV - 97
                            44.05    Three Tree Point to Harrington Point         ............................................                      IV - 99
                            ".06     Grays Bay and Tributaries        ....................................................                          IV - 101

                    45.     BAKER BAY       ......................................................................                                  IV - 105
                            45.01    Knappton/Frankfort        .........................................................                            IV - 107
                            45.02    McGowan        .................................................................                               IV - 109
                            45.03    Chinook     ...................................................................                                IV - 110
                            45.04    Chinook River      ..............................................................                              IV - 112
                            45.05    BakerBay     ..................................................................                                IV - 114
                            45.06    Wallacut River     ..............................................................                              IV - 117
                            45.07    Ilwaco    ....................................................................                                 IV - 118
                            45.08    Fort Canby North      ............................................................                             IV - 120
                            45.09    Cape Disappointment        ........................................................                            IV - 121

                    IV - 2

                                                         40. BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY

                          A plan for the use of estuary shoreland and water       THE PLANNING PROCESS
                        areas was an optional work task when the CREST
                        program was established in early 1975. In mid-1976,         CREST defined its land and water use planning
                        the Land and Water Use Plan was made the central          process and established roles for local governments,
                        focus of the CREST work program because most              citizens, state and federal agencies in December,
                        conflicts dealt with specific land and water use          1976. With minor variations, the some basic
                        issues and because local jurisdictions were required      planning process was followed for each area. An
                        to respond to state coastal, management program           area planning committee was selected (cf. Appen-
                                                                                  dix D for committee members), an educational
                        requirements.                                             phase conducted, a draft plan developed, public
                        THE ESTUARY -PLANNING AREA                                and agency review conducted and conflicts
                                                                                  resolved.
                          The Columbia River estuary planning area in-              A conTlict resolution period extending from De-
                        cludes aquatic areas and shorelands from the 3-mile       cember, 1978 to June, 1979 provided the opportunity
                        limit offshore, upstream to the end of Clatsop County     to resolve disagreements over plan policies and
                        in Oregon (RM 45) and Wahkiakurn County in                area use designations. Conflicts were defined as a
                        Washington (RM 53). All tributary streams to the          substantive disagreement with a draft plan policy oir
                        head of tide and adjacent shorelands are part of the      area use designation (type of designation or specific
                        estuary planning area.                                    boundaries) which was identified by a private indi-
                          The estuary is divided into five planning areas and     vidual, group of citizens, local government, state or
                        54 subareas. Both biophysical and jurisdictional          federal agency, or business or industrial concern.
                        information were used in establishing planning            Comments on the draft plans were used to identify
                        boundaries. A precise geographic definition is given      these conf I icts.
                        in the introductory section of each planning area or        Many conflicts were resolved by CREST working
                        subarea. Technical definitions of aquatic areas and       with local jurisdictions and the dissenting party.
                        shorelands are found in 31. 10 and 31.20 respective-        Major conflicts over areas that might be subject to
                        ly.

                                                   LAND AND WATER USE PLANNING PROCESS

                                    Step 1                                                                 Step 2
                              Review Information                                          Identify Issues, Conflicts   Public Attitude
                                   Inventory                                                     & Needs;                  Survey
                                    Policies                                            Study Alternative Solutions      (Optional)
                                     Plans

                          Local, State       Inventory
                            Federal           Physical
                        Policiev& Plans      Biological
                                              Cultural
                                                                                                                      Step 3
                                                                                                             Develop Plan Alternatives
                                                                                                           Designate areas as Natural,
                                                                                                          Conservation, Rural, Develop-
                                                 Step 4                                                     ment, or Water-Dependent
                        Select Preferred Alternatives,           Publish for                                       Development
                          & Formulate Draft Plan with      Review & Comment
                          Area and Subarea Policies         Hold Public Review
                                                                 Meetings

                           local, state, federal
                           agencies and organizations,
                           citizens, private organiza-                 Step 5                                        Stop 6
                           tions and industry           Revise Draft Plan Based on Comments              Recommend to CREST Council &
                                                                 & Resolve Conflicts                        Member Governments for
                                                                                                                     Adoption

                                                                                                                                        IV@3

                 development pressures in the future required special          non (cf. 42.06), the extent of potential development
                 meetings. Two all-day conflict resolution sessions            at Tongue Point (cf. 42.16), dredged material
                 were held to work on conflicts in Astoria and War-            disposal at Westport (cf. 43.13), the potential devel-
                 renton. One day sessions were held for Eastern                opment of forested wetlands west of Cathlamet (cf.'
                 Clatsop County, Baker Bay and Wahkiakum County.               44.03) and the potential for deep water port devel-
                 A final conflict resolution meeting to discuss the re-        opment at Price Island (cf. 44.03). Should conflicts in
                 gional balance of development and preservation                these or other areas continue to be pursued by agen-
                 was also held. Where a consensus on a given issue             cies, local governments or others, the decision on.
                 could not be achieved, the CREST Council made 6               each issue will rest with the Oregon Land Conserva-
                 decision, generally in favor of what the local juris-         tion and Development Commission as they consider
                 diction desired. Major conflicts where a consensus            acknowledgement of local comprehensive plans or
                 was not achieved included residential development             with the Washington Department of Ecology as they
                 at Tansy Point (cf. 42,02), the potential for estuarine       consider approval of        shoreline management
                 alterations on both spits at the mouth of the Skipa-          program amendments.

                                                                                                                             g-,

                                                                                      Pacific Northwest Ria,er Basins Conitnission

                 PLAN OVERVIEW                                                 The channels are the primary upstream migrotion
                 AND CUMULATIVE IMPACTS                                        route for adult salmon and steelhead returning to
                                                                               spawn and the sandy bottom is valuable habitat for
                   The Columbia River Estuary Regional Manage-                 epibenthic fishes, shrimp and other aquatic life.
                 ment Plan is a detailed plan for the use, protection          Water areas are important for commercial gillnet
                 and development of estuarine and adjacent share-              and recreational fishing and serve a vital log
                 land resources. The plan provides policies, devel-            transport and storage function for the forest products
                 opment standards, and land and water use designa-             industry. Deep and shallow draft channels that re-
                 tions which will give long term protection to ninety          quire periodic maintenance dredging and naviga-
                 three percent of estuarine waters and wetlands,               tional structures such as jetties and pile dikes are the
                 while providing the opportunity for' marine related           major development features in water areas.
                 expansion of the regional economy. The plan also              Approximately ninety one percent, 70,700 acres, of
                 identifies and protects important shoreland forest,           the water area of the estuary is designated Conser-
                 agriculture and recreation resources while providing          vation to provide for utilization of fishery and other
                 appropriate areas for future industrial, commercial           resources and to allow other low intensity water
                 and residential development. Areas to place                   oriented uses. Less than one percent is Natural and
                 dredged material and restoration projects are in-             less than one percent is Rural. Approximately nine
                 cluded.-                                                      percent, 7,000 acres, of the water area of the estuary
                   The aquatic portion of the planning area includes           is DeveloAbment, mostly in the main ship channel,
                 approximately 120,600 acres of deep water areas,              existing side channels and turning basins. Portions of
                 tidal marsh, mud and sand flats, sloughs and tidal            these areas are periodically dredged to maintain
                 reaches of tributary streams. This aquatic area is            navigability. Water areas where new dredging and
                 divided into 78,000 acres of waters (areas deeper             limited filling might occur include the entrance to
                 than -3' MLLW) and 42,600 acres of wetlands (areas            the Skipanon River, Tongue Point and Wauna/West-
                 trom -3' MLLW up to the line of non-aquatic vegeta-           port. In-water dredged material disposal sites,
                 tion).                                                        designated Development for that purpose only, are
                   The water areas of the estuary are important                mostly related to maintenance of the main ship
                 habitat for phytoplankton, zooplankton, and fishes.           channel.

                 IV-4

                            The 42,600 acres of wetlands in the Columbia
                         River estuary consist mostly of highly productive
                         freshwater tidal marshes, shrub and forested wet-
                         lands, fine sediment flats of Baker Bay, Youngs Bay,
                         Grays Bay and Cathlamet Bay, and the mid-estuary                                                              "U,
                         sand flats. These diverse wetlands are vital com-
                         ponents of the estuarine ecosystem. The marshes
                         account for a large proportion of estuary primary
                         plant production and food for organisms higher on
                         the food chain. The marshes, shrub and spruce
                         swamps *are also highly valuable habitat for many
                         varieties of fish, waterfowl, other birds, small
                         mammals, big game and many less conspicuous                                                       'John "I'll Atki nson
                         animals. The marshes and mudflats play critical
                         roles in recycling of nutrients and minerals in the
                         estuary's ecosystem. Mud and sand flats in protected            Shallow draft oriented development may occur at
                         areas harbor dense populations, of amphipods                 Ilwaco (cf. 45.07), Chinook (cf. 45.08), Hammond
                         copepods, worms, small clams and other botto@                (cf. 42.01 ), the Skipanon River (cf. 42.05, 42.06),
                         dwelling organisms, many of which play an im-                Lewis and Clark River (cf. 42.09), Youngs Bay and
                         portant role in feeding large numbers of down-               River (cf. 42.07, 42.11 ), Grays Bay (cf. 44.06), Ska-
                         stream migrant juvenile salmon making the transi-            mokawa (cf. 44.04), and the Elochoman Slough (cf.
                         tion to marine life. Other juvenile and small fishes         44.03). Natural shallow draft channels exist through-
                         also find food and shelter in wetland areas.                 out the estuary.
                            Approximately eighty five percent of the wetland             There are more than 54,000 acres of shoreland
                         areas of the estuary are designated Natural and will         area surrounding the estuary. Much of this is low-
                         receive the highest level of resource protection. An         lying diked marsh area with tideland soils, once
                         additional twelve percent of wetland areas are Con-          productive estuarine tidal marshes. Now used pri-
                         servation, where only small scale alterations might          marily as posture for beef and dairy cattle, these
                         be permitted under certain conditions. Of the re-            areas are designated Rural and include about
                         maining wetlands, 599 acres (1.4%) are designated            24,600 acres, forty five percent of the total share-
                         Rural (mostly associated with agriculture activities)        land area. Approximately 4.2% of shorelands are
                         and 680 acres (1.6%) are designated Development.             designated Natural and over forty percent are
                            The wetlands and waters designated Development            Conservation. Natural Shorelands wi I I be preserved
                         will be the only portions of the estuary where major         for wildlife and low intensity recreation, while
                         alterations suck as dredging and filling will be per-        Conservation Shorelands will be used for timber
                         mitted. The Development designations are provided            production, recreation and wildlife management.
                         for navigation and other water dependent uses such           The remaining ten percent of shoreland areas are set
                         as ports, marinas and recreation facilities. However,        aside for intensive development. Almost 3500 acres
                         the designations do not imply that dredging, filling         (6.4%) are designated Development to provide for a
                         or other alterations will automatically be permitted.        mixture of residential, commercial and industrial
                         Specific proposals for water dependent developm              needs. 1950 acres (3.6%) are Water Dependent
                         ment must meet all requirements of the local, state          Development Shorelands and will be reserved for
                         and federal permit processes.                                water-dependent uses through application of zoning
                            Seven areas have potential for deep water port or         criteria.
                         industrial development in the estuary planning area.            The most intensively developed areas in the
                         These include Tans@y Point (cf. 42.02), the east and         estuary are in the Astoria-Warrenton region. With
                         west spits of the Skipanon (cf. 42.06), existing and         rail and highway transportation access, public
                         proposed port facilities at Smith Point in Astoria (cf.      facilities, water access, and existing development,
                         42.13), Tongue Point (cf. 42.16), Price Island (cf.          this area has the greatest potential for growth,
                         44.03), Bradwood (cf. 43.12), and Wauna/Westport             particularly that which is oriented toward the river
                         (cf. 43.13).                                                 and its deep and shallow draft channels. Other
                                                                                      centers of potential development include Ilwaco,
                                                                                      Chinook, Hammond, Cathlamet and Westport.
                                                                                         The cumulative impacts of potential alterations
                                                                                      provided for in the Columbia River Estuary Regional
                                                                                      Management plan are difficult to assess because
                                                 the estlumy otat- MLV,               specific projects are not supported or opposed in this
                                                i0fir      ,                          plan. However, the plan restricts major alterations to
                                                      Mdfgffg@, pas                   very limited areas and protects vital estuarine re-
                                   POU6                                               sources. Adequate options to mitigate the adverse
                                                                                      impacts of dredging and filling wetlands in Oregon
                                                    WALT W41-r@ftK                    are also available. While dredged material disposal
                                                                                      sites appear adequate to handle foreseeable needs,
                                                                                      disposal options will become a limiting factor of
                                                                                      expansion of marine related development, both in
                                                                                      the estuary and upriver to Portland.

                                                                                                                                           IV-5

                                   CUMULATIVE SURFACE AREAS OF PLANNING DESIGNATIONS

                                                           1

                            CREST PLANNING REGION

                            DESIGNATION                WATERS                WETLANDS              SHORELANDS
                                               Acres     % Waters       Acres   % Wetlands      Acres  % Shorelands
                            NATURAL              88        0.1%         36,016     84.6%        2,259      4.2%
                            CONSERVATION       70,719      90.7%        5,269      12.4%        21,790     40.3%
                            RURAL               208        0.3%         599        1.4%         24,604     45.5%
                            DEVELOPMENT        7,039       9.0%         680        1.6%         3,455      6.4%
                            WATER DEPEND-
                            END DEV.                                                            1,950      3.6%
                            TOTAL              78,054                   42,564                  54,058
                            % of 174,676
                            Acres in Region           ".7%                    24.4%                   30.9%

                            41. LOWER RIVER AND ISLANDS

                            DESIGNATION                WATERS                WETLANDS              SHORELANDS
                                               Acres     % Waters       Acres   % Wetlands Acres % Shorelands
                            NATURAL                                     23,343     100%         341        2.5%
                            CONSERVATION       52,690      92.3%                                13,078     97.5%
                            RURAL
                            DEVELOPMENT        4,413       7.7%
                            WATER DEPEND-
                            ENT DEV.
                            TOTAL              57,103                   23,343                  13,419
                            % of 93,865
                            Acres in 41.              60.8%                   24.9%                    14.3%

                            42. YOUNGS SAY -ASTORIA

                            DESIGNATION               WATERS                 WETLANDS              SHORELANDS
                                               Acres     % Waters       Acres   % Wetlands      Acres % Shorelonds
                            NATURAL              18        0.3%         2,461      56.6%        120        1.3%
                            CONSERVATION       3,458       64.6%        1,527      35.1%        604        6.4%
                            RURAL               127        2.4%                                 6,180      65.3%
                            DEVELOPMENT        1,754       32.7%        361        8.3%         1,677      17.7%
                            WATER DEPEND-
                            ENT DEV.                                                            886        9.4%
                            TOTAL              5,357                    4,349                   9.467
                            % of 19,168
                            Acres in 42.              27.9%                   22.7%                   49.4%

                IV-6

                                       43. EASTERN CLATSOP

                                       DESIGNATION                WATERS                   WETLANDS                 SHORELANDS
                                                            Acres      % Acres        Acres   % Wetlands        Acres % Shorelands
                                       NATURAL               70          3.5%         518         17.9%
                                       CONSERVATION         1,813       90.6%         1,851       63.9%         1,244      23.1%
                                       RURAL                                          452         15.6%         3,470      64.4%
                                       DEVELOPMENT           119         5.9%         76          2.6%
                                       WATER DEPEND-
                                       ENT DEV.                                                                 672        12.5%
                                       TOTAL                2002                      2,897                     5,386
                                       % of 10,285
                                       Acres in 43.                19.5%                    28.2%                     52.4%

                                       44. WAHKIAKUM

                                       DESIGNATION                WATERS                   WETLANDS                 SHORELANDS
                                                            Acres     % Waters        Acres   % Wetlands        Acres % Shorelands
                                       NATURAL                                        2,140       67.1%         1,655      9.1%
                                       CONSERVATION 9,022               94.0%         1,025       32.2%         4,363      24.0%
                                       RURAL                 81          0.8%                                   10,574     58.6%
                                       DEVELOPMENT           493         5.2%         @22         0.7%          1,180      6.5%
                                       WATER DEPEND-
                                       ENT DEV.                                                                 341        1.9%
                                       TOTAL                9,596                     3,187                     18,113
                                       % of 30,896
                                       Acres in 44.                30.8%                     10.3%                    58.4%

                                       45. BAKER BAY

                                       DESIGNATION                 WATERS                  WETLANDS                 SHORELANDS
                                                            Acres     % Waters        Acres   % Wetlands        Acres % Shorelands
                                       NATURAL                                        7,554       86.0%         143        1.9%
                                       CONSERVATION 3,736                93.5%        866         10.0%         2,501      32.6%
                                       RURAL                                          147         1.7%          4,380      57.1%
                                       DEVELOPMENT           260          6.5%        221         2.5%          598        7.8%
                                       WATER DEPEND-
                                       ENT DEV.                                                                 51         0.7%
                                       TOTAL                3,996                     8,788                     7,673
                                       % of 20,457
                                       Acres in 45.                 19.5%                    43.0%                    37.5%

                                                                                                                                             IV-7

             56                                       123*45'                                           40'                                        35,                                         123. 3d                                        25,

                         01                                                 4

               ............
                                                                                                                      ..............

                                                                      1
                                                                      '44(M)
                                                                        44W

                                                            . .......                        43   F)
                                                                                .. .. ......

                                                                              45(SA).*

                                    .. ... .....
                                                                                                                                  ......... .....
                                                                                                                                                                        .......................

                                                                                                                   .............         ............ .. ........................                                                      ........... ............
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           ............

                                                                                                     47ftf:@-;---
                                                                        0                                                    ----------------

                                                                                                                              4   (SV)
                                                                  46(SV
                                                                                                                                                                ..........

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              . .........
                                                                                                                                                                                              ...............

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          .... ..... ..

                                              30

                                           ...... ......                                                                                                                           5z(F)
                                                                                                                  M)

                                 8(m)
                                                    30(m)
                                                                           3 7.4 M)                                              ............                                                                                                                         .....  .....

                                              Dim)               3

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    ............. .................. .....-
                                                                                                                                                                             .... ....... .... .......
                                            46(M)

             5(m)                      24(
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               .............-
                                                ........... ..........
               57(F)

                                            8(                                                           NAUTICAL MILES
               ...... ......                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ...........
                                                                                                                                   I
      17(
                                                                              59(F)
                                                                                                         KILOMETERS
                                                                                                                                     0      1      2                    5      6

                                 ............                                                            STATUTE MILES
                                                                                                                                                    1           2
                                                                                                                                                                           3

                            58(f)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            215'                                          210'

                                                                                     46-                                                                                                                                                                                       10,                                                                                      46      W                                                                                       20,

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       ........... ...      .............
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  It

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           . ........   ....      ..........

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              "00,                                                                                 ......... . . .......

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               .. ..........

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               . . . .. .......  ..........

                                                                                                                                                               ........ ... .....
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        ..................... .......

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               .... . ..... . ..... . .

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            ......... ...              .......... . ...                                                 .. .. . ........                  . ....... ..

                                                                                                                         -N         ....... ...
                                                                                                                                                                           . ..... ..... ..

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 It
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    ........ . ..........

                                                          41. LOWER RIVER AND ISLANDS PLAN

                        THE PLANNING AREA                                             MAJOR ISSUES AND DECISIONS
                          The Lower River and Islands planning area ex-                 Major issues, identified through responses to a
                        tends from the offshore three-mile limit to the up-           widely-distributed questionnaire, included naviga-
                        stream end of Tenosillahe Island and includes most            tion-related issues such as dredging, dredged mate-
                        of the aquatic areas of the estuary. The only shore-          rial disposal, shoaling and erosion, the effects of log
                        lands are at Fort Stevens State Park, on Tenasillahe          storage on water quality and commercial fishing
                        Island and on several dredged material disposal               areas, management, public access and recreational
                        islands. The main navigation channel of the Colum-            use of the wildlife refuges, and the impacts of
                        bia River, the lower, mid and upper estuary sand              development upriver and in adjacent planning
                        flats, the expansive tidal marshes and forested wet-m         areas. These issues are addressed by a variety of
                        lands of Cathlamet Bay, and the intricate network of          regional (cf Section 11), area and subarea policies.
                        deep and shallow channels are major parts of this               The most important feature of this planning area is
                        planning area. Much of this area is included in the           the almost complete absence of developed or de-
                        35,000 acre Lewis and Clark -National Wildlife                velopable shorelines. Waters and wetlands pre-
                        Refuge and a portion of the Columbian White-tailed            dominate and, with the exception of Youngs, Baker
                        Deer National Wildlife Refuge. Detailed descriptions          and Grays Bays, this management unit contains most
                        of aquatic and shoreland features are given in each           of the aquatic areas of the estuary.
                        subarea plan.                                                   The Lower River and Islands Plan provides for
                          With the exception of small areas along the east-           natural resource protection, particularly in Fort Ste-
                        ern water portion of Pacific County and along the             vens State Park and the Lewis and Clark and Colum-
                        western water portions of Wahkiakum County, the               bian White-tailed Deer National Wildlife Refuges.
                        entire planning area is within the State of Oregon.           Recreation and public access to these areas and the
                          The great majority of the area is under the local           maintenance and improvement of navigational
                        planning and regulatory authority of Clatsop County.          projects in the river also have received a high prior-
                        Small portions of Pacific and Wahkiakum Counties              ity in this plan.
                        are included in the northern fringe, and small por-             Wetland areas (including tidal marshes, forested
                        tions of Hammond, Warrenton and Astoria are in-               wetlands and tidal flats) are designated Natural,
                        cluded on the southern edge of the area between               unless the post history, existing uses or designations
                        river miles 7 and 18. State and federal agencies play         of adjacent areas renders this in appropriate. This
                        the most significant management and regulatory                designation complies with the statement in the
                        role in this planning area.                                   Oregon Estuarine Resources Goal (Number 16) that

                                                                        M,

                                                               NXM
                                                                                  "FAI.
                                                                                      q

                                                                          U

                                                                                                                     C*
                                                                                               N@k
                                                                                     "Al -11111, I'll.- !a
                                                                                    PC

                                                                                   low

                                                             &

                                                               C. A,
                                                                                                      1)(tcific Nort hacest 1?i t er Basins COM M i.%Aoll

                                                                                                                                           IV-9

                                           'UTIVROT,   107TT@'11
                                                                                   AREA POLICIES
                                               "u, _,QVI KIM
                                                                                   1. Public Access, Refuge Management, and Preser-
                                                                                   vation of Wildlife Habitat
                                                                                     Additional shoreline access points in the areas
                                                                                   adjacent to the Lewis and Clark Wildlife Refuge and
                                                                                   Tenasillahe Island portion of the Columbian White-
                                         W177-1                                    tailed Deer Refuge should be considered and re-
                                                                                   viewed on the basis of their impacts on the site and
                                                                                   the refuge. Existing access points should be main-
                                                                                   tained and improved consistent with refuge man-
                                                                                   agement.
                                                                                     Except in the area noted above, additional public
                                                                                   access points should be developed consistent with
                                                                                   recreational and commercial demands and needs.
                                                                                     Existing hunting and fishing shacks in the wildlife
                                                                                   refuges may continue to be used by the present
                                                                                   owner, but may not be sold. New shacks may not be
                                                            -Art Chan Studio       built. Eventually, all shacks will be removed. This is
                   the Natural "areas shall include,    at a minimum, all          in accord with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service refuge
                   major tracts of salt marsh, ticleflats, and seagrass            management policy.
                   and algae beds." The term "salt marsh" is specifi-
                   cally interpreted here to include the tidal marshes of          2. Off-Road Vehicles
                   the Columbia River, even though salt water may be                 Off-road and all-terrain vehicles are permitted
                   absent during part of all of the year. This designation         only in those areas specifically designated for their
                   is also consistent with the Washington State Shore-             use. This policy is particularly applicable to the Clat-
                   line Management Act requirements to preserve the                sop Spit area, where damage to dune and wetland
                   natural character of the shorelines, and to protect             vegetation has been a chronic problem.
                   the ecology and resources of the shoreline by
                   leaving areas that contain a unique or fragile                  3. Log Storage
                   natural resource undeveloped, and by restricting or               Existing log storage in wetland sites (aquatic areas
                   prohibiting public access to areas which cannot be              less than 3 feet below MLLW) may continue, unless
                   maintained in a natural condition under human use.              there is evidence that more than nominal damage to
                    Water areas, except the navigation channels,
                   dredged material disposal sites and sites adjacent to           aquatic life or water quality is occurring, in which
                   major shoreland developments, are classified Con-               case they should be phased out. Log storage sites in
                   servatiom The purposes of Conservation areas in                 wetland areas and those requiring maintenance
                   both states are long-term use of renewable re-                  dredging should be the first to be phased out, if the
                   sources, recreation, aesthetic enjoyment and eco-               demand for log storage sites decreases. New log
                   system support. The Conservation designation is                 storage sites in wetlands wil I not be permitted.
                   consistent with boating, commercial and recrea-                   Maintenance dredging of existing log storage sites
                   tional fishing, and navigational use not requiring              and replacement of pilings and dolphins is per-
                   major alterations.                                              mitted. Research on the effects of log storage in the
                     Navigation channels are designated Develop-                   Columbia River is strongly encouraged.
                   ment, consistent with the Oregon Estuarine Re-                  4. Dredged Material Disposal at Area D and Tansy
                   sources Goal and the Washington Shoreline Man-                     Point
                   agement Act guidelines. Designation of dredged
                   material disposal sites is according to the long-term             The Area D and Tansy Point in-water dredged ma-
                   use of each site. In-water dredged material disposal            terial disposal sites should be used only when
                   sites were designated Conservation with a Develop-              weather and sea conditions render the use of dis-
                   ment overlay for dredged material disposal. This is             posal ' sites outside the Columbia River mouth
                   consistent with the specific requirements of the Es-            hazardous.
                   tuarine Resources Goal that "navigation channels
                   (and) sub-tidal areas for in-water disposal of                                                                  R'r
                                                                                                                                   1,
                   dredged material" be designated Development. All
                   the land disposal sites designated in this manage-
                                                                                                                                    Wk. M
                   ment unit are in the wildlife refuges and were there-                                                             W51
                   fore designated Conservation with a Development
                   overlay for dredged material disposal, to indicate
                   that major development should not occur in these
                   areas after completion of dredged material disposal.
                     The shorelands included in Fort Stevens State Park
                   are designated according to present and proposed
                   recreational use and the need for resource pro-
                   tection. Tenasillahe island is designated Conserva-
                   tion, consistent with refuge management activities.                                                       -Art Chan tu io

                   IV-10

                                                                                                                                                             R,
                               41.01 MOUTH OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER
                                                                                                                                                     R    1,
                                                                                                                                                              "pg

                                                                                                                          ,Q
                               General Description
                                                                                                                                               V
                                                                                                                                                          Z""WE
                                                                                                                            41 W,
                                  This subarea includes the North and South Jetties,                                                           v  .1
                                                                                                                                                  14". 1
                                                                                                                                                   N 15      PEI
                                                                                                                          lKik                            Iffl,
                               the offshore waters west to the Columbia River Light-
                               ship (see attached map)           and the estuary between                                        g,' q g",
                               the North and South Jetties and upstream to a line
                               connecting Jetty A and Clatsop Spit (RM 3). It does
                                                                                                                                                          M, I
                               not, however, include Clatsop Spit, Jetty A, the
                                       'beaches or other land areas. The subarea                                                                                -In
                               ocean
                               extends seaward of the three mile limit (state and
                               county line') to the Columbia Lightship, to encompass
                               productive areas outside the mouth of the estuary                                                           ComPleat Photographer
                               and Corps of Engineers dredged material disposal                            bilized by the South Jetty, the North           .Jetty and Jetty
                               sites. Local governments have no regulatory author-                         A, and maintained by hopper dredge. The average
                               ity outside the three mile limit, but-these productive                      amount dredged from MCR is about 5 to 6 million
                               fishing grounds and the dredged material disposal                           cubic yards per year, but is widely variable. The off-
                               sites there concern local governments. The subarea                          shore disposal sites (areas A, B, E and F) are in the
                               includes parts of both Clatsop and Pacific Counties.                        outer portions of this area. Two in-water estuary sites
                               Aquatic Features                                                            (area D and Tansy Point in the Estuary Channels sub-
                                  The -Mouth of the Columbia River (MCR) is the                            area) are also used. Recreational use of the waters
                               most physically dynamic area of the estuary. Tidal                          by small boats is high, and the view from the North
                               currents, fresh water flow, wind-driven currents, es-                       or South Jetties or Cape Disappointment is specta-
                               tuarine (dens ity-driven) currents, waves, and coastal                      cular. Commercial fishing use is intensive through-
                               currents are all important. Currents and wave action                        out the year.
                               combine to make navigation notoriously difficult.                           Issues and Findings
                               The sediment is almost entirely fine sand inside the                           The Corps of Engineers,is currently studying the
                               mouth and in the adjacent offshore area. Some silt is                       feasibility of deepening the entrance channel from
                               found further offshore and to the south of the South                        48 feet to 55 or 60 feet, repairing the existing jetties
                               Jetty. Outside the mouth, sediment is transported by                        and constructing a new Jetty B parallel to and sea@
                               wind-driven currents and waves. Large storms                                ward of Jetty A. There is also the possibility of new
                               capable of moving sand in suspension transport most                         or additional hopper dredge disposal sites. The
                               of the sediment. The dominant direction of sediment                         desirability and cost-effectiveness of a deeper
                               .transport is north. From the bar inward, however,                          charlnel, the utility of the proposed Jetty B, and the
                               tidal, estuarine and river flow effects become much                         disposal of dredged material in this highly produc-
                               more important. Upstream bottom currents. bring                             tive area wA its important fisheries are all at issue.
                               sand into the estuary from the ocean during low-                               Peacock Spit has accreted north of the North Jetty
                               flow periods. Sand transport is seaward during high-                        and is part of Fort Canby State Park. In recent years,
                               flow periods. The overall yearly balance and the                            the spit has experienced erosion and Washington
                               effect of storms are not known. The geometry of the                         State Parks desires maximum disposal of dredged
                               area has been extensively altered by the installation                       material at Area E, since this may feed the beach at
                               of jetties and continued dredging.                                          Peacock Spit and retard erosion. The desirability of
                                  Important commercial crab and shrimp fisheries                           extensive disposal at Area E needs to be evaluated,
                               are located outside the mouth, while the recreation-                        particularly as it may affect the productive crab
                               al crab fishing is important inside the jetties. The                        fishery in the area.
                               densities of other sampled benthic invertebrates are                        Aquatic Designations
                               not high. Many fish species use the area for migra-
                               tion, and important sports and troll salmon fisheries                          All aquatic areas are Conservation, except dred-
                               exist. Important shore fisheries are located on Jetty                       ged material disposal sites A, B, E and F, which are
                               Sands and the North and South Jetties. Primary                              Devekopmentfor that purpose only, and the naviga-
                               (phytoplankton) and secondary (zooplankton) pro-                            tion channel, which is Development.
                               ductivity is very high in this area and seaward of it                       Shoreland Designations
                               for several miles - the highest plankton productivity                          The North and South Jetties* are designated
                               in the entire estuary.                                                      Water Dependent Development.
                               Shorelland Features                                                         Dredged Material Disposal
                                  The only shorelands are the North and South Jet-                            There are four dredged material disposal sites in
                               ties, which are constructed of rock and rubble                              this subarea (Areas A, B, E and F), All are used for
                               mound.                                                                      disposal of material from the Columbia River en-
                               Human Use                                                                   trance channel and the lower river channel.
                                  The MCR area contains the downstream end of the
                               authorized navigation channel (48 feet deep and                                Only part of the North and South Jetties ore in this subarea. The
                                                                                                              rest of the North Jetty is in the Cape Disappointment subarea
                               1/2 mile wide to RM 3 and 40 feet deep and 600 feet                            (45.09) and the South Jetty is discussed in the Fort Stevens sub-
                               wide upstream from that point). The channel is sta-                            area (41.09).

                                                                                                                                                                          IV - 1-1

                                                                                        PEACOCK SPIT

                          Uj

                         ui
                                                                                                                                                   Ic

                                                                                                                                  AQUATIC   SHORELAN
                                                                                                                               Wa rs Wet-
                                                                                                                                     lands,'
                         Uj                                                                                                                        N
                                                                                                                          0
                                                                                                                                                   c

                                                                                                                                                   R

                                                                                                                                   S orelink     :D
                                                                   ZZY                                                          1`@on-aquatic Veg.
                                                                                                                                   Planning Boundary

                                                  :4,
                                  COLUMBIA RIVER LIGHTSHIP

                                                                    41.02 ESTUARY CHANNELS

                           General Description                                          extremely important as migration routes for anadro-
                             This subarea includes the deep water portions              mous fish.
                           (greater than 20 feet to 40 feet) of the estuary from        Human Use
                           Jetty A (RM 3) to the upper end of Rice Island (RM             Navigation and associated dredging are the most
                           22.5). These are the channels and the adjacent               prominent human activities in the ship channel, and
                           slopes. The subarea is not restricted to the                 dredged material disposal at selected sites. Waste
                           authorized navigation channel, but includes the              disposal, principally from fish processing, is a lesser
                           flow lanes of both the north and south channels.             use. There are also gillnet drifts in and around the
                           There are no wetland or shoreland areas. The juris-          north and south channels and recreational fishing
                           clictions in this subarea include Clatsop and Pacific        for salmon and sturgeon are important. Recreational
                           Counties, the Cities of Astoria and Warrenton, and           crabbing occurs off Hammond and the Sand Islands.
                           the Town of Hammond.
                           Aquatic Features                                             Issues and Findings
                             The limits of this area are approximately defined          . In water disposal of dredged material is a major
                           by the normal limits of salinity intrusion on high tide      issue. Approximately 1.2 million cubic yards of
                                                                                        dredged material are removed from this reach each
                           Salt water does not normally penetrate beyond the            year. Approximately 630,000 cubic yards of material
                           upper end of Rice Island (although it has been ob-           (most originating from,the river channels upstream
                           served as far upstream as Pillar Rock under un-              from the estuary) are placed in the Harrington Point
                           usually low flow conditions) and is usually seen             Sump by hopper dredge each year, and eventually
                           along the bottom at least to Clatsop Spit (although          placed by pipeline dredge on Rice Island (in the
                           the estuary may be entirely fresh on an ebb tide             Estuary Sands subarea, 45.03). Between 700,000 and
                           under high flow). Salt and fresh water mix (except           1 000,000 cubic yards of material is deposited in
                           under very high flow conditions) throughout this             @rea D; this total has been declining and may be
                           subarea.                                                     much smaller in the future. Use of the Tansy Point
                             Because of the very strong river flow, the channels        site is minor and irregular.
                           contain sand almost exclusively and some dredging              The overall filling trend in the estuary was dis-
                           is required. The fine sediments (silts and clays) ac-        cussed under Aquatic Features. The fate of the
                           cumulate in the bays, and fine coarse sand accumu-           dredged material deposited in estuary disposal sites
                           I.Ptes on the estuary sand flats. The estuary has lost       is a major concern. Much of the material may stay
                           about 15% of its volume in the last century, largely         in the estuary, reentering channels or building up
                           in the flats and not in the continually dredged chan-        shoals in bays and flats marginal to the channels.
                           nels.                                                        Material placed in Area D, for example, may end up
                           . Under low flow conditions of less than 150,000 cfs,        in Baker Bay, increasing the already severe shoaling
                           sediment transport is upstream in the south channel          and access channel maintenance problems there.
                           below Tongue Point and in the north channel below
                           the Astoria Bridge. Net transport is downstream in           Aquatic Designations
                           the channel above Harrington Point under almost all            The classification for the main navigational chan-
                           flow conditions. The null zone or point of zero net          nel, the access channel to Tongue Point, the Port of
                           sediment transport fluctuates from about Harrington          Astoria Turning Basin, and mouth of the Skipanon
                           Point to Clatsop Spit. Sediment transport may be in          River is Development. Other areas are Conservation.
                           the downstream direction all the way to mouth                Designated dredged material disposal sites are De-
                           under very high flow conditions, but present freshet         velopment for that purpose only and otherwise
                           levels are not sufficient to carry out to sea the sedi-      Conservation.
                           ment that enters from the ocean and the river during         Subarea Policy
                           most of the year.                                              The continued use of the Tansy Point site and Area
                             Benthic (bottom) productivity in these deep chan-          D should occur (as per inter-agency agreement) only
                           nels and slope areas is not high. However, the null          when weather and sea conditions render the use of
                           zone effect allows an accumulation of partic@blate           disposal areas outside the mouth hazardous. New
                           matter, and primary (algal) productivity is season-          in-water sites in the estuary may be designated in
                           ally high, though probably lower than outside th-e           the future and that use of Area D and Tansy Point
                           mouth. The important species of estuary phytoplank-          may be discontinued within the next few years.
                           ton are almost all river (fresh water) forms, whereas
                           the species in the offshore areas are coastal plank-         Dredged Material Disposal
                           ton common in the upwelling areas along the coast.             There are three existing in water dredged material
                           There are characteristic estuarine zooplankton               disposal sites in this area: Area D, opposite Little
                           (animals) that feed on the phytoplankton and on              Sand Island; 15(E), Tansy Point (RM 9); and 54(E),
                           particulate debris in the water. The estuarine popu-         Harrington Point Sump (RM 22). All are used for
                           lations of both phyto- and zooplankton are inherent-         Corps of Engineers hopper dredge disposal of
                           ly unstable. Strong tides or a freshet can push the          material from the main navigation channel.
                           entire population of plankton out to sea and the             Material from the outer reach of the Chinook Chan-
                           populations may remain depressed for some time               nel has also been placed in Area D. Several experi-
                           afterward; physical factors predominantly deter-             mental in water disposal sites are also in this sub-
                           mine population levels. The estuary channels are             area. (cf Dredged Material Management 55, 59.)

                                                                                                                                           IV-13

                                                                41.0     ESTUARY SANDS

                                                                                   The sands are also important as a seal haul-out area
                                                                                   and as feeding and resting areas for gulls and other
                                                                                   birds.
                                                                                   Human Use
                                                                                     Human use includes gillnet drifts along the
                                                                                   margins of the sands and in the minor channels be-
                                                                                   tween the sand bars, recreational boating, and
                                                                                   small boat and tug navigation across the river.
                                                                                   Dredging and dredged material disposal have occur-
                                                                                   red on and around various sands in the past and the
                                                                                   sands were used for horse seining and fish traps
                                                                                   when such activities were legal. The only area
                                                    Compleat Photographer          currently being used for dredged material disposal is
                  General Description                                              Rice Island, an entirely man-made island installed
                    This subarea includes     the extensive mid-estuary            for the dual purposes of flow control and dredged
                  sand flats between RM 6 and RM 24 and the adjacent               material disposal.
                  slopes. These are Desclemona and Taylor Sands, the               Issues and Findings
                  Tongue Point Bar and other unnamed sands, the                      A major issue in this subarea is the recent drama-
                  largest of which extends west and north from Rice                tic increase in seal populations and the impact on
                  Island into Grays Bay. Rice Island, a dredged                    the gillnet fishery. Prior to enactment of the Marine
                  material island, is also included. Some sands are                Mammal Protection Act in 1972, seals were kept
                  bare at mid-tide, while the slopes extend down to 30             under control by harrassment and occasional shoot-
                  feet in some areas. A shallow channel is used by                 ing. NIow protected, they have increased in numbers
                  fishermen and tugs to cross from the north channel
                  to the south channel near the Astoria-Megler Bridge.             and boldness. This issue is outside the scope of this
                  There are other minor channels and two small areas               plan and research is being undertaken to determine
                  of bare sand. Rice Island is high enough to be classi-           if active management is required.
                  fied as shorelands. Vegetation is absent, or nearly                Potential uses of the sand flats include dredged
                  absent, from all shoreland areas. Rice Island and                material disposal, recreation, aquaculture, restora-
                  adjacent water areas are part of the Lewis and Clark             tion, and'even urban development. Part of Rice
                  National Wildlife Refuge. This subarea includes                  Island could be developed for a park, after dredged
                  portions of Clatsop, Pacific and Wahkiakum                       material disposal is completed. However, the
                  Counties.                                                        Oregon part of Rice Island is in the Lewis and Clark
                                                                                   National Wildlife Refuge and development would
                  Aquatic Features                                                 have to be consistent with refuge management.
                    These sands have accreted rapidly since the                    Aquatic Designations
                  construction of the jetties at the mouth and the dams              Water areas are Comervation; tidal flats and wet-
                  on the river. In contrast to the fine sediments found            land above -3 feet MLLW are Natural. This prevents
                  on flats in Youngs, Grays and Baker Bay, the mid-                all major alterations to the wetlands, though active
                  estuary sands consist largely of fine to coarse sand.            restoration is allowed as a conditional use. Active
                  Much of the loss of volume of the estuary (15% in                restoration might include deepening some areas,
                  the last century) has occurred in this area. The                 constructing protective berms, and marsh planting.
                  reason for this accumulation is unclear, but it is
                  apparently related to the increased salinity intrusion           Shoreland Designations
                  and the decrease in fresh water flow during the                    Rice Island is Comervation. This is consistent with
                  freshets. Sediment transport patterns in'the area are            future dredged material disposal, refuge manage-
                  unknown. Probably accretion occurs from both                     ment, and any future recreational use. The other
                  upstream and downstream. The sands are exposed                   small sand flatsabove MHHW areNatural.
                  to wind, waves, ship wash and river currents and,                Dredged Material Disposal
                  judging from the coarse texture of the sediments,
                  the energy level is high.                                          Rice Island, 55(S) (RM 22) is the only dredged ma-
                    Phytoplankton and zooplankton productivity is                  terial disposal site in this subarea. Material from
                  seasonally high (cf 41.02 - Estuary Channels), and               Rice Island Sump is pipelined to the island. Stabiliza-
                  benthic algal productivity on the sands may be sig-              tion of the island with vegetative plantings is desir-
                  nificant but has not been studied. Populations of                able.
                  benthic animals living in the sediments are low to               Restoration and Resource Enhancement
                  moderate when compared to Baker Bay or Youngs                      Rice Island has been created by disposal of
                  Bay because both the sediment type and the expo-                 dredged material and some revegetation has occur-
                  sure to the elements are less favorable. Use by epi-             red naturally. Acceleration 'of this process by plant-
                  benthic animals - (starry flounder, sand shrimp,                 ing vegetation native to the area is proposed to en-_
                  mysids and dungeness crabs) is high. Downstream                  hance bird and other wildlife values. (46[SV], cf
                  migrant salmon may feed and rest on these sands.                 Restoration and Mitigation, 65.)

                  IV - 14

                                                                       41.04 RIVER CHANNELS

                           General Description                                            Dredging is required at 16 separate bars, with an
                              This subarea includes the deep water (greater               average (1973-77) of 1.9 million cubic yards
                           than 20 feet to 40 feet) portions of the main river            removed annually by pipeline and 1.2 million cubic
                           channel and adjacent slopes upstream from Harring-             yards by hopper dredge. In water disposal occurs at
                           ton Point (RM 22.5) to the eastern end of Wahkiakum            the Harrington Point Sump (for re-handling) and a.t
                           County (RM 52). The authorized navigation channel              several flow lane disposal sites. Numerous pile
                           is contained within this subarea, but side channels            dikes exist. Gillnet drifts exist along the edge of and
                           are not included. There are no wetlands or shore-              in the main navigation channels. Commercial stur-
                           lands. Some water areas are part of the Lewis and              geon longlining, sports fishing and pleasure boating
                           Clark National Wildlife Refuge. Parts of Wahkiakum             also occur.
                           and Clatsop Counties are in the subarea.                       Issues and Findings
                           Aquatic Features                                                 The primary isues in the area center around the
                              While tides and tidal currents are important in this        problem of dredged material disposal and naviga-
                           reach, fresh water flow increasingly dominates the             tional improvements (e.g. pile dikes). Deepening
                           circulation patterns toward the eastern end. Salinity          the channel to Portland has been discussed but pre-
                           intrusion extends only to Pillar Rock, even under low          sently does not appear feasible. Flow-lane disposal
                           flow (less than 100,000 cfs). Flood tide currents may          may either increase or decrease the passage of fish
                           not be observable under high flow conditions, and              through an area. Changes in bottom contours may
                           the 100-year flood level rises sharply in the upstream         make an area difficult to fish. Pipeline dredging
                           direction. Sediments in the channel and slopes are             operations occur during a fishing season, and may
                           largely medium to coarse sand, with some gravel.               make it impossible to fish certain areas. Any dispos-
                           Compacted finer sediments are found in some scour              al operation may affect migrating fish, and installa-
                           holes. The transport of sand and gravel as bedload is          tion of pile dikes (e.g. in the Brookfield reach) may
                           almost entirely downstream. Some sand will also                permanently close a drift. 'Dredging of the deeper
                           move in suspension under freshet conditions. Finer             channel areas has probably accelerated shoaling in
                           material (silts and clays) moves downstream in                 side channels used by fishermen and recreational
                           suspension.                                                    boaters.
                              Benthic productivity in these channels and slopes             The transport of petroleum products and hazar-
                           .is probably not high because of the active sediment           dous products is also an issue. No major transfer
                           transport and ship wake disturbances. The phyto-               facilities, pipelines or refineries have been
                           plankton in this reach are largely an extension of the         proposed for the estuary area; all proposals call for
                           riverine plankton coming downstream. These chan-               shipment of petroleum through the estuary and river
                           nel areas have seasonally high primary (phytoplank-            channels to upstream locations.
                           ton) production in the spring. However, the nutrients          Aquatic Designations
                           .are soon exhausted by production further upstream.              The main navigation channel is classified Devel-
                           Since salt water is absent in this reach, there 'is no         opment. In-water dredged material disposal sites
                           nutrient enrichment by marine waters. The role of              are Development for that purpose only, and Conser-
                           the extensive marshes in providing nutrients to sup-           vation otherwise. All other areas are Conservation.
                           port the phytoplankton productivity in this area               Dredged Material Disposal
                           remains to be investigated. The zooplankton are
                           also primarily fresh water forms. Peak populations               There are six flow-lane disposal sites [59(F), 68(F),
                           are related to phytoplankton populations and to                73(F), 81 (F), 95(F), 97(F)] in this subarea, in or adja-
                           warm water temperatures that occur in the late                 cent to the channel. The sites are at river miles 26,
                           summer.                                                        34, 37, 40, 46 and 50. They are used to dispose of
                              The river channels are important to fish species            clean sand material from channel dredging. The
                           primarily as migration routes, though sturgeon also            sites are chosen because of their scour characteris-
                           feed extensively in the channel areas. Adult salmon,           tics which keep the material moving in a down-
                           steelhead, smelt, shad and eulachon migrate up the             stream direction. Other sites may be selected as
                           river channels to spawn. Juvenile sub-yearling sal-            more research on the fate of material placed in
                           monids (fall chinook and chum) tend to concentrate             flow-lane sites becomes available. (cf Dredged
                           in beach and mudflat areas, whereas the yearling               Material Management 55, 59.)
                           salmonids (coho, spring and summer chinook, sock-
                           eye, steelhead and cutthroat) migrate down the
                           main channels.
                           Human Use
                              The primary human uses of the river channels are
                           navigation, dredging and dred
                                                             ged material dispos-
                           al, commercial and sports fishing and (to a lesser
                           degree) waste disposal. The main navigation chan-
                           nel passes through this area from end to end.                    Ron Pittard - Searep Studio, courtesy Clatsop County

                                                                                                                                             IV - 15

                                                             41.05 SNAG ISLANDS

                General Description                                            This channel was closed off by the Snag Island Jetty.
                  This subarea includes dredged material islands               North Island (north of Seal Island) was formerly
                (Miller Sands and Jim Crow Sands), tidal marsh                 much larger but was eroded away as the Woody
                (around the Snag Island Jetty and Miller Sands), the           Island Channel shifted to the south. Extensive dred-
                Woody Island Channel, exposed sand bars south and              ging of the Tongue Point crossing and the channel
                west of Woody Island Channel, and various sub-                 reach above Harrington Point resulted in the crea-
                sidiary channels. The entire subarea is within the             tion of the unnamed sands southeast of Woody
                Lewis and Clark National Wildlife Refuge and                   Island Channel, Miller Sands, Jim Crow Sands, and
                Clatsop County.                                                Rice Island.
                Aquatic Features                                               Issues and Findings
                  Very little is known concerning the circulation in             The primary issues in the area are: dredged ma-
                the area. Some salinity intrusion probably occurs              terial disposal versus shallow water and wetland
                south and west of Miller Sands under low flow con-             habitat; ownership disputes between county, state
                ditions, but data are absent. Plankton and zooplank-           and federal governments; and public access. No
                ton have been discussed in Estuary Channels and                active management is practiced except in the
                River Channels subareas (41.02 and 41.04). Benthic             dredged material disposal areas. Active revegeta-
                populations on the bare sands at the west end of this          tion is carried out on Miller Sands and Jim Crow
                area are probably similar to those at Taylor Sands             Sands. Ownership of most aquatic and shoreland
                (Estuary Sands subarea [41.03]). Small fresh water             parcels is claimed by at least two governmental
                clams are more abundant here than further west. It             units, and there is one private ownership claim. The
                seems likely that the marging of some of the smaller           U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service owns large parts of the
                channels have accumulated sufficient fine material             refuge and manages those areas it does not own
                to support large benthic populations of fresh water            through operating agreements with the county and
                species, especially adjacent to and in the marshes             state governments. These agreements have not pre-
                on Miller Sands and the Snag Islands but only limited          vented disagreements, in certain instances, as to
                data are available. Feeding by juvenile salmonids              how the area should be managed; e.g. whether
                may be important and sturgeon probably feed in the             dredged material disposal should be allowed.
                deeper channels. Use of this area by migrant water-              This area is relatively distant from all boat launch-
                fowl, wading birds and shore birds is extensive.               ing ramps, thus the hunting and sport fishing use of
                Nutria and muskrat are common.                                 this area is probably less than    in some other sub-
                  The tidal marshes (sedge/bulrush) on the Snag                areas. All areas except Miller     Sands are open to
                Islands are low and have been established since the            hunting and trapping. Future use of Miller Sands and
                installation of the Snag Island Jetty (1880's). Those          Pillar Rock Island is an issue     of concern. Public
                on Miller Sands grade from low to high marsh and               access on the wildlife refuge is discussed in the
                are also of recent origin.                                     Cathlamet Bay subarea (41.06).
                Shoreland Features                                             Aquatic Designations
                  Grasslands, shrub and Willow/Cottonwood habi-                  The wetlands surrounding Snag Island Jetty, the
                tats are found on the upland portions of Miller                unnamed sands southeast of Woody Island Channel,
                Sands, and grasslands are found on Jim Crow Sands.             and the wetlands north of Green Island are Natural.
                Marsh and grass planting is under way as part of a             The waters are all designated Conservation.
                Corps of Engineers research project on Miller Sands            Shoreland Designations
                and as dredged material stabilization on Jim Crow                Miller Sands and Jim Crow Sands are classified
                Sands.                                                         Conservation.
                Human Use                                                      Dredged Material Disposal
                  Human use of this area includes navigational im-               There are two active dredged material disposal
                provements, dredged material disposal, commercial              sites in this subarea, one at Miller Sands [56(B)] one
                and sports fishing, wildlife observation, hunting,             one at Jim Crow Sands [60(B)]. Both are upland/
                and trapping.                                                  beach nourishment sites used for disposal of
                  Active disposal sites are located on Jim Crow                material from the main navigation channel. (cf
                Sands and Miller Sands. A new in water disposal site
                east of Jim Crow Sands was used for the first time in          Dredged Material Management 55, 59.)
                November, 1977. Gillnet drifts are found in Woody              Restoration and Resource Enhancement
                Island Channel and along the margins of the naviga-              Both Miller Sands [47(SV)] and Jim Crow Sands
                tional channel.                                                [48(SV)] are shoreland areas where vegetation has
                  The only intensive use is dredged material                   been planted to enhance wildlife values. Miller
                disposal. Nonetheless, it is hard to pick any feature          Sands has also been an experimental marsh creation
                of the area (except perhaps Pillar Rock) that has not          site for the Corps of Engineers. Removal of the Snag
                been created or radically altered by man in the last           Island Jetty [50(P)] has been proposed since it no
                century. The main navigation channel (the Cordell              longer serves its original purpose (cf Restoration and
                Channel) passed through what is now Snag Island.               Mitigation 65).

                IV - 16

                                                                    41.06 CATHLAMET BAY

                         General Description                                           marsh plant communities. Waterfowl, wading and
                            This subarea includes Green, Grassy, Russian,              shore bird use is high. There are extensive nutria
                         Seal, McGregor and unnamed marsh islands, sand                and muskrat populations.
                         and mud flats, and North, South, Prairie and other              Adult and juvenile salmonids and other anadro-
                         subsidiary channels. It extends from near Tongue              mous fish migrate through this area. Juvenile sal-
                         Point (RM 19) to RM 25. Brush and trees are, for the          monids probably feed in the sand and mudflats, but
                         most part, absent from these islands. The entire area         this has not been confirmed in this area. Sturgeon
                         is in the Lewis and Clark Refuge and Clatsop County.          feed in the deeper channels. There is some warm
                         No shorelands are present.                                    water resident fish usage.
                         Aquatic Features                                              Human Use
                            Little specific information is available with regard         Human use of this area includes sports and com-
                         to physical circulation. Salinity intrusion is known to       mercial fishing, log storage and transport, hunting
                         occur along the bottom in North Channel as for as             and fishing shacks, hunting, trapping, and wildlife
                         McGregor Island. The marshes are probably expand-             observation. None of these could be classified as
                         ing, judging from old charts. Installation of the             intensive.
                         Green Island dike prior to 1890 and the creation of           Issues and Findings
                         Lois and Mott Islands from the dredging of the                  Issues in this area include log storage in wetland
                         Tongue Point Basin (1939 to 1949) have stabilized             areas the presence of hunting and fishing shacks,
                         Green Island and generally accelerated marsh                  public access, and ownership questions. The log
                         formation, though erosion has occurred in some                storage in wetland areas is opposed by resource
                         areas.                                                 k-     agencies, because of adverse effects on benthic
                            The available information concerning phytoplan             organisms when the logs rest on the bottom (mf
                         ton and zooplankton productivity has been discussed           Lower River and Islands Policies, 41 ).
                         in Estuary Channels and River channels subareas                 The tidal flats and marshes of Cathlamet Bay are
                         (41.02 and 41.04). Only one benthic station is avail-         highly productive, integral parts of the estuarine
                         able, from the mudflats south of Russian Island. The          ecosystem. Their inclusion in the Lewis and Clark
                         population of fresh water forms was very high. Pre-           National Wildlife Refuge provides needed protec-
                         sumably this is true for many of the other mud and            tion for fish and wildlife resources in the area.
                         sand flats in this area.
                            Green, Grassy and unnamed (RM 21 to 23) islands            Aquatic Designations
                         are all tidal marsh. The dominant vegetation types in           All marshes and tidal flats (except existing log
                         the lowest areas are bulrushes and rushes. Sedges             storage sites) are Natural. Water areas and log
                         predominate on the higher parts. Russian and Seal             storage sites in wetlands are classified Conserva-
                         Islands are somewhat older and contain typical high           tion.

                                                                41.07 UPPER MARSH ISLANDS

                         General Description
                            This diverse group ot marsh islands and inter-             on phytoplankton and zooplankton populations is
                         connecting channels extends from Minaker Island               presented in the Estuary Channels and River Chan-
                         (RM 26) to Welch Island (RM 35). The subarea in-              nels subareas (41.02 and 41.04). Benthic populations
                         cludes Minaker, Karlson, Marsh, Brush, Horseshoe,             of freshwater forms are high at some stations in the
                         Woody, Tronson, Quinns, Goose, Grassy, Fitzpatrick            smaller sloughs. Salmon smolts are known to be
                         and Welch Islands. Large sections of these islands            abundant north of Horseshoe Island and probably
                         are brushy or wooded, with high lidal marsh in the            congregate in other areas as well. Use by sturgeon
                         lower areas. Sand and mudflats also occur. There              and warm water fish probably occurs. There is a
                         are no shorelands, now that the dikes on Karlson              large blue heron rookery on Karlson Island and
                         Island are breached. The entire area is in the Lewis          raptors may be seen on the islands with large trees.
                         and Clark National Wildlife Refuge and Clatsop                Wading bird, shore bird and migrant waterfowl use
                          ounty.                                                       is high. Nutria, beaver and muskrat are common.
                                                                                         Most of Minaker Island is high marsh, with willow
                         Aquatic Features                                              in a-'few areas. Karlson Island is more complex.
                            No specific information is available concerning            About one-fourth of the island was diked, but the
                         the physical circulation of the area. Salinity intrusion      dikes have breached and much of this area is
                         is rare or totally absent. The available information          returning to tidal marsh. The western end of the

                                                                                                                                         IV - 17

                  island is undisturbed tidal marsh. The rest of the            ing, trapping, and wildlife observation.
                  island is willow and two, three and four species              Issues and Findings.
                  mixture of alder, Sitka spruce, western red cedar             . Public access, log storage, hunting and fishing
                  and cottonwood. Brush and Horseshoe Islands are               houses, and ownership disputes are issues, just as
                  largely high marsh with some willow. Marsh Island             they are in other areas of the refuge. The main ac-
                  is mostly willow with some high marsh, cottonwood             cess point is Aldrich Point, and these islands proba-
                  and spruce. Woody Island is covered by a four-                bly receive more use than islands more distant from
                  @pecies mixture of trees with high marsh in lower             a launching ramp. Karlson Island (formerly diked
                  areas. There is some willow on Quinns and Tronson             part) is closed to all public use. Welch Island is sub-
                  Islands and some emerging marsh on Goose, Grassy
                  and Quinns Islands. Fitzpatrick Island is dominated           ject to seasonal access regulations. Otherwise, the
                  by high marsh and willows and has a dredged                   islands are open to the public, but access is difficult.
                  material disposal site on the western end. Welch              Lower River and Islands Policies deal with public
                  Island is covered with high sedge marsh, cotton-              access, log storage and hunting and fishing houses
                  wood and willow. Dredged material has been de-                (cf 41 ).
                  posited along the northern shore to protect against           Aquatic Designations
                  erosion.                                                        The marsh and ticleflat areas and the formerly
                  Human Use                                                     diked area on Karlson Island are Natural. The water
                    Human use    of the area includes log storage an            areas are Conservation. The waters between the
                  transport, small boat navigation,    .sports and com-         Knappa docks and Eddy Point and south of Karlson
                  mercial fishing, hunting and fishing houses, hunt-            Island are also classified Natural, because of the
                                                                                habitat and fishery value of adjacent BigCreek.

                                                                                    1

                                                          41.08 TENASILLAHE, ISLAND

                  General Description                                           muskrat are the other common mammals. Cattle
                    This subarea extends from Multnomah Slough (RM              grazing is used to aid in management of the area for
                  35), which separates Welch and Tenasillahe Islands,           the white-tailed deer. Erosion problems exist both
                  to the pile dike (RM 38) at the upstream end of Tena-         along the Clifton Channel and the Main Channel
                  sillahe Island, and includes waters to the south side.        side of the island. Upland vegetation other than
                  of the Main Channel and to the opposite shore of              grosses is largely alder, willow, cottonwood, and
                  Clifton Channel. Most of the perimeter of Tenasilla-
                  he Island is forested wetland, the remainder inside           spruce trees.
                  the dike is pastureland. The ticlegate washed out in          Human Use
                  1975 but has been repaired. The island is port of the           Human use of the area includes log storage and
                  Columbian White-tailed Deer National Wildlife                 transport, small boat navigation, sports and com-
                  Refuge and the entire subarea is in Clatsop County.           mercial fishing, and wildlife observation. There is a
                  Aquatic Features                                              log storage area along Clifton Channel and com-
                    No specific information is available concerning             mercial fishing areas along both the Clifton and
                  the physical circulation of the*area. Salinity intrusion      Main Channel sides of Tenasillahe Island. There is
                  is absent. The available information on phytoplank-           very restricted public access to the island; however,
                  ton and zooplankton is presented in the River Chan-           a private duck hunting club has access during certain
                  nels subarea (41.04). Benthic organisms, including            periods of the year to an area near Multnomah
                  amphipods, worms and small clams, are probably                Slough.
                  abundant in shallow water areas and in Multnomah              Issues and Findings
                  Slough, although no data are available. Juvenile                 Log storage and public access are issues, as they
                  salmon migrate downstream along the shoreline.                are in the Cathlamet Bay and Upper Marsh Islands
                  There is some tidal marsh along Multnomah Slough              subareas (41.06 and 41.07); the some Lower River
                  and on the small island at the upstream end of                and Islands policies apply (cf 41). Development po-
                  Tenasillahe Island.                                           tential is low in this intensely managed part of the
                  Shoreland Features                                            white-tailed deer refuge.
                    The island serves as a wintering area for birds of          Aquatic Designations
                  the Pacific flyway, such as whistling swan, Canadian            The waters of the Main and Clifton Channels are
                  geese, mallards and other waterfowl. Shorebird                classified Conservation. A beach nourishment dis-
                  use is high on the sandy upstream end of the island;          posal site on the north shore and the beach nourish-
                  hawks and bald eagles are often seen. The island is           ment site behind the pile' dikes at the upstream end
                  managed to protect the Columbian White-tailed                 are Developntent for purposes of dredged material
                  deer, an endangered species. Nutria, beaver, and              disposal only, and otherwise Conservation. The wa-

                  IV - 18.

                          ters of Multnomah Slough and other wetlands are                 Dredged Material Disposal
                          Natural, except along Clifton Channel, where log                  Three sites are present. One site on the north
                          storage sites are Conservation, and at the U.S. Fish
                          and Wildlife Service boat dock, which is Conserva-              shore is designated for dike maintenance [71 (D)]. A
                          tion.                                                           second site just upstream is a beach nourishment
                          Shoreland Designations                                          (erosion control) site outside the dike [72(B)I. The
                                                                                          third site is also a beach nourishment site, behind
                            The adopted classification    of the dikes and diked          the pile dikes at the upstream end of the island
                          area of Tenasillahe Island is    Conservation. The rest         [77(B)I. (cf Dredged Material Management 55, 59.)
                          .of the island is Natural.

                                                              41.09 FORT STEVENS STATE PARK
                          General Description                                             varies from high to low. Most use centers or   ound the
                                                                                          community of Fort Stevens and the three parking lot
                            This subarea consists of the northern part of Fort            areas on Clatsop Spit and includes sightseeing, bi-
                          Stevens State Park and includes Clatsop Spit, the em-           cycling, hiking, beachcombing, nature observation,
                          bayment behind the spit known as Trestle Bay, and               and jetty and beach angling. Drift logs are used for
                          the adjacent shorelands southeast to the Hammond                firewood. There is also some illegal off-road use of
                          town limits. This subarea contains aquatic areas and            the area by four-wheel drive vehicles, even in the
                          shorelands and is entirely within Clatsop County.               salt marsh adjacent to the observation tower.
                          Aquatic Features                                                Issues and Findings
                            The northwest face of Clatsop Spit is a sandy                   Development and potential of the area is restrict-
                          beach area, with significant wave energy impinging              ed to recreation and historic preservation. The Clat-
                          upon it. The northeast face of the spit, also a beach           sop Spit area is already developed as for as it is
                          area, is an area of high erosion and strong currents.           intended to be. The old gun batteries of Point Adams
                          The wetlands of Trestle Bay are tidal marsh (domin-             area between Swash Lake and Hammond are sug-
                          ated by Lyngby's sedge, common reed, creeping                   gested for "major development" in the Oregon State
                          bentgrass and Pacific Silverweed) and sand/mud-                 Parks Fort Stevens Master Plan, including parking
                          flats. The marshes are cut by deep tidal channels,              and battery restoration.
                          one of which, on the southeast margin, leads inland               Erosion problems along Jetty Sands and on Clat-
                          to Swash Lake, another area is dominated by tidal               sop Spit, just south of the South Jetty, use of the area
                          marsh. Trestle Bay is cut by a trestle and a jetty, the         by four-wheel drive vehicles, removal of beach
                          latter of which is overtopped regularly by tidal                logs, and the possibility of ocean waves breaching
                          waters. While there are no data, benthic productivity           the spit south of the jetty are issues of concern.
                          in- the inner flats is expected to be quite high be-            While some structural control over erosion south of
                          cause of the sheltered nature of the area and adja-             the jetty may eventually be required, non-structural
                          cent marsh productivity. Benthic productivity on the            means of erosion control are more suitable in a state
                          outer flats is moderate. The benthic productivity may           park.
                          make Trestle Bay an important nursery area for
                          downstream migrant salmon, but no data are avail-               Aquatic Designations
                          able. There is also a small tidal salt marsh on Clatsop           Trestle Bay and its wetlands.are designated Natu-
                          Spit adjacent to the observation tower. It is covered           ral, as is the wetland-salt marsh area on Clatsop
                          by high salinity tidal waters coming directly in under          Spit. Other aquatic areas are Conservation.
                          the jetty from the ocean.                                       Shoreland Designations
                          Shoreland Features                                                Parts of Clatsop Spit are designated Natural, with
                            The shorelands of Clatsop Spit are rolling fare-              the remainder as Conservation. The three develop-
                          dunes, running transversely from southwest to north-            ed parking areas are considered to be consistent
                          east, and stabilized by European beachgross. Coast-             with the Conservation designation. The south jetty is
                          al strawberry, early hairgrass, scotch broom and                classified as Water Dependent Development from
                          coast pine are also present. These species also                 Point Adams to its outer end. The shoreland area
                          characterize the shoreland vegetation along Trestle             from Hammond northwest to Swash Lake is Conser-
                          Bay; other shrubs, some willow, and alder are also              vation.
                          present. The shorelands up to Hammond are river                 Subarea Policy
                          beach, rock rip-rap (original starting point of south             Off-road vehicles should not be permitted on dune
                          jetty) and some shrub begetation. The subarea has               or wetland areas in the park and shall not traverse
                          significant bird and wildlife values, including                 the Natural wetland-salt marsh on Clatsop Spit.
                          nesting sites for the snowy plover. Trestle Bay Is
                          important for waterfowl, wading birds, shorebirds               Restoration and Resource Enhancement
                          and raptors, as well as deer, nutria, mink, beaver,               There is one marsh creation project in this subarea
                          raccoon and opossum.                                            adjacent to Swash Lake [6(M)]. Lowering the dune
                          Human Use                                                       area adjacent to the wetlands and plantings to de-
                             Intensity of human use in the Fort Stevens subarea           velop a marsh is proposed (cf Restoration and Miti-
                                                                                          gation 65).
                                                                                                                                              IV - 19

                                                                                                                                                                    AQUATIC S
                                                                                                                                                                Wa rs Wet-
                                                                                                                                                        .2              landso'

                                LAJ
                                                                                                                             0<                             3' Depth Canto
                                                                                                                                                                     Shore n
                                                                                                                                                                 Non-aquatic Veg
                                                                                                                                                                     Planning Bo
                                M

                                                                                 CL ;cp spi

                                                                                                                                                                            NO

                                                                                                                                                00

                                                                                                                                      1 rl- A 11Y

                                Cf)

                                cf)
                                z
                                                                                                                                               N                       6(M)

                                                                                                                                                                         ol.

                                                                                                                                                                      SWASH L.

                                LL

                                                                                                                                                                                05'                                                                                 124*                                                                              55'                                                                                56                                                                            123'45@

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               101                                                                                                                                              01
                                                                                                                                                                                                                 .. ............
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        ... ......... .                                         ......... .           ...............   ..............
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   .......   ...

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 .............. . ... ...........
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ...... . .......

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     ..........  ......... .. ... .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        ................. ... ............                  . ......
                                                                                                                                                                           BAX                                                                                                                                                                         BAY
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           14             .07
                                                                                                                                                                                    4

                                                                                                                                                                                                 ............
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  r
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              ........... ...                                                           ..........

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       N4,5.05                                            10                                                                                                                                         45.01
                                                                                                                                                                                                      45.09
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        3

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              %

                                                                                                                                                                                  40
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                RIVER

                                                                                                                                   41.01                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   41.05

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               N                                                           LOWE

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                :v%    . ....... . .            ,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1
                                                                                                - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -                                                                               la@                                                                                                  42.                                                                                                                                                                                                          .16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   .......... .............
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              4                                    . ......     -
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      42.13                   4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     42.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   4 i67

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         260
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         YOUNGS SAY -                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   A S TPR-f

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              101

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 .................

                                                                                              ...........
                                                                                                       .......... .......

                                               ............

                                                     40i.

                                                                                                   ............ .... . ....... .

                                                        ................... .... .. .. ...... ...............

                                                                                 Po 0
                                                          ........... .... .... ....... ...............
                                                                                 0 m
                                                                               m
                                         0A

                                                                                    rnm
                                                                               z    0 r                        a    Z  0
                               . ..........
                                                                                                               M       r
                                                                                              CA
                                                      ... . .. ....            X m a) z
               z;
                                                                                              OD
                                                                                    rn
                                                                               rnX  X CD                            z
                                                                                                           z
                                                                                      0
                                                                                              M   z
                                                                               -n G) rn
                                                                               M    Z Z
                                                                                 M                z
                                                                                 M                G)       cn r
                                                                                                                       -<
                                                                               X    -n -<     0            wz       M rn
                                                                               M      e-,                  >   z
                                                                               co x Z! 'i     a
                                                                                    a         z   rn
                                                                                    rrl                    m z         M
                                                                               m    r,
                                                                               m    >                      > 0      cn cn
                                                                               m rn z         T   o                 m
                                                                               ,= 20  Z       rn
                                                                               co=
                                                                                      0       cn  Z
                                                                                    0
                                                                                 c  F
                         c                                                       X U) rn
                         m                                                       CD
                         m                                                       > 0
                                     COLUMBIA RIVER ESTUARY STUDY TASK FORCE     z  :0            co

                                                              42. YOUNGS BAY-ASTORIA PLAN

                         THE PLANNING AREA                                             MAJOR ISSUES AND DECISIONS
                           The Youngs Bay-Astoria planning area includes                 Resource protection versus maximizing develop-
                         the most intensively developed aquatic and shore-             ment potential is the overriding issue throughout the
                         land areas in the estuary region. Potential for new           Youngs Bay-Astoria planning area. This was con-
                         development is high. The area also has important              firmed in the public attitude survey conducted as
                         aquatic resources; Youngs Bay and the basin around            part of the planning process, How much shoreland
                         Tongue Point are both highly productive aquatic               area should be set aside for water dependent de-
                         environments. Shorelands in Hammond, Warrenton                velopment and how much aquatic area might need
                         and Astoria are included in this planning area, as            to be altered to support that development? The need
                         are the diked tidelands up the tributaries of Youngs          for flat land to expand its industrial base was a
                                                                                       major issue for the City of Astoria. Residential de-
                         Bay.                                                          velopment from Tansy Point to Hammond was a
                           The establishment of the boundari-es for the                major issue, because of the conflict with potential
                         Youngs Bay-Astoria planning area was' based on
                         evaluation of potential shoreland hazards, import-            deep draft shipping development. Development
                         ant shoreland habitat areas, areas needed for urban           along the Skipanon River was also a major point of
                         water oriented development, and scenic resources.             contention. Log storage, transportation facilities,
                         The planning area extends from Tongue Point (in-              dike maintenance, public access, and the shoaling
                         cluding Lois and Mott Islands) west to Point Adams            of Youngs Bay and its tributary streams were also
                         and includes the waters of Youngs Bay and tributary           issu.es of importance. These issues are addressed by
                         streams to the head of tide. The water boundary on            regional (cf Section 11), area and subarea policies, as
                         the river side extends from John Day Point around             well as other decisions in the plan.
                         Lois and Mott Islands, around Tongue Point to join              From Youngs Bay to Astoria is the major popula-
                         with the in-water Astoria city limits. It follows the 40      tion center and most intensively developed area in
                         foot depth contour to Point Adams. The shorelands             the estuary. This is due in part to historical patterns
                         boundary is 200 feet inland from MHHW or the edge             of rail, highway and deep water channel develop-
                         of tideland soils in areas where they occur. This             ment. Plan designations reflect this. In urban areas,
                         criterion applies around Youngs Bay and up all tribu-         shorelands are mostly Development or Water De-
                         tary streams including the Youngs, Walluski, Lewis            pendent Development, to provide for existing or
                                                                 nque Point, the       proposed residential, commercial or industrial uses.
                         and Clark, and Skipanon Rivers. At To                         Major portions of shoreland and adjacent aquatic
                         shoreland includes all flat lands and the Point itself.       areas have been set aside for water dependent use.
                         From the eastern city limits of Astoria, the shoreland        Areas with potential for port or industrial develop-
                         boundary extends westward along sewage lagoons,               ment requiring deep draft ship access include Tansy
                         includes floodplain area in Alclerbrook, connects             Point, both the east and west spits at the mouth of
                         with Leif Erickson and Marine Drive, and runs along           the Skipanon River, the existing port facilities at
                         the railroad at some points west to Hamburg Street.           Smith Point (Port of Astoria), and Tongue Point.
                         it then turns southeast along old U.S. 101 (West              Areas for shallow draft marinas and other develop-
                         Marine Drive) to its junction with Oregon Highway             ment include the Hammond Mooring Basin, the
                         202. The bounclarythen follows this highway to its            areas north and south of the new Skipanon River
                         junctur Ie with tideland soils, which extend up the           Bridge in Warrenton, areas along the Lewis and
                         aforementioned tributary streams and around                   Clark River and Youngs River and Bay, the west and
                         Youngs Bay. From Tansy Point west, tideland soils             east mooring basins in Astoria, and other waterfront
                         give way to sand -dune soil types. The shoreland              areas of Astoria. Numerous dredged material dis-
                         boundary in this area is the main highway connect-            posal and potential mitigation sites have been iden-
                         ing Warrenton and Hammond to Fort Stevens. Plan-              lified.
                         ning, management and regulatory jurisdictions in-               Despite the overall development orientation of
                         clude Clatsop County, the Cities of Astoria and War-          the Youngs Bay-Astoria area as compared to other
                         renton, the Town of Hammond, the Port of Astoria,             estuary areas, most of the biologically important
                         and Oregon state and federal agencies.                        tidal marshes and flats, and subticlal areas have
                                                                                       been given protective Natural or Conservation des-
                                                                                       ig.nations. Shorelands in areas outside urban growth
                                                                                       boundaries are Rural or Conservation, to provide
                                                                                       for agricultural or forestry uses.
                                                                                y
                                                                                       4     t
                                                                                     OmM,"t'ja@'RRN        UR'
                                                                                Offi                               "K

                                                                                                             a

                                                                                               i'@
                                                                                                   WINN---

                                                                                                                                4
                                                                                                                             Compleat Photographer

                                                                                                                                           IV - 21

                AREA POLICIES                                                                      M",
                1. Log Storage
                  Log Storage  in the Lewis and Clark and Youngs
                Rivers should continue to be allowed at all existing
                sites, even in those instances where it is a non-con
                forming use in a Natural area. However, no new
                log storage sites should be allowed in Natural areas
                or in wetlands, where the logs would rest on the
                bottom at low tide.                                                                                 4
                2. Transportation Routes
                  All existing railroads and highways are consider-
                ed Development for the purpose of maintenance,
                repair and possible expansion, regardless of the
                adjacent aquatic or shoreland designation. Further-
                more, new transportation routes which may be re-
                quired through Natural or Conservation areas are
                allowed, but only on the condition that the most en-
                vironmentally sound construction methods are used
                and impacts of construction are minimized.
                3. Recreation and Public Access
                  Public waterfront access for recreation  should be
                improved throughout the Youngs Bay-Astoria area.                                           4L."
                                                                            Kv
                Particular emphasis should be given to small water-
                front parks in urbanized areas to serve    local resi-
                dents and day-use needs. The Astoria People Place
               'system concept of small parks, fishing     piers and
                viewpoints, connected by a waterfront walkway is
                strongly supported. Improvement of waterfront ac-
                cess and/or park construction is recommended: at
                                                                                       wit
                Tongue Point; in Astoria at the new Maritime Mu-
                seum, at 14th Street, between 9th-and 10th Streets,
                                                                                              EUX a
                at the foot of the Astoria-Megler Bridge, and at the
                Port docks; at small boat launches in the Youngs and
                Lewis and Clark Rivers; and on the west bank of the
                Skipanon, just south of the new Skipanon River
                Bridge, at Tansy Point, and adjacent to the Ham-
                mond Mooring Basin.

                                                   "J

                                                                     Z@

                                                                                              Pacific Northwest River Basins Commission

                 IV - 22

                                                                           42.01 HAMMOND

                          General Description
                            This subarea includes aquatic area and shorela                                 t@
                                                                                n                   A @r'4?3, F@'@
                                                                                  ds
                          within the Town of Hammond and its urban growth
                          boundary. The boundaries are the town limits on the                     Ron Pitfard - Searep Studio, cottric.". Chasop Count-,
                          east, the 40 foot depth contour on the north, the Fort
                          Stevens Highway on the south, and the urban                     cessible by car. The main commercial area is located
                          growth boundary on the west. The subarea is entire-             several blocks south of the mooring basin. The moor-
                          ly within the Town of Hammond. A small portion of               ing basin and adjacent shorelands are not yet fully
                          the Town of Hammond in the Columbia River, be-                  utilized. Because of the view and close access to the
                          tween the 40 foot depth contour and the northern                river, the recreational and aesthetic value of these
                          town limits, is included in Estuary Channels - 41.02.           shorelands is high. Land ownership is a mixture of
                          Aquatic Features                                                private, corporate and federal.
                            Aquatic areas include the Hammond Mooring                     Issues and Findings
                          Basin, the beach, and adjacent waters of the                      The major conflict in this area is between the very
                          Columbia River out to the 40 foot contour. Deep                 high water dependent development potential along
                          water of highly variable salinity is close to shore in          the river front and continued residential and recrea-
                          this reach. River bottom material is primarily sand;            tional uses of the area. The privately owned lands
                          finer materials are kept suspended by strong cur-               between Alaska Packers and the National Marine
                          rents, waves and ship wakes. With such coarse sedi-             Fisheries Service Field Station might be used for
                          ments, benthic productivity is not particularly high            either purpose. The other major issue is how to capi-
                          but there is substantial fish usage, particularly as a          talize on the potential of the mooring basin to stimu-
                          migration route for salmonids.                                  late the economy of the town. Associated with this is
                            The south jetty begins just west of the Hammond               the need for adequate dredged material disposal
                          Mooring Basin, but is much deteriorated and erosion             sites. Finally, recreational and aquatic research
                          is actively occurring inside the jetty. Erosion is also a       areas should be protected.
                          severe problem from just east of the boat basin to                In the Lower Columbia River Ports Region Study
                          the railroad. From this point east to the town limits           (Oregon Department of Transportation, 1975), the
                          the bank is rip-rapped and there is one pile dike               Columbia River shoreline between Tansy Point and
                          perpendicular to the shoreline to help control ero-             the Hammond Mooring Basin has been identified as
                          sion. Review of navigation charts published over the            one of the few areas between Portland and the river
                          lost 40 years indicates that naturally occurring deep           mouth with excellent potential for the development
                          water in this reach (up to 60 feet) is moving closer to         of water dependent industry. Other studies have
                          shore. Both boat docks extending into the river pro-            come to this same conclusion. Factors contributing to
                          vide evidence of this; they have had increa;ing                 this potential include:
                          problems with erosion and loss of piling. In contrast,          *Proximity to the main ship channel and river
                          there is a severe shoaling problem in the mooring                 mouth (River Mile 7-9);
                          basin. This problem has increased since protective              OlDeep water close to shore, minimizing the need to
                          breakwaters have been constructed. Sediments in                   dredge for navigational access;
                          the basin range from sand at the entrance to fine               @Railroad access; and
                          sand, silt and clays inside.                                    *Relatively low density of present use and substan-
                          Shoreland Features                                                vacant areas.
                                                                                            Development potential is somewhat diminished
                            The Hammond shorelands are relatively high                    by:
                          areas of sandy soils (Westport fine sand) influenced            0 -Strong river currents which are presently causing
                          both by the river and the ocean. Some areas of                    substantial shoreline erosion problems and which
                          sandy dredged material and Clatsop silty clay loam                make the construction of docks and piers more
                          are also found. Wildlife and bird use is low, except              difficult; and
                          along the shoreline and the spruce/alder vegetated              oExisting residential use of the area.
                          area west of Lake Drive, adjacent to Fort Stevens                 This development potential justifies the designa-
                          State Park.                                                     tion of the area east of Alaska Packers as Water
                          Human Use                                                       Dependent Development (this designation also con-
                            Residential,   commercial, industrial and recrea-             tinues eastward into Warrenton providing a large
                          tional uses coexist along the Hammond waterfront.               length of shoreline for water oriented develop-
                          The railroad runs along the shore from Tansy Point              ment). The designation prevents new residential de-
                          past Bioproducts, Inc. and ends at the Alaska Pack-             velopment in the area and provides for future in-
                          ers, Inc. plant. Residences and the National Marine             dustrial tax base expansion.
                          Fisheries Service- Research Station are the other de-             The CREST marina study (1978) showed a demand
                          veloped features of the waterfront east of the moor-            for 800-900 new moorages in the estuary area with a
                          ing basin. The sand beach between the mooring                   6-7% increase in demand each year. The Hammond
                          basin and Alaska Packers is undeveloped and used                Boat Basin, with only 178 berths and less than half
                          for beachcombing. The shoreline west of the moor-               the basin developed, has excellent potential to
                          ing basin is a popular viewpoint and is readily ac-             absorb part of this demand for qrowth. Its proximity

                                                                                                                                              IV - 23

                                                                                                                       7(E)

                                                                                                                      ee
                                                                                  14(S)

                                                                   HAMMOND
                                                                    U. G. 0. 4.

                                                                                     "k

                                                                                                                           7 TH..

                                                                                                                           6 TH

                                                                                                                                                                                    S, N1.

                                                ._HA.1k!M011D
                       Z5
                       C%i

                       Uj                        _WA @RCMTON                                                                            AQUATIC    SHORELAND
                                                                                                                              c      Waters Wet
                                                                                                                              .0            lands
                                                                                                                                                            Natural
                                                                                                                              0                             Comsermtion
                       cn
                                                                                                                                                            Rural
                                                                                                                                                            Development
                                                                                                                                                            I'll ater Dependmt
                                                                                                                                 3' Depth Contour         I
                                                                                                                                         Ih.reline k        D@elopment
                                                                                                                                     Non-oquaticVeg.
                                                        1000                                                                             Planning Boundary
                       z

                                                                                                                                                                                             NOR

                                                                                                           WAVARMTON          CITY             LIMIT$

                         to the river mouth fishing grounds, its location adja-          ment. In order to minimize the impacts on existing
                         cent to a large state park, the extensive area of un-           residences and preserve the unique potential of the
                         developed land around the basin, and the minimal                area, the following policies apply:
                         estuarine alterations (dredge and fill) necessary to             *Notwithstanding the fact that these residences are,
                         accomplish such expansion, combine to make this a                  a nonconforming use, in the event of complete
                         very high priority area for marina expansion.                      destruction by fire or other disaster, the residences
                            A dredged material disposal site for boat basin                 may be rebuilt.
                         expansion and subsequent maintenance dredging is                 *As feasible, new industrial development should
                         needed. The large area west of the present town                    be located so as to efficiently utilize the area and
                         limits is proposed for recreational facilities to sup-             minimize conflicts with existing residences.
                         port boat basin and town development, back-up                    OFills in the aquatic portions of this subarea shall be
                         parking facilities and other marina-related facilities.            allowed only in conjunction with bulkheading or
                         These uses would be facilitated by dredged material                quay construction along the present shoreline; no
                         disposal and thus justifies a Development designa-                 substantial parcels of new land shall be created.
                         tion for the area.                                              2. The Water Dependent Development area around
                            The need for the central commercial and residen-             the boat basin leased from the Corps of Engineers
                         tial core of the town to remain in those uses justifies         (north of 3rd Street) shall be carefully controlled for
                         a Development designation. Undeveloped areas to                 water dependent uses which support boat basin
                         the south have relatively poor development poten-               operation. The Water Dependent Development
                         tial because of soils, high water table, etc. Lots              area south of 3rd Street (to 4th or 5th Street, as
                         fronting Pacific Drive between the eastern city limits          indicated on the map) is also needed for water-
                         and Fleet Street will have sewer access in the future           oriented uses, but zoning in this area may also allow
                         and are suitable for residential use without filling or         for other commercial uses such as motels, hotels,
                         other substantial site preparation.                             restaurants, etc., if they can demonstrate they
                            The National Marine Fisheries Service Research               provide a needed service for users of the boat basin.
                         Station shorelands adjacent to the beach, the beach             Existing residences may be maintained or rebuilt, as
                         itself east to Alaska Packers and the adjacent waters           in Policy 1. above.
                         are important town recreational or aquatic research
                         areas. These values are preserved by the Conserva               Dredged Material Disposal Sites
                         tion designation.                                               - Three shoreland dredged material disposal sites
                         Aquatic Designations                                            are located in this subarea. All relate to dredging
                            From the town limits on    the east to and including         associated with the Hammond Mooring Basin. Two
                         the Alaska Packers facility,  the aquatic area from the         of the sites are currently used by the Corps for chan-
                         shoreline out to the 40 foot depth contour is desig-            nel maintenance [13(S)] and the Town for basin
                         nated Development. From Alaska Packers west to                  maintenance [14(S)]. The third site is for projected
                         the urban growth boundary, the aquatic area from                basin expansion [12(S)]. (cf Dredged Material Man-
                         the high water mark out to the 40 foot depth contour            agement 57.30, 59.)
                         is designated Conservation, except on the west side             Restoration and Resource Enhancement
                         of the mooring basin, which is Development from                    Two eroded shoreline restoration sites are in this
                         the shoreline out to the 20 foot contour. The mooring           subarea. The first [7(E)] is located just west of the
                         basin is designated Development. The aquatic area               boat basin. The shoreline has eroded in this area
                         outside the 40 foot depth contour is Conservation               more than 50 feet landward from the jetty, which
                         out. to the channel,. which is designated Develop-              was the original shoreline. Restoration would in-
                         ment (see Estuary Channels [41.02] for details..                volve use of dredged material from the boat basin
                         Shoreland Designations                                          entrance to restore the original shoreline, more ef-
                            From the town line on the east to and including              fective rip-rap and development of a small water-
                         the property of Alaska Packers, Inc., the shoreland is          front park. This scenic viewpoint already gets signi-
                         designated Water Dependent Development, except                  f icant use, but continues to erode away.
                         fora 100foot deep strip north of Pacific Drive, which              The second site [8(E)] is located between Alaska
                         is Development. From Alaska Packers west to the                 Packers and the boat basin, where up to 50 feet has
                         east edge of the National Marine Fisheries Service              eroded away. Restoration of the original shoreline is
                         research facility, the shorelands are Development,              proposed using coarse, sandy dredged material
                         except for the northern, undeveloped portion of the             from basin entrance maintenance or by pipeline
                         research station, which is Conservation. The shore-             dredging from the adjacent channel. (cf Restoration
                         land area surrounding the mooring basin is Water                and Mitigation 65.)
                         Dependent Development, bounded on the west by                   Mitigation Needs
                         Lake Drive and the urban growth boundray, on the                   Expansion of the Hammond Mooring Basin could
                         south by 4th Street (Kindred Park Addition), or 5th             involve dredging of 10-15 acres of productive inter-
                         Street. (New Astoria Addition). The remainder of the            tidal flats on the east side of the basin. Some restor-
                         shorelands to the south and west are designated                 ation, habitat creation or resource enhancement
                         Development.                                                    actions to mitigate the impacts of this dredging may
                         Subarea Policies                                                be required. Since there are no sites in the imme-
                                                                                         diate area for restoration of equivalent habitat, the
                         1. The shoreland area between the eastern town                  site at Swash Lake (Fort Stevens) or sites in Youngs
                         line and the westernmost property line of Alaska                Bay should be utilized. (cf Restoration and Mitiga-
                         Packers is designated Water Dependent Develop-
                                                                                         tion, 66. 10.)
                                                                                                                                              IV-25

                                                      42.02 TANSY POINT/ALDER COVE

                                                                               and the area gets extensive use by downstream
                 General Description                                           migrant juvenile salmon and other fishes. The area
                   This subarea lies entirely within the City of War-          also supports many waterfowl, shorebirds, and other
                 renton. It includes aquatic areas in Alder Cove,              wildlife [cf aquatic features for Youngs Bay (42.07)].
                 Tansy Creek, and the Columbia River out to the 40             Shoreland Features
                 foot depth contour, and shorelands adjacent to the
                 Columbia River and south to Tansy Creek. The west-              Along the Columbia River, shorelands are rela-
                 ern boundary is the Warrenton city limits. The south-         tively high in elevation and soils are Westport fine
                 ern boundary is Fort Stevens Highway, Tansy Creek             sand and fill. South and west of the Fort Stevens
                 and the dike around Alder Cove.                               Highway and adjacent to Tansy Creek, the shore-
                                                                               lands are low and poorly drained silty clay looms.
                 Aquatic Features                                              The shoreline from Tansy Point west is rip-rapped to
                   The aquatic features of this area include the Co-           retard erosion.
                 lumbia River beach front, the river out to the 40 foot          Because of the scenic view and the immediate
                 depth contour, and the wetlands of Alder Cove and             access to the river, the aesthetic and recreational
                 Tansy Creek. Deep water of highly variable salinity           value of the Tansy Point area is very high. Portions of
                 is close to shore along the Tansy Point reach. River          the area are undeveloped and support wildlife.
                 bottom material is primarily coarse sand; finer
                 materials are kept suspended by strong currents,              Human Use
                 waves and ship wakes. With such coarse sediments,               Low density residential, recreational and indus-
                 benthic productivity is not particularly high from            trial uses all occur on the shoreland and aquatic
                 Tansy Point west, but there is substantial fish usage,        areas of Tansy Point. The major industries are Bio-
                 particularly as a migration route for juvenile                products, Inc. and the Pacific Shrimp Packing Plant.
                 salmonids.                                                    There are residences and vacant land between
                   Erosion is occurring on the west spit of the Skipa-         Tansy Point and the western city limits. Ownership is
                 non peninsula adjacent to this subarea and just               largely private, corporate or City of Warrenton. The
                 south of Tansy Point in Alder Cove. From Tansy Point          railroad'runs along the shoreline through this sub-
                 west to the city limits, two pile dikes and riprop help       area.
                 retard shoreline erosion.                                       The marshes of Alder Cove receive some scientific
                   The Alder Cove wetlands become more protected               research and hunting use, and the Warrenton
                 toward the south; sediments are progressively finer           sewage lagoon effluent drains into the Cove. Other-
                 and extensive marshes fringe the cove outside the             wise, human use of Alder Cove is minimal. The Port
                 dike. The marsh area on the east side of the cove, a          of Astoria owns tidelands outside the dike on the
                 small portion of which is in the Mouth of the Skipa-          south and west sides. Warrenton Lumber Company
                 non subarea (42.06), has developed since the con-             owns tidelands adjacent to the peninsula on the
                 struction of the Skipanon peninsulas in the 1930's.           west bank of the Skipanon River.
                 The biology of Alder Cove is similar to Youngs Bay,           Issues and Findings
                 of which it was once    part. Salinities are somewhat           Alder Cove tidal marshes and flats are widely
                 higher in Alder  Cove, however, since it is closer to         recognized as a unique area. The Nature Conser-
                 the ocean and has no major tributaries. Benthic               vancy has identified it as a potential natural area,
                 populations  are very   high, particularly amphipods,         because of its value to fish and wildlife and its
                                                                               historical use as a scientific research area. The exist-
                                                                               ing and potential development adjacent to the
                                                                               Cove, and the secondary sewage treatment effluent
                                                                               discharged into the Cove degrade its natural values
                                                                               somewhat.
                                                                                 Tansy Point has several unique features which
                                                                               make it especially suited for water dependent de-
                                                                               velopment. The Lower Columbia River Ports Region
                                                                               Study, prepared by the Oregon Department of Trans-
                                                                               portation in 1975, and the 1977 Port of Astoria Master
                                                                               Plan identify the Tansy Point area as important to
                                        -A                                     reserve for port development. It is adjacent to the
                                                                               main ship channel. Water depths very close to shore
                                                                               are 50 feet or more, and the area is naturally
                                                                               scoured. However, the strong      tidal currents which
                                                                               produce this scour effect represent a possible dis
                                                                               advantage for mooring ships. According to Colum-
                                                                               bia River bar pilots, however, this is not a serious
                                                                                roblem. Historically, the area   (Town of Flavel) was
                                                                               p                                                               0
                                                                               used for passenger steamship      docking. Because of
                                                                               the
                                                                                   natural scour and deep water, initial and main-

                 IV - 26

                          tenance dredging would be significantly le-ss than              number two is to be specifically set aside for park
                          most other potential deep draft ship development                purposes. The third parcel is allowed to have these
                          sites, particularly if the moorage were not directly            uses or certain marine and tourist oriented business-
                          adjacent to the shoreline. The proximity of this site to        es. Parcels two and three may not be sold by the city.
                          the ocean and the excellent condition of the 40 foot            If the city uses the land-for purposes other than stip-
                          channel downstream mean that the site is one of                 ulated in the deed restrictions, the land will revert to
                          few locations where, by judicious use of tides for bar          the former owners. Designation of parcel number
                          crossing, vessels drawing in excess of 40 feet could            one as Development Shoreland to allow for resi-
                          be accommodated. As such, the site could provide                dential development, however, requires an excep-
                          the required mooring capability for economically                tion to the Land Conservation and Development
                          shipping or receiving liquid or dry bulks in vessel             Commission Coastal Shorelands (number 17) Goal
                          sizes significantly greater than those using other port         (cf Appendix B).
                          sites on the Columbia River or the State of Oregon.
                             The Tansy Point area has rail and highway access,            Aquatic Designations
                          but these apparent advantages may actually be dis-                The aquatic area along the Columbia River from
                          advantages from a regional perspective. Significant             the western city limits to Tansy Point is designated
                          development at Tansy Point, combined with other                 Development, out to the pierhead line. East of Tansy
                          potential industrial development in Warrenton, may              Point the water area is Conservation. The wetlands
                          require rail or highway improvements across Youngs              south of the Conservation waters are designated
                          Bay. For example, if construction of a second rail              Natural, except for a 50 foot Conservation buffer
                          line across Youngs Bay to support development 'in               area extending outward from the line of non-aquatic
                          Warrenton is needed, it could have a significant                vegetation and a wider Conservation area at the
                          impact on the Youngs Bay ecosystem.                             southern end of Alder Cove where effluent from the
                            The Tansy Point area also has potential for resi-             sewage ponds is discharged.
                          dential development. The area will soon be sewer-
                          ed, there is already low density housing west      toward       Shoreland Designations
                          the city limits, and the park-like waterfront setting is          All of the shorelands in this subarea are desig-
                          aesthetically very desirable. Use of at least a portion         nated Water Dependent Development, except for
                          of the area for residences would not preclude                   parcel number one of the area deeded to the City of
                          marine industrial development at Tansy Point and                Warrenton by the Carruthers, which is designated
                          south to Tansy Creek, although it would limit its               Development to allow residential use.
                          extent. There is also a significant portion of the City's       Subarea Policies
                          shorelines set aside for marine industrial develop-
                          ment along the Skipanon Waterway; the need for                    1. Notwithstanding the fact that residences within
                          additional marine industrial area at Tansy Point is             the Water Dependent Development shorelands of
                          debatable.                                                      this subarea are a nonconforming use, in the event
                            Complicating the issue of marine inclustrial de-              of their destruction by fire or other disaster recon-
                          velopment versus a mixture of residential and                   struction may be allowed.
                          marine industrial use of Tansy Point are deed re-               2. A water-oriented park site at least 3.5 acres in
                          strictions on three parcels of land (16 acres total)            size shall be set aside in the city-owned shoreland
                          deeded to the City of Warrenton by Eben and Nancy               area between N.W. 17th and N.W. 15th Streets.
                          Carruthers. According to the deed restrictions, parcel
                          number one may only be used for single family                   3. The Natural ticleflats and marshes of Alder Cove
                          dwellings and necessary outbuildings, Parcel                    shall be protected from alterations. Such protection,
                                                                                          however, should not preclude intensive develop-
                                                                                          ment of the adjacent Water Dependent Develop-
                                                                                          ment or Development Shorelands nor necessary dike
                                                                                          maintenance. The vegetative Conservation buffer
                                                                                          shall be preserved between Alder Cove and adja-
                                 CO'L"fS14               1_t@:                            cent developed areas.
                                                   R1 Veq                                 4. Large-scale fills are not appropriate in the Devel.
                                                                                          opmentAquatic portions of this subarea; filling shall
                                                                                          be allowed only for bulkheading or quay construc-
                                                                                          tion along the present shoreline; no substantial par-
                                                                                          cels of new land shall be created,
                                                                      TANSY    PT
                            aft/                                                          Dredged Material Disposal
                                                              w
                              U                                                            There are three dredged material disposal sites in
                              U AN? 7,
                                                                                          this subarea, 16(S) located on the point itself, 18(S)
                                                             \A                           south of Tansy Point to Tansy Creek, and 17(S) south-
                                                         'A                               west of Tansy Point across Fort Stevens Highway. All
                                                                                          three sites are associated with potential dredging at
                                                                                          Tansy Point, but their capacity significantly exceeds
                                                                                          the amount of material to be generated (cf Dredged
                                                                                          material Management, 57.40, 59).

                                                                                                                                            IV - 27

                 TANSY POINT                 ALDER COVE                                                       SUBAREA 42.02

                                                      \\

                                                                                                                               co
                      geo

                                  I-A

                                           ALDER      CREEK
               6 PC

                                      71

                                                    SKIPANON     RIvER

                IV - 28

                                                                  42.03 NORTH WARRENTON

                         General Description                                           Aquatic Designations
                           This subarea is entirely shorelands, except for               Alder Creek is designated Conservation.
                         Alder Creek and the Warrenton sewage lagoons. It is
                         bounded by Tansy Creek on the north, the dike adja-           Shoreland Designations
                         cent to Alder Cove on the northeast, N.E. Skipanon              All of the shorelands in this subarea are desig-
                         Drive on the east, and the Fort Stevens Highway on            nated Development.
                         the south and west. It includes rural, residential and        Subarea Policy
                         commercial areas.                                               Widening and strengthening of the dike shall be
                         Aquatic Features                                              allowed as necessary to provide for its use by heavy
                           Alder Creek has a ticlegate near its mouth. Little is       vehicles.
                         known of its aquatic productivity. The Warrenton
                         sewage lagoons empty into Alder Cove. They re-
                         ceive considerable bird usage and populations of
                         aquatic organisms are probably high.
                         Shoreland Features                                                                                          ... ..
                           The area is low, marshy, diked land with the ex-
                         ception of low hills south of the sewage lagoons.
                         Much of the area is either forested (alder, spruce) or
                         agricultural land of moderate value. Wildlife use of
                         forested and pasture areas is probably considerable,
                         particularly in the areas adjacent to Alder Cove. The
                         primary development hazard is flooding; however,
                         only the lowest areas between Alder and Tansy
                         Creeks are in the floodplain. The dike is maintained
                         by the City of Warrenton.
                         Hum-an Use
                           Residential  and rural   uses predominate except
                         immediately    adjacent to downtown Warrenton,
                         where there is some commercial development. The
                         Warren House on Skipanon Drive is a State Historical
                         Landmark. There is a recreational vehicle park adia-
                         cent to Tansy Creek. Immediately adjacent to this
                         subarea on the east is the Warrenton Lumber Com-
                         pany plant. The railroad runs north-south through
                         .the subarea and road access is provided by the Fort                looo,
                         Stevens Highway. Land ownership is private and
                         corporate. Utilities are provided by the city, but not
                         all of the subarea is sewered.
                         Issues and Findings
                           The subarea does not have navigational access to
                         the Columbia River or the Skipanon. The parcel                Dredged Material Disposal
                         between the dike and the railroad and to the north              Three dredged material disposal sites [19(S),
                         and west of the sewage' lagoons has recently been             20(S), 22(S)] are located in this subarea and a fourth
                         acquired by the Warrenton Lumber Company for                  [21(S)] to the west of the subarea boundary (not in
                         possible expansion of their facilities. Other areas           the shorelands area). All four sites are proposed for
                         have considerable potential for residential develop-          use in coniuficti:on with maintenance of Skipanon
                         ment, except perhaps the low-lying lands between              River dredging projects. A primary concern for
                         Alder and Tansy Creeks that are in the floodplain.            disposal will be the nature of the sediments and
                                                                                       their potential to support structures for residential,
                                                                                       commercial or industrial use. (cf Dredged Material
                                                                                       Management Plan 57.50, 59.)

                                                                                                                                       IV - 29

                                                     42.04 UPPER SKIPANON RIVER

                General Description
                   This subarea includes  portions of Warrenton and
                Clatsop County. It is bounded on the north by U.S.
                Highway 101, and follows the Skipanon River and
                several small tributaries southward to the extent of
                tideland soils. Although it is predominantly rural                                                      "01
                with parcels of agricultural and timber lands, a par-
                tion of the old AMAX industrial site is included.
                Portions of the area east of the Skipanon River out-
                side the present Warrenton city limits are inside the
                Warrenton Urban Growth Boundary.
                Aquatic Features
                   The characteristics of the Skipanon River above
                the 8th Street dam are discussed in 42.05 (Middle
                Skipanon River).
                Shoreland Features
                   This is a rural area with some agricultural land and
                                                                                                                        t M's
                moderate timber values. Wildlife habitat is excellent
                along the river with thick strands of riparian-wetland
                vegetation. The area is low and poorly drained.
                Flow control dams have reduced but not eliminated
                the flood hazard. There is some residential use of
                the area. Warrenton High School and several com-
                mercial establishments are located on higher ground
                west of the river in the northern portion of the sub-
                area.
                Human Use
                   The major uses are agricultural, timber harvest-
                ing, rural housing and hunting. Cranberry bogs are
                present in some low-lying areas. The area is not
                sewered and city water is available only along Dol-
                phin Road, east of the river. U.S. Highway 101 and
                several county roads and bridges provide access to
                the lands west of the river.
                Issues and Findings
                   Development potential     is generally low except
                along the right-of-way of    the proposed U.S. High-                                      N
                way 101 realignment and in the small portion of the
                subarea which is part of the AMAX industrial site.            Shoreland Designations
                Within the present Warrenton city limits there are              West of the Skipanon River, shorelands within the
                residential and commercial uses and the High                  Warrenton city limits are designated Development;
                School. East of the Skipanon River, the proposed              the remaining shorelands are designated Rural.
                Urban Growth Boundary includes the AMAX indus-                East of the Skipanon River, shorelands within' the
                trial property. Water quality is a problem in the Skip-       industrial site are designated Development; the re-
                anon River; industrial development in the area                maining shorelands are designated Rural except for
                should be designed so as not to contribute to this            the area south of the industrial site, which is desig-
                problem. The remainder of the subarea has low de-             nated Conservation for forestry use.
                velopment potential. Low-intensity uses which do
                not -degrade the freshwater wetland values along              Subarea Policy
                the river are appropriate.                                      Notwithstanding the Development designation for
                Aquatic Designations                                          aquatic areas within the industrial site and the Con-
                   The Skipanon River and its tributaries within this         servation designation for forested shorelands to the
                subarea are designated Conservation, except for               south, development in and adjacent to those creeks
                those aquatic areas which fall within the boundaries          and logging shall be carried out so as to minimize
                of the industrial site, which are designated Develop-         stream sedimentation and preserve riparian vegeta-
                ment.                                                         tion and water quality.

                IV - 30

                                                                                                        UPPER SKIPANON SUBAREA 42

                                                                        SKIPANON RIVER
                                                                                           lot

                                                                                                                                 AQUATIC SHORHAND

                                                                                                                                                 Natural

                                                                                                                                                 RUM,

                                                                                                                                                      DWndc-t
                                                                                                                                                 Develkme-f

                                                                                                                                   Pjonnmg boundary

                                                                                                            WARRENTON    U.G.9.

                                                                lot

                                                                                                      1000,

                                                      42.05 MIDDLE        SKIPANON RIVER

                General Description
                  This subarea contains shorelands of the City of                 Much of the shoreland east of the Skipanon River
                Warrenton on both sides of the Skipanon River,                 is seasonally wetland, covered by shrubs, spruce
                diked marshes east of the Skipanon, and the aquatic            and other trees. Wildlife and bird habitat values are
                areas of the river itself between the Harbor Street            high in some portions. Some lands close to Harbor
                Bridge and Highway 101. Although parts of                      Drive and U.S. Highway 101 are agricultural. Lands
                downtown Warrenton and a major shopping center                 outside the dike are heavily vegetated and marshy
                are included, the subarea is largely vacant land,              in some locations.
                residential or low density commercial and light                Human Use
                industrial. The entire subarea lies within the present            Lands west of the Skipanon are in residential and
                Warrenton city limits.                                         commercial uses. The wetlands east of the river are
                Aquatic Features                                               largely vacant and without road access or utilities.
                  The average fresh water flow of the Skipanon                 Residential, commercial, agricultural and light in-
                River is only about 50 cfs. The circulation in the             dustrial uses are scattered along Harbor Drive and
                reach below the 8th    Street dam (River Mile 2.6) is          U.S. Highway 101, which provide highway access.
                therefore dominated    by tidal currents, and the flush-       The railroad runs along Harbor Drive, just outside
                ing is poor (flushing time: 10 to 38 days).                    this subarea. Water and sewer are available only
                  Flows in the river above the 8th Street dam are              along the major roads. Timber value is low, but
                influenced by natural variations and the two dams              there is some prime farmland. Zoning is Residential,
                further upstream. Flushing time is estimated at 12 to          Commercial and light Industrial. Land ownership is
                40 days. Water quality in the Skipanon River below             mostly private, much in large holdings, with some
                the dam ranges from poor to moderate. During late              public and corporate.
                summer, low flow periods, severe depletion of dis-             Issues and Findings
                solved oxygen has been observed. Water quality is                 East of the Skipanon River the development po-
                degraded by industrial wastes, boat traffic, fish              tential is limited by the flood hazard, poor soils and
                wastes and non-point sources. Water quality above              the lack of a sewer system. Any portion of the area
                the dam is somewhat better, but peat soils in some             that could be filled with dredged or other material
                tributary sloughs deplete dissolved oxygen.                    could be developed, however,
                  In addition to the dams, the river channel itself               The Skipanon River south of the Harbor Street
                has been considerably altered. The channel has                 Bridge has significant potential for the development
                been straightened just above the Harbor Street                 of marinas for recreational boats if the facilities can
                Bridge, creating a second island. The old Skipanon             be designed to minimize further degradation of
                Slough has been entirely severed from the river by             water quality. The CREST Marina Study (1978)
                construction of the boat basin. The connection to              showed an unfilled demand of 800 to 900 moorages
                Cullaby Lake is an artificial channel.                         in the estuary. Dem'and is increasing at a rate of 6%
                  Because of its small drainage area, water-quality            to 7% per year. This shortage of moorages affects
                limitations and the dams, the Skipanon River is not a          both recreational boaters and commercial fishing
                major fisheries resource, though small wild runs of            vessels. Construction of marina facilities above the
                coho and sea-run cutthroat trout have been ob-                 Harbor Street Bridge would provide badly needed
                served. Despite large amounts of bark chips and                moorages for recreational boating and enable some
                anoxic sediments in some areas, benthic and water              of the moorage facilities north of the bridge to
                column productivities are fair to moderate in some             convert from recreational to larger commercial fish-
                locations. Sediments below the dam are almost                  ing vessel use. The 8th Street dam prevents the
                entirely contributed by the Columbia River and                 possibility of water oriented development upstream
                timber operations. Sediments above the dam are                 at this time.
                derived from the Skipanon River drainage basin.                   Resource agencies have noted both the water
                  Extensive diked wetlands are found to the east of            quality problems in the Skipanon River and some
                the Skipanon River. There are also wetlands along              habitat values of the islands and marsh areas. If
                the river itself, including the two major islands.             water quality can be protected, the development
                Shoreland Features                                             potential of this area in the middle of the City of
                  Virtually this entire subarea consists of          low,      Warrenton, however, could be pursued.
                poorly-drained silty clay looms protected by        dikes      Aquatic Designations
                along both sides of the Skipanon River and         along          The Skipanon River is designated Development
                Youngs Bay and Alder Cove. The subarea is almost               from the Harbor Street Bridge to the 8th Street dam.
                entirely within the floodplain. Dikes are maintained           The remaining aquatic portions of this subarea are
                by the City of Warrenton.                                      designated Conservation.
                  The CREST planning area to the west of the Skipa-
                non River takes in only a 200-foot strip inland along          Shoreland Designations
                the shoreline. This is a residential and commercial               All of the shorelands of this subarea are desig-
                nren.                                                          nated Development.

                IV - 32

                         Subarea Policies                                              Dredged Material Disposal
                            1. Development along the shoreline of the Skipa-             Two large dredged material disposal sites are in
                         non River between Harbor Drive and 8th Street shall           this subarea; one just east of the Skipanon [23(S)],
                         include a Tourist/Commercial mixture of water                 north and  south of the dam, and one further to the
                         dependent, water related and other uses.                      east across a slough [24(S)I. Both sites have potential
                                                                                       use for dredging projects in the Skipanon, both
                         2. Freshwater wetland areas of particular natural             above and below the Harbor Street Bridge. Addi-
                         resource and habitat value should be protected to             tionally, there is a small site associated with possible
                         the extent possible during the development of fhe             projects on the Skipanon [26(S)I. (cf Dredged Mate-
                         Skipanon River below the dam and the entire area              rial Management Plan 57.10, 57.50, 59.)
                         east of the Skipanon.                                         Mitigation Needs
                         3. The water quality impacts of development in the              The Development designation of the aquatic areas
                         Middle Skipanon will be evaluated prior to approval           between the Harbor Street Bridge and the 8th Street
                         of projects, particulairly in the area between the 8th        dam provides for uses which may require dredging
                         Street dam and the Harbor Street Bridge. Alterations          of interticla*I areas and posiibly limited filling. De-
                         which have a decidedly negative water quality im-             tailed proposals are not available, but mitigation
                         pact or result in a decrease in the flushing rate will        will be required for dredging and filling of intertidal
                         not normally be permitted.                                    and tidal marsh areas. (cf Restoration and Mitiga-
                                                                                       t i a n, 66.20.

                                                    0

                           S.E. 9 T ST.

                                                                                               AOUATIC SHORELAND
                                                                                             W.1- W ,

                                                                                                           NW.-I
                                                                                                           C--tion
                                                                                                           R.-(

                                                                                                           M f@ DP@dmf
                                                                                           3'D,Plh C,ntour.. D@IP-t
                                                                                                Sh-lo
                                                                                              No-q-ticVeg.
                                                                                                P1 ... i@g B-d-Y

                                   101                                         1000,

                                                                           .. . . . . . . . .

                                        SKIPANON  IVER

                                                                                                                                         IV - 33

                                                 42.06 MOUTH OF THE SKIPANON RIVER

                  General Description                                         not presently use the Skipanon River, the channel is
                   This subarea contains the filled and diked share-          maintained at a depth of between 14 and 20 feet by
                  lands north of Harbor Drive and east of S0panon             hopper dredge (disposal in-water at Tansy Point).
                  Drive, the Skipanon River from the Harbor Street            Small amounts of material were removed in 1975
                  Bridge to its mouth, and adjacent Columbia River            and 1979. Because the sediments near the bridges
                  waters out to the navigation channel. Parts of down-        are highly organic and may contain toxic sub-
                  town Warrenton are also included. The subarea lies          stances, dredging in this reach requires land or
                  entirely within the present Warrenton city limits.          ocean disposal.
                                                                                Included in this subarea are portions of the
                  Aquatic Features                                            marshes and tide flats west and north of the west spit
                   The mouth of the Skipanon River was originally             and east and north of the east spit. These marshes
                  low and marshy. The river channel has been                  and tide flats are similar to other nearby flats and
                  widened and deepened and several tributary                  marshes in Youngs Bay and Alder Cove. Their
                  sloughs closed off. The Skipanon Peninsulas were            characteristics are described under 42.07.
                  created by fill during the late 1920's-1930's. These
                  large fills have severed Alder Cove from Youngs Bay         Shoreland Features
                  and caused the Skipanon River to empty into the               Most land in this subarea is agricultural (grazing)
                  main channel of the Columbia River, rather than into        or developed (commercial and industrial). Soils are
                  Youngs Bay. The Warrenton Mooring Basin was                 sandy fill or Coquille-Ticlal Marsh (fresh) - Clatsop
                  created from land by dredging. The aquatic features         Association. All of this subarea east of the Skipanon
                  of Youngs Bay and Alder Cove have been described            River is in the floodplain, except for an area of fill
                  under 42.07 and 42.02, respectively.                        part of the way out the east spit. Wildlife values are
                   The 8th Street dam effectively divides the Skipa-          low to moderate.
                  non River into two bodies of water. Except during the       Human Use
                  winter months, fresh water flow in the Skipanon               Commercial and industrial uses are dominant in
                  River is low (average flow 50 cfs), and Columbia            this subarea. There is some grazing and a few
                  River water and ocean water are the main water              houses along Harbor Drive. In addition to the War-
                  masses observed below the 8th Street dam. Salinity          renton Mooring Basin, there are several other
                  intrusion occurs here whenever salinity is present in       marinas, a charter boat operation, two fish pro-
                  the adjacent Columbia River waters. Despite the low         cessors that release wastes into the river, and one
                  fresh water flow, strong vertical differences in salin-     condominium complex with another under con-
                  ity occur during the fall, and bottom waters may            struction. Warrenton Lumber Company, the largest
                  become stagnant. Dissolved oxygen levels well               industry in the city, sorts logs in-water and stores
                  below state and federal standards have been ob-             them on both sides of the navigation channel. The
                  served, but are probably infrequent and moderately          only industry presently using the east spit is a cement
                  high numbers of benthic organisms have been found           plant. As befits the industrial nature of the area,
                  in some areas. lporganic sediments are largely of           ownership is largely Port, County or corporate. The
                  Columbia River origin. Near the mouth of the riv   .er,     agricultural value of the area is low and there is no
                  the sediments are largely clean sand. The proportion        commercial timber.
                  of fine material, organic matter and wood debris in-          Highway access is provided by Harbor Drive and
                  creases in the upriver direction. Anoxic bottom sedi-       Sk'ipanon Drive. The railroad runs along the southern
                  ments occur in the developed area below the                 border of this subarea. Access to both the Skipanon
                  bridge. Flushing times and fish runs in the Skipanon        and Columbia Rivers is available from the spits.
                  River have been discussed under 42.05.                      Access to the Columbia River has not been devel-
                   The shallow areas of sandy substrate north of the          oped, however, and would require dredging, filling
                  Skipanon River spits are similar to adjacent areas in       or piering out to deep water.
                  Youngs Bay and Alder Cove. Such areas have low to             The marshes on Alder Cove and Youngs Bay adja-
                  moderate numbers of benthic organisms, but re-              cent to this parcel receive recreational use for
                  ceive considerable usage by fish and large inverte-         hunting,
                  brates, such as shrimp and crab. Deeper areas adja-
                  cent to the main navigation channel are less pro-
                  ductive for bethos. These areas are described under         Issues and Findings
                  41.02.                                                        Land use planning for the mouth of the Skipanon
                   The authorized navigation project in the Skipanon          River must come to terms with the direct and sub-
                  River is 30 feet deep and 200 feet wide from the            stantial conflicts between resource protection and
                  Columbia River Channel to the railroad bridge and 6         industrial development. The area contains both in-
                  feet deep and 40 feet wide for 4500 feet upstream           dustrial sites of great value and significant natural
                  from the railroad bridge. Also included is the 12 foot      resource values. Both peninsulas of the Skipanon
                  deep mooring basin and a 30 foot deep turning               River are especially suitable for water dependent
                  basin just north of the mooring basin. The-channel          industry. There are sizeable parcels of vacant land in
                  above the bridge has never been dredged and the             both public and corporate ownership. The adjacent
                  8th Street dam precludes access to the lost 0.3 miles       Skipanon River has an authorized deep draft chan-
                  of authorized channel. Since ocean going ships do           nel. The main navicIation channel of the Columbia

                  IV - 34

                          River is immediately accessible. There is railroad               The construction of a shipping facility and back-up
                          access.                                                       area on the west peninsula would have some impact
                            The three adjacent aquatic areas here contain im-           upon the valuable wetlands of Alder Cove. Locating
                          portant natural resource values (see Aquatic Fea-             the 580 x 1500' area immediately north of the pre-
                          tures of 42.02, 42.06, and 42.07). Scientific studies         sent facilities would impact approximately 7.8 acres
                          have shown that both Alder Cove and Youngs Bay                of marsh area. 4.2 acres would be below Mean High
                          make significant contributions to the fisheries re-           Water (MHW) and 3.6 acres would be above MHW.
                          source, particularly salmon.                                  The total of 7.8 acres of 10.4% of the approximately
                            The east peninsula of the Skipanon River has been           75 acres of marsh in Alder Cove. By locating the
                          intensively studied for its development potential and         facility directly on the Harbor Line and as far south as
                          the impacts of development on natural resource                possible, these figures represent the minimum poss-
                          values. In connection with a proposed-oil rig fabri-          ible impacts on Alder Cove.
                          cation facility on this, an environmental impact                 Practical alternatives to construction of the log and
                          statement and a mitigation study have been com-               lumber loading facility do not exist. The natural re-
                          pleted.                                                       source values of adjacent Alder Cove require that
                            The west peninsula of the Skipanon River is                 the facility be designed to minimize impacts on the
                          presently occupied by Warrenton Lumber Company.               Cove. Economics require that the facility be con-
                          This largest employer in the City of Warrenton has            structed immediately adjacent to the existing Com-
                          continued to make substantial investments in its              pany operations. The long-term economic viability
                          facilities. The Company has expansion plans which             of Warrenton's largest employer requires that the
                          would involve the development of a two-berth log              Company find an alternative to the costly transporta-
                          and lumber shipping facility on the Skipanon River.           tion and double handling which result from the
                          At the present time the Company's products are                present practice of transporting products to Astoria
                          moved by truck through downtown Warrenton to the              for shipment. A log and lumber loading facility on
                          Port of Astoria for shipment. Development of a ship           the Skipanon adjacent to present operations with an
                          loading facility on the Skipanon would result in sub-         adequate back-up area designed to minimize harm-
                          stantial cost savings to the Company and would also           ful effects on Alder Cove is the only feasible choice.
                          bring about a reduction in truck traffic through                The west peninsula of the Skipanon River also has
                          downtown Warrenton.                                           significant potential for extra deep draft access di-
                            A log and lumber loading facility requires ap-              rectly on the Columbia River. Natural 40' water
                          proximately twenty acres of "back-up" area next to            depths occur about 1500' from the end of the penin-
                          the ship berths. This area must be directly adjacent          sula. There is ample space for manuevering and
                          to the loading dock in order to avoid double                  docking large ships. The proximity of this site to the
                          handling of logs and lumber. Such double handling             ocean and the excellent condition of the 40' channel
                          would not be economically feasible. A wide back-up            downstream mean that the site is one of few loca-
                          area of shallow depth would be the most desirable             tions where, by judicious use of tides, vessels draw-
                          since a larger number of logs can be stored closer to         ing in excess of 40' could be accommodated. As
                          the vessels, thus reducing haul distances, equipment          such, the site could provide the required mooring
                          requirements and, consequently, costs. As a length            capability for economically shipping or receiving
                          of approximately 1500 feet would be required for              liquid or dry bulks in vessel sizes significantly
                          berthing two ships, the twenty acre requirement               greater than those using other port sites on the Co-
                          would result in a depth of 580 feet for the back-up           lumbia River or in Oregon. Very few alternatives
                          area.                                                         sites for extra deep draft shipping in bulk cargoes
                                                                                        are available. The east bank of the Skipanon, a
                                                                                        possible alternative, may be committed to other

                                     -7    WU

                                                                                                                 Port (if Astoria Photo

                                                                                                                                         IV - 35

                                                                                          SHIP           CHANNEL

                            MOUTH         OF THE SKIPANON                                                                           42.06

                                       L4000k                                                                        AQUATIC SHORELAND
                                                                                                                  Waters Wet-
                                                                                                                         landsl
                                                                                                                                     : Naturai
                                                                                                           0
                                                                                                                                      UonservaflOn

                                                                                                                                      D@etopm@t
                                                                                                                                      Water Dependmi
                                                                                                                                      DmeloPmml
                                                                                                                      @,horelme i
                                                                                                                   Non-aqu tic Veg.
                                                                                                                       Planning Boundary
                                    A

                        JIF

                                                                 HARBOR

                                                                                                       DRIVE
                                                                                                                                -7-

                                                                                  1000,
                                       NORTH                                                                            101
                                                                                                                     N@,

               IV - 36

                          uses. The Tansy Point area is an additional alterna-          Subarea Policies
                          tive but is subject to controversy over deed restric-         1. Development of shorelands and adjacent aquatic
                          tions on important portions of the area.                      areas on the east and west peninsulas of the Skipa-
                            An extra deep draft bulk shipping facility could be         non River shall be carried out so as to minimize od-
                          built on the west peninsula of the Skipanon without           verse environmental impacts on productive tidal
                          requiring any dredging or filling of shallow pro-             marshes, mud-sand flats, wildlife, fisheries and
                          ductive areas. Vacant back-up land is available west          other important natural values of Youngs Bay and
                          and north of the Warrenton sewer lagoons (see                 Alder Cove. Site planning shall include provision for
                          42.03). An elevated conveyor-belt operation could             vegetative buffers and other means for shielding the
                          be constructed on piling without making additional            developed areas from adjacent marshes and flats.
                          encroachments on Alder Cove.
                            The City of Warrenton has proposed a second                 2. In the Water Dependent Development area on
                          mooring basin, just north of the present mooring              the west peninsula of the Skipanon River, existing
                          basin, to be excavated from shorelands.                       and new uses which are associated with wood pro-
                            Further development in this subarea raises ques-            cessing and handling shall be allowed.
                          tions of water quality in the Skipanon River. Water           3. The Development designations for aquatic areas
                          quality in the Skipanon River is marginal during              along both sides of the Skipa    Inon are provided to
                          summer months. Would increased dredging, river                accommodate future water-dependent uses. How-
                          traffic, storm runoff and boat moorage coupled with           ever, the designations do not create the presumption
                          decreased flushing caused by enlarging the channel            that dredging, filling or other alterations will be per-
                          result in significantly poorer water quality?                 mitted automatically. Specific proposals for water-
                            There are also land and water traffic problems.             dependent development must: be justified in terms
                          The surface area of the Skipanon River is quite               of available alternatives, public need and economic
                          limited. How much can the small boat traffic be in-           benefits; minimize adverse impacts on water quality
                          creased without causing congestion problems and               and natural habitat; and meet other requirements of
                          interfering with industrial operations? Highway               the permit processes.
                          traffic congestion is already a problem in downtown
                          Warrenton; more industrial development at the                 Dredged Material Disposal
                          mouth of the Skipanon River may increase traffic                In this subarea there is one dredged material
                          congestion there and on U.S. Highway 101. In-                 disposal site located on the east bank of the Skipa-
                          creased small boat moorage would also increase                non [25(S)]. This large site could be used for disposal
                          congestion and result in a need for additional park-          of material associated with Skipanon River projects,
                          ing spaces. Industrial and commercial development             construction of a second Warrenton Boat Basin or
                          of these areas will also have a significant impact on         development on the Columbia River side of the
                          truck and rail traffic through the City of Astoria                .  ula. (cf Dredged Material M nagement Plan
                                                                                 oj     penins                                a
                          where congestion is already severe during much                57.50,59.)
                          the year,                                                     Restoration and Resource Enhancement
                            Exceptions to the LCDC Estuarine Resources Goal,
                          Number 16, are required for designation of aquatic              Two potential marsh mitigation sites are located in
                          areas west of the west Skipanon peninsula, at the             this subarea; one to the east of Holbrook Slough
                          Warrenton Lumber Company site, and east and north             [10(M)I; and one to the west [9(M)]. Restoration to
                          of the east Skipanon peninsula at the Brown and               aquatic productivity would require construction of a
                          Root site. (cf Appendix B.)                                   new dike north of the railroad, breaching of the
                                                                                        existing dikes and dredging necessary draininq
                          Aquatic Designations                                          channels. (cf Restoration and Mitigation 65.)
                            Below the Harbor Street Bridge, the Skipanon
                          River out to the main Columbia River channel 'is              Mitigation Needs
                          designated Development. Holbrook Slough and the                 The proposed Pacific Fabricators, Inc. oil rig fabri-
                          west fork of Holbrook Slough are designated Con-              cation facility on the east peninsula of the Skiparion
                          servation. East of the east peninsula, the aquatic            will impact about 118 acres of marshes and mud-
                          area which lies within 1500 feet of MHHW on         t he      sand flats for which the Division of State Lands will
                          east shoreline of the Skipanon River and out to the           require mitigation. Other projects which might be
                          main navigation channel is designated Develop-
                          ment. West of the west peninsula the aquatic area             proposed for this area would require mitigation for
                          which lies within 580 feet of the Harbor Line on the          dredging or filling interticlal or tidal marsh areas.
                          west shoreline of the Skipanon River is designated            Restoration sites adjacent to the property east and
                          Development north to MHW and Conservation from                west of Holbrook Slough should be considered for
                          MHW out to the channel.                                       mitigation use, as well as sites up the Youngs or
                                                                                        Lewis and Clark Rivers.
                          Shoreland Designations                                          On the west bank of the Skipanon, the plan
                            The small peninsula directly to the west of the             describes a potential project of Warrenton Lumber
                          Warrenton Boat Basin which extends northward into             Company which may involve filling a small area of
                          the Skipanon River from the railroad track is des-            tidal marsh in Alder Cove. Such filling, if permitted,
                          ignated Development. To the east of this spit up to           would require mitigation by restoring or creating
                          N.E. Heron, the land between the railroad tracks and          another tidal marsh to compensate for the loss. Sites
                          Harbor Drive is Development. The shoreland east of            at Swash Lake (near the Columbia River mouth), on
                          the west fork of Holbrook Slough is also designated           Youngs Bay, or up the Youngs or Lewis and Clark
                          Development. The remaining shoreland in this sub-             Rivers, should be considered as possible mitigation
                          area is designated Water Dependent Development.               sites. (cf Restoration and Mitigation 66.30.)
                                                                                                                                          IV - 37

                                                                                  42.07 YOUNGS BAY

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        General Description                                                                      it is much harder to evaluate biological changes in
                        Youngs      Bay is one of         the more biologically             pro-           Youngs Bay. There has been a very large loss of tidal
                      ductive parts of the estuary. This subarea extends                                   marsh and open water habitats and perhaps a gain
                      from the old U.S. Highway 101 Bridges over the                                       in mud/sand flats. There has been a very large loss
                      Youngs River and the Lewis and Clark River to the                                    of spawning habitat in tributary streams, runs of fall
                      30-foot contour in the Columbia River. It includes                                   chinook and steelhead are greatly reduced, and the
                      large fringing marshes and tideflats. The boundary                                   chum runs are virtually extinct. It is not possible to
                      of the subarea follows            the MHHW mark along the                            determine changes in the nutrient supply to the bay
                      Astoria waterfront and the dike line elsewhere,                                      or changes in benthic populations or planktonic
                      except adjacent to the Port of Astoria and the pro-                                  productivity.
                      posed Brown and Root site. No shorelands are in-                                         Tides in Youngs Bay and tributary streams are of
                      cluded. Warrenton, Astoria and Clatsop County all                                    the standing wave type. Thus, the tidal range in-
                      have jurisdiction in the Bay.                                                        creases somewhat from the port docks (8.0 feet) to
                      Aquatic Features                                                                     the tidal reaches of the tributary streams (8.6 or 8.7
                        Because of numerous development proposals,                                         feet). High water is nearly simultaneous throughout
                      Youngs Bay is the most intensively studied bay of the                                the system and occurs at slack water. This type of
                      estuary. Like the rest of the Astoria waterfront, the                                tide is typical of shallow boys but atypical of the
                      area has been considerably altered by human                                          Columbia River estuary.
                      activity. The most important physical alterations                                        Three basic water masses contribute to the circula-
                      have been timber cutting in                 tributary watersheds                     tion in Youngs Bay: Columbia River fresh water,
                      with resulting sedimentation, the diking of tidal                                    tributary fresh water and marine water. Fresh water
                      marshes and spruce swamps,                  the filling of shallow                   flow in the Columbia River is greatest during the
                                                                                                           spring freshet in June; winter freshes also occur.
                      areas, and the alteration of the hydraulics of the bay                               Youngs Bay tributary flow is strongest in December
                      by channels, fills and causeways. Youngs Bay                                         and January, when local rainfall is at a maximum.
                      originally extended from Tansy Point to Smith Point,                                 Intrusion of saline marine water is governed primar-
                      but the peninsulas at the mouth of the Skipanon                                      ily by Columbia River flow and secondarily by
                      River have completely separated Alder Cove from                                      tributary flow. Salinites in Youngs Bay rarely exceed
                      Youngs Bay, though the systems remain similar in                                     10 to 15 0/00, even in the fall. Under these condi-
                      their biology. The strongest effects on the bay's hy-                                tions, the vertical salinity differences are pro-
                      draulics have been exerted by the Skipanon penin-                                    nounced and salinity may intrude upriver along the
                      sulas, the fills at Smith Point (Port of Astoria piers)                              bottom as for as the upstream end of Haven Island in
                      and the two causeways. The new Highway 101                                           the Youngs River and river mile 5 in the Lewis and
                      causeway in particular has caused a marked re-                                       Clark River. During high flow periods for either the
                      duction in currents and wave action in the interior of                               Columbia River or Youngs Bay tributaries, salinity is
                      Younqs Bay. There has been extensive shoaling.                                       absent or nearly absent from Youngs Bay.

                      IV - 38

                             Current patterns in Youngs Bay are too compli-             in the bottom sediments or just above the sediments.
                           cated to be easily described. Eddies and stagnant            The .variety, productivity and number of such or-
                           areas prevail in the shallow, wetland areas.                 ganisms depend on such factors as sediment type,
                           Stronger currents are found in the deep areas. Cur-          salinity, exposure to waves and currents, biological
                           rents are highly variable, depending on winds,               interactions and disturbance by man. Salinity and
                           tides, freshwater flow and salinity intrusion.               sediment type are the most important factors. Shal-
                             Water quality is generally excellent in Youngs             low, protected areas, such as Alder Cove, Cathlamet
                           Bay; no serious pollutant sources are present and the        Bay and Youngs Bay, that have intermediate salinity
                           flushing is excellent. Flushing times for the bay itself     and mixed sand and mud sediments are the most
                           have been estimated to vary from I to 2 days, de-            productive.
                           pending on tide and freshwater flow conditions. The            The organism of greatest interest has been the
                           flushing time of the tributaries below the head of           amphipod Corophium salmonis, because it is an
                           tide is considerably slower; 3.3 to 16 days for the          important food for downstream migrant salmon (for
                           Lewis and Clark River and 2.3 to 7.8 days for the            fall chinook in particular), and because it plays an
                           Youngs River. Water quality in some smaller tribu-           important role in the estuarine food chain. Popula-
                           taries and sloughs such as the Little Walluski River is      tions of this small shrimp-like organism are used as
                           definitely less favorable because of the poor flush-         an indicator to judge the value of tidal flats, though
                           ing.                                                         no quantitative relationship between population
                             Close to and above tidewater, coarse sediments             and productivity has been established. Corophium
                           are carried as bedload by tributary streams. Below           salmo7iis is the dominant benthic organism (in num-
                           tidewater, bedload sand transport probably occurs            bers and biomass) found in most areas of Youngs
                           only under flood conditions. Suspended fine secli-           Bay. While this organism is found in many parts of
                           ment settles out in the lower reaches of the tributary       the estuary, Youngs Bay is one of the richer areas
                           streams and on the tidal flats. The sediments in the         and is known to be an important feeding'area for
                           channel and the deeper parts of the bay are coarser          juvenile salmon, starry flounder, Iongfin smelt,
                           than those in the lower reaches of the tributaries,          sculpin and other fish species.
                           reflecting the influence of Columbia River sedi-               Salmon and trout are the most important commer-
                           ments. Sediments outside the causeway are almost             cial species found in Youngs Bay. Adult fall chinook
                           entirely Columbia River sediments, except on the             enter the estuary during late August, are most
                           tidal flats between the Skipanon River and the               abundant in early September, and spawn by late
                           causeway, where some Youngs Bay tributary                    September or October. The Klaskanine Hatchery, the
                           material is found.                                           South Fork of the Klaskanine River and the Lewis and
                             Youngs Bay appears to experience alternating               Clark River support the most important runs in the
                           periods of sedimentation and erosion, with                   Youngs Bay watersheds. Most juvenile fall chinook
                           variations occurring on time scales from storm               migrate to sea from March to November as sub-
                           events and seasons to years and decades. Sedimen-            yearlings. During migration, they frequent shallow
                           tation predominates (average rate throughout bay 1           areas and river margins rather than deep channels.
                           cm/yr) and most strongly so in the shallow areas (up         Corophium is their most important food in the
                           to 6 cm/yr). These observations are confirmed by the         estuary during spring and summer.
                           historical changes over the last century.                      Adult coho salmon run during late summer and
                             The authorized channel in Youngs Bay is 10 feet            fall and are fished in Youngs Bay. The Klaskanine
                           deep and 150 feet wide from deep water in the                Hatchery, the Klaskanine River    , the Youngs River
                           Columbia River to the upstream end of Haven Island           and the Lewis and Clark River all support runs. Most
                           (river mile 8). The authorized channel in the Lewis          juvenile coho go to sea as yearlings in May. Their
                           and Clark River was never dredged and the authori-           diet in the estuary is thought to consist of Coro-
                           zation has expired. The Youngs River Channel was             phium, small fish and insects. They tend to migrate
                           lost dredged in 1967.                                        more quickly and in deeper water than the fall
                             The most ubiquitous marsh plants in Youngs Bay             chinook.
                           are cattails, bulrush and sedge. Most of the tidal             Chum salmon were formerly very abundant in
                           marshes of Youngs Bay have, however, been filled             Youngs Bay, but are now nearly extinct. The adults
                           or diked. Valuable fringing marshes remain at                return late in the season and spawn closer to tide-
                           Dagget Point, along the entire south and west sides          water than is the case with other salmon. The juve-
                           of the bay and at the entrance to the Lewis and Clark        niles migrate earlier than other salmon (March to
                           River. Because of the shoaling occurring in Youngs           May) and eat Corophium and other benthic or-
                           Bay, it is likely that the fringing marshes will con-        ganisms.
                           tinue to grow. High primary production by plankton             Cutthroat trout are in Youngs Bay and tributary'
                           (single-celled algae living in the water column) is          streams in all seasons, but are most numerous
                           also likely. Fresh water diatoms are the most                during the spawning season (December to January).
                           common forms. Although there are no dominant,                There are runs in the Lewis and Clark River and
                           characteristically-estuarine types of phytoplankton          possibly other streams, but no hatchery program.
                           in this estuary, there are characteristic types of es-       Winter steelhead return between November and
                           tuarine zooplankton that are extremely abundant              March. Runs are supported by the Klaskanine Hatch-
                           seasonally.                                                  ery, the Klaskanine River, the Youngs River and the
                             The mud and sand flats of Youngs Bay are among             Lewis and Clark.River. Juveniles of both cutthroat
                           the more productive areas of the estuary for benthic         and steelhead may spend several years in* the river
                           (bottom dwelling) animals. These animals mav live            before migrating to sea.

                                                                                                                                          IV - 39

                                 0

                          0                            AQUATIC    SHCRELAND
                                         c         Waters Wet-
                          cllli          2                  lands                                                                                 e
                                                                                  -al
                                                                            Natu,
                                                                             Comse-atiou
                                                                            Rural
                                                                             D-elopmeut
                                                                             I at,, DePendc,,t
                                              3' Depth Contour               Det,elopulefit
                                                        Shoreline   k
                                                    Non-oquotic Veg.                                                         loe                   Plan 3                           A S T 0 R I A
                                                         planning Boundary

                                                                                                                                                                              wgsr
                                                                       #V  0I

                                                                              loe

                                                                         lo,

                                                               Ile

                                                      .1e

                                                                                        Ile

                                                                                                                                                  4
                                                                                                                                                    0011

                                                                                                                              NO

                                                                                                                                                         AIRPORT

                          c')

                          z
                          D

                          Shad spawn in Youngs Bay tributaries, starry                   The old PP&L power.plant facility has the potential
                       flounder and longfin smelt use the bay as a nursery           for development of either water dependent or other
                       and numerous other fishes use the bay as a feeding            uses of moderate size. Water access to the site could
                       area.                                                         be development with minimal impacts on aquatic
                          Because of the loss of upriver salmon habitat, the         productivity.
                       estuary tributaries and Youngs Bay in particular will             The Port of Astoria is developing a Master Plan for
                       probably play an increasinly important role in                the airport, which is adjacent to Youngs Bay. The
                       salmon propagation in future years. In addition to            dike adjacent to the runway designated for an in-
                       thestate hatchery program, Astoria fishermen have             strument landing system intrudes into the clear zone
                       started their own fishrearing program, with ponds on          of that runway (cf 55.08) and may need to be moved
                       Tucker Creek.                                                 waterward. This would involve removal of spruce
                          While the lower estuary is not as heavily used by          and other vegetation from approximately one acre
                       waterfowl as the upper estuary, the marshes and               outside the present dike. This activity would be a fill
                       flats support significant populations of both resident        for .an other than water dependent use and will re-
                       and migratory waterfowl. Wading birds such as blue            quire an exception to the Estuarine Resources Goal,
                       herons, shorebirds, gulls, colonial nesting birds,            Number 16 (cf Appendix B).
                       gamebirds and other varieties are found along the             Aquatic Designations
                       shoreline.                                                        The navigation channels are designated Develop-
                                                                                     ment. A small wetland spruce swamp outside the
                                          1/2 CM.                                    dike adjacent to the airport is designated Develop-
                                                                                     ment to permit realignment of the dike, which
                                                                                     presently intrudes into the clear zone of the runway
                                                                                     designated for an instrument landing system. The
                                                                                     mud flats, tidal flats, and fringing marshes are des-
                                                                                     ignated Natural, except for an 80 foot Conservation
                                                                                     buffer adjacent to the shoreland and a Conservation
                                                                                     area adjacent to the old PP&L facility. The remaining
                                                                                     aquatic areas are designated Conservation.
                                                                                     Subarea Policies
                                        -C          SIP                              1. Dredging of shallow biologically productive
                                        kec2iah -i.                                  areas adjacent to dikes as a source of material for
                                                                                     dike maintenance shall be allowed upon a demon-
                       Shoreland Features                                            stration that:
                          There are no shorelands in this subarea.                       0Alternative sources of material are not avail-
                       Human Use.                                                         able or are not economically feasible;
                          The primary uses are boating, sports fishing, com-             0The dredging method selected will not leave
                       mercial fishing, log transport and channel main-                   potholes where juvenile salmon and other
                       tenance.                                                           fishes might be stranded at low water; and
                                                                                         *Other disruption of tidal flats and tidal marshes
                       Issues and Findings                                                is minimized.
                          Youngs Bay is surrounded by Warrenton and As-              2. Minor dredging shall be permitted in all areas
                       toria. Several recent land use disputes have cen-             where necessary to open drainage channels from
                       tered around fills in Youngs Bay or uses of nearby            tide boxes to deeper water to assure efficient opera-
                       shorelands that might have polluted the bay. Prime            tion of the drainage system.
                       industrial sites on Youngs Bay shorelands include the
                       area west of Pier 3, the east peninsula of the Skipa-         3. Subject to conditional use procedures, shallow-
                       non River (the Brown and Root site), and the Astoria          draft water access may be developed at the old PP&L
                       Airport. These sites could be made larger by filling          facility.
                       productive shallow areas. Dredging an entrance                Restoration and Resource Enhancement
                       channel into the Lewis and Clark River was author-                The shoal area south of the Youngs Bay Bridge
                       ized, but was not economically feasible. This project         causeway [11 (SA)] has been proposed as a restora-
                       and maintenance dredging of the authorized chan-
                       nel in Youngs River will probably be suggested in             tion site (cf Restoration and Mitigation 65).
                       the future. The use of the bay and tributaries for fish       Restoration would consist of drainage culverts
                       propagation will probably also increase.                      through the causeway to promote better tidal circu-
                          Major limitations on development surrounding the           lation and thus decrease the sedimentation rate in
                       bay include the impacts of each development, the              that part of Youngs Bay.
                       cumulative effects of all developments, and limited           Mitigation Needs
                       land transportation west of Youngs Bay. Navigation-               If the relocation of the dike adjacent to the airport
                       al access to the Youngs Bay shorelines is limited by          is approved, it is likely that mitigation of adverse
                       fringing tidal marshes, shallow water and the high            effects from that project will be required. The miti-
                       shoaling rate. Commercial use of the bay in the near          gation could involve restoration or creation of simi-
                       future will probably be limited to log transport and          lar habitat elsewhere in the estuary; sites in Youngs
                       fishing. Recreational boating and fishing will proba-         Bay, the Youngs River, or Lewis and Clark River
                       bly increase.                                                 should be considered. (cf Restoration and Mitiga-
                                                                                     tion, 66.40.)                                    IV - 41

                                                              42.08 AIRPORT AND VICINITY
                    General Description                                                Issues and Findings                                                    40
                      This subarea consists of diked shorelands that are                  The Clatsop County Airport is a valuable asset to
                    part of or adjacent to the Port of Astoria Airport. The            the area. The Oregon Department of Transportation
                    subarea is bounded by the clikeline on the north and               has strongly recommended that regulatory measures
                    east, U.S. Highway 101 on the northwest, old U.S.                  be taken to protect present and future air operations.
                    Highway 101 on the east and the planning area                      These measures should provide for airport related
                    boundary (tideland soils) on the south. The subarea                uses and should prevent encroachment by residen-
                    lies within the present Warrenton city limits, except              tial and other people- i ntensi ve uses. The City of
                    for an area south of the Airport under Clatsop                     Warrenton is developing an airport overlay zone to
                    County's jurisdiction.                                             reserve the airport for appropriate uses and protect it
                    Aquatic Features                                                   from urban encroachment.
                                                                                          The Airport Master Plan is being developed by the
                      The only aquatic areas in this subarea are diked                 Port of Astoria. The Port is planning to develop a
                    sloughs and marshes. Because of peat soils, the                    portion of the airport property as a light industrial
                    oxygen levels in some of these sloughs may be low                  park, despite constraints such as location in the
                    during the summer months. Fish and benthic popula-                 f loodplain and soils with low load-bearing capacity.
                    tions have not been sampled, but presumably there                  The Port would like to fill much of the area with
                    are low to moderate benthic populations and some                   dredged material, but the distance from the sources
                    warm-water fish. These sloughs and marshes are                     is too great,
                    used by waterfowl, shore, marsh and songbirds for                     The Port of Astoria is also studying the possibility
                    nesting, resting and feeding. Vegetation in low                    of installing an Instrument Landing System to allow
                    areas includes sedge, cattail, bulrush, and grasses.               use by U.S. Coast Guard Falcon jets. Regulations and
                    Shoreland Features                                                 standards of the Federal Aviation Administration
                      The entire subarea is protected by dikes. With the               may require moving one section of dike to create a
                    exception of filled areas at the airport, the entire               sufficient clear zone. Dike relocation could impact a
                    subarea is in the 1 00-year f loodplain. Portions of the           small wetland habitat in Youngs Bay (cf 42.07) and
                    airport fill are within the 500-year floodplain. The               require an exception to the LCDC Estuarine Re-
                    soils are fill material, Coquille-Ticlal Marsh (fresh) -           sources Goal, Number 16.
                    Clatsop Association, and Walluski-Knappa Associa-                  Aquatic Designations
                    tion.                                                                 The creeks and sloughs are designated Conserva-
                      Vegetation in the higher areas includes alder,                   tion.
                    willow and Sitka spruce with a dense understory of
                    blackberry. Cleared areas are used for grazing. The                Shoreland Designations
                    area has a high wildlife value, because of the                        The shoreland north of the railroad is designated
                    mixture of habitats and limited human access.                      Rural. East of Vera Creek, the shoreland within the
                                                                                       Warrenton city limits is designated Development.
                    Human Use                                                          Agricultural areas outside the Warrenton city limits
                      The major human uses are agriculture, rural                      are designated Rural and a small forested area is
                    housing (adjacent to highways), recreation, light                  Conservation. West of Vera Creek to S.E. Pacific
                    industry, and the airport. Agricultural suitability is             Avenue and Holbrook Slough is designated Rural.
                    poor to moderate; the major agricultural use is                    All clear zones at the ends of the airport runways are
                    grazing. Timber values are very low except for small               designated Rural      *' The remainder of the subarea
                    isolated areas.                                                    west to U.S. Highway 101 is designated Develop-
                      Transportation access is provided by new and old                 ment.
                    U.S. Highway 101. Although the railroad runs
                    through this subarea, it is effectively cut off from the           Dredged'Material Disposal
                    airport by the runways and the sloughs. Only the                      There is one site [27(S)] associated with projects
                    land along the new highway can be said to have rail                on the Skipanon.
                    access. Because of the dike access problem and                        There are five dredged material disposal sites in
                    shallow water, there is no navigationally useful                   this subarea (28(S)-32(S)] which are located on air-
                    water access to the airport. Water and sewer are                   port property. The Port of Astoria desires to fi I I these
                    provided by the City of Warrenton. The primary rec-                areas to make them more suitable for industrial
                    reational use is for hunting.                                      development.
                                                                                          Except for the Youngs Bay Channel, active or
                                                                                       proposed dredging projects are too for from these
                                                                                       sites to make their use economically feasible. (cf
                                                                                       Dredged Material Management Plan 57.10, 57.50,
                                                                                       59.)

                    IV - 42

                        co
                        0

                                                       AOUATIC     Sv4ORELANID                                                                                                            BAY
                                                   Waters Wet-
                                                           lands!             Natural
                        w                                                     (:auser,latjov
                        LJL                                                   Rural
                        <                                                     D,,el,pl,,ert                                        w@
                                                                                        ,deal
                                                                              ;i ater Depe
                                                                                       at
                        Cf)                                                   I)n-elop eat
                                                3. D p1h  onil
                                                    e     Sb., line
                                                        .n-aquoli@ Veg.
                                                                     Boundary

                                                                                              All .1
                                                               27(   S)

                                                                                                    YL\

                                                                              toot%                                                                                                101

                                                                                                                                                                                1000,

                        0-
                                                                                                                         WARRE*NT N U.G.B-

                                                          42.09 LEWIS AND CLARK RIVER

                  General Description
                     This subarea includes the aquatic and shoreland
                  areas above U.S. Highway 101 (alternate) bridge to
                  the extent of tideland soils. The shoreland north of
                  Jeffers Slough is excluded (see 42.10, Miles Cross-
                  ing). On the west bank the shoreland west of old
                  Highway 101 is excluded (see 42.08, Airport). The
                  entire subarea is under Clatsop County's jurisdiction.
                  Aquatic Features
                     The tides, circulation, sedimentation patterns and
                  aquatic life of the Lewis and Clark River system have
                  been discussed under subarea 42.07, Youngs Bay.                           Ron Pittard - Searep Studio, courtesv Ciatsop County
                  The average freshwater flow of the Lewis and Clark
                  River is about 250 cfs; some water is diverted from
                  this river basin to the water system of the City of                dredging of shallow productive areas for fill mate-
                  Warrenton. Tidal influence extends under low flow                  rial to maintain dikes. Dredging of the Lewis and
                  conditions to about RM 11.                                         Clark River Connecting Channel (10 feet deep and
                     Important tidal marshes remain along the west                   150 feet wide) was at one time authorized, but has
                  bank near the mouth (RM 1.8 to 3.5) and adjacent to                since been de-authorized. However, private
                  Fort Clatsop National Memorial (RM 4). Numerous                    dredging regularly occurs in the river.
                  small and fringing marshes remain. Diked, fresh-                    Maintenance of fresh water flow and water quali-
                  water marshes have not been fully inventoried. Bird                ty during summer minimum flow periods is im-
                  use of the river and marshes for feeding and nesting               ortant for continuation and enhancement of fish
                  is moderate, though not as high as in Cathlamet Bay                p
                  and other areas further upriver.                                   runs. There is potentially a conflict between public
                                                                                     water supply and the need to maintain minimum
                  Shoreland Features                                                 stream flows.
                     Most shorelands in this reach are low, diked lands               This subarea includes hundreds of acres of farm-
                  in the 100-year f loodplain. Soils are of the Coquille-            land and many residences which are dependent
                  Tidal Marsh (fresh) - Clatsop and Walluski-Knoppa                  upon an extensive diking and drainage system for
                  Associations. The soils are fair to good for                       protection from flooding. The maintenance of this
                  agricultural use. Most of the land is or has been in               system is the responsibility of local diking districts
                  agricultural production. There is little commercially              which have limited funds. In some instances the only
                  valuable timber, but adjacent uplands are highly                   economically feasible source of material for dike
                  productive timberland. Wildlife values are high;                   maintenance is the river bottom sediments outside
                  deer, elk, and small mammals are found.                            the dike.
                  Human Use                                                           Lands behind the dikes are drained by a system of
                     The important land uses are agriculture (largely                tide boxes. For the tide boxes to function effectively,
                  grazing), rural housing, and the Crown Zellerbach                  the area outside the dike in front of the tide boxes
                  log dump. Highway access is provided by U.S. High-                 must remain low enough so that water will move
                  way 101 (alternate) and county roads. Water i's pri-               through the tide boxes and drain into the river at low
                  vate or provided by the Lewis and Clark Water Dis-                 tide. Because of substantial shoaling in some areas,
                  trict. There is no sewer system. The scenic value of               limited dredging of tide box drainage channels is
                  the river is high. The Fort Clatsop National Memorial              necessary.
                  commemorates the winter headquarters of the Lewis                  Aquatic Designations
                  and Clark Expedition. There are several public                      The river channel is designated Development
                  access points for fishermen. The major human uses                  from the bridge to the upstream end of the Crown
                  of the waters are fishing, log sorting, storage and                Zellerbach log booming area. Adjacent to the Water
                  transport, and recreational boating. There are two                 Dependent Development Shoreland (42.10, Miles
                  active diking districts in the subarea; most dikes are             Crossing) south of the U.S. Highway 101 (alternate)
                  maintained by barge-mounted dragline.                              bridge and including the mouth of Jeffers Slough,
                                                                                     the aquatic area from the shoreline out to the chan-
                  Issues and Findings                                                nel is designated Development. Diked sloughs are
                     There is very little development potential because              designated Rural. The remaining water areas are
                  of the flood hazard, poor transportation network and               designated Conservation.
                  distance from developed areas. Some hou           sing de-
                  velopment may occur on adjacent upland ore@as.                     Shoreland Designations
                     Significant issues in this subarea include            the        The Crown Zellerbach log dump is designated De-
                  location of Exclusive Farm Use Zones and water                     velopment. The Fort Clatsop National Memorial and
                  related issues such as the preservation of diked                   a small forested shoreland area are designated Con-
                  freshwater wetlands, log storage in wetland areas                  servation. The remaining shoreland is designated
                  where logs may go aground at low water, and the                    Rural.

                  IV - 44

                            Subarea Policies                                                  Dredged Material Disposal
                            1. Existing log storage areas should be inventoried                 There is a site [33(S)) associated with Crown Zel-
                            to determine where logs rest on the bottom at low                 lerbach's log sorting operation, and possible dike
                            water. Use of these areas should be minimized and                 sites are considered under 34(D).
                            phased-out as new sites adequate to meet industry                 Restoration and Resource Enhancement
                            needs are provided.                                                 Enhancement of depleted fish runs through con-
                            2. Dredging of shallow biologically productive                    struction of fish rearing ponds has been proposed for
                            areas adjacent to dikes as a source of material for               unspecified locations along the Lewis and Clark
                            dike maintenance shall be allowed upon a demon-                   River. Fish runs, particularly chum salmon, could be
                            stration that:                                                    expanded significantly.
                              �  Alternative sources of material are not avail-                 Five potential marsh mitigation sites are located in
                                 able or are not economically feasible;                       this subarea along the river [12(M), 14(M), 15(M),
                              �  The dredging method selected will not leave                  16(M), 17(M)]. All areas are presently diked. Res-
                                 potholes where juvenile salmon and other                     toration would consist of dike breaching or removing
                                 fishes might be stranded at low water; and                   ticlegates. A careful evaluation of agricultural vs.
                              �  Other disruption of tidal flats and tidal marshes            aquatic resource values should be made prior to
                                 is minimized.                                                considering these areas for restoration. (cf Restor-
                            3. Minor dredging shall be permitted in all areas                 ation and Mitigation, 65.)
                            where necessary to open drainage channels from
                            tide boxes out to deeper water to assure efficient
                            operation of the drainage system.

                                                                                                                                            201

                                                                                                    0,6

                                         @X*Is

                                                                                       r1r)

                                                                                                                        5

                                                                                                                             'Z.
                                                                                  N.                                  'kV/'   '
                                                                                                                                      4@)

                                                                                                                                                     IV-45

                                                                42.10 MILES         CROSSING

                  General Description                                               connection to the Warrenton or Astoria sewer sys-
                                                                                    tems. Water is provided by two water districts.
                    This shoreland area covers the northern tip of the                 Water and marsh areas adjacent to this subarea
                  peninsula between the Youngs River and Lewis and                  are used for hunting, fishing, boating and trapping.
                  Clark River. It consists of low, diked land in agricul-           Some shoreline views are scenic.
                  tural, residential, commercial and light industrial
                  uses. Present jurisdiction is by Clatsop Cou,nty. The             Issues and Findings
                  area is not included in Astoria's Urban Growth                       The planning process has included extensive dis-
                  Boundary although future inclusion is a possibility               cussion as to whether major portions of this subarea
                  (see subarea policy below).                                       should be included in Astoria's Urban Growth
                  Aquatic Features                                                  Boundary. The City and some commercial interests
                    The only aquatic areas in this subarea are diked                favored inclusion. A large majority of area residents
                  sloughs. Some of these         sloughs have moderate              who voiced their opinion were opposed. A decision
                  waterfowl habitat value, and some may harbor                      was made not to include the area. Future inclusion is
                  warm-water game fish. The sloughs are the major                   possible (see subarea policy below).
                  collections for drainage of the low-lying diked lands                The area has significant development potential
                  in this area.                                                     due to its proximity to Astoria and the availability of
                                                                                    significant portions of flat land. This potential is
                  Shoreland Features                                                constrained, however, by the lack of sewers, flood
                    These shorelands, except for the causeway fill for              hazard, and poor soil suitability. Water oriented
                  the U.S. Highway 101 (alternate) Bridge over the                  development is feasible only along the Lewis and
                  Youngs River, are diked. The area is entirely within              Clark River.
                  the 100-year floodplain, with the exception of the                   This subarea includes hundreds of acres of Ex-
                  highway and some lands north and west of the high-                clusive Form Use land and many residences which
                  way that are in the 500-year floodplain. Dike main-               are dependent upon an extensive diking and drain-
                  tenance by the diking districts is described by the               age system for protection from flooding. The main-
                  Corps of Engineers as generally adequate. Areas on                tenance of this system is the responsibility of local
                  both rivers have been rip-rapped by the Corps of                  diking districts which have limited funds. In some
                  Engineers in the lost decade to protect against ero-              instances the only economically feasible source of
                  sion.                                                             material for dike maintenance is the river bottom
                    Soils are of the Coquille-Ticlal Marsh (fresh) - Clat-          sediments outside the dike.
                  sop Association and topography is flat. Because the                  Lands behind the dikes are drained by a system of
                  land is very low, the agricultural suitability is fair to         tide boxes. For the tide boxes to function effectively,
                  moderate, and there is no timber of commercial                    the area outside the dike in front of the tide boxes
                  value.                                                            must remain low enough so that water will move
                  Human Use                                                         through the tide boxes and drain into the river at low
                    The major agricultural use is grazing. Other land               tide. Because of substantial shoaling in some areas,
                  uses include rural and low-density residential                    limited dredging of tide box drainage channels is
                  housing, commercial uses and light-industry. The                  necessary.
                  only water-related uses are the AMCO Shipyard on                  Aquatic Designations
                  the Lewis and Clark River and boat construction at                   Dike sloughs, the only aquatic portions of this
                  the mouth of Cook Slough on the Hess property.                    subarea, are all designated Rural.
                  Commercial and industrial uses are concentrated                   Shoreland Designations
                  along U.S. Highway 101 (alternate), which has ac-                    All of the shorelands of this subarea are desig-
                  cess to Warrenton and Astoria. County roads provide               nated Rural, except for the existing industrial zone
                  access to nearby rural areas.                                     on the east bank of the Lewis and Clark River which
                    There is no sewer system, and septic tank suit-                 is designated Water Dependent Development, and
                  ability is very poor. It is unlikely that permission              the existing industrial zone between U.S. Highway
                  could be obtained to discharge sewage into Youngs                 101 (alternate) and Nowlens Slough, which is des-
                  Bay. Therefore, sewering the area would require                   ignated Development.

                  IV - 46

                        Subarea Policies                                                 able or are not economically feasible;
                                                                                      e  The dredging method selected will not leave
                        I - The Rural designation in the Miles Crossing area             potholes where juvenile salmon and other
                        recognizes that there are no plans to include this               fishes might be stranded at low water; and
                        area in the Astoria Urban Growth Boundary (UGB) at            e  Other disruption of tidal flats and tidal marshes
                        this time. However, there are commitments between                is minimized.
                        the County and City to reconsider the UGB issue              3. Minor dredging shall be permitted in all areas
                        during future review and update of plans. in the             where necessary to open drainage channels from
                        meantime, the nature and intensity of new uses               tide boxes out to deeper water to assure efficient
                        should be consistent with the Rural designation and          operation of the drainage system.
                        availability of public services.
                        2. Dredging of shallow biologically productive               Dredged Material Dispo       .sal
                        areas adjacent to dikes as a source of material for            The dike on the Youngs River side of this subarea
                        dike maintenance shall be allowed upon a demon-              is designated as a dredged material disposal site
                        stration that:                                               [35(D)]. Material would have to be barged in and
                             Alternative sources of material are not avail-          placed on the dike with a clornshell.

                                                                                                          DA*4"T

                                                                 YOUNGS                  SAY

                                   A
                            n.     e@ W`,c

                                              c- i-

                                              D-1.p-,
                                              ".I,, Dp- -t                                                         J
                                                                                                                         o

                                    pi ... mg B ... d,,y
                                                                                                   CON

                                                                                                                              1000,

                                                                                                V

                                                              0

                                                                                                       J

                                                                                                                                       IV - 47

                                                            42.11 YOUNGS RIVER

                General Description                                          Issues and Findings
                  This subarea includes the aquatic and shoreland              There is little development potential, because of
                areas of Youngs River above the U.S. Highway 101             the flood hazard, poor transportation network and
                (alternate) bridge to the extent of tideland soils. On       distance from developed areas. Housing develop-
                the west side of the river, the shoreland north of           ments may occur on adjacent upland areas. The old
                MillersSlough is not included. (cf 42.10, Miles Cross-       naval hospital site (the Drucker Property) is on high
                ing.) The boundary of this subarea with South As-            ground near the intersection of the Youngs and
                toria, 42.12, is the pierhead line from the bridge to        Walluski Rivers, has water and sewer systems, and
                the point where the Astoria city limits intersect with       could be developed. Increased residential use in the
                the Youngs River shoreline. The subarea is entirely          Youngs River area is likely.
                under Clatsop County's jurisdiction. A very small              Significant issues in this subarea include the loca-
                aquatic portion of the subarea between the pier-             tion of Exclusive Farm Use Zones and the possible
                head line and the center of the authorized channel Is        extension of the Astoria Urban Growth Boundary.
                within the City of Astoria's proposed Urban Growth           Water related issues include the preservation of
                Boundary.                                                    diked, freshwater wetlands, log storage in wetland
                Aquatic Features                                             areas where logs may go aground at low water, and
                  The tides, circulation, sedimentation patterns,            the dredging of shallow productive areas for fill
                navigational channel and aquatic life of the Youngs          material to maintain dikes.
                River system have been discussed under 42 07                   This subarea includes hundreds of acres of farm-
                                                                             land and many residences which are dependent
                Youngs Bay. The average fresh water flow of the              upon an extensive diking and drainage system for
                Youngs River is about 600 cfs at the mouth. Tidal in-        protection from flooding. The maintenance of this
                fluence extends under low flow conditions to
                Youngs River Falls (RM 13), which is a significant           system is the responsibility of local diking districts
                scenic attraction. The falls cut off any possibility of      which have limited funds. In some instances the only
                anadromous fish spawning in a large part of the              economically feasible source of material for dike
                Youngs River watershed. The largest remaining tidal          maintenance is the river bottom sediments outside
                marshes are Fry and Grant Islands, between RM 7              the dike.
                and 8, and Cooperage Slough, at RM 9. Most areas               Lands behind the dikes are drained by a system of
                that were historically marsh have been diked                 tide boxes. For the tide boxes to function effectively,
                                                                             the area outside the dike in front of the tide boxes
                Numerous small and fringing marshes remain.                  must remain low enough so that water will move
                Diked, freshwater marshes have not been fully in-
                ventoried. Bird use of the river and marshes for             through the tide boxes and drain into the river at low
                feeding and nesting is moderate, though not as high          tide. Because of substantial shoaling in some areas,
                as in Cathlamet Bay and other areas upriver.                 limited dredging of tide box drainage channels is
                                                                             necessary.
                Shoreland Features                                             A boat construction facility is located immediately
                  Most shorelands in this reach are low, diked lands         adjacent to the tide box at the mouth of Cook
                in the 100-year floodplain. Soils are of the Coquille-       Slough. This facility was built and utilized for the
                Tidal Marsh (fresh) - Clatsop, Walluski-Knappa, and          construction of wooden fishing vessels in the 1930's
                the Neholem Associations. The soils are fair to good         and 1940's. Following a period of inactivity, steel-
                for agricultural use. Most of the land is or has been        hulled fishing vessels are presently being built at this
                in agricultural production. There is some commer-            location. Extensive shoaling in this area has sub-
                cially valuable timber and adjacent uplands are              stantially reduced water depths in the area, how-
                highly productive timberland. Wildlife values are            ever, and launching the vessels is extremely diffi-
                high; deer, elk,. coyote and small mammals are               cult. Vessels can be only partially completed (bare
                found.                                                       hull and house) before launching in order that their
                Human Use                                                    draft is minimized. Even under these circumstances,
                  The important land uses are agriculture (both              all launching activities must occur at high tide.
                grazing and crops) and rural housing. Highway ac-              The dredging of a "pothole" in the area would
                cess is provided by State Highway 202 and county             allow vessels to be launched in a safe manner and
                                                                             would permit the vessels to be moored at this loca-
                roads. Water is private or provided by three water           tion while the final outfitting takes place. Movement
                districts; there is no sewer system, except at the old       out to the main river channel could then occur at
                naval hospital. The scenic value of the river is high.       high tide. Continued shoaling of this area, however,
                There is a County Park at Youngs River Falls and             could result in shallow water depths which would
                there are several undeveloped access points for
                f ishermen.                                                  not allow the movement of these vessels (drafts of
                  The major human uses of water areas are fishing            approximately 9 feet) out to the river channel even
                                                                             on the highest tides. Under those circumstances a
                log storage and transport, and recreational boating.         plan amendment to permit limited dredging for in-
                There is one active diking district and one defunct          gress and egress to the area would be appropriate.
                diking district on the Youngs and Klaskanine Rivers;           The Youngs River subarea contains significant
                most dikes throughout the area are maintained by             natural values which should be protected. Except for
                barge-mounted dragline.                                      extensive diking, people have changed this environ-
                IV - 48

                         ment to a lesser extent than other portions of the              0 The dredging method selected will not leave
                         estuary. There is a substantial local and state invest-           potholes where juvenile salmon and other
                         ment in fisheries enhancement. The state operated a               fishes might be stranded at low water; and
                         fish hatchery on the Klaskanine River and the Clat-             9 Other disruption of tidal flats and tidal marshes
                         sop Economic Development Committee operated                       is minimized.
                         fish rearing ponds near Tucker Creek. Expansion of           3. Minor dredging shall be      permitted in all areas
                         these fish-rearing efforts is being planned. The con-        where necessary to open drainage channels from
                         struction of a fish ladder at Youngs River Falls and         tide boxes out to deeper water to assure efficient
                         the use of the area for mitigation sites could result in     operation of the drainage system.
                         development of the river as an extremely valuable
                         fisheries resource.                                          4. To protect present investments and the future po-
                                                                                      tential of the fisheries resource of the Youngs River,
                         Aquatic Designations                                         new development in the area shall be carried out so
                          The authorized navigation channel in Youngs                 as to preserve water quality,'biological productivity,
                         River is designated Development to the foot of I I th        and other factors which contribute to fisheries pro-
                         Street. Aquatic areas inside the diked sloughs are           cluction.
                         designated Rural. The following aquatic areas are            Dredged     .Material Disposal
                         designated Natural: Cooperage Slough, Grant Is-
                         land, Fry Island, and the tidal flats downstream of             There are two areas at the mouth of the Walluski
                         the Walluski River on both sides of the river in-            River where dredged material disposal is suggested
                         cluding Dagget Point. An 80 foot Conservation                for dike maintenance [35(D)]. Material would be
                         aquatic buffer is provided between the Natural tide          borgecl@to the sites and offloaded by clamshell. This
                         flats and the Rural shoreland. Cooks Slough is des-          type of disposal may also be useful for other areas
                         ignated Natural outside the ticlegate except for a           where.clikes protect low,lying agricultural lands.
                         Conservation designation for the area adjacent to            Restoration and Resource Enhancement
                         the Hess boat construction facility. The remaining              A fish ladder has been proposed for the Youngs
                         aquatic areas of this subarea are designated Con-
                         servation.                                                   River Falls. Such a facility would open up the upper
                                                                                      Youngs River Basin to onadromous fishes. The costs
                         Shoreland Designations                                       versus benefits, particularly the impacts on the
                           Shorelands in this subarea     used for agriculture        notivefishery, need to be carefully evaluated.
                         and associated uses are designated Rural. Areas                 Construction of additional fish-rearing ponds to
                         along the upper tidal reaches of the Walluski, Klas-         supplement existing, natural and hatchery
                         kanine, and Youngs River, and shorelands used                production has been proposed to enhance fishery
                         primarily for timber production are designated Con-          resources. The chum salmon populations have been
                         servation.                                                   severely depleted; chum, coho and chinook salmon
                                                                                      runs could all be expanded.
                         Subarea Policies                                                An earth-filled dam on the North Fork of the Klas-
                           1. Existing log storage areas should be inven-             kanine River would provide water storage to supple-
                         toried to determine where logs rest on the botto   M at      ment river flow during low discharge periods. This
                         low water. Use of these areas should be minimized            would benefit the state hatchery on the river and
                         and phased-out as new sites adequate to meet in-             provide more waterfor natural runsas well.
                         clustry needs are provided.                                     Eleven potential marsh mitigation sites have been
                                                                                      identified in this subarea. These areas are presently
                         2. Dredging of shal.low       biologically productive        diked and restoration would involve removing dikes
                         areas adjacent to dikes as    a source of material for
                                                                                      or opening ticlegates, to allow the areas to revert to
                         dike maintenance shall be     allowed upon a demon-
                         stration that:                                               tidal marshes. Prior to considering an area for
                              Alternative sources of material are not avail-          restoration, a careful evaluation of agricultural vs.
                              able or are not economically feasible;                  aquatic resource values should be made. (cf Restor-
                                                                                      ation and Mitigation, 65.)

                                                                                                                                           IV - 49

                                                                                                             YOUNGS RIVER                                          SUBAREA 42.11

                                                                                     .............

                                                                                   arm)

                                                                                  19(M)

                          ALT.
                                                                                  WALLUSKIE
                                     z    35(

                                                                              20(M)
                                                                                                     .. ...........
                                                                           21  M

                                                                                                                                            W.,AQUATIC SHMUMD
                                                                                 25M                                                             W.,
                                                                                                               26(M)
                                                                                  22(

                                                                                                                                             NI-q-, Vg.

                                                                                            0 .

                   IV - 50

                                                                   42.12 SOUTH ASTORIA

                           General Description                                               Shoreland Features
                              This subarea covers the north shore of Youngs Bay                 The shorelands of this subarea are a narrow band
                           between the new Youngs Bay bridge and the junc-                   of developed land between the water and Marine
                           tion of the Astoria city limits with the shoreline. West          Drive/Highway 202. Soils are fill material and Co-
                           of the old Youngs Bay bridge only the shorelands are              quille-Ticlal Marsh (fresh) - Clatsop Association.
                           a part of the subarea. East of the old Youngs Bay                 Wildlife values are minimal, because most of the
                           bridge the shorelands and the aquatic area out to                 surface is paved and the shoreline is rip-rapped.
                           the Pierhead Line are included. The shoreline                     Human Use
                           bounclaryfollows alternate U.S. Highway 101 east to                  Residenti .al, commercial and industrial uses are
                           its junction with 5th Street, then east parallel to               found on these shorelands. The water oriented uses
                           Olney Avenue to 7th Street, then north to Olney                   include the Bumblebee Shipyard, Astoria Yacht
                           Avenue, then east on Olney Avenue (or the I 00-year               Club, boat moorage, and sand and gravel off-
                           floodplain, whichever is further inland).                         loading.
                              Most of the subarea lies within the present city
                           limits and the proposed Urban Growth         Boundary of          Issues and Findings
                           the City of Astoria. Some aquatic areas in the east-                 Most suitable sites in this subarea are already de-
                           ern portion of the subarea are under Clatsop                      veloped. The only industrial sites contain the Bum-
                           County's jurisdiction.                                            blebee Shipyard and the old unused PP&L plant.
                           Aquatic Features                                                  Some dredging would be required adjacent to the
                              The physical and biological properties of the                  PP&L site to provide access to the Youngs Bay Chan-
                           Youngs River/Youngs Bay system are described                      nel. Though there is deep water close to shore be-
                                                                                             tween the old highway bridge and the Ticlepoint
                           under Youngs Bay (42.07) and Youngs River (42.1                   Dock, little backup land is available. Since fills in the
                           The reach between the old highway bridge and the                  Youngs River/Youngs Bay system would conflict
                           Tidepoint Dock is the only part-of the South Astoria              with the high natural values of the area, develop-
                           waterfront with access to deep water. Depths in the               ment potential is low.
                           Youngs River Channel adjacent to this reach range
                           from 20 to 50 feet. Water oriented facilities include             Aquatic Designations
                           the Bumblebee Shipyard, the Astoria Yacht Club                       last of the old Youngs Bay bridge, the water area
                           piers, the Tidepoint Dock and several smaller piers               out to the pierhead line is designated Development
                           and docks.                                                        to 1 1th Street and Conservation east to the subarea
                              Most of the shoreline of this subarea is rip-rapped.           boundary.
                           Fringing marshes are generally found outside the                  Shoreland Designations
                           rip-rap.                                                             The shoreland of this subarea 'is designated De-
                                                                                             velopment, except for the area between the old
                                                                                             Youngs Bay bridge and 11 th Street, which is des-
                                                                                             ignated Water Dependent Development.
                                                       s1A

                                                  A
                                                                lw'w
                                                                -" 1K

                                                                               Jk

                                                                                                \A

                                                                                                                                   1000,

                                                                                       40

                                                                                                                                                  IV - 51

                                                               42.13 PORT OF ASTORIA
                  General Description                                              Shoreland Features                                                    0
                    This subarea includes shorelands and aquatic                      This subarea includes a narrow strip of shorelands
                  areas along the Astoria waterfront between the As-               between the. Burlington Northern Railroad and the
                  toria-Megler Bridge and the Youngs Bay Causeway.                 water. West of Hamburg Street, the shorelands
                  The Port of Astoria piers, the West End Mooring                  extend to West Marine Drive. Virtually all the shore-
                  Basin, the Thunderbird Motel complex and the Bar-                lands in this area have been created by filling
                  bey Cannery Buildings are included in this subarea.              aquatic areas. The area is entirely urban and largely
                  The area west of the Port of Astoria Pier 3 has been             paved. There are 26 acres of vacant land west of Pier
                  proposed for major port development.                             3. Part of this site has recently been paved to provide
                  Aquatic Features                                                 a container yard.
                    The aquatic areas of this subarea extend from the              Human Use
                  shore out to the pierhead line east of the Port of                  The Port of Astoria, the West End Mooring Basin,
                  Astoria piers. North of the Port piers and area desig-           the Barbey Packing Plant and the Thunderbird Motel
                  nated for development, the subarea extends out to                are the major facilities located in this subarea. There
                  the south side of the navigation channel. The west-              are also several warehouses and a tank farm located
                  ern boundary extends northwest from the western                  on Port-owned property. The railroad and U.S. High-
                  end of Youngs Bay causeway fill.                                 way 101 are adjacent to this subarea.
                    There are several distinct aquatic environments.               Issues and Findings
                  The deep water (greater than 30 feet) areas between
                  the navigation channel and the piers are scoured by                 The Port of Astoria has experienced difficulty in
                  currents and contain coarse sediments. Benthic pro-              assembling a property of marketable size near its
                  ductivity is relatively low, though fish migrate along           existing facilities. There are 26 acres west of Pier 3,
                  the piers. The shallower waters in the pier slips, in            11 of which were recently paved as a cargo storage
                  the West End Mooring Basin and between the bridge                yard, using state economic development funds. A
                  and mooring basin generally contain finer sedi-                  permit has been obtained to build a 600 foot Pier 4
                  ments which may be polluted, depending on the                    extending along the pierhead line west of Pier 3.
                  type and intensity of use. Benthic productivity is               There are 37 acres of Port property in this subarea
                  probably low in the most disturbed areas, but may                that are not presently in use.
                  be moderate elsewhere. West of Pier 3, there is a                   Additional lands might be obtained by filling be-
                  large tract of mud and sand flats. This area has been            tween one or both of the pier slips, by removing
                  studied in some detail because of the proposed port              warehouses or the tank form, or by filling west of
                  fill. Because of the two projections of fill (the cause-         Pier 3. Extensive filling has been strongly opposed
                  way and the exist    ing filled area west of the Port),          by resource agencies. A permit for an 80 acre fill
                  currents in this area are slight and the main energy             west of Pier 3 was refused in 1976 after a long and
                  sources are the winds and waves. Populations of                  costly fight.
                  benthic amphipods are very high, and use by juve-                   The tidal flats west of Pier 3 are a valuable natural
                  nile salmon is believed to be intense. Resource                  resource. Benthic animals are abundant and the
                  agencies have consistently opposed development of                area gets substantial use for feeding by salmon mi-
                  this site, because of the aquatic productivity.                  grating downstream and by other fishes. This is dis-
                    Salinity in this area is highly variable. Under the            cussed more extensively in the Youngs Bay subarea
                  highest flow conditions, salinity is absent at all               (cf 42.07). These tidal flats are also an attractive de-
                  stages of the tide. Under most flow conditions, salin-           velopment site, being adjacent to both the main ship
                  ity is present along the bottom during most of the               channel and existing Port facilities.
                  tidal cycle and at the surface during part of the tidal             The adopted designation west of Pier 3 represents
                  cycle. Variations of up to 20 to 25 0/00 during tidal            a compromise which protects the bulk of the
                  cycle are possible.                                              valuable interticlal habitat while providing the po-
                    One of the results of the frequent salinity in-                tential for construction of a Pier 4 and back-up area.
                  trusions, vertical salinity differences, and the mixing          The Development designation wi I I require an excep-
                  between fresh and salt water that occurs during the              tion to the Land Conservation and Development
                  tidal cycle is the deposition of silts and clays in quiet        Commission Estuarine Resources Goal, Number 16
                  areas such as port slips and marinas. Sedimentation              (cf Appendix B).
                  rates of up to 4-6 feet per year occur in the port slips.           Several sites in this subarea have been proposed
                  Some of this material is bark and other debris from              as People Places for the City of Astoria, including one
                  log rafting,                                                     beneath the Astoria-Megler Bridge and one west of
                    Facilities constructed on piling in this subarea in-           Pier 3. The site west of Pier 3 conflicts with the Port's
                  clude Port of Astoria Piers 1 and 2 (including a grain           development plans. Issues related to public access
                  elevator, offices, fish processing facilities and                are discussed under Downtown Astoria Waterfront
                  storage space), part of the Thunderbird Motel com-               (cf 42.14).
                  plex and the Barbey Packing Plant. Pier 3 is part of
                  piling and part on fill. The West End Mooring Basin
                  has facilities for412 boats.

                  IV - 52

                         Aquatic Designations                                          Subarea Policy
                           A 15 acre area west of Pier 3 is designated Devel-           The Development designation for aquatic areas
                         opment. This area extends along the pierhead line             west and northwest of Pier 3 is provided to accom-
                         1500 feet west of the east tip of Pier 3. The re-             modate a future pier, turning basin, and back-up
                         mainder of the aquatic area west of Pier 3 is desig-          area for water dependent uses, However, the des-
                         nated Natural with the exception of a 50 foot wide            ignation does not create the presumption that
                         Conservation buffer between the Development and               dredging, filling or other alterations will be per-
                         Natural areas.                                                mitted automatically. Specific proposals for water
                           The aquatic area to the north of the existing slips         dependent development must be justified in terms
                         from Pier 1 west, including the proposed Pier 4 out to        of available alternatives, demonstrated public
                         the main ship channel, is designated Development              needs and economic benefits; minimize adverse
                         to provide for a turning basin. East of Pier 1, the           impacts on water quality and natural habitat; and
                         aquatic area from the shoreline to the pierhead line          meet other requirements of the pe Irmit processes.
                         is designated Development.                                    Mitigation Needs
                         Shoreland Designations                                         Mitigation of the adverse effects of dredging or
                           All shorelands in this subarea are designated               filling the intertidal area west of Pier 3 may be re-
                         Water Dependent Development.                                  quired. Because there are no potential restoration or
                                                                                       habitat creation sites in the immediate vicinity, sites
                                                                                       in other portions of Youngs Bay or up the Youngs
                                                                                       River should be considered first. (cf Restoration and
                                                                                       Mitigation, 66.50.)

                                                                                   A   I SHORELAND
                                                                                 W_@UA !C
                                                                                       W. -

                                                                                              C-6-

                                                                                                w Depmd-l
                                                                                3"             D-1-p-t

                                                                                     Pto-ing Bounciary

                                                                                                            Lin

                                                       T:

                                                                                                                                  100d

                                                                                                                                         IV - 53

                                                   42.14 DOWNTOWN ASTORIA WATERFRONT

                  General Description                                                    Issues and Findings
                     This subarea includes shorelands and aquatic                           The marine development potential of this area is
                  areas within the City of Astoria between the Astoria-                  limited, despite the adjacent shipping channel and
                  Megler Bridge and 29th Street. The waterward                           deep water, because there is little undeveloped
                  boundary is the 30 foot depth contour, or the pier-                    backup land. An increasing number of stores, offices
                  head line, whichever is farther waterward. The                         and light industrial concerns that are not water-
                  upland boundary is Industry Street east from the As-                   oriented have located in this subarea in recent
                  toria-Megler Bridge to Columbia Street, south on                       years. Although there are some waterfront areas
                  Columbia Street to Marine Drive, east on Marine                        which presently contain strictly water-dependent
                  Drive until it joins with Astor Street, east on Astor                  uses, there is a general desire by the City to permit a
                  Street to 1 Oth Street, north on I Oth Street to the top of            mixture of uses. Tourist facilities, redevelopment of
                  the rip-rap, east along the top of the rip-rap or the                  old canneries and fish processing facilities are the
                  railroad (whichever is farther inland) to lAth Street,                 most likely new water-oriented uses. Light industry
                  where the boundary rejoins and follows Marine                          such as boat building might also locate in this sub-
                  Drive east to 29th Street.                                             area. Other large-scale water-dependent and in-
                  Aquatic Features                                                       dustrial uses, it is felt, may conflict with tourist
                                                                                         oriented businesses because of public safety, secu-
                     The Astoria waterfront      is adjacent to the main ship            rity, road and rail traffic, and oesthetic concerns.
                  channel in this reach. Water depths at the pierhead                       Public access to the waterfront is presently avail-
                  line are generally in excess of 30 feet and range to                   able via numerous publicly-owned street ends and
                  80 feet. Currents are strong and sediments coarse,                     so
                  except in protected areas. The circulation and sedi-                      me vacant waterfront lands. However, develop-
                  mentation patterns, biological productivity,                and        ment of publicly-owned sites to provide good public
                                                                                         access to the waterfront will require a considerable
                  navigational use of the adjacent main channel are                      investment. A number of Astoria's proposed People
                  discussed under Estuary Channels (41.02).                   The        Places are also in this reach, and the People Places
                  benthic productivity of this subarea is probably            low        concept suggests a pedestrian pathway along the
                  in most locations because of the strong currents            and        entire waterfront.
                  intensive development. There are numerous piers,
                  some abandoned structures and old pilings.                             Aquatic Designations
                  Shoreland Features                                                        Along the entire length of this subarea the aquatic
                                                                                         area is designated Development out to the pierhead
                     Virtually all of the shorelands in this subarea are                 line, then Conservation on out to the main ship
                  former aquatic areas filled with sandy dredged                         channel which is designated Development.
                  material. There is little vegetation and no wildlife
                  habitat. The shorelands are not in the floodplain.                     Shoreland Designations
                  Human Use                                                                 The shoreland designations from west to east are:
                                                                                         from Astoria-Megler Bridge to Columbia Street is
                     This is an industrial and commercial area, with                     Water Dependent Development; from Columbia
                  few residences. Many uses are water depenclen               .t or      Street to 2nd Street is Development; from 2nd Street
                  related, including fish unloading and processing,                      to 10th Street is Water Dependent Development;
                  boat and tug moorage, the bar pilot office, the As-                    from 10th Street to the western boundary of the As-
                  toria Plywood Mill, petroleum off-loading, marine                      toria Plywood Corporation is Development (the
                  equipment suppliers, and the Astoria Maritime                          eastern boundary of this Development area extends
                  Museum. There is also a proposed marina-condo-                         from the shoreline at 22nd Street north to Commer-
                  minium complex for which permits have been ob-                         cial Street, thence east 1/2 block, thence north be-
                  tained. The Pier I I complex of shops and a restau-                    tween the Plywood Corp. offices and the Nehalem
                  rant is focused on the water. There is also a large                    Valley Motor Freight facilities to Marine Drive); and
                  American Can Company plant. Several former fish                        from the above described boundary east to the sub-
                  processing plants are now abandoned. In some                           area boundary is designated Water Dependent De-
                  cases, new structures could be built on the old
                  pilings. In other instances, the pilings are a barrier to              velopment (includes Astoria Plywood Corporation).
                  development.                                                           Subarea Policy
                     Rail and water access is excellent. However, U.S.                      Public access to this area of the Astoria waterfront
                  Highway 30 runs down Marine Drive and traffic                          is strongly encouraged at street ends, at areas des-
                  congestion is a serious problem. All utilities are                     ignated in the Astoria People Places conceptual plan
                  provided by the City of Astoria. The foot of 9th Street                and at private commercial developments. The foot
                  and several other street ends are popular public                       of I 4th Street, the area between 9th and I Oth Streets
                  water access points. The view of the Columbia River                    and the Maritime Museum area should be given
                  and the waterfront from the higher areas of Astoria                    highest priority in implementing waterfront park
                  is very scenic.                                                        plans.

                  IV - 54

                       C@

                       w

                       Cl)

                                                                         AQUATIC    SHORELAND
                                                              c        Waters Wet-
                                                              0
                                                                             landst'
                                                                                             Natuml
                                                                                             conse@tion

                                                                                             Ruml
                                                                                   mv- Development
                                                                                             Water Depmdmt
                       0                                           3'De pthCo ntow           DeveloPmerit
                       cr                                                  Shoreline I
                       LL                                              Non-aquatic Veg.
                       cr                                                  Planning Boundary

                                                                                                                                                                          "o,

                                             101

                                                                                                                                                            le
                                                                          SHIP                                                                                                50' CONTOUR

                                                                              BOND

                                                                                COMMERCIAL

                                                                                                                                                           1000,

                                                    42.15 UPPERTOWN/ALDERBROOK

                General Description                                              This subarea has city water, sewer, and road ac-
                  This subarea contains shorelands and aquatic                cess from Highway 30. The railroad runs along the
                areas in eastern Astoria. The waterward boundary is           shoreline.
                the 30 foot depth contour. The western boundary is               Alderbrook is the only residential area of Astoria
                29th Street. The upland boundary extends eastward             that has immediate frontage on the water. It con-
                from 29th Street on Marine Drive/Leif Erickson Drive          tains a number of nineteenth century houses and has
                to 44th Street, north to the 200 foot boundary or the         a quiet attractiveness not found elsewhere along the
                100 year floodplain, whichever is farther inland,             waterfront.
                east to 53rd Street, north to Alder Street, then east         Issues and Findings
                along Alder Street and continuing straight east to the           The shorelands in this subarea do not have direct
                city limits. The eastern boundary follows the city            access to deep water. The ship channel is 2000 to
                limits.                                                       4000 feet from the shoreline, though several ship
                Aquatic Features                                              anchorages are south of the channel. Shallow draft
                  There are three different aquatic    environments in        boat access is available throughout the area but low
                this subarea: open water less than 30 feet deep,              tides uncover substantial flats. Rock piles from old
                protected shallow areas in the mooring basin and              ship ballast and rock ledges further limit access.
                behind the railroad causeway fills, and the Astoria           Most boat traffic is concentrated around the East End
                Sewage Lagoons.                                               Mooring Basin, which is underutilized at present.
                  Currents are less severe in this reach than further            The Port of Astorid has requested the Corps of
                west because the main channel is further from                 Engineers to study possible improvements to the East
                shore. The East End Mooring Basin, however, has a             End Mooring Basin breakwaters that would correct
                severe surge problem under storm conditions.                  the surge problem now experienced. Eliminating the
                  Definite information concerning sediment types              surge would open the basin to a large number of
                and benthic populations is not available. It is likely        vessels and increase the need for dredging and for
                that the area has some fine sediments mixed with              back-up land to support basin operations. Vacant
                sand in the shallow areas outside the causeway and            shorelands should be reserved for support uses.
                that benthic populations are at least moderately                 Most of the subarea shorelands are already de-
                high. The ticleflats and shallow waters of Alderbrook         veloped and there are no large vacant parcels.
                Cove behind the railroad causeway are quite shel-             Between 35th and 41st Streets, however, is mostly
                tered and appear to contain predominantly fine                vacant and has the potential to support water de-
                sediments. A small marsh area is on the western               pendent and water related uses associated with the
                edge of'this cove. Benthic productivity is not known          boat basin.
                but is likely to be moderate to high. Because of the             There was a disagreement over the most appro-
                nutrient supply, the aquatic productivity of the              priate use of Alderbrook Cove and its immediate
                sewage lagoons is probably high. Birds use these              shoreland. The Draft Plan included a Water De-
                aquatic areas and also the sewage lagoons.                    pendent Development designation for the aquatic
                Shoreland Features                                            and shoreland areas east of the East End Mooring
                                                                              Basin all the way to 46th Street. The western portion
                  Most of the shorelands in this subarea         are the      of Alderbrook Cove was identified as a potential site
                result of filling former aquatic areas with sandy             for filling and dredged material disposal. Objections
                dredged material. Only a small part of Alderbrook             to these provisions were raised by several resource
                and the Astoria sewage lagoons (and surrounding               agencies and a petition strongly opposing further
                fill areas) are within the 100-year floodplain. Since         development of the area was signed by
                most of the subarea is industrial, commercial or              approximately 50 neighborhood residents.
                residential, vegetation and wildlife values are
                minimal. There are no forest or agricultural lands.           Aquatic Designations
                Human Use                                                        From 29th Street to 41 st Street the aquatic area is
                  Considerable construction occurred in this subarea          designated Development to the pierhead line,
                between the plywood mill and the East End Mooring             except at the East End Mooring Basin where the
                                                                              designation corresponds to the outer boundary of
                Basin in the lost decade. The new building includes           the pier. East of 41st Street, the aquatic area is des-
                city shops and light industries. Water oriented uses          ignated Conservation. In the event of future need, a
                include fish receiving and processing facilities    , net     navigation channel of appropriate depth and width
                racks and the East End Mooring Basin. Most of the             from the main ship channel in to the Coast Guard
                former canneries are abandoned and no new water-              facilities on the west side of Tongue Point may be
                oriented facilities have been constructed in the last         constructed (cf 42.16).
                decade. There is a trailer court adjacent to the      East
                End Mooring Basin. The East End Mooring Basin         and     Shoreland Designations
                its small area of backup land remain largely un-                 All of the shorelands in this subarea are desig-
                developed. Surge prevents use of the East             End     nated Development, except for the area from 35th
                Mooring Basin by all but the largest vessels,         and     Street to 41st Street which is designated Water De-
                even they are not secure during a storm.                      pendent Development.

                IV - 56

                         Dredged Material Disposal                                   Mitigation Needs
                           There are two dredged material disposal sites in            Expansion of the East End Mooring Basin may in-
                         this subarea, one east [38(S)] and one west [37(S)] of      clude dredging of intertidal sand-mud flats close to
                         Alderbrook Cove. Both sites are proposed for use in         shore. Such dredging could involve up to five acres
                         conjunction with potential dredging for an expand-          and require mitigation, Because there are no restor-
                         ed, improved East End Mooring Basin. These sites            ation or resource enhancement sites in this area,
                         could also be used for sediments from the West End          sites in the Youngs River system or John Day River
                         Mooring Basin expansion, but that would require             should be considered first. (cf Restoration and Miti-
                         costly barge transport and off-loading. (cf Dredged         gation, 66.60.)
                         Material Disposal Plan 57.60, 59.)

                                        AQUATIC SHORELAND

                                                       42.16 TONGUE POINT AND VICINITY

                   General Description
                      This large and diverse subarea covers both share-
                   lands and aquatic areas between the tip of Tongue
                   Point on the north, the mouth of the John Day River
                   on the south, the Coast Guard Basin on the west, and
                   the MARAD Basin on the east. It includes the former
                   Tongue Point Naval Station and the Tongue Point Job
                   Corps Center. Present jurisdiction is by Clatsop
                   County, although the area is included in the Astoria                                                           A4,
                   Urban Growth Boundary (UGB). The Port of Astoria
                   has great interest in the area.
                   Aquatic Features
                      The aquatic areas    include the access channel to
                   Tongue Point from the Columbia River, the naval
                   station piers, the MARAD Basin, the tidal flats and
                   marshes adjacent to the Corps of Engineers Field
                                                                                                               A   11!7@
                   Office, and water areas west and north of Tongue
                   Point and the Coast Guard piers. This subarea does
                   not include wetlands adjacent to Mott and Lois
                   Islands.
                      This is one of the more highly altered areas of the
                   estuary, though time has disguised the scope of the
                   alterations. Prior to 1939, the area between the
                   mouth of the John Day River and Tongue Point was
                   an area of shallow waters, tidal flats and marshes.              F?"
                   The railroad track marked the approximate shoreline
                   east of the "neck" of Tongue Point, except on the
                   west side of the mouth of the John Day River, where              r-,
                   the railroad track cut off a shallow embayment. The
                   present Mott and Lois Islands were tidelands or
                   waters up to 15 feet deep. The entrance channel
                   required dredging, and        the MARAD Basin was
                   dredged in 1950 from tidal    flats and shallow waters.
                                                                                                                                           Wd
                   Even the neck of Tongue       Point was narrower. Vir-
                   tually all of the low-lying,   flat lands of the present                                       Xv
                   Tongue Point and Corps of      Engineers facilities have
                   been created by f i 11.
                      The waters off the tip of   Tongue Point have very            mentation   rate   in the MARAD Basin is 4-6         cm/yr
                   strong currents; the tidal currents that fill and empty          (about 2 in/yr)    at the present depth   of  20-26 feet.
                   the MARAD Basin and Cathlamet Bay rejoin the main                Because salinity     intrusion is less frequent, the
                   ship channel just north of Tongue Point, where there             Tongue Point area    should experience slower shoal-
                   is a scour hole in excess of 160 feet deep. The depths           ing rates than similarly protected areas along the
                   in the entrance channel shoal from 40 feet at the                Astoria waterfront.
                   mouth to about 25 feet east of the finger piers. The               Results from benthic studies of the Tongue Point
                   MARAD Basin is generally between 20 and 26 feet                  area by the National Marine Fisheries Service have
                   deep. Depths between the finger piers are generally              not been published, but preliminary indications are
                   less than 20 feet.                                               that the benthic populations (are presumably the
                      Salinity intrusion into the Tongue Point basin is             benthic productivity) are very high, except in the
                   less frequent than along the Astoria waterfront. The             more dynamic areas off the tip of Tongue Point. The
                   surface waters are fresh, except under very low river            more abundant organisms include copepods (up to
                   flow conditions. Some salinity intrusion along the               80,000/square meter), oligochaetes (up to 40,0001
                   bottom probably occurs at high tide under low to                 square meter), and amphipods (up to 18,500/square
                   moderate river flow levels.                                      meter). The MARAD Basin and other parts of this sub-
                      Sediments at the outer end of the entrance chan-              area are popular for sturgeon sport fishing. The use
                   nel are primarily sands, gravels or hard clay. Finer             of the area by downstream migrant juvenile salmon
                   sediments prevail in the MARAD Basin and adjacent                is significant, based on recent beach seining by the
                   to the finger piers. Organic content is fairly high in           U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The aquatic habitat
                   some areas, and the layer of navy grey point in the              value of the area should be considered very high.
                   MARAD Basin may cause the sediments to be pol-                   Migratory bird use of the MARAD Basin and the ad-
                   luted, according to EPA standards. Basin on bathy-               jacent islands of the Lewis and Clark National Wild-
                   metric surveys and core studies, the average sedi-               life Refuge is high.

                   IV - 58

                           Shoreland Features                                               Issues and Findings
                              The shorelands of this subarea are along the                     The Tongue Point subarea contains one of the
                           western margin. From north to south, they include                most important and difficult conflicts between
                           the steep, forested slopes of Tongue Point itself, the           natural resource values and development potential
                           relatively flat developed area occupied by the Coast             in the Columbia River Estuary. Upland portions
                           Guard station and the former naval base, and the                 contain old growth timber. Nearby residents report
                           parcel containing the Corps of Engineers field                   sitings of bold eagles and the location of at least one
                           station.                                                         nest. The area has exceptional value for water
                              Almost all of   Ithe flat lands of this subarea are the       oriented recreation. The point also contains basalt
                           result of filling of former aquatic areas with dredged           rock of excellent quality located close to the water.
                           material. Tongue Point proper, though honey-                     This rock could be quarried at relatively low cost and
                           combed with munitions storage bunkers, still con-                easily barged up or down river.
                           tains old growth timber. There is at least one bald                 The marsh, wetland and shallow water areas east
                           eagle nest located there. The basalt rock of the point           of Tongue Point and south to the mouth of the John
                           must also be considered a resource. The rock is of               Day River have significant natural resources, al-
                           high quality and its location directly adjacent to the           though the biological data base is incomplete at this
                           water enhances its attractiveness, because of low                time. Unpublished research results indicate that
                           transportation costs.                                            counts of amphipods, copepods, and other organ-
                              Deer and many small mammals are found in the                  isms important as food sources for juvenile salmon,
                           wooded parts of Tongue Point and on Mott and Lois                are equal or greater than those in the most pro-
                           Islands.                                                         ductive portions of Youngs Bay, Grays Bay and Alder
                           Human Use                                                        Cove. Resource agencies are strongly opposed to
                                                                                            development south of the existing finger piers at
                              The Navy obtained over 400 acres in the vicinity of           Tongue Point.
                           Tongue Point in 1921. It was not until 1940 that con-               The development potential of the area around the
                           struction was actually started on the naval base. The            finger piers and south to the mouth of the John Day
                           base was operated until the early 1960's. Since 1965,            River is exceptionally high. There is excellent access
                           a part of the former naval base has housed the Job               to the main navigation channel at River Mile 18.
                           Corps Training Center. The Coast Guard Base has                  There are eight existing finger piers and approxi-
                           been in operation continuously since prior to 1890.              mately 400 acres of sheltered water area with depths
                           The MARAD Basin was dredged in 1950 and used to                  of at least 20 feet. Shoaling rates appear to be sig-
                           .store the reserve fleet. Five of the finger piers are           nificantly lower than of other estuarine locations.
                           presently used for log storage and sorting. Another              The area contains large amounts of vacant land.
                           pier is used by the Corps of Engineers.                          With some filling, up to 400 acres of land could be
                              The rocky uplands contain old growth timber, and              made available for development. There is excellent
                           its aesthetic and recreational value as a river access           access to rail and highway transportation. The site's
                           point is very high. Its profile, as seen from other              location east of Astoria means that major develop-
                           locations, is also very striking. A road has been built          ment could take place without aggravating the al-
                           around the periphery and some quarrying has been                 ready severe traffic congestion in downtown As-
                           done on the west side of the point.                              toria. The topographical features Of the area provide
                              The facilities included in the former naval base              excellent protection from winds and waves.
                           include eight finger piers constructed on concrete                  International political and economic trends con-
                           piles, several hangars, and about 35 acres of pave-              tribute substantially to the development potential of
                           ment. The area is served by the Burlington Northern              Tongue Point. The shift in control over the Panama
                           Railroad, which runs through the site, and by U.S.               Canal and increasing size of ocean-going ships (too
                           Highway 30. There is also a sewage plant on the                  large for the Canal) have led international shipping
                           site, but it is antiquated.                                      interests to pursue the concept of a "land bridge"
                              The parcel of land north and east of the railroad             across the United States. Very large container
                           tracks and south of the finger piers is presently used           vessels cab economically load and off-load cargoes
                           only by the Corps of Engineers.                                  at coastal ports which are connected by a rail link.
                              Ownership of parts of the former naval base, in-              Tongue Point appears to be a' desirable west coast
                           cluding the developed area, is disputed between the              terminal for such an operation. Since the large
                           state and federal governments. The U.S. Fish and                 capacity container handling cranes are sensitive to
                           Wildlife Service claims ownership of Lois Island and             high winds, the sheltered east side of Tongue Point is
                           adjacent tidelands. The state claims ownership of                highly attractive. Container operations, in order to
                           those submerged lands and tidelands that were                    be economically feasible, require large amounts of
                           filled and for which deeds were not obtained. Thus,              land area. Since land areas at other west coast ports
                           ownership of part of Lois Island and the adjacent                are largely committed to other uses, the potential
                           tidelands is in part disputed by the state. The state            availability of up to 400 acres for development at
                           owns Mott Island   '. The General Services Administra-           Tongue Point is a highly valuable asset.
                           tion is in the process of declaring surplus five of the             The City of Astoria suffers from a severe shortage
                           finger piers and 55 acres of the land area.                      of undeveloped industrial sites. The city's steep

                                                                                                                                                    IV-59

                      TONGUE POINT                                                                                                                             SUBAREA 42.16

                                                                                      -7
                                                                                                                       .*ASTORIA U.6.DS
                                                                                    N'
                                                                                                                           COLUMBIA                RI VER

                                                                                                        '0
                                                                                                                                                               AQUATIC SHORELAND
                                                                                                                                                           Wafers W.j-

                                                                                                                                                                                    Natural
                                                                                                                                                                                    Conset,atio.

                                                                                                                                                                                    Rural
                                                                                                                                                                         ::T- D@elqp.,-t
                                                                                                                                                                                    linte,Deperulent
                                                                                                                                                       3' Depth Contour             D@-eloptuerlf
                                                                                                                                                                Shoreline
                                                                                                                                                            Nor-ocuatic Veg.
                                                                                                                                                                Planning Boundary
                                                                                                                 MOTT
                                                                                                                 ISLAND

                                41(S)

                                                   42(S)

                                                     30

                                                                                                                                       LOIS      ISLAND

                                                                              NORTH                                                               1000,

                      IV  60

                             topography and peninsular location place severe                   Corps Center from the Natural portions of the point.
                             limits on industrial expansion. There are no avail-               The remaining shorelands are designated Water
                             able industrial sites of more than 10 acres. The major            Dependent Development.
                             motivation and justification for inclusion of the                 Subarea Policies
                             Tongue Point area in Astoria's Urban Growth Bound-                    1. The area around the finger piers is the prefer-
                             ary (UGB) was this shortage of industrial land within
                             the existing city limits.                                         red area for development at Tongue Point. Due to
                               The General Services Administration (GSA) has                   high resource values in the southern portion, de-
                             declared five finger piers and 55 acres of adjacent               velopment at Tongue Point shall occur first in the
                             shoreland to be surplus federal land. The Port of                 northern portion, Development of the southern
                             Astoria has long expressed interest in obtaining this             portion shall take place only after full utilization of
                             land and the state, which also claims ownership to a              the northern portion and upon a demonstration that
                             large portion of the surplus land, is assisting the Fort          the unique development potential of the area will
                             by negotiating with the federal government. More                  be fully utilized.
                             recently, the Port has expressed interest in the land                 2..The exact location, width and depth of the
                             south of the finger piers. A 36 acre parcel imme-                 navigational access channel from the main ship
                             diately to the south was declared excess by the De-               channel of the Columbia River into the MARAD Basin
                             partment of Labor, and the GSA transferred the                    shall be determined through engineering studies as
                             parcel to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for in-              a part of the permit application process.
                             clusion in the adjacent Lewis and Clark National                      3. The Development designation for aquatic areas
                             Wildlife Refuge. Such action would seriously hinder               east and south of Tongue Point are provided to ac-
                             the development potential of the Tongue Point area                commodate future water dependent uses. However,
                             and would be inconsistent with its Development                    the designations do not create the presumption that
                             Aquatic designation. Protests of this action by                   dredging, filling or other alterations will automati-
                             numerous public officials led to a U.S. Fish and                  cally be permitted. Specific proposals for water de-
                             Wildlife Service decision to give up title to the land            pendent development must: be justified in terms of
                             and return it to the GSA. When the land is declared               available alternatives, public need and economic
                             excess, the State of Oregon, on behalf of the Port of             benefits; minimize adverse impacts on water quality
                             Astoria, may be able to obtain title to the.land.                 and natural habitat; and meet other requirements of
                               The Corps of Engineers owns the old MARAD base                  the permit processes.
                             and shorelands further to the south where they                    Dredged Material Disposal
                             maintain a small field office and dock, The U.S, Fish                 Two shoreland disposal sites are in this subarea
                             and Wildlife Service has also given up its intention to           [41 (S), 42(S)], as well as potential development sites
                             acquire this area, should the Corps ever declare the              which could use dredged material as fill. There are
                             property surplus. Inclusion of this area in the wildlife          also two sites in the John Day subarea (cf 43.01 ) and
                             refuge would also be inconsistent with the Develop-               one disposal site in the Lois and Mott Islands subarea
                             ment Aquatic and Water Dependent Development                      (cf 42.17) that relate to dredging activities at Tongue
                             Shoreland designations for the area.                              Point. (cf Dredged Material Management Plan,
                               The Coast Guard facility located on the west side               57.70,59.)
                             of Tongue Point has been in continuous use since
                             prior to 1890. Water depths are such that dredging                Mitigation Needs
                             has been needed only in the immediate vicinity of                     Development of the area north of the southern-
                             the piers. In the event larger, deeper draft vessels              most finger pier will not involve dredging or filling
                             are assigned to the facility, however, dredging an                of intertidal or tidal marsh area and therefore not
                             access channel (see Uppertown/Alderbrook - 42.15)                 require mitigation under the LCDC Estuarine Re-
                             may become necessary.                                             sources Goal, Number 16. However, the subticlal
                               Designation of the interticlal and tidal marsh areas            area between the pier slips has good benthic pro-
                             south of the finger piers to the John Day River re-               ductivity and gets substantial fish usage. Because of
                             quires an exception to the Estuarine Resources Goal               this, the Division of State Lands may require mitiga-
                             (cf Appendix B).                                                  tion, should a permit be granted to fill this subtidal
                             Aquatic Designations                                              area.
                               The aquatic area included in the Coast Guard base                   The Development area from the south of the
                             is designated Development. East of Tongue Point all               finger piers to the John Day River includes 135 acres
                             of the aquatic area is designated Development,                    of shoreland and 80 acres of aquatic area, of which
                             except the area north of the northernmost finger pier             about 65 acres are intertidal or tidal marsh. Dredging
                             where only the access channel is Development (see                 or  .filling a portion or all of these 65 acres will re-
                             Subarea Policies below). The remaining aquatic                    quire mitigation. Additional mitigation may be re-
                             areas are Conservation.                                           quired for subticlal areas or shorelands involved in
                                                                                               any development proposal.
                             Shoreland Designations                                                Restoration sites up the John Day River and east at
                               The tip of Tongue Point is designated Natural,                  Svensen Island should be considered for mitigation
                             except for the Coast Guard base, which is desig-                  of Tongue Point development. (cf Restoration and
                             nated Water Dependent Development, and the Job                    Mitigation 66.70.)
              is             Corps Center which is designated Development. A
                             fifty foot wide Conservation buffer separates the Job

                                                                                                                                                       IV - 61

                                                      42.17 LOIS AND MOTT ISLANDS

                General Description
                  This subarea includes the two dredged material             recreational facilities might also be provided on the
                islands created by dredged material during the               upland portion of these islands.
                construction of Tongue Point Naval Base and the                Both Mott and Lois Islands are within the wildlife
                MARAD Basin (1939-49), the adjacent wetlands, and            refuge and the habitat value of the upland areas for
                the channel between. The subarea is in the Lewis             birds and wildlife is high. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife
                and Clark Wildlife Refuge and Clatsop County.                Service has indicated that they will oppose use of
                                                                             the area for dredged material disposal. Recreational
                Aquatic and Shoreland Features                               fishing and boating may conflict with port develop-
                  Lois and Mott Islands are surrounded by tidal              ment in the Tongue Point area. Public access may
                marsh, are wooded (willow, alder) around the                 also be an issue.
                fringes and gross-covered in the interior. Bird and
                wildlife values are high. The water and wetland              Aquatic Designations
                portions of this subarea are protected and very                The wetland and water areas east of both islands
                productive; the populations of benthic invertebrates         and south of Lois Island are designated Natural.
                are very high.                                               The remaining aquatic areas are designated Con-
                Human Use                                                    servation.
                  Human use     includes recreation boating, beach-          Shoreland Designations
                combing, sports fishing, hunting, trapping and wild-           All shoreland in this subarea is designated Con-
                life observation. None of these uses is intensive.           servation.
                Issues and Findings                                          Dredged Material Disposal
                  There is some potential for port related develop-            The shoreland portion of Mott Island is designated
                ment on Lois and Mott Islands; however, since the            as a dredged material disposal site [40(S)] in con-
                two islands have no utilities or land transportation         junction with possible future dredging at Tongue
                and are in the wildlife refuge, the only likely use is       Point. The amount of dredging for initial construction
                dredged material disposal. Mott Island and the               of a deep draft channel into Tongue Point and the
                northern lobe of Lois Island are within one mile of          availability of other sites for disposal will determine
                the Tongue Point entrance channel. The rest of Lois          whether this site would be used for initial or main-
                Island is adjacent to the MARAD Basin and within             tenance disposal. The site may not be needed for
                reach of dredging that might occur at the Corps of           many years. (cf Dredged Material Management Plan
                Engineers site south of  Tongue Point. Low intensity         57.70,59.)

                                qSY

                IV-62

                                                                  43. EASTERN       CLATSOP PLAN

                         THE PLANNING AREA                                              AREA POLICIES
                            The establishment of the planning area boundary             1. Recreational Access to the Estuary
                         for the Eastern Clatsop area was based on evalua-                 Clatsop County has emphasized its great recrea-
                         tion of potential shoreland hazards, important shore-          tional resources by developing parks and picnic
                         land habitat areas, areas needed for water oriented            areas, boat launch sites, and beach access points
                         development and scenic resources. The Eastern Clat-            throughout the Columbia River estuary. To meet the
                         sop planning area extends from the eastern border              needs of hunters, fishermen, and boaters in the
                         of Clatsop County west to the mouth of the John Day            Eastern Clatsop County area, boat launch sites are
                         River. The shorelands boundary is 200 feet inland              presently located at the John Day River, Aldrich
                         from MHHW, or the edge of tideland soils in areas              Point and Westport. Other access points providing
                         where they occur. The water boundary is the state              recreation for the public are at Bradley Wayside and
                         line or the wildlife refuge boundary as appropriate.           at Tongue Point. Generally, public access to the river
                         The upstream limit of estuarine waters is defined as           is adequate with some potential for improvement,
                         tidewater. Streams included are the John Day River,            although limited. Foot and/or bicycle paths along
                         Mary's Creek, Bear Creek, Big and Little Creeks,               shoreline bluffs would be appropriate if they would
                         Gnat Creek, Plympton Creek, and all other streams              not impair fish and wildlife habitat or interfere with
                         eastward to the border of Clatsop County. Planning,            agricultural use. Boat landings, docks and scenic
                         management and regulatory jurisdictions include                viewpoints would also be appropriate if privately
                         Clatsop County, the Port of Astoria, State of Oregon,          owned shorelands are protected from encroach-
                         and federal agencies,                                          ment. Additional locations for public recreational
                                                                                        access or expansion of existing facilities should be
                         MAJOR ISSUES AND DECISIONS                                     jointly considered by interested state agencies and
                            Major issues included fish and wildlife protection,         the County to assess local needs and to protect the
                         the need for development areas along the river,                environment. The Aldrich Point boat launch facility,
                         maintenance of agricultural lands, recreational                however, except for general maintenance require-
                         water-access to the river, and the use of navigable            ments, should be adequate for many ge.nerations.
                         waters for houseboats,      float houses and private           The current facility consists of one boat lone on one
                         docking facilities. During  the conflict resolution pro-       acre of land at the terminus of a long, narrow
                         cess, the designation of    undeveloped wetlands as            winding country road that posses through some of
                         Conservation rather than Natural become an issue,              the best.dairy land in the County. Typical of a
                         except at Big Creek, where the Natural designation             country road are the numerous cattle crossings,.
                         of the privately owned spruce swamp has resulted in            playing children and slow vehicles. Additio     nal use
                         serious disagreements. Restoration of dikes long in            of the facility could destroy the rural lifestyle of the,
                         disrepair has also emerged as a significant. issue.            area. In addition, to the east, along the railroad
                         These issues are addressed either through regional             tracks, an eagle's nest has been cited. The Nature
                         policies (cf Section 11), area or subarea policies, and        Conservancy has suggested protecting this area in
                         other plan provisions.                                         order to attract as many eagles to the point as
                            The western portion of the Eastern Clatsop plan-            possible.
                         ning area is rural, with little intensive development.            The Eastern Clatsop Planning Committee recog-
                         The plan designations reflect this. Low-lying farm-            nizes the importance of providing public access to
                         lands are designated Rural, aquatic areas are Con-             the Columbia River and its tributaries and sloughs.
                         servation or Natural, and forested shorelands are              But, because of the area's natural environment for
                         Conservation to provide for forest management.                 wildlife and the desire to protect areas from over-
                         This western area has no deep water access and                 use and potential damage and in consideration of
                         commercial fishing, fish production at hatcheries,             the rural nature of the area, these access points
                         and recreational use of sloughs and adjacent wild-             should be limited.
                         life refuge areas are important.                                  In consideration of expansion of existing or new
                            The eastern end of this planning area is adjacent           potential locations, a public hearing should be held
                         to the main Columbia River ship channel and has rail           to assess the needs of the area and the following
                                                                                        standards should be met:
                         and highway access. A small potential waterfront
                         development site exists at Brodwood. Ma       .jor devel-         0 Access from the U.S. Highway      30 must be ap-
                         opment, existing and planned, is provided for in the                propriately located and designed to provide for
                         Wouna/Westport area. Along the waterfront, share-                   safe exitfrom and entry tothe highway by large
                                                                                             motor homes and vehicles pulling trailers.
                         lands are designated for Water Dependent Develop-                 0 State or County roads connecting U S. Highway
                         ment and river access is provided for. Controversy                  30 with access points must be *capable of
                         exists over how much area should be developed,                      handling the types and vol,umes of traffic that
                         versus protected. Dredged material disposal on wet-                 such a facility would create.
                         land areas is a major issue near Westport. This area              0 The impacts of site development and the result-
                         is one of six estuary development sites along the Co-               ing traffic upon local residential areas shall be
                         lumbia River which offer significant potential f  'or use           carefully considered. The County will reject
                         by vessels requiring deep draft access to the shore-                proposals which will have undue impacts on
                         line.                                                               local citizens.
                                                                                                                                           IV-63

                     Before any overnight facilities are established           4. Fishing Industry
                     at any public or private parks, consideration                Fishing is a traditional industry and lifestyle in the
                     should be given to their impact on the area (i.e.         Columbia River estuary area and has been an im-
                     streams, tributaries, sewage disposal, garbage,           portant part of the history and development of Clat-
                     roads). These facilities, if they are developed,          sop County. It remains a major factor in the econo-
                     should be self-supporting and aesthetically               my. Columbia River salmon are internationally ac-
                     pleasing.                                                 claimed and the loss of the fishing industry would
                 2. Eagles                                                     mean a loss of identity for this area.
                   Eagles should be given full protection because the             9 Boat houses, net floats and associated fisheries-
                 eagle is the national symbol of freedom, is an en-                 related facilities should be allowed in waters
                 dangered species with only 708 breeding pairs in                   designated Conservation.
                 the lower 48 United States and only a few known                  0 Logging practices in the Columbia River drain-
                 pairs in Clatsop County, and is part of the eco-system             age area should be strictly enforced as outlined
                 of the Columbia River estuary with migrating eagles                in the Forest Practices Act to maintain a high
                 from Alaska wintering in Clatsop County. A five acre               degree, of water quality.
                 buffer area around trees containing nests should be              9 Industrial development permitted along the Co-
                 protected from logging operations, so that the nest is             lumbia River and its tributaries should be com-
                 not subject to blowdown as it might be under exist-                patible with the fishing industry. In particular,
                 ing regulations.                                                   any waste water returned to the river or its trib-
                                                                                    utaries should meet or exceed the quality of the
                 3. Filling of Shallow Waters and Wetlands                          surrounding river water.
                   The contribution of shallow water areas, fresh                 * Recognizing the possible harmful effects of log
                 water marshes, and wetlands to the biological pro-                 storage to the fisheries, the timber industry is
                 ductivity of the Columbia River estuary is significant.            encouraged tofind alternatives to water storage
                 The indiscriminate filling of such areas is dis-                   of logs.
                 couraged. However, to develop the areas desig-                   0 Dredging and filling of wetlands and water
                 nated for Development, dredging and filling may be                 areas should be minimized.
                 necessary. Potential development areas on both                   0 Additional oil tanker traffic on the Columbia
                 sides of the Columbia River should be surveyed.                    River is discouraged. New oil port facilities pre-
                 Those requiring the least amount of fill in shallow                sent a hazard to the fishing industry.
                 estuarine waters, fresh water marshes or wetlands,               a Because of the importance of the Gnat Creek
                 should be ranked first and those requiring the most                and Big Creek Hatcheries, activities or develop-
                 fill be ranked last. Using additional requirements                 ment that could be detrimental to their water
                 such as economic factors and the needs and goals of                quality are discouraged in these creeks or the
                 a given area, those areas ranked first on the list                 waters into whic'h they drain.
                 should be developed first.                                         Steps to increase native or hatchery runs on
                                                                                    Plympton Creek, Little Creek, Mary's Creek,
                                                                                    Ferris Creek, Bear Creek or the John Day River
                                                                                    are encouraged.

                                                                                                                                       rZ,

                                                                                                                               6@

                                                                                    V%t_

                                                                       %tow,
                                                                                                                 J,
                                                                               L

                                                                                                                              Mihe Karna

                  IV - 64

                          5. Houseboats and Floathouses                                           man; preserve areas of unique or valuable vegeta-
                              Residential use of protected waterways is a way of                  tion; and preserve areas of historical significance for
                          life in the Columbia River estuary area. In eastern                     future generations.
                          Clatsop County, the John Day River and the Svensen                         Natural areas are necessary to maintain a healthy
                          Island area are historical moorage areas for resi-                      balance with development and to maintain the
                          dential f loothouses.                                                   existing quality of life in this area, and should be
                              Existing houseboats and floothouses should be                       given full protection to ensure their preservation.
                          allowed to continue. However, expansion of this
                          activity should not occur. Current regulations of the                   8. Nuclear Power Plant Siting
                          Oregon department of Environmental Quality con-                            Although the Oregon Nuclear and Thermal Energy
                          cerning sewage disposal indicate that additional                        Council designated eastern Clatsop County as being
                          houseboats and floothouses are unlikely. In addi-                       unsuitable for the siting of a nuclear power plant,
                          tion, these residences block navigable waters which                     the Washington Public Power Supply System listed a
                          could otherwise be used by the public.                                  site adjacent to the Brownsmead           area as one of the
                          6. Industrial Development                                               twelve sites they are considering.
                              Continued economic development in Northeast                            Construction of nuclear power          plant and the stor-
                          Clatsop County is essential for the well-being and                      age of radioactive waste should           not occur in north-
                          livelihood of the people who have lived here and                        east Clatsop County because:
                          who wish to live here.                                                     -Potential adverse impacts in          the fishing industry
                              To promote environmentally sound development                              due to changes in the water         temperature when
                          consistent with maintaining the unique character of                           cooling water is returned to        the river and from
                          the area, the following are encouraged:                                       construction impacts on the streams;
                              � Timber production, which is highly suited be-                        -Effect of low level radiation on adjacent agri-
                                cause of rainfall and soils;                                            cultural practices, particularly the dairy in-
                              � Forest products industries, to locally process                          clustry;
                                local timber;                                                        -Lack of facilities in the United States for long-
                              � Waterways and ports, for energy efficient trans-                        term storage of radioactive waste;
                                portation of goods and minimization of the                           -Safety factors which include the possibility of
                                need for overland transfer of products;                                 accidents and natural catastrophies as well as
                              � Production of fish by both hatchery and natural                         the long term risk of continued radioactivity at a
                                means, to more fully utilize ocean resources                            site after a plant is shut down.
                                and provide for their local commercial and                        9. Agriculture
                                sports harvest.                                                      The low-lying areas adjacent to the Columbia
                          7. Natural Areas                                                        River estuary (in particular the Brownsmead area)
                              Natural areas in the Columbia River estuary pro                     have the most potential for agricultural develop-
                                                                                           -      ment in Clatsop County. They produce excellent
                          vide habitat for wildlife including eagles, great blue                  forage to support the dairy industry and are noted
                          heron, waterfowl, deer, and elk; maintain an aes-                       for quality peas and corn. These agricultural lands
                          thetically beautiful area, basically            unaltered by            should be protected for their agricultural value.
                                                                                                     These same areas are also important feeding,
                                                                                     .......... ;1
                                                                                                  resting, and nesting areas for migrant waterfowl. At
                                                                            ..........
                                                                                @01'              least three herds of elk graze in the area. Many fur-
                                                                         .. . .........
                                                                                                  bearers are trapped each winter from the sloughs.
                                                                                                  To preserve this important agricultural and wildlife
                                                                             A,
                                                              p@W
                                                                                                  area:
                                                                                                        The diked lands of Brownsmead should be des-
                                                                                                        ignated for exclusive agricultural use (EFU
                                                                                                        zone. This would discourage housing develop-
                                                                                                        ments, subdivision of forms into small uneco-
                                                                  W"                                    nomical units, and would keep property taxes
                                                                                                        low thus encouraging farmers to make long
                                                                                                        term plans and investments.
                                                                                                     0  The Forest Practices Act should be strictly en-
                                                                                                        forced in all watersheds that drain into agri
                                                                                @qq
                                                                                                        cultural lands. Poor drainage is a major
                                                                         77-77,
                                                                                                                           -lying farm areas. Strict imple-
                                                                                                        problem in low
                                                                                                        mentation of the Forest Practices Act would help
                                                 o'
                                           @o                                                           keep siltation of sloughs and drainage ditches
                                                                                                        to a minimum.
                                                                                                        Cleaning of sloughs and ditches and dike main-
                                                                                                        tenance should be allowed under the super-
                                                                                     M                   Sion of the local diking districts and in cooper-
                                                                                                        oion with the Clatsop Soil and Water Conserva-
                                                             ft
                                                                                                        tion District.
                                                                  Compleat Photographer                 Trapping of furbearers should be encouraged to
                                                                                                        minimize crop and dike damage.

                                                                                                                                                             IV - 65

                                                                     43.01 JOHN DAY RIVER

                          General Description                                          Issues and Findings
                            This area includes the John Day River from its                There is little potential for new development on
                          mouth to the head of tide, and the adjacent shore-           the John Day River and its low-lying shorelands. The
                          lands for a distance of 200 feet from mean higher            river itself is relatively narrow and shallow. In-
                          high water (MHHW) or the extent of tideland soils,           creased river traffic would conflict with existing
                          whichever is greatest.                                       houseboat uses and worsen the stream-bank erosion
                                                                                       problem. The shorelands, being either low and
                          Aquatic Features                                             flood-prone or steep and unsuitable for intensive
                            While the types of fish present in the John Day are        development, also offer little potential for expanded
                          varied, the numbers are not large. During the fall,          use. Factors which could improve development po-
                          there are cutthroat trout, some coho salmon, and             tential in the future would be the use of low areas
                          maybe a small number of Chum salmon. During May              for disposal of dredged material and possible relo-
                          and June, there is a substantial run of American             cation of U.S. Highway 30.
                          Shad which spawn around the head of tide. Other                 Water quality and navigational access concerns
                          species which occur throughout the year are carp,            related to existing houseboats may become a more
                          largemouth bass, crappie, yellow perch, catfish, and         significant issue in the future. State policies on tide-
                          other rough fish.                                            land leasing, water quality standards and the area
                            A large tidal marsh area has developed at the              policy in this plan will prevent expansion of this
                          mouth of the river on the west side, south of the            residential use.
                          railroad fill. Other wetland marsh areas exist up-              Another issue is dike maintenance and erosion
                          stream along the river bank.                                 control using materials dredged from the river. State
                            Water depths are a relatively shallow 4 to 12 feet.        and federal resource agencies discourage this prac-
                          While the river is considered navigable for a dis-           tice.
                          tonce of three miles, there is no authorized channel            The tidal marsh-mudflat areas just inside the river
                          project. River flow from the small drainage'basin is         mouth are very shallow, are flooded on every tide,
                          low, particularly in the summer. There is minimal            have significant fish and wildlife values, are pub-
                          sediment transport, and flushing is slow. There is            icly owned, and have little potential for any de-
                          little salt water intrusion, except during very low          velopment activities. It is in the public interest to
                          Columbia River flow periods. The aquatic ecosystem           protect these natural resource values.
                          of the John Day River is thus freshwater is nature.             The low intensity recreational uses of the river, the
                          Shoreland Features                                           fishery resources and wildlife values should be
                            The shorelands are predominantly diked tidelands           protected while providing for limited developed
                          used for low intensity agriculture. There are also           uses.
                          small forested shoreland areas. The shorelands have          Aquatic Designations
                          moderate wildlife value. Deer and elk, along with               The large freshwater tidal marsh and mudflat just
                          smaller wildlife, frequent the area and several bald         inside the mouth of the John Day River, to the west
                          eagle nests have been located in adjacent upland             of the river channel, is designated Natural. The re-
                          areas.                                                       maining water and wetland areas to the head of tide
                            Shoreland soils are the Coquille-Ticlal Marsh              are designated Conservation.
                          (fresh)-Tolovana Association. These lowlands have
                          high flooding potential (most of the area is within          Shoreland Designations
                          the 100 year floodplain), relatively @igh ground                All shorelands in this subarea are designated
                          water level, and moderate agricultural stability.            Rural.
                            Some dikes along the river are low or in poor              Dredged Material Disposal
                          condition and erosion and undercutting of the dikes             There are two shoreland disposal sites [43(5),
                          is a significant problem.                                    44(S)l on the west banks of the John Day River, both
                          Human Use                                                    associated with possible future development at
                            Existing land and water use includes agriculture,          Tongue Point. Both sites are low priority because of
                          forestry, shoreland residences, houseboats, and re-          existing us@es and distance from Tongue Point (cf
                          creation. To protect low-lying shoreland areas, there        Dredged Material Management, 57.70, 59).
                          are dikes and fourteen ticlegates located along the          Restoration and Resource Enhancement
                          river. Adjacent land uses are mostly related to for-            The diked tideland areas (shorelands) along the
                          estry.                                                       John Day River were once productive parts of the
                            Ownership is mostly private with some county,              aquatic ecosystem, providing valuable habitat for
                          state and corporate owners, There is a newl            y-    waterfowl and other wildlife. These wetlands also
                          improved public boat     'launching ramp on county           produced large quantities of plant growth, much of
                          .land near the mouth of the river. There are also            which helped support the base of the aquatic food
                          numerous private docks along the river. Access to            chain. It may be appropriate at some time in the
                          the area is by water from the Tongue Point Basin and         future to breach existing dikes in one or more of
                          by road from Highway 30.                                     these areas, to help' restore some aquatic produc-

                                                                                                                                          IV - 67

                    tivity. Such "restoration" would require the owner's                       areas would be limited to undeveloped or low in-
                    approval, and the advisability of such action would                        tensity uses such as agriculture, so as not to preclude
                    be evaluated against the lost agricultural or other                        the potential for restoration use. The John Day River
                    values. Nine areas, [29(M) 37(M)] are suggested as                         is also singled out, for potential fishery enhance-
                    potential restoration areas. Future land uses in these                     ment [32(F)]. (cf Restoration and Mitigation 65.)

                                                                                  ASTORIA I.I.G.S.

                                                                .7.
                                                                                                     LOIS      ISLAND

                                                                                                                                                       o0
                                       4'x (Q%                         ...                                                                cpCP

                                                                                                                                             vz::)

                                                          V

                                                                    29(m)

                                                                                           31 (M)

                                                                                                               34(M)
                                                                                    33(M)

                                                   30 (M)
                                                                                                                                 JOHN DAY RIVER

                                                                                                                                        37 (M)

                                                                                35 (M)

                                                                                                                         32 (F)

                                                                                                                              AQUATIC   SHORELAND
                                                                                                                           Waters Wet-
                                                                1000,                                              0
                                                                                                                                 lands?
                                                                                                                   2                            Natu-1
                                                                                                                                                C-Sematio.
                                                                                                                                                Rural
                                                                                                                        7,@                     Devetopm@t
                                                                                                                                                Hater Depend@
                                                                                                                      3' Depth Contour          Devetopmevt
                                                                                                                              Shoreline
                                                                                                                           Non-aquatic Veg.
                                                                                                                               Planning Boundary
                   IV - 68

                                                          43.02 JOHN DAY POINT - SETTLERS POINT

                                           LOIS  ISLAND

                                                                                                    I, 'n'

                            JDHN DAY
                            POINT                                                 ca5

                                                                                                                                          ETTLERS

                                                                                                              IW

                                                                               SOUTH

                                    AQUAT :C SHORELAND
                            I    W.ters We

                                                 Natuml
                                                 C-n-tion
                                                 Ruml
                               >          X      IX,,elp.,-(
                                                 Hater Dependent
                              TDO                D-einp,nent
                                     Shorell
                                  N.-q-11c VD9
                                    Nonni ng Bou ndary                                                                                 1000"

                          General Description
                            This area includes shorelands 200     feet back from        mammals. Furbearers such as nutria and bear may
                          Mean Higher High Water (MMHW)          and the waters         be present.
                          and wetlands out to the refuge boundary, except in
                          the marsh area where Twilight Creek drains'into th      e     Human Use
                          Columbia River. The western boundary is John Day                Existing uses in the area are forestry and scattered
                          Point and the eastern boundary is Settlers Point. The         residential uses. The railroad runs along the shore-
                          area is predominantly forested and rural in nature.           line. There is also in-water log storage east of Twi-
                                                                                        light Creek. There is a mixture of state and private
                          Aquatic Features                                              ownership, with minor holdings by the county. Phys-
                            There are fringing tidal marshes adjacent to the            ical access to the water is limited to private shoreline
                          railroad along much of the shoreline. Dominant                structures.
                          vegetation includes sedge, bulrush, marsh horsetail,          Issues and Findings
                          common cattail, Pacific water parsley, and many                 There is limited development potential in the
                          other species. Tidal flats adjacent to marshes are            area. Some expansion of residential uses at Settlers
                          productive for benthic algae, bacteria, microscopic           Point may occur in the future.
                          invertebrates and larger invertebrates such as small            The tidal marshes at the mouth of Twilight Creek
                          clams, worms, and amphipods which characterize                have been intensively studied and are a valuable
                          freshwater areas of the estuary. The tidal range at           natural resource. The marshes are primarily in pri-
                          Settlers Point is 6.3 feet (as compared to 6.5 feet at        vate ownership and are managed for waterfowl
                          Tongue Point) and the diurnal range is 8.0 feet (8.2          hunting by a local club. There are several small
                          feet at Tongue Point). Salinity intrusion may occur in        docks and walkways giving access to tidal-channels
                          this area but has not been documented. The area is            cut in the marshes. Low intensity recreation is the
                          well-flushed.                                                 dominant use of these marshes. Continued need for
                          Shoreland Features                                            maintenance and possible improvement of          ' docks
                            Soils in this area include the Tolovana and the             and duck shacks is expected. Demand for recreation
                          Walluski-Knappa Associations. Flood potential is low          facilities requiring major alterations, however, is not
                          and there is a seasonally high water table. The soils         expected.
                          have a very low suitabi.lity for agriculture. Soil            Aquatic Designations
                          movement hazards are present to the west of Tw.l'-              All aquatic areas, including waters, tidal flats and
                          light Creek. While the movement is not rapid, it is           marshes are designated Conservation.
                          present almost every winter, intruding on U.S. High-
                          way 30.                                                       Shoreland Designations
                            Shoreland vegetation is characterized by shrub                Shoreland areas in private ownership are desig-
                          willow, older, Sitka spruce, and Douglas fir. Wildlife        nated Rural to provide for potential residential use.
                          in the area includes blacktail deer, elk, and small           Other shorelands are Conservation.

                                                                                                                                          IV - 69

                                            43.03 SETTLERS POINT EAST TO IVY STATION

                General Description
                   This area, entirely south of Svensen Island, in-
                cludes the lowland areas of Mary's, Bear, and Ferris
                Creeks, the waters of the creeks to the the approxi-
                mate head of tide, and a 200 foot strip of shoreland
                east of Ferris Creek to the Ivy Station area. It also
                includes the water and wetland area to the middle
                of the channel between Svensen Island and the
                shoreland.
                Aquatic Features
                   The wetland areas   at the mouths of Mary's, Bear
                and Ferris Creeks were at one time diked and in
                agricultural use. Dikes and ticlegates have fallen into
                disrepair or have been purposely breached. At
                     's and Bear Creeks, the wetland area in-
                Mary
                fluenced by tidal waters (6.5 foot diurnal tidal
                range) has completely reverted to tidal marsh vege-
                tation, including sedges, bulrush and cattail. At
                Ferris Creek, there has been some establishment of
                wetland vegetation, but the area seems slightly
                higher and drier. The upper tidal reaches of all three
                streams and fringes along the marshes are forested
                                                                                                                   ; e@OKS
                and shrub wetlands, with Sitka spruce, willow and
                some alder.
                   Mary's, Bear and Ferris Creeks have small wild
                runs of cutthroat trout, steelhead, and coho and
                chum salmon; coho from state hatcheries have been
                placed in Bear Creek. Wildlife values of the wetland                                Tim Harrison, Compleal Photographer
                areas and adjacent flats north of the railroad are
                high. Deer, elk, bear, aquatic and terrestrial fur-           boxes is considered  new diking. New dikes are per-
                bearers, waterfowl, raptors, including bald eagles,           mitted if the purpose is to provide for water de-
                and other wildlife use the area.                              pendent uses. New diking of wetlands for agri-
                Shoreland Features                                            cultural use would not be permitted. Proposals for
                   The soils in the area are primarily of the Coquille-       restoring abandoned dikes on Mary's Creek and
                Tidal Marsh (fresh)-Clatsop Association. These soils          Ferris Creek have been made.
                are characterized by a potential for flooding, a rela-        Aquatic Designations
                tively high seasonal water table, and a low slope.             All aquatic areas are Conservation, except for
                Agricultural suitability is moderate, a class IV soil.        Rural designations for: the wetland south of the
                East of Ferris Creek, the area adjacent to the plan-          railroad on the east and west banks of Mary's Creek;
                ning area is much steeper (Walluski-Knappa Soil               the lake adjacent to Bear Creek south of U.S. High-
                Association). Wildlife values of the shoreland area           way 30; and the wetlands along the entire east bank
                are similar to the other wetland areas, with deer,            of Ferris Creek and a portion along the west bank.
                elk, bear, and small furbearers frequenting the               Shoreland Designations
                area.                                                           Rural shorelands include those north of U.S.
                Human Use                                                     Highway 30 along Mary's and Bear Creeks, shore-
                   Intensity of human use is low in all wetland areas.        lands in agriculture use south of U.S. Highway 30
                Adjacent shorelands are used for rural residences,            along Bear Creek, and shorelands from Bear Creek
                agriculture and some forestry. The shoreland and              east to and including Ferris Creek shorelands. All
                formerly diked wetlands are privately owned,                  other shoreland areas are Conservation.
                except for a county-owned parcel on the west bank             Restoration and Resource Enhancement
                of Mary's Creek. Crown Zellerbach owns land south               The wetland areas at Mary's Creek, and east and
                of U.S. Highway 30 on Mary's Creek. The watersheds            west of Ferris Creek are identified as possible resto-
                have been logged and some areas replanted.                    ration sites [38(M), 39(M)]. These areas are in differ-
                Issues and Findings                                           ent stages of reverting to tidal marsh or forested
                   The major issue in this area is whether or   not the       wetland. Removal of dikes to improve tidal
                formerly diked wetlands can be re-cliked and     placed       exchange is proposed to enhance wetland values
                into agricultural or other use. According to state and        and provide for more export of plant material to the
                local policy, once areas have substantially reverted          estuary (cf Restoration amd Mitigation Plan,
                to wetland vegetation, repairing dikes and tide               65).

                IV - 70

                        z

                                   w
                                   cr

                                                              SETTLERS PT.                                       SVENSEN        ISLAND

                                                                                                     3 m

                                                                                                                                               40(M)
                                                                                                                               q

                                                                                                                  39 M

                                                                                                                                                                                        30
                                                              k
                                                                                                                  HUNT  ROAO

                                       AQUATIC SHORELAND                                               04
                                    Wo                                                                                                  a
                                       ters Wet-                                                                                        4
                           :2                                                                                                           0
                              0            lands,'
                                                           Natural
                                                           Consemation                                                                  0                         Fro?,,. CR.
                                                     \\\:Rural                                                       1000,
                                                 T-        D-O.P    ent                                                                 a
                                 0
                                                           Water Depmdent                                                               0
                                3'Depth Contou             D@@loptn@f                                                                   a
                                        Shoreline  k
                                     Nori-aquatic Veg.
                                         Planning Boundary                                                                                   ......

                                                             43.04 SVENSEN ISLAND

                            AQUATIC SHORELAND
                   C      Waters Wet-
                                landst'
                                              Natural
                                              Conservation
                                              Rural                                                              MINA          ISLAND
                                              Development
                                              Water Dependent
                      3' Depth Contour        Develop-e.1
                           , shoreline  1                                                47 (D)
                          Non-actuatic Veg.
                              Planning Boundary

                                                               CHANNEL

                                                                                                    1000,

                 General Description                                              Issues and Findings
                   This subarea includes      the diked Svensen Island
                 and aquatic areas adjacent to the island. The island               Svensen Island dikes on the north side of the
                 is connected to the mainland by a small bridge.                  island have e  xperienced problems with erosion. A
                                                                                  series of pile dikes to retard erosion have been
                 Aquatic Features                                                 placed near the center of the island. Material to
                   Svensen Island is     surrounded by tidal marshes              maintain the dikes is difficult to obtain.
                 which are dominated     by sedge, bulrush and cattails.            Portions of the diked land used for agriculture are
                 The uncliked area is    good habitat for aquatic and             poorly drained and common rush is a dominant
                 semi-aquatic animals including beaver, nutria,                   vegetation on much of the island. The wetlands
                 muskrat, and waterfowl. The productivity of adja-                inside the dike are protected from tidal flooding by a
                 cent tidal flats is likely to be moderate to high.               series of tidegates.
                   Fish found in the area include worm water species              Aquatic Designations
                 such as bass, crappie,. suckers and carp. Sturgeon                 The ticleflat area and marsh island west of Sven-
                 may also be present, particularly in the deep water
                 areas north of the island, Juvenile salmon use of the            sen Island are Natural. Other aquatic areas, in-
                 area has not been studied, but this area, close to Big           cluding wetlands inside the dikes, are Conservation.
                 Creek (hatchery site), probably gets extensive use by            Shoreland Designations
                 feeding smolts.                                                    All shorelands are designated Rural, including
                 Shoreland Features                                               dikes and the land area they protect.
                   The soils on Svensen Island are of the Coquille-               Dredged Material Disposal
                 Tidal Marsh (fresh)-Clatsop Association. These soils               The dikes on the west and north sides of Svensen
                 have a low slope, are subject to flooding, and have              Island are designated as dike maintenance disposal
                 a seasonally high water table. These class III or IV             sites [47(D)] and the Port of Astoria is conducting
                 soils are also moderately suitable for agriculture.              some disposal on farmland [46(S)].
                   Much of the island is diked farmland used as
                 posture. The island is divided in half on the west by a          Restoration and Resource Enhancement
                 shrubby wetland area with a small pond. The island                 The entire Svensen Island is designated as a marsh
                 is good wildlife habitat and is frequented by deer               restoration site [41 (M)]. It is quite low and would be
                 and small terrestrial mammals.                                   expected to revert to tidal marsh if the dikes were
                   The diked portion of the island is in two large                breached. All or a portion could be restored to                10
                 private ownerships. Aquatic area ownerships are a                aquatic productivity (cf Restoration and Mitigation,
                 mixture of state, county and private.                            65).

                 IV - 72

                                                              43.05 IVY STATION - BIG CREEK

                        General Description                                          the mouth at the creek.
                           This subarea includes tideland soils in the Ivy Sta-        Shoreland vegetation in this stretch includes cot-
                                                                                     tonwood, Sitka spruce, and shrub willow. Wildlife in
                        tion area and a 200 foot strip of shoreland extending        the area includes deer, elk, waterfowl, and many
                        to the Big Creek area. Also included are extensive           small mammals and furbearers. The Nature Con-
                        wetlands to the east of Svensen Island, on Calendar          servancy has identified a bold eagle nest in the Ivy
                        Island and south of Calendar Slough. This latter area        Station area.
                        also includes a small portion of shorelands in the Ivy
                        Station area.                                                Human Use
                        Aquatic Features                                               Agriculture arid forestry are predominant uses,
                           Tidal marshes surround Calendar Island and fringe         along with rural residences. North of Calendar Is-
                        the shoreline along the mainland north of the rail-          land, there are log storage areas.
                        road. These marshes are similar in composition to            Issues and Findings
                        others in the area; sedges, bulrushes and cattails             There is little development potential in this sub-
                        predominate. Use by wildlife is significant. Fishery         area; existing uses are likely to continue. No major
                        values-in the area are high. Thousands of juvenile           issues have been identified. Diked shorelands at Ivy
                        salmon smolt are released from the hatchery at Big           Station are in private ownership. Other shorelands
                        Creek and no doubt use the tidal flats for feeding           are either   in state or corporate (boise Cascade)
                        and to avoid predators. Warm water fishes are also           ownership. Aquatic areas 'are primarily in state
                        common in the area.                                          ownership, with some private.
                        Shoreland Features                                           Aquatic Designations
                           The soils in this portion of the planning area are          All aquatic areas are Conservation, except the
                        primarily the Coquille-Tidal Marsh (fresh)-Clcitsop          water area east of Eddy Point, which is designated
                        Association. These soils are typical of the lowlands         Natural.
                        adjacent to the estuary and are characterized by a           Shoreland Designations
                        low slope, high flood potential, and a high seasonal           The shorelands at Ivy Station are Rural, as is a
                        water table. There are no hazards except for tidal           small privately-owned portion of Calendar Island.
                        flooding in low-lying areas. The shoreland area at           The remainder of island shorelands are Conserva-
                        Ivy Station is diked postureland and has a ticlegate at      tion.

                                                                                                          KARLSON ISLAND

                                                                       MINAKER IS.

                                                                                                                         -%141

                           1000,
                                                                                                               EDDY POINT

                                                                                                             AQUATIC   SHORELAND
                                                                                                  C       Waters Wet-
                                                                                                                lands/
                                                        SITATIO.
                                                                                                                              :Natural
                                                                                                                               Conservation
                                                                                                       V)
                                                                                                                               Rural
                                                                                                                           _L@, Development
                                                                                                                               Water Dependent
                                                                                                    -3'De   'Con our          Development
                                                                                                             Shcl)re'line
                                                                                                          Non-aquatic Veg.
                                                                                                              Planning Boundary

                                                                                                                                       IV - 73

                                                          43.06 BIG CREEK - LITTLE CREEK

                  General Description                                               Issues and Findings
                    This subarea extends east from Eddy Point to just                  The major issue in this area is the need for pro-
                  short of Knappa dock and includes adjacent waters                 tection of the old growth spruce swamp at the mouth
                  and shorelands of Knappa Slough, and the spruce                   of Big and Little Creeks versus private land use. The
                  swamp and tideland soil shorelands at the mouths of               area has been inventoried by the Nature Conser-
                  Big and Little Creeks.                                            vancy and, based on the natural values described
                  Aquatic Features                                                  above, recommended for protection. Most of the
                    Big and Little Creeks, a large tidal spruce swamp               spruce swamp is in a single corporate ownership
                  at the mouth of the creeks, and Knappa Slough are                 (Boise Cascade), with a small portion in private form
                  all prominent aquatic features of this subarea. Nat-              ownership near the upper tidal reaches between the
                  ural resource values are high, particularly for fisher-           two streams. Both landowners vigorously object to a
                  ies.                                                              protective land use designation which would pre-
                    A state salmon hatchery on Big Creek released six               vent their use of the area for forestry or agriculture.
                  million fall Chinook salmon, 800,000 coho, 40,000                    The waters of Knappa Slough adjacent to Big and
                  chum and 50,000 steeihead in 1978. The stream                     Little Creeks are imporJant holding areas for adult
                  occasionally has a run of lamprey and has a wild                  anadromous fishes prior to ascending the streams to
                  population of cutthroat trout. Little Creek fish runs             spawning grounds and the hatchery. This area
                  are primarily strays from Big Creek. Angler pressure              should be protected from competing uses.
                  is heavy on Big Creek. The drainage basin of Big                     The Knappa Slough area also has significant his-
                  Creek is 39 square miles. Creek discharges range                  torical and archaeological value. The shoreline of
                  from 21 cubic feet per second (cfs) to 538 cfs.                   the slough was the site of an Indian village. The
                    The approximately 125 acre tidal spruce swamp at                present Knappa Dock is also the first landing site of
                  the mouth of the creeks is undisturbed Sitka spruce               the Lewis and Clark expedition in Clatsop County.
                  forest, dominated by large, open-growth form of                      The Knappa dock area, midway between public
                  Sitka spruce and some red alder, vine maple, Sol-                 water access points on the John Day River and at Al-
                  monberry, skunk cabbage, sedges and water-                        drich Point, has been proposed by the Oregon De-
                  parsley. A variety of other wetland plants are also               partment of Fish and Wildlife as a possible public
                  present. The daily tidal range in the swamp is ap-                boat launch site. Because of the inability of local
                  proximately 6 feet in lower reaches. There is no                  roads to handle increased traffic and impacts on
                  intrusion of saltwater into this portion of the estuary,          area residents and lifestyle, this has been opposed
                  even on lowest river flows. Wildlife is diverse and               by local residents. This public access issue is address-
                  rich, including owls, ducks, other waterfowl, blue                ed in an overall Eastern-Clatsop policy (cf 43).
                  heron, bold eagles, deer, raccoon, beaver, squir-                 Aquatic Designations
                  rels, muskrat, and nutria.                                           The entire spruce swamp, portions of Big and Little
                  Shoreland Features                                                Creeks running through the swamp, and adjacent
                    The primary soil in this area is the Coquille-Ticlal            waters of Knappa Slough are designated Natural.
                  Marsh (fresh)-Clatsop Association. Portions of Little             The wetland area north of the railroad at Eddy Point
                  Creek flow through a group of soils known as the                  on the west is designated Conservation.
                  Nehalem Association. Many of the characteristics                  Shoreland Designations
                  are similar, but the primary difference is the agri-                 Shorelands from Eddy Point east to the spruce
                  cultural suitability: the Neholem Association is most-            swamp and shorelands along the western and east-
                  ly Class 11 soils, while the other is Class III and IV. The       ern edges of the swamp in forestry use are desig-
                  primary hazard in the area is the potential of flood-             nated Conservation. Areas in agricultural use south
                  ing of the creeks, which also occurs upstream of tidal            of the spruce swamp are Rural.
                  areas.                                                            Subarea Policy
                    Wildlife values of the shorelands are similar to the               The Natural designation of the Big Creek spruce
                  wetlands with deer, elk, and furbearers frequenting               swamp recognizes the unique natural fish and wild-
                  the area.                                                         life values of this area. However, such a designation
                  Human Use                                                         should not limit logging of adjacent shoreland and
                    Agriculture   on shorelands in the upper portion of             upland areas in accordance with the Oregon Forest
                  the subarea is the most intensive human use. There                Practices Act, and should not impede construction of
                  is forestry on adjacent shorelands and recreational               a log sorting yard or similar support facilities on the
                  use of Big Creek is important further upstream. Little            uplands adjacent to the swamp.
                  Creek is the source of water for the Wickiup Water
                  District and one of several sources of water for the              Restoration and Resource Enhancement
                  City of Astoria.                                                     Big and Little Creeks are recommended for pro-
                                                                                    jects that will enhance their already significant
                                                                                    value for fisheries (cf Restoration and Mitigation
                                                                                    Plan, 65).

                  IV - 74

                                                                                                                                                  BIG CREEK- LITTLE CREEK
                                                                                                                                                                   SUBAREA
                                                                                                                                                                      43.06

                                                                                                          KARLSON          ISLAND

                                                                                                                                                                                     KNAPPA
                                                                                                                                                                                          DOCK

                                                         EDDY

                                                                                                 10

                                                  AQUATIC     SNORELAND
                                              Waters Wet-
                                     2                 landsi
                                                                        Natural
                                                                        Consetvation
                                                                        Rural

                                                                        Flater Dependent
                                         3'Dep..,              I        Dmelopment
                                                   Shoreline   k                                                                       1000,
                                               Non-aquatic Veg.                                                                   'ooooo@@
                                                    Planning Boundary

                                                                                                             tu
                                                                                                                                                                         I (F)

                                                                                                                                                                                              IV - 75

                                                            43.07 FERTILE VALLEY

                 General Description                                          for agricultural practices (Class 11 and III soils).
                                                                              Shoreland vegetation consists of grasses and forest.
                   This small subarea includes diked lands along              Wildlife of the preserve is significant.
                 Fertile Valley Creek, a portion of Knappa Slough and         Human Use
                 Knappa dock. Governmental jurisdiction is by Clat-
                 sop County.                                                    Agriculture and rural residential uses occur within
                                                                              the diked area. There are private water access points
                 Aquatic Features                                             in both sloughs. Ownership is mostly private, with
                   The natural resource characteristics of Knappo             some corporate.
                 Slough are discussed in the Big Creek-Little Creek           Issues and Findings
                 subarea (cf 43.06). Fertile Valley Creek is diked with
                 a ticlegate near its mouth where it joins Warren               Development potential in the area is limited by
                 Slough. The area is a private waterfowl reserve and          land and soil characteristics. The area also has poor
                 receives significant wildlife use. Ducks and geese           transportation access and no public facilities. There
                 are common and nesting areas have been provided.             are no major land use issues, except for public
                 No fishery information is available on Fertile Valley        access in the Knappa Dock area. This access issue
                 Creek, but warm water fish are probably common.              was discussed in the Big Creek subarea (cf 43.06)
                                                                              and addressed by an overall Eastern Clatsop policy
                 Shoreland Features                                           (cf 43. Policy 1).
                   Soils in the Fertile Valley area include the Coquil-
                 leTidal Marsh (fresh)-Clatsop Association on the             Aquatic Designations
                 lower portion of the waterway and the Walluski-                Knappa Slough, Fertile Valley Creek, and asso-
                 Knappa Association, on the remainder. The two as-            ciated wetlands are Conservation.
                 sociations have similar characteristics except the           Shoreland Designations
                 latter has less flooding potential and is better suited        All shorelands are designated Rural.

                                                                                                         AQUATIC SHORELAND
                                            a
                                                                                                c     Wafers Wef-
                                                                                                2           landst'
                                                                       +                                                Natural
                                                                                                                        Comervation
                                                                                                                        Rural
                                                                                               %-Of             :::T-- Development
                                                                                                                        Water Dependent
                                                                                                  -3' Depth Contour %t  Development
                                                                                                          Shorelin
                                                                                                       tion-aquaficVeg-
                                                                                                          Planning Boundary

                                                                                ?0'
                                                                                                                  1000,

                              016 CREEK
                                                                                      %

                                          Ld
                                                                                                 FERTILE VALLEY CR.
                                          0

                                                                 BAGLEY

                                                         9L
                                                         49
                                                         z
                                                         X
                                                                                    ROA

                                                                                                                 30

                 IV - 76

                                                               43.08 MOUTH OF BLIND SLOUGH

                         'General Description                                         enough so that grounding at low water is not a pro-
                           This subarea includes the mouth of Blind Slough to         blem, and there are no gillnet fish drifts in the area.
                         the railroad bridge, extensive marsh, shrub and              Aquatic Designations
                         forested wetlands north and south of Blind Slough,             The privately-owned portion of the wetland south
                         Warren Slough, and portions of Knappa Slough and             of Blind Slough, and the flats and small marsh
                         Prairie Channel. Governmental jurisdiction is by             islands trailing south of the tip of the wetland north
                         Clatsop County.                                              of Blind Slough are designated Natural. The re-
                         Aquatic Features                                             mainder of the wetlands and waters are Conserva-
                           The freshwater wetland areas north and south of            tion.
                         Blind Slough are some of the largest, undisturbed            Shoreland Designations
                         tidal spruce and shrub swamps along the shoreline              The only shoreland area, along Ziak-Gnat Creek
                         of the estuary. Natural resource values are high. The        Road is designated Conservation.
                         areas have not been extensively studied but the
                         vegetation and wildlife use is probably similar to the       Subarea Policies
                         Big Creek area (cf 43.05). Sitka spruce, willow and          1. The Natural designation on the privately. owned
                         older make up the overstory with low wetland vege-           portion of wetland south of Blind Slough expressly
                         tation as an understory. The area is prime habitat for       provides for construction of a single residence at
                         waterfowl, great blue heron, bald eagles, beaver,            some future time on a piece of higher ground near
                         muskrat, nutria, and raccoon.                                the railroad. The residence would provide for a care-
                           Fisheries are important in the area. There are             taker of the area, which is intended as a wildlife
                         large populations of warm water fishes including             preserve.
                         yellow perch and bass. Blind Slough is the naviga-
                         tion route for juvenile steelhead released upstream          2. Maintenance and possible expansion of log
                         at Gnat Creek Fish Hatchery. The small sloughs are           storage activities in Blind Slough are provided for in
                         probably used for feeding by downstream migrant              this plan. This area is well protected from winds and
                         juvenile salmon from Big Creek and areas up the              river currents, has relatively deep water and is one
                         Columbia River.                                              of the most important log storage areas in the es-
                           Knoppa Slough has been inventoried by the                  tuary. The Conservation designation of the adjacent
                         Nature Conservancy, and its tidelands, fringing              spruce swamps at the mouth of Blind Slough are
                         marshes and riparian vegetation are described as,            intended to provide for protection of the natural ve-
                         valuable fish and wildlife habitat.                          getation and wildlife values, while not limiting adja-
                         Shoreland Features                                           cent log storage and transport activities. Logging in
                                                                                      the swamp area shall not be permitted.
                           The only shorelands in this area are the strip along
                         Ziak-Gnat Creek Road. Southeast of the road, the             Dredged Material Disposal
                         hill land is forested with Douglas fir and hemlock.            All dredging operations associated with      dikes in
                         The area is managed for forestry use.                        Blind Slough are included in site 64(D).
                         Human Use
                           Blind Slough and Knappa Slough      are used exten-                 T"',
                         sively for storage and transport     of logs. Warren                     @,w
                         Slough has numerous houseboats,       used mainly for
                         recreation. Fishing and boating are popular in the
                         area, with a boating access point just upstream at
                         Aldrich Point. There is little human use of the vege-
                         tated wetlands, which increases their value to wild-
                         I ife.
                         Issues and Findings
                           The bulk of the wetlands north and south of Blind
                         Slough are owned by Western Transportation Com-                                           'A
                         pany, with the remainder in a small private owner-                                                  0
                         ship. The soils are regularly inundated by fresh tidal
                         waters, resulting in low value, small timber. There
                         are no plans to log the area. Drainage is complex,
                         with many small sloughs and channels. The tidal
                         range is approximately 7.0 feet and there is no salt
                         water intrusion this for upriver. These undisturbed
                         wetlands have high natural values and need pro-
                         tection.
                           Blind Slough, Prairie Channel and Knappa Slough                                          71,
                         are among the more important log storage areas in
                         the estuary. Water quality is qood, the water is deep                                                     Mike Karna

                                                                                                                                        IV - 77

                                   MOUTH OF BLIND SLOUGH                                                      SUBAREA 43.08

                              AQUATIC SHORELAND
                           Waters Wei-
                   2             lands,'
                                               Natural           MARSH     ISLAND

                                               Rural
                                               D@elop-mf
                                               Hater Depmdent
                                               Dmelopment
                              !@O"rel'ine k
                           Non-ocuatic Veg.
                               Planning Boundary

                                                                                                                                                         r

                                                                                                                                                              N

                                KARLSON

                                 ISLAND

                                                                                                                       Y.

                                                                                                                              1000,

                    IV - 78

                                                                       43.09 GNAT CREEK

                         General Description                            -            there are some rural residences.
                           This subarea includes Gnat Creek, wetlands along          Issues and Findings
                         the creek, and diked form land to the east of the             Gnat Creek, with its wetlands, riparian vegetation
                         creek. Governmental jurisdiction is by, Clatsop             and important fishery, needs protection from major
                         County.                                                     alterations. Some of the wetlands are formerly diked
                         Aquatic Features                                            areas, but no dike restoration has been suggested.
                           The fisheries value of the Gnat Creek area is very        Some pressure exists for installation of private
                         high. The Gnat Creek Fish Hatchery supports steel-          docks. The recreation value of the stream for sport
                         head sport fishing in the creek. Most of the fish           fishing is high.
                         raised at the hatchery are transported and released           Shoreland and wetland ownership is mostly pri-
                         at other streams in Oregon. Gnat Creek also supports        vate, with a state-owned area near the upper reach
                         a good run of fall Chinook, and some coho, cut-             of tidal influence.
                         throat, and chum. The stream has good angler ac-            Aquatic Designations
                         cess.                                                         Gnat Creek and adjacent wetlands are classified
                           The lands adjacent to Gnat Creek are wetlands             Conservation. The wetlands within the diked farm-
                         subject to tidal inundation, though there is no salt        land east of Gnat Creek are Rural.
                         water intrusion* While there are some forested areas        Shoreland Designations
                         with willow and spruce, most vegetation is shrub
                         and marsh plants. Wildlife value of this area is high         Shorelands adjacent to Gnat Creek wetlands are
                         particularly for small mammals, waterfowl, mars@            Conservation, except for the diked farmland east of
                         birds and great blue herons.                                Gnat Creek, which is Rural.
                         Shoreland Features                                          Subarea Policy
                           The soil association in this portion of the manage-         The Conservation designation along Gnat Creek
                         ment unit is the Coquille-Ticlal Marsh (fresh)-Clatsop      provides for low intensity uses. However, each pro-
                         Association. The shorelands are leased farmland or          ject for docks, moorages or other alteration must be
                         forested, and wildlife in this area includes deer, elk,     carefully evaluated. Projects which along or in
                         and small mammals. Some of the areas behind                 combination with past alterations have a detrimen-
                         dikes are low and could be classified as freshwater         tal impact on fishery values shall not be permitted.
                         wetlands.                                                   Restoration and Resource Enhancement
                         Human Use                                                     Gnat Creek is recommended for projects that will
                           The primary use of Gnat Creek is for recreational         enhance its already high value for fisheries (cf Res-
                         fishing. Shorelands are used for agriculture and            toration and Mitigation, 65).

                                                                                        >
                                                                                     *7
                                    Non0le
                                                                                                 8; S'

                                          W

                                                                                                                                      IV - 79

                                                                 43.10 BROWNSMEAD

                  General Description                                                A major issue in this area is the potential develop-
                    The Brownsmead subarea includes all of the lands               ment-of a nuclear power plant in the area to the
                  behind the Brownsmead dikes, all sloughs and wet-                south of Blind Slough. While most of the site is out-
                  lands behind the dikes, Blind Slough from the rail-              side the CREST planning area, extensive impacts
                  road bridge to Gnat Creek, and Prairie Channel                   would occur in the Brownsmead area. The site is one
                  waters and wetlands fronting the subarea. Govern-                of twelve potential sites in the Pacific Northwest.
                  mental jurisdiction is by Clatsop County.                        Washington Public Power Supply System is currently
                                                                                   evaluating these sites to reduce the number to four,
                  Aquatic Features                                                 from which the final site selection will be made. The
                    Blind Slough is the main migration route for steel-            Brownsmead-site is currently ranked 9th. This is
                  head produced at the Gnat Creek Hatchery. There is               addressed in the overall Eastern Clatsop policies.
                  a population of warm water game fish such as bass,
                  crappie, and perch in Brownsmead Slough. Other                   Aquatic Designations
                  sloughs also have good populations of warm water                   All sloughs, and waters and wetlands outside
                  f ishes.                                                         dikes are designated Conservation, except for the
                    Several fresh water wetlands have been identi-                 tidal flats adjacent to the eastward bend in Prairie
                  fied in the Brownsmead area. Most have been clear-               Channel, which are Natural. Wetlands within the
                  ed, have little wetland vegetation, and are now
                  used for grazing. At one time, all of the shorelands             dikes are designated Rural.
                  in this subarea were tidal marsh or swamp. The tidal             Shoreland Designations
                  marshes and flats along Prairie Channel have not                   All shorelands are designated Rural.
                  been studied, but are probably similar to those on
                  the adjacent islands. These areas are very produc-               Dredged Material Disposal
                  tive and valuable for fish and wildlife.                           The outer dikes adjacent to water areas are good
                                                                                   sites for disposal of material suitable for dike main-
                  Shoreland Features                                               tenance, [64(D)].
                    The Class III and IV soil types in this area are of the
                  Coquille-Tidal Marsh (fresh)-Clatsop Association.
                  There are large areas of peat and organic soils, and
                                                                                                           MUITMfnn@
                  freshwater wetland. The lowlands are protecied by
                  dikes and five ticlegates.
                    The diked lowlands and small forested areas both
                                                                                                                                       w
                  have moderate wildlife value. Deer and elk use the
                                                                                                                                           P",
                  area along with waterfowl and small mammals.
                                                                                                                         _0"
                                                                                                            -"M
                                                                                                               . . . . . . . . . .
                  Human Use
                    Existing uses include farming and rural residences.
                                                                                 ..........
                  A portion   of Blind Slough is used for log storage.
                  Ownership is   entirely private except for srnall par-
                  cels in state  and county ownership, and a portion
                                                                          IU-
                  owned by    Western Transportation Compally
                                                                      uu
                  cent to their other holdings outside the dike. Recrea-
                  tional use of the water area is moderate.
                                                                                                                         N@
                    There are several water access points. Private                                    T.
                                                                                 ind
                  docks are located mainly on Blind Slough. There is a
                  public boat launching facility at Aldrich   Point, which
                  gets extensive use, particularly in the summer.
                  Issues and Findings
                    The Brownsmead area, according to the U.S. Soil
                  Conservation Service, is the best agricultural land in
                  Clatsop County. Most of the area is used as posture
                                                                                   @v
                  land, but corn, peas, beans and other crops are also
                  grown. The area is in the exclusive farm use zone
                  (EFU) adopted by Clatsop County. As such, i
                                                                   t will be
                  protected for this use.
                    The public boat launching facility at Aldrich Point
                                                                                 0'@
                  is a source of conflict in the area. Local residents do
                  not want the facility   expanded because the traffic            4,
                  generated by the facility already causes problems
                  during peak use periods. The County government
                  operates the facility and has plans for improving the                                                       -Karen Dam-ron
                  boat launch. This issue is addressed in the overall
                  Eastern Clatsop policies.

                   IV - 80

                          BROWNSMEAD                                                                                                                                     SUBAREA 43.10

                                                                                                                                                                                           Restorat;bn
                                                                                                                                                                                               Site

                                                                                                                                                                                 C'  DMD Site

                                                                                                                                                                                                       JD
                                                                                                                                                                                 0                     >

                                                                                                                                                                                                       0
                                                                                                                                                                                                       m
                                                              2
                                                                                                                                                                                                       >
                                                                                                                                                                                                       z

                                                                                                                                                                                   iL

                                       ell
                                                                                                   -7
                                                                                                                                //TN

                                                                                                 Ae.

                                                                                                                                                        -"v

                                                      X   0.///'/@

                                                                                   z
                                                                                   0
                                                                                                                                                                                01
                                                                                                                                           ell,

                                                                                   0
                                                                                   CL

                                                                                                                                                                                                   IV - 81

                                                                 43.11 CLIFTON CHANNEL
                      General Description                                             Human Use                                                   0
                         This subarea consists    of a strip 200 feet inland            Forestry and some residential use occur in this
                      measured horizontally       from Mean. Higher High              area. The old fishing community of Clifton is still
                      Water (MHHW), but does not include a small area of              occupied by several families and is used as a staging
                      tideland soils which begins just south of Quinns                area for fishing the Clifton Channel gillnet fish drifts.
                      island where the shoreline turns south and an area              Extensive log storage sites are located across the
                      of geological instability adjacent to Clifton Channel.          channel adjacent to Tenasillahe Island and are a
                      The area does include the Columbia River to the                 source of conflict.
                      refuge boundary. Governmental jurisdiction is by                Issues and Findings
                      Clatsop County.                                                   Potential for increased development is limited by
                      Aquatic Features                                                topography, transportation access and available
                         Freshwater flow becomes increasingly dominant                land. Existing low intensity uses are likely to con-
                      over tidal circulation in this reach of the river. Salt         tinue or be abandoned.
                      water intrusion is absent, flood currents are weak,               The fish drifts in this area are very productive, but
                      and ebb current is strong. Clifton Channel is rela-             are hampered by drifts and snag material. Most of
                      tively shallow in some areas, deep in others. Sedi-             these obstructions are sinker logs from log rafts
                      ments range from sand to silt and clay in shallow               stored across the channel. Occasional broken log
                      areas.                                                          bundles also cause serious problems, resulting in
                         Juvenile salmon migrate along the shorelines of              lost fishing time and expensive snag removal from
                      this subarea and it is a migration route for adult              drifts. This issue is dealt with in the Regional Policies
                      salmon returning to upstream spawning areas. Small              (cf 43. Policy 4) and local fishermen are working
                      fringing tidal marshes serve as habitat for small               with Crown Zellerbach to alleviate the problem.
                      mammals and waterfowl.                                          Aquatic Designations
                      Shoreland Features                                                All aquatic areas along Clifton Channel are de-
                         Most of the shorelands in this subarea are steep,            signated Conservation.
                      heavily forested and subject to landslide hazards,              Shoreland Designations
                      particularly adjacent to Clifton Channel. Vegetation
                      on these shorelands and adjacent uplands is mostly                Shoreland areas in forestry use or hazard areas
                      Douglas fir and hemlock. Small pockets of tideland              are designated Conservation. The developed area
                      soils occur along Clifton Channel, vegetated with               at Clifton, southeast to Bradwood, is designated
                      conifers, alder and willow. Wildlife using shore and            Rural.
                      uplands include deer, elk, bear and smaller ani-
                      mals. A bald eagle nest is located near Aldrich Point.

                                                                                                 I TO,'

                                                                           N

                                                                                           all

                                                                                      el
                      IV-82

                                                                               43.12 BRADWOOD

                                      41,

                                                                                                                                              t

                           General Description
                             This area includes a former industrial area at Brad-             reach. River use includes sport fishing, commercial
                           wood, a stretch of steep forested shoreline to the                 fish drifts, and commercial ship and barge traffic.
                           east, where the planning area goes either 200 feet                 Issues and Findings
                           inland or to the extent of geological instability, and               The Bradwood industrial site offers excellent po-
                           portions of the Columbia River. Crown Zellerbach's                 tential for small to medium sized water dependent
                           Wauna Mill is not included (cf 43.13 - Westport).                  industrial development. There is deep water close to
                           Governmental jurisdiction is by Clatsop County.                    shore, some available vacant land, and railroad
                           Aquatic Features                                                   access. There are constraints to development, how-
                             The fishing in this area is good with good angler                ever, including poor highway access and the proxi-
                           access. This is on a major migration route for salmon              mity of the wildlife refuge. Large scale development
                           (both adult and juvenile) and steelhead. Also                      involving extensive dredging or filling would not be
                           present are shad, smelt, and starry flounder. Bugby                appropriate.
                           'Hole is very deep and good for sturgeon. Major                    Aquatic Designations
                           gillnet drifts are maintained in this area.                          At Bradwood the embayment and a channel out to
                             There are.only minor wetlands in this stretch of the             the main ship channel are designated Development.
                           river, the largest being a tidal marsh adjacent to the             The remainin   Ig aquatic portions of this subarea are
                           Bradwood industrial site. This marsh is habitat for                designated Conservation, except where the Devel-
                           marsh birds, small mammals, and a resting area for                 opment ship channel cuts into the subarea.
                           migrating waterfowl.                                               Shoreland Designations
                           Shoreland Features
                                                                                                At Bradwood the entire fill area and the shoreland
                             The soils in this subarea include the Hembre-Kiick-              back to the railroad is designated Water Dependent
                           itai Association (30%-60% slope) in the Bradwood                   Development. The remaining shorelands of this sub-
                           area, and the Astoria-Hembre-Klickitat Association                 area are designated Conservation.
                           (3%-30% slope). The industrial area at Bradwoo
                           has been filled.                                                   Subarea Policy
                             The vegetation on the Bradwood Cliffs is mostly                    Development activities at Bradwood shall be of
                           Douglas fir and hemlock. This serves as habitat for                small or moderate scale, not involving extensive
                           deer, elk, bear, small mammals and furbearers, and                 filling to create new land areas.
                           birds.                                                             Dredged Material Disposal
                             The Nature Conservancy has identified the Brad-
                           wood Cliffs old growth (150-180 years) Douglas fir                   There is a dredged material disposal site [78(S)] at
                           stand as a unique area.                                            Bradwood which has been used in the past for dis-
                                                                                              posal of material dredged from the ship channel.
                           Human Use                                                          With proper site preparation, this site has additional
                             The Bradwood industrial     'site is not currently used.         capacity for material dredged from the Puget Island
                           The shoreline area between Bradwood and Wouno                      bar. Such disposal will also enhance development
                           is forested. Brodwood is privately owned.                          potential of the site (cf Dredged Material Manage-
                             There are private access points       to the river in this       ment, 58.60, 59).

                                                                                                                                                    IV - 83

                                                             43.13 WAUNA/WESTPORT

                  General Description                                             Issues and Findings
                    This subarea includes the major development sites               This subarea contains both a high degree of de-
                  owned by Crown Zellerbach and Warrenton Lumber                  velopment potential and substantial wetland habi-
                  Company: Crown's existing Wouna Mill, Driscoll                  tat. With excellent accessibility to the main naviga-
                  Slough, Westport Slough, the unincorporated town                tion channel of the Columbia River, the large vacant
                  of Westport, and a private recreational home de-                areas owned by Crown Zellerbach and Warrenton
                  velopment east of Westport Slough. Jurisdiction is by           Lumber Company have excellent potential for water
                  Clatsop County.                                                 dependent industrial development. Crown Zeller-
                  Aquatic Features                                                bach owns app    roximately 500,000 acres of surround-
                    The Columbia River portion of this subarea is a               ing timber land. Warrenton Lumber Company is in a
                  major migration route for salmon (both adult and                position to purchase, process and ship the large
                  juvenile) and steelhead. Also present are shad,                 amounts of second growth timber which will be har-
                  smelt and starry flounder. Westport Slough supports             vested from the area of the Tillamook Burn in the
                  several warm water species. Plympton Creek has an               next ten to fifteen years. Both firms contemplate the
                  excellent run of fall chinook (mostly strays from Big           development of extensive wood processing facilities
                  Creek), some steelhead, coho, cutthroat, and chum.              in this subarea.
                  The mean tidal range at Wouna (RM 42) is 5.2 feet                 Significant portions of this subarea are low-lying
                  and the diurnal range is 6.4 feet. The 100-year flood           with considerable wetland habitat value. This is
                  level (relative to MSL) is 10.5 feet at Wauna and 11.0          especially true of the area between the railroad and
                  feet at Westport. There is deep water close to shore            the highway. North of the railroad there are some
                  throughout most of the subarea.                                 areas of wetland and a strip of mature riparian
                    Wetlands in this area include those around the                vegetation along the west bank of Westport Slough.
                  peninsula and the area behind the Crown Zeller-                 The area east and north of the town of Westport,
                  bach and Warrenton Lumber Company properties.                   however, has been designated by the U.S. Fish and
                  The north edge of the peninsula is sand. The remain-            Wildlife Service as critical habitat for the endanger-
                  der is cottonwood and willow. The area behind the               ed Columbia White-tailed deer.
                  corporate property is mostly shrub willow, Sitka                  The planning process involved extensive discus-
                  spruce, and cottonwood. This entire area serves as              sion of the conflict between the habitat values and
                  habitat for deer, elk, small mammals and birds.                 economic development potential of the area. Re-
                  There is a small population of the endangered Co-               source agencies have agreed that the area has
                  lumbian White-tailed Deer.                                      unique development potential but note that the
                                                                                  good natural resource values can and should be pro-
                  Shoreland Features                                              tected, consistent with development of the area.
                    The soils in this area   are of the Souvie-Peat As-           Development interests have responded that within
                  sociation. These soils have a low slope, a high flood           the very limited areas which are suitable for in-
                  potential, and a high seasonal water table. They are            tensive development, undue restrictions should be
                  moderately suitable for agricultural activities (Class          avoided.
                  IV). Parts of the property just east of Driscoll Slough           The portion of Driscoll Slough between the rail-
                  and the northern portion of the peninsula have been             road and the river is a water and wetland area
                  filled.                                                         which has received considerable attention. Resource
                    Shoreland vegetation includes shrubs, spruce,                 agency representatives have noted the habitat
                  cottonwood, and grosses for pasture. Wildlife is                values, the need to preserve water quality, and the
                  similar to the wetlands with deer, elk, possibly an             fact that riparian vegetation can be protected with-
                  occasional bear, small mammals, and birds.                      out unduly restricting development of adjacent land.
                    Hazards include landslide topography adjacent to              A Conservation designation would provide such pro-
                  the Wauna Mill site and across U.S. Highway 30.                 tection while allowing the construction on pilings
                    There are four Corps of Engineers designated                  and minor dredging, and filling, which may be
                  dredged material disposal sites in this subarea. Two            necessary for development. Crown Zellerbach, in
                  overlap the Crown Zellerbach and Dant and Russell               response, has noted that extensive portions of Dris-
                  property (0-42.0, 0-43.0); one is in front of the River         coll Slough south of the railroad which they own are
                  Ranch development area (0-44.0), and there is one               protected by the Conservation designation. Within
                  at Wa u no (0-40.8).                                            the boundaries of the recognized development
                  Human Use                                                       area, they argue, it is reasonable to ask for a De-
                    The Wauna Mill     site is heavily developed. There           velopment designation in order to allow for flexibil-
                  are vacant lands     east of Driscoll Slough, a ferry           ity and full utilization of the potential of the area. If
                  landing and access point on Westport Slough,                    water quality and riparian vegetation are of
                  grazing on the diked land and the southern part of              concern, they contend appropriate policy language
                  the peninsula, and residential use on the northern              can be included.
                  portion of the peninsula. Ownership on the                        Additional wetland area is found north of the rail-
                                                                                  road on property which is designated Development,
                  mainland portions of this subarea is almost entirely            and owned by Warrenton Lumber Company. Con-
                  corporate.                                                      sideration of the degree of protection for these areas

                   IV - 84

                                                                                           Shoreland Designations
                                                                                             The shoreland area owned by Crown Zellerbach
                                                                                           and Warrenton Lumber Company from the shoreline
                                                                                           to the railroad tracks and east to the diked lands is
                                                                                           designated Water Dependent Development. The
                                                                                           forested shorelands between U.S. Highway 30 and
                                                                                           the railroad tracks on the east of Driscoll Slough, or
                                                                                           U.S. Highway 30 and the Wauna Mill site west of
                                                                                           Driscoll Slough, are designated Conservation. East
                                                                                           of Driscoll Slough, shorelands between the railroad
                                                                                           and U.S. Highway 30 are Development. The diked
                                                                                           lands to the east of the town of Westport are de-
                          will be most appropriate during the      permit process.         signated Rural, as is residential development on
                            The riparian vegetation along the west bank of                 the peninsula.
                          Westport Slough has been an issue. Resource agen-                Subarea Policies
                          cies have requested protection of this valuable habi-
                          tat. Residential property owners across Westport                 1. Development on lands adjacent to Driscoll Slough
                          Slough have requested that protection be provided                shall be carried out in a way that will minimize
                          from noise and other impacts of development on the               alteration of existing wetlands and riparian vegeta-
                          Warrenton Lumber Company property.                               tion, degradation of water quality and stream sedi-
                            Dredged material disposal on the Warrenton Lum-                mentation. Filling or other removal of vegetation for
                          ber Company property has also been an issue. This                construction of a bridge or other transportation
                          area includes the Westport Bar shoal in the main                 access across the slough shall be the minimum
                          ship channel. Large quantities of sand must be re-               necessary to accomplish the project.
                          moved from this shoal each year in order to main-                2. Except where direct access to water is required
                          tain required depths. The availability of this excel-
                          lent fill material coincides with the needs of War-              for wharves, docks or piers, riparian vegetation
                          renton Lumber Company to prepare their land for                  along Westport Slough shall be protected for bank
                          development and substantial amounts of material                  stabilization, wildlife habitat, water quality, and a
                          have already been deposited. Disagreement, how-                  visual and noise buffer.
                          ever, has arisen over continued filling that may                 3. The Aquatic Development designations in this
                          impact wetiand habitat and the riparian vegetation               subarea do not create the presumption that dred-
                          along Westport Slough.                                           ging, filling, or other alterations will automatically
                            The northern shoreland portion of the peninsula                be permitted. Specific development proposals must:
                          was designated Development in the draft plan.                    be justified in terms of available alternatives, public
                          However, Rural is a more appropriate designation,                needs and economic benefits; minimize adverse
                          given the lack of sewers in the area and the moder-              impacts on water quality and natural habitat; and
                          ate housing density. Portions of the shorelands and              meet other requirements of the permit processes.
                          wetlands on the peninsula are considered critical                Dredged Material Disposal
                          habitat for the Columbian White-tail6d deer and are                There are two large land disposal sites in this sub-
                          to remain undeveloped as part of the zone change                 area, one northwest of the Wauna Mill site [83(S)]
                          agreement with the River Ranch developers.
                            The shorelands east of Westport are diked lands                and one east of Driscoll Slough [90(S)]. The latter site
                          owned by Crown Zellerbach. There are no imme-                    is subject to controversy. The Crown Zellerbach por-
                          diate development plans and the property will pro-               tion of the site, including wetlands, has recently
                          bably remain leased for grazing. Future develop-                 (1979) been covered with dredged material, The
                          ment might include a sorting yard that would use                 eastern portion of this site is owned by Warrenton
                          part of the property. Should this development occur,             Lumber Company, and a portion of this site is also
                          consideration should be given to the area's use by               wetland. A phased fill proposal suggested by War-
                          the Columbian White-tailed deer and also the prox-               renton Lumber Company is provided for in this plan.
                          imity of the property to the community of Westport.              However, wetland values and its use by Columbia
                            An additional issue concerns the development of                White-tailed deer should be determined.
                          a sewage treatment facility for the Westport area, as              Two beach nourishment sites are also in this sub-
                          required by the Oregon Department of Environmen-                 area. Both have been in use by the Corps of Engi-
                          tal Quality. All of the alternative sites are within this        neers and have additional capacity. This first [84(B)]
                          planning subarea and are not now in public owner-                is just west of the Wauna Mill site and trie second
                          ship.                                                            [92(B)] is north of the peninsula separated from the
                                                                                           mainland by Westport Slough.
                          Aquatic Designations                                               Site 93(D) covers dike maintenance in Westport
                            All aquatic portions of this subarea are designated            Slough.
                          Development, except as follows: that portion of Dris-            Restoration and Resource Enhancement
                          coil Slough which lies south of the railroad is de-                Plympton Creek has excellent fishery values and
                          signated Conservation; portions of the Columbia                  increased potential. There has been a periodic water
                          River which lie east of the western tip of the penin-            quality problem due to raw sewage and sewage ef-
                          sula are designated Conservation, except for the
                          main ship channel; Westport Slough, where adja-                  fluent draining into the creek. Plympton Creek is
                          cent to diked lands, is designated Conservation; the             recommended for fisheries enhancement projects to
                          Columbia River, west of the Wouna Mill site, is Con-             improve water quality and stream habitat values (cf
                          servation, except for the ship channel.                          Restoration and Mitigation, 65).
                                                                                                                                                IV - 85

                                             WESTPORT                                                                    SUBAREA 43.13

                                                                                                                                  AQUATIC SHORELAND
                                                                                                                               Waters Wet-
                                                                                                                       0
                                                                                                                                      lands"
                                                                                                                                                     Natural

                                                                                                                                                     Rurat
                                                                                                                                                     D-elop.,ertt
                                                                                                                                                     H ater Dependent
                                                                                                                           3                         D,-elopiaetit
                                                                                                                                    S ore ne
                                                                                                                                Non.oquatic Veg
                                                                                                                                    Planning Bovnclary
                                                    %

                                         'X            x

                                                                                                                                    PUGET      ISLAND

                                                  %

                                                                                                                 *48mlive rom

                                                                                                                     1000,

                                                                                                                            54(F

                                                                                                        PLYMPTON CR1!FK                                                     a

                    IV - 86

                                                                          44. WAHKIAKUM PLAN

                              THE PLANNING AREA                                             used for agriculture. Most of the county's population
                                                                                            of 3600, and its industrial development, is located
                                The Wahkiakurn planning area boundary is based.             close to the Columbia River. With the exception of
                              on a combination of the county and state border               portions of Cathlamet and Skamokawa, and the
                              lines, shoreland and wetland habitat areas, and soil          towns of Rosburg and Grays River, most population
                              type. The planning area includes all the Columbia             centers fall within the planning boundaries of this
                              River shoreline in Wahkiakum County. The shore-               plan. The number of county residents is increasing
                              land boundary is the upland extent of tideland soils          slowly, although the population of the Grays River-
                              (Ocosta Soils for Wahkiakum County) where they                Deep River area is decreasing. Most county residents
                              exist or 200 feet inland from the line of non-aquatic         enjoy their rural lifestyle, and this plan is an expres-
                              vegetation or Mean Higher Higher Water (MHHW),                Sion of their wishes as interpreted by the Wahkia-
                              where such soils do not exist. It should be noted,            kurn County Estuary Advisory Committee. This plan is
                              however, that only the shoreland area 200 feet from           an attempt to set aside adequate areas for future
                              the shoreline is' under local permit jurisdiction as          development while preserving the agricultural and
                              provided by the Shoreline Management Act. Shore-              natural resource base in Wahkiakum County.
                              land areas outside this 200 foot boundary, but still            The following general principles have guided
                              within the tideland soil planning areas could be              designation of the waters, wetlands, and share-
                              regulated by some other means such as zoning, if              lands; details are provided under each subarea.
                              Wahkiakum County chose to do so.                                Wetland    areas (including tidal marsh, forested
                                The water boundary is the 40 foot depth contour             wetlands and tidal flats) are designated Natural,
                              west of Puget Island and the state line to the east.          unless the past history, existing uses or designation
                              Major tributary streams in this area include the              of adjacent areas renders this inappropriate. This
                              Elochoman River, Skamokawa Creek, Jim Crow                    designation is also consistent with the Washington
                              Creek, Crooked Creek, Grays River, and Deep River.            State Shoreline Management Act requirements to
                              Islands in this area include Puget and Little Islands         preserve the natural character of the shorelines, and
                              and neighboring smaller islands, Hunting Islands,             to protect the ecology and resources of the shoreline
                              Price Island, Pillar Rock, and a small 'portion of the        by leaving undeveloped areas that contain a u'nique
                              upstream end of Rice Island. Large portions *of Eden          or fragile natural resource, and restricting or pro-
                              Valley, Grays River valley and Deep River valley are          hibiting public access to areas which cannot be
                              also included in this area. Planning, management,             maintained in a natural condition under human use.
                              and regulatory jurisdictions include Wahkiakum                  Water areas except the navigation channels and
                              County, the City of Cathlamet, Port Districts I and 2,        those adjacent to major shoreland developments are
                              Washington State, and federal agencies.                       designated Conservation. This designation provides
                              MAJOR ISSUES AND DECISIONS                                    for long-term use of renewable resources, recrea-
                                                                                            tion, is consistent with boating, commercial and
                                Planning issues  were determined by solicitation of         recreational fishing, and navigational use not re-
                              ideas and viewpoints of individuals and organiza-             quiring major physical alterations.
                              tions representing farmers, diking districts, forest            Agricultural lands and rural residential areas are
                              products, commercial fishing, shoreland and                   c lassif i ed Rural.
                              tideland owners, parks, other industrial interests,             Authorized navigation channels and those areas
                              and state and federal agencies. Seven major issues            proposed for major alteration are designated De-
                              were -identified and addressed by a variety of re-            velopment.
                              gional (cf Section 11), area and subarea policies:              Those current industrial and urban development
                                -Navigation related problems (dredging,                     sites and areas for their possible future expansion
                                   dredged material disposal, channel mainten-              are designated as Development.
                                   ance);                                                     For Wahkiakum County to develop economically,
                                -Shoaling, erosion,    and other physical changes           the transportation systems and facilities should be
                                   and alterations;                                         upgraded. All roads are designated the same as the
                                -Impacts of major developments (nuclear power               surrounding areas, recognizing the need to main-
                                   plant, oil terminal, oil and gas exploration);           tain, repair, and possibly expand the roads, regard-
                                -Ownership disputes between the State and pri-              less of the designation.
                                   vate landowners over beachfront, tidal and
                                   subticlal areas;
                                --Dike maintenance and bulkheading;
                                -The impact of commercial timber harvesting on
                                   fisheries production;
                                   Commercial fishing, salmon enhancement pro-
                                   jects, and private aquaculture.
                                Wahkiakum County is a rural, sparsely populated
                              county which has not experienced intense industrial
                              or urban development. Most of the low-lying diked
                              lands are former tidelands or forested wetlands now
                                                                                                    Ron Pittard - Searep Studio, courtesy Clatsop County

                                                                                                                                               IV - 87

           AREA POLICIES                                                  2. Dredged Material Disposal
           1. Navigational Improvements                                      A large part of the county shoreline lies adjacent
              Navigational access for shallow draft commercial            to the main navigation channel. As a result, there is
           and recreational vessels is very important to the              a continuing need to find dredged material disposal
           county's economy. Shallow draft channels are es-               sites. This is especially true of the area around Puget
           sential for the continued operation of these vessels.          Island. A long range plan for disposal of dredged
           There are at the present time numerous shoaling                material is needed.
           problems in Wahkiakum County which need to be                     As a means of finding additional upland disposal
           solved.                                                        sites, the possibility of transferring the ownership of
              0  The Corps of Engineers should study the feasi-           the material to the upland party receiving it should
                 bility and effects of removing the pile dikes at         be investigated.
                 the upstream end of Puget Island. The goal of               Dredged material disposal in shoreland areas
                 this removal would be improved circulation and           should be carried out so as not to impair the scenic
                 depth in Cathlamet Channel.                              view of the local residents. Prior to disposal of
              0  The U.S. Coast Guard should improve the chan-            dredged material at in-water sites, coordination be-
                 nel markers in the navigation channel in Grays           tween the county and local fishermen should occur
                 Bay and into Deep River and Grays River. At the          to avoid conflicts. Material should not be placed in
                 present time, this channel is poorly marked and          maintained gillnet fish drift areas.
                 difficult to follow in many places.                      3. Ma
              0  The following congressionally authorized pro-                   rsh and Tidef lot Conservation
                 jects should be maintained to a depth adequate              Ticleflats and tidal marshes provide food and
                 for traditional shallow draft vessels:                   shelter for waterfowl, invertebrates, and fish. These
                 -the Cathlamet Channel from the Puget Island             areas provide nutrients to the estuarine ecosystem
                   Bridge to its junction with the main channel;          and produce large amounts of feed for fish and
                 -the channel from Cathlamet up Elochoman                 other willdlife. Juvenile salmon, in particular, are
                   Slough;                                                very dependent upon the food produced in these
                 -the channels at the entrance to Skamokawa               marsh and ticleflat areas. Because of this relation-
                   and into Steamboat Slough;                             ship between these shallow areas and salmon, and
                 -the channel into Deep River.                            the importance of fishing to Wahkiakum County's
              0  Serious consideration should be given to new             economy, ticleflats and tidal marshes should be con-
                 dredging:                                                served.
                 -for the continuation of a small boat naviga-            4. Fisheries
                   tion channel at the entrance to Netrack                   Fishing is a traditionall important industry in Wah-
                   Slough at Puget Island;                                kiakum County. There is substantial local concern
                 -at the entrance to Jackson Slough at Puget              both about recent drastic decreases in salmon pro-
                   Island;                                                duction and about the ways in which governmental
                 -at Hunters Point near Cathlamet;                        agencies are seeking to increase the production.
                 -in Brooks Slough by Skamokawa;                             0 An environmental impact statement should be
                 -in the area from Brookfield east to Three Tree               required prior to any action taken by any local,
                   Point north of the Brookfield pile dikes;                   state or federal agency attempting to replace
                 -in the north channel running from Grays Point                any native fish stock or species with other than
                   toward Harrington Point; and                                native stock or species. Any such actions should
                 -at the entrance to Welcome Slough.                           be closely coordinated with Wahkiakum County
              0  The Corps of Engineers and Wahkiakum Coun-                    and at least one public hearing regarding the
                 ty's Flood Control District are encouraged to de-             proposed action should be held in the County.
                 velop an appropriate location and dimensions                  The impact statement should at a minimum ad-
                 for the Grays River Chann  'el.                               dress how the timing of the run will affect com-
              e  Consideration should be'given to dredging the                 mercial and sport harvest and hatchery sche-
                 mouth of Grove Slough as needed to maintain                   dules; what the ocean migration pattern will be
                 proper drainage and flood protection of diked                 and how this will affect other races, species or
                 land on Puget Island.                                         stock of salmonids; and whether hatchery prac-
              9  Ship speeds should be reduced in the following                tices regarding size and weight of juveniles
                 reaches in order to prevent damage to shoreline               upon release will affect the commercial and
                 structures and reduce shoreline erosion at Ska-               sport harvest.
                 mokawa Bar, Puget Island Bar, Wauna and Dris-                 To promote economic diversity, multiple use of
                 coll, and Westport Bar.                                       County watersheds should be encouraged. To
                                                                               this end, forested watersheds which drain into
                                                                               the Columbia River estuary should be managed
                                                                               to allow maximum fish production. This can be
                                                                               achieved in part by following the Forest Prac-
                                                                               tices Act. Stream improvement projects such as
                                                                               gravel cleaning and obstruction removal which
                                                                               aid fish production are also strongly encour-
                                                                               aged.

                                                  National Fisherman

           IV - 88

                            �Non-commercial, non-prof it projects such as the          8. Shoreline Development
                             chum salmon enhancement program being                       Intensive industrial development should occur
                             carried out by local commercial fishermen and             only in Development designated areas. To preserve
                             the Washington Department of Fisheries are                the natural character of undeveloped shorelines,
                             strongly encouraged.                                      areas where development currently exists should be
                            �Dredging activities should not occur in commer-           fully utilized before allowing intensive development
                             cial fish driftareas during a fishing season.             to extend into other areas.
                            �The County should prepare ci map of commer-
                             cial fishing areas in the County and a register of        9. Oil and Gas Exploration
                             county fishermen using each of these areas.                 Large areas of private and state-owned uplands
                                                                                       and tidelands, and state-owned bedlands in Woh-
                         5. Wildlife                                                   kiakurn County have been leased for oil and gas
                            Wahkiakurn County provides good habitat            for     exploration. Oil and gas exploration should be
                         many species of game animals and waterfowl, and               allowed if it can be accomplished without harm to
                         provides critically important areas in the lowlands           human health, and fish and wildlife habitat. Explor-
                         around Cathlamet for the endangered Columbian                 ation should be closely coordinated with County
                         White-tailed deer. Areas of undisturbed vedetation            off icials.
                         are important to wildlife; such strips of vegetation
                         should be left along waterways and roads where                10. Petroleum Products Transport
                         practical. State health and Department of Agricul-              There are already large columes of petroleum
                         ture regulations concerning the application of herbi-         products being shipped on the Columbia River, and
                         cides and pesticides should be carefully followed.            there have been large accidental releases of these
                         The permit process should include consideration of            materials into the river. There is a major new crude
                         fish and wildlife needs such as nesting, feeding and          oil shipping terminal proposed for Port Westward,
                         resting areas.                                                Oregon, immediately upriver from Wahkiakurn
                                                                                       County. Wahkiakum County could suffer damage
                         6. Dike Maintenance                                           from a major spill, or from chronic spills. A petro-
                            Dike maintenance    is a very important activity in        leurn spill risk analysis for the Columbia River should
                         Wahkiakum County protecting lives, property and               be completed by the U.S. Coast Guard as soon as
                         most of the valuable farmland. Any activity, struc-           possible. Modern petroleum spill clean-up equip-
                         ture or vegetation which decreases the integrity of a         ment sufficient to contain a large spill should be Io-
                         dike is strongly discouraged. Tide boxes, drainage            cated in the estuary as wel I as upriver.
                         channels, and dikes should be maintained to allow
                         for continued drainage and flood protection of diked          11. Hazardous Materials
                         lands.                                                          The transportation and handling of materials
                                                                                       which are potentially hazardous to human health
                         7. Bulkheading                                                should be closely coordinated with the state and
                            While rip-rapping may be an environmentally                local officials responsible for the protection of the
                         preferable bank protection method, bulkheading                health and safety of local area residents.
                         should be allowed in certain areas. In particular,
                         bulkheads should be allowed in Bernie and Wel-
                         come Sloughs around Puget Island. Bulkheads, if
                         constructed, should be allowed waterward of the
                         mean higher high water mark, and should follow a
                         uniform line.

                                                                                                                                           IV - 89

                                                              44.01 PUGET ISLAND

                 General Description                                            suspension. This reach of river requires extensive
                   This area includes Puget and Little Islands, Coffee          dredging and has been extensively altered by pile
                 Pot Island, Ryan Island, and associated small islands          dikes and other flow control structures.
                 and marshy areas adjacent to the larger islands. The             At one time, nearly all of the land areas of this
                 area also includes water out to the state line and to          subarea were marsh. The only marsh areas left are
                 the mid-line of the Cathlamet Channel. Puget and               at the upstream end of Puget Island, the downstream
                 Little Islands are former marsh areas which have               end of Little Island, most of Ryan Island, and small
                 been diked and drained for agricultural use. The               adjacent islands. These marshes and the inverte-
                 small adjacent islands are uncliked, uninhabited,              brate organisms living on the beaches and the bot-
                 and are used mostly for recreational hunting and               tom of sloughs and channels in this subarea have not
                 fishing. This subarea is under the jurisdiction of             been well studied. It is likely that both the marshes
                 Wahkiakum County.                                              and farmland make a significant contribution to
                 Aquatic Features                                               aquatic productivity by providing nutrients which
                   Freshwater flow becomes increasingly dominant                wash into the river. Juvenile salmon migrate along
                 over tidal circulation in this reach of the river. Salt-       the shorelines of this subarea, and are especially
                 water intrusion is absent. Flood tide currents are             abundant along the sandy beaches at the upstream
                 weak; ebb currents are considerably stronger. The              end of Puget Island and are also found in Bernie
                 river carries sand and gravel along the bottom of the          Slough and the lower end of Welcome Slough. Adult
                 channel, generally downstream, with silt and clay in           salmon migrate along both sides of Puget Island. In
                                                                                the warmer water slough areas, there are popula-
                                                                                tions of rough fish and spiny rayed game fish.

                        79(S)
                                                                                                              AQUATIC SHCRELAND
                                                                                                            W.
                                                                                                       o      1- W'j
                                                                       CATHLAMCT                                            Natural

                                                                                                                            Rural
                    80(B)
                                                                                                                            11W-Dependeut
                                                                                                            P,
                                                                                                            P,
                                                                                                                       t
                                                                                                           D  C-four        D-,I.p
                                                                                                               Shoreli"k
                                                                                                             Non-aquaijc Veg.
                                                                                                               PI-irg 13-rd.,y

                                   C_                                     \17
                                                                                                            NORTH      1000,

                                         V

                                                                                                             NASSA POINT
                                                                                                                         96(B)

                                                             r 9 -1(B)

                                                                                                    ---------------

                  IV - 90

                          Shoreland Features
                            The soils in this subarea have been deposited by               flood hazard, Lands in private ownership, for the
                          the river, and are of the Ocosto type. The vegetation            most part, have not been designated Natural be-
                          in agricultural areas is mostly grass and row crops,             cause this designation might be interpreted as
                          and in other areas is a mixture of willow, alder, and            "taking" away the use options of the owner. A Con-
                          cottonwood. The area provides habitat for the en-                servation designation with Development overlay for
                          dangered Columbian White-tailed deer, muskrat,                   activ.ely used dredged spoil areas allows for their
                          nutria, opossums, and other, Migratory birds are                 continued use and at the same time represents the
                          common in the area, and many, including the whis-                appropriate level of use when the site has reached
                          tling swan, winter here. Brown Island has a small                total capacity.
                          heron rookery, The shallows adjacent to the marshes                 Puget Island, Little Island and the bordering
                                                                                           aquatic area are heavily affected by agricultural and
                          provide good habitat for shore and wading birds.                 residential activit ies. There is a need to accommo-
                          The entire area lies within the floodplain of the Co-            date such activities as dredging to allow continued
                          lumbia River. Most private residences are located on             use of these areas for single family residential de-
                          or adjacent to the main dike on Puget or Little                  velopment.
                          Islands.                                                            There are no comprehensive plan or zoning desig-
                          Human Use                                                        nations. The entire shoreline of the area is consider-
                            The existing uses of Puget and Little Islands are              ed a "Shoreline of Statewide Significance" under
                          agricultural, mostly dairy, in the interior and rural            Washington's Shoreline Management Act.
                          residential along and waterward of the main ring                 Aquatic Designations
                          dike. Housing is particularly concentrated along                    Wetland portions of Ryan Island that are publicly
                          Bernie, Welcome and Jackson Sloughs, and the                     owned are designated Natural. East of the Puget
                          Sunny Sands area along the south side of Puget                   Island Bridge, a 50 foot Rural aquatic designation is
                          Island. There are a number of small businesses lo-               applied along the perimeter of Little and Puget Is-
                          cated on the islands' interiors, as well as a number             lands around the eastern end of Puget island ending
                          of small boat building and repair yards. Ownership               at the clownriver end of White Island. Welcome
                          is primarily private, although there is a large section
                                                                                           Slough and Bernie Slough are designated Rural.
                          of state ownership (Department of Natural Re-                    The main Columbia River navigation channel is des-
                          sources) on Puget Island, and state ownership          (De-      ignated Development. All remaining aquatic por-
                          partment of Game) on White Island. There are public              tions of this subarea are designated Conservation.
                          shoreline fishing areas on the west and south sides              Dredged material disposal sites in aquatic areas are
                          of Puget Island. In water log storage areas are                  Development for purposes of disposal only, and
                          present on the north side of Little and Ryan Islands             Conservation otherwise.
                          and the south side of Puget Island. There are also a
                          number of commercial fishing areas in Cathlamet                  Shoreland Designations
                          Channel, in the main navigation channel, and in the                 The publicly owned shorelands of Ryan Island are
                          area between Coffee Pot and Puget Islands.                       designated Natural. The shorelands of Puget and
                          Issues and Findings                                              Little islands are designated Rural. All remaining
                            Dairy farming is traditional on these islands, and             shorelands of this subarea are designated Conser-
                          there is also potential for other types of agriculture.          vation.
                          Residential development is occurring, but its expan-             Dredged Material Disposal
                          sion is hindered by road access, utility constraints                There are seven beach nourishment sites [80(B),
                          and floodplain hazard. Industrial development is                 82(B), 87(B), 88(B), 9](B), 94(B), 96(B),], four shore-
                          hindered by similar constraints. Sand from main-                 land disposal sites [79(S), 85(S), 86(S), 89(S)], and
                          tenance dredging of the main navigation channel                  two f low-lane disposal sites [81 (F), 95(F)] in this sub-
                          could be used as fill to enhance development sites.              area. All are connected with maintenance dredging
                          If dredging were to occur at the entrances of sloughs            of the main navigation channel. Hydraulic pipeline
                          around the islands, shoreline residential develop-               is used for placement of dredged material on shore-
                          ment would become more attractive to people                      land and beach nourishment sites. Hopper dredged
                          owning boats.                                                    material is placed at flow-lane sites. The site at the
                            Some areas of conflict are the bulkhead permit                 upriver end of Puget Island [96(B)] is subject to con-
                          problems in Bernie and Welcome Sloughs, Diking                   troversy because erosion and flow diversion is be-
                          District-Corps of Engineers policies on dike main-               lieved to cause shoaling in Cathlamet Channel (cf
                          tenance, public access to public beaches and White               Dredged Material Management, 55.10, 59).
                          Island, ownership disputes between Department of                 Restoration and Resource Enhancement
                          Natural Resources and private owners over tideland
                          and former shoreland, and dredged material dispos-                  Cathlamet Channel has shoaled considerably over
                          al practices on and adjacent to Puget Island.                    the past several decades, owing in part to flow
                            Most of the subarea and the small low islands                  control pile dikes placed at the upper end of Puget
                          provide fish and wildlife habitat and recreational               Island. To restore the shoaled area, removal of one
                          .opportunities. The small islands, with the possible             or more of the pile dikes to increase flow through
                          exception of Coffee Pot Island, are unsuitable for               Cathlamet Channel has been suggested [56(SA)]. (cf
                          development because of their low elevation and                   Restoration and Mitigation, 65.)

                                                                                                                                                IV - 91

                                                  44.02 EASTERN WAHKIAKUM COUNTY

                 General Description                                           of State Highway 4 east to Longview. industrial
                    This area includes aquatic areas and shoreland             activity will probably continue to be limited to minor
                 from the eastern boundary of Wahkiakum County to              timber harvest and the commercial rock pit. In-water
                 the Puget Island Bridge. The area has generally               development will probably continue to be associ-
                 steep topography; there are no tideland soils. Con-           ated with the maintenance of the main navigation
                 sequently, the planning boundary extends from 200             channel and limited log storage.
                 feet landward of the Mean Higher High Water line,                The few conflicts in this subarea are related to
                 waterward out into the Columbia River to the"State            navigation. There is a former dredge spoil site at
                 line, or to the center of Cathlamet Channel. This             Flandersville which is thought to contribute to the
                 area is within Wahkiakum County's jurisdiction           '    shoaling of Cathlamet Channel. For this reason, the
                 except for a small portion of the City of Cathlamet           County Commission will no longer grant a permit for
                 just east of the Puget Island Bridge.                         the continued use of this site fo   r dredged material
                                                                               disposal.
                 Aquatic Features                                                 The Development Shoreland classifications for the
                    This area is upriver of the zone of saltwater in-          Eagle Cliff-County Line Park, Cape Horn-Flanders-
                 trusion but is still subject to tidal action. The fresh-      ville and the Nasso Point to Puget Island Bridge
                 water flow becomes more and more dominant up-                 areas will provide for the increasing use of these
                 stream and results in a decreased tidal range and             areas for intense recreation or housing develop-
                 weak flood tide currents. As a result of sediment             ments.
                 build-up, dredging is necessary at three different               The shoreland from the Nassa Point area to the
                 areas in the main navigation channel adjacent to              Puget Island Bridge is mostly steep cliffs with a
                 this subarea. The reach needing the most dredging is          moderately flat bench on top. The area within Cath-
                 Upper Westport Bar.                                           lamet is currently used for housing, and housing
                    Aquatic productivity in the area from the county           should be the continued use of this area as well as
                 line to Cathlamet is supported mainly by microscopic          the rest of the Development Shoreland area. It is
                 zooplankton (animal) and phytoplankton (plant).               scenic and has road access. The exception to this is
                 The plankton populations are very unstable because            the currently used commercial rock pit with river and
                 a large part of the population can be pushed out to           road access.
                 sea by strong f reshets. There are no significant areas          This area has no comprehensive plan or zoning
                 of mudflat or marsh in this subarea. Populations of           designations. All of the shoreline is a "Shoreline of
                 bottom dwelling animals other than fish are poorly            Statewide Sign if icance".
                 known, but are probably low.                                  Aquatic Designations
                    All the commercially important onadromous fishes              The main navigation channel of the Columbia
                 can be found passing through this area, both adults           River is designated Development. All remainin'g
                 and juveniles. Near shore areas are especially im-            aquatic portions of this subarea are designated Con-
                 portant to juvenile fall chinook and chum salmon,             servation.
                 and starry flounder.                                          Shoreland Designations
                 Shoreland Features                                               The shoreline is designated Conservation from
                    This section of the Wahkiakum County shoreline is          Eagle Cliff to Waterford, and from approximately
                 characterized by a steep topography of rocky bluffs           one-half mile west of Cape Horn to approximately
                 vegetated by forest. The uplands provide habitat for          one mile east of Nasso Point. The remainder of the
                 deer and other upland game.                                   shoreline in this subarea is designated Develop-
                 Human Use                                                     ment.
                    Human use in much of this area is limited by the           Dredged Material Disposal
                 steep and often unstable topography and poor
                 shoreline access. The heaviest human activity is                 Shoreline dredge disposal sites from the county
                 concentrated at County Line Park, two small resi-             line to Cathlamet include Cape Horn, the old Water-
                 dential areas near Cape Horn, and along State High-           ford Cannery site, Eagle Cliff, and County Line Park.
                 way 4, which sometimes follows the shoreline.                 There are two beach nourishment dredged material
                 Shoreline ownership is mostly private, with some              disposal sites in this subarea. The first, 97(B), is
                 corporate ownership. County Line Park is a day-use            located just east of Eagle Cliff and the second, 98(B),
                 facility for picnicking, swimming, and fishing. There         is less than a mile further to the east at County Line
                 are commercial salmon and smelt fishing areas in              Park. Both sites are associated with maintenance of
                 the river through this area, limited in water log stor-       the 40 foot navigation channel (cf Dredged Material
                                                                               Management, 55.10, 59).
                 age at Nasso Point, and a rock pit with water access
                 close to Cathlamet.
                 Issues and Findings
                    Development potential in most of the area is
                 severely limited by the steep and unstable topogra-
                 phy, utility constraints, and the occasional closures

                   IV - 92

                                                                                                              AQUATIC SHORELAND
                            CATHLAMET                                                             ic       Waters We,
                                                                                                                  iondsj'
                                                                                                   0 @71                           Natural
                                                                                                                                   comervation
                                                                                                                                   Ru"41
                                                                                                                                   DeVC14DPMent
                                                                                                        8                          Water Drpendent
                                                                                                         Depl    nt ur             Developme"t
                                                                                                                S or  ne
                                                                                                            Non-oquaficVeq.
                                                                                                                Planning Boundary

                                            .q,v +10P4
                                                                                                                                                                                     98

                                                                                                                                                                      97(0)

                                                                                                                                                                  CAGLE CLIFF

                               PVOET ISLAND                                           NASSA POINT                       NORTH

                                                                                                                                             COOPER POIN

                                                                                                                                    CAPE HOR

                                                                                                                                                                         1000,
                                                                                                                                                                                  198,

                                                                                                                       U   6JA

                                           44.03 CATHLAMET AND WHITE-TAILED DEER REFUGE

                  General Description                                             This is an uncliked area, subject to tidal influence,
                                                                                  that was previously forested with spruce. It is pri-
                     This subarea extends from the Puget Island Bridge            vately owned.
                  to the downstream end of Price Island. The Cathlo-
                  met vicinity has the largest concentration of industry,         Shoreland Features
                  commerce, and housing in the County. The Crown                     The shoreland in this section goes from a steep
                  Zellerbach log sorting yard and log storage areas               rock bluff at the Puget Island Bridge, to low wet
                  are the largest in the County. Most of the Hunting              areas of diked tideland. Hunting Islands are uncliked
                  Island, Price Island, and the agricultural land north           and have wet areas of willow and alder, and forests
                  of Cathlamet and west of State Highway 4 are in the             of upland trees. These islands and Price Island are
                  Columbian White-tailed Dee@ National Wildlife Ref-              critical habitat for the Columbian White-tailed deer,
                  uge. Water areas to the mid-line of Cathlamet Chan-             an endangered species. They also support popula-
                  nel and to the State line are also included. Both               tions of beaver, muskrat, nutria, hawks and eagles,
                  Wahkiakum County and the City of Cothlamet have                 shore and wading birds, and migrating waterfowl.
                  jurisdiction in this subarea.                                   The islands are largely unaltered except for dredged
                  Aquatic Features                                                material disposal sites.
                     The Elochoman Slough/Marina and protecting                      Much of the mainland is part of the Wildlife Ref-
                                                                                  uge and is former agricultural land. The area east of
                  breakwater are part of an authorized project in                 Highway 4 and north of the Elochoman River, and
                  Elochoman Slough which includesa 100feetwide by                 north and east of Brooks Slough is still in agricultural
                  10 feet deep channel for 1.5 miles above the                    production. The land east of Highway 4, north of
                  sewage lagoon, and a turning basin. The mooring                 Elochoman Road, and south of the Slochoman River
                  basin is maintained at a 6 foot depth with a 50 foot            is a large, wet, previously forested area not yet in
                  wide entrance.                                                  commercial use. Another undeveloped tract is be-
                     There are extensive log storage and handling ac-             tween the Crown Zellerbach sorting yard and the
                  tivities, and maintenance dredging in Elochoman                 Elochoman River, west of Highway 4. This uncliked
                  Slough in conjunction with the Crown Zellerbach                 area is heavily wooded with spruce and alder.
                  sorting yard. Water quality and benthic habitat in                 There are former dredged material disposal sites
                  Elochoman Slough are markedly affected by log                   on Hunting Islands and the mainland along Elocho-
                  storage and handling. Decomposing bark creates                  man Slough through the Crown Zellerbach facility,
                  low oxygen conditions near the bottom and sludge                at the clownriver mouth of Elochoman Slough on the
                  worms are the major bottom dweller.                             mainland, and on the riverward side of Price Island
                     A Corps of Engineers authorized channel in Cath-             shorelands. The Columbia River is shifting northward
                  lamet Channel is 300 feet wide by 10 feet deep and              and eroding this part of Price Island.
                  roughly follows the mid-line of the channel from its
                  origin at the 40 foot channel to the Puget Island               Human Use
                  Bridge.                                                            Intensive human use occurs almost entirely in the
                     Steamboat Slough behind Price Island also has log            Cathlomet-Elochoman Slough area. Cathlamet is the
                  storage areas but there are no low oxygen reports.              county's main developed water access point. The
                  Bottom dwellers here as well as most other areas of             Elochoman Slough Marina offers waterborne visitors
                  this subarea include sludge worms, clams and insect             a safe harbor and pleasant place to visit, and may
                  larvae.                                                         help to attract people to Cathlamet. Most of the city
                     There are significant marsh areas on the Hunting             is built on a hill and is not included in this planning
                  Islands, an island at the mouth of the Elochoman                area.
                  River, and at the clownriver end of Elochoman                      The Crown Zellerbach sorting yard is the major
                  Slough. Although these marshes have not been                    water related industry in this part of the county. The
                  studied, it is likely that they contain high populations        current site and Elochomon Slough have been used
                  of food organisms important to juvenile fishes,                 by the company for decades and the shoreland has
                  wading shorebirds, and migrating waterfowl. The                 been highly modified by this use. The forested area
                  plants form an important base for further estuarine             north of the sorting yard is a possible expansion area
                  productivity. These marshes may play an important               for the sorting yard.
                  role in the early life of salmon and trout produced in             There is an area of tideland soil east across the
                  the Elochomon River and other tributaries.                      road from the sorting yard which is used for machine
                     The Elochoman River is a major producer of hatch-            and truck shops. The previously forested wetland to
                  ery salmon and trout, and receives substantial sport            the east of the sorting yard . complex is privately
                  fishing pressure. All the commercially important                owned and is seasonally grazed by cattle. The lands
                  anadromous fishes can be found passing through                  east of State Highway 4 and north of the Elochoman
                  this subarea from Cathlamet to Price Island. Near               River are currently in private farmlands as is a parcel
                  shore areas are particularly important to juvenile fall         outside the Refuge boundary north and east of
                  chinook and chum salmon, and juvenile starry                    Brooks Slough.
                  f lounder.                                                         The land west of Highway 4 and north of the
                     There is an extensive area of willow and alder               Elochoman River was formerly mostly in agricultural
                  wetland east of the mouth of the Elochoman River.               use but is now owned and managed by the U.S. Fish

                  IV - 94

                                               CATHLAMET & WHITE TAILED DEER REFUGE                                                 SUBAREA 44.03

                                                                     NOTE SEE LOWER RIVER AND ISLANDS PLAN SUBAREA 41.04

                                                      SKAMOKAWA

                                                                                                               C,

                                                    x

                                                70(

                                                                      0
                                                                       c

                                         NOTE: SEE LOWER RIVER AND ISLANDS PLAN,
                                                      SUBAREA 41 04

                                   AQUATIC SHCRELAND
                                Waters We?-                            73 (F)
                        '6 0          landst
                                                    Natural
                         0                          Consenation
                                                    Rural
                                                    DmeloprNew
                                                    WterDependent
                                                    Dmelop.,ent
                                    Shorelin 1
                                Non-aquatic Veg.                                                                                                  C55 M)
                                    Planning Boundary                                      gjlf
                                                                                           A,
                                                                                           a

                                                                                                                                              CATHLAMET

                                                                                                      RYAN IS.

                                                         1000,

                                                                                       1,       PUGET ISLAND
                                                                                       it

                                                                                                                                                         IV - 95

                 and Wildlife Service as the Columbian White-tailed            Aquatic Designations
                 Deer National Wildlife Refuge. This land generally is            The aquatic portions of the Hunting Islands are
                 kept in pasture. The Refuge also owns most of Hunt-           designated Natural, except for the wetland along
                 ing Islands which are maintained in a natural state.          Elochoman Slough adjacent to the Crown Zellerbach
                 Price Island has three-way ownership between the              sorting yard. Nelson Creek is designated Rural.
                 County, the Refuge, and the State of Washington,                 The following aquatic areas are designated De-
                 and is in a natural state except for a dredged                velopment: the main Columbia River Navigation
                 material disposal site.                                       channel; the navigation channel in Cathlamet Chan-
                   There are a number of very valuable commercial              nel; a 200 foot wide aquatic area along the shore-
                 salmon fishing locations in this subarea,                     line in front of Cathlamet extending from the Puget
                 Issues and Findings                                           Island bridge to the tip of Hunting Island; the Elocho-
                   Development potential is quite high along the               man Slough from Cathlamet to the Elochoman River;
                 Cathlamet waterfront and up the landward side of              and the aquatic area around the upriver half of Price
                 Elochoman Slough to the small slough at the north             Island to the 40 foot contour on the Columbia River
                 end of the Crown Zellerbach sorting yard. These               side and to the middle of Steamboat Slough.
                 areas are served by maintained navigation channels               The remai'ning aquatic areas are designated Con-
                 and an existing network of roads. The lands north             servation.
                 and east across Highway 4 would require extensive             Shoreland Designations
                 modification prior to use as development sites. The              Hunting Islands and the unnamed island at the
                 county-owned half of Price Island has the potential           junction of Elochoman Slough and Elochoman River
                 for a deep water port facility. However, extensive            are designated Natural. The shorelands east of
                 site modification would be necessary. Poor road and           State Highway 4 and north of the Elochoman River,
                 bridge access would hinder development. Flood                 and the shorelonds north and east of the Refuge be-
                 control measures may also be necessary.                       tween Brooks Slough and State Highway 4 are des-
                   Lands currently in agricultural use have the po-            ignated Rural. The shoreland from the Puget Island
                 tential for residential or industrial development.            bridge north along Elochory@an Slough and on the
                   Because of the population density, there are more           south side of the Elochoman River to the planning
                 conflicts in this subarea than others in the Wahkia-          boundary and the upriver half of Price Island owned
                 kum unit. One conflict of use involves Price Island.          by Wahkiakum County are designated Develop-
                 The island has been identified as critical habitat for        ment. The remaining shorelonds are designated
                 the endangered Columbian White-tailed deer by the             Conservation.
                 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and for that use
                 should be managed in a near natural state. The U.S.           Subarea Policy
                 Fish and Wildlife Service owns the clownriver end of             Notwithstanding the Development designation for
                 the island; the County owns the upriver end; the              the shoreland south of the Elochoman River, uses
                 State of Washington owns a very tiny parcel along             and activities along the immediate southern shore-
                 Steamboat Slough. The county would like to develop            line of the river shall be required to recognize and
                 their half into a port facility, which is potentially         protect the fisheries values of the River.
                 incompatible with the Refuge concept of habitat               Dredged Material Disposal
                 preservation.                                                    There are six dredged material disposal sites in
                   Another conflict concerns the nuclear power plant           this subarea. Site 76(S)' on the south tip of Hunting
                 proposed by the Washington Public Power Supply                Islands is associated with maintenance dredging of
                 System (WPPSS). According to those plans, the                 the Elochoman Slough Marina and the Elochoman
                 operation would affect this planning area in at least         Slough channel. Site 74(S), upstream of the log sort-
                 three ways. First, agriculture will be allowed to con-        ing yard on Elochoman Slough, is a potential site for
                 tinue in the vicinity of the plant (the exact location is     disposal of material from the channel in the slough.
                 unknown), however, occupied housing will be dis-              Site 75(D) is a general dike maintenance site for
                 continued within the "exclusion radius" of approxi-           areas along the lower Elochoman River. Site 73(F) is
                 mately 4000 feet. Secondly, cooling water lines will          a ship channel flow lane disposal site adjacent to
                 run to the Columbia River. The location of these lines        Hunting Islands. Site 69(S) is a potential shoreland
                 and the effects of the heated water plumes on fish            disposal site, should Price Island be developed for
                 production and migration are presently unknown.               port or other purposes. Site 70(B) is a beach nourish-
                 Finally, a large unloading facility would be                  ment disposal site on the channel side of Price Island
                 constructed by WPPSS at the mouth of the Elochoman            (cf Dredged Material Management, 55.10, 58.40,
                 River in order to accommodate large elements of the           59).
                 nuclear plant which must be barged in.
                   Most shoreland designations should remain as                Restoration and Resource Enhancement
                 they appear in the Shoreline Management Master                   Two potential sites are in this subarea. The low-
                 Program. The Wildlife Refuge, former agricultural             lying abandoned diked area on the Elochoman River
                 land, was classified Conservation at the request of           is suggested as a possible wetland restoration site,
                 the Refuge Manager (federal lands technically are             55(M). The Elochoman River, with two state-
                 not included in the Washington Coastal Zone Pro-              operated fish hatcheries, is suggested for projects
                 gram). The agricultural lands in this subarea should          [13fl] which would enhance its already high value
                 be designated Rural because of their present and              forfisheries (cf Restoration andMitigation, 65).
                 predicted future farm use.

                 IV - 96

                                                       44.04 SKAMOKAWA TO THREE TREE POINT

                        General Description                                          water flow of Skamokawa Creek, or of the benthic
                          This subarea extends from the northern boundary            organisms in the creek or main river. Dead Slough is
                        of the Columbian White-tailed Deer National Wild-            the former channel of Skamokawa Creek, and has
                                                                                     poor wa
                        life Refuge to Three Tree Point and includes the town                 ter quality. Skamokawa Creek is, periodi-
                                                                                     cally, a major producer of salmon, particularly fall
                        of Skamokawa and some agricultural lands behind              chinook. Its potential for increased production is
                        Skamokawa. The town of Skamokawa is a water                  quite good if there are some controls on water qual-
                        oriented community, and provides essential services          ity. Brooks Slough has a population of warm water
                        to many fishermen. The lands west of Skamokawa               rough fish and game fish. The Columbia River is
                        are mostly inaccessible by road and unpopulated.             quite deep through this area as it attempts to migrate
                        Jurisdiction is by Wahkiakum County.                         northward; consequently there are few' shallow
                        Aquatic Features                                             water feeding areas for juvenile salmon.
                          The water quality of the area is not reported, al-            The Corps of Engineers has three authorized
                        though it is probably not as good in the sloughs as in       projects in this subarea; one is the 40 foot navigation
                        the main river. There is no information on the fresh-        channel. Another was authorized in 1919 for a chan-

                                                                                              7_-

                                                     A UATIC SHORELAND
                                                   W.1@@ Ww-

                                                                 R.-I
                                                                 D-1.p.-t
                                                           A       t,, DIP-d-1
                                                3' DO 1h Cn
                                                     S
                                                         ne
                                                   Non-oq-
                                                      Pj_n@lc Veg                                     -7-
                                                         ng Boundory

                                                                                                                                 01*55-L
                                                                                       ro       ro

                                                                                   OREGON

                             0                                    FjIVER
                                                       rO LLJPA 131 A

                              All

                                                                                                                                       IV - 97

                  nel 6.5 feet deep, and 75 feet wide from the mouth           ship. In the past, local people bought land along the
                  of Skamokawa Creek to the town of Skamokawa.                 right-of-way of a proposed railroad that was never
                  This project extends up Skamokawa Creek approxi-             constructed. This is a very steep, scenic, but unin-
                  mately to the State Highway 4 bridge, and up Brooks          habited area with poor public access. Parts of it are
                  Slough approximately to the Brooks Slough Bridge.            in commercial timber production. The tip of Three
                  Until 1974, the common method of maintaining this            Tree Point is owned by the Federal Government.
                  channel was by pipeline dredge with disposal along             Commercial gillnet drifts occur all along the Co-
                  both banks of the creek. The current and probable            lumbia River in this subarea.
                  future method of maintenance dredging is by prop-            Issues and Findings
                  wash agitation by the Sandwick. The third project              Future development may be mostly the tourist use
                  was authorized in 1930 but has never been carried            of the proposed Skamokawa Park. Visitors will need
                  out. This project provided for a channel 24 feet             increased public services and lodging. The tip of the
                  deep, 150 feet wide, and 2,640 feet long in Skamo-           peninsula formed by Brooks and Steamboat Sloughs
                  kowa (Steamboat) Slough. A 250 foot square by 24             and west of the county road has potential for shal-
                  foot deep turning basin was the upstream limit of the        low water port development. There is currently some
                  project at mile 0.5, Winters Wharf.                          private housing in the area. Skamokawa is a small
                  Shoreland Features                                           village and will probably experience only slight
                    The shoreland in this subarea is  low and bounded          growth. The rural area behind Skamokawa is low
                  by steep topography around Skamokawa. It is very             and diked and, in its present form, is unsuitable for
                  scenic from Skamokawa to Three Tree Point. This              more intense development.
                  western portion is very scenic. The eastern portion of         Skamokawa Creek and Brooks Slough have been
                  this subarea provides critical habitat for the Colum-        classified Development because there is extensive
                  bian White-tailed deer. Bear, black-tail deer, and           navigational use, and some housing and small busi-
                  other upland species occur as well as muskrat,               nesses along these water bodies. State and Federal
                  nutria, and migratory waterfowl. Hazards from flood          resource agencies have expressed concern over this
                  waters exist in low areas, and landslide topography          designation for the mouths and lower reaches of
                  occurs in the area west of Skamokawa. The land               salmon spawning streams.
                  behind Skamokawo is used for farming and is mostly             The West Fork of Skamokawa Creek and Skamo-
                  diked tideland.                                              kawa Creek from Dead Slough north are classified
                    The Skamokawa Park, now being developed, has               Conservation to help protect the valuable salmon re-
                  received large amounts of dredge spoil from the              source returning to this area. With proper watershed
                  maintenance of the 40 foot navigation channel. The           practices and good water quality, there is good
                  beach commonly erodes and is used as a beach                 salmon production potential in this stream.
                  nourishment disposal site. The banks of Skamokawa            Aquatic Designations
                  Creek at its entrance are former disposal sites.               Dead Slough is designated Rural.
                  Human Use                                                      The following aquatic areas are designated De-
                    Human use is concentrated most heavily around              velopment: Brooks Slough west of the Washington
                  the small town of Skamokawa. The town starts at              Department of Game boat launch; Skamokawa
                  approximately the Washington Department of Game              Creek south of its junction with Dead Slough; and the
                  boat launch on the north bank of.Brooks Slough and           authorized navigation channels in Skamokawa
                  continues west.                                              Creek, Steamboat Slough and the Columbia River.
                    There are a number of houses along the Slough,               The remaining aquatic portions of this subarea are
                  along the north side of State Highway 4, and on the          designated Conservation.
                  tip of the peninsula formed by Brooks and Steam-             Shoreland Designations
                  boat Sloughs. There are a few small businesses and             The shorelands north of Dead.Slough and Sleepy
                  some waterfront net drying racks at the Wriction of          Hollow to the planning boundary are designated
                  Brooks Slough and Skamokawa Creek. On the west               Rural. The shorelands along the north bank of
                  bank of Skamokawa Creek are a few houses and a               Brooks Slough to the western boundary of Skamo-
                  rock pit. Many of the houses along Brooks Slough             kawa Park are designated Development as are the
                  and Skamokawa Creek have floats or boat houses               shorelands west of the refuge boundary on the
                  attached to support fishing activities. Both water           peninsula formed by Brooks and Steamboat Sloughs.
                  bodies allow the passage of very shallow draft ves-          The remaining shorelands of this subarea are des-
                  sels. Low bridges and shallow depths limit the access        ignated Conservation.
                  of larger vessels. The parcel of land between Ska-
                  mokawa Creek Bridge and Dead Slough is used for              Dredged Material Disposal
                  housing.                                                       There are three dredged material disposal sites in
                    On the west bank of the mouth of Skamokawa                 this subarea. Site 65(S) is on the west bank of the
                  Creek, Port District #2 is developing Skamokawa              mouth of Skamokawa Creek that has long been used
                  Park on the old school property. The park beach is           for disposal of sand from the ship channel. Plans
                  used for recreational fishing. There is also an Indian       exist to develop a portion of the site as a park. Site
                  archaeological site adjacent to the old school               66(B) is a beach nourishment site adjacent to the
                  grounds and Park.                                            shoreland disposal area. Site 67(D) is a general dike
                    The lands between the Park and Three Tree Point            maintenance site along Skamokawa Creek (cf
                  have a mixture of individual and corporate owner-            Dredged Material Management, 55.10, 58.20, 59.40,
                                                                               59.50).

                  IV - 98

                                                44.05 THREE TREE POINT TO HARRINGTON POINT

                        General Description                                          mostly corporate owned and are in timber pro-
                          This area includes the Brookfield log handling             duction. Within the planning area, ownership is
                        facility, the small communities of Pillar Rock and           mostly corporate and individual. The shoreline from
                        Altoona, and the lands between. Much of this land            Three Tree Point to Brookfield, and Jim Crow Point to
                        has a steep scenic topography, is remote and sparse-         Pillar Rock is inaccessible by road. Brookfield is only
                        ly populated, and is used for commercial timber              accessible via corporation road. Public road access
                        production. There are numerous old cannery build-            ends at Pi I lar Rock.
                        ings at Pillar Rock and Altoona now used by com-               Few industrial sites in this subarea are actively
                        .mercial fishermen for storage. Jurisdiction is by           used. Crown Zellerbach has a log handling facility
                        Wahkiakum County.                                            just west of the mouth of Jim Crow Creek. A pier
                        Aquatic Features                                             mounted crane is used to load logs into the water for
                                                                                     transportation. Just upstream from Jim Crow Creek is
                          During low, flow conditions, saltwater is found on         a rock pit which is no longer in use. There used to be
                        the bottom of the Columbia River up to Pillar Rock.          major salmon canneries at Pillar Rock and Altoona,
                        The water quality in this area is usually quite good.        but they have been closed for many years. The
                        Jim Crow Creek enters the Columbia River at Brook-           cannery sites now are used for boat moorage, net
                        field, but there is no information on its flow. It drains    drying racks, and equipment storage. In the river,
                        a large area of commercial timberland, and may               there are a number of commercial gillnet fishing
                        provide limited spawning habitat for coho and chum           drifts, and some sturgeon fishing.
                        salmon. An extensive shallow area at the mouth of
                        Jim Crow Creek is the result of heavy stream silta-          issues and Findings
                        tion.                                                          The potential for development in this area is lim-
                          The Columbia River is quite deep through this area         ited by poor transportation access, limited public
                        with few shallow water feeding areas for juvenile            facilities, and landslide topography. Brookfield,
                        sclmon. The available food for juvenile salmon in            with deep water access, logging road access, and
                        this reach consist primarily of the large zooplankton.       some backup land, has some potential for increased
                          There is only one area of marsh in this subarea,           and diversified industrial development. The aban-
                        just clownriver from Three Tree Point. It has not been       doned rock pit at Brookfield could be reopened. The
                        studied, and is practically inaccessible except by           fish producing capacity of Jim Crow Creek could be
                        boat. It is probable that the vegetation is largely          improved. Altoona has been discussed as a possible
                        sedge and bulrush, with a landward border of                 port site because of its access to deep water, but the
                        willow. There is an old dredge spoil site just down-         road system connecting Altoona with markets to the
                        stream from Jim Crow Point that has the potential for        north and east is poor. Some consider that a new
                        marsh creation.                                              road connecting Grays River with Pe Ell is necessary
                          There are in water log storage areas by Brook-             before this port development could occur. The tourist
                        field.                                                       potential in this area is untapped. This area has no
                          The 40 foot   navigation  channel runs along the           comprehensive plan or zoning designations. The
                        state line, and is maintained by dredging and by pile        shoreline is a "Shoreline of Statewide Significance".
                        dikes at Brookfield and Altoona.                               There are two main areas where the designations
                        Shoreland Features                                           differ from those found in the County Shoreline
                          The shoreline topography is generally steep and            Management Master Program. The Brookfield area
                        unsuitable for most activities other than timber pro-        is changed from Rural to Development, and the
                        cluction and private residences. Tideland soils occur        area from Pillar Rock to just east of Elliott Point is
                        only in the Brookfield area around the mouth    of Ji m      changed from Conservation to Rural.
                        Crow Creek. This area is largely in timber pro-              Aquatic Designations
                        duction.                                                       The aquatic area adjacent to the Development
                          There are a number of dredge spoil sites along this        shoreland around the mouth of Jim Crow Creek is
                        reach, some still in use. There is continuing dis-           designated Development out to the 20 foot contour.
                        cussion whether or not the Brookfield dikes cause            The main Columbia River navigation channel is also
                        downstream shoreline erosion, such as at Elliott             designated Development. The remaining aquatic
                        Point. Between Jim Crow Point and Elliott Point,             portions of this subarea are designated Conserva-
                        there are three small beach nourishment areas oc-            tion.
                        cosionally requiring dredge spoil.                           Shoreland Designations
                          Wildlife in this area is largely upland species such         The shoreland from the eastern boundary of the
                        as deer, bear and upland birds.                              Pillar Rock community to Harrington Point is desig-
                        Human Use                                                    noted Rural. The shoreland from the eastern
                          Most of the area is used for w     'aterborne com-         boundary of the abandoned rock pit upriver from
                        merce, timber production or rural residences. This           Brookfield to the western boundary of Brookfield is
                        area is sparsely populated; most people live at Pillar       designated Development. The remaining shoreland
                        Rock, Altoona or between Pillar Rock and Elliott             in this subarea is designated Conservation.
                        Point. Lands adjacent to the planning orea are

                                                                                                                                      IV - 99

                                                                                              CROOKED C"-

                                                 EDEN VALLEY

                                                    HircmCOCK CR.

                                                PIGEON BLUFF

                                                    HARRINGTON POINT                      57(B)
                                                                    LTOONA         WY. 10 1               8 (B)                      62(B)           63 (B)
                                 a 0                                                                                    F61 (B)
                              c
                           0     a)
                                 6 0)
                           0
                           'A 0
                           0  -1- caa
                           0-0   -  c
                                 CO
                           ,0                                    NOTE@ SEE LOWER RIVER ANDISLANDSPLAN
                                                                      SUBAREA 41.04.                                            - - - - - - - - - - -
                                    c"                                                                      C 0 L U M 8 1 A               RIVER

                              E
                              =) '0 -                                       NORTH                                   rll@       AQUATIC   SHORELAND
                        0     -0    -                                                                               @c      Waters Wet-
                        D- S                                                                                        0
                        in                                                                                                        londsi'
                                 - CF)                                                                                                         : Natural
                        6     T) :z
                           C)                                                                                                                    Conservation
                                                                                                                                                 Rural
                                                                                                                                                 Development
                                 C'0)
                        4.. >                                                                                                                    Water Depeudent
                        0             LO                                                                                3'De th k..onTOurI      Dmelopment
                           a)                                                                                                   Shoreline k
                                                                                                                             Non-oquatic Veg.
                                                                                                                                Planning Boundary

                        M             c
                        4) _c       0 c
                        6.    -2 a) v) a
                                 -c _c
                              C3    @O U

                                                          44.06 GRAYS BAY AND TRIBUTARIES

                        General Description                                          Grays Bay is an area rich in this type of animal life,
                           This subarea extends from the state line through          and is one of the more valuable areas in the estuary.
                        Grays Bay and up Grays and Deep Rivers and Eden              These small animals are used for food by 'juvenile
                        Valley to the extent of tideland soil, including the         salmon and other fishes. The mixing of fresh and salt
                        town of Deep River and port of the Campbell Creek            water provides a highly productive environment.
                        valley. In the Grays River valley, the area goes to          Shoreland Features
                        about halfway between the towns of Rosburg and                 The shoreland vegetation is largely agricultural,
                        Grays River, not including either town, and partially        but there are forested areas. The agricultural lands
                        up the Seal River valley north of State Highway 4.           are generally diked tidelands. These lands provide
                        The low lying lands in Eden Valley are also included         wildlife habitat for migrating waterfowl, black-tail
                        to a point approximately one and one-half miles              deer, elk, bear, and smaller furbearers such as
                        upstream from the mouth of Crooked Creek. The                muskrat and nutria. Pigeon Bluff, on the east shore
                        river valleys are used primarily for agriculture on          of Grays Bay, is very important habitat for wild
                        diked tidelands, and are sparsely populated. There           band-tailed pigeons because of mineral-rich water
                        are extensive freshwater marshes and ticleflats 'in          there.
                        Grays Bay. Jurisdiction is by Wahkiakum County,                All the lands in this subarea are within the 100-
                        Aquatic Features                                             year floodplain. Flooding occurs nearly every winter
                           The Corps of Engineers has two authorized pro-            which is particularly serious in the lower valleys,
                        jects in this area. Deep River has an authorized             Deep River and Grays River. Heavy rains coinciding
                        channel eight feet deep and 60 feet wide, extending          with storm tides and high winds cause dike breach-
                        from the mouth to the town of Deep River. The pro-           ing, road washouts, and flooding of farms and build-
                        ject was completed in 1928, and if maintenance               ings, presenting a considerable hazard to lowland
                        dredging becomes necessary the spoils will be                residents. The flooding is thought to be worsened
                        placed along the river banks. This channel is used           and made more frequent by the shallow, debris
                        mainly for log raft transportation. A project for Grays      filled channel of Grays River. At the mouth, a bar
                        River was authorized in 1907 and provided for re-            develops which acts as a dam behind which flood
                        moval of obstructions from the river channel and             waters deepen and overtop the dikes.
                        banks lot a distance of eight miles upstream from            Human Use
                        the mouth. The project was completed in 1909 and               This area is mostly agricultural (hay and dairying),
                        no further maintenance is anticipated.                       with the wetlands used for recreational hunting.
                           The water quality of Deep River and Grays Bay is          Parts of Grays River and Grays Bay are used for
                        not reported. Because of extensive log storage and           commercial and sport salmon fishing and some
                        sorting in Deep River, its water quality may not be as       sturgeon fishing. The adjacent uplands on the east
                        good as Grays River, which is Class A from the               and west side of Grays Bay and up Deep River are
                        mouth to the falls and Class AA from the falls to the        mostly in timber production. Road access is from the
                        headwaters.                                                  Ocean Beach Highway (State Highway 4). Public
                           There is some indication that the sediment load in        services are available at the small towns of Grays
                        Grays River is much higher now than in pre-logging           River, Rosburg, and Deep River.
                        days, and that this is contributing to the shoaling of         Industry is limited to small logging companies,
                        Grays Bay. Another cause of shoaling may be the              custom sawmills, and the large Weyerhaeuser sort-
                        slower Columbia River flows through Grays Bay due
                        to the dams and the pile dikes at Altoona and Rice           ing yard and associated log handling equipment
                        Island. The sediment in Grays Bay is largely sand            along Deep River. There is extensive in water log
                        and sandy si It.                                             storage in Deep River. Log rafting and sorting areas,
                           The fisheries production potential for this area Is       a truck repair yard, and main line log haul road lie
                        quite good, including Deep River. Historically, the          immediately adjacent to the town of Deep River;
                        Grays River system supported very large runs of              b.oth the river and the town are historically asso-
                        chum salmon and some coho, fall chinook and                  ciated with the timber industry.
                        steelhead. Now, much of the former spawning                    There is a Department of Game boat access at the
                        habitat is -unusable and most salmon are spawned at          Rosburg bridge on Grays River. There are two struc-
                        the Grays River Hatchery. Local commercial fisher-           tures on the National Register of Historic Landmarks:
                        men operate a small scale chum enhancement pro-              the Grays River Covered Bridge, and the Deep River
                        ject on a Grays River tributary. There may be limited        Pioneer Lutheran Church.
                        chum and coho spawning in Crooked Creek.                     Issues and Findings
                           The Grays Bay area has the second largest con-              The development of land areas will be based
                        centration of tidal marsh in the estuary, approxi-           largely on transportation, marketing agricultural
                        mately 1,449 acres. Vegetation grows from the                products, and flood protection. Agricultural and low-
                        shoreline to far out in the bay, and provides critical       lying forest areas probably will remain so, perhaps
                        habitat and nutrients. Migrating waterfowl and               with some increasing residential use, because they
                        shorebirds extensively use Grays Bay.                        are unsuitable for more intensive use in their present
                           Bottom dwelling invertebrates in this area are            condition. Industrial development will most likely be
                        poorly studied. The available data indicate that             related to wood products in the Deep River area. The

                                                                                                                                      IV - 101

                  Weyerhaeuser sorting yard may expand north and                 channel; the waters of Deep River between the town
                  east; small operations may expand further down-                and the triangular shoreland parcel across from the
                  stream along Deep River; log handling and storage              town; and the water between the channel and the
                  operations may expand along the town of Deep                   Development shoreland.
                  River.                                                            The remaining aquatic portion of this subarea is
                    There is a proposed dredging project for Grays               designated Conservation.
                  River which would provide a channel 50 feet wide               Shoreland Designations
                  by 8 feet deep from the Rosburg bridge downstream
                  through Grays Bay to a junction with the Deep River               The following areas are classified Rural: the
                  channel. If this channel project were completed, the           shorelands of Hitchcock Creek; the shorelands of
                  agricultural lands in Grays River could be used more           Eden Valley; the shorelands of Grays River Valley
                  profitably, and light industry and tourist trade might         except on the west bank at the mouth; the share-
                  develop.                                                       lands on the west bank of Grays Bay and Deep River
                    There is an unresolved conflict between timber               up to the log handling facility on the downstream
                  production and salmon enhancement. If this conflict            edge of Deep River; the shorelands from Miller Point
                  could be solved, the county and its citizens would be          up the east bank of Deep River approximately 3/4 of
                  in a better economic situation, having two major               a mile; the shorelands between the Weyerhaeuser
                  industries instead of just one.                                sorting yard and the State Hi      ghway 4-Deep River
                    A small "black sands" mining lease in Grays Bay              Bridge, except as otherwise noted; the shorelands
                  is due to expire in 1981. This would be surface                north of the State Highway 4-Deep River Bridge to
                  mining to remove certain minerals. The Washington              the town at Deep River, except as otherwise noted;
                  Department of Natural Resources recently has                   and the shorelands from the town of Deep River up
                  leased large state owned portions of Grays Bay for             both forks of Deep River to the planning boundary,
                  oil and gas exploration. There are similar leases for          except as otherwise noted.
                  the rest of the county shoreline east to Puget Island,            The following areas are classified Development:
                  and west to the mouth of the Columbia River.                   the town of Deep River and adjoining log handling
                    For most of the shorelands in this subarea, the              facility, a triangular shoreland parcel across from
                  current (and logical future) use is agriculture. How-          the town of Deep River; the shoreland north of the
                  ever, the forested area on the west side of the mouth          town of Deep River along the Crown Zellerbach
                  of Grays River is very low and uncliked and would be           main line log road and west to the planning bound-
                  suitable for agricultural use only after extensive             ary; and the shoreland along the east bank of Deep
                  modification.                                                  River from a point approximately 3/4 of a mile from
                    Those areas along Deep River designated as De-               Millers Point upstream to where the unnamed slough
                  velopment include existing industrial sites, areas             turns east on the Weyerhaeuser property between
                  where new foci I ities are currently being constructed,        the sorting yard and the State Highway 4-Deep River
                  areas for expansion of existing industrial facilities,         Bridge.
                  and a few homes. Other land parcels in this area are              The remaining shorelands of this subarea are
                  leased for farming, but represent industrial expan-            designated Conservation.
                  sion areas. The town of Deep River and the adjoin-             Subarea Policies
                  ing log handling facility have a history of intensive          1. Notwithstanding the Natural and Conservation
                  use, as does the main line log road and shops to the           designations in Grays Bay, the construction of a
                  north of town. Some of the land west of the main               channel or channels for flood control and naviga-
                  line road is leased for agriculture but represents a           tional access in the bay shall be permitted as agreed
                  possible industrial expansion site. The triangular             to by Wahkiakum County and the U.S. Army Corps of
                  shaped piece of land across from the town of Deep              Engineers.
                  River also has the potential for industrial expansion.
                    A significant aspect of the plan in this subarea is          2. In areas where either the bottom contour or water
                  the recognition of the natural resource value of the           fluctuationsare such thata dock of more than 50 feet
                  ticleflats and tidal marshes in Grays Bay and the              in length is required to obtain sufficient water depth
                  protection provided.                                           for moorage purposes, docks may extend beyond
                  Aquatic Designations                                           the 50 foot buffer strip.
                    The wetlands of Grays Bay are designated                     Dredged Material Disposal
                  Natural, except for a 50 foot buffer strip along the              There are six dredged material disposal sites. Sites
                  shoreline which is designated Conservation.                    48(S) and 49(S) are potential shoreland sites to be
                    Hitchcock Creek is designated Rural as is Camp-              used in conjunction with maintenance of the
                  bell Creek downstream to its junction with Lassila             channel in Deep River. Site 50(D) is for general dike
                  Creek.                                                         maintenance along Deep River. Sites 51'(S) and 52(S)
                    The following aquatic areas are designated De-               are potential shoreland sites to be used in conjunc-
                  velopment: the authorized Deep River channel from              tion with possible new dredging in Grays Bay or
                  Rocky Point to the town of Deep River; the proposed            River. Site 53(D) is a general dike maintenance site
                  channel for Grays River from the Rosburg Bridge                associated with the same potential dredging (cf
                  downstream to its junction with the Deep River                 Dredged Material Management, 58.10, 59.50.)

                  IV - 102

                               Restoration and Resource Enhancement                                                    moval of the shoal area at the mouth of Grays River
                                  Both Deep River [42(F)] and Grays River [43(F)] are                                  [45(SA)] would improve both navigation and fish
                               recommended for fisheries enhancement projects                                          access. Site (M) is a poten-tial marsh restoration site
                               which would increase their resource value. Dredg-                                       on the west bank of Deep River. This low-lying diked
                               ing of Grays River would remove the accumulation                                        land could be returned to aquatic productivity by
                               of silt which may impede upriver migration, Stream                                      breaching the dike (cf Restoration and Mitigation,
                               habitat improvement upstream is also needed. Re-                                        65.).

                                                                                                                                                    -ROSBERG

                                                                                                                                                                    V"
                                                                                                      42 (F)
                                                                                                                                                                          43(F)

                                                                                                              X

                                                       49(S)

                                               5.
                                                                                              5
                                                                                                                                             53(D)

                               48(S)                                                                                           51(S)

                                                                                                                                                                  CROOKED CR.

                                          ROCKY
                                            PT.
                                                                                                             btN\AL0*
                                                                           0

                                                                                                                                          HITCHCOCK CR,

                                                                                                             PIGEON BLUFF                              1000,
                                                                                                                                                       FOR

                                                                                                                   HARRINGTON POIN

                                                                                                                                %LTOONA

                                                                                                                                                          - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
                                                                                                                                                               L
                                        NOTE: SEE LOWER RIVER                           z
                                        AN D ISLANDS PLAN               0
                                        SUBAREAS 41.02 and 41.03

                                         AQUATIC     SHORELAND               RICE 15.
                               C     Waters Wet-
                               0             landst
                                                              Natural
                                                              Conservation
                                                              R.ral
                                                  1.:::S-     DeveloP.,ew
                                                              liaterDependent
                                 3' Depth ContoUr      I      D@elop.-t
                                          Sh-eline     X
                                       Non-aquOfiC Veg.
                                          .Planning Boundwy
                                                                                                                                                                                             IV - 103

                                                                   45. BAKER BAY PLAN
          is           THE PLANNING AREA                                             geographic disadvantages for heavy industrial de-
                          The Baker Bay planning      area encompasses the           velopment. It lacks rail access, direct access to the
                       entire bay, shorelands around the bay, Big and Little         deep-draft shipping channel, and suitable air and
                       Sand Islands, and shoreland and water areas ex-               highway access. It also has a small, undiversified
                                                                                     workforce and only a small local market area for
                       tending eastward to the Pacific County line. The              goods. However, areas are needed to provide for
                       planning area includes the low-lying shorelands up            modest expansion of both the Ports of Ilwaco and
                       the Chinook and Wallacut Rivers, which have tide-             Chinook. The channels through Baker Bay to both
                       land soils. Along steep or other shorelines where no          ports and aquatic areas adjacent to the ports are thus
                       tideland soils are present, the shoreland boundary            designated Development; adjacent shorelands are
                       extends 200 feet inland from MHHW, or is based on             designated Water Dependent Development.
                       .some human feature, such as a road. The water                Dredged material disposal sites to provide for main-
                       boundary extends from the tip of the North Jetty to           tenance and possible expansion or relocation of
                       the tip of Jetty "A", along the 30 foot contour east-         channels are identified in the plan. Adequate shore-
                       ward to the county line. Planning, management and             land area for residential and other development is
                       regulatory jurisdictions include the Town and Port of         also provided in the plan, while agricultural and
                       Ilwaco, Port of Chinook, Pacific County, Clatsop              hazard areas are protected with Rural or Conserva-
                       County, Washington and Oregon state agencies, and             tion designations.
                       federal aciencies.                                              Baker Bay is biologically a very important part of
                                                                                     the Columbia River estuary. The bay is fringed by
                       MAJOR ISSUES AND DECISIONS                                    several hundred acres of tidal marsh, whose plant
                          The shoaling problem in Baker Bay and its impacts          production helps provide the base of the aquatic
                       on navigation and the viability of the Ports of Ilwaco        food chain. Great numbers of bottom-dwelling in-
                       and Chinook is the overriding issue in this planning          vertebrate animals are found in the fine sandy sedi-
                       area. Public access to the shoreline, location of             ments of the bay. Sand shrimp and juvenile Dunge-
                       dredged material disposal sites, the protection of            ness crab are very numerous at certain times of the
                       natural habitat, both in aquatic areas and on shore-          year. Many finfish also use the shallow bay area, in-
                       lands, and the potential impacts of mining and min-           cluding juvenile starry flounder and juvenile
                       eral extraction were also key issues. These issues are        salmon. Waterfowl also make extensive use of
                       addressed by regional (cf Section 11), area and sub-          Baker Bay, particularly the Sand Island area, where
                       area policies, as well as other plan provisions.              there are gull and Caspian tern rookeries. Other
                          The Baker Bay plan attempts to provide adequate            wildlife also make extensive use of shoreline areas
                       area for future development needs while conserving            around the bay. Protection of-these natural resource
                       and protecting the natural resource base so import-           values is provided for in the plan by designation of
                       ant to the local economy.                                     tidal marshes and shallow wetland areas as Natu-
                          Historically, the Baker Bay area has not been a            ral. Shallow subtidal areas and other aquatic areas
                       center for development in the estuary region. Fish-           (excluding authorized navigation channels) are des-
                       ing, fish processing and tourism are the most im-             ignated Conservation. Many shoreland areas          are
                       portant economic activities. The area has several             also given protective designations.

                                                                                           'E

                                                                                                       A,

                                                                                          '.4

                                                                                                                             A.
                                                                                                                   SOL

                                          vk

                                                                                                                N

                                                        0'

                                       'Ak(4@ "'VA
                                                                      %
                                                                  0@'
                                                                                                            -Judi Byrd, Compleat Photographer

                                                                                                                                      IV - 105

                   AREA POLICIES
                   1. Regional Economy
                     Chinook and Ilwacc, are the two centers of eco-
                   nomic and social activity on Baker Bay. The econom-
                   ic and social viability of both communities should be
                   enhanced by maintaining and improving the Ports of
                   Ilwaco and Chinook and by supporting the tourist
                   and fishing industries.
                   2. Port Development in Baker Bay
                     The Ports of Ilwaco and Chinook are traditional
                   centers of the sports and commercial fisheries. Be-                                                 National Fisherman
                   cause of this tradition, the proximity to the mouth of            the main navigation channel. Specifically, the
                   the river, the existing port and fish processing facil-           Chinook Jetty should re removed, and other
                   ities, and the absence of any other port facilities on            structures in the area should be evaluated for
                   the Washington side near the mouth of the river, the              their effectiveness.
                   two ports are favorably situated to take advantage                Channels and navigation structures should not
                   of the increased off-shore fisheries brought about by             interfere with the sand transport system from
                   the 200-mile limit. To take advantage of these off-               Chinook Point to the western end of Big Sand
                   shore fisheries, both ports will require improved                 Island. Presently there are two openings in this.
                   facilities. These may include deeper and wider                    barrier: the breach between the two Sand Is-
                   channels, berths for larger boats, improved shore                 lands and the Chinook Channel. Probably one
                   facilities, sewage treatment, and approved dredged                of these gaps should be closed and navigational
                   material disposal sites. Realignment of either or                 access provided through the remaining gap.
                   both channels may be necessary. Because of the                    Dredged material disposal in area D should be
                   scarcity of land disposal sites, hopper dredging is the           minimized. Other in-water areas, that do not
                   preferred means of channel maintenance for the                    have adverse effects on Baker Bay, should be
                   clean sands at the outer ends of the two channels.                found.
                     In addition to the commercial off-shore fishing
                   boats, both ports should continue to cater to charter        4. Public Access to the Shoreline
                   boats and recreational fishermen and should pursue              The Columbia River shoreline of Pacific County is
                   off-loading facilities for barged aggregate. How-            a shoreline of statewide significance, with a major
                   ever, when new barge off-loading facilities are pro-         state highway and county roads along most of its
                   posed, consideration should be given to the possi-           length. Improved public access to the Baker Bay
                   bility of centralizing these facilities at one location.     shoreline should be provided for the use of local
                   3. Baker Bay as a Hydraulic System                           residents as well as tourists. One or more new day-
                     The evidence indicates that Baker Bay is shoaling          use facilities would be appropriate along the part of
                   more rapidly than is normal in the life of an estuary.       the shoreline with road access; foot trails are en-
                   This process should be reversed. Baker Bay will be           couraged elsewhere.
                   most productive to the community if it remains open          5. Protection of Natural Habitat
                   water rather than an area of ever-increasing tidal              Baker Bay is fringed by several hundred acres of
                   flats and tidal marshes. To deal with this urgent            tidal marsh. Great numbers of bottom-dwelling in-
                   problem and maintain Baker Bay as a biologically             vertegrate animals,are found in the fine sandy and
                   and economically productive system:                          silty sediments of the bay. Many finfish use the shal-
                     � All agencies with responsibility for Baker Bay           low bay area. Waterfowl also make extensive use of
                       should cooperate to investigate how the bio-             Baker Bay, particularly the Sand island area. How-
                       logical and hydraulic systems of the bay func-           ever, research to date about the role of Baker Bay in
                       tion. Without this understanding, the shoaling           the aquatic ecosystem is relatively sparse. More
                       problem cannot be corrected.                             complete biological surveys and an understanding
                     � The navigational structures in the bay and in the        of inter-relationships between groups of organisms
                       river adjacent to the bay should be designed to          are needed.
                       reduce shoaling in the bay and help maintain                Due to the limited scientific information concern-
                       the Ilwaco and Chinook Channels, as well as              ing Baker Bay, it is prudent to restrict activity in po-
                                                                                tentially productive areas at this time. Should further
                                                                                investigation show that an area is not productive, it
                                                                                would then be appropriate to consider more
                                                                                intensive activities.
                                                                                6. Mining and Mineral Extraction
                                                                                   Although the possibilities exist of finding valuable
                                                                                minerals in Baker Bay wetlands and submerged
                                                                                lands, that future demand could make such a project
                                                                                economically feasible, and that additional advances
                                                                                in technology may significantly reduce adverse en-
                                                      National Fisherman        vironmental impact, mining and mineral extraction
                                                                                should not be encouraged at this time.

                   IV - 106

                                                                45.01 KNAPPTON /FRANKFORT

                         General Description
                           This subarea includes shoreland and aquatic areas
                         east from the Astoria-Megler bridge to the Pacific-
                         Wahkiakum County line. Jurisdiction is by Pacific
                         county.
                         Aquatic Features
                           Fish in the area include salmon and sturgeon and
                         other species. The north channel adjacent to this
                         subarea is a migration route for salmon. Primary and
                         secondary plankton production in the water column
                                                                                                                             P",
                         is seasonally high.
                           There are a few marshes and tideflats in the em-
                         bayments between Knappton and Rocky Point and
                         several shallow areas have been cut off by the high-
                         way causeways. Circulation is vigorous and flushing'
                         excellent, except in the shallow areas cut off by the
                         highway, where it is poor. The shoreline is exposed
                         to wind and wave erosion and has been rip-rapped
                         extensively.
                         Shoreland Features
                           Sh6relands are mostly forested down to the shore-
                         line. Elk, deer, bear, and bald eagles are relatively
                         common in this area. The soils in this subarea are
                         mostly bunker soils with high slope. There are
                         limited Nuby soils and filled lands that are subject to
                         flooding.
                         Human Use
                           Existing land and water uses include rural resi-
                         dential, commercial and sport fishing, pleasure
                         boating, and forest management. Adjacent upland
                         land use is forest management with small rural
                         areas.
                           Ownership of the shorelands is mostly by timber
                         companies with some private and state (Frankfort)
                         holdings. Tidelands are in private hands, except
                         near Portugese Point where the Washington State
                         Department of Natural Resources manages those
                         owned by the state.                                            areas are Conservation. From        Knappton to Grays
                         Issues and Findings                                            Point and from Portugese Point      to the northeastern
                           There is no development pressure at this time. In            boundary of the vacated plat of Grays-Frankfort, a
                         the future, there could be increased demand for                50 foot Conservation Aquatic buffer is applied to the
                         shoreline access from both the shorelands and                  immediate shoreline.
                         water. Conflicts in this area relate to timber man-            Shoreland Designations
                         agement. Logging to the shoreline may increase                   The shorelands are designated Conservation,
                         sedimentation to the estuary and displace wildlife,            except for a Rural designation for the area of resi-
                         including bald eagle nests.                                    dential development at Knappton and a Natural
                           Two areas that have potential for recreational               designation for the state-owned lands from Portu-
                         access are identified in this subarea. The first is an         gese Point west to, but not including, the old quarry
                         outcropping on the west end of Hungry Harbor. The              near Frankfort.
                         second is the boat ramp at the old saw mill site at
                         Knappton.                                                      Subarea Policy
                           A shoreline trail from Knappton to the old town of             This subarea has excellent potential for public re-
                         Frankfort would provide low-intensity access to a              creational access. The boat launching ramp at the
                         long stretch of shoreline. Easements or outright pur-          old saw mill site at Knappton should be improved
                         chase of private property would be needed for this             and maintained with adequate parking for cars and
                         project.                                                       trailers. Also, the feasibility of developing a shore-
                         Aquatic Designations                                           line trail from Knappton to the old town of Frankfort
                           Except as otherwise noted, the wetland portions of           should be investigated. This would provide low-
                         this subarea are designated Natural and the water              intensity access to a long stretch of shoreline.

                                                                                                                                           IV - 107

                r,NAPPTON -FRANKFURT                                                                              SUBAREA 450

                                                    site

                                            DO) Site

                                                         tv -4

                                      < CD

                                                                                                       A M K I A

                       IV - 108

                                                                           45.02 MCGOWAN

                          General Description                                           Human Use
                            This subarea includes shoreland and aquatic areas              U.S. Highway 101, running along the shoreline, is
                          from the Astoria-Megler bridge west to include                the most predominant developed feature in this sub-
                          Chinook Point. Most of Fort Columbia State Park is            area. Land and water uses include commercial and
                          included. The area is under the jurisdiction of Pacific       sport fishing, recreational boating, forest manage-
                          County.                                                       ment, and Fort Columbia State Park. Adjacent uses
                          Aquatic Features                                              are the developed area at Chinook and additional
                            Aquatic areas include shorefront beaches and                timber production and fishing.
                          water areas along the north channel of the Colum-                Tidelands are nearly all in private ownership,
                          bia River. Water depths range to 50 feet along the            except for state owned areas around Chinook Point.
                          channel and the slope to the beach is relatively              Shoreland ownership is private around McGowan
                                                                                        and corporate in the forested portions. The beach in
                          steep. The beach is composed of coarse, sandy sed-            this area gets some recreational use at low tide for
                          iments with gravel and larger rock. Tidal currents are        beachcombing and walking. Parking is very limited,
                          strong along this reach of the river and flushing             however, with off-road spaces for only two or three
                          action rapid.                                                 vehicles.
                            These aquatic areas support varieties of fish,
                          shellfish plankton and other aquatic animals, in-             Issues and Findings
                          cluding salmon, sturgeon, starry flounder and ju-                There is little development pressure or potential in
                          venile crab. Benthic populations are probably low to          this area. Very little buildable land exists, except
                          moderate, owing to the swift currents and coarse              around McGowan. Development constraints such as
                          sediments. There are small fringes of marsh vegeta-           a high water table limit development there.
                          tion along the more protected portions of the beach.             Fort Columbia State Park is a historical and recrea-
                          Shoreland Features                                            tional resource of value to the area. Improvement of
                            Shorelands include a narrow fringe of steep for-            its facilities, consistent with maintaining the natural,
                          ested land and some flat land around McGowan.                 scenic character, will enhance these values.
                          Bunker and Stasop soils predominate in the steep              Aquatic Designations
                          area, with Ocosta soils on the flat areas. Wildlife              All aquatic portions of this subarea are designated
                          values of the shorelands are moderate but the high-           Conservation.
                          way running along the shoreline creates a barrier             Shoreland Designations
                          between aquatic and upland areas. Deer, elk, bear,               The flat tideland (Ocosta) soil areas at McGowan
                          bald eagle, hawks, waterfowl, small mammals and               and to the east of McGowan are designated Rural.
                          other wildlife are relatively common in the area.             The remaining shorelands are designated Conserva-
                            Shoreland hazards include possible slides in steep
                          areas and erosion of the river shoreline, which is rip-       tZon.
                          rapped to retard erosion.

                             1000,

                                                                                                                J

                                                                                                            L

                                                                                                                    10C.

                                                                                                                        co
                                                                                                                           ,e'
                                                                                                                     e   ""0 OP 014

                                                                                                                                          IV - 109

                                                                45.03 CHINOOK

                General Description                                            the navigation channel. The authorized channel into
                  This subarea includes the unincorporated town of             the basin is 10 feet deep and 150 feet wide. Water
                Chinook and adjacent aquatic areas of Baker Bay. A             circulation is dependent on winds and tides, and
                special district, the Port of Chinook, is included.            patterns are poorly known. Flushing is also depend-
                Jurisdiction is by Pacific County.                             ent on winds and tides and is fairly good, except in
                                                                               the basin. Water quality in the basin area fluctuates
                Aquatic Features                                               seasonally depending on the amount of fish wastes
                  Fish support value is moderate to high in this area.         and boat traffic.
                Wetland vegetation to the west of the mooring basin            shoreland Features
                provides primary production and marsh habitat.                   Soils in this subarea include Westport and Yaquina
                Tidal flats and subticlal areas have high benthic pro-         as
                duction. Oligochaetes (worms) and clams are parti-               sociations, and filled land with low slope. The
                cularly abundant. A sandy beach exists east of the             filled area is to the east of the basin and much of it is
                basin to the eastern boundary of this subarea. A               a stockpile site for dredged material disposal. These
                large tract of freshwater wetlands north of the town           Soils have a high potential for flooding and erosion
                of Chinook has developed as a result of beaver                 and a seasonally high water table.
                dams, siltation of the Chinook River and installation            Wildlife value of the shorelands is moderate
                of the ficlegate near the river mouth.                         behind Chinook. Deer, beaver, and other small
                  Aquatic areas are extremely shallow except for               mammals inhabit the area.

                                                   0        101

                             BAKER  BAY

                             AQUATIC SHORELAND
                          Waters Wet-
                    '6          lands,'
                    8                       :Natural
                     ul
                    7                        Consernation
                    M

                                             Development
                                             liaterDependeut
                                             Det@elopvlent
                              Shoreline I                                                             S
                           Non-oquatic Veg.
                              Planning Boundary

                                                      h@

                          SAND IS,

                                                                                      1000,

                                                                                                  C04

                 IV - 110

                         Human Use                                                    cilities and future expansion plans of the Port of
                                                                                      Chinook are accommodated by a Development des-
                           The unincorporated town of Chinook and the Port            ignation for the area between Olsen Street and
                         of Chinook dominate this area. Residential, com-             Cherry Street. West -of the existing basin, the south-
                         mercial, and industrial uses predominate, with boat          ern boundary of this designation is the channel
                         moorage, navigation, and dredged material dispos-            (authorized and natural). In front of and east of the
                         al associated with port operations. Tideland owner-          existing basin, the southern boundary of the devel-
                         ship is a mixture of private and state. Shoreland            opment designation is a line 600 feet south of the
                         ownership is mostly private and the Port of Chinook.         existing breakwater.
                         The Port of Chinook moorage facility is the third             I The remaining aquatic portions of the subarea are
                         largest in the estuary, with a capacity of 323 vessels.      designated Natural where there are wetlands, and
                         Issues and Findings                                          Conservation for water areas. Where Natural wet-
                           The Port of Chinook has significant potential for          lands abut Development aquatic areas, a 50 foot
                         expansion. The CREST     Marina Study (1978) found           Conservation buffer is applied.
                         substantial unfilled demand for both recreational            Shoreland Designations
                         and commercial fishing vessel moorage. The new                 East of Chinook Park the shorelands are desig-
                         200 mile economic zone has stimulated additional             nated Conservation. West of Chinook Park the
                         demand for moorage for larger commerdal fishing              shorelands are designated Development, except for
                         vessels. The Port's short-range plans call for addi-         the area of Port owned property south of Water
                         tional moorage facilities within the existing basin.         Street, which is designated Water Dependent De-
                         Long-range plans include an expanded basin, add              velopment.
                         tional services and facilities, and a potential barge
                         unloading area.                                              Subarea Policies
                           Although the nature and extent of the naviga-              1. Expansion of the Port of Chinook and its entrance
                         tional access problems in Baker Bay have received            channel should be done in such a way as to mini-
                         careful attention during the CREST planning process,         mize damage to the aquatic productivity, maintain
                         the scientific research and engineering studies nec-         waterqualityand flushing, and to avoid aggravating
                         essary to solve these problems are beyond the scope          the shoaling problems of the bay.
                         of this plan. Accordingly, this plan provides for the        2. 'The Development Aquatic area east of the
                         future resolution of these problems without deter-           present Port facilities should be designated and uti-
                         mining the exact measures which may be necessary.            lized as a dredged material disposal site.
                         The relevant maps which are a part of this plan in-
                         clude dashed lines which indicate possible future            3. The Development designations, which are pro-
                         channel realignments. The exact locations and sizes          vided to accommodate potential future expansion of
                         of those channels should be determined as a result           the Port, do not automatically create the presump-
                         of the necessary studies and cooperation among the           tion that dredging, filling or other alterations will
                         various interested parties.                                  automatically result. Specific proposals for Port ex-
                           The planning process has included extensive dis-           pansion will have to be justified in terms of avail-
                         cussion of the appropriate areas for Port expansion.         able alternatives, water quality impacts, economic
                         The draft plan provided for expansion only to the            benefits, and other requirements of the permit pro-
                         west of the existing facilities. After consideration of      cess.
                         the natural resource values and other factors, the           4. Day-use-only facilities should be developed at
                         expansion area was reduced on the west and some              Chinook Park so that both tourists and residents may
                         area was added to the east.                                  enjoy the park. This may require some reduction in
                           Severe shoaling problems throughout Baker Bay              the size of existing camping facilities.
                         (see 45.05, Baker Bay) are threatening the naviga-
                         tion channel into the Port of Chinook. Dredging to           5. This plan recognizes and provides remedies for
                         maintain the channel has become increasingly ex-             the navigational access problems in Baker Bay. The
                         pensive and more frequently necessary. The dispos-           local governmental bodies, relevant agencies and
                         al of dredged material is a growing problem. The             interested parties shall continue to pursue the reso-
                         viability of the third largest mooring basin in the es-      lution of those problems. Approved channel realign-
                         tuary is threatened.                                         ments and/or improvements shall be permitted not-
                           The conversion of Chinook Park to overnight use            withstanding the environmental designations of this
                         has resulted in heavy use by tourists and complaints         plan.
                         from local residents that they can no longer enjoy           Dredged Material Disposal
                         the park. There is a need for day-use facilities at the        There is a single dredged material disposal site in
                         park.                                                        this subarea [10(S)], related to dredging projects at
                         Aquatic Designations                                         the Port of Chinook. The site, adjacent to and east of
                           The existing navigation channel is designated              the Port of Chinook is primarily a stockpile for basin
                         Development. In the event that a realignment of the          maintenance. This site should be expanded into the
                         channel is agreed to, the new channel is also des-           Development aquatic area as needed. (cf Dredged
                         ignated Development by this plan. The present fa-            Material Management 56.20, 59.50.)

                                                                                                                                       IV - I I I

                                                                45.04 CHINOOK RIVER

                  General Description                                              Aquatic Designations
                     This subarea covers the drainage basin of the Chi-               The nonticlal freshwater wetlands behind Chinook
                  nook River and includes the tideland soils, fringing             that are not state owned are designated Rural. The
                  marshes along Baker Bay, and the waters and wet-                 state owned wetlands and the remaining aquatic
                  lands of the river. Jurisdiction is by Pacific County.           areas of the Chinook River are designated Conser-
                  Aquatic Features                                                 vation. The fringing marshes along Baker Bay are
                     The fisheries resource consists mostly of warm                Natural, except for a 50 foot Conservation buffer
                  water fish in the Chinook River and its tributaries and          strip along the shoreline.
                  salmon raised at the Sea Resources hatchery. A sig-              Shoreland Designations
                  nificant fringing tidal marsh borders this area along               The privately owned areas of tideland soils used
                  Baker Bay. Other wetlands exist up the Chinook                   for agriculture to the east of Highway 101 are des-
                  River along the river bank. Water depths are shallow             ignated Rural. The state-owned land east of High-
                  in the Chinook River. The river is navigable by small            way 101 is designated Conservation. West of High-
                  boats for most of its length. River discharge is con-            way 101, the shorelands are Rural, except for the
                  trolled by a ticlegate at U.S. Highway 101.                      existing industrial site which is designated Develop-
                  Shoreland,Features                                               ment.
                     Shorelands in this subarea consist of tideland soils          Dredged Material Disposal
                  with a low slope. These soils are of the Ocosta,                    There are two dredged material disposal sites in
                  Westport, Yaquina, and Rennie associations. High                 this subarea, both related to dredging at the Port of
                  erosion and flood potentials exist. The shorelands               Chinook. The first site [9(S)] is located in a low area
                  are mostly cleared of timber for agricultural use with           behind (northeast) Chinook and would be used for
                  limited forest acreage. The Ocosta and Rennie soils              disposal of material from channel or boat basin
                  are excellent agricultural soils (Classes III and IV).           expansion and subsequent maintenance dredging.
                  Deer and elk, along with smaller animals, frequent               The second site [8(S)] is an alternate site for the
                  the area. The ticlegate at Highway 101 was installed             some purpose, but is environmentally and econom-
                  to help prevent f loods, but the area still has potential        ically less acceptable. (cf Dredged Material Man-
                  problems with flooding.                                          agement, 56.20, 59.50.)
                  Human Use                                                        Restoration and Resource Enhancement
                     Existing uses include    agriculture, rural housing,             Siltation of the Chinook River has reduced histori-
                  recreation, and an industrial site at the mouth of the           cal runs of anadromous fish that use this river. A
                  Chinook River. The facilities on this industrial site,           1963 study by the Soil Conservation Service recom-
                  which are connected with the proposed mining of                  mended dredging the river to improve drainage.
                  "black sands", are presently unused, although the                Such dredging would also enhance fisheries in the
                  equipment is maintained. This area receives recrea-              river, particularly for salmon returning to the Sea
                  tional usage by hunters and those who enjoy watch-               Resources Hatchery [2(F)]. (cf Restoration and Miti-
                  ing wildlife.                                                    gation, 65.)
                     Ownership is mostly private in this subarea with
                                                                                                   1---`47,0@,@! @re
                  some small corporate and state holdings in the east-                                               7"'
                                                                                                                        W4` A
                  ern portion. The fringing marsh is either privately or
                  state owned. The present zoning ordinznces desig-
                                                                                                'M
                  nate portions of this subarea for agriculture, general
                  development, residential, and industrial.
                  Issues and Findings
                                                                                        WI
                                                                                       "M
                     There is little pressure for additional development              ";,Z       'X1
                                                                                                    N"
                  in this area. The potential does exist, however, for                  5
                  industrial and residential development. Mineral
                  leases exist below mean high tide (MHT) on both
                  public and private tidelands. The existing industrial
                  area, although not currently used, is somewhat in-
                  compatible with adjacent trailer parks and rural
                  housing.
                     The peninsula at the mouth of the Chinook River
                  between Highway 101 and Baker Bay has potential
                  as a possible park or waterfront access point. This
                  location would offer both visual and physical access
                  to Baker Bay and the large wetland area directly
                                                                                          R
                  adjacent.
                                                                                                                        ComPleat Photographer

                  IV - 112

                                                          CHINOOK RIVER                                                                          SUBAREA 45.04

                                                                                                                                                                  9A

                                                                                                                       KJR09KMV41111k

                                                       BAKER SAY

                                                                                                                                                                  -N

                                                                                                                                                                          Z

                                                                                                               \. Nz

                                                                                                                                      CHINQ

                                                                                                                                                             J

                                                                         @AND ISLAND
                                                                                                                                            D
                                                                                                                                               CHINOOK PARK

                                              AQUATIC     SHORELAND                                                  410 X-16
                                   c       Waters Wet-                                     1000,                          %*
                                                  landsl
                                                                 Nt..1                                                                                        CHIMOON POINT
                                   v                             Conserwition
                                                            \\:Ruml
                                                                 Dmelopm"t
                                                                 Wate@Depmdent
                                     -3- L)epth (.ontour  I      De@elopmmt
                                               Shoreline  I
                                           ll.n_.,ua,ic Veg.
                                               Planning Boundary

                                                                                                                                                                         IV  113

                                                                 45.05 BAKER BAY

                  General Description                                           from sands in the channels to mixed sands, silts and
                    This subarea includes the aquatic areas of Baker            clays on the flats in the northern part of the bay. The
                  Bay and the Sand Islands. It is bounded by the west           bar extending west from Chinook Point is hard sand.
                  side of the Baker Bay west channel to the west, by            Much of the sedimentation of fine material probably
                  the fringing marshes and the in-water limits of des-          results from the flocculation of the silts and clays
                  ignated Developnwnt areas at Chinook and Ilwaco               carried by the fresh river water as this water is dilut-
                  to the north, by Chinook Point on the east, and by            ed by saline sea water. This shoaling mechanism
                  the 30 foot depth contour to the south. The Sand              probably was not operative before the increase in
                  Islands are the only shorelands in this subarea. Por-         salinity caused by the maintenance of the Columbia
                  tions of the subarea are in the State of Oregon.              River entrance channel at a depth of 48 feet (as
                  Jurisdiction is by Pacific County (Washington) and            opposed to the natural depth of 20 to 30).
                  Clatsop County (Oregon).                                        Baker Bay has changed from an exposed, fresh
                  Aquatic Features                                              water environment with (presumably) sandy sedi-
                                                                                ments to a more protected, more saline one with
                    The Baker Bay hydraulic system is complex and               mixed sandy and muddy sediments. Almost nothing
                  poorly understood. Prior to construction of the south         is known of the earlier biology of Baker Bay, except
                  jetty in the 1890's, Baker Bay was an open water              that it was filled with upstream migrant salmon -
                  environment, very exposed to winds and waves.                 the fish traps were very profitable. Probably the
                  Sheltered anchorage and deep water were provided              benthic populations were very different 50 or 100
                  only at and behind Cape Disappointment; most of               years ago.
                  the bay was navigable. Construction of the south                Presently, fish support values in this subarea are
                  and north jetties caused Middle Sands to move                 high. Primary production is very high in the water
                  northward to form Sand Island, which reached very             column and in the low, immature marshes around
                  nearly its present shape by 1910; it continued to             Sand Island and the adjacent fringing marshes. A
                  move northward for another 30 years. The area                 Salicornia (pickleweed) marsh has formed on the
                  between Chinook Point and Chinook has always                  northern side of the small portion of Sand Island.
                  been shallow, but, like the rest of the bay, this area        Other large marshes have formed around the large
                  has shoaled considerably.                                     Sand Island, and the marshes throughout the bay
                    Following the construction of the Chinook Jetty             appear to be expanding as the bay shoals. Second-
                  (pile dike) and the Sand Island dikes in the 1930's,          ary production is probably also very high with clams,
                  Sand Island began to erode and breached several               polychaetes, oligocheotes, crab, and sand shrimp.
                  times. The present gap between the islands appear-            Fish found in this area include juvenile salmon,
                  ed in the early 1940's and has gradually become the           juvenile starry flounder, juvenile Dungeness crab
                  dominant entrance, through which most of the tidal            and others.
                  exchange occurs. This process may have been ac-                 There are three authorized navigation channels
                  celerated by the construction of Jetty A in 1939.             info Baker Bay. These channels are discussed in
                    There is a sand transport system that extends from          detail in the Dredged Material Management section
                  Chinook Point to the seaward end of Big Sand Island.          (cf 56). Expansion plans are discussed under Chinook
                  There are two gaps, the Chinook Channel and the               (45.03) and Ilwaco (45.07) subareas. The Chinook
                  breach between the islands. Sand transport east of            Channel extends 1.3 miles from the Columbia River
                  Chinook Channel is toward the mouth of the river,             to the Chinook Basin. It is authorized at 10 feet deep
                  judging from shoaling on the east side of the                 and 150 feet wide. Shoaling problems are severe;
                  Chinook Channel and erosion along Little Sand                 the worst shoal encroaches from Chinook Point to
                  Island to the west. The transport along Big and Little        the east, opposite Little Sand Island.
                  Sand Islands is not unidirectional. During storms, it is        The Baker Bay West Channel follows a circuitous
                  upstream, while river currents cause downstream               course from Jetty A to the Port of Ilwoco. The first
                  transport. This pattern is complicated by the pile            half mile of the authorized channel is 10 feet deep
                  dikes. Some sand may also be transported into the             and 200 feet wide; the remaining 2.7 miles to the
                  bay through the gaps.                                         port is 10 feet deep and 150 feet wide. The channel
                    The existence'of the three entrances makes the              has a moderate shoaling problem, with the worst
                  circulation of the bay very complex and the main-             shoals at the outer end and at the final turn into
                  tenance of navigation channels difficult. Because             Ilwaco. The Baker Bay East Channel, from Little Sand
                  the breach in the islands is the major entrance, the          Island to Ilwaco, is not presently maintained.
                  scouring action in the navigation channels is com-
                  paratively weak. As the understanding of the bay              Shoreland Features
                  improves, realignment of the channels through the               The Sand Islands have a moderate wildlife value
                  gap may occur.                                                as a nesting and resting area for gulls and Caspian
                    The interior of the bay has also changed greatly.           terns. The most important area is the eastern end of
                  Sediments were probably sandy prior to 1900, but as           Little Sand Island. The central, brushy part of Big
                  the bay has become more protected, widespread                 Sand Island is more important than the rest of the
                  shoaling occurred; the material in the bay ranges             island.

                  IV - 114

                                                                                                                                   AIRPORT

                                                                               L

                                                                                                                          ... .. .. .. ... .
                                                                                     iLWACO                                                ... .. . .... .. .
                                                                                                                              .. ... ... ..
                                                                                                                              .. ... ... ..
                                                                        r  .....                                         ... ... .                         . .. ...
                                                                                                                              ... ... ... .. . .. .. ... ..
                                                                                                                        . ... .. .. .. ..

                                                                                                                                                                                                CHINOOK RIVIR
                                                                                                                0 k C

                                                                                                                .. . .. . ... ... ... .     .. ...               . .. ..

                                                                                                 ... ... .. ... ...
                                                                                                   ... .. ... ..
                                                                                                 ... ... ... ... ..
                                                                                                                                                               ... ... .... .
                                                                                                   ... .. ... ...

                                                                                           . .. ... ... ..

                                                                                                                                                                                                       Is

                                                                                                                                                                                                                  CHI

                                                                               CA
                                                                            OISA POINTUR

                                                                                   lot?

                                                              0

                                                                                           COLUMBIA                RIVER

                                                                                                                AQUATIC SHORELAND
                                                                                                   c        Waters Wet-
                                                                                                   .,a              lonclsf
                                                                                                                                      Natural
                                                                                                                                      Consemation          1000,
                                                                                                                                      Rural
                                                                               '00,0,                                                 D@elop-urvf
                                                                                                                                      14 ate, Dependent
                                                                                                        XD   Pth Contour      I       D@eloPru-f
                                                                                                                  Shoreline   k
                                                                                                              Non-aqucltic Veg-
                                                                                                                   Planning Boundary

                 Human Use                                                           along the old Baker Bay East Channel to the 11-
                    The shorelands of the large Sand Island have lim-                waco Basin;
                 ited pasture value. There is a grazing lease with the              eRelocating the Chinook Channel through the
                 Corps of Engineers. There are three active dredged                  gap between the Sand Islands and thence east
                 material sites: the northern portion of the large                   along the old Baker Bay East Channel to the
                 island, the eastern portion of the small island (which              existing channel;
                 is filled nearly to capacity), and beach nourishment               0Modification of the pile dikes or channel re-
                 along the south shore of the small island. Aquatic                  alignment may also be required at the outer end
                 uses include crabbing, fishing, and boating.                        of the Ilwaco Channel because of the large
                    Alterations are extensive in Baker Bay.        �everal           shoal encroaching on the channel from Jetty A;
                 thousand pilings from the old fish traps remain. The                no specific alteration is shown on the plan map.
                 Chinook Jetty and the pile dikes along the southern             Shoreland Designations
                 shore of the islands were built to direct the flow of
                 the river to the main navigation channel and prevent               The shorelands of the Sand Islands are designated
                 erosion of the islands. Also, the southern shore of             Conservation.
                 Little Sand Island was rip-rapped. The remains of the           Subarea Policies
                 pier and the railroad bed used to unload the                    1. Channel realignments must be justified in terms
                 material remain on Little Sand Island.                          of hydraulics, sand transport and impacts on main-
                    Tidelands are owned by the States of Oregon and              tenance dredging.
                 Washington. Sand Island is owned by the federal
                 government. Many of the Washington tidelands                    2. No more dredged material disposal should occur
                 have had mineral, and oil and gas rights leased.                on the uplands of Little Sand Island. Beach nourish-
                 Issues and Findings                                             ment is also discouraged, because the material may
                    Use conflicts in this subarea include the impacts            contribute to shoaling in Baker Bay.
                 on aquatic and terrestrial habitat of dredging,                 3. Upland disposal on Big Sand Island should be
                 dredged material disposal, and proposed block                   confined to the smallest possible area; disposal sites
                 sands mining. The eastern portion of the small Sand             should be revegetated; upland habitat values should
                 Island has been inventoried as a nesting area for               be preserved; and grazing should not be permitted.
                 Caspian terns. This area has also been used as a                4. The marshes north of the Sand Islands should be
                 disposal site for maintenance dredging of the Chi-              protected.
                 nook Channel; it is now filled to capacity. The north-
                 west corner of Big Sand Island has been used for                5. The local governmental bodies, relevant agen-
                 disposal and other parts of the island are designated           cies and interested parties shall continue to pursue
                 for disposal.                                                   the resolution of the navigational access problems in
                    Although the nature and extent of the naviga-                Baker Bay. Approved channel realignments and/or
                 tional access problems in Baker Bay have received               improvements shall be permitted notwithstanding
                 careful attention during the CREST planning process,            the environmental designations of this plan.
                 the scientific research and engineering studies nec-            Dredged Material Disposal
                 essary to solve these problems are beyond the scope                There are three dredged material disposal sites in
                 of this plan. Accordingly, this plan provides for the           this area, all an Big Sand Island. The first site [3(S)]
                 future resolution of these problems without deter-              on the northwest corner of the island has been used
                 mining the exact measures. The relevant maps                    for disposal in the past. The second site [4(S)] is just
                 which are a part of this plan include dashed lines              south of 3(S) and should be used when the capacity
                 which indicate possible future channel realign-                 of 3(S) is exhausted. The third site [5(S)] is on the
                 ments. The actual locations and sizes of those chan-            southeast side of the island. All three sites are as-
                 nels should be determined as a result of the neces-             sociated with maintenance, expansion or realign-
                 sary studies and cooperation among the various in-              ment of the Baker Bay West Channel into the Port of
                 terested parties.                                               Ilwaco. (cf Dredged Material Disposal 55.10, 56,
                    The mineral rights to most of Baker Bay have been            59.50.)
                 leased for black sands mining. This mining would
                 have unknown impacts on the hydraulics and the                  Restoration and Resource Enhancement
                 biological productivity of the bay.                                There are three identified restoration projects in
                                                                                 Baker Bay. The first [4(P)] is removal of the many old
                 Aquatic Designations                                            pilings that are relics of fish traps. The second [5(P)]
                    The tidal flat areas of    the bay are designated            is removal of the Chinook Jetty (pile dike). Both
                 Natural. The water areas are designated Conser-                 structures are thought to contribute to shoaling prob-
                 vation, except for the two navigation channels                  lems in Baker Bay, but careful consideration of the
                 which are designated Development. (cf 45.03 and                 hydraulic effects of removal will be needed prior to
                 45.07 for a detailed discussion of plan provisions for          action. The third project [11(SA)] is restoration of
                 the navigation channels.) Four possible channel re-             former depths through active or passive removal of
                 alignments are provided for:                                    shoal areas. Closing the gap between the two Sand
                    � Shortening the Baker Bay West Channel into If-             Islands is one possibility. The history of the shoaling
                      waco by eliminating the westward meander;                  problems these three restoration projects address is
                    � Relocating the Baker Bay West Channel to the               outlined in Aquatic Features above and in the Res-
                      gap between the Sand Islands and thence west               toration and Mitigation Plan, 65).

                 IV- 116

                                                                      45.06 WALLACUT RIVER

                         General Description                                              tideland soils are used extensively for agriculture.
                          This subarea covers the drainage basin of the                   Remnants of dikes remain along the Wallacut River,
                         Wallacut River between the Ilwaco and Chinook                    but are no longer maintained.
                         River subareas (45.07 and 45.04). It includes the tide-            Ownership is private and corporate. Existing
                         land soils around the Wallacut River, the aquatic                zoning is for agriculture, general development, and
                         areas of the river, and the frir@ging marsh adjacent -to         residential. Mineral leases exist below mean high
                         these shorelands along Baker Bay. Jurisdiction is by             tide (MHT) in the tidelands.
                         Pacif ic County.                                                 Issues and Findings
                         Aquatic Features                                                   This subarea has significant development poten-
                           The fisheries resource consists mostly of worm                 tial and growth pressure from the adjacent Town of
                         water fish in the Wallocut River and its tributaries.            Ilwaco. Development plans for the Vandolia sub-
                         An extensive fringing marsh borders this area of                 division call for moderately high density housing on
                         Baker Bay. Other wetland areas exist up the Walla-               the peninsula area to the west of the airport. Areas
                         cut River along the river bank. Water depths in the              immediately east of Ilwaco have a moderate to
                         river are relatively shallow. River flow is controlled           steep slope; development should proceed cautiously
                         by a ticlegate about a mile from the mouth and is                in order to avoid erosion and slides.
                         significantly affected by the amount of vegetation in
                         the water.                                                       Aquatic Designations
                                                                                            The Wallacut River is designated Conservation as
                         Shoreland Features                                               is a 50 foot buffer strip along the immediate Baker
                           Most shorelands in this subarea consist of tideland            Bay shoreline. The remaining aquatic areas cire des-
                         soils with a low slope. These soils are the Ocosta,              ignated Natural.
                         Westport, Yaquina, and Rennie associations. Addi-                Shoreland Designations
                         tional soil characteristics are high erosion and flood
                         potentials. The area of high slope to the west of the              The area between Yellow Bluff in Ilwaco and the
                         river is made up of Lytell soils.                                beginning of the tideland soils is designated Devel-
                           The shorelands are mostly cleared of timber for                opment, as is the area encompassing the Port Van-
                         agricultural use with limited acreage left in forest.            dalia subdivision. The remaining shorelands are
                         The Ocosta and Rennie soils are excellent agri-                  Rural.
                         cultural soils (Classes III and IV). Deer and elk, along         Restoration and Resource Enhancement
                         with smaller animals, frequent the area. Hazards in                The Wallacut River has silted in and historical fish
                         this area are limited to potential flooding.                     runs have been virtually eliminated. Dredging the
                         Human Use                                                        river mouth and upstream areas is proposed as a
                           Existing uses include agriculture, suburban and                fisheries enhancement project [I(F)]. The stream
                         rural housing and trailer parks. The primary residen-            could support chum salmon and possibly other spe-
                         tial area is the Vandalia development, which is                  cies if restored to former conditions. (cf Restoration
                         being built to the north and west of the airfield.      The      and Mitigation 65.)

                                                                                                                                101

                                                                                                                                         of

                                                                                ................

                                                                                                                                              IV - 117

                                                                     45.07 ILWACO

                 General Description                                                The existing channel into the Port of Ilwaco is 10
                   This subarea includes     that portion of the Town of          feet deep and 150 feet wide and follows a meander-
                 llwaco which is subject to the Shoreline Manage-                 ing course. Under certain conditions it is navigation-
                 ment Act, including the Port of llwaco. The town                 ally difficult, especially for larger vessels. Ground-
                 exercises jurisdiction over the area.                            ings are common. The Port of Ilwaco has applied to
                 Aquatic Features                                                 the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to study channel
                   The port moorage area has little      value for fisher-        improvements under Section 107 of the Rivers and
                                                                                  Harbors Act.
                 ies. However, the      areas outside    the breakwater             Although the nature and extent of the navigation-
                 could be moderate to high in productivity, however,              al access problems in Baker Bay have received care-
                 not as high as in undisturbed areas. Tidal marshes               ful attention during the CREST planning process, the
                 have developed on each side of the port's break-                 scientific research and engineering studies neces-
                 waters, in part because of the deposition of dredged             sary to solve these problems are beyond the scope of
                 material. The one on the east extends from the                   this plan. Accordingly, this plan provides for the
                 breakwater to Yellow Bluff. On the west, the marsh               future resolution of these problems without deter-
                 merges with the remainder of the fringing marsh to               mining the exact measures which may be necessary.
                 the south and west.                                              The relevant maps which are a part of this plan
                   Water depths are extremely shallow except for the              include dashed lines which indicate possible future
                 boat basin and authorized channel, which is main-                channel realignments. The exact locations and sizes
                 tained to a depth of 10 feet and a width of 150 feet.            of those channels should be determined as a result
                 Water circulation is limited inside the basin with               of the necessary studies and cooperation among the
                 water quality being affected by heavy traffic,                   various interested parties.
                 sewage, and fish wastes.                                         Aquatic Designations
                 Shoreland Features                                                 The navigational access channel and areas of
                   The shorelands are heavily developed within the                possible approved future realignment of that
                 port area with moorage and service facilities, boat              channel are designated Development. The aquatic
                 repair and storage, commercial activities and                    area fronting the Port of llwaco between the Port's
                 offices. On either side of the port are residences. The          property lines and out to the state line is designated
                 town park is located at the base of Yellow Bluff.                Development. The tidal marshes on the east side of
                 There is little bird and wildlife value due to the               this subarea are Natural, except for a 50 foot Con-
                 developed nature of the area. Adjacent areas have                servation buffer along the shoreline and along the
                 moderate habitat value for small animals. Soils in               edge of the Development area at the Port.
                 the port area consist entirely of fill material.                 Shoreland Designations
                 Human Use                                                         The shoreland area is designated Development,
                   Existing land and water uses are dominated by the              except for the fill land at the Port of Ilwaco, which is
                 Port of Ilwaco. Activities include moorage (1,000                Water Dependent Development.
                 berths), commercial and industrial operations,                   Subarea Policies
                 offices, and boating. On either side of the port, there
                 are residential uses of the shorelands. Aquatic areas            1. Port of I lwaco and its entrance channel expansion
                 are undeveloped.                                                 should be done so as to minimize damage to the
                   There is a mixture of tideland ownership, in-                  aquatic productivity, maintain water quality and
                 cluding the Port of llwaco, State of Washington, and             flushing, and avoid aggravating the shoaling prob-
                 private individuals. Shorelands are either port or               lem of the Bay. Before any further aquatic areas are
                 privately owned,                                                 filled, existing land areas should be fully utilized
                   Town of Ilwaco zoning in this area consists of a               and economically feasible upland alternatives
                 commercial zone (the port area) and a residential                exhausted. Dry boat moorage should be considered
                 zone to the southwest and east. The shoreline man-               as an alternative to basin expansion.
                 agement designation is Urban, except for the water
                 area east of the port, which is Conservancy.                     2. Unless a suitable upland disposal site can be
                                                                                  found, the port should consider maintaining a stock-
                 Issues and Findings                                              pile site so that material from the mooring basin and
                   The Port of Ilwaco has significant potential for               inner channel can be rehandled.
                 expansion. The CREST Marina Study (1978) found                   3. The Development Aquatic designations which
                 substantial unfilled demand for both recreational                are provided to accommodate potential future
                 and commercial fishing vessel moorage. The new                   expansion of the Port do not automatically create the
                 200 mile economic zone has stimulated additional                 presumption that dredging, filling or other alterna-
                 demand for moorages for larger commercial fishing                tions will automatically result. Specific proposals for
                 vessels. The Port of Ilwaco is ideally situated, close           Port expansion must be justified in terms of avail-
                 to the mouth of the river, to accommodate this                   able alternatives, water quality impacts and
                 demand.                                                          economic benefits, and must meet other require-
                                                                                  ments of the permit process.

                iv- 118

                                  4. This plan recognizes and suggests remedies for                                       Dredged Material Disposal
                                  the navigational access problems in Baker Bay. Local                                      There is one dredged material disposal site in this
                                  governmental bodies, relevant agencies and inter-                                       subarea [1(S)], located at the Port of Ilwaco on fill
                                  ested parties shall continue to pursue the resolution                                   land. The site is used as a stockpile for basin and
                                  of those problems. Approved channel realignments                                        entrance channel maintenance material. (cf
                                  and/or improvements shall be permitted notwith-                                         Dredged Material Management, 56.40, 59.50.)
                                  standing the environmental designations of this
                                  plan.

                                                                                                                                    AQUATIC     SHORELAND
                                                                                                                          c      Waters Wet,
                                                                                                                          -0
                                                                                                                          -             lands,'
                                                                                                                                                        Naiwal
                                                                                                                                                        Comemation
                                                                                                                                                        Ruml
                                                                                                                                                        D@elp-@t
                                                                                                                                                        Wate@ D@Pendmt
                                                                                                                             3' Depth ontour    I       D@elopmmt
                                                                                                                                     Shoreline I
                                                                                                                                  Non-oquaficVeg.
                                                  F,                                                                                  Planning Boundary

                                                                           I L W A C 0

                                                                                                       CITY        LIMITS

                                                                                                                   ST.
                                                                          LAKE

                                                             0
                                             _j

                                                                                                                                               A
                                                                                                                                             01

                                                            fo

                                                                                                                                                           1000,

                                                                                                                                                                                    IV - 119

                                                           45.08 FORT CANBY NORTH

                  General Descr     iption                                      Human Use
                    This subarea includes the shorelands from the                 Existing land and water uses include boating, fish-
                  northern boundary of the state park boat launch               ing, and housing. Adjacent uses include forest man-
                  ramp to the Ilwaco city limits. The in-water boundary         agement, park development, Coast Guard resi-
                  is the western edge of the entrance channel. Juris-           dences and operations, and the developed area in
                  diction is by Pacific County.                                 Ilwaco. Tidelands are owned by the Department of
                  Aquatic Features                                              Natural Resources or State Parks. The shorelands are
                    Fish support values in this subarea are probably            owned by the state and federal governments.
                  high, though data are lacking. Primary production is          Aquatic Designations
                  high along the shoreline marshes, while secondary               Wetland areas, including marshes and tidal flats,
                  production is high in the flats. Extensive sedge and          are designated Natural, with a 50 foot Conservation
                  bulrush marshes have developed in the smaller                 buffer abutting the shore, in areas where the shore
                  embayments in this subarea and have been inten-               is privately owned, and adjacent to the Develop-
                  sively studied. Water depths are extremely shallow            ment area in the adjacent Ilwaco subarea. Water
                  between the marshe's and the channel. The physical            areas up to the edge of the channel are Conserva.
                  and biological processes of Baker Bay have been               tion.
                  discussed under 45.05.                                        Shoreland Designations
                  Shoreland Features                                              The shorelond designations in this area are
                    Shorelands include forested areas inland to the             Natural in the undeveloped portion of the state park
                  limit of Shoreline Management jurisdiction. Bird and          north of the boat launch ramp; and Rural north to
                  wildlife values are high and include deer and                 the city I i mits of I lwaco.
                  smaller furbearers. Soils in this area are Yaquina            Subarea Policy
                  and Zenker associations, and slopes are moderate to             The existing loop trail should be extended along
                  steep. Some very old forest exists along the shore-           the shoreline to the Town of Ilwaco.
                  I ine, predominantly Sitka spruce.

                                                                                            51

                                                                                      z

                                                                                      0          X

                                                                                                            0

                                                                                                         a  C

                                                                                      <
                                                                                                         0

                                                                                              "s 0wo a
                                                                                                                   Ix
                                                                                                                   0
                                                                                       u0poJoIsad
                                                                                                                   z
                                                                                  NI

                                 . .. .......

                                                                 ... .... .......

                                                                                  . ..... . . .....

                                              1000,

                  W - 120

                                                                  45.09 CAPE DISAPPOINTMENT

                         General Description                                               Issues and Findings
                            This subarea extends from the tip of the North                   The Coast Guard has indicated that it is consider-
                         Jetty, east to the western side of the entrance chan-             ing expanding its dock faci I ity at its present location.
                         nel. The shoreland area, all of which is in Fort Canby            This project may involve limited filling and place-
                         State Park or the Coast Guard Base, includes 200 feet             ment of piling. Other potential developments would
                         of Benson Beach north of the jetty, all of Cape                   depend on future plans in the state park. Provision
                         Disappointment, the accreted lands to the east of                 has been made for expansion of parking facilities at
                         Jetty A, and the shorelands of Baker Bay north to the             the North Jetty.
                         northern boundary of the state park boat launch.                  Aquatic Designations
                         Aquatic areas include portions of Baker Bay west of.                The rocky interticlal areas of Cape Disappointment
                         the navigation channel between Jetty A and the                    have been classified Natural, the Coast Guard pier
                         northern boundary of the subarea; the waters                      and waters between the shore and channel and
                         between Jetty A and the North Jetty in the main                   within 50 feet on either side of the Coast Guard pier
                         Columbia River; minor sloughs and wetlands behind                 have been classified Development to provide for
                         the North Jetty. Jurisdiction is by Pacific County.               maintenance and improvement of the present faci-
                         Aquatic Features                                                  lities, and all other aquatic areas have been classi-
                            Plankton populations, benthic production and fish              f i ed Conservation.
                         support values are high, both in Baker Bay and in the             Shoreland Designations
                         Columbia River portions of the subarea. Recreation-                 The North Jetty, Jetty A, the developed- parts of
                         al and commercial crabbing is popular south and                   the Coast Guard base, the Cape Disappointment
                         west of Cape Disappointment; recreational fishing is              lighthouse, the Lewis and Clark Interpretive Center,
                         popular off the North Jetty.                                      the boat launch, and the state park concession
                            Water depth ranges from tidal flats east of Jetty A            stands are designated Development. The outermost
                         to more than 60 feet off the tip of Jetty A. The                  state park parking lot is designated Conservation
                         Columbia River side of this subarea is extremely                  and should not be expanded. The second parking lot
                         dynamic; currents are strong, wave action is signi-               is designated Development with an expanded area
                         ficant, sediments are coarse, and the water is deep.              to accommodate future demand. Designated Con-
                         This area is adjacent to the main entrance channel                servation are the low-lying areas east of the head-
                         and small boats sometimes run along the North Jetty               land and Jetty A, the lands north of the North Jetty,
                         for protection. The Baker Bay side of the channel is              the other low-lying undeveloped parts of Fort Canby
                         much less dynamic, being protected by Jetty A and                 State Park, and the 50 foot buffer strips surrounding
                         Cape Disappointment. Sediments             become pro-            Development areas. Other state and federally
                         gressively finer to the north along the channel,                  owned land at Cape Disappointment, including the
                         though they are still largely sand in this subarea.               rocky bluffs on the south and east, and the old
                         There is a severe shoaling problem in       the outer part        growth forested areas are designated Natural.
                         of the Baker Bay West Channel, just inside Jetty A.
                         The Baker Bay parts of this subarea are further des-              Dredged Material Disposal
                         cribed under 45.05.                                                 There is one dredged material disposal site in this
                         Shoreland Features                                                subarea, east of Jetty A, south of Cape Disappoint-
                            Shorelands include beach areas (Benson Beach)                  ment [2(5)]. The site could be used to deposit
                         the rocky promontories of Cape Disappointment'                    material from maintenance dredging of the Ilwaco
                                                                                           Channel or expansion or relocation of the channel.
                         and accreted land east of Jetty A. Wildlife value Is              (cf Dredged Material Management, 56.10,           59.50.)
                         high in the state park area for deer and smaller fur-
                         bearing animals. On the cliffs, gulls, pelagic cormo-
                         sonts and other marine birds predominate. Soil as-
                         sociations include dune land (north of North Jetty
                         and east of Jetty A) and Umbric Dyetrochrepts (on
                         Cape Disappointment). There is a potential flooding
                         and erosion hazard on the dune land. Uplands are
                         steep and rocky.
                         Human Use
                                                                                                                            '51 wl,
                            This subarea is entirely in public ownership. The
                         State of Washington owns the state park and the
                         federal government owns Cape Disappointment.
                         1xisting land and water uses include fishing, boat-
                         ing, shipping, state park recreational activities, and
                         a Coast Guard rescue facility which includes both
                         operations and housing.

                                                                                             Zomp                      IV
                                                                                                                                Compleat Photographer

                                                                                                                                                IV - 121

                                                      AQUATIC    SHORELAND
                                                   Waters Wet-
                                           0
                                                          la nds

                                                                         cofts@fion
                                                                         RUMI
                                                                         Developnimt
                                                                         HaterDepmdmi
                                               3'DepTn ontou
                                                                         Developnimt
                                                       Shorel ne k
                                                   Non-aquatic Veg.
                                                       Planning Boundary                                                                                    It

                                                                                                                                                                           A    K    E

                        CD                                                                                                                                                 B    A    Y
                        0

                                                                                                                                                                    os

                        ul

                        co                                                                +
                        D,

                                    qu

                      w

                      (L

                                                                     or@
                      Uj                                                             C        L    U   1W            A
                      CL

                      0

                                                                                 PART V

                                                          DREDGED MATERIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

                         50. SUMMARY AND PLAN DEVELOPMENT                ....................................................              V - 2

                         51.    POLICIES AND STANDARDS         ...........................................................                 V - 3

                         52.    DREDGING TECHNOLOGY AND COSTS             ..................................................               V - 7

                         53.    DREDGING DISPOSAL OPTIONS          ........................................................                V - 9

                         54.    IMPLEMENTATION AND SHORELAND DMD SITE MANAGEMENT                   ..............................          V- 12

                         55.    ESTUARY-WIDE PROJECTS       .............................................................                  V - 14
                                55. 10 Corps of Engineers Projects   ......................................................                V- 14
                                    55-11 Columbia River at the Mouth       ................................................               V- 14
                                    55.12 Lower Columbia River Estuary        ...............................................              V- 14
                                     55.13 Upper Columbia River Estuary       ...............................................              V-15
                                55.20 Private Projects  ................................................................                   V- 17

                         56.    BAKER BAY PROJECTS      .................................................................                  V - 17
                                56.10 Baker Bay West Channel:       .......................................................                V- 17
                                56.20 ChinookChannel       ..............................................................                  V_ 18
                                56.30 Future Projects   ..................................................................                 V_ 19
                                56.40 Portof Ilwaco,    .................................................................                  V - 19
                                56.50 Port of Chinook     ...............................................................                  V - 20

                         57.    YOUNGS BAY - ASTORIA PROJECTS           ....................................................               V - 21
                                57.10  Hammond Channel      ..........................................................                I I  V - 21
                                57.26  Hammond Boat Basin       ...........................................................                V - 21
                                57.30  Tansy Point  ...................................................................                    V - 22
                                57.40  Skipanon Channel     .............................................................                  V - 22
                                57.50  Warrenton    ....................................................................                   V - 22
                                57.60  Youngs Bay and River     ..........................................................                 V - 24
                                57.70  Astoria Turning Basin    ..........................................................                 V - 24
                                57.80  Port of Astoria  .................................................................                  V - 24
                                57.90  Tongue Point     .................................................................                  V - 25

                         58.    UPPER ESTUARY PROJECTS       ............................................................                  V - 26
                                58.10  Grays Bay    .....................................................................                  V - 26
                                58.20  Skomokawa     ..................................................................                    V - 27
                                58.30  Price Island ...................................................................                    V - 28
                                58.40  Cathlamet    ....................................................................                   V - 28
                                58.50  Puget Island  ..................................................................                    V - 28
                                58.60  Bradwood     ....................................................................                   V - 29
                                58.70  Wauna-Westport      ..............................................................                  V - 29

                         59.    DREDGED MATERIAL DISPOSAL SITES         ....................................................               V - 30
                                59.10 OceanSites    ...................................................................                    V - 30
                                59.20 Estuary Sites  ..................................................................                    V - 30
                                59.30  Flow-Lane Sites    ................................................................                 V - 31
                                59.40  Beach Nourishment Sites      .......................................................                V - 31
                                59,50  Sloreland Sites                                                                                     V - 33

                                                                                                                                               V-1

                                                  50. SUMMARY AND PLAN DEVELOPMENT

                  Purpose                                                          will exceed its capacity by eighty six percent, though
                                                                                   this situation is mitigated somewhat by beach
                    More material is dredged from the Columbia River               nourishment options for the Brooks Slough work.
                  estuary than can be used constructively and shore-                 The Dredged Material Management Plan meets
                  land disposal sites will be exhausted or developed               these issues through its implementation process:
                  during the next twenty years. All dredging occurs                Shoreland DMD site use should be coordinated to
                  within certain economic and environmental                        facilitate development and provide for sediments
                  constraints. Suitable disposal options are needed for            that cannot be disposed of in-water.
                  both new project and maintenance dredging, and
                  placement of dredged material on a site should be                Plan Development
                  compatible with its proposed final use.                            Development of the Dredged Material Manage-
                    The Dredged Material Management Plan consists                  ment Plan involved two distinct phases: dredging
                  of three major parts. Section 51 consists of dredging,           and dredged material disposal (DMD) policies and
                  disposal and site selection policies and standards,              standards; and dredged material disposal site
                  section 52 describes dredging technology and costs,              selection.
                  section 53 describes disposal options, and section 54              Dredging and disposal practices were developed
                  discusses implementation. The plan describes the                 from existing state and federal regulations as they
                  major dredging projects in the Columbia River                    relate to the Columbia River estuary area. The
                  estuary with an analysis of disposal options (55-58).            dredging and disposal policies and standards allow
                  Finally, section 59 lists designated dredged material
                  disposal (DMD) sites. Project and DMD site descrip-              for maintenance, improvement and establishment
                  tions are cross-referenced with each other and with              of navigation channels and water dependent de-
                  the Land and Water Use Plan (Part IV).                           velopment while protecting wetlands and other
                    The objectives of the Dredged Material Manage-                 important estuarine natural resources. These prac-
                  ment Plan are to:                                                tices are coordinated with the Columbia River
                    �  Provide policies and standards for dredging and             Estuary Land and Hater Use Plan (cf. Part IV) so that
                       dredged material disposal that will minimize                dredging and disposal operations are consistent with
                       damage to wetlands and other estuarine re-                  existing and projected development.
                       sources;                                                      Draft policies and standards were developed by a
                    �  Describe environmentally, technically and                   technical subcommittee involved in planning for the
                       economically acceptable disposal sites for                  Lower River and Islands area. This committee,
                       expected dredging during the next twenty                    composed of representatives from state and federal
                       years; and                                                  natural resource agencies, the Corps of Engineers,
                    �  Coordinate dredged material disposal use with               local ports and other dredging interests, participated
                       other uses designated in the Columbia River                 in workshops on February 1-2, 1978 and May 2-3,
                       Estuary Land and Water Use Plan.                            1978, and published draft policies in the Lower River
                                                                                   and Islands Plan. The plan was published for review
                  Critical Issues                                                  and comment in July, 1978 and based on comments,
                                                                                   was revised and placed in a different format.
                    Over the twenty-year horizon of this plan, in-                   For dredged material disposal sites, the first con-
                  creasing reliance will be placed on ocean disposal               sideration was to identify all possible in-water and
                  of dredged materials. Even within the planning                   reusable sites. Whether the site is flowlane, beach
                  horizon, five areas will have difficulty finding share-          nourishment, or ocean disposal, the major issues are
                  land disposal sites unless regional dredged material             environmental and technical: Will the site allow for
                  management develops resources and cooperation                    disposal of dredged material without adverse conse-
                  that are now only conceptual.                                    quences? Next, shoreland sites were identified, and
                    Of the large private projects, the Brusco work at              it was soon apparent that sites that would meet en-
                  Cathlamet Channel has shoreland site capacity for                vironmental and economic standards are not of
                  eight more years.                                                sufficient capacity to provide for disposal needs over
                    Warrenton has adequate DMID site capacity but                  the next 20 years. The major issues with shoreland
                  use of those sites for Skipanon related dredging, as             sites were economic feasibility, environmental
                  indicated in this plan, may preclude development                 damage, compatibility with existing and planned
                  because the f ine sediments are too unstable.                    use, ownership and site protection.
                    Tongue Point development has adequate DMD                        The first regional coordination for dredged
                  capacity only if nearly half the dredged material can            material disposal had occurred through cooperation
                  be used as fill during the construction. If the facilities       between the Corps of Engineers and state and
                  are built largely on pilings, four million cubic yards           federal resource agencies and resulted in the DMD
                  disposal capacity will need to be found.                         sites identified in the Corps' 1975 EIS on the Colum-
                    Disposal sites for Grays Bay projects are all priority         bia River 40 Foot Channel. An April 1977 CREST
                  two and have nearly half a million cubic yards                   workshop evaluated potential DMD areas and
                  capacity less than wil I be required.                            restoration/mitigation areas and the results were
                    Projects at Skamokowa Creek, Brooks Slough and                 published in the CREST Columbia River Estuary
                  Steamboat Slough use the same shoreland site and                 Inventory The most important result of this

                   V-2

                        workshop was the development of environmental,               public review on May 1, 1979 and another technical
                        economic and engineering criteria for site selection.        committee workshop wab held on that date.
                          The Lower River and Islands Technical Committee              The f i na I Draft DMMP was prepared f rom the May
                        began initial site selection work for the main ship          1979 TAC workshop. This draft was mailed to all
                        channel in 1978. In November, 1978, the Committee            individuals, local officials, and state and federal
                        conducted a workshop and did field evaluation of             agency representatives who had participated or
                        some potential DMD sites in the Youngs Bay-Astoria           expressed an interest in the planning process. All
                        area. Washington sites were reviewed at a March,             affected property owners were notified by mail.
                        1979 workshop, where a refined list of Oregon sites          After comments had been evaluated and appro-
                        was also presented. The Draft Dredged Material               priate changes made, the CREST Council formally
                        Management Plan was released for agency and                  adopted the Draft DMMP in June, 1979.

                                                              51. POLICIES AND STANDARDS

                        ,51.10 Dredging and Dredged Material                         should not be approved unless adequate disposal
                                Disposal Policies                                    sites are available for both the initial and any future
                          Dredging and dredged material disposal are ac-             maintenance dredging.
                        tivities of estuary-wide significance that may involve       51.16* Dredging as a source of material may be per-
                        several planning jurisdictions, are necessary for the        mitted if no alternative source is feasible and the
                        economic health of the region, and can have major            dredging site is of low biological productivity or.for
                        impacts on the estuarine environment.                        dike maintenance if no alternative source is avail-
                                                                                     able and environmental damage is minimized.
                        51.11 Dredging should be for the purpose of main-             Oregon LCDC Coastal Shorelands Goal 17 exception required
                        taining, improving and establishing navigation                (cf Appendix B)
                        channels and access to water dependent facilities.
                        Dredging and dredged material disposal should dis-
                        turb the minimum area necessary for the project and          51.20 Dredged Material Disposal Site
                        should be conducted so as to protect or enhance'                     Selection Policies
                        wetlands and other estuarine resources.                        More material is dredged from the Columbia River
                        51.12 Loss of productive habitat and other environ-          estuary than can be used constructively, shorelines
                        mental damage should be minimized by the loca-               have been altered and new land a      'reas have been
                        tion, design and construction of both facilities re-         created by deposition of dredged materials, and the
                        quiring dredging and sites for dredged material              shoreland capacity for dredged material disposal
                        .disposal. Disposal of dredged materials shall be at         will be exhausted in the next twenty years. Iden-
                        an approved site where the biological productivity           tification of dredged material disposal sites is an
                        and physical characteristics are appropriate to re-          estuary-wide concern.
                        ceive the material. Dredged materials shall not be           51.21   Dredged material disposal sites should be
                        placed in productive habitat unless part of an ap.           designated for their final use with a Development
                        proved development project. Shoreland disposal               overlay for disposal use and should be managed for
                        should enhance or be compatible with the final use           the benefit of the final use, the     public, and    the
                        of the land. Except for flow-lane disposal and beach         estuarine environment.
                        nourishment, in-water disposal inside the estuary
                        may be substituted for ocean disposal only when sea
                        or weather conditions pose a hazard to the dredging
                        vessel.
                                                                                                                              UftM fl-@
                                                                                                                            W",
                        51.13  Adverse hydraulic effects from dredging and
                        disposal, such as over-channelization, clestabiliza-
                        tion of fine-textured sediments, erosion, siltation,
                        increased flood hazard, and undesirable circulation
                        changes, shall be avoided.
                        51.111A The timing of dredging and disposal opera-
                        tions shall be coordinated with state and federal re-
                                                                                        T
                        source agencies, local governments, and private
                        interests to protect marine productivity, minimiz
                                                                               e
                        interference with fishing, and insure proper
                        flushing.
                        51.15 The effects of both initial and subsequent
                        maintenance dredging shall be considered prior to                                 Official Corps of Engineers Photo
                        approval of new dredging projects. New projects

                                                                                                                                         V-3

                 51.22 Shoreland disposal sites should be selected             51.30 Dredging Standards
                 for the conformity of the final use, after deposition
                 of dredged materials, to the comprehensive plan or              The removal of sediment or other material from a
                 shoreline management plan.                                    stream, river, estuary or other aquatic area for the
                   Emphasis should be placed on sites where:                   purpose of deepening a navigation channel, moor-
                   �  Materials may be stockpiled for future use;              ing basin or other navigational areas, or obtaining
                   �  The land use designation is already Develop-             fill material.
                      ment;
                   �  Materials will help restore degraded habitat;            AREA                                STANDARDS
                   *  The final development or recreational use will           New Projects:
                      benefit from deposition of dredged materials;            Conservation Aquatic (C)            51.3001   -51.3010,
                      or                                                                                           51.3013
                   �  toxic or polluted materials will present minimal         Rural Aquatic (C-OR) (PS-WA)        51.3001   -51.3010,
                      health and environmental hazards.                                                            51.3013
                   Sites with significant agricultural, habitat, scenic,       Development Aquatic (PS)            51.3001   - 51.3010
                 recreational, archaeological, or historical values
                 and sites where the present intensity or type of use is       Maintenance of Projects:
                 inconsistent with dredged material disposal should            Natural Aquatic (C)                 51.3001   -51.3012
                 be avoided.                                                   Conservation Aquatic (C)            51.3001   -51.3012
                   Engineering factors to be considered in site selec-         Rural Aquatic (PS)                  51.3001   -51.3012
                 tion should include: size and capacity of the site;           Development Aquatic (PS)            51.3001   -51.3012
                 dredging method; distance from dredging opera-                Obtaining Fill Material:
                 tions; elevation; and the costs of site acquisition,
                 preparation and revegetation.                                 Conservation Aquatic (C)            51.3001   -51.3012
                 51.23 Approved shoreland disposal sites should be             Rural Aquatic (C)                   51.3001   -51.3012
                 given either a high, medium, or low priority on the           Development Aquatic (PS)            51.3001   -51.3012
                 basis of site suitability as specified in 24.22 above.
                 High priority sites should not be developed until             51.3001    Dredging in aquatic areas shall be per-
                 their use for dredged material disposal is completed.         mitted only:
                 Development of medium priority sites may be                     (1) For navigation or navigational access; or
                 delayed if use of the site for dredged material dis-            (2) In conjunction with a permitted or condition-
                 posal can occur within an acceptable period and               ally permitted water dependent use of waters or
                 such use prior to development is in the public                adjacent shorelands for which there is a demon-
                 interest. Low priority sites may be used for dredged          strated public need and for which no feasible al-
                 material disposal, but will not be reserved for that          ternative exists; or
                 use.                                                            (3) As part of an approved restoration project; or
                 51.24 In-water disposal sites should be chosen on               (4) As a source of material, as per standard
                 the basis of low benthic productivity and the low             51.3008 below, or for mining or mineral extraction,
                 degree of adverse hydraulic effects from the use.             as provided in the Mining and Mineral Extraction
                 Long-term use of disposal sites within the estuary            standards (33.12); or
                 should be permitted only when no alternative exists             (5) For dike maintenance, as provided in 33.2102,
                 and the bio-physical impacts are minimal.                     51.3011, and 51.3012.
                                                                                 (6) In conjunction with a permitted or conditional-
                 51.25 Flow-lane disposal sites should be shown able           ly permitted bridge (33.07), for which there is a
                 to transport sediment downstream without excessive            public need and no other feasible sites or routes
                 shoaling, interference with commercial or sports              exist.
                 fishing, undesirable hydraulic effects, or adverse            51.3002 When dredging is permitted, the dredging
                 effects on benthic productivity.                              shall be the minimum necessary to accomplish the
                 51.26 Beach nourishment sites should be selected to           proposed use.
                 offset the effects of active erosion, but should not be       51.3003    Erosion, sedimentation, increased flood
                 used to create new beach or land areas.                       hazard and other undesirable changes in circulation
                                                                               shall be avoided in dredging and the disposal of
                                                                               dredged material. Tidal marshes, tidal flats and
                                                                               other wetlands should not be adversely affected.
                                                                               The applicant may be required to demonstrate the
                                                                               absence of adverse effects by correlation of field
                                                                               data and mathematical models or the Corps of Engi-
                                                                               neers' model.
                                                                               51.3004 Bottom sediments and pore water in the
                                                                               dredging and disposal areas shall be adequately
                                                                               characterized by the applicant before the operation
                                                                               begins. Information that may be required includes,
                                                                               as appropriate: particle size distribution, organic
                                                       National Fisherman      content, nutrients, sulfides, oxygen and heavy

                   V-A

                          metals, benthic studies or other tests. This require-             51.40 Dredged Material Disposal Standards
                          ment may be waived for clean Columbia River sands
                          and gravels.                                                      The deposition of dredged material in aquatic
                          51.3005 The timing of dredging and disposal shall                 areas or shorelands. Methods include land disposal,
                          be coordinated with state and federal resource                    in water disposal, in water disposal to create land,
                          agencies, local governments and private interests to              b.each nourishment, flow-lane disposal, ocean dis-
                          ensure adequate protection of biological producti-                posal, and other in water disposal.
                          vity (fish runs, spawning, benthic productivity, wild-
                          life, etc.) and to minimize interference with fishing             in-water disposal is the deposition of dredged
                          activities. In general, disposal should occur during              material in a body of water.
                          periods of adequate river flow to aid flushing of                 Flow-lane disposal is the in water deposition of
                          suspended sediments and downstream transport of                   dredged material in or adjacent to the maintained
                          dredged material reaching the bottom.                             navigation channel and within the natural channel
                          51.3006 Adverse short-term effects of dredging and                or the slopes adjacent to the natural channel. The
                          disposal such as turbidity, release of nutrients,                 purpose is to avoid perm@nent deposition and allow,
                          heavy metals, sulfides, organic material or toxic                 the material to continue downstream.
                          substances, dissolved oxygen depletion, disruption                Ocean disposal is the deposition of dredged ma-
                          ,of the food chain, loss of benthic productivity, and             terial in the ocean.
                          disturbance of fish runs and important localized                  Land disposal is the deposition of dredged ma-
                          biological communities shall be minimized.                        terial on land.
                                                                                            Beach nourishment is the deposition of dredged
                          51.3007 All relevant state and federal water quality              material in shoreline areas where active erosion is
                          standards shall be met by dredging and dredged                    occurring, as a way of preventing further erosion of
                          material disposal activities.                                     the bankline. It is not a way of creating new land or
                          51.3008* Dredging as a source of material for fill or             beaches where beaches have not previously
                          construction should not occur in productive, shallow              existed.
                          sub-ticlal areas, tidal flats, or tidal marshes. When             AREA                              STANDARDS
                          dredging as a source of material is necessary, be-
                          cause feasible upland sources of material are ab-                 Conservation Aquatic (C)          51.4001  -51.4008
                          sent, dredging should occur in areas of sandy bottom              Rural Aquatic (C)                 51.4001  -51.4006,
                          sediments, where biological productivity is low. and                                                51.4008
                          unwanted shoaling has occurred.                                   Development Aquatic (PS)          51.4001  -51.4006,
                          51.3009 Destabilization of fine-textured sediments,               1                                 51.4008
                          erosion and siltation in areas adjacent to the dred-              Conservation Shorelands (C)       51.4001  -51.4002,
                          ging project and other undesirable changes in cir-                                                  51.4007 - 51.4012
                          culation patterns, such cis a substantial reduction of            Rural Shorelands (PS)             51.4001  -51.4002,
                          flushing time, shall be avoided.                                                                    51.4007 - 51.4012
                          51.3010 In the evaluation of any dredging project                 Development Shorelands (PS)       51.4001  -51.4002,
                          during the permit process, the adverse effects of                                                   51.4007  -51.4012
                          both the initial dredging and subsequent mainten-                 Water Dependent Develop-          51.4001 - 51.4002,
                          ance dredging must be considered.                                 ment Shorelands (PS)              51.4001 - 51.4012
                          .51.3011* In all aquatic areas, minor dredging may                51.4001 Selection of dredged material disposal sites
                          be permitted to the minimal extent necessary to                   shall be in accord with the Dredged Material Dis-
                          open drainage channels from tide boxes out to                     posal Plan, Site Selection and Use Priorities, 53.
                          deeper water,
                          51.3012* In all aquatic  Iareas, dredging of shallow              51.4002 Standards 51.4002 - 51.4007, Dredging,
                          biologically productive areas adjacent to dikes as a              apply.
                          source of material for dike maintenance may be                    5.1.4003 With regard to in-water disposal in the
                          allowed upon the applicant's demonstration that:                  river, estuary and ocean:
                            (I  Alternative sources of material are not avail-              (1) Consideration shall be given to the need for
                          able or are not economically feasible; and                        the proposed disposal, the availability and desira-
                            (2) The dredging method selected will       not leave           bility of alternate sites and methods of disposal that
                          potholes.where juvenilesalmon and otherfish might                 might be less clarnaging to the environment. No site
                          be stranded at low water; and                                     should be used if insufficient sediment type and
                            (3). Other disruption of tidal flats and tidal marsh-           benthic population data are available to provide a
                          es is minimized.                                                  general idea of the biological value of the site.
                                                                                            (2) The size and chemical characteristics of the
                          51.3013 New navigation project dredging in Conser-                dredged material should be compared with those of
                          vation and Rural Aquatic areas may be allowed                     the disposal site, and consideration should be given
                          only for minor navigational improvements and                      to matching the dredged material to the capabilities
                          limited to shallow draft. Such dredging shall not                 of the site.
                          result in major alteration to the estuarine ecosystem.            (3) In7water disposal requires either a water quai-
                                                                                            ity certification or a short-term exemption. Dredged
                            Oregon Land Conservation and Development Commission
                           Estuarine Resources Goal 16 Exceptions required (cf Appendix B)

                                                                                                                                              V-5

                  material disposal shall not be permitted in the vicin-            streams, wetlands and drainageways. Leaching of
                  ity of a public water supply intake.                              disposal runoff into the waterway must be controlled
                  51.4004 Flow-lone disposal shall- be conducted so                 and all disposal runoff water must enter the water-
                  that:                                                             way through an outfall at a location that minimizes
                                                                                    circulation and flushing. Underground springs and
                    (I) 'The material is not deposited upstream from                aquifers must be identified and protected.
                  the dredging site. Disposal should not occur under                   (2) Dikes shall be well constructed and large
                  fresh water flow and tidal conditions where the pre-              enough to encourage proper "ponding" and to pre-
                  dominant sediment transport at a site is upriver.                 vent the return of solids into the waterway or es-
                    (2) Use of the disposal site does not interfere with            tuary.  Ponds should be designed to maintain at least
                  fishing activities by causing major changes in the                one foot of standing water at all times to further
                  circulation patterns or bottom configurations. of the             encourage proper settling. Weirs should have proper
                  disposal site.                                                    crest heights.
                  51.4005 Ocean disposal shall be conducted so that:                51.4010 Disposal should be compatible with the in-
                    (11) The amount of material deposited at a site is              tended land surface use after disposal. Disposal of
                  compatible with the benthic populations and other                 dredged material should occur on the smallest*
                  uses of the area.                                                 possible land area consistent with Standard 33.2312
                    (2) Interference with sport and commercial fish-                below, in order to minimize the quantity of land that
                  ing is minimized.                                                 is disturbed. Clearing of land should occur in stages
                    (3) Disposal is strictly confined to the designated             only as needed. Reuse of existing disposal sites is
                  disposal sites.                                                   preferred to the creation of new sites in order to
                  51.4006 Except    for flow-lane disposal and beach                minimize the total land area covered by disposal
                  nourishment, deposition inside the estuary should                 material. It may, however, be desirable to clear and
                  be substituted for ocean disposal only when sea or                fill an entire site at one time, if the site will be used
                  weather conditions are a hazard to safe navigation                for development immediately afterfilling.
                  for the dredging vessel.                                          51.4011 Where appropriate, revegetation of land
                  51.4007 In Comervation Aquatic areas, only sites                  disposal sites should occur as soon as possible, in
                  designated in the Dredged Material Management                     order to retard wind erosion and to restore wildlife
                  Plan may be used for disposal.                                    habitat value of the site. Native species should be
                                                                                    used; the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) and the
                  51.4008 Beach nourishment shall be conducted so                   SCS Inter-Agency Seeding Manual should be con-
                  that:                                                             sulted. Efforts should be made to minimize the time
                    (1) Erosion or deposition downstream from the                   necessary to achieve leaching of salts from the soils.
                  disposal site does not occur. Particular care must be             Revegetation of areas that will be reused is strongly
                  taken that erosion of the dredged material does not               encouraged, to help prevent erosion before reuse.
                  smother marsh or other shallow productive areas.                  51.4012 Hei ht and Slope requirements: The final
                    (2) The volume and frequency of dredged mate-                                  9
                  rial disposal is such as to maintain a stable beach               height and slope after each use of a land dredged
                  profile, as nearly as possible. Dredged. rnater ia I sha          material site should be such that:
                  be graded at a uniform slope and contoured t                         (I ) The site does not enlarge itself by sluffing and
                  reduce cove and peninsula formation, to minimize                  erosion at the expense of adjacent aquatic areas.
                  juvenile fish stranding.                                             (2) Loss of material from the site during storms
                                                                                    and freshets is minimized.
                  51.4009 For land disposal:                                           (3) Interference with the view from nearby resi-
                    (I ) Proper diversion of surface discharge must be              dences, scenic viewpoints and parks is avoided.
                  provided to maintain the integrity of the natural

                  V-6

                                                                      52. DREDGING TECHNOLOGY AND COSTS

                                                                                                               Rm-g.w"M,
                                                                                                                   4'y      M
                                                                                                                     @@VMRRMMM -101,
                                 Dredges available in the Pacific Northwest today
                               include pipeline dredges, seagoing hopper dredges
                                                                                                                                                                            5
                               clamshell and barge, or land based equipment suc@
                                                                                                               fli,@',RNIN  .........
                                                                                                               EMU
                               as drag line and back hoe. Pipeline and hopper                                  C@&A
                               dredges are commonly used by the U.S. Army Corps
                               of Engineers. Clamshell and barge equipment is
                               commonly involved in port and private dredging
                               jobs; their design is not specific to the dredging in-                                                                                     "N'
                                                                                                                                                                    HOUNJIIIRHWI@
                               clustry. Consideration for use of land based equip-
                               ment and subsequent job costs can best be achieved
                               through individual discussions with local contrac or
                               representatives that own and operate that equ p_
                               ,ment. The discussion of relative costs for pipelire,
                               hopper and clamshell dredging does not include t e
                               cost of disposal site preparation.                                                                      Officiat Corps of 11--ngineers Photo
                               Pipeline Dredges                                                            time, thus allowing the dredge to move forward, as
                                 Pipeline dredging plans have been developed                               it swings back and forth. Dredging can be almost
                               specifically for dredging of bed sediments from the                         continuous, except for changes in anchor positions
                               nation's waterways. Pipeline dredges usually consist                        and addition of pipeline sections.
                               of a large centrifugal pump mounted on a non-                                   The major limitation of the pipeline dredge is that
                               propelled, specially designed barge. Bottom mate-                           disposal areas must be relatively close to the
                               rials are pumped up through a large diameter                                dredging operations. The main advantage is the
                               suction pipe to the barge, and then on to the dis-                          large volume of material that can be dredged in a
                               posal area through a pipeline network. The end of                           short period of time.
                               the suction pipe is equipped with a revolving cutter-                           The Corps of Engineers currently operates only
                               head that breaks up the bottom material for easier                          one pipeline dredge in the estuary, the Oregon. This
                               transport. The suction pipe with cutter-head is                             dredge can move 2,000 to 3,000 cubic yards of mate-
                               lowered to the desired depth by a large hinged                              rial an hour. It has a maximum dredging depth of 85
                               ladder controlled by cables, that extend forward                            feet and a minimum dredging depth of 12 feet.
                               from the bow of the barge. The cutter-head is turned                        There are also commercial pipeline dredges avail-
                               by a shaft that extends down the ladder and is                              able in the region.
                               powered by a motor on the barge. The pipeline                                   Pipeline dredges are typically classified by the
                               network is floated on pontoons, extending as for as                         diameter of their discharge pipeline. Dredges avail-
                               4,000 feet to the disposal site. Greater distances can                      able in the Pacific Northwest range from a minimum
                               be attained through the use of booster pumps.                               size of 8 inches to a maximum of 30 inches. Pumping
                                 Pipeline dredges are towed to the dredge site,                            distance and production capability of the pipeline
                               and the pipeline is assembled. During operation, the                        dredges is directly related to pipeline diameter;
                               dredge is held in position by anchors, swing lines,                         larger diameter yields greater discharge distances
                               and spuds. Spuds are long, steel shafts that pass                           and higher production capability.
                               through openings in the barge and can be raised                             Production Capabilities
                               and lowered independently. When the barge is in                                 The effects of pipeline size, length and dredge
                               position, the spuds are dropped and anchors are                             horsepower prevent consideration of dredge pro-
                               placed on each side. Swing lines attached to the                            duction in the form of a simple multiplication factor.
                               anchors can then be tightened or loosened to swing                          The Corps of Engineers devised c: table that lists the
                               the  bow and cutter-head back and forth in a small                          production rate for each size dredge for three critical
                               arc. During dredging, only one spud is placed at a
                                                                                                           pipe lengths based on pumping free -flowing sand
                                                                                                           (South Atlantic Division Circular 1130-2-1, February
                                                                                                           4, 1975). A minor revision to the Corps of Engineer's
                                                                                                           production rates has been made based on consultant
                                                                                                           experience.

                                                                                                                                                                Length
                                                                                                           Dredge                  CY/               CY/        (WITH     CY/
                                                                                                               Size     Length FIR          Length    FIR     Booster) HR
                                                                                                               8"         1500     180       2500     100         3000      150
                                                                                                               12"        2500     270       4500     180         7500      240
                                                                                                               16"        3500     500       6000     330       10000       445
                                                                                                               20"        4000     800       7000     520       11500       780
                                                                                                               24"        5000     1200      7500     780       14500     1060
                                                         Official Cort)s of F'ntzinv(",.s Plioio               30"        6500     1800      10500   1170       17000     1590

                                                                                                                                                                            V-7

                    These production rates are modified by the bank                  cubic yards in the Lower Columbia River vicinity.
                 factor, material factor, and booster factor when                    Substantially higher dredging quantities will tend to
                 booster pump is required.                                           cause the relative cost factor range of Table 3 to
                    The speed of the dredge's advance (fleeting) may                 decrease, or in other words to cause all values to
                 control production when the bank or cut height is                   approach 1.0.
                 less than the cutterhead diameter. In general, main-                  Mobilization and demobilization of the dredging
                 tenance dredging activity will have shallow bank                    plant is a major fixed cost that is independen't of the
                 heights with a bank factor less than 1.0, while new                 quantities to be dredged. Thus, mobilization costs
                 work activity will have deep bank heights and a                     have a greater impact on small projects. It was
                 bank factor approaching 1. 1.                                       assumed that the dredge plant would be moved onto
                    The dredgeability of the material also impacts                   the project from Portland, and would not require an
                 upon production rate. The         production capabilities           ocean tow. The plant rental cost is a function of
                 table (p. V - 7) was based on free flowing Columbia                 dredge and attendant plant time required to move
                 River sands and the factor for sand material is 1.0.                the project quantity at the established production
                 Finer sediments are given a value greater than 1.0                  rate. Labor cost for the operation of the dredge and
                 and rock or shale materials have a factor less than 1.0.            attendant plant is a function of the time required to
                    The operation of an additional pumping plant in                  remove the project quantity at the established
                 the discharge line will create operation problems.                  production rate. There are two types of costs asso-
                 These problems tend to decrease production and are                  ciated with pipeline. One is for the placement of
                 in general more severe at the start of a job, then                  shore pipe and is typically given in dollars per foot.
                 decreasing after a prolonged dredging operation                     The second is for wear and tear on the pipeline and
                 time.                                                               is given in dollars per cubic yard pumped.
                    No other production control factors were consider-
                 ed necessary for this analysis. Actual bid estimates,
                 however, should take into account narrow channel                    PIPELINE DREDGING RELATIVE COSTS
                 design, debris and subsequent pump clearings,
                 changing plan location on job, minor operating                      Dredge        Pumping                 Relative Cost
                 repairs, and numerous other factors that would tend                   Size        Distance         Maintenance New Work
                 to decrease net production time.                                        8"     1,500                    0.765          0.66
                 Cost Factors for Pipeline Dredging                                             2,500                    1.225          0.9A5
                    The dredging industry has made large capital in-                            4,000 w/booster          1.15           0.895
                 vestments in recent years toward technical improve-                   12"      2,500                    0.81           0.815
                 ment of dredging equipment and those investments                               4,500                    1.06           0.99
                 have provided better numerical information on                                  7,500 w/booster          1.175          1.035
                 pipeline plant capabilities. The U.S. Army Corps of                   16"      3,500                    1.04           0.91
                 Engineers has attempted to take advantage of that                              6,000                    1.355          1.17
                 information to standardize their dredging estimation                         10,000w/booster            1.465          1.19
                 procedures on a nationwide level. An Engineering
                 Regulation, ER 1110-2-1300, dated February 15,                        20"      4,000                    0.955          0.82
                 1978, provides a "cookbook" approach to assist the                             7,000                    1.24           1.025
                 District offices in preparing government estimates                           12,000 w/booster           1.36           1.08
                 involving pipeline dredging. The following discus-                    24"      5,000                    0.985          0.82
                 sion incorporates the Corps approach and provides                              7,500                    1.245          1.00
                 local factors to improve on the more general nation-                         14,500 w/booster           1.40           1.08
                 wide aspect.                                                          30"      6,000                    0.965          0.785
                    This plan will not provide a detailed cost estimate                       10,500                     1.205          0.945
                 suitable for contract bid purposes, but does provide                         17,000 w/booster           1.41           1.085
                 general data and a relative value to use in compari-
                 son of alternate disposal sites and dredging plant.                 Hopper and Clarnshell Dredges
                 The presentation assumes that a budget cost esti-
                 mate is necessary, with early project decisions or                    Sea-going hopper dredges and clarnshell with
                 alternatives sti I I to be made.                                    barge provide an alternative mode to pipeline
                    The numerical values in the Pipeline Dredging                    dredging. At this time there are no privately owned
                 Relative Costs table compares costs for pumping                     hopper dredges available for private contract
                 distances and various dredge sizes, assuming other                  dredging work. However, private contractor owner-
                 factors are constant. With this table, two or more                  ship of hopper dredge plants may occur in the near
                 disposal sites at varied distances from the dredging                future.
                 can be compared. The table also suggests the                          Present use of hopper dredges and barges suggest
                 pumping distance capability of the various sized                    that they are not suitable for use with shoreland
                 pipelines.                                                          disposal sites. No pump ashore facilities exist for the
                    When the production rates are established for                    west coast hopper dredge fleet. Clamshell equip-
                 various pipeline lengths, assumptions must be made                  ment could be used to rehandle materials from a
                 for the amount of material to be dredged. This table                barge to an upland site, but this has not been
                 was based on a one time average dredging project                    standard due to economics and acceptable alter-
                 quantity ranging from 60,000 cubic yards to 310,000                 native dredging methods.

                 V-8

                             The production rate for clamshell with barge is            dock and hook up pump ashore equipment           . Haul
                          based on the Fisher work at the Astoria Turning               distance for a clarnshell with 2 barge operation is
                          Basin, 1976. Production rate for the hopper dredge is         effectively reduced by a factor of 50% and cost for a
                          based on the Biddle values provided in Study of               second clarnshell to rehandle material at the
                          Maintenance Dredging at Coastal Entrances, U.S.               disposal site is added.
                          Army Corps of Engineers, December, 1973. These                  The relative cost factors for sea-going hopper
                          production rates occur when dredging free flowing             dredge or clamshell with barge equipment below
                          Columbia River sands, and must be modified when               are directly related to the pipeline dredging costs.
                          dredging other types of sediments.
                             The dredgeability of the material, as with the                      CLAMSHELL AND HOPPER DREDGE
                          pipeline dredge, affects production rate. In general,                            RELATIVE COSTS
                          the hopper dredge will not load as well with finer
                          sediments because the overflowwill carryfines, that                                  Distance to
                          have settling rates slower than sand, out of the              Type of Dredge        Disposal Site       Relative Cost
                          hopper. It will take longer for the hopper dredge to          Clamshell             Up to 20 miles           2.02
                          load and subsequently will reduce the production              Hopper Dredge           2 miles                0.77
                          rate. A clamshell, however, can overload in fine                                       10 miles              1.70
                          sediments on each grab and subsequently increase                                       20 miles              2.73
                          production. Neither clarnshell nor hopper dredge 'is
                          as effective in hardpan or rock.                              Overdredging
                             A hopper dredge equipped     with hydraulic pump             Overdredging takes into consideration the capa-
                          and trailing dragheads can out-produce a clarnshell           bility of any dredge plant to control its dredge depth.
                          while at the dredging site. The hopper dredge must            While working on the water surface, a dredge
                          leave the dredging site to dispose of its loaded              operator in the Lower Columbia Region cannot see
                          sediments. Thus the total production rate is de-              the bed surface, and the water surface elevation
                          creased by the time to and from the disposal site. A          fluctuates due to tidal and river flow change. When
                          clarnshell can continue to dredge material into one           excavation is accomplished by hydraulic pipeline
                          barge while a second barge is travelling to the               cutterhead with digging spuds in contact with the
                          disposal site, releasing sediments and returning to           bed, some control is provided that is not obtainable
                          the dredge site. A two barge disposal operation               from a barge mounted clarnshell, or a trailing
                          where each barge has 2000 cubic yards capacity or             suction hopper dredge. Shore side equipment, such
                          greater can have an approximate 200 mile run to the           as a Pnuema or Ciozer dredge lowered from the
                          disposal site, and 'still return before the second            dock, has an even better control of actual dredging
                          barge is filled. For this analysis, an approximate 17         depth because their work platform is at a fixed
                          to 18 mile haul is the break-even point on relative           elevation. Still, the operator cannot see the bed
                          costs for hopper dredge versus a clarnshell with two          surface and must rely on remote measurements such
                          2000 cubic yard disposal barges.                              as lead line or fathometer sounding to assure all
                             In general, mobilization costs for hopper or clam-         materials have been removed.
                          shell equipment would be less than for a pipeline               Experience suggests that control from clockside
                          dredge because less attendant plant is required, and          equipment is limited to a one foot overdredge
                          equipment set-up at the site is quicker.                      elevation; from cutterhead barge with spuds to a
                             Shoreland disposal sites are possible but require          two foot overdredge elevation; and for clamshell
                          double pumping or rehandling of the sediments. The            mounted barges and trailing suction hopper dredges
                          cycle time for a hopper dredge is increased by the            to approximately three feet.
                          time to pump sediments ashore, plus the time to

                                                               53. DREDGING DISPOSAL OPTIONS

                             98 dredged material disposal (DMD) sites are iden-         dependent oh proximity to dredging projects or
                          tified in this plan. The 52 shoreland sites are the most      water access for transfer from barges. Clean coarse
                          valuable because materials may be stockpiled for              fill can be used for beach nourishment; 22 sites have
                          reuse, sites can be improved for projected develop-           been identified where the effects of beach erosion
                          ment, and toxic or polluted materials can be safely           can be off-set by the deposition of dredged mate-
                          isolated from the environment. However, these sites           rials.
                          will be either developed or filled to capacity during           Certain sediments can simply be dispersed by
                          the next twenty years, and increasing reliance will           tidal, river and ocean currents. Flow-lone disposal is
                          need to be placed on other alternatives.                      used by the Corps for nearly one third of the naviga-
                             Fine, clay-like material is excellent for use in           tion channel dredging in the upper estuary. Within
                          repairing and maintaining dikes. This plan has iden-          the estuary and in the ocean, dredged materials
                          tified general areas where dikes could be improved            have also been placed where they will not reenter
                          using DMD. However, use of these dike sites is

                                                                                                                                             V-9

                 the channel or where dispersal is relatively slow.            for certain sediments. A brief discussion of envi-
                 Estuary disposal sites, where there is strong ebb and         ronmental and engineering considerations accom-
                 flood tidal flow, presents a much more complex hy-            panies each shoreland site description (cf 59.50).
                 draulic problem and need careful evaluation to
                 ensure their use does not worsen shoaling problems            Dike Disposal
                 in marginal bays or other areas. The hydraulic                  DMD on dikes may prove cost-effective for the
                 dynamics at ocean sites are also complex and need             combined goals of dike maintenance and disposal
                 careful physical and biological analysis to ensure            of otherwise unused, fine-sediment dredged ma-
                 adverse effects are minimized.                                terials. The major environmental consideration is
                   Each type of DMD site has its own advantages and            that the material be deposed in such a way that it not
                 disadvantages. Economics generally favor sites close          slough into productive aquatic areas. The major
                 to the dredging. Shoreland sites are generally                engineering issues would be effective clewatering of
                 superior if the material must be isolated from the            the sediments and careful dike stabilization, pre-
                 environment. Flow-)one and beach nourishment                  ferably through revegetation, after DMD use. Given
                 sites are often most convenient, while ocean                  the locations of existing dikes, it is not expected that
                 disposal has the advantage of removing the material           this will become a major disposal option. Potential
                 from the estuary altogether. However, shoreland               dike DMD areas are included in this plan to facilitate
                 sites have a finite capacity, flow-lane, estuary and          communication between dredging contractors and
                 beach nourishment sites can contribute to shoaling            dike owners.
                 in other areas, and ocean disposal may be too
                 expensive for certain projects.                               Beach Nourishment
                 Environmental Considerations                                    Beach nourishment poses few environmental or
                                                                               engineering problems at the approved sites. Gener-
                   The dredging and disposal policies call for mini-           ally, beach sites are suitable for coarse sandy sedi-
                 mal disturbance of the DMD site and region con-               ments similar to sediments already at the beaches.
                 sistent with minimizing adverse environmental and             Benthic and shoreland productivity are generally
                 hydraulic impacts. The disposal standards specifi-            low and beaches return to normal rapidly after DMD
                 cally protect tidal marshes, tidal flats, wetlands, and       use, if clean channel sands are disposed. Beaches
                 other valuable habitat which, in the context of using         are migration routes for juvenile fish. Sites should
                 an approved DMD site, means that the biological               not be left so flat that fish could strand. Because
                 productivity of areas adjacent to the DMD site should         deposition is largely on shore, turbidity is not usually
                 not be affected. The standards also require that              a problem but, for a discussion of in-water disposal
                 undesirable circulation changes be minimized. To              issues, see In-water Disposal - Flow-lane, Estuary and
                 meet these goals, the standards require the appli-            Ocean Sites, below. At all sites in this plan, hydraulic
                 cant for a dredging permit to show that the bottom            pipeline equipment would be used, and site prepar-
                 sediments and pore water at the DMD site have been            ation is minimal. Beach nourishment sites may re-
                 adequately characterized, deposition of particular            quire some revegetation and adjacent sensitive or
                 sediments will be compatible with materials already           productive areas may require protection ago.inst
                 present, and short term effects such as turbidity and         movement of the deposed sediments. Where such
                 pollution will be minimized. These performance                issues have been identified, they are noted in the
                 standards apply to all types of DMD sites.                    beach nourishment site descriptions (cf 59,40). DMD
                                                                               use should be coordinated with adjacent property
                 Shoreland Sites                                               owners.
                   The major factors controlling choice of a shore-            In-water Disposal - Flow-lane, Estuary and
                 land site are cost, land use and availability. In-
                 creased distance from the dredging operation and                 Ocean Sites
                 extensive site preparation both increase costs. The             In either the estuary or the ocean, a site may be
                 sediment to be deposited must be suitable for the             chosen for long term storage of material, as in a
                 future use of the site: for example, fine sediments           sump, or for hydraulic redistribution. In the river,
                 will not produce stable land for industrial develop-          flow-lane disposal assumes that material will be
                 ment while coarse sands will not enhance produc-              transported downstream. In the estuary or ocean,
                 tive farmland or be useful for dike maintenance.              more complex hydraulics exist and site specific and
                   The principal engineering consideration is the              model studies are needed to determine the fate of
                 degree of confinement that the site and the         pro-      dredged materials which is deposited.
                 posed deposition will require. The Corps of Engi-                In-water sites are not contained by dikes or berms.
                 neers has developed specific guidelines for de-               They are selected because of the suspended and
                 signing containment areas at the DMD site which               bottom sediment transport characteristics of the
                 both maximize the site's capacity and control                 waterway and the water and sediment quality of the
                 effluent quality. The guidelines address such tech-           dredged material. The difference between a ques-
                 nical issues as possible geochemical changes after            tionable and an acceptable in-water site is depend-
                 DMD use that cause release of contaminants and                ent on both physical and biological factors. The
                 effective clewatering of the sediments. In general,           Columbia River Estuary Inventory of Physical, Biolo-
                 diking around the DMD site offers maximum con-                gical and Cultural Characteristics includes an excel-
                 finement while berming, the creation of low                   lent discussion of suspended sediment (section
                 mounds of sediment during deposition, may suffice             208.3) and bottom sediment (section 208.4) trans-
                                                                               port.
                 V-10

                           The source of suspended sediment in a river is               Clean sediments pose minimal water quality
                         normally the slow erosion of lands in the river basin.       problems and even sediments with heavy metals or
                         This material is carried in suspension by the turbu-         other toxins may not release contaminants to the
                         lance and differential shear stresses in the vertical        water. However, the release of organics and
                         water column. Very high current velocities can carry         nutrients from sediments may cause local toxic
                         sand, silts and clay particles in suspension. Sus-           effects and the depletion of available oxygen.
                         pended load content will increase with increasing              Turbidity is a concern in that it diminishes rec-
                         river flow, which result in higher current velocities        reational values. Turbidity may also be a sign of
                         and water levels, which erode banks, lift finer,             water quality problems because the swirling sedi-
                         lighter sediments into suspension, and provide a             ments offer a greater opportunity for release of
                         greater capacity for suspended sediment transport.           toxins. Finally, turbidity can be a sign that the sedi-
                         In the estuary, the river widens dramatically,               ments will not settle properly and may dispose as a
                         causing reduced net downstream current velocities            fluid-mud layer that may be very detrimental to
                         which result in a decrease in downstream transport           benthic organisms. While some studies indicate that
                         capacity, with heavier sediments settling out to             turbidity does little environmental harm to adult
                         cause shoals.                                                organisms, the impacts on juveniles is detrimental
                           The suspended sediment load conditions in the              and impacts associated with turbidity have led re-
                         Columbia River estuary are particularly complex be-          source agencies to regulate it carefully. Dredge
                         cause flows change rapidly under the influence of            operators are able to comply with these regulations
                         rains, storms and winds, upstream river reservoir            without excessive cost.
                         regulation, and tidal variations; the cross section of         The smothering effect upon benthic organisms
                         the estuary also varies greatly. Thus, the travel            depends upon the animal species, the depth of
                         distance of sediment particles after they have been          burial, and the type of sediment. At approved sites,
                         released from a dredge or barge is not constant with         where benthic productivity is low and organisms are
                         sediment size alone. The river stage, tide stage, and        adapted to a sandy bottom environment, deposition
                         site location all affect the in-water disposal results       of sandy sediments does little long term damage to
                         and averages of measured flow characteristics over           populations beyond the larval stage. The larval
                         a period of weeks must be applied to predict the fate        stage of most organisms is seasonal and, proper
                         of disposed sediments.                                       timing should minimize this effect.
                           Bedload is the material moving along the bottom              The other major effect on benthic populations is
                         of the streambed and not in suspension. The lighter          the degree to which the populations can absorb
                         of these materials may "saltate" or jump from the            contaminants, leading either to poisoning of the
                         bed for short distances but do not remain in sus-            species or directing the contaminants into the food
                         pension.                                                     chain. Unfortunately there are no clear trends and
                           The sediment characteristics of the dredged mate-          bioassys are often necessary for case by case
                         rial and the bed material must be determined, in-            evaluation.
                         cluding the sediment grain diameter and physical               The lower Columbia River reach is virtually blan-
                         and water quality characteristics. Water velocity            keted by gillnet fishing drifts. These drifts are
                         values and directions must be established to allow           cleared of snags prior to the fishing season which
                         calculation of sediment movement while in sus-               normally occurs during the months of August
                         pended transport. The number of measurements is              through November. Other conflicts include fish
                         dependent on the depth of the disposal site and              migration, rough winter water conditions in the
                         depth of dredged materials at time of release into           lower reaches and high velocity flows in May and
                         the waterway.                                                June. Resource agencies restrict in-woter disposal
                           Knowledge of bottom topography prior to disposal           during fish migrations. Gillnet fishermen attempt to
                         is also very important in the analysis of impacts from       restrict site use during snagging - July and August -
                         in-water disposal. Completion of a detailed hydro-           and during the fishing seasons, August through
                         graphic survey prior to velocity measurement and             November.
                         sediment sampling at the disposal site is important.           Winter weather seriously limits ocean and lower
                         The survey helps establish probable flow lanes for           reach use from November through February, while
                         the water currents, predominant movement of bed-             high reiver discharge limits the entire reach use
                         load and other geomorphological aspects. The                 during May and June. Disposal timing recommend-
                         fathometer tracings can also reveal the size and bed         ations must be carefully coordinated after site selec-
                         forms that exist, such as the sand waves. Use of the         tion and quantity calculations are made.
                         side scan sonar system further enhances the total              The acceptable sites, as determined by research
                         picture of the bed and allows improved theoretical           information available, must be in water depths of
                         computation of bedload transport.                            approximately 25 feet minimum to 50 feet maxi-
                           In-waterr disposal poses controversial environ-            mum. Shallower depths have greater fisheries use.,
                         mental issues, many of which center around water             less sediment transport and related biological stress
                         quality,, turbidity, and the tolerance of benthic or-        in general, while deeper depths are energy holes
                         ganisms to rapid sedimentation. These issues must            with deposited sediments often transported out too
                         be dealt with on a site specific basis during the            fast, causing navigation or biological problems else-
         40              permit process, and the burden of proof is on the            where. The slope of both bed and disposed sediment
                         project applicant to show that.adverse effects will be       must be sufficiently gradual to prevent excessive
                         minimized.                                                   transport. The sites must also be in or near the main

                                                                                                                                          V-11

                 river flow, having predominant downstream move-                   Sediments that have less than 10% fines (silts and
                 ment, thus avoiding back channel deposition.                   clays) are usually acceptable for in-water disposal.
                   Materials should be placed in a site downstream              Smaller grain sizes will cause increased turbidity,
                 from the dredging location. Controlled placement by            generally have higher organics, will not move by
                 pipeline, hopper dredge or hopper barge, or by                 bedload transport, and will tend not to settle.
                 barge and clarnshell could be acceptable.

                                5A. IMPLEMENTATION AND SHORELAND DMD SITE MANAGEMENT

                   The key to full implementation of this Dredged               Site Priorities
                 Material Management Plan is the management of                     In this plan, sites have been ranked with one of
                 the shoreland DMD sites by local jurisdictions. This           three priorities. Priority 1 sites are essential to meet
                 section discusses the actions that local jurisdictions         current dredging needs and should be reserved for
                 will need to take in zoning and comprehensive plans            DMD use. Priority 2 sites are necessary to meet
                 or coastal zone management programs. The first part            current and the more probable projected dredging
                 deals with actions required for DMD site designa-              needs, but their importance may or may not justify
                 tions and some aspects of the management respon-               efforts to reserve them. Priority 3 sites may be re-
                 sibilities. The second section explains site priorities        quired in the future as long range development
                 while the third discusses the various techniques that          proposals are made, but the need for these sites has
                 might be used to reserve sites for DMD use. The last           a low priority and they should not be reserved from
                 part sketches local jurisdiction review procedures             other uses unless a more firm need develops.
                 that might off ect DMD sites.                                     Local jurisdictions should adopt a priority system
                                                                                into their ordinance procedures, such that a higher
                 DMD Site Designations                                          priority site will be utilized before a lower priority
                   In the Columbia River Estuary Land and Water Use             site and development proposals for priority I and 2
                 Plan (Part IV), all aquatic DMD sites are either in an         sites can be temporarily frozen, if necessary, to
                 area designated for development or are designated              permit DMD use or site acquisition (cf Localjurisdic-
                 with a Development overlay for the purpose of DMD              tion Review Opportunities, below).
                 use only. On shorelands, DMD sites are given a land
                 use designation consistent with their proposed even-           DMD Site Reservation Techniques
                 tual use. Site use procedures and standards should                Practicality and zoning will protect many of the
                 be incorporated into zoning ordinances.                        DMD sites identified in this plan: some sites cannot
                   It is important that local jurisdictions designate all       be developed at all without fill and all priority sites
                 acceptable DMD sites listed in this plan because the           in this plan have property owner cooperation. How-
                 absence of the designation may allow development               ever, ownership and development plans can change
                 to occur before any DMD use. it is also important that         and it may be necessary to take some action 'to
                 local jurisdictions have a process for adding DMD              ensure DMD use at a given site prior to some pre-
                 sites which are not currently foreseen. For example,           emptory use.
                 much farm land could benefit from deposition of                  . Local jurisdictions can reserve the use of share-
                 appropriate sediments and certain sites where de-              land sites until DMD use is completed through land
                 velopment is permitted could be improved by DMD                use controls, property acquisition, easements, pur-
                 use. Instances of this sort could be handled by                chase of development rights, condemnation,
                 special DMD siting procedures in the zoning                    and property exchanges. In the case of private
                 ordinance.                                                     dredging projects for which disposal would be on
                   The general management responsibility of a local             private land, it may be appropriate for the dredging
                 jurisdiction for its DMD sites is to prevent preemptory        applicant and site owner to work out whatever
                 uses of the site prior to DMD use. This responsibility is      agreement is to their mutual benefit. No federal or
                 fulfilled through the implementation of ordinance              state programs which might fund DMD site acquisi-
                 procedures discussed here and the review proce-                tion have been identified and this financial respon-
                 dures discussed at the end of this section. The local          sibility remains with the dredging applicant, but
                 jurisdiction may also bear some financial responsi-            local jurisdictions can provide assistance to ensure
                 bility for DMD use: the Corps of Engineers has a               best use of DMD sites. For this reason, the following
                 stated, though often waived, policy requiring that             discussion is primarily from the perspective of a local
                 the agency sponsoring a dredging project pay for               Wriscliction with land use planning authority.
                 DMD site preparation. Actual payment depen               n     Several of the site reservation techniques, however,
                 how much a particular site is needed and how uch               may be used by port districts and private parties.
                 the deposition would benefit the site pro              rty
                 owner.                                                            Land Use Controls - Local jurisdictions may use a
                                                                                combination of special zoning and limited freezing
                                                                                of development proposals to reserve DMD sites for
                                                                                DMD use.

                 v- 12

                              Any use other than dredged material disposal                     DMD site. The first two occur in the normal state and
                            should be designated as conditional for high priority              federal permit processes and may be together or
                            DMD sites. The conditional use standards should re7                separated. Local land use permits will be required
                            quire the developer to show either that the proposed               for the third situation.
                            use is compatible with future DMD use or that the                    Dredging Permit Review - Local jurisdictions
                            costs and benefits (including environmental, eco-                  must have a procedure to review dredging opera-
                            nomic, social, and regional dredged material man-                  tions that occur within their boundaries (cf. Federal
                            agement considerations) clearly.establish a greater                Consistency, section 73). At the local level, review is
                            public benefit from development than from reser-                   for consistency of the dredging and the final use
                            vation for DMD use.                                                with the local comprehensive plan policies and
                              A limited freeze on development proposals can be                 standards.
                            used to modify the burden of proof for a preemptive
                            use of priority 2 DMD sites. Thus, the development                   Disposal, Dredging Permit Review - Even where
                            could be permitted if no dredging interest acts to                 the dredging occurs outside the jurisdiction, disposal
                            acquire use of the site within a specified time, either            may be a concern to the local jurisdiction. In
                            ninety or-one hundred and eighty days.                             addition to reviewing for consistency, the local
                              No land use controls are recommended for reser-                  jurisdiction should be able to encourage early use of
                            vation of priority 3 sites.                                        DMID sites that for some reason should be used first.
                                                                                               The basic tools for this action include using the site
                              Easements - The property owner may enter into                    priority system to evaluate complete consistency of
                            an easement agreement whereby the right to place                   the proposal, and negotiation with the dredging
                            dredging materials on the land is granted to some                  'permit applicant.
                            other party. The property owner retains full use and
                            ownership rights and specifies conditions for DMID                   Development Proposals - A property owner may
                            use. Easements are most ap          ,plicable where the            elect to apply for a zoning action or building permit
                            property owner either desires fill to enhance cleve'l-             at any time, and there may be no zoning or code
                            opment potential or has no objection. Because the                  objection but for the fact that the site should be used
                            owner retains control and because DMD use may                      for DMD first. In such circumstances, local jurisdic-
                            financially benefit the owner, easements are often                 tions could freeze any action on the property for a
                            obtained at little or no cost.                                     specified period (e.g. 90 or 180 days) during which
                                                                                               time relevant agencies could negotiate for DMD use
                              Purchase of Development Rights - Property                        of the site. If such negotiations are not brought to a
                            ownership carries with it certain development rights               conclusion within the specified time, then the
                            that are transferrable on either a temporary or                    original application would proceed through normal
                            permanent,basis. Purchase of development rights for                channels.
                            some definite term would make it economically                        A second option for local jurisdictions could be
                            feasible for certain property owners to forego cle@                through a limitation on the site's property taxes, as is
                            velopment until after DMID is completed.                           already provided through Sections 5 and 6 or ORS
                              Fee Purchase - Purchase of the DMID site is more                 308.370 dealing with Exclusive Farm Use Zones and
                            expensive than an easement but may entail several                  the- concept of a frozen assessed valuation as pro-
                            advantages. Some of the shoreland sites identified                 vided in Urban Renewal Areas under ORS 457. While
                            in this plan will not receive DMD use for some years               the legal precedent is clear, specific enabling legis-
                            and the current owner may be unwilling to wait that                lation may be necessary before local jurisdictions
                            long before developing the site. If a local jurisdic-              can take such actions on DMD sites.
                            tion (or private dredging party) simply purchases the
                            land, it can resell after DMD use. Local jurisdictions             REGIONAL COORDINATION
                            could make use of a revolving fund to purchase DMD                   The importance of regional dredged material
                            sites that would otherwise be lost to DMID use, with               management stems from three significant problems:
                            resale of specific parcels supplementing the fund for                -Disposal in one jurisdiction may affect other
                            further acquisitions. Use of public bonds and other                     jurisdictions;
                            techniques may be necessary to finance the in-                       -Dredging projects and their related disposal
                            creased front-end costs of this method. If purchases                    sites are not always within the some jurisdic-
                            are combined with easements, purchase of cleve -                        tion; and
                            opment rights, and land use controls, the amount f                   -Disposal sites for projects within a jurisdiction
                            property that must be purchased can be minimize .                       may prove unsuitable.
                              Property Exchange - In some instances, a local                     For example, Warrenton appears to have DMD
                            jurisdiction or dregding party may acquire DMD sites               capacity to meet foreseeable needs from Skipanon
                            through an exchange of property with the DMD site                  dredging. However, the silts from the Skipanon
                            owner.                                                             might, if deposed without added coarse sediments
                                                                                               on the designated sites, preclude planned industrial
                            Local Jurisdictio'n Review                                         development. Warrenton's DMD capacity can only
                                                                                               be considered adequate if a mechanism insures that
                              There are three situations where a local jurisdic-               Warrenton's fine sediments can be suitably deposed
                            tion must review dredging or disposal issues: dredg-               and stabile coarse 'sediments can be found for
                                                                                        I

                                                                                       0
                                                                                       d

                            ing within the jurisdiction, disposal within the juris-            planned development.
                            diction, or a development proposal for a designated                  This mechanism must be regional because it is

                                                                                                                                                          13

                 unlikely that one jurisdiction will find another single          jurisdictions. For example, mobile pump-ashore
                 jurisdiction with exactly complimentary needs. The               facilities could facilitate use of coarse sediments
                 role for CREST described in Intergovernmental Coor-              now deposed at sea and could make possible the
                 dination, 74, provides for this regional dredged                 use of shoreland sites which are not included in this
                 material management.                                             plan because they are too far from the river for
                   The second aspect of regional coordination will be             current methods.
                 to develop facilities that are too expensive for single

                                                          55. ESTUARY-WIDE PROJECTS

                 55. 10 Corps of Engineers Projects                               obtain project dimensions and provide extra over-
                                                                                  depth dredging to maintain project depths for a 3-5
                   The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland Dis-                year period.
                 trict, maintains the entrance channel to the mouth of               The entrance dredging is performed by trailing
                 the Columbia River and a navigation channel up-                  draghead hopper dredges, which use in-water
                 stream to Vancouver. An attempt to engineer a self-              disposal sites where depths are greater than 25 feet.
                 scouring channel has been partially successful. Flow             The majority of sediments are disposed at ocean
                 control structures such as pile dikes and channel                sites A, B, E, F and G, with some disposal as estuary
                 islands have been extensively used throughout the                site D.
                 Columbia River. The arrangement of pile dikes at-                   MCR dredging activities will probably not require
                 tempts to restrict and direct natural flow within                upland disposal sites, because open ocean condi-
                 maintained portions of the channel. Maintenance of               tions require use of hopper dredge equipment.
                 existing channel islands and beaches also con-                   Pumping ashore from hopper dredges is used on the
                 tributes to decreased dredging operations.                       East Coast, because the fine-bed sediments are often
                   Pile dikes and related structures do not, however,             polluted. The materials at the MCIR site are clean
                 fully control shoaling of the navigation channel;                sands and do not require pumping ashore to avoid
                 sediment and hydraulic conditions cause deposition               pollution. Unless an economic demand for material
                 of material where it presents a hazard to navigation             offsets the additional cost realized by pumping
                 and must be removed. The following table summa-                  ashore, pumping will probably hot be used during
                 rizes post maintenance, and indicates the annual                 the 20-year study time.
                 volume of material removed from the navigation                      The Corps attempts to determine optimum sites for
                 channel is 10 million.cubic yards. Three regions re-             estuary disposal through its MCR hydraulic/mathe-
                 quire- annual removal and cause associated                       matical model at Vicksburg. Several experimental
                 problems:                                                        sites are being studied for various bio-physical
                   -the mouth of the Columbia River, where an                     parameters related to in-water disposal. Continued
                     average of 5.8 million cubic yards (cy) has been             in-water disposal is to be expected, based on open
                     removed annually,                                            channel research.
                   -the lower Columbia River estuary to Rice Island,              55.12 Lower Columbia River Estuary
                     where I million cy have been removed annual-                    The Corps project provides a channel 40 feet deep
                     ly, and                                                      and 600 feet wide from the mouth of the Columbia
                   -the upper Columbia River estuary, east of Puget               River to Vancouver, Washington. Included in the
                     Island, where 3.2 million cy have been re-                   authorized project are a number of side channels
                     moved annually.                                              and projects discussed later.
                 55.11 Columbia River at the Mouth (MCR)                             The portion of the channel upstream to about Rice
                   The Corps' project provides a channel 48 feet deep             Island is distinct from the rest of the channel within
                 and one-half mile wide over the ocean bar, secured               the CREST region for several reasons. At about this
                 by two converging rubble mound jetties, a spur jetty             point, which varies with river level and tidal stage,
                 (Jetty B) on the north shore, and by maintenance                 downstream flow conditions change, and the
                 dredging. Jetty B has not been constructed; Jetty A              transport of sedimentary material is affected. Most
                 was constructed in 1939 along with rehabilitation of             port and other development projects are also con-
                 the north jetty.                                                 centrated in this lower reach of the estuary. Incre-
                   A proposal to deepen the entrance bar is presently             mental impacts of dredging and development from
                 under study by the Portland District of the Corps. A             far upstream combine with existing local use of the
                 53-foot maintained depth is quite likely to be pro-              estuary to magnify problernsand conflicts.
                 vided for future vessel traffic.                                    In this part of the estuary, channel material is
                   Typically, shoaling occurs between river mile                  usually dredged by trailing suction hopper dredge,
                 -1.0 and river mile +2.0. Annually, quantities re-               with in-water disposal at the Harrington Point Sump,
                 moved average 6 million cubic yards. Even this                   estuary area D, Tansy Point (limited use), or in ocean
                 amount does not maintain full project depth year-                sites A, B, E and F. Site G is used on an   . experimental
                 round, because of rapid infill rates. The Portland               basis,and the Corps has proposed a site H. Recent
                 District removed 9.2 million cubic yards in 1977 to              discussions with the Corps, CREST and resource

                 V-14

                        agencies have resulted in temporary termination of           been limited to reaches upstream of Rice Island and
                        the Tansy Point disposal site and restricted use of          to the Harrington Point Sump, until model studies
                        Area D. The Astoria Turning Basin was constructed by         can evaluate the transport rate for bed sediments in
                        clarnshell and barge, with disposal at sea. Area D           reaches of the lower estuary.
                        was used when the bar was impassable because of                The Corps' hopper dredges presently carry mate-
                        weather and wave conditions.                                 rials from Tongue Point upstream to Harrington Point
                        55.13 Upper Columbia River Estuary                           and may soon begin bringing material downstream
                           Upstream of Rice Island, the 40 foot navigation           from the upper estuary. This material would be re-
                        channel closely -parallels the Wahkiakum County              handled by pipeline during the month of June and
                        shoreline. An average annual volume of 3.2 million           placed on Rice Island [DMD 55(S)]. This would result
                        cubic yards of material is removed from this reach,          in enlarging Rice Island approximately 20% over the
                        causing significant present and even more signifi-           next 20 years.
                        cant long-term implications for dredged material               The Corps anticipates future maintenance will use
                        management. Upland disposal options, historically            the identified upland sites and in-water flow lane
                        acceptable, are decreasing as available land is              sites but some question on use of estuary sites down-
                        diverted to other uses. Accordingly, in-water                stream of Harrington Point remains, which may not
                        disposal options have increased in importance. Most          be answered even when model studies are com-
                        upland disposal sites fall under jurisdictions dis-          pleted. As long as bed sediments are clean heavy
                        cussed elsewhere. Rice Island, Miller Sands and Jim          sands as presently exist, in-water disposal is a
                        Crow Sands are traditional Corps disposal sites.             natural option. Environmental costs for this alter-
                           The Upper Reach flow-lane disposal operations             native, however, need more consideration.
                        and dredging are performed by both pipeline and              Nonetheless, private contractors are preparing for
                        hopper dredges at selected sites adjacent to the             future dredging assignments requiring clamshell
                        navigation channel and at Harrington Point Sump,             dredges with bottom dump barges and trailing drag-
                        Flow-lane disposal has, by general agreement,                head hopper dredge equipment.

                                                         COLUMBIA RIVER MAIN NAVIGATION CHANNEL

                                                                   MOUTH AND LOWER ESTUARY

                                           Project                             Volume Dredged                          DMD Sites*
                           Columbia River Bar/Clatsop Shoal                     5,800,000 cy/yr               A, B, E, F, G, H, 6(E), 7(E), D
                             RM - 1.5 to - 1.0 and -0.2 to 2.6
                           Desclemonio Shoals                                      368,000 cy/yr              D, E, I I (E), 15(E)
                             RM 5.0 to 7.8
                           Flavel/Astorio Shoal                                    373,000 cy/yr              D, 11 (E), 36(E), 15(E), 54(E)
                             RM 11.3 to 11.6 and 12.5 to 12.6
                           UpperSands                                              293,000 cy/yr              D, 54(E), 39(E)
                             RM 16.3 to 16.6
                           Tongue Point Shoal                                      233,000 cy/yr              39(E), 54(E)
                             RM 18.7 to 19.1
                           *Sites in boldface are the primarily used sites for the project.

                                                                                                                                       V_ 15

                                          Project                                 Volume Dredged                                DMD Sites

                                                                  UPPER ESTUARY - Hopper Disposal
                      Lower Miller Sands Bar                                         158,000 cy/yr                  54(E)
                        RM 21.4 to 22.5
                      Upper Miller Sands Bar                                         106,000 cy/yr                  54(E)
                        RM 23.5 to 24.6
                      Lower Pi I lar Rock Bar                                        138,000 cy/yr                  59(F)
                        RM 25.0 to 26.0
                      Upper Pillar Rock Bar                                          143,000 cy/yr                  59(F)
                        RM 26.4 to 27.9
                      Lower Brookfield Bar                                            88,000 cy/yr                  59(F)
                        RM 28.7 to 29.7
                      Upper Brookfield Bar                                           115, 000 cy/yr                 59(F)
                        RM 31.4 to 32.2
                      Welch Island Bar                                                68,000 cy/yr                  68(F)
                        RM 32.6 to 34. 0
                      Skamokawo Bar                                                   56,000 cy/yr                  58(F)
                        RM 35.0 to 35.9
                      Puget Island Bar                                               200,000 cy/yr                  73(F)
                        RM 37.4 to 38.7
                      Wauna Bar                                                       52,000 cy/yr                  73(F), 81 (F)
                        RM 40.5 to 41.5
                      Lower Westport Bar                                                   None                     8 1 (F), 95 (F)
                        RM 42.0 to 43.3

                                                                 UPPER ESTUARY -Pipeline Disposal

                      Lower Miller Sands Bar                                         413,000 cy/yr                  55(S), 56(B)
                        RM 21.4 to 22.5
                      Upper Mi I ler Sands Bar                                       147,000 cy/yr                  56(B)
                        RM 23.5 to 24.6
                      Lower Pi I lar Rock Bar                                         13,000 cy/yr                  57(B), 58(B), 61 (B), 60(B)
                        RM 25.0 to 26.0
                      Upper Pillar Rock Bar                                          134,000 cy/yr                  60(B), 61 (B), 62(B), 63(B)
                        RM 26.4 to 27.9
                      Lower Brookf i eld                                              39,000 cy/yr                  63(B)
                        RM 28.7 to 29.7
                      Upper Brookfield                                                53,000 cy/yr                  No site at present
                        RM 31.4 to 32.2
                      Welch Island Bar                                                82,000 cy/yr                  66(B), 65(S), 70(B)
                        RM 32.6 to 34.0
                      Skarnokawa Bar                                                       None                     70(B),71(D)
                        RM 35.0 to 35.9
                      Puget Island Bar                                                54,000 cy/yr                  71 (1)), 72(B), 77(B), 78(S),
                        RM 37.4 to 38.7                                                                               79(S), 80(B)
                      Wauna Bar                                                       92,000 cy/yr                  83(S), 84(B), 88(B), 82(B),
                        RM 40.5 to 41.5                                                                               86(S), 87(B)
                      Lower Westport Bar                                             156,000 cy/yr                  87(B), 91 (B), 88(B), 82(B),
                        RM 42.0 to 43.3                                                                               86(S), 87(B)
                      Middle Westport Bar                                            326,000 cy/yr                  91 (B), 94(B), 92(B)
                        RM 44.4 to 45.4

                 V- 16

                            55.20 Private Projects                                               a larger amount of dredging or disposal. Certain
                              Throughout the Columbia River estuary, numerous                    private interests require periodic dredging to pro-
                            private parties dredge and dispose of dredged                        vide access for boats necessary for their business.
                            material. Private property owners with waterfront                        Because of the large number and diverse nature
                            property may want better boat access or a new dock,                  of these projects, little would be gained by describ-
                            and there is an occasional need for bank protection                  ing each one. Recurring dredging activity is listed
                            requiring replacement of eroding shorelines or                       here.
                            inadequate dikes. Less frequently, a private de-
                            veloper proposes a more extensive project requiring

                                                                                  PRIVATE PROJECTS

                                                                                                                           DMD Sites
                                            Project                                Amount Dredged             Number               Capacity            Priority
                            Crown Zellerbach                                        10,000 cy/yr                33(S)            256, 000 cy/ 10'          1
                            Lewis and Clark River                                   50,000 cy/5 yr
                                                                                   200,000 cy/20 yr
                            Barbey Packing Company                                    2,000 cy/yr               46(S)          2,000,000 cy/3'             1
                            (Astoria)                                               10,000 cy/5 yr
                                                                                    40,000 cy/20 yr
                            Coast Guard Dock                                          2,000 cy/yr               46(S)          2,000,000 cy/3'             I
                            (Astoria)                                               10, 000 cy/5 yr
                                                                                    40,000 cy/20 yr
                            Crown Zellerbach                                          3,000 cy/yr
                            (Deep River)                                            15,000 cy/5 yr
                                                                                    60,000 cy/20 yr
                            Crown Zellerbach                                          2,000 cy/yr               74(S)          1, 440, 000 cy/ 10'         2
                            (Elochoman Slough)                                      10,000 cy/5 yr              76(S)            320, 000 cy/ 10'          1
                                                                                    40,000 cy/20 yr
                            Brusco                                                  40,000 cy/yr                76(S)            320, 000 cy/ 10'          1
                            Cathlamet Channel                                      200,000 cy/5 yr
                                                                                   800,000 cy/20 yr
                            Crown Zellerbach                                          3,900 cy/yr               90(S)          2,720, 000 cy/ 10'          1
                            (Wauna)                                                 19,500 cy/5 yr
                                                                                    78,000 cy/20 yr

                                                                            56. BAKER BAY PROJECTS

                               Baker Bay projects include the Corps of Engineers                 56.10 Baker Bay West Channel
                            maintained channels at Ilwaco and Chinook, the
                            ports of Ilwaco and Chinook projects, and two future                     A navigation channel 10 feet x 200 feet is author-
                            development possibilities in Baker Bay itself. In-                   ized from the entrance at Sand Island for a distance
                            cluded in the discussion of existing projects are                    of .5 miles, then is reduced to a 10 foot x 150 foot
                            future channel or basin improvement projects.                        channel for 2.5 miles to the Port of Ilwaco. This
                              The two long-range development possibilities                       channel also provides access for the Coast Guard at
                            evident at this time both have potential for extensive               Cape Disappointment and for a public boat romp at
                            dredging and associated material disposal. A po-                     Fort Canby. There is significant shoaling at the
                            tential mineral extraction operation, not specifically               entrance to the channel, at Cape Disappointment
                            located at one site in Baker Bay, and future naviga-                 Shoal, and at the final approach to the Port of Ilwaco
                           .fion channels are as shown for discussion only.                      at Ilwaco Shoal. Little maintenance has been neces-
                            Serious future consideration of either project will                  sary in recent years for much of the West Channel
                            require more extensive study and planning. (cf 45.                   between these two shoals.
                            Po I i c i es 3, 6; 45.03; 45.05; 45.07)                                 The Coast Guard Station at Cape Disappointment
                                                                                                 requires navigational access in the Ilwaco West
                                                                                                 Channel from the entrance at Sand Island to a point
                                                                                                 almost two miles north in the present channel.
                                                                                                 Periodic maintenance dredging for existing
                                                                                                 moorage and new construction dredging will be

                                                                                                                                                           V - 17

                   required. This should have a minimal effect upon                      deepening the remainder of the existing channel,
                   Baker Bay and continued use of this facility is a                     and dredging a straighter channel to replace the
                   public benefit. The Coast Guard has lease rights to                   inner two miles of channel; this last option needing
                   the land area 'east of Jetty A. Part of this area has                 extra consideration, in light of the need for
                   some potential for use as a disposal site. Coordina-                  continued access to the Coast Guard and Fort Canby
                   tion with the Coast Guard should limit serious ob-                    facilities. The only alternative within the $2 million
                   jections to such use. Any future plans for the l1waco                 cost ceiling of a Section 107 project is improvement
                   West Channel must take into account the Coast                         of the old channel to 300 feet x 16 feet for the first
                   Guard facility and its operational needs.                             mile and to 150 feet x 14 feet for the remaining
                     Several dredging techniques have been used to                       distance.
                   maintain the West Channel, with varying success.                         Improved access in the Baker Bay West Channel
                   Propwash agitation has been used regularly                            will require extensive modifications to the entrance
                   throughout the entire length of the channel to                        channel and related structures. Project dimensions
                   remove specific shoaling problems. The severity of                    will probably be increased, regardless of whether a
                   the Cape Disappointment Shoaling has necessitated                     new channel is authorized, resulting in increased
                   occasional use of hopper dredging. The Ilwaco                         annual maintenance. Large quantities of dredged
                   Shoal has been maintained by pipeline dredge. The                     material will require upland disposal for any major
                   Cape Disappointment material is clean sand suitable                   channel improvements; upland sites will continue to
                   for in-water disposal, but the Ilwaco Shoal consists                  be needed for maintenance of the l1waco Shoal
                   of nonpolluted silty material requiring upland dis-                   area. Future channel maintenance by hopper
                   posal. The material between the two shoals has not                    dredge would require in-water disposal at existing
                   been sufficiently characterized to determine the best                 or new sites. Continued maintenance of the mid-
                   method of disposal.                                                   channel by propwash agitation will need review as
                     The Corps is studying ways to improve naviga-                       information on the hydraulic system of Baker Bay
                   tional access to the Port of Ilwaco. Possible improve-                becomes available or when channel improvements
                   ments include reducing shoaling at the channel                        are made.
                   entrance, realigning the entrance, widening and

                                                                   BAKER BAY WEST CHANNEL

                                                                                                                  DMD Sites
                                   Project                                Amount Dredged             Number               Capacity            Priority
                   Mid-Channel Shoals                                      20,000 cy/yr                 E(O)          Ocean Disposal
                                                                          100, 000 cy/5 yr
                                                                          400,000 cy/20 yr
                   llwacoShoal                                             10, 000 cy/yr                3(S)            360, 000 cy/ 10'          1
                      RM 2.9 to 3.1                                        50,000 cy/5 yr               4(S)          1, 280, 000 cy/ 10'         1
                                                                          200,000 cy/20 yr              5(S)          1, 520, 000 cy/ 10'         3
                   Cape D Shoal                                            20,000 cy/yr                 E(O)          Ocean Disposal
                      RM 3.0 to 4.0                                       100,000 cy/5 yr               D(E)          Estuary Disposal
                                                                          400,000 cy/20 yr              2(S)            500, 000 cy/ 10'          2
                                                                                                        3(S)            360, 000 cy/ 10'
                   Channel Improvement                                                                  4(S)          1, 280, 000 cy/ 10'         1
                   16' outer channel                                         665,000 cy/5 yr            2(S)            500, 000 cy/ 10'          2
                                   14' inner channel                                                    5(S)          1, 520, 000 cy/ 10'         3
                                 Channel realignment                                                    E(O)          Ocean Disposal              3

                   56.20 Chinook Channel                                                  Channel material from the entrance at Sand Island
                                                                                         to mile 1.1. is clean sand and silty sand suitable for
                     A navigation channel 10 feet x 150 feet is author-                  in-water disposal. The channel material from mile
                   ized from deep water near the east end of Sand                        1.1 to the boat basin is slightly polluted silty sand
                   Island for a distance of two miles to the Port of                     and silt requiring upland disposal. Presently, the
                   Chinook mooring basin. Extensive shoaling through-                    Corps plans to maintain the outer 1.1 miles with the
                   out the channel requires frequent removal activity.                   "Pacific", with disposal in area "D".
                   Contract pipeline dredge has been used for three out                    Some increase in project dimensions will probably
                   of the post four years for parts or all of the channel.               occur, especially if hopper dredging becomes the
                   Propwash agitation by the "Salvage Chief" was tried                   standard maintenance option for the outer mile of
                   with limited success in the channel outside the port                  channel. Similar depths probably cannot be main-
                   breakwater in 1976 and 1977. A limited amount of                      tained for the inner mile without periodic dredging
                   hopper dredging occurred in the outer mile of                         by clarnshell and barge or pipeline. The extensive
                   channel near the entrance at Sand Island.

                   V-18

                              shoals on the east and west sides of the channel,                       Area -D- is presently needed for maintenance of
                              coupled with a cross-current, make maintenance                          the Chinook Channel. An upland disposal site would
                              operations hazardous. Removal of the Chinook Jetty                      be required in the near future, if navigational access
                              to help restore circulation in Baker Bay could change                   is to be maintained to the Port of Chinook.
                              the present shoaling patterns in Chinook Channel.

                                                                                      CHINOOK CHANNEL

                                                                                                                                  DMD Sites
                                               Project                                  Volume Dredged              Number                Capacity             Priority
                              Inner Channel                                                  45, 000 cy/y r            9(S)           1, 600, 000 cy/ 10'         2
                                 RM ].I to Basin                                        225,000 cy/5 yr                8(S)           1, 250, 000 cy/ 10'         3
                                                                                        900,000 cy/20 yr
                              Outer Channel                                              20,000 cy/yr                  D(E)           Estuary Disposal
                                 RMO to 1.1                                             100, 000 cy/5 yr
                                                                                        400,000 cy/20 yr
                              Deepening Channel to 16'                                  230,000 cy/20 yr               9(S)           1, 600, 000 cy/ 10'         2
                                                                                                                       8(S)           1, 250, 000 cy/ 10'         3
                                                                                                                       D(E)           Estuary Disposal

                              56.30 Future Projects                                                   56.40 Port of 11waco
                                 Beach Mining, Incorporated is a mineral process-                       The Port of Ilwaco operates a mooring basin,
                              ing venture interested in commercially valuable                         served by the Baker Bay West Channel, that provides
                              "black sands" deposits in Baker Bay and other                           berths for 1000 private,         'commercial and charter
                              areas. According to the Washington Department of                        boats. During peak seasonal use, 1300 to 1500 boats
                              Natural Resources (DNR), a mining contract has                          use the port facilities daily; several hundred boats
                              been in effect since 1968, Under DNR regulations, a                     are on a waiting list for permanent moorage, Three
                              royalty of $2.50 per acre, per year, plus $2.50 per                     fish processors at Ilwaco are served by a growing
                              acre, per year of development work is required to                       number and variety of commercial craft. The Port's
                              maintain the contract. The contract life of 20 years                    proximity to the mouth of the Columbia River makes
                              will expire in 1988; it is expected that Beach Mining,                  itattractive.
                              Inc. will seek the necessary permits to begin produc-                     The presently authorized basin at Ilwaco is 1200
                              tion before that time.                                                  feet long by 650 feet wide with depths to 14 feet.
                                 "Black sands" mining is essentially a strip-mining                   This basin was last dredged to these dimensions in
                              operation, where sediments are dredged, minerals                        1974, and no maintenance has been needed since.
                              extracted, and sediments returned to the bay. Such                      A disposal site on the southeast corner was used in
                              an operation would not be allowed under the poli-                       construction of the 1974 expansion and again in 1976
                              cies and standards concerning dredgin'g and in-                         for dredging of the channel entrance to the Port. The
                              water disposal adopted by CREST.                                        Port has received a favorable report by the Corps on
                                                                                                                              P
                                 New channels could provide better access to exist-                   the feasibility of im' roving the Baker Bay Port West
                              ing ports and decreased maintenance dredging. The                       Channel. The Port is also seeking assistance in
                              Corps of Engineers is studying the present channels                     planning for expansion of port facilities to accom-
                              for possible future improvements; local interests                       modate an expected increase in numbers and sizes
                              want better access and the Corps wants to decrease                      of boats calling at Ilwaco.
                              its maintenance dredging problems. Dredging 'new                          Expansion of the mooring basin at llwaco is some-
                              public navigation channels would require a thor-                        what limited by environmental constraints to the
                              ough study to determine the appropriate manage-                         area south of the existing breakwater. Expansion
                              ment options. CREST has identified potential upland                     would require relocation of the breakwater and
                              disposal sites suitable to retain           fine-grained or             extensive dredging. A study of the environmental
                              polluted sediments, should this be necessary. Sites                     impacts associated with such work and ways of
                              3(S), 4(S), and 5(5) on Sand Island          are adjacent to            mitigating those impacts would also be required.
                              the potential Ilwaco channel and            site 5(S) is also           Other improvements feasible or necessary would
                              close to the "new" Chinook channel. All three sites                     include dry storage for small craft and restructuring
                              are within reach of pipeline disposal from the                          of present moorages to accommodate larger fishing
                              "new" Chinook channel.                                                  craft.
                                                                                                        Disposal needs at the Port of Ilwaco relate to im-
                                                                                                      provements within the existing basin and new con-
                                                                                                      struction dredging outside the present breakwater.
                                                                                                      Material in both areas is silty, requiring shoreland
                                                                                                      disposal; the basin material may also be polluted,

                                                                                                                                                                 V_ 19

                  requiring complete retention by dikes. The existing                 dredging would require more extensive disposal,
                  diked disposal site at the port should be studied for               which would need to be addressed in any plan the
                  reuse, as it would be an economical site for disposal               Port of Ilwaco develops. The only existing site for
                  of mooring basin dredged material deposited by                      such material is a previously used site on Sand
                  small pipeline or clamshell. New construction                       Island, almost 7000 feet away.

                                                            Dredging and Disposal Needs - llwaco

                                                                                                                 DMD Sites
                             Project                            Volume Dredged                 Number*                Capacity             Priority
                  Basin                                         10, 000 cy/5 yr                   i(S)            240,000 cy/20 yr             1
                                                                40,000 cy/20 yr
                  Basin                                       350,000 cy/20 yr                    3(S)                360,000 cv               1
                     Expansion                                                                    4(S)              1, 280, 000 cy             I
                                                                                                  5(S)              1,520,000 cy               2
                                                                                                  i(S)                240,000 cy               I

                  *Boldface indicates preferred sites

                  56.50 Port of Chinook                                               nel. Expansion of the mooring basin at Chinook is
                   The Port of Chinook operates a mooring basin,                      limited on the east by the present disposal area and
                  served by the Chinook Channel, and provides berths                  extensive shoaling. To the west are the Chinook and
                  for 323 commercial fishing and recreational craft.                  Bumble Bee facilities and a fringing tidal marsh
                  Use of the moorage is seasonal, with heaviest use                   adjacent to the maintained channel inside the
                  during summer months and the gillnet seasons. The                   breakwater. Expansion would probably involve re-
                  Chinook Packing Company operates a fish receiving                   locating all or part of the present breakwater into the
                  station and cannery adjacent to the Port. Chinook is                waters south of the Port. Expansion of the Port would
                  the third largest port in the CREST area and provides               also increase demand for associated services, parti-
                  access both to the mouth of the Columbia River and                  cularly sewage treatment.
                  the northern si-cle of the estuary.                                   The present disposal site appears adequate for
                    The authorized basin at Chinook is 500 feet by 590                maintaining the mooring basin, provided there is a
                  feet, with depths to 18 feet. The Port has a small                  local demand for the material deposited there. Due
                  hydraulic dredge used to remove up to 20,000 cubic                  to the rapid shoaling of the Chinook Channel for
                  yards of material from the mooring basin annually.                  most of its length, a need exists for extensive share-
                  A retention site for disposal of this dredged material              land disposal capacity. The Corps has exhausted
                  is located at the southern end of the port, with access             presently available land sites and now looks to the
                  for removal of material for local reuse. The Port                   Port and town to provide alternatives. Pending
                  would like to expand the basin but must first resolve               availability of such sites, the Corps plans to use the
                  maintenance problems plaguing the Chinook Chan-                     hopper dredge "Pacific".

                                                           Dredging and Disposal Needs - Chinook

                                                                                            DMID Sites

                                                                                                  Site
                             Project                            Volume Dredged                 Number                 Capacity             Priority
                  Basin                                               20,000 cy/yr                10(S)             20,000 cy/use              I
                                                                    100,000 cy/5 yr               9(S)              1, 600, 000 cy             2
                                                                   400,000 cy/20 yr

                  v - 20

                                                                57. YOUNGS BAY-ASTORIA PROJECTS

                           57.10 Hammond Channel
                             The Corps maintains an entrance channel from the
                           Columbia River into the boat basin at Hammond.
                           This 10 foot by 100 foot channel is maintained by
                           pipeline dredge, with upland disposal at site
                           Annual dredging is not necessary; approximately
                           15,000 cubic yards are removed every 3 to 5 years.
                                                                                                                        DMD Sites

                                                                                                         Site
                                      Project                           Amount Dredged                 Number               Capacity             Priority
                           Hammond Boat Basin                           15,000 cy/5 yr                   13(S)              48, 000 cy/ 10'          1
                             Entrance                                        60,000 cy/20 yr             12(S)            480, 000 cy/ 10'           2

                           57.20 Hammond Boat Basin                                          craft moorage, which would involve construction
                                                                                             dredging of 20,000 cubic yards. Construction of both
                             Dredging for the Hammond Boat Basin includes                    the eastern section of the basin and the northern
                           the Corps maintained entrance and the basin                       portion of the basin would bring total moorages to
                           dredging maintained by the Town of Hammond.                       600 to 700 berths.
                           Entrance dredging amounts to 3,000 cubic yards per                   The dredging site is too confined for easy access
                           year, while dredging of the basin involves 8,000                  by hopper dredge; ocean disposal would be by
                           cubic yards per year. Total annual dredging for the               ocean going barge utilizing a bucket dredge for the
                           Hammond Boat Basin is 11,000 cubic yards per year,                entrance channel and slips. Ocean disposal would
                           or a total of 120,000 cubic yards for the 20 year                 cost substantially more than hydraulic pipeline
                           planning period. The Mooring Basin is 170 berths,                 disposal, and would require that sediments and lead
                           most with electricity and water, and are available                and other heavy metals concentrations be within
                           for charter and recreational vessels only.                        prescribed non-polluting limits.
                             Expansion plans at the Hammond Mooring Basin                       Three potential disposal sites are associated with
                           include development to the east side of the Mooring               Hammond Mooring Basin, including the existing
                           Basin for small craft moorage, which would require                disposal site, which can be used again. The total
                           approximately 250,000 cubic yards of construction                 dredging needs exceed the disposal capacity locally
                           dredged material and increase annual maintenance                  available. Options to provide needed capacity are:
                           dredging by an estimated 5,000 cubic yards. The                   (1 ) disposal at sea, especially for construction
                           second phase of construction would include de-                    dredging, and (2) filling disposal sites to a greater
                           velopment north of the present gas dock for small                 depth (20 feet).

                                                                                    Hammond

                                                                                                                        DMD Sites
                                                                                                         Site
                                      Project                           Amount Dredged                 Number               Capacity             Priority
                           Basin                                                8,000 cy/yr              14(S)            48, 000 cy @ 10'           1
                             Maintenance                                40,000 cy/5 yr                   12(S)           480, 000 cy @ 10'           2
                                                                      160,000 cy/20 yr
                           East Basin                                 250,000 cy/5 yr                    12(S)           480, 000 cy @ 10'           2
                             Expansion and maintenance                160,000 cy/   .20 yr
                           South Basin                                  17,500 cy/5 yr                   12(S)           480,000 cy @ 10'            2
                             Expansion and maintenance                  32,500 cy/20 yr
                           North Basin                                  20,000 cy/20 yr                  12(S)           480, 000 cy @ 10'           2
                             Expansion and maintenance

                                                                                                                                                     V- 21-

                 57.30 Tansy Point                                                    will require continued annual removal of at least
                                                                                      110,000 cubic yards. The Corps presently plans a
                    No waterfront development now exists at Tansy                     pipeline dredging operation during 1979 that would
                 Point, but the Tansy Pointarea has been identified as                require over 200,000 cubic yards of shoreland dis-
                 a potential site for long-term development of a deep                 posal. Shoreland disposal Of an additional 200,000
                 water facility. Development plans include construc-                  cubic yards will be needed for the next 20 years of
                 tion of a ship berthing facility and supporting shore                dredging.
                 facilities. Full development of the Tansy Point area                    Hopper dredge disposal of entrance shoal sands at
                 would require about 250,000 cubic yards of construc-                 the Tansy Point site has been temporarily dis-
                 tion dredged material. Once construction dredging                    continued. This site and other estuarine in-water
                 were completed, very little maintenance dredging                     sites are being analyzed for eventual fate of sedi-
                 would be required. Twenty year disposal needs for                    ments and for estuarine resource impacts. Disposal
                 the Tansy Point area would be about 265,000 cubic                    of clean sediments from the Skipanon waterway can
                 yards.                                                               be placed at sea by ocean going barges or hopper
                    Tansy Point dredged material could quite easily be                dredges. Materials from construction dredging will
                 hopper dredged and disposed of at sea. Construction                  most likely be placed on land. Material from the
                 dredged material should be clean sand suitable for                   Skiponon waterway is predominantly fine sediment
                 ocean disposal. Disposal in-water in the estuary                     upstream from the mouth and is generally con-
                 would be dependent on the outcome of on-going                        sidered unacceptable for in-water disposal.
                 studies.                                                             Dredging after the initial construction dredging may
                    Three potential disposal sites are associated with                be able to utilize in-water disposal. Using in-water
                 the potential Tansy Point development [ 16(S), 17(S),                disposal sites would require sediment analysis and
                 18(S)]. These sites could also be used for pipeline                  extensive coordination with Federal and state
                 dredging from the Skipanon Peninsula. The identi-                    resource agencies.
                 fied disposal sites have capacity of 1,344,000 cy.                      The land disposal sites associated with the Skipo-
                                                                                      non waterway can meet the 20 year disposal needs.
                 57.40 Skipanon Channel                                               Not all of these sites will be required, since some of
                    The Skipanon waterway is an authorized channel                    the construction dredging for Pacific Fabricators and
                 two miles long, 30 feet deep, and 200 feet wide                      other developments will be used for site develop-
                 from the Columbia River to the railroad bridge.                      ment.
                 Recent dredging of the waterway has been accom-                         Land disposal sites adjacent to the airport are
                 plished by the hopper dredge "Pacific" at the river                  generally too great a distance for pipeline dredged
                 mouth to maintain a 16 to 18 foot channel cle th. The                material disposal. One major site in this area has
                                                                     p                been identified for stockpiling of material to be
                 dredge removed 110,000 cubic yards per year from                     utilized for dike maintenance. The remaining sites
                 1972 through 1976. Disposal from hopper dredging                     are identified because of the probability of future
                 was in the Columbia River adjacent to Tansy Point.                   development in the Warrenton area.
                 Maintenance dredging of the Skipanon waterway
                                                             Youngs Bay - Astoria Corps Projects

                                                                                                                   DMD Sites

                                                                                                  Site
                                  Project                      Amount Dredged                   Number                Capacity              Priority
                 Skipanon Channel                              110, 000 cy/yr                     E(O)             Ocean Disposal               I
                    entrance                                   550,000 cy/5 yr                    15(E)            Estuary Disposal             3
                                                            2,200,000 cy/20 yr                    11 (E)           Estuary Disposal             3
                                                                                                  36(E)            Estuary Disposal             3
                 Skipanon Channel                              200,000 cy/5 yr                    23(S)            2,016, 000 cy/ 10'           1
                    (inner channel)                            400,000 cy/20 yr                   25(S)            2,080, 000 cy/ 10'           1
                                                                                                  20(S)              384, 000 cy/ 10'           2
                                                                                                  22(S)              240, 000 cy/ 10'           2
                                                                                                  19(s)              240, 000 cy/ 10'           3
                                                                                                  20(S)              384, 000 cy/ 10'           3
                                                                                                  21(S)              288, 000 cy/ 10'           3
                                                                                                  24(S)            1, 120, 000 cy/ 10'          3
                                                                                                  26(S)              208, 000 cy/ 10'           3
                                                                                                  27(S)              144, 000 cy/ 19            3

                 57.50 Warrenton
                                                                                      sels up to 100 feet in    length. Maintenance dredging
                    The City of Warrenton maintains a boat basin on                   has not been a problem in the mooring basin, but
                 the east bank of the Skipanon, near the bridge.                      shoaling in the Skipanon Channel has reduced
                 Access is via the Corps-maintained channel in the                    depths to less than 30 feet. Present plans are for
                 Skipanon, which is authorized to a depth of 30 feet.                 extensive dredging by the Corps sometime in 1979,
                 The mooring basin provides over 300 berths for ves-                  which would require shoreland disposal of over

                  V- 22

                         200,000 cubic yards of fine, polluted          sediment.        ments and resource impacts.
                         Within a 20 year time frame, an additional 200,000               .Disposal of clean sediments from the Skipanon
                         cubic yards of similar sediment would need                      waterway can be placed at sea by ocean going
                         shoreland disposal (cf 57.40; but note that cy/yr               barges or hopper dredged. Construction dredging
                         estimates are averages).                                        would most likely be required to be placed on land.
                            A wide variety of construction projects could                Material from the Skipanon waterway is predomi-
                         dramatically increase dredging demands in the                   nantly fine sediments upstream from the mouth and
                         Skipanon waterway. The City of Warrenton has re-                is generally considered unacceptable for in'-water
                         quested channel maintenance upstream to the                     disposal. These sediments may also prove un-
                         bridge to a depth of 20 feet to provide for recrea-             suitable for construction fill unless mixed with coarse
                         tional/commercial          vessel       traffic    (" 2 0'      sediments. Future dredging after the initial construc-
                         Channel/Bridge"). Pacific Fabricators has proposed              tion dredging may be able to utilize in-water
                         dredging adjacent to their bulkhead and an                      disposal. The- option of utilizing in-water disposal
                         entrance channel to the east bank, and Warrenton                sites would require sediment analysis and extensive
                         Lumber Company is evaluating their need for                     coordination with Federal and state regulatory
                         dredging for ship berthing at the northern end of the,          agencies.
                         west side of the Skipanon.                                        Land disposal sites adjacent to the airport are
                         . Twenty year projections for all projects indicate a           generally too great a distance for pipeline dredged
                         total dredging demand of 6 million cubic yards.                 material disposal. One major site in this area has
                            Currently, hopper dredge disposal of entrance                been identified for stockpiling of material to be
                         shoal sands at Tansy Point has been temporarily                 utilized for dike maintenance. Future maintenance
                         discontinued. This site and other estuarine in-water            of the authorized channel in Youngs Bay may re-
                         sites are being analyzed for eventual fate of sedi-             quire use of one of the airport sites.

                                                                               Warrenton

                                                                                                                  DMID Sites
                                                                                                    Site
                                   Project                         Amount Dredged                Number               Capacity            Priority
                         Boat Basin and Turning Basin            Maintenance minimal                25(S)         2,080, 000 cy @ 10'         1
                            Expansion and maintenance            Expansion data not.                23(S)         2,016, 000 cy @ 10'         1
                                                                   available                        20(S)           384, 000 cy @ 10'         2
                                                                                                   .22(S)           240,000 cy @ 10'          2
                                                                                                    19(s)           240,000 cy @ 10'          3
                                                                                                    21(S)           288, 000 cy @ 10'         3
                                                                                                    24(S)         1, 120,000 cy @ 10'         3
                                                                                                    26(S)           208, 000 cy a 10'         3
                                                                                                    27(S)           144, 000 cy @ 10'         3
                         .20' Chan nel/Bridge                      300,000 cy                       25(S)         2,080, 000 cy @ 10'         1
                                                                          construction              23(S)         2,016,000 cy @   10'        1
                                                                   100,000 cy/yr                    20(S)           384, 000 cy @ 10'         2
                                                                   500,000 cy/5 yr                  22(S)           240,000 cy @ 10'          2
                                                                 2,300,000 cy/20 yr                 19(s)           240,000 cy @ 10'          3
                                                                                                    21(S)           288, 000 cy @ 10'         3
                                                                                                    24(S)         1, 120,000 cy @ 10'         3
                                                                                                    26(S)           208, 000 cy @ 10'         3
                                                                                                    27(S)           144, 000 cy @ 10'         3
                         East Bank                                 500,000 cy                                     Ocean Disposal and
                         Development                               construction                                     construction f ill
                            (Brown & Root)                         86,000 cy/yr
                                                                   430,000 cy/5 yr
                                                                 2,220,000 cy/20 yr
                         Warrenton Lumber                          200,000 cy                       25(S)         2,080, 000 cy @ 10'         1
                         Company development                       construction                     23(S)         2,016, 000 cy @ 10'         1
                                                                    75,000 cy/yr                    20(S)           384,000 cy @ 10'          2
                                                                   375,000 cy/5 yr                  22(S)           240, 000 cy @ 10'         2
                                                                 1,700,000 cy/20 yr                 19(s)           240, 000 cy @ 10'         3
                                                                                                    21(S)           288, 000 cy a 10'         3
                                                                                                    24(S)         1, 120,000 cy @ 10'         3
                                                                                                    26(S)           208, 000 cy a 10'         3
                                                                                                    27(S)           144,000 cy @ 10'          3

                                                                                                                                              v - 23

                                                                        Warrenton (cont.)
                                                                                                  Site
                             Project                         Amount Dredged                     Number               Capacity              Priority
                  Lewis and Clark entrance channel            Unknown                             32(S)         2, 000, 000 cy @ 10'           2
                                                                                                  31(S)           384, 000 cy @ 10'            3
                                                                                                  30(S)           176, 000 cy @ 10'            3
                                                                                                  33(S)           256, 000 cy @ 10'            1
                  Youngs River/Bay                             50,000 cy/20 yr                    32(S)         2, 000, 000 cy @ 10'           2
                                                                                                  31(S)           384, 000 cy @ 10'            3
                                                                                                  30(S)           176, 000 cy @ 10'            3
                  Middle Skipanon development                 100,000 cy estimate                 23(S)         2,016, 000 cy @ 10'            1
                                                                                                  24(S)         1, 120, 000 cy @ 10'           3
                                                                                                  26(S)           208, 000 cy @ 10'            3
                                                                                                  27(S)           144, 000 cy @ 10'            3

                  57.60 Youngs Bay and River                                          the Youngs River. Surveys obtained by the Corps
                    The authorized project provides a channel 10 feet                 indicate a minor shoal, with 9-foot soundings at
                  deep and 150 feet wide from the Columbia River to                   approximate river mile 2.0 up to 2.3, giving a cal-
                  the foot of Haven Island (21/2 miles across Youngs                  culated quantity of 8000 cubic yards to be removed.
                  Bay and 4 miles in Youngs River). A project modifi-                 Normal Corps procedures would be to not dredge
                  cation under Section 107 was approved in 1970 to                    this channel until a predominant 8-foot or 7-foot
                  provide a channel in Lewis and Clark River but was                  sounding existed, since smaller vessels utilize the
                  never constructed. The project was last dredged in                  tide and do not require the full 10-foot depth. How-
                  1967 by pipeline, removing 47,003 cubic yards. Prior                ever, a recent trend to larger fishing vessels with
                  to that, the project was last dredged in 1939. Ma-                  greater draft could revise this approach. The re-
                  terial was disposed in the bay by end dump from the                 mainder of the channel, up to river mile 3.0, is 10 or
                  discharge pipeline.                                                 more feet deep and should not require future
                    The Portland District has a recent request from                   maintenance.
                  Bumble Bee Seafoods for maintenance dredging in                                                DMD Sites

                                                                                                  Site
                             Project                           Amount Dredged                  Number                 Capacity             Priority
                  Youngs Bay/River and                         50,000 cy/20 yr                    32(S)          2, 000, 000 cy/ 10'           2
                    Lewis and Clark River Entrance                                                28(S)             448, 000 cy/ 10'           3
                                                                                                  29(S)             640, 000 cy/ 10'           3
                                                                                                  30(S)             176, 000 cy/ 10'           3
                                                                                                  31(S)             384,000 cy/1 0'            3

                  57.70 Astoria Turning Basin                                         the channel. The Fisherman's Dock and Marina
                    As part of the authorized navigation channel, the                 Mooring Basin    is dredged about twice a decade. The
                  Corps maintains an 800 feet by 4250 feet by 40 feet                 East End Mooring Basin has never been maintained.
                  turning basin adjacent to the Port of Astoria, which is             Current shoaling conditions of the East End Mooring
                  dredged as needed and in conjunction with hopper                    Basin impair mooring use.
                  dredge operations using in-water disposal. Approx-                    Sediments found in the mooring basin and pier
                  imately 100,000 cubic yards of sediment are re-                     slips are fine grained (50% greater silt and clay)
                  moved annually from the turning basin,                              sediments often affected by adjacent use. Sediments
                                                                                      generally contain high concentrations of oil and
                  57.80 Port of Astoria                                               grease, high nitrogen, and have a high chemical
                                                                                      oxygen demand (COD), enough so that sediments
                    Three major project areas along the Astoria water-                are often classified as polluted. Thus, disposal of
                  front require maintenance dredging: Port of Astoria                 mooring basin and pier slip material will often need
                  pier slips; Fisherman's Dock and Marina Boat Basin;                 to be placed on shoreland sites. In the past, dredg-
                  and East End Mooring Basin. Port of Astoria pier slips              ing of the pier slips and mooring basin has utilized
                  require annual maintenance of approximately                         both shoreland sites and ocean disposal. Material
                  115,000 cubic yards. The Port recently installed a                  from the pier slips is reported to make good agri-
                  "Ventrovac" air bubbler system to decrease shoal-                   cultural topsoil.
                  ing at the port slips. This system has been installed                 The Astoria waterfront is the site of most current
                  on a trial basis, with hopes of substantially reducing              maintenance dredging demand in the Astoria area.
                  the required maintenance dredging. The Port may                     Any additional development of waterfront facilities
                  also experiment with flow-lane disposal just beyond                 will increase the demand for construction dredging.
                  V -24

                            Plans for expanding Fisherman's Dock and Marina                   cumulated in the port slips, mooring basin, and
                            would require construction dredging totalling 80,000              moorage areas for seafood companies may include
                            cubic yards and would increase the maintenance                    fine sediments and contaminants that would require
                            dredging by an estimated 1500 cubic yards annually.               land disposal. Flow-lone disposal in the estuary is
                            Plans for increasing mooring capacity at the East End             not likely but may be possible, depending upon the
                            Basin would require substantial redesign of the                   outcome of ongoing studies. Hauling dredged
                            breakwater and substantial construction dredging                  material to sea for ocean disposal is a more ex-
                            (100,000 cubic yards estimated). Maintenance                      pensive possibility.
                            dredging would probably be needed after re-                          Two potential disposal sites are associated with
                            construction.                                                     the Astoria waterfront area, both of which can be
                              Major reconstruction of the Port of Astoria pier                used for pipeline dredging in the East End Mooring
                            slips is planned within 20 years. About 150,000 cubic             Basin. The identified disposal sites do not have
                            yards of dredging would be needed to expand Pier                  capacity for the increased dredging needs of the port
                            A, which would result in further increased main-                  slips or marina, and the developed nature of the
                            tenance dredging demands. Over the 20 year time                   Astoria waterfront precludes establishment of other
                            horizon, total dredging needs for the Astoria water-              disposal sites in the immediate vicinity.
                            front area could approach 3 million cubic yards. The                 Land disposal of dredged material from the As-
                            majority of the total dredging need results from                  toria waterfront will require barging to an accept-
                            expanded construction and maintenance of that                     able shoreland disposal site elsewhere or pumping
                            construction. The estimates of maintenance needs                  (with booster pumps) to an acceptable land disposal
                            are conservative and do not take into consideration               site. The alternative to land disposal sites may be
                            the potential for decreased maintenance due to the                disposal of certain approved materials at in-water
                            bubbler system installed by the Port.                             ocean sites. Disposal of fine grained material from
                              Dredged material from the Astoria waterfront is                 waterfront areas will be a chronic problem to the
                            not easily taken to sea. Dredging the port slips,                 Port of Astoria. Development plans at present port
                            marina basin and mooring areas for seafood pro-                   slips and future plans otTongue Point will need close
                            cessors is generally conducted by small pipeline                  coordination to provide long range solutions to
                            dredges or bucket dredges that remove the material                maintenance needs.
                            to barges or shoreland disposal sites. Material ac-

                                                                                        Astoria

                                                                                                                          DMD Sites

                                                                                                          Site
                                       Project                           Amount Dredged                 Number                Capacity            Priority
                            Port of Astoria slips maintenance            12 1, 000 cy/yr                                  Ocean Disposal
                                                                         605,000 cy/5 yr                  46(S)           2,000,000 cy @ 3'           1
                                                                     2,420,000 cy/20 yr
                            Fisherman's Dock and Marina                   4,000 cy/yr                                     Ocean Disposal
                                                                         20,000 cy/5 yr                   38(S)           2AO, 000 cy @ 10'           2
                                                                         80,000 cy/20 yr                  46(S)           2, 000,000 cy @ 3'          1
                                                                         100,000 cy expansion
                            East End Basin                               100,000 cy/5 yr                  37(S)            112,000 cy @ 10'           2
                                                                         175,000 cy/20 yr                 38(S)           240, 000 cy @ 10'           2
                                                                                                          46(S)           2, 000, 000 cy @ 3'         1
                            Pier 4 construction                          250,000 cy/20 yr                                 Ocean Disposal
                                                                                                          36(E)           Estuary Disposal
                                                                                                          15(E)           Estuary Disposal
                                                                                                          39(E)           Estuary Disposal

                            57.90 Tongue Point                                                be studied as engineering design proceeds.
                                                                                                 Sediment borings in the MAR.AD Basin indicate 41/2
                               The Tongue Point area has received close scrutiny              to 5 feet of fine grained material overlying Colum-
                            by the Port of Astoria as a potential development                 bia River sands. Surface material is dark and shows
                            site. The Port of Astoria plans to acquire the property           indications of point chips and contaminants from
                            from the General Services Administration and de-                  past use of the basin as a mooring area for Navy
                            velop it as a container yard. Development would re-               vessels. Disposal of the material dredged from
                            quire substantial con  'struction dredging. Construction          Tongue Point may be required to be placed on-land
                            dredging for the first ph@ci'se would be betweerfabout            to prevent water quality degradation.
                            2.8 and 3.8 million cubic yards. Second phase                        Development plans for the Tongue Point area
                            construction dredging is estimated at about 3 million             foresee substantial areas of fill being required to
                            cubic yards. The maintenance dredging requirement                 complete development potentials. The use of con-
                            associated with development at Tongue Point would                 struction dredged material for fill will decrease the

                                                                                                                                                      V - 25

                  requirement for sites to dispose of dredged material                cess, development plans for specific projects or sites
                  within the area. Specific site development plans and                should take a regional approach. In the case of
                  environmental studies will lead to better estimates                 Tongue Point, the potential value of a relatively low-
                  of construction and maintenance dredging and asso-                  maintenance deep water port should be compared
                  ciated disposal needs.                                              to the value of existing port facilities. Current dis-
                    As has been repeatedly emphasized throughout                      posal problems are well documented and will
                  the dredged material management planning pro-                       probably increase in severity with expansion of the
                                                                                      present Port of Astoria faci I ities.

                                                                          Tongue Point

                                                                                                                 DMID Sites

                                                                                                  Site
                             Project                           Amount Dredged                  Number                 Capacity             Priority
                  250'x4O'channel                           1,000,000 cy                          40(S)          1 920,000 cy @ 20'            1
                                                               construction                    Pier slips        4, 000, 000 cy                2
                                                               27,000 cy/yr                       41(S)            128,000 cy @ 10'            1
                                                            1,540,000 cy/20 yr                    42(S)          1, 240, 000 cy @ 10'          2
                                                                                                  43(S)            480,000 cy @ 10'            3
                                                                                                  44(S)            720, 000 cy @ 10'           3
                                                                                                                   Ocean Disposal
                  400'x 40'channel                          2,470,000 cy                          40(S)          1, 920, 000 cy @ 20'          1
                                                               construction                    Pier slips        4,000,000 cy                  2
                                                               38,000 cy/yr                       41(S)            128, 000 cy @ 10'           1
                                                            3,230,000 cy/20 yr                    42(S)          1, 240, 000 cy @ 10'          2
                                                                                                  43(S)            480, 000 cy @ 10'           3
                                                                                                  44(S)            720, 000 cy @ 10'           3
                                                                                                                   Ocean Disposal
                  250'Channel/Turning Basin                 2,800,000 cy                          40(S)          1, 920f 000 cy @ 20'          1
                                                               construction                    Pier slips        4,000,000 cy                  2
                                                               26,000 cy/yr                       41(S)            128, 000 cy @ 10'           1
                                                            3,320,000 cy/20 yr                    42(S)          1,240,000 cy @ 10'            2
                                                                                                  43(S)            480, 000 cy a 10'           3
                                                                                                  44(S)            720, 000 cy @ 10'           3
                                                                                                                   Ocean Disposal

                                                            58. UPPER ESTUARY PROJECTS

                  58. 10 Grays Bay                                                       Wahkiakum County's Port District Two is petition-
                    In Grays Bay, authorized projects consist of a                    ing the Corps concerning Grays River dredging.
                  channel in Deep River and hazard removal in Grays                   Grays River dredging is not authorized, however,
                  River. The Deep River Channel was completed in                      and it may be sev6ral years before any decision is
                  1928, providing a channel 8 feet by 100 feet at the                 made. Some channel improvement can be
                  mouth and, 8 feet by 60 feet to the town of Deep                    expected, however, within 20 years. Dredging an 8
                  River at river mile 6. The Grays River project was                  foot by 100foot channel in Grays River to river mile I
                  completed in 1909,. removing obstructions from the                  would generate about 350,000 cubic yards. An 8 foot
                  channel and banks from the mouth to the town of                     by 60 foot channel to the town of Grays River would
                  Grays River at river mile 8.                                        remove about 240,000 cubic yards more.
                    In Deep River, the channel depth is still 8 feet to                  Increasing the depth by 6 feet from the mouth of
                  river mile 2.25 and log rafts move at least to river                Deep River to Rocky Point would require removing
                  mile 4. The lost Corps condition survey was 1975. In                about 1,000,000 cubic yards of material. Completing
                  Grays River, the channel is 2 feet or shallower to                  the authorized channel in Deep River would proba-
                  river mile 6.5. Heavy siltation at the mouth and                    bly require removing about 400,000 cubic yards.
                  obstructi'ons in the channel limit navigational access                 Completion of the Deep River channel could occur
                  and increase flood potential. Additionally, access to               within the next five years, if there is local demand.
                  the main ship channel about 3 miles distant is                      Authorizing and completing a channel in Grays River
                  limited by poorly marked natural channels and                       or Grays Bay is less likely to occur in five years, but is
                  shallow depths in Grays Bay.                                        a possibility within 20'years. Most of the channel

                  V- 26

                         dredging in the rivers would probably be done by                   The projects would require DMD capacity of
                         clamshell  'and barge, clamshell with bank disposal,            1,990,000 cy. The plan identifies 6 DMD sites with a
                         or small pipeline.                                              combined capacity of 1,500,000 cy.
                                                                                Grays Bay

                                                                                                                    DMID Sites

                                                                                                     Site
                                    Project                         Amount Dredged                Number               Capacity            Priority
                         Deep River                                400,000 cy/5 yr                   48(S)          240, 000 cy @ 10'          2
                                                                   400,000 cy/20 yr                  49(S)          320,000 cy @ 10'           2
                                                                                                     50(D)          150,000 cy
                         Grays River                               350,000 cy/5 yr                   51(S)          320, 000 cy @ 10'          2
                            entrance                               350,000 cy/20 yr                  52(S)          320, 000 cy @ 10'          2
                                                                                                     53(D)          150,000 cy
                         Grays River                               240,000 cy/20 yr                  51(S)          320, 000 cy @ 10'          2
                            channel                                                                  52(S)          320,000 cy @ 10'           2
                                                                                                     53(D)          150,000 cy -
                         Grays Bay                               1,000,000 cy/20 yr                  48(S)          240, 000 cy @ 10'          2
                                                                                                     52(S)          320, 000 cy @ 10'          2
                                                                                                     50(D)          150,000 cy
                                                                                                     53(D)          150, 000 cy

                         58.20 Skamokawa                                                 channel improvement seems likely within five
                            At Skamokawa, the channel 6.5' x 75' x 1600' is              years. The channel in Steamboat Slough does not
                         maintained to Brooks Slough. An authorized channel              appear to be a probable development within the
                         24' x 160' x 2640' in Steamboat Slough was never                next five years, but may be viable within a 20 year
                         dredged. The channel to Brooks Slough has been                  perspective. A minimum improvement of the author-
                         maintained by the "Sandwick" (prop-wash dredge)                 ized channel to Brooks Slough would require re-
                         since 1974, and a controlling depth of two feet was             moving about 40,000 cubic yards requiring disposal.
                         last reported. The "Sandwick" is estimated to re-               An improvement of the channel in Steamboat
                         distribute about 10,000 cubic yard      's annually. The        Slough for shallow draft use would probably require
                         channel in Steamboat Slough has never been                      88,000 cubic yards of dredged material disposal.
                         dredged, and the project has been recommended                     Clean sand material from Brooks Slough would be
                         for cleauthorization.                                           welcomed by local interests. The Skamokawa Park
                            Port District Two of Wahkiakurn County is petition-          site was filled by main channel maintenance and a
                         ing the Corps regarding dredging in Brooks Slough.              future stockpile site is being leased west of the park.
                         With the planned Skamokawa Park and increasing                  Fine grained or polluted sediments would need a
                         private and recreational, use of the area, some                 portion of the existing stockpile site for retention for
                                                                                         a suff icient period for clewatering.

                                                                               Skamokawa

                                                                                                                    DMD Sites

                                                                                                     Site
                                    Project                         Amount Dredged                Number               Capacity            Priority
                         Skamokawa Creek Channel                    10, 000 cy/yr                    65(S)          176, 000 cy @ 10'          1
                                                                    50,000 cy/5 yr
                                                                   200,000 cy/20 yr
                         Brooks Slough improvement                  40,000 cy/5 yr                   65(S)          176,000 cy @ 10'           1
                                                                    40,000 cy/20 yr                  66(B)       Beach Nourishment
                         Steamboat Slough                           88, 000 cy/20 yr                 65(S)          .176, 000 cy @ 10'         1
                         South End of Price Island               minimal                             69(S)        1, 200, 000 cy @ 10'         2
                            port development

                                                                                                                                               V - 27

                  58.30 Price Island                                              Depths are considered adequate in Cathlamet Chan-
                                                                                  nel, and no maintenance dredging has been re-
                    Price Island has been a source of conflict over               cently needed. The Corps has not dredged in Elocho-
                  potential development of the county owned upriver               man Slough since before 1964, with the exception of
                  end. The remained of the upland and the adjacent                that required for construction of Elochoman Marina.
                  mainland are administered by the U.S. Fish and                  The extreme upriver end of Cathlamet Channel
                  Wildlife Service as critical habitat for Columbian              (near the east end of Brown Island) has experienced
                  White-tailed deer. Before being obtained by the                 shoaling believed related to pile dikes and in-water
                  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, a portion of the                disposal from the main navigation channel.
                  clownriver end of Price Island was used for disposal             No development plans exist in the Cathlamet area
                  by the Corps of Engineers. This part of the island is           that would require dredging or disposal. Local inter-
                  also adjacent to the potential channel in Steamboat             ests have expressed a desire to improve navigation
                  Slough.                                                         access to Cathlamet Channel at the upriver end of
                    Price Island is undeveloped and has no land ac-               Brown island. Further study of this shoaling will
                  cess. Deep water along the Columbia River is due, in            indicate action necessary to alleviate the problem;
                  part, to active erosion of the shoreline. This deep             some dredging may be required. Continued devel-
                  water access is what Wahkiakum County wishes to                 opment by private interests in Elochoman Slough can
                  exploit. Because of the nature of the conflict, there is        be expected. The existing marina is being improved
                  little certainty that the proposed deep water facilit@          but will probably not be expanded. Some new
                  will materialize. In light of the past dredged mate-            dredging will probably occur in Elochoman Slough.
                  rial disposal and proximity to Skamokawa, it would               Dredging in Cathlomet Channel will probably
                  appear more logical to negotiate a development site             produce clean sand, but sediments in Elochoman
                  at the clownriver end of Price Island.                          Slough are fine grained and probably polluted. A
                                                                                  previously used disposal area on the tip of Hunting
                  58.AO Cathlarnet                                                Island would be sufficient to accommodate anti-
                    An authorized channel 10' x 300' is maintained                cipated upland disposal needs in Elochoman Slough.
                  from the Columbia River near the clownriver end of              Present commercial use of dredged material from
                  Puget Island to Elochoman Slough; also authorized               Cathlamet Channel would indicate constructive use
                  are a marina at Cathlamet on Elochoman Slough, a                could be made of any dredged material from future
                  channel 10' x 100' for 1.5 miles up Elochoman                   dredging at the upriver end of Cathlamet Channel.
                  Slough, a large log-handling facility up Elochoman              Future disposal by the Corps of Engineers at the up-
                  Slough, and an active dredging permit in Cathlamet              river end of Brown Island may alleviate the present
                  Channel upstream from the Puget Island bridge.                  shoaling problem.

                                                                       Cathiamet

                                                                                                          DMD Sites

                                                                                            Site
                            Project                        Amount Dredged                 Number               Capacity            Priority
                  Elochoman Marina                      minimal                             74(S)         1, 440,000 cy @ 10'         2
                                                                                            76(S)          320,000 cy @ 10'           1
                  Elochoman Slough improvement              20,000 cy/5 yr                  74(S)        1, 440, 000 cy @ 10'         2
                    at entrance                             20,000 cy/20 yr                 76(S)          320, 000 cy @ 10'          1
                  Cathlamet Channel                     unknown                             76(S)          320,000 cy @ 10'           1

                  58.50 Puget Island                                                Housing and other futufre development will
                    An extensive dike improvement project is under-               probably be concentrated along the southwestern
                  way on Puget Island, using stockpiled dredged                   shoreline (Sunny Sands, Welcome Slough, Bernie
                  material from Corps channel maintenance. Channel                Slough, and Jackson Slough). Beach nourishment for
                  maintenance material has been deposited along the               Sunny Sands and the area west of Welcome Slough
                  shoreline on the Columbia River side of Puget Island            will probably be necessary as erosion occurs and
                  in the past, resulting in wide beaches. Several pile            property owners require it. These sloughs and Grove
                  dikes upriver of Brown Island have had adjacent in-             and Net Rack Sloughs are poorly maintained for
                  water disposal and dredged material has been de-                boating and drainage, and will probably require
                  posited on Brown and White Islands.                             some future maintenance dredging. Local interests

                  V - 28

                          have petitioned the Corps for dredging at Welcome,            the dredging. Only in Welcome Slough is the mate-
                          Jackson and Bernie Sloughs.                                   rial likely to pose a disposal problem due to pollu-
                            Future local dredging projects on Puget Island will         tion and needed upland disposal. A potential site is
                          require feasibility studies, probably under the Corps         available, but neither the magnitude of the present
                          of Engineers Section 107 authority. The amounts of            problem nor future remedies can be addressed
                          dredged material will probably be small enough to             without further study.
                          be utilized by adjacent landowners benefitting from
                                                                                                                 DMID Sites

                                                                                                   site
                                    Project                        Amount Dredged                Number              Capacity            Priority
                          Welcome Slough development            unknown                           85(S)                160,000             2

                          58.60 Bradwood                                                investigations into development suitability and re-
                            No active development exists at the Bradwood                quirements for the site have not been made, and
                          area. The site was used as a mill, with a large wharf         estimates of construction or maintenance dredging
                          for shipping lumber. The wharf is not serviceable at          volumes are not available.
                          the present time. A portion of the site has been used           Dredged material from the Bradwood area could
                          in the post for disposal of channel maintenance               possibly utilize flow lane disposal, depending on the
                          materials.                                                    type of material to be dredged and approval by state
                            Development potential of the Bradwood site has              and federal agencies. Three potential disposal sites
                          been identified by the Port of Astoria and the State          exist. Two have been used in the past for channel
                          Department of Transportation. Development is not              maintenance disposal.
                          believed to involve substantial dredging, but recent
                                                                                                                  DMD Sites

                                                                                                    Site
                                     Project                        Amount Dredged               Number               Capacity           Priority
                          Port of Astoria development            not substantial                   78(S)              450,000 cy            2

                          58.70 Wauna-Westport                                          lumbia River and Westport Slough.
                            Currently, a wood processing facility at Wauna                 Little dredging would be required for most future
                          extends west from Driscoll Slough, with an author-            development, but a significant amount of filling
                          ized 28' x 200' x 3500' channel in Westport Slough            would occur. Potential disposal sites are related to
                          that has not been maintained since 1966. The Puget            Corps maintenance dredging. Future use as devel-
                          Island-Westport Ferry operates out of Westport                opment sites would depend upon resolution of con-
                          Slough. A private residential development is located          flicts over resource values and dredged material
                          on part of the property east of Westport Slough.              disposal. Beach nourishment east of Westport
                            Some potential for industrial development exists            Slough would also depend upon maintenance
                          along the entire area from Westport Slough to the             dredging needs and owner acceptability. The land
                          Bradley cliffs. Crown Zellerbach will probably                disposal sites in East Clatsop County do not have the
                          expand to the east and west boundaries of their               capacity to meet the 20-year dredging requirements
                          property. Warrenton Lumber Company, on the west               for Corps projects. There is no available capacity for
                          side of Westport Slough, plans to develop a wood              new construction dredging. Flow lane disposal could
                          processing facility, with ship access to both the Co-         possibly alleviate the land disposal requirement for
                                                                                        East Clatsop County, if further study so indicates.

                                                                                                                  DMD Sites

                                                                                                    Site
                                    Project                        Amount Dredged                Number               Capacity           Priority
                          Westport Slough                        not maintained                    90(S)            2,720,000 cy            I
                          Waterfront development                 not substantial                   90(S)            2,720,0M cy             I
                                                                                                   83(S)            1, 120,WO cy            2

                                                                                                                                           V - 29

                                                                  59. DREDGED MATERIAL DISPOSAL SITES

                                                                                         59. 10 OCEAN SITES

                                                                             DISPOSAL SITE E -Ocean                                   DISPOSAL SITE F - Ocean
                     Location 46112'38"N, 124106'30"W @                      Location 46115'27"N, 124' 5'37"W Ca                      Location 46'12'00"N, 124009'00"W (a
                        RM - 2.5                                                RM 0.5                                                   RM - 4.5
                     Size 5000' x 2000'                                      Size 4000' x 1000'                                       Size 1800' x 1800'
                     Depth 65'                                               Depth 60' - 70'                                          Depth 125'
                     Biological Density    Moderate                          Biological Density Low                                   (cf 41.01, 55.11)
                     Sediment Transport Some           Clatsop Spit          Sediment Transport Stabile during sum-
                        Beach Nourishment, most stabile.                        mer; During winter, some material                     DISPOSAL SITE G - Ocean
                     (cf 41.01, 55.11)                                          goes westward with natural sediment                   Location 46'1 1'30"N, 124106'00"W Ca
                                                                                to the outer tidal delta while the re-                   RM      3.5
                     DISPOSAL SITE      B - OCEAN                               mainder moves northeast, either over                  Size 3000' x 6000'
                     Location    46114'10"N, 124110'30"W @                      Peacock Spit to the northern beaches or               Depth 80'
                        RM -4.0                                                 behind the North Jetty.                               (cf 41.01, 55. 11
                     Size 5000' x 2000'                                      (cf 41.01, 55.11
                     Depth 110'                                                                                                       DISPOSAL SITE H - Ocean
                     Biological Density Moderate                                                                                      Location 46'14'30"N, 124'08'30"W
                     Sediment Transport Northerly, parallel                                                                           Size 4200' x 4200'
                        to coast                                                                                                      Depth 40'
                     (cf 41.01, 55. 11                                                                                                (cf 41.01, 55.11)

                                                                                      59.20 ESTUARY SITES

                     6(E) - Estuary (CoE "Jetty A")                         I II(E) - Estuary (CoE "Point Adams")                    39(E) - Estuary (CoE "Tongue Point")
                     Location 46115'40"N, 124102'23"W @                     Location 46112'45"N, 123156'30"W @                       Location 46112'55"N, 123145'40"W @
                        RM 2.9                                                 RM8.5                                                    RM 18.0
                     Size 1600'x 1000'                                      Size 900' x 300'                                         Size 1800' x 900'
                     Depth 100'                                             Depth 25'                                                Depth 100'
                     Related Projects Main Navigation Chan-                 Related Projects Main Navigation Chan-                   Relative Biological Density Moderate
                        nel: Clatsop Shoal (RM -0.2 - 2.6);                    nel: L. Desdemona Shoal (RM 5.0 - 7.8);               Related Projects Main Navigation Chan-
                        Outer Shoal (RM - 1.5 - - 1.0)                         U. Desdemona Shoal (RM 8.7               9.4);           nel: Tongue Point Shoal (RM 18.7 -
                     Comments Large scour hole; can accept                     Flavel/Astoria Shoal (RM 11.3            11.6,           19.1 ) U. Sands Shoal (RM 16.3 - 16.6).
                        both coarse and fine sediments                         12.5 - 12.6). Also Skipanon Channel                      Also Astoria Turning Basin and Pier 4
                     7(E) - Estuary (CoE "Sand Island")                        Entrance and Astoria Turning Basin.                      construction.
                     Location 46115'43"N, 124001'22"W @                     15(E) - Estuary (CoE "Tonsy Point" ". CLT-               54(E) - Estuary (CoE "Harrington Point
                        RM 3.5                                                 10.0-1w)                                                 Sump", #CLH-21-IW)
                     Size 900' x 300'                                       Location 4611 1'40"N, 123155'30"W 9                      Location 46114'30"N, 123142'30"W Ca
                     Depth 40'                                                 RM 10.0                                                  RM 21.0
                     Related Projects Main Navigation Chan-                 Size 1500' x 700'                                        Size 8400' x 450'
                        nel: Clotsop Shoal (RM -0.2-2.6);                   Depth 45'                                                Depth 41'
                        Outer Shoal (RM - 1.5 - - 1.0)                      Relative Biological Density Moderate                     Relative Biological Density Moderate
                                                                            Sediment Transport Downstream with                       Sediment Transport Downstream
                     D -Estuary (CoE "D")                                      probable channel return near Ham-                     Access Good
                     Location 46114'27"N, 123'57'00"W @                        mond.                                                 Traffic Density Low
                        RM                                                  Access Good                                              Related Projects Main Navigation Chan-
                     Size 5000' x 2000'                                     Traffic Density        Moderate,    . but high              nel: Tongue Point Shoal (RM 18t7 -
                     Depth 38'                                                 during charter season.                                   19.1); U. Sands Shoal (RM 16.3 - 16.6);
                     Relative Biological Density Moderate                   Related Projects Main Navigation Chan-                      L. Miller Sands Bar (RM 21.4 - 22.5); U.
                     Sediment Transport fines towards Baker                    nel- U. Desdemona Shoal (RM 8.7 -                        Miller Sands Bar (RM 23.5 - 24.6); Flov-
                        Bay                                                    9.4). Also Skipanon Channel Entrance,                    el/Astoria Shoal (RM 11.3 - 11.6, 12.5 -
                     Access Good                                               Astoria Turning Basin, and Pier 4 con-                   12.6).
                     Traffic Density Low                                       struction.
                     Related Projects Used in place of ocean         I
                        disposal for many projects when bar                 36(E) - Esturay (CoE "Bridge")
                        conditions are rough.                               Location 4611 1'47"N, 123*51'30"W @
                                                                               RM 13.2
                                                                            Size 2 100' x 900'
                                                                            Depth 60' - 70'
                                                                            Related Projects Main Navigation Chan-
                                                                               nel: Flovel Shoal (RM 11.3 - 11.6). Also
                                                                               Skipanon Channel Entrance, Astoria
                                                                               Turning Basin, and Pier 4 construction.

                     V - 30

                                                                                                      59.30 FLOW-LANE SITES

                                   59(F) - Flow-Lane (CoE         RM261W)                    68(F) - Flow-lons (CoE        RM341W)                       81 (F) - Flow-lone (CoE # RM401W)
                                   Location 46115'17"N, 123136'45"W @                        Location 46115'21"N, 123'27'10"W @                          Location 46010'55"N, 123125'32"W @
                                       RM 26                                                    RM 34                                                      RM 40
                                   Size 4000' x 800'                                         size 750' x 3000'                                           Size 300'x 1000'
                                   Depth 30'                                                 Depth 40'                                                   Depth 35'
                                   Related Project       Main navigation chan-               Related Project            Main Navigation                  Related Project Main Navigation Chan-
                                       nel: L. Pillar Rock Bar (RM 25.0 - 26.0);                Channel: Welch Island Bar (RM 32.6 -                       nel: Wauna Bar (RM 40.5 - 41.5)
                                       U. Pillar Rock Bar (RM 26.4 - 27.9); L.                  34.0); Skamokowa Bar (RM 35.0 - 35.'9).                  (cf 41.01, 41.04, 55.13)
                                       Brookfield Bar (RM 28.7 - 29.7)                       (cf 41.04, 55.13)
                                   (cf 41.04, 55.13)                                                                                                     95(F) - Flow-lone (CoE # RM461W)
                                                                                             73(F) - Flow-lone (CoE # RM371W)                            Location 46168'AO"N, 123120'00"W
                                                                                             Location 46013'46"N, 123'25'25"W @                            RM 46
                                                                                                RM 37                                                    Size 750' x 6500'
                                                                                             Size 750' x 2400'                                           Depth 25' - @
                                                                                             Depth 65'                                                   Related Project Main Navigation Chan-
                                                                                             Related Project      Main Navigation        Chan-             nel: U. Westport Bar (RM 46.8 - 48.4);
                                                                                                nel: Puget Island Bar (RM 37.4 -         38.7);            Eureka Bar (RM 51.4 - 52.0)
                                                                                                Wouna Bar (RM 40.5 - 41.5)                               (cf 41.01, 41.04, 55.13)
                                                                                             (cf 41.03, 41.04, 55.13)

                                                                                  59.40 BEACH NOURISHMENT SITES

                                  .56(B)    Beach Nourishment (CoE #0.23.5)                    58(B) - Beach Nourishment                                 61(8) - Beach Nourishment                (CoE
                                   Location RM 23.5, Miller Sands, 1600' to                    Location RM 26, Elliott Point, 1000' to L.                  W. 26. 8)
                                       L. Miller Sands Bar, 800' to U. Miller                     Pi I lor Rock Bar                                      Location RM 26.5, Elliott Point, 1500' to
                                       Sands Bar                                               Size, 4 acres                                               U. Pi I lar Rock Bar
                                   Size 120 acres                                              Ownership Private                                         Size 4 acres
                                   Ownership Federal, wildlife refuge                          Designation Conservation                                  Ownership Private
                                   Designation Conservation                                    Current Use Recreation                                    Designation Conservation
                                   Current Use Wildlife Refuge                                 Future Use Recreation                                     Current Use Recreation
                                                                                               Related Projects 40' navigation channel                   Future Use Recreation
                                   Future Use Wildlife Refuge                                                                         26.0)              Related Projects 40' navigation channel
                                   Related Projects 40' navigation channel                        - L. Pi I lar Rock Bar (RM 25.0 to                       - Upper Pillar Rock Bar (RM 26.4 to
                                       - Upper Miller Sands Bar (RM 23.5 to                    Bio-Physical Description Eroding estuary                    27.9), Lower Pillar Rock Bar (RM 25.0 to
                                       24.6)                                                      sand beach bordered by a rocky share-                    26.0)
                                   Bio-Physical Description              Horseshoe                land and woody area; approximately                     Blo-Physical Description          Estuary sand
                                       shaped estuary sand islans; northern                       2000' long with some DMD at west end                     beach less than 50' wide for 1600',
                                       dogleg active DMD site; flat sandy spit,                   and less than 100 feet of beach and                      widening to almost 200' at the eastern
                                       less than 20 feet high with a shallow                      vegetation between river and road;                       end (where post disposal has occur-
                                       area separating it from the southern                       mature trees adjacent to road north of
                                       island; experimental marsh habitat                         site with little vegetation on the site                  red); from 50 to 200 feet of vegetation
                                       creation at the eastern end; population                    itself.                                                  between beach and road; mature trees
                                       of bird species; ticla I marsh habitat.                 (cf 44.05, 55.13)                                           adjacent to road; little vegetatio        n on
                                   Environmental Concerns Protect existing                                                                                 the beach.
                                       island by periodic beach nourishment;                   60(B) -Beach Nourishment (CoE # 0. 27.2)                  (cf 44.05, 55.13)
                                       future habitat experimentation may be                   Location RM 27.2, Jim Crow Sands (Pillar
                                       appropriate; without periodic replen-                      Rock Island), 900 feet to U. Pillar Rock               62(6) - Beach Nourishment
                                       ishment this sand spit will probably be                    Bar                                                    Location RM 27. 1, Pillar Rock, 1500' to U.
                                       breached by wind and water erosion                      Size 70 acres                                               Pi I lar Rock Bar (RM 26.5 to 28.0)
                                       adversely affecting protected interior                  Ownership Federal                                         Size 4 acres
                                       tidal marsh.                                            Designation Conservation                                  Ownership Private
                                   (cf 41.05, 55.13)                                           Current Use Wildlife Refuge                               Designation Conservation
                                                                                               Future Use Wildlife Refuge                                Current Use Recreation
                                   57(B) - Beach Nourishment                                   Related Projects 40' navigation channel                   Future Use Recreation
                                   Location RM 25, Near Altoona, Washing-                         - U. Pillar Rock Bar (RM 26.4 to 27.9),                Related Projects 40' navigation channel
                                       ton; I 3W to L. Pillar Rock Bar                            Lower Pillar Rock Bar (RM 25.0 to 26.0)                  - Upper Pillar Rock Bar (RM 26.5 to
                                   Size 18 acres                                               Blo-Physical Description          Estuary sand              28.0)
                                   Ownership Private                                              island one mile long and 800' at widest                Bio-Physical Description               Gravelly
                                   Designation Conservation                                       point; a few trees on the western half                   estuary beach 1000 feet west of can-
                                   Current Use Recreation                                         along with scattered grasses and                         nery; approximately 250' wide within
                                   Future Use Recreation                                          shrubs; the eastern half revegetated                     100 feet of road; mature trees along
                                   Related Projects 40' navigation channel                        with gross and shows good cover.                         roadsic!e; little vegetation on site.
                                       - Lower Pillar Rock Bar (RM 25.0 to 26.0)               (cf 41.05, 55.13)                                         (cf 44.05, 55.13)
                                   Blo-Physical Description          Estuary sand
                                       beach bordered by steep forested up-
                                       land, beach approximately 1700 feet
                                       ong and 400 feet at widest point;
                                       estuary beaches support planktonic
                                       forms which support a variety of juven-
                                       'ile and'adult fish species.
                                   (cf 44. 05, 55.13)

                                                                                                                                                                                                  V-31

                     63(B) - Beach Nourishment              (CoE            72(B) - Beach Nourishment (CoE # 0. 36.8)               82(B) - Beach Nourishment              (CoE
                        W. 28.2)                                            Location RM 36.8, beach on S.E. side of                   W.40.9)
                     Location RM 28.2, Jim Crow Point, 2000'                  Tenasillahe Island, 900 ycls to main                  Location RM 40:9, north of Welcome
                        to U. Pillar Rock Bar                                 ship channel                                            Slough, 200 yards from main ship
                     Ownership Private                                      Size 10 acres                                             channel
                     Designation Conservation                               Ownership Federal                                       Size 30 acres
                     Current Use Recreation                                 Designation Conservation                                Ownership Private
                     Future Use Recreation                                  Current Use Wildlife Refuge                             Designation Conservation
                     Related Projects 40' navigation       channel          Future Use Wildlife Refuge                              Current Use Recreation and DMD
                        - U. Pillar Rock Bar (RM 26.5     to 28.0),         Related Projects 40' navigation channel                 Future Use Recreation and DMD
                        Lower Brookfield Bar (RM 28.7 to 29.7)                - Puget Island Bar (RM 37.4 to 38.7)                  Related Projects 40' navigation channel
                     Bio-Physical Description          Sand and             Blo-Physlcal Description               Eroding            - Wouna Bar (RM 40.5 to 41.5)
                        ravel beach extending from Jim Crow                   shoreline; predominantly sand beach,                  Bio-Physical Description A river beach
                        9                                                     interticlal flats outside an existing dike;             outside the road dike around Puget
                        Point 2000' west; western half about
                        100' wide and eastern half about 250'                 beach probably supports planktonic                      Island; predominantly sand; small
                        at widest point where post DMID has                   forms which support a variety of juven-                 temporary stockpile site located in the
                        occurred; mature frees and some vege-                 ile and adult fish species; valuable                    southern portion; material currently
                        tation on western end; mostly lb@re                   fishing drift located in the river along                used for dike maintenance purposes on
                        beach on remainder of site.                           this area.                                              Puget Island; sport fishing site; some
                     (cf 44.05, 55.13)                                      (cf 41.08, 55.13)                                         small spots of large trees.
                                                                            Comments The main concern with this                     (cf 44.01, 55.13)
                     66(B) - Beach       Nourishment        (CoE              area is that the commercial fishing drift
                        W. 33.4)                                              along side be protected.                              84(B) -Beach Nourishment (CoE # 0.40.8)
                     Location RM 33.4, Skamokawa, 800' to                                                                           Location RM 40.9, immediately down-
                        Welch Island Bar, 400' to entrance to               77(B) - Beach Nourishment (CoE 4 0.38.3)                  stream from the Wouna Mill.
                        Brooks Slough                                       Location RM 38.3, south tip of Tenasilla-               Size 3500 by 500 feet
                     Size 5 acres                                             he island, .3 miles from main ship                    Ownership Private
                     Ownership Port District #2, Wahkiokum                    channel                                               Designation Development
                        County                                              Size 10 acres                                           Current Use DMID
                     Designation   Development                              Ownership Federal                                       Future Use DMD, Development
                     Current Use   DMD Site                                 Designation Conservation                                Related Projects 40' navigation channel
                     Future Use Park                                        Current Use Recreation and DMD                            - Wouna Bar (RM 40.5 to 41.5)
                     Related Projects 40' navigation channel                Future Use Recreation and DMD                           Bio-Physical Description DMD site; con-
                        - Welch Island Bar (RM 32.6 to 34.0)                Related Projects 40' navigation channel                   tinuous erosion of shoreline; no vege-
                        and Brooks Slough improvement                         - Puget Island Bar (RM 37.4 to 38.7)                    tation.
                     Bio-Physical Description       DMD site on             Bio-Physical Description Southern part                  (cf 43.13, 55.13)
                        west bank of entrance to Skamokawa/                   behind the existing pile dike is a broad
                        Brooks Sloughs; dredged sand fills                    sand beach with a steep, eroding slope                87(B) - Beach Nourishment              (CoE
                        about 1300' along the river extending                 on the channel side; area to the north                  W.41.8)
                        almost 1000' back toward the highway;                 is lower and partially submerged;                     Location          beach south of Welcome
                        trees and undergrowth on both east                    major portion of the island to the south                Slough, I/A mile from main ship chan-
                        and west sides of the site with no vege-              is channel sand with little wildlife                    nel
                        tation on site.                                       value; northern and western portions                  Size 5 acres
                     (cf 44.04, 55.13)                                        are tidal marsh with a few willow                     Ownership Private (disputed with State)
                                                                              trees.                                                Designation Development
                     70(8) - Beach       Nourishment        (CoE            Environmental Concerns After each dis-                  Related Projects 40' navigation channel
                        W.34.4)                                               posal the area may be seeded for                        - Wouna Bar (RM 40.5 to 41.5) and
                     Location RM 34.5, Price Island, 1500' to                 water fowl winter feed increasing                     BiLower Westport Bar (RM 42.0 to 43.3)
                        Skamokawo Bar                                         waterfowl habitat area.                                 O-Physical Description        Sand beach
                     Size 5 acres                                           Comments This disposal site is currently                  outside road dike around Puget Island;
                     Ownership Wohkiakurn County                              used and is accepted (with certain                      predominantly sand with occasional
                     Designation Conflict                                     restrictions) by permit agencies. Area                  clumps of large trees along beach.
                     Related Projects 4V navigation channel                   has conflicts with wildlife people -                  (cf 44.01, 55.13)
                        - Skamokawo Bar       (RM 35.0 to 35.9),              that whole area was once a DMD site.                  Comments Major concerns with this area
                        Welch Island Bar (RM 32.6 to 34.0)                  (cf 41.08, 55.13)                                         are controlling the material, not allow-
                     Bio-Physical Description Unaltered low                                                                           ing encroachment into water, and re-
                        area with small creek draining into                 80(B) - Beach      Nourishment         (CoE               taining existing woody vegetation.
                        Steamboat Slough; extensive forest                    W. 38.7)                                                Access from main channel dredging is
                        cover with large stands of tall trees;              Location    RM 38.7, north tip of Puget                   limited by Coffee Pot Island and may
                        :upports population of bird species,                  Island, 100 yards from main ship                        prohibit future beach nourishment.
                        mall mammals and terrestrial fur-                     channel
                        bearers; wetland area.                              Size 20 acres                                           86(B) - Beach Nourishment              (CoE
                     (cf 44.03, 55.13)                                      Ownership Private                                         W. 41.3)
                                                                            Designation Development                                 Location RM 41.3, north Coffee Pot Island
                                                                            Current Use Recreation andDMD                           Size 6 acres
                                                                            Future Use Recreation and DMD                           Ownership Private
                                                                            Related Projects 40' navigation channel                 Designation Conservation
                                                                              - Puget Island Bar (RM 37.4 to 38.7)                  Related Projects 40' navigation channel
                                                                            Blo-Physical Description         River beach              - Wauna Bar (RM 40.5 to 41.5) and
                                                                              outside the road dike around Puget                      Lower Westport Bar (RM 42.0 to 43.3)
                                                                              Island; predominantly channel sand                    Bio-Physical Description        Estuary sand
                                                                              dredged material; DMD stockpile site                    island; low and flat; Coffee Pot Island
                                                                              by Wahkiakum County at the northern                     has been used extensively for DMD;
                                                                              end; some mature trees and shrubs lo-                   predominantly willow and large trees;
                                                                              cated along the east side of the beach                  sand beaches along the southern peri-
                                                                              above the high water level and also in                  meter; woody area supports small
                                                                              some spots along the beach.                             mammals and foraging bird            species.
                                                                            Environmental Concerns            New sand              (cf 44.01, 55.13)
                                                                              should not encroach into waterway
                                                                              and existing vegetation should be
                                                                              maintained.
                                                                            (cf 44.01, 55.13)

                     V-32

                                  91(B) - Beach Nourishment                 (CoE 4          94(B) - Beach Nourishment                 (CoE 4             97(B) - Beach Nourishment                 (CoE
                                     W. 43. 8)                                                 W. 45. 0)                                                    W. 51.3)
                                  Location RM 43.8, E. Sunny Sands or Pan-                  Location      RM 45.0, 'White Island, 700                    Location      RM 51.0, County Line Park,
                                     cake Point, 600 yards from main ship                      yards from main ship channel                                 10W to Eureka Bar and 2500' to Lower
                                     channel                                                Size 40 acres                                                   Eureka Bar
                                  Size 20 acres                                             Ownership State                                              Size 12 acres
                                  Ownership Private (disputed with             State)       Designation Consemation                                      Ownership Private
                                  Designation Conservation                                  Related Projects 40' navigation channel                      Designation Conservation
                                  Related Projects 40' navigation channel                      - M. Westport Bar (RM 44.4 to 45.4)                       Current Use Recreation
                                     - Lower Westport Bar (RM 42.0 to 43.3)                 Blo-Physical Description           Beach along               Future Use Recreation
                                     and Middle Westport Bar (RM, 44.4 to                      river side of estuary sand island; low                    Related Projects 40' navigation channel
                                     45.4)                                                     and flat.                                                    - Eureka Bar (RM 51.4 to 52.0) and L.
                                  Blo-Physical Description           River beach            (cf 44.01, 55.13)                                               E u re ka Ba r (RM 49.9 to 50.5)
                                     outside the road dike around Puget                                                                                  Bio-Physical Description          Estuary sand
                                     Island; predominantly sand beach with                  96(B) - Beach        Nourishment          (CoE                  beach west of County Line Park; private
                                     a steep, eroding bankline; numerous                       W.46.3, W.46.0)                                              residences adjacent to beach; upland
                                     private homes adjoin the beach out-                    Location RM 47. 1, east of site 55 on south                     slope increases to the west; scattered
                                     side of the protective dike; sport f ishing               tip of Puget Island, 600 yards from                          vegetation, predominantly beach
                                     areas are located along the beach.                        main ship channel                                            grass, located on beach; forested
                                  (cf 44.01, 55.13)                                            RM 46.3, south tip of Puget Island, 650                      slopes bordering on the north and west
                                                                                               yards from main ship channel                                 sides.
                                  92 (B) - Beach Nourishment                (CoE            Size 139 acres                                               (cf 44.02, 55.13)
                                     0.44.4)                                                Ownership State
                                  Location    RM 44.0, 250 yards from main                  Designation Conservation                                     98(B) - Beach Nourishment                 (CoE
                                     ship channel                                           Current Use Flow Control                                        W.51.3)
                                  Size 50 acres                                             Future Use Flow Control                                      Location RM 51.3, County Line Park, 600'
                                  Ownership Private                                         Related Projects 40' navigation channel                         to Eureka Bar
                                  Designation Conservation                                     - Westport Bar (RM 45.7 to 46.7) and U.                   Size 2 acres
                                  Current Use Beach Nourishment; DMD                           Westport Bar (46.8 to 48.4) and Cath-                     Ownership Wahkiakum County
                                  Related Projects 40' navigation channel,                     lamet Channel                                             Designation Conservation
                                     Middle Westport Bar (RM 44.4 to 45.5)                  Bio-Physical Description Sand island in                      Current Use Recreation
                                  Bic-Physical Description Low-flat sand                       river used for flow controls; low and                     Future Use Recreation
                                     beach outside dike; eroding.                              flat; little wildlife value; beach along                  Related Projects 40' navigation channel
                                  (cf 43.13, 55.13)                                            river side of estuary sand island.                           - Eureka Bar (RM 51.4 to 52.0)
                                                                                            Comments There are conflicts over flow-                      Bio-Physical Description          Narrow river
                                                                                               control and shoaling in Cathlomet                            sand beach adjacent to a park site pro-
                                                                                               Channel; local interests want the gaps                       tected by rip-rap; small drainage chan-
                                                                                               filled.                                                      nel at eastern end of site; site is be-
                                                                                            (cf 44.01, 55.13)                                               tween two pile dikes and is an eroding
                                                                                                                                                            area; no existing vegetation.
                                                                                                                                                         (cf 44.02, 55.13)

                                                                                                    59.50 SHORELAND SITES

                                  II(S) - Shoreland                       Priority 1          2(S) - Shoreland                       Priority 2
                                  Location Baker Bay at Port of Ilwaco,                       Location RM 2.7 just southeast of Cape                     Comments           Revegetation and land-
                                     adjacent to Port and Ilwaco Shoal                          Disappointment, East of Jetty A, 2200                       scaping after DMID would enhance
                                  Size 8 acres                                                  feet to Cape D Shoal, 4000 feet to Mid-                     environmental attributes and public
                                  Ownership Port of I Iwaco                                     Channel Shoals, 7500 feet to Ilwaco                         use potential. The use of this site will
                                  Capacity Stockpile for reuse, can handle                      Shoal                                                       depend upon a change in the current
                                     12,000/yr or 240,000/20 yr                               Size 30 acres                                                 dredging practices or a change in the
                                  Designation Water Dependent Develop-                        Ownership Federal                                             channel. if it became feasible to pipe-
                                     ment                                                     Capacity 500,000 cy at 10 feet                                line dredge the Cape D Shoal or if a
                                  Current Use DMD stockpile site                              Designation Conservation                                      new channel were to be dredged into
                                  Final Use Port development                                  Current Use Limited DMD use                                   Baker Bay, this site would be useful.
                                  Related Project Port of Ilwaco basin and                    Related Projects Baker Bay West Chan-                      (cf 45.09, 56. 10)
                                     entrance maintenance                                       nel - new channel alignment or im-
                                  Blo-Physical Description           Present sand               provement, Cape D Shoo I (RM 3.0-4.0).
                                     DMID site; retention         areas next to               Bio-Physical Description Generally flat,
                                     breakwater on south and east sides;                        sandy area with no authorized public
                                     some development adjacent to basin;                        access; southern shoreline has steep
                                     sand area with sparse grasses and little                   eroding beach; northeast beach has a
                                     habitat value.                                             low slope; upland dunes sparsely
                                  Engineering         Present acceptable DMD                    vegetated with dune grasses; low in-
                                     site; reevaluate routing of effluent                       tensity use by foraging birds.
                                     material to minimize impacts to sur-                     Engineering Hydraulic pipeline dredging
                                     rounding area; a portion should be re-                     /disposal; no site preparation if clean
                                     served for reuse.                                          channel sand material; retention berm
                                  Environmental Concerns             If disposal is             needed for finer or less clean material;
                                     contained to existing area no adverse                      only existing upland area should be
                                     environmental impacts expected.                            used for DMD; revegetation should
                                  Comments Future development plans                             occur following DMD.
                                     may conflict with use of this site, but                  Environmental Concerns No substantial
                                     continued upland disposal is important                     environmental impact from DMID be-
                                     for basin and entrance maintenance.                        cause there is little important habitat at
                                     Future development of site may mean                        this site.
                                     relocation of this stockpile to another
                                     site.
                                  (cf 45.07, 56.40)                                                                                                                                                  V - 33

                     3(S) - Shoreland                     Priority I        5(S) - Shoreland                     Priority 2
                     Location RM 3.0, Sand Island,        1000 feet         Location RM 4.0, Sand Island                               tions pose some problems. If fine
                        to Cape D Shoal, 6500 feet        to Ilwaco         Size 95 acres                                              material is disposed of at this site, the
                        Shoal, 5000 feet to Mid-Channel                     Capacity 1,520, 000 cy at 10 feet                          area could be suitable for pasture fond
                        Shoals.                                                3,040,000 cy at 20 feet                                 (but not structures for a number of
                     Size 23 acres                                          Ownership Federal                                          years after operation),
                     Capacity 360,000 cy at 10 feet                         Designation Conservation                                 (cf 45.04, 56.20)
                        720,000 cy at 20 feet                               Current Use Wildlife habitat                             9(S) - Shoreland                    Priority 2
                     Ownership Federal                                      Final Use DMD, then wildlife habitat                     Location RM 7.0, Chinook, 3000 feet to
                     Designation Conservation                               Related Projects Baker Bay West Chan-                      Port of Chinook, 4000 feet to Baker
                     Current Use Active DMD Site                               nel, Cape D Shoal (RM 3.0-4.0), Ilwaco                  Shoal
                     Final Use Wildlife habitat                                Shoal (RM 2.9-3.1), channel improve-                  Size 100 acres
                     Related Projects Baker Boy        West Chan-              ment or realignment, Port of Ilwaco                   Capacity 1,600,000 cy of 10 feet
                        nel - Cape D Shoal (RM 3-4), Ilwaco                    Basin expansion.                                      Ownership Private
                        Shoal (RM2.9-3.1), Port of Ilwaco Basin             Sio-Physical Description          Open dune
                        expansion.                                             area on southeast side     of Sand Island;            Designation Rural
                     Bio-Physical Description         Dunes area               relatively low and flat with high wind                Current Use Vacant/Wildlife Habitat
                        with densely vegetated shorcland                       erosion potential; sparsely vegetated                 Final Use Agriculture
                        bordering the east side; active DMD                    with grass and has been overgrazed by                 Related Projects Chinook Channel, inner
                        site surrounded by containment berm;                   cattle; gorse dominates western part of                 channel and channel expansion; Port
                                                                                                                                       of Chinook Basin.
                        some shrubs and fairly dense dune                      the site and grass-forb over rest of the              Bio-Physical Description Low, seasonally
                        gross cover; possibly some foraging                    site; tidal marsh exists along eastern                  wet shoreland area northeast of Chin-
                        birds.                                                 side; low wildlife value.                               ook; drainage canal along road on the
                     Engineering Hydraulic pipeline dredg-                  Engineering Hydraulic pipeline dredg-                      west side, Chinook River on the east;
                        ing/disposal; possible maintenance or                  ing/disposal; berming required; care-                   portion if forested freshwater wetland;
                        heightening of existing berm necessary                 ful control of routing of effluent ma-                  most has been logged and semi-clear-
                        before new disposal operation.                         terial to avoid impact to nearly tidal                  ed- shrubland composed of older sap-
                     Environmental Concerns           Tidal marsh              marsh; channel sand and silt material;                  lin@s, elderberry and Indian peach.
                        bordering northern edge and          upland            present use is minimal.                      e        Engineering Hydraulic pipeline dredg-
                        habitats on the east need protection;               Environmental Concerns Loss of gors                        ing/clisposal; berming and cross diking
                        area should be revegetated; loss of                    and gross-forb; no other substantial en-                required to allow for periodic filling;
                        beach grass and shrubs will occur; no                  vironmental impacts.                                    small amount of clearing required;
                        other substantial environmental im-                 Comments This site should be considered                    routing of effluent material must be
                        pacts.                                                 if the existing gap in Sand Island is                   carefully controlled to protect sur-
                     Comments        Possibility of habitat im-                used for a realignment channel into                     rounding area and Chinook River
                        provement by landscaping after use of                  Chinook or llwoco. Due to the greater                   water quality; fine sediment from Chi-
                        the site is exhausted. Addition of finer               distance to possible dredging areas,                    nook Channel to be disposed of at this
                        material to the sandy upland dune                      this site is included only for future                   site.
                        area has enhanced ground cover.                        study.                                                Environmental Concerns Loss of poten-
                     (cf 45.05, 55.10, 56.)                                 (cf 45.05, 55.1.0, 56.)                                    tial forest land and habitat for bird spe-
                     4(S) - Shoreland                     Priority I        S(S) - Shoreland                     Priority 3            cies, small mammals and terrestrial
                     Location RM 3.3, Sand Island, 1000 feet                Location RM 6.0, northwest of Chinook                      furbearers; major concerns are filling
                        to Cape D Shoal, 5000 feet to Mid-                     4000 feet to Port of Chinook,     5200 fee@             in wet areas and loss of riparian habi-
                        Channel Shoals, 6500 feet to llwaco                    to Baker Shoal (Chinook Channel)                        tat.
                        Shoal                                               Size 80 acres                                            Comments Ticlegate on Chinook River
                     Size 80 acres                                          Capacity 1,250,000 cy at 10 feet                           limits tidal influence on wetlands. Pro-
                     Capacity 1,280,000 cy at 10 feet                       Ownership Private (Gile Investment Co.)                    tection of existing wetland or other
                        2,620,000 cy at 20 feet                             Designation Rural                                          valuable habitats must be balanced
                     Ownership Federal                                      Current Use Open space                                     with need for port existence. Timing
                     Designation Conservation                               Final Use Agriculture or rural develop-                    and sequence of use of this site should
                     Current Use limited DMD use                               ment                                                    be coordinated with local interests.
                     Final Use DMD, then wildlife habitat                   Related Projects Chinook Channel; inner                  110(S) - Shoreland                  Priority I
                     Related Projects Baker Boy West Chan-                     channel and channel expansion.                        Location RM 7, Port of Chinook, adjacent
                        nel - Cape D Shoal (.3-4), Ilwaco Shoal             Sio-Physical Description Low, wet share-                   to Port
                        (RM, 2.9-3.1), new channel alignment,                  land area west of highway; several
                        Port of Ilwaco Basin expansion                         drainage canals from highway to Baker                 Size 3 acres
                     Blo-Physical Description          Flat, sandy             Bay; small upland berm parallel and                   Capacity 20,000cy/use
                        dune area extending south to an                        next to river is 5 feet higher than rest of           Ownership PortofChinook
                                                                                                                                     Designation Developnient
                        eroding area onshore from two pile                     site; residential area between port and               Current Use DMD stockpile
                        dikes at the entrance to Ilwaco Chan-                  this DMD site; part of area is forested               Final Use DMDslockpile
                        nel; dune grasses; less vegetated than                 wetland, predominantly older to the                   Related Project Port of Chinook Basin
                        Site 3(S); supports small mammals and                  south, mixing with Sitka spruce to the                  maintenance.
                        foraging birds.                                        north; fringing tidal marsh along Baker               Bio-Physical Description       Existing DMD
                     Engineering Hydraulic pipeline dredg-                     Bay; supports large population of bird                  site with surrounding dikes and drain-
                        ing/clisposol; containment berm                        species, small mammals, and terres-
                        should enclose area with return flow                   trial furbearers.                                       age into Baker Bay; little vegetation,
                        routed to protect habitat on the east               Engineering Hydraulic pipeline dredg-                      only  sparse grass, mostly on dikes.
                        and the tidal marsh to the north; limit-               ing/disposal; should be bermed and                    Engineering Hydraulic pipeline dredg-
                        ed DMD use due to access.                              cross diked into smaller portions for                   ing/disposal; silt with some contami-
                     Environmental Concerns Loss of present                    periodic use; extensive clearing re-                    nants; preservation of site for stockpile
                        gross and shrub cover should not cause                 quired; routing of effluent material                    and reuse should be considered.
                        significant environmental impact;                      carefully controlled to protect tidal                 Env .ironmental Concerns Very little enz
                                                                                                                                       vironmental value associated with site:
                        should be revegetated.                                 marsh to the north and water quality of                 no environmental impact.
                     Comments Best site for present main-                      Baker Boy; DMD use dependent on                       Comments Reuse of this site can occur
                        tenance for channel if pipeline                        owners plans.                                           as rapidly as the material is transported
                        disposal is needed, and for any new                 Environmental Concerns Loss of substan-                    away. Existing site is acceptable to re-
                        channel alignment or modification.                     tiol forested wetland and wildlife habi-                source agencies.
                        Indications are that landscaping and                   tat would occur.                                      (cf 45.03, 56.50)
                        revegetation would substantially en-                Comments This area will probably be
                        hance future use by wildlife.                          logged in the near future. Distance and
                     (cf 45.05, 55.10, 56.)                                    access from present dredging opera-

                     V - 34

                                      12(S) - Shoreland                    Priority 2            14(S) - Shoreland                    Priority I             17(S) - Shoreland                    Priority 3
                                      Location West of existing DMD site at                      Location West of Hammond Boat Basin                         Location Bounded on east by Gardenia
                                      Hammond Boot Basin.                                        including current DMD site and area to                      Street, on south by N.W. I I th Street,
                                      size 30 acres                                              the immediate south.                                        and on north by N.W. Warrenton Ave-
                                      Capacity 480,000 cy at 10 feet                             Size 3 acres                                                nue, in Warrenton.
                                      Ownership Federal                                          Capacity 48,000 cy                                          Size 50 acres
                                      Designation Development                                    Ownership Federal, leased to Hammond                        Capacity 800,000 cy at 10 feet
                                      Current Use Natural area                                   Designation Wafer Dependent Develop-                        Ownership Private parcels
                                      Future Use Ft. Stevens Park parking lot                    ment                                                        Designation Development
                                      Related Project Hammond Boat Basin                         Current Use DMD Site                                        Current Use Agriculture
                                      expansion and maintenance.                                 Final Use DMD Stockpile or high spot                        Final Use Residential
                                      Bio-Physical Description Forested low-                     Related Project Hammond Boat Basin                          Related Project Potential dredging for
                                      land on sandy substrate; relatively f lot;                 maintenance (Town of Hammond)                               deep draft ship access adjacent to Tan-
                                      bordered on east by disposal site for                      Bio-Physical Description Northern por-                      sy Point.
                                      Hammond Mooring Basin [14(S)] and                          tion is DMID site; remainder 'lightly                       Bio-Physical Description Relatively flat;
                                      on west by residential development;                        vegetated; flat with sandy soils; DMID                      drained by Tansy Creek through the
                                      dominated by red alder 50 feet high;                       site 'revegetated with salt gross and                       center of the site; class IV loamy fine
                                      understory of Hooker's willow and Pa-                      herbaceous species; disturbed area                          sand soils; postured with bentgrass and
                                      cific willow at 35 feet; occasional Sitka                  dominated by Scotch broom; some                             other species; Tansy Creek surrounded
                                      spruce; subcanopy of salmon berry,                         small mammals and birds.                                    by strip of alder; small population of
                                      trailing blackberry,' and twinberry;                       Engineering Pipeline or ciamshelldred-                    wildlife, small mammals and birds.
                                      Lyngbey's sedge and occas        ional sword               ing/disposal; requires berming for                          Engineering Hydraulic pipeline dredg-
                                      fern at ground level; supports large                       pipeline operations; removal of exist-                      ing/disposal; requires cross diking and
                                      population of bird species, small mom-                     ing disposal material for use elsewhere                     berming to protect Tansy Creek and
                                      Mals and terrestria) furbearers, rep-                      is being considered; dike, berm, weir,                      subdrainages; discharge should be                                  tiles, and amphibians.                                     and land discharge design to be devel-                      controlled such that effluent entering
                                      Engineering Hydraulic pipeline dredg-                      oped.                                                       Tansy Creek will not degrade water
                                      ing/disposal; minimize visual obstruc-                     Environmental Concerns No substantial                      quality on Alder Cove or Tansy Creek.
                                      tion to Fort Stevens;, vegetate peri-                      impacts; site should be      revegetated to                 environmental Concerns Minor reduc-
                                      Meter; requires berming with interior                      stabilize sides and prevent wind ero-                       tion in county open pasture habitat;
                                      diking, depending on boat basin sedi-                      sion.                                                       contamination of Tansy Creek and
                                      ments, return flow should pass through                     Comments The existing site is not fully                     Alder Slough should be prevented by
                                      basin.                                                     utilized. The final use and landscaping                     cooperation With DEQ, USFW, EPA, and
                                      Environmental Concerns Disposal will                     of highs'pot need planning. This site                       NMFS.
                                      produce substantial impacts on pre-                        should be used for maintenance dredg-                       Comments DMID use should be depend-
                                      viously undisturbed area; significant                      ing.                                                        ent on a demonstrated need for, Port
                                      impact on wildlife; minimal effects on                     (cf A2.01, 57.20)                                           development and the unfeasibility, of
                                      regional biota; possible effects on                                                                                    ocean disposal. This site is adequate
                                      Swash Lakeand other habitat if diking                      16(S - Shoreland                   Priority 2              for DMD use from Tansy Point. Disposal
                                      and set-back no, adequate;' requires                       Location Between Burlington Northern                        should utilize small portions sequen-
                                      coordination with DEQ and ODFW in                          Railroad and N.W. Warrenton Drive                           tially.
                                      both placement and timing.                        I       north of 14th Street in*Warrenion.                        (cf 42.02, 57.30)
                                      Comments Substantial biologic'al value                     Size @ IS acres
                                      of site should preclude its use for main-                  Capcity 144,000 cy at 5 feet                               18(S) - Shoreland                 Priority 2
                                      tenance dredging; it may be needed                         Ownership City of Warrenton (Mr.'E.H.,                      Location South of N.W. 14th Street, west'
                                      for development of Hammond Boat                            Carruthers has deeded to City of War-                      of N.W.Warrenton Street, in Warren-
                                      Basin. The current designation for open                                   deed restrictions)                            ton.
                                      space could be compatible with DMD                         Designation  Development arid Water                        Size  25 acres'
                                      use if there is adequate revegetation                      Dependent Development                                       Capacity 400, 000 cy at 10 feet
                                      and site design.                                           Current Use Vacant                                          Ownership, County and private
                                      (cf 42.01, 57)                                            final Use    Residential/commerical/in-              Designation Water Dependent DEVELOP
                                                                                               Dustrial/park                                              ment
                                      13(S) - Shoreland                  Priority 1            -Related Project Potential dredging for                     Current Use Vacant/residentiol
                                      Location West of Hammond 'Boat Basin,                   deep draft- ship access adjacent to                      Final Use Residential. or water related'
                                      north of 14(S).                                            Tansy Point.                                                development
                                      Size 3 acres                                               Bio-Physical Description Interclunol area                   Related Project Potential dredging for
                                      Capacity 48,000 cy at 10 feet.                             between two sand, ridges utilized by                        deep draft ship access adjacent to Ton-
                                      Ownership Feclercil                                       the railroad and highway; appears to                        sy Point.
                                      Designation Water Dependent Develop.                          have been disturbed in the past; domi-                      610-physical Description Flat with sandy
                                      ment                                                       noted by Scutch biroom -ond beach-                        materis; drains south to Tansy Creek;
                                      Current Use DMD Site                                       grass; suppo,rts small mammals and                         with no permanent channels; domin-
                                      Future Use DMD Stockpile or higlspot                      fordging'birds.                                             ated by older with undertory of beach-
                                      Related Project Hammond Boat Basin                         'Eqpgineering Hydraulic pipeline or bucket                   gross and ferns; some open  grass
                                      :Maintenance (Corps @entrance chan--                       dredging/disposol; requires contain-                        meadows.
                                                                                                 ment arid nondestructive effluent dis-                      Engineering Hydraulic pipeline dredg-
                                      nelq).
                                      Bib-Physical Description- Generally flat                   charge location; discharge into Alder                      diking to prevent discharge into tansy,
                                      With sandy soils ; DMD site revegetated                    Cove should be prohibited.                                  diking to prevent discharge into Tansy
                                      as 14 (s)                                                 Environmental.Concerns Minimal effects                     Creek; discharge must be routed to Co.
                                                                                                 from disposal of clean,materials; some                  :c0lumbio River across the railroad lines.
                                      Engineering Pipeline oi clorhis'nell dredg-               tl                                                 I        ...- I                                   i d.
                                      ing/disposal; rbdluies berming from                       habitat,loss; Alder Cove will require                       Eniiirdnmental Concerns Loss       'of b r ,
                                      pipeline operations; suffiiently.- dose.,              protection.                                                -small mammal and terrestrial furbear
                                      to Hammond Boat Basin for, bucket.                         Comments.' The site could be. used if                       'er fiabitat; small disruption 'of area
                                      dredging for clewatering channels-will                     T0.syoint were     cielope,  for   any             "older habitat; degradation of,water'
                                      need close attention.                                      -purpose.                                                   quality in Tansy Creek, Alder Creek
                                      Environmental Concerns 'Minor loss Of                      (cf. 42.02, 57.30)                                          and Alder Slough areas will be un-'
                                      foraging habitat for birds and small            -                                                                      a,cceptable, but could be prevented by
                                      mammals.                                                                                                               effluent routing.
                                      Comments The existing DMD site is not                                                                                  Comments This is a priority site for DMID
                                      fully utilized and could be used to es-                                                                                related to Tansy Point, development
                                      tablish high spot for separation of the                                                                                and can be used for foreseeable main-
                                      Basin from Fort Stevens State Park. The                                                                                tenance dredging.
                                      site should be used for Basin main-                                                                                    (cf 42.02, 57.30)
                                      tenance dredging.
                                      (cf 42.01,57)

                      19(S) - Shoreland                   Priority 3        Environmental Concerns Primary con-                     Environmental Concerns DMD use would
                      Location East of Alder Creek, west of                    cerns are water quality and visual im-                 preclude current agriculture; some
                         railroad track.                                       pact on Alder Slough; some habitat                     habitat loss.
                      Size 15 acres                                            loss.                                                Comments While proximity to the Skipa-
                      Capacity 240,000 cy at 10 feet                        Comments Filling priorto development                      non waterway is desirable, other siies
                      Ownership Private                                        will enhance the final use of the site,                are available and DMD use of this site
                      Designation Development                                  and the site has been identified in the                would eliminate agricultural opera-
                      Current Use Undeveloped                                  draft EIS for Pacific Fabricators' facility            tions.
                      Final Use Residential                                    to handle channel dredged material                   (cf 42.03, 57.40, 57.50)
                      Related Projects Skipanon inner chan-                    from a 20 fact channel in the Skipanon.
                         nel; Warrenton Boat/Turning Basin                  (cf 42.03, 57.40, 57.50)                                23(S) - Shoreland                   Priority I
                         maintenance and expansion; 20' chan-                                                                       Location Between the Skipanon water-
                         nel above bridge; Warrenton Lumber                 21(S) - Shoreland                    Priority 3           way and tributary to the Skipanon
                         Company development.                               Location Borders Alder Slough; bounded                    waterway north of the Oregon Coast
                      Sic-Physical Description Drainage along                  by N.W. First Avenue on the south and                  Highway and south of S.E. 6th Street
                         east side; relatively flat, loamy fine                N.W. Fifth Avenue on the north.                        in Warrenton.
                         sands with highly organic surface soils;           Size 18acres                                            Size 128 acres
                         southern portion riparian alder and                Capacity 288, 000 cy at 10 feet                         Capacity 2,016, 000 cy at 10 feet
                         willow, with isolated Sitka spruce;                Ownership Private                                       Ownership Private
                         northern portion lowland meadow with               Designation Development                                 Designation Development
                         older, willow and Scotch broom; use                Current Use Vacant land                                 Current Use Vacant
                         by terrestrial furbearers, deer, small             Final Use Residential                                   Final Use Tourist Commercial/residential
                         mammals and song birds; abundant                   Related Projects Skiponon inner chan-                     development
                         population of rodents would support                   nel; Warrenton Boat/Turning Basin                    Related Projects Skipanon inner chan-
                                                                                                                                      nel; Warrenton Boat/Turning Basin
                         high use by raptors and other preda-                  maintenance and expansion; 20' chan-                   maintenance and expansion; 20'
                         tors.                                                 nel above bridge; Warrenton Lumber                     channel above bridge; Warrenton Lum-
                      Engineering Hydraulic pipeline dredg-                    Company development.                                   ber Company development.
                         ing/disposal; requires berming; ef-                Bio-Physical Description Low and flat;                  Bio-Physical Description Low silty loam;
                      fluent controls must be constructed to pro-              surface drainage into Alder Creek on                   diked; northern portion is shrubland
                         tect Alder Creek; requires clearing;                  the west; southern portion cleared;                    covered by grasses, willow and Scotch
                         buffer between site and Alder Slough                  southern half is pasture with fescue,                  broom; southern half predominately
                         necessary; berm and fill heights should               bent grass, and other pasture species;                 forested wetland dominated by red
                         be designed to create no visual ob-                   northern portion predominantly alder                   alder and an understory of willows and
                         struction or otherwise detract from                   forest; disturbed by road construction                 sedges. .
                         Alder Slough area.                                    and four-wheel drive vehicles; wide                  Engineering Hydraulic pipeline dredg-
                      Environmental Concerns Loss of habitat                   variety of terrestrial furbeorers, small               ing/disposal; little site preparation re-
                         for furbearers and small mammals;                     mammals and birds.                                     quired; construction of weir for outfall;
                         protect water quality in Alder Slough              Engineering Hydraulic pipeline dredg-                     clearing in southern portion; diking
                         by proper design and buffer strip.                    ing/disposal; requires clearing of                     along northeast and southern portions
                      (cf 42.03, 57.40, 57.50)                                 forested portion, berming, and mea-                    to protect wetland areas.
                                                                               sures to identify and protect Alder                  Environmental Concerns          Filling fresh
                      20(S) - Shoreland                   Priority 2           Creek wetland areas.                                   water forested wetland in southern
                      Location Between Alder Slough on the                  Environmental Concerns Loss of habitat;                   portion would be major loss; DMD
                         northeast and the railroad on the west;               Alder Creek water quality; adjacent                    should be restricted to northern portion
                         north of the expansion area for War-                  wetlands; problems could be mini-                      where impacts are minimal; buffering
                         renton sewage lagoon.                                 mized by substantial setback and ef-                   to protect wetlands.
                      Size 24 acres                                            fluent disposal rerouted to the Skipa-               Comments DMD use would create an
                      Capacity 384,000 cy at 10 feet                           non.                                                   area suitable for residential develop-
                      Ownership Dant and Russell Company                    Comments High elevation fills would be                    ment, after the material has settled.
                      Designation Development                                  incompatible with residential develop-                 DMD use of the southern portion would
                      Current Use Vacant land                                  ment. Distance from dredging area                      require permits and would involve sub-
                      Final Use Industrial                                     creates problems, including crossing a                 stantial environmental impacts. Only
                      Related Projects Warrenton Boat/Turn-                    major highway. Site should be used                     the northern portion should be used
                         ing Basin maintenance and expansion;                  only if ocean disposal is not ovail-                   and close cooperation with ODFW,
                         Skipanon inner channel; 20' channel                   able.                                                  EPA, USFWS, etc. should be main-
                         above bridge; Warrenton Lumber Com-                (cf 42.03, 57.40, 57.50)                                  tained to ensure acceptable proce-
                         pany development.                                                                                            dures.
                      Blo-Physical Description Relatively flat              22(S) - Shoreland                    Priority 2         (cf 42.05, 57.40, 57.50)
                         with no developed surface drainage;                Location South of 5th     Street and west of
                         separated from Alder Slough by berm                   N.E. Skiponon Drive in Warrenton;
                         to north and east and railroad dike on                bounded on north by railroad.
                         west; loamy fine soils with high organ-            Size 15 acres
                         ic materials in surface soils; northern            Capacity 240,000 cy at 10 feet
                         portion primarily riparian older and               Ownership Private
                         willow, isolated Sitka Spruce; southern            Designation Development
                         portion predominantly lowland mead-                Current Use Pasture
                         ow with older, willow and Scotch                   Final ' Use      Industrial/commercial/resi-
                         broom invading; terrestrial furbearers,               clential
                         deer, small mammals and song bird                  Related Projects Skipanon inner chan-
                         usage; abundant rodents would                         nel; Warrenton Boat/Turning Basin
                         support use by raptors and other preda-               maintenance and expansion; 20' chan-
                         tors.                                                 nel above bridge; Warrenton Lumber
                      Engineering Hydraulic pipeline dredg-                    Company development.
                         ing/disposol; needs berming, construc-             Blo-Physical Description Relatively flat
                         tion of effluent controls to protect Alder            posturelond with an open drainage
                         Creek, clearing; maintain buffer be-                  along the west border; gross, clover
                         tween site and Alder Slough; design                   and other pasture species; small mom-
                         berm and fill height to create no visual              mals; specialty crop of artichokes.
                         obstruction or other detraction from               Enginoering Hydraulic pipeline dredg-
                         Alder Slough area.                                    ing/disposal; requires berming.

                       v - 36

                                 24(S) - Shoreland                    Priority 3         26(S) - Shoreland                   Priority 3        28(S) - Shoreland                    Priority 3
                                 Location Bounded on east by Kings Ave-                  Location North of Oregon Coast High-                  Location Southwestern portion of Clotsop
                                    nue, on south by S.E. 11 th Street, on                 way, west of Youngs Bay Plaza, east of                 County Airport
                                    west by Skipanon Slough in Warrenton.                  Marlin Avenue, south of Harbor Drive,               Size 28 acres
                                 Size 70 acres                                             in Warrenton.                                       Capacity 448,000 cy at 10 feet
                                 Capacity 1,120,000 cy at 10 feet                        Size 13 acres                                         Ownership Port of Astoria
                                 Ownership Private                                       Capacity 208,000 cy at 10 feet                        Designation Development
                                 Designation Development                                 Ownership Private                                     Current Use Agri cu Iture/shrub
                                 Current Use Agriculture                                 Designation Development                               Final Use Airport related development
                                 Final Use Commercial and residential                    Current Use Agriculture                               Bio-Physical Description Diked posture-
                                 Related Project Skipanon inner channel;                 Final Use Commercial                                     land; posture species of grasses,
                                    Warrenton Boat/Turning Basin main-                   Related Projects Skipanon inner chan-                    clover, etc.; supports small mammal
                                    ienance and expansion; 20' channel                     nel; Warrenton Boat/Turning Basin                      and bird populations.
                                    above bridge; Warrenton Lumber Com-                    maintenance and expansion; 20' chan-                Engineering         Dredging/disposal pro-
                                    pany development.                                      nel above bridge; Warrenton Lumber                     blematic: hydraulic pipeline with
                                 Bio-Physical Description Flat; two minor                  Company development.                                   booster pumps and perhaps barging
                                    drainages into Skipanon Slough; silty                Bio-Physical Description Flat diked pas-                 bucket dredged material (5 mile round
                                    clay looms; diked on west; some resi-                  iure with silty clay loom soils; some                  trip); requires berming; very expensive
                                    dential development to north and                       surface drainage in the north; posture                 to place materials here.
                                    northeast; pasture vegetation and fresh                land with bent gross, fescue, etc.,                 Environmental Concerns Loss of pasture-
                                    water diked marshlands; buttercup,                     some common rush and herbaceous                        land.
                                    common rush, bent gross, and fescue                    plants; older and elderberry shrubs                 Comments Use for mainienance,DMD is
                                    grasses dominate; use by small mam-                    occur on southern portion; use by birds                not practical. This site would be appro-
                                    mals and predators; amphibians and                     and small mammals.                                     priate for DM stockpile for dike main-
                                    reptiles in diked marshlonds.                        Engineering Hydraulic pipeline dredg-                    tenance. Site is adjacent to the Astoria
                                 Engineering Hydraulic pipeline dredg-                     ing/disposal; requires berming, dik-                   Highway and would allow access by
                                    ing/disposal; DMID use will require                    ing, and effluent weirs.                               trucks throughout the lowland areas of
                                    water quality protection for Skipanon                Environmental Concerns          Minimal im-              the Lewis and Clark Valley.
                                    Slough, a pipeline crossing for Harbor                 pacts expected if Holbrook Slough is                (cf 42.08)
                                    Drive, and diking.                                     protected from effluents; isolated pas-
                                 Environmental Concerns Loss of habitat                    tureland surrounded by development                  29(S) - Shoreland                    Priority 3
                                    and agricultural lands.                                with minimal habitat value.                         Location Northwest portion of Clatsop
                                 Comments At least the western portion                   Comments       DMD use should be coor-                   I County Airport
                                    could be used for f uture DMD use.                     dinated with rehabilitation plan to                 Size 40 acres
                                 (cf 42.05, 57.40, 57.50)                                  allow settling time prior to commercial             Capacity 640,000 cy at 10 feet
                                                                                           development and to ensure that the                  Ownership Port of Astoria
                                 25(S) - Shoreland                    Priority I           final height is appropeiate.                        Designation Development Shoreland
                                                     (reevaluate boundaries)             (cf 42.05, 57,40, 57.50)                              Current Use Agriculture/shrub
                                 Location North of Harbor Drive; bisected                                                                      Final Use Airport related development
                                    by King Avenue; in Warrenton.                        27(S) - Shoreland                   Priority 3        Bio-Physical Description        Western and
                                 Size 130 acres                                          Location South of 'Oregon Coast High-                    southern areas are postureland; north-
                                 Capacity 2,080, 000 cy at 10 feet                         way, west of Holbrook Slough, in War-                  ern and eastern areas are lowland; sur-
                                 Ownership Port dif Astoria                                renton.                                                rounded by dikes; drainage channel
                                 Designation Water Dependent Develop-                    Size 9 acres                                             along northern dike into Youngs Bay;
                                    ment                                                 Capacity 144,000 cy at 10 feet                           lowland portion if shrubbery of willow,
                                 Current Use Limited industrial, residen-                Ownership Private                                        Scotch broom, and small alder and
                                    tial and agriculture                                 Designation Development                                  grasses; supports populations of deer,
                                 Final Use Industrial                                    Current Use Agriculture                                  terrestrial furbearers, small mammals,
                                 Related Projects Warrenton Boat/Turn-                   Final Use Commercial                                     and birds.
                                    ing Basin maintenance and expan-                     Related Projects Skipanon inner chan-                 Engineering       Dredging/disposal prob-
                                    sion; 20' channel above bridge; Skip-                  nel; Warrenton Boat/Turning Basin                      lematic:    hydraulic pipeline with
                                    anon inner channel; Warrenton Lum-                     maintenance and expansion; 20' chan-                   booster pumps or 5 mile round trip
                                    ber Company development.                               nel above bridge; Warrenton Lumber                     barging bucket dredged material; re-
                                 Bio-Physical Description         The upland               Company development.                                   quires berming, and clearing of north-
                                    areas and diked marshlands of the Pa-                Bio-Physical Description Low, flat, with                 ern and eastern portions.
                                    cific Fabricators' site west of Holbrook               silty clay soils; drained by a small                Environmental Concerns Loss of deer,
                                    Slough; generally low; sand fill mate-                 slough into Holbrook Slough; diked                     terrestrial furbearer, small mammal,
                                    rial and diked tidal marsh; adjacent to                marsh dominated by common rush,                        and bird habitats; some loss of posture-
                                    the Skiponon Channel; drains into                      bent gross, fescue, buttercup, etc.;                   land.
                                    Skipanon Peninsula directly and into                   use by small mammals, reptiles, am-                 Comments As in Site 28(S), the major
                                    Youngs Bay through Holbrook Slough;                    phibians, and birds.                                   problems are economic. It will be very
                                    upland pastures with sandy soils                     Engineering Hydraulic pipeline dredg-                    expensive to place dredged materials
                                    supporting gross, Clover, and other                    ing/disposol; requires berming and                     here. DMD use from maintenance
                                    herbaceous species; diked marshland                    weir construction for effluent dis-                    dredging is not practical.
                                    contains common rush, buttercup, bent                  charge; pipeline would cross both Har-              (cf 42.08)
                                    grass, etc.; use by amphibians, rep-                   bor Drive and the Oregon Coast High-
                                    tiles, birds; supports a population a'                 way.
                                    short-eared owls and marsh hawks.                    Environmental Concerns          Habitat loss;
                                 Engineering Hydraulic pipeline or bucket                  minimal water quality impacts because
                                    dredging/disposal; requires berming                    Holbrook Slough is a highly mani-
                                    to protect Holbrook Slough; overflow                   puloted waterway; appropriate diking
                                    weirs; existing dikes should contain                   and weir development can control
                                    DM.                                                    sediment.
                                 Environmental Concerns Minimal hobi-                    Comments This site is a low priority be-
                                    tat loss; need to protect water quality                cause the multiple highway crossings
                                    and riparian vegetation along Hol-                     make DMD use expensive. Fill for de-
                                    brook Slough.                                          velopment of this area could be
                                 (cf 42.06, 57.40,  57.50)                                 brought in from sources other than
                                                                                           dredging.
                                                                                         (cf 42.08, 57.40, 57.50)

                                                                                                                                                                                         V - 37

                     30(S) - Shoreland                     Priority 3         32(S) - Shoreland                    Priority 2         37(S) - Shoreland                     Priority 2
                     Location       Northern area of Clatsop                  Location Eastern portion of Clatsop Coun-               Location Astoria waterfront (RM 16); east
                        County Airport                                          ty Airport.                                              of the East End Mooring Basin, in As-
                     Size 11 acres                                            Size 125 acres                                             toria.
                     Capacity 176, 000 cy at 10 f eet                         Capacity 2,000,000 cy at 10 feet                        Size 7 acres
                     Ownership Port of Astoria                                Ownership Port of Astoria                               Capacity 112,000 cy at 10 feet
                     Designation Development                                  Designation Development                                 Ownership Private (Bumble Bee Sea-
                     Current Use Vacant land/shrub                            Current Use Vacant/some agriculture                        foods)
                     Final Use Airport related development                    Final Use Airport related development                   Designation Water Dependent Develop-
                     Related Project Youngs Bay/River and                     Related Project Lewis and Clark River                   ment
                        Lewis and Clark River entrance.                         development or channel maintenance,                   Current Use Undeveloped
                     Bio-Physical Description flat diked low-                   Port of Astoria Slips; Youngs Bay/River.              Final Use Marine Commercial, industrial
                        land; drainage into Youngs Bay; for-                  Bio-Physical Description Lowland with                   Related Project East End Mooring Basin
                        ested with alder; understory of shrubs                  dike along eastern side; many drain-                  Bio-Physical Description          Undeveloped
                        and grassy ground cover; supports                       age channels to tide box which drains                    low area created by sand fill on the
                        populations of deer, terrestrial furbear-               into Youngs Bay; forested with alder;                    Astoria waterfront; one structure on
                        ers, small mammals, and birds.                        understory of shrubs and grassy ground                     northeast corner; little natural vegeta-
                     Engineering       Dredging/disposal prob-                  cover; spruce stand in eastern portion;                  tion or biological value.
                        lematic: hydraulic pipeline may need                    marsh grass-buttercup meadow in                       Engineering Hydraulic pipeline dredg-
                        booster pumps; 5 mile round trip for                    southern portion; supports populations                   ing/disposal; requires berming, devel-
                        barging bucket dredged materials; re-                   of deer, terrestrial furbearers, and                     opment of outflow weir, and cross-
                        quires clearing and berming.                            small mammals.                                           diking to protect effluent discharge
                     Environmental Concerns Loss of habitat.                  Engineering       Dredging/disposal prob-                  water quality.
                     Comments DMD use of this site is co          m-            lematic: hydraulic pipeline would re-                 Environmental Concerns Minimal im-
                        patible with expanding commercial                       quire booster pumps; 5 mile round trip                   pacts expected if water quality is main-
                        use of airport property if appropriate                  for barged-in bucket dredged material                    tained.
                        settling time is allowed. Use for main-                 from Port of Astoria; requires clearing               Comments Careful engineering would
                        tenance dredging is probably too                        and berming; site should be divided                      protect surrounding properties from
                        expensive.                                              and the Spruce Stand should be avoid-                    DMD use and water quality along the
                     (cf 42.08, 57.60)                                          ed.                                                      Columbia River waterfront. Filling
                                                                              Environmental Concerns Loss of habitat.                    could facilitate future commercial or
                     31(S) - Shoreland                     Priority 3         Comments Use of this site for disposal                     industrial uses if the design and fill are
                     Location     Northeast section of Clatsop                  from   maintenance dredging is proba-                    appropriate.
                        County Airport                                          bly not feasible, due to cost. Placement              (cf 42.15, 57.80)
                     Size 24 acres                                              of fill here would be compatible with
                     Capacity 384, 000 cy at 10 feet                            expanding commercial uses of airport                  38(S) - Shoreland                     Priority 2
                     Ownership Port of Astoria                                  property.                                             Location Astoria waterfront (RM 17); at
                     Designation Development                                  (cf 42.08, 57,60)                                          west end of Astoria sewage lagoons.
                     Current Use Vacant land/shrub                                                                                    Size 15 acres
                     Final Use Commercial - airport                           33(S) - Shoreland                    Priority I         Capacity 240, 000 cy at 10 feet
                     Related Project Youngs Bay/River and                     Location Lewis and Clark River, RM 7,                   Ownership City of Astoria
                        Lewis and Clark River entrance.                         east bank.                                            Designation Development
                     Blo-Physical Description Lowland; diked                  Size 16 acres                                           Current Use Undeveloped
                                                                              Capacity 256, 000 cy at 10 feet                         Final Use Industrial
                        along     northern      side;      drainage           Ownership Private                                       Related Projects East End Mooring Basin;
                        channels into Youngs Bay; forest          ed                                                                     West End Mooring Basin (Fisherman's
                        with alder; understory of shrubs and                  Designation Rural                                          Dock and Marina); Coast Guard slips
                        grassy ground cover; supports        popu lo-         Current Use Dredged disposal site                          at Tongue Point.
                        tions of deer, terrestrial furbearers,                Final Use Agriculture                                   Bic- Physica I Description Hasbeenfilled;
                        small mammals, and birds.                             Related Projects Crown Zellerbach log                      flat; sparse vegetation of grasses and
                     Engineering       Dredging/disposal prob-                  dump and Lewis and Clark River dredg-                    a few shrubs.
                        lematic: hydraulic pipeline would re-                   ing.                                                  Engineering Clamshell or hydraulic pipe-
                        quire booster pumps; 5 mile round trip                Bio-Physical Description Low, flat; pas-                   line dredging/disposal; requires berm-
                        for barged bucket dredged materials;                    ture beyond disposal site; dike along                    ing for hydraulic pipeline.
                        requires clearing and berming.                          river and around disposal area.                       Environmental Concerns Minor impacts
                     Environmental Concerns Loss of habitat.                  Engineering Clamshell or hydraulic pipe-                   expected if water quality can be pro-
                     Comments Use of this site for disposal                     line dredging/clisposal;berming needs                    iecied.
                        from maintenance dredging is proba-                     to be maintained to prevent overflow                  Comments DMD use would be compati-
                        bly not feasible, due to cost. Placement                on adjacent farm land.                                   ble with eventual industrial use if ap-
                        of fill here would be compatible with                 Environmental Concerns Minimal envi-
                        expanding commercial uses of-                           ronmental value; area has been used                      propriate settling time is allowed. This
                     airport'/2                                                 for disposal in the past; little environ-                site should be reserved for DMID use.
                                                                                mental impact.                                        (cf 42.15, 57.80)
                     Comments Use of this site         for disposal           (cf 42.09, 55.20, 57.60)
                        from maintenance dredging is proba-
                        bly not feasible, due to cost. Placement
                        of fill-here would be compatible with
                        expanding commercial uses of airport
                        property.
                     (cf 42.08, 57.60)

                   V - 38

                                 40(S) - Shoreland                     Priority I        Final Use Marine Industrial development                 Engineering Hydraulic pipeline dredg-
                                 Location      Mott Island esat of Tongue                Related Project Tongue Point develop-                     ing/disposal; requires diking to pro-
                                    Point.                                                 ment                                                    tect residences and clearing of forested
                                 Size 60 acres                                           Bio-Physical Description Fill land created                area; buffer along John Day River;
                                 Capacity 1,920,000 cy at 10 feet                          by dredging of MARAD Basin; higher                      pipeline access across railroad tracks.
                                 Ownership State of Oregon                                 at center; drainage from domed area                   Environmental Concerns Loss of willow-
                                 Designation Conservation                                  to surrounding tidol Flats; dense growth                alder habitat; protection of riparian ve-
                                 Current Use Wildlife refuge                               of alder and willow with grassy open-                   getation along John Day River is criti-
                                 Final Use Wildlife refuge                                 ings on higher portion; supports a wide                 cal; DMD use would cause substantial
                                 Related Project tongue Point develop-                     variety of birds, small mammals, ter-                   change in water storage capacity of
                                    ment.                                                  restrial furbearers, and deer; high ha-                 pastures and would change agricultur-
                                 Bio-Physical Description       Fairly flat low-           bitat values.                                           al use.
                                    land island created by      DMD; drainage            Engineering Hydraulic pipeline dredg-                   Comments The site is approximately 2
                                    channels into Columbia; forested with                  ing/disposal; requires clearing and                     miles from the dredging area for
                                    older and willow; ground cover of                      diking.                                                 Tongue Point development. Use of the
                                    sedges and other herbaceous plants;                  Environmental Concerns Substantial loss                   site would involve expenses in pipe-
                                    shady,grossland in center; utilized by                 of valuable habitat; these values could                 line lay-oui and land acquisition from
                                    a variety of wildlife species including                be recouped after disposal unless the                   private owners. Title for DMD use
                                    deer, terrestrial furbearers, small                    area is developed.                                      would be difficult to obtain. Existing
                                    mammals, and a wide variety of birds.                Comments        Clarification with       owner            farm use effectively precludes DMD
                                 Engineering Hydraulic pipeline or bucket                  would be necessary prior to any DMD                     use
                                    dredge dredging/disposal; requires                     use.                                                  (cf 43.01, 57.70)
                                    clearing and diking.                                 (cf 42.16, 57.50)
                                 Environmental Concerns              Substantial                                                                 46(S) - Shoreland                    Priority I
                                    habitat loss; water quality could be                 43(S) - Shoreland                   Priority 3          Location Svensen Island
                                    managed by appropriate diking; hab-                  Location On west entrance of the John                   Size 400 acres
                                    itat could be restored if site is revege-              Day River.                                            Capacity 2,000,000 cy at 3 feet
                                    tated after DMD use.                                 Size 30 acres                                                  (includes ditch)
                                 Comments Site would be needed if Port                   Capacity 480,000 cy at 10 feet, or                      Ownership Robert Reed, Charles Hag-
                                    development occurs at Tongue, Point                             960,000 cy at 20 feet                          lund
                                    and other locations to place dredged                 Ownership Claisop County                                Designation Rural and Conservation
                                    material are not available. Site may be              Designation Rural                                       Current Use Posture and open space
                                    needed for future maintenance dredg-                 Current Use Forested habitat                            Final Use Pasture and open space
                                    ing disposal, even if not used for initial           Final Use Residential or park                           Related Projects      Port of Astoria slips;
                                    construction disposal.                               Related Project Tongue Point develop-                     Fisherman's Dock and Marina; East End
                                 (cf 42.17, 57.70)                                         ment.                                                   Mooring Basin; Coast Guard slips.
                                                                                         Bio-Physical Description Low diked area-                Bio-Physical Description Low, flat; silt,
                                 41(S) - Shoreland                    Priority I                                                                   clay loom soils; high water table; pas-
                                 location South end of Tongue Point slips                Bi.,physical Description Low diked area;                  ture and open space with are. of wil-
                                    on an abandoned athletic field and                     fine grained soils; forested with older;                low; diked along perimeter; road
                                    trash dump.                                            understory of willow; ground cover of                   along southern part of island.
                                 Size 8 acres                                              sedges and other herbaceous plants;                   Engineering       Clamshell and bucket
                                 Capacity 128,000 cy at 10 f eet                           use by variety of wildlife species in-                  dredging/clornshell, bucket and pipe-
                                 Ownership Federal (surplus)                               cluding terrestrial furbearers, small                   line disposal; easy barge access occurs
                                 Designation Water Dependent Develop-                      mammals, and a wide variety of birds.                   only in N.W. side of island; other parts
                                    ment                                                 Engineering Hydraulic pipeline dredg-                     of island are accessible by small
                                 Current Use Undeveloped                                   ing/disposal; requires clearing, weir                   barges at high tide; this has already
                                 Final Use Marine Industrial                               construction-and development of water                   been done on the S.E. side of the is-
                                 Related Project        Tongue    Point devel-             discharge; pipeline would cross rail-                   land; pipelining material from barges
                                    opment.                                                road.                                                   is also possible; much of the material
                                 Bio-Physical Description         A fill area;           Environmental Concerns Loss of habitat.                   would have to be spread out by bull-
                                    shoreward edge of rubble and debris;                 Comments DMD use would be compati-                        dozer once disposed.
                                    two minor buildings; vegetated with                    ble with reside n*tial development but                Environmental Concerns The dredged
                                    mixture of broom, fescue and rye                       would not be compatible with possible                   material needed here is fine silts and
                                    gross; supports a variety of small mam-                Clatsop County plans for park develop-                  clays; temporary displacement of pas-
                                    mals, foraging birds, and raptors; no                  ment. Any use of this site would be                     ture grosses would occur; DMD could
                                    high biological values.                                expensive. The site should be a low                     improve agricultural value of land and
                                 Engineering Hydraulic pipeline or bucket                  priority for DMD use.                                   would reduce the flood hazard of the
                                    dredge dredging/disposal; requires                   (cf 43.0.1, 57.50)                                        island; natural resource values would
                                    diking for hydraulic pipeline and re-                                                                          not be heavily off ected.
                                    moval of existing structures; care in lo-            44(S) - Shoreland                   Priority 3          Comments Dredged material is currently
                                    cation of outfall in construction of ef-             Location Borders U.S. Highway 30 and                      being disposed of on the N.W. side of
                                    fluent weir.                                           the west bank of the John Day River.                    the island and has been in the past.
                                                                                                                                                   Owners are eager to accept DMD on
                                 Environmental Concerns Minimal im-                      Size 45 acres
                                    pacts expected if water quality is main-             Capacity 720,000 cy at 1 Of eet                           their property. Of special concern is
                                    tained.                                              Ownership Federal and Private
                                 Comments This site should receive such                  Designation Rural                                       Comments Dredged material is currently
                                    DMID use if it can absorb prior to other             Current Use Agriculture and residential                   being disposed of on the N.W. side of
                                    uses but development is tied to de-                  Final,Use Agriculture or residential                      the island and has been in the post.
                                    velopment of the Tongue Point Basin.                 Related Project Tongue Point develop-                     Owners are eager to accept DMD on
                                 (cf 42.16, 57.70)                                         meni.                                                   their property. Of special concern is a
                                                                                         Bic-Physical Description Diked posture-                   ditch just behind the north island dike,
                                 42(S) - Shoreland                    Priority 2           land; relatively flat; houses on                        which needs to be filled to insure sta-
                                 Location South of Tongue Point, north of                  highway side; diked internal drainage                   bility of the dike (0.5 miles long, 20
                                    mouth of John Day River.                               channels; bent grass, fescue, buttercup                 feet wide, and 4 feet deep).
                                 Size 77 acres                                             and other herbaceous species; small                   (cf 43.03, 55.20, 57.60)
                                 Capacity 1,240,000cyailOfeet                              forested area of willow and alder at
                                 Ownership Federal (Corps of Engineers)                    center of site; supports populations of
                                 Designation Water Dependent Develop-                      small mammals, foraging birds and
                                    ment                                                   raptors.
                                 Current Use Wildlife habitat/Corps field
                                    office

                                                                                                                                                                                        V - 39

                      48(S) - Shoreland                     Priority 2         Comments Channel dredging and dike                       65(S) - Shoreland                      Priority I
                      Location Deep River RM 1.0, Deep River                     construction and repair throughout the                 Location RM 33.4, Skamokowo, 800 feet
                        Channel from Grays Bay, on west bank                     Grays River valley would improve                          to Welch Island Bar, 400 feet to Skamo-
                        of Deep River.                                           flood protection.                                         kawa Creek Channel, on west bank of
                      Size 15 acres                                            (cf 44.06, 58. 10)                                          Ska m okawa/ Brooks Sloughs entrance.
                      Capacity 240,000 cy at 10 feet                                                                                    Size 11 acres
                      Ownership Private                                        52(S) - Shoreland                     Priority 2         Capacity 176,000cy at 10 feet
                      Designation Rural                                        Location Grays River RM 0, on east bank.                 Ownership Leased from Boise-Cascade
                      Current Use Agriculture                                  Size 20 acres                                               to Port District "2, Wahkiakum County.
                      Final Use Agriculture                                    Capacity 320,000 cy at 10 feet                           Designation Development
                      Related Projects Grays Bay and Deep                      Ownership Private                                        Current Use DMD stockpile
                        River.                                                 Designation Rural                                        Final Use Park
                      Blo-Physical Description Flat, low diked                 Current Use Agriculture                                  Related Project Welch Island Bar; Ska-
                        farmland with steep slopes to north-                   Final Use Agriculture                                       mokawa Creek Channel; Brooks
                        west; residences adjacent and several                  Related Project Grays River/Bay                             Slough improvement; Steamboat
                        form structures on site; mostly posture                Bio-Physical Description          Low, level                Slough.
                        grassland with forested area to north-                   diked farmland; adjacent residences;                   Bio-Physical Description Dredged sand
                        west and tidal marsh outside dike;                       grassland with trees and shrubs along                     fills for about 1300 feet along the river
                        small populations of small mammals                       dike; supports small mammals, birds,                      and almost 1000 feet back towards
                        and birds.                                               and form animals.                                         highway; stockpile site along north-
                      Engineering Hydraulic pipeline or clam-                  Engineering Hydraulic pipeline dredg-                       west margin; forested area along west
                        shell dredging/disposal; requires dik-                   ing/disposal; requires diking along                       boundary; river beach along south;
                        ing around western and southern                          northeast border and effluent controls                    few trees; little wildlife and resource
                        borders and controlled routing of ef-                    to protect Grays River and Bay water                      value.
                        fluent to protect farm area to west and                  quality.                                               Engineering Hydraulic pipeline dredg-
                        water quality of Deep River.                           Environmental Concerns           Minimal im-                ing/disposal; site preparation minimal
                      Environmental Concerns Temporary loss                      pacts on wildlife; DMD use would take                     due to former use as DMID site; site
                        of form land until resettling; possible                  land out of agricultural use or change                    berm and weir construction would be
                        change in agricultural use; depending                    type of agriculture.                                      necessary.
                        on nature of fi I I.                                   Comments Use of this site depends upon                   Environmental Concerns            Expansion of
                      (cf 44.06, 58. 10)                                         other DMID site options for disposal of                   existing site to the west may encroach
                                                                                 material from potential Grays River/                      on forested wetland area. Existing site
                      49(S) - Shoreland                     Priority 2           Bay projects.                                             has little vegetation and few natural
                      Location Deep River RM 2.0 on south                      (cf 44.06, 58. 10)                                          resource concerns. Stranding of ju-
                        bank.                                                                                                              venile salmonids on adjacent beach
                      Size 20 acres                                            55(S) - Shoreland                     Priority I            may be a problem.
                      Capacity 320,000 cy at 10 feet                           Location RM 21.0, Rice Island, 1500 feet                 Comments The site is needed for main-
                      Ownership Private                                          to Miller Sands Bar and Harrington                        tenance dredging but continued DMD
                      Designation Development                                    Point Sump,                                               use conflicts with park development.
                      Current Use Vacant/agriculture                           Size 215 acres                                              Wahkiakum County needs a stockpile
                      Final Use Agriculture                                    Capacity 3,440, 000 cy at 10 f eet;                         site in this area. Development plans
                      Related Project Deep River Channel.                                 6,800,OW cy at 20 feet                           and disposal options require greater
                      Bio- Phys ica I Description Flat, lowgrass-              Ownership       Clatsop County (extreme                     coordination, but area has excellent
                        land with occasional areas of shrubs,                    eastern end in Wahkiakum County,                          recreational development potential.
                        sedge and older; supports small mam-                     Washington)                                            (cf 44.04, 55.10, 58.20)
                        mals and foraging birds.                               Designation Conservation                                 69(S) - Shoreland                      Priority 3
                      Engineering Hydraulic pipeline or clam-                  Current Use Dredged material disposal                    Location RM 34A Price Island, 1500 feet
                        shell dredging/disposal; requires dik-                 Final Use DMID use (possible habitat area
                        ing and drainage construction to Deep                    for waterfowl)                                            to Skamokawo Bar.
                        River to minimize impacts on adjacent                  Related Projects        40 foot navigation               Size 75 acres
                        areas and protect water quality.                         channel; Harrington Point Sump [RM                     Capacity    1,200,000 cy at 10 feet
                      Environmental Concerns Temporary loss                      21, Site 54(E)]; Lower Miller Sands Bar                            2,400,000 cy at 20 feet
                        of grassland habitat.                                    (RM 21.4 - 22.5).                                      Ownership Wohkiakum County
                      Comments Deposition of fines would                       Bio-Physical Description         Flat, estuary           Designation Development
                        limit development but raising the land                   sand island; currently active DMID site;               Current Use unaltered
                        would enhance flood protection. Stock-                   elevations near 30 feet in some places;                Final Use Port development
                        pile use for dike maintenance is feas-                   scattered vegetation, mainly beach                     Related Project Wohkiakum County-port
                        ible.                                                    grasses and occasional shrubs; sup-                       development (southeast end of Price
                      (cf 44.06, 58. 10)                                         ports population of bird species;                         island).
                                                                                 beaches support planktonic forms                       Bio-Physical Description         Presently un-
                      51(S) - Shoreland                     Priority 2           which support variety of juvenile and                     altered low area with small creek
                      Location Grays River RM 1.5                                adult fish species.                                       draining into Steamboat Slough; ex-
                      Size 20 acres                                            Engineering Hydraulic pipeline dredg-                       tensive forest cover with large stands
                      Capacity 320, OW cy at 10 f eet                            ing/disposal; further site preparation                    of tall trees; supports large population
                      Ownership Private                                                                                                    of bird species, small mammals and
                      Designation Rural                                        Engineering Hydraulic pipeline dredg-                       terrestrial furbearers; wetland area.
                      Current Use Agriculture                                    ing/disposal; further site preparation                 Engineering Hydraulic pipeline dredg-
                      Final Use Agriculture                                      not required; disposal area should be                     ing/disposal; extensive clearing neces-
                      Related Project Grays River Channel and                    revegetated after each disposal; ex-                      sary; berming to provide containment;
                        entrance.                                                pansion of Rice Island required to meet                   route effluent material to protect adja-
                      Bio-Physical Description Diked farmland                    future disposal needs.                                    cent land on island.
                        in broad bend of Grays River; low,                     Environmental Concerns Expansion of                      Environmental Concerns Surrounded by
                        level, with form activity and residences                 the island to accommodate future                          wildlife refuge and Conservation land
                        adjacent; cultivated farmland.                           dredging needs will impact the sur-                       and water; significant impact on the
                      Engineering Hydraulic pipeline or clam-                    rounding water area.                                      wildlife resources should disposal oc-
                        shell dredging/disposal; requires dik-                 Comments Major concerns are revege-                         cur.
                        ing on southern side and effluent con-                   tation after disposal and expansion                    Comments This site would offer deep
                        trol to minimize water quality impacts.                  into water area. Unless an alternative                    water access for future Wahkiakum
                      Environmental Concerns Temporary loss                      disposal site (flow-lone or sump) is                      County port development, but has no
                        of farmland.                                             found, Rice Island will need to expand.                   land transportation access. Beach nour-
                                                                               (cf 41.03, 55,12)                                           ishment for protection against erosion
                                                                                                                                           is possible.
                                                                                                                                        (cf 44.03, 58.40)
                      V-40

                                  74(S) - Shoreland                     Priority 2        Related Projects Puget Island Bar, Brad-                 Environmental Concerns DMID use would
                                  Location Elochomon River, 5500 feet to                     wood port development.                                   substantially decrease biological val-
                                     Elochoman Marina, north of log sorting               Bio-Physical Description Approximately                      ues of site and result in habitat loss for
                                     and storage yard.                                       3-foot high berm around the edge; rail-                  big game mammals, furbearers, small
                                  Size 90 acres                                              road tracks and drainage ditch along                     mammals, and birds.
                                  Capacity 1, 440,000 cy at 10 feet                          southwest edge; open site filled with                 Comments A small portion of this site has
                                  ownership Private                                          Columbia River sand; no drainage de-                     already been used for DMID. The site
                                  Designation Development                                    veloped; effluent has drained into log                   could be used for placement of chan-
                                  Current Use Forested low shoreland                         pond to the southeast; few weedy                         nel maintenance material and filling
                                  Final Use Industrial                                       plant species on the sand fill; willow                   should be phased with development of
                                  Related Projects Elochoman Slough, log                     and alder fringe on west, south and                      the entire Wauna area.
                                     sorting yard expansion and mainten-                     east sides; little wildlife use.                      (cf 43.13, 58.70)
                                  ance.                                                   Engineering Hydraulic pipeline dredg-
                                  Bio-Physical Description Low flat land,                    ing/disposal; requires berming on                     85(S) - Shoreland                     Priority 2
                                     seasonally very wet, uncliked and un-                   northwest side to prevent effluent dis-               Location RM 41.27, 50 yards south of
                                     altered; forested area with large wil-                  charge.                                                  Welcome Slough.
                                     low, cottonwood trees, and occasional                Environmental Concerns             No impacts            Size 10 acres
                                     spruce; supports large population of                    expected.                                             Capacity 160,000 cy at 10 feet
                                     bird species, small mammals, and ter-                Comments DMID use would involve de-                      Ownership Private
                                     restrial furbearers.                                    velopment opportunity and the site                    Designation Rural
                                  Engineering Hydraulic pipeline dredg-                      should be used for disposal from Puget                Current Use Posture
                                     ing/disposal; requires extensive clear-                 Island Bar dredging,                                  Final Use Agriculture
                                     ing, berming, and cross diking to ac-                (cf 43.12, 58,60)                                        Related Project Welcome Slough de-
                                     commodate small amounts of material                                                                              velopment.
                                     at different times; DMID use should be               79(S) - Shorel'and (Corps W-38.7)                        Sio-Physical Description         Flat lowland
                                     coordinated with developers; DMID of                                                                             inside dike surrounding Puget Island;
                                     fines would limit some development.                                                        Priority 1            eastern perimeter bordered by posture
                                  Environmental Concerns Significant im-                  Location RM 38.7, North tip of Puget is-                    land with remainder bordered by the
                                     pact on wildlife resources.                             land, 100 yards from main ship chan-                     rood dike; posture grasses; small popu-
                                  Comments Site could be           used for dis-             nel.                                                     lations of small mammals and birds.
                                     posal of material from Elochoman                     Size 8 acres                                             Engineering Hydraulic pipeline or clam-
                                     Slough and expansion of the log sort-                Capacity 128,000 cy at 10 feet                              shell dredging/disposal; requires dik-
                                     ing yard.                                            Ownership Wahkiakum County                                  ing along eastern edge; return flow
                                  (cf 44.03, 55.20, 58.40)                                Designation Rural and Conservation                          should be routed through Welcome
                                                                                          Current Use DMD stockpile                                   Slough and not affect adjacent posture
                                  76(S) - Shoreland                    Priority 1         Final Use DMD Stockpile                                     lands; site adequate for silts and clays.
                                  Location South tip of Hunting Island on                 Related Project Puget Island Bar.                        Environmental Concerns Impacts of loss
                                     Elochoman Slough at Cothlamet.                       8io-Physical Description          River beach               of habitat and posture would be tem-
                                  Size 20 acres                                              outside road dike around Puget Island;                   pOrary.
                                  Capacity 320, 000 cy at 10 feet                            predominately channel sand dredged                    Comments This site would be important
                                  Ownership Federal                                          material; stockpile for Wahkiakum                        if Welcome Slough is developed.
                                  Designation Natural                                        County use at northern end; aquatic                   (cf 44.01, 55. 10)
                                  Current Use         Wildlife Refuge/former                 area supports planktonic forms wh;ch
                                     DMD site                                                are used by fishes.                                   86(S) - Shoreland                    Priority I
                                  Final Use Wildlife Refuge                               Engineering Hydraulic pipeline dredg-                    Location RM 42.4, beach south of Wel-
                                  Related Projects Elochomon Slough/Ma-                      ing/disposal; requires clean channel                     come Slough, 3/A mile from main ship
                                     rina and Cathlamet Channel.                             sands and effluent controls; new ma-                     channel.
                                  Bio-Physical Description Forested low-                     terials should not encroach on water-                 Size 15 acres
                                     land seasonally wet; large spruce, cot-                 way or existing vegetation.                           Capacity 240,000 cy at 10 feet
                                     tonwood trees and willow; supports                   Environmental Concerns            Impacts are            Ownership Wahkiakum County
                                     large populations of bird species, small                temporary; area gets minimal wildlife                 Designation Rural
                                     mammals, and terrestrial furbearers;                    use.                                                  Current Use DMD Stockpile
                                     adjoins Columbian White-tailed Deer                  (cf 44.01, 55, 10)                                       Final Use DMID Stockpile
                                     Refuge.                                                                                                       Related Project Wouna Bar
                                  Engineering Hydraulic pipeline dredg-                   83(S) - Shoreland                     Priority 2         Bio-Physical Description DMD stockpile
                                     ing/disposal; requires extensive clear-              Location North of Wouna, adjacent to                        outside road dike around Puget Island
                                     ing and berming,                                        Bradley Park                                             east of Welcome Slough; little vege-
                                  Environmental Concerns              Significant         Size 70 acres                                               tation and wildlife use; low habitat
                                     wildlife impacts should be minimized;                Capacity 1, 120,000 cy at 10 feet                           value.
                                     adjoining refuge areas should be pro-                Ownership State of Oregon and Private                    Engineering Hydraulic pipeline dredg-
                                     tected.                                                 (Crown Zellerbach)                                       ing/disposal; no problems.
                                  Comments This is the most feasible site                 Designation Water Dependent Develop-                     Environmental Concerns Assuming DMID
                                     for the Cathlamet-Elochoman Slough                      ment Shore land                                          of clean channel sands, the beach will
                                     area. Site 74(S) is less feasible econo-             Current Use Vacant, wildlife habitat                        return to productivity shortly after DMD
                                     mically and more objectionable envi-                 Final Use Industrial                                        use; site should be confined to prevent
                                     ronmentally. Small area has been used                Related Project Wauno Bar; Wouna/                           encroachment into the water or woody
                                     as a disposal site for material from Elo-               Westport waterfront development                          areas.
                                     choman Slough and Marina.                            Bio-Physical Description Flat sandy soil                 Comments There is some dispute over
                                  (cf 44.03, 55.20, 58.40)                                   area, little drainage, heavily vege-                     ownership and public access between
                                                                                             tated; dominated by alder with                           upland property owners and the state.
                                  78(S) - Shoreland (Corps 0-38.7) Priority 2                Douglas fir and Sitka spruce; under-                     Access from the main channel dredg-
                                  Location Portion of Bradwood north of                      story includes willow, salmonberry,                      ing area is limited by Coffee Pot Island
                                     railroad tracks.                                        elderberry and ground cover of herba-                    and may preclude future beach nour-
                                  Size 28 acres                                              ceous species; use by wide variety of                    ishment DMD operations.
                                  Capacity 450,000 cy at 10 feet                             birds, small mammals, terrestrial fur-                (cf 44.01, 55. 10)
                                  Ownership Private (Starker Forests)                        bearers, and deer.
                                  Designation Water Dependent Develop-                    Engineering Hydraulic pipeline dredg-
                                     ment                                                    ing/disposal; requires clearing and
                                  Current Use Previous DMD site/vacant                       diking.
                                  Final Use Commercial or industrial

                                                                                                                                                                                            V- 41

                     89(S) - Shoreland (Corps W-42.5)                       90(S) - Shoreland                    Priority I
                     Location RM 42.5, South Coffee Pot Is-                    (CorpsO-42.9 and 0-43.0)
                        land, 300 yards from main ship chan-                Location West of Westport Slough be-
                        nel.                                                   tween the entrance of Driscoll Slough
                     Size 33 acres                                             and Westport Slough; bounded on
                     Capacity 528,000 cy at 10 feet                            south by railroad right of way and east
                     Ownership Federal                                         by small slough draining into Westport
                     Designation Conservation                                  Slough.
                     Current Use Wildlife hobitat/vocant                    Size 170 acres
                     Final Use Wildlife habitat                             Capacity 2,720,000 cy at 10 feet
                     Related Project Lower Westport Bar                     Ownership Private (Crown Zellerbach,
                     Bic-Physical Description Estuary sand is-                 Warrenton Lumber Company)
                        land; low and flat; created more re-                Designation Water Dependent Develop-
                        cently than northern island and not yet                ment
                        stabilized; predominately sand; some                Current Use Past DMDuse/vacant
                        willows and a few large trees on north              Final Use Industrial
                        side; little wildlife value in open sand            Related Project       Lower Westport Bar;
                        area.                                                  Westport Slough and Wouna/Westport
                     Engineering Hydraulic pipeline dredg-                     waterfront development (Crown
                        ing/disposal; materials should be                      Zellerbach and Wouno Mill).
                        clean channel sands; site should not                Sio-Physical Description Partially filled
                        encroach on wooded area; area should                   with channel sand on western part
                        be seeded after each use to stabilize                  (Crown Zellerboch); undisturbed por-
                        sand from wind erosion and provide                     tion characterized by spruce, willow,
                        winter waterfowl feeding.                              and older forest; southern portion
                     Environmental Concerns DMD use would                      dominated by willows with skunk cab-
                        have minimal impacts and stabilization                 bage and sedge understory; use by
                        and vegetation could enhance wildlife                  wide variety of bird species, small
                        values.                                                mammals; terrestrial furbearers, and
                     Comments Any enlargement or attempt                       deer.
                        to link the two islands by in water dis-            Engineering Hydraulic pipeline dredg-
                        posal should be carefully evaluated for                ing/disposal; requires clearing and
                        negotive environmental impacts.                        berm i ng; berm i ng shou Id be as h igh as
                     (cf 44,01, 55. 10)                                        feasible for proposed development;
                                                                               site should be confined to prevent ex-
                                                                               tension into wetlands and undisturbed
                                                                               vegetation beyond the small slough
                                                                               that flows into Westport Slough be-
                                                                               tween the mouth of Plympton Creek
                                                                               and the mouth of Westport Slough;
                                                                               materials and timing should be coor-
                                                                               dinated with developers.
                                                                            Environmental Concerns Impacts of DMD
                                                                               use on previously disturbed area are
                                                                               minimal, but the site should be con-
                                                                               fined.
                                                                            Comments Extensive previous DMD use
                                                                               limits future use but this site could be
                                                                               used for maintenance dredging until.
                                                                               the surface has been raised sufficiently
                                                                               for industrial development.
                                                                            (cf 43.13, 56.20, 58.70)

                     V-42

                                                                                                                                                                             05,                                                                                  124*                                                                               55'                                                                                56                                                                           123'45

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               01
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             101

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           ............            .................. .....   ..........

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        .. . ........   ....... .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          .....................              ..........    . . .....

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             ............ .-    .....     .....                                                                . ...........-

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  48
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  C@
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            I(S)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                               .p
                                                                                                                                                                                                   .... ....... .                r                                                                                              9(                ............                             ..............
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              :i 3(s)                    xp
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          101

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        p                                                                                                                                               . .....
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Vs)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         '5(S                                                  %                           INS
                                                                                                                                                                                                            S(E)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        .... ..... .....
                                                                                                                                                        E(o                                                                                              (E)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               %

                                                                            B(O)                                           EJH(O)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         I I (E)                                                                                                                                                                 39(E
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          12(S
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    3(S)
                                                                                                                                                      <@@A(O)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               16(S)
                                                                                                                 Of (0)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              WE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 I (S                                                      5(E)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   17(s)                                               ISM
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        41
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      (S)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         19(s)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         @@/43(s)
                                                                                                                                                   G(o)                                                                                                                                              ..........      ..........
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            21(s)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           25(S) 29(S
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          :44(s)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              ms                                                                30(s)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              31(S)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2(
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              5(

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            24(S)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             ............... ..........

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          VQ-

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     101
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       33(S.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        ...... ............ ..
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  0-

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   ......... ....   ..........   ........

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            ...........

                                                                                                                                                                                                         CID

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        ... .......

                                                                                                                                                     co

                                                                                                                               . .. ..........

                                                                                                                                                F

                                                                                                           ....... . .... ...

                                                                                        ..... . ..........

                                                                                                                                                                                                                        . ........ .                          0
                                                                                                                                                            ....... . .. ........ ..

                                                                                                    . ........ ....                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               rn

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   r
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            o             m         m      o        r
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          r
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            -1     0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  00
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  rn
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          C-1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                0              0

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  A                                        2
                                              ro                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  9
                                                                                                                                                                        . .... ........ . ... .....              ... ...                                          r                                                                                                            0
                                                                                                                                                                                                .. .... ...... . ..... .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  z                                                                               IT!
                                                                                                                                                                              .0                                                                                            r3.    z 'o z
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           A        ou                            z             0              z
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  o                IMP m A
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  " on Imo         co ra z                                                                                                        m
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    r                                                          z
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   co                           r                                 ;u
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            m                                                                                                  m
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              :mm
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   ca     IT! c)    m                                             m                            m
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   r
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          z m       :0              :D                                                         m
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          -4 >                      m              N-                                          co
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Cc                          w                                        x
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        (a                     m    T
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        m                      m
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            z                       m                              V.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            -4            m                                                                                                       >
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          w                                                                                               M       Z
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            V.                                                                                  rn
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            0                                                                                                  z          >
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              cr            0                                                                                                                     rn
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            z                                                                                   m
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                0              m
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                e                                 m
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                z                                 z

                                                                               -n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              al.                                                                                               m
                                                                               c                                                                                                                                                                              V                                                                                                                                   r-
                                                                               m                                                                                                                                                                              N                                                                                                                                   >
                                                                               m                                        @REST                                                                                                                                 2                                                                                                                                   z
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              a
                                                                                                                        COLUMBIA           RIVER ESTUARY STUDY TASK FORCE                                                                                     Q6

                                                                                    SECTION VI

                                                                RESTORATION AND MITIGATION PLAN

                           61. BACKGROUND          .................................................                 .....................         V1 - 2
                                        State and Federal Programs      .......................................................                    V1 - 2
                                        Relationship of Restoration and Mitigation       ..........................................                V1  -3

                           62.    RESTORATION POLICIES         ...............................................................                     VI  - 3

                           63.    MITIGATION POLICIES       ................................................................                       VI  -4

                           64.    TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR MITIGATION                ...........................................               VI - 5
                                  The Scientific Basis for Mitigation    ......................................................                    VI - 5
                                  Ecological Significance of Physical Properties      .............................         .............          VI - 6
                                        Salinity and Temperature Regime         .................................................                  VI  -6
                                        Substrate Type   ..................................................................                        VI  -6
                                        Tidal Exposure   ...................................................................                       VI - 7
                                        Slope and Area   .............    I .....................................................                  VI  -7
                                        Current Velocity and Pattern     ........................................................                  VI  -7
                                        Orientation to Solar Radiation     .......................................................                 VI - 7
                                        Annual Submergence Time         .......................................................                    VI - 7
                                  Biological Productivity   ...............      ................................................                  VI  -8
                                  Habitat and Species Diversity     .........................................................                      V1 - 8

                                  SUMMARY TABLE         ....................................................................                       VI  -8

                           65.    POTENTIAL RESTORATION/RESOURCE ENHANCEMENT PROJECTS                       .............................          VI - 10
                                  Marsh Restoration - Creation Sites       ......................................................                  V1 - 10
                                  Shoal Area Restoration    ...............................................................                        VI - 14
                                  Eroded Shoreline Restoration Sites       .....................................................                   VI - 15
                                  Shoreland Vegetation      ................................................................                       VI  - 16
                                  Pile Dike or Piling Removal     .............................................................                    V1  -16
                                  Fisheries Enhancement     ....................       ! ..........................................                VI  -16

                           66.    MITIGATION NEEDS       ...................................................................                       VI  -18
                                  66.10  Hammond      .....................................................................                        VI  -18
                                  66.20  Middle Skipanon      ...                                                              .........    *-     VI - 18
                                  66.30  Mouth of the Skipanon      .........................................................                      VI  -18
                                  66.40  YoungsBay      ....................................................................                       VI-  19
                                  66.50  Port of Astoria  .................................................................                        V1 - 19
                                  66.60  Uppertown Alderbrook       .........................................................                      V1 - 20
                                  66.70  Tongue Point     .................................................................                        VI - 20
                           67.    IMPLEMENTATION        ....................................................................                       V1 - 20
                                  67. 10 The Mitigation Process     .................................         I .........................          VI - 20
                                  67.20 Mitigation Plan Content      .........................................................                     VI - 21
                                  67.30  Mitigation Bank    ................................................................                       VI - 22
                                  67.@O  Mitigation Site Reservation      ......................................................                   VI - 23

                                                                                                                                                       V1-1

                 61. This section of the Regional Management Plan                  The Oregon Removal-Fill Low (ORS 541.605 -
                 contains policies for restoring the natural and cul-            541.695) provides the Division of State Lands (DSL)
                 tural values of the estuary area, and outlines pro-             with the authority to require mitigation for dredging
                 cedures for mitigating the adverse impacts of new               orfilling watersof the state. For estuarine areas, DSL
                 development in estuarine areas. Potential restora-              must require mitigation for any permitted alteration
                 tion and resource enhancement projects are des-                 of interticlal and tidal marsh areas as outlined in the
                 cribed, along with suggestions to implement restora-            LCDC Estuarine Resources Goal. The DSL may also
                 tion and mitigation provisions of the plan.                     require additional mitigation for alteration of pro-
                                                                                 ductive subtidril areas. Certain projects (cf. Mitiga-
                 STATE AND FEDERAL PROGRAMS                                      tion policies, 63.10), are routinely exempted from
                    The Washington Shoreline Management Act                      these requirements because of their minimal impact
                 (1971 ) guidelines for local programs include a plan            on the estuary. The DSL coordinates its permit is-
                 element for restoration activities. Specifically, the           suance and mitigation requirements with the
                 guidelines suggest restoration of blighted areas and            Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife,      other state
                 abandoned or dilapidated structures to a natural or             agencies, and federal agencies. The DSL      is the lead
                 useful condition. On-site mitigation of shoreline               state agency in review of federal Clean      Water Act,
                 developments by cantrol and modification of site                Section 404, and Rivers and Harbors Act,     Section 10,
                 design to meet performance or other standards is                permits'for filling, dredging and other      alterations.
                 also a high shoreline management priority. Addi-                The Corps of Engineers, which administers these
                 tionally, the Washington Departments of Game and                federal programs, will generally not issue permits
                 Fisheries, which administer the hydraulics permit               without the concurrence of the state.
                 program, coordinate closely with counterpart                      Federal agencies, particularly the U.S. Fish and
                 federal agencies in seeking off-site mitigation or              Wildlife Service, the U.S. Environmental Protection
                 compensation for adverse impacts of estuarine                   Agency and the National Marine Fisheries Service,
                 alterations.                                                    also seek mitigation and compensation for federally
                    The Oregon Coastal Management Program and                    constructed, funded or permitted estuary develop-
                 the Land Conservation and Development Commis-                   ment activities which destroy or degrade natural re-
                 sion (LCDC) Estuarine Resources Goal (No. 16) have              sources. The Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act
                 explicit requirements concerning restoration. The               (1934), the Endangered Species Act (1975), -and
                 Implementation Requirement (7) states:                          agency policies and regulations provide a basis for
                    "State and federal agencies shall assist local               their decisions, which are implemented primarily
                     government in identifying areas foi, restoration.           through conditions on Corps of Engineers permits for
                     Restoration is appropriate in areas where activi-           dredging, filling or other alterations. The basic
                     ties have adversely affected some aspect of the             policies of these agencies are:
                     estuarine system, and where it would contribute               0  Prevent natural resource losses, if possible,
                     to a greater achievement of the objective of this             0  Recommend site plan modifications which will
                     goal. Appropriate sites include areas of heavy                   lessen the impact of the proposed action, and
                     erosion or sedimentation, degraded fish and                   0  Require a mitigation plan for replacement or
                     wildlife habitat, anadromous fish spawning                       compensation of unavoidable losses.
                     areas, abandoned diked estuarine marsh areas,                 In addition, the Corps of Engineers, under Section
                     and areas where water quality restricts the use of          150 of the Water Resource Development Act (1976)
                     estuarine waters for fish and shellfish harvest             and  Section III of the Rivers and Harbors Act (1968),
                     and production, or for human recreation. '                  provides funding for mitigating the adverse impacts
                    Development project mitigation is addressed in               of federal navigation projects.
                 the Goal 16 Implementation Requirement (4):
                    "Adverse impacts to estuarine resources resulting
                     from dredge or fill activities permitted in inter-
                     tidal or tidal marsh areas shall be mitigated by
                     creation, restoration or enhancement of an es-
                     tuarine area(s). The objective shall be to im-
                     prove or maintain the functional characteristics                   Salmogairdneri Steelhead
                     and processes of the estuary, such as its natural
                     biological productivity, habitats and species di-
                     versity, unique features and water quality." *                                     -A&                        .09
                    In addition, the LCDC Coastal Shorelands Goal
                 (No. 17), Implementation Requirement (3) states:
                    "Local government, with assistance from state and
                     federal agencies, shall identify coastal share-
                     land areas which may be used to fulfill the miti-
                     gation requirement of the Estuarine Resources
                     Goal. These areas shall be protected from new                       Ron P i i I (LT(I - Searep Studio, courres.y Ciatsop County
                     uses and activities which would prevent their
                     ultimate restoration or addition to the estuarine
                     ecosystems."

                   New language recommended to LCDC by the Mitigation Taskforce

                  VI - 2

                           RELATIONSHIP OF RESTORATION AND MITIGATION                          OBJECTIVES
                              Restoration focuses on restoring prior or, original               Objectives and policies for restoration and mitiga-
                           attributes of the estuary that were lost as a result of             tion were developed by a technical planning com-
                           past alterations, activities or catastrophic events.                m*ittee with representatives from key state and
                           Examples of restoration projects include: removing                  federal agencies, local ports, industry and. special
                           fills; lowering dredge spoil islands; marsh creation;               interest groups. The policies were widely distri-
                           shoreland vegetation planting for erosion control or                buted, reviewed and comments considered in
                           re-establishment of buffer area; installing water                   revising the policies. Recent work of -the Oregon
                           treatment facilities; breaching abandoned or mar-                   Land Conservation and Development Commission's
                           ,ginal dikes around low-lying diked areas; removing                 Mitigation Taskforce has alsobeen utilized in policy
                           old piling or structures; dredging and construction                 revisions.
                           ,measures to re-estab.lish former depths or shoreline                The objectives for restoration and , mitigation
                           con 'figurations, circulation and flushing pattern     's of        efforts in the Columbia River Estuary area are:
                           ,an area of. the estuary; and rebuilding deteriorated                0  To restore and enhance the natural productivity
                           urban waterfronts.                                                      and functioning of the Columbia River estuary
                              Mitigation, particularly in Oregon where the re-                     ecosystem for the benefit of people and the
                           quirements are explicit, focuses on lessening@- th        I e           natural resources on which they depe'nd.
                           adverse impacts of propmed dredging and filling,                        To reverse historic trends of a uatic and riparian
                           rather than past alterations.                                                                            q
                              Restoration and mitigation -are connected in that                    habitat loss, and the rapid filling,of the'estuary.
                           certain restoration actions would mitigate adverse                      To restore cultural and historic resources and
                                                                                                   values of shoreline areas for the benefit and
                           .development impacts. For example, restoration of                       enjoyment of people.
                           an abandoned diked marsh to full aquatic produc-                        To provide for complete and reasonable mitiga-
                           tivity by breaching- the dike would normally be                         tion of the adverse impacts of estuary develop-
                           acceptable mitigation for filling-a tidal marsh in                      ment on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.
                           some other area for water dependent development.
                           However,, restoring a shoreline to its original con-
                           figuration by filling would not be suitable to mitigate
                           adverse environmental impacts elsewhere because
                           one major problem in the estuary is the doss of
                           aquatic area.

                                                                        62.  RESTORATION POLICIES
                                                                        (These policies may also be found at 22.50)

                              The Columbia River estuary has been substantially                62.20 Habitat Creation    Through Dredged Material
                           altered over the post century to provide for naviga-                      Disposal
                           tion, shoreline development and agriculture. Up-                     Disposal of dredged     material in water and wet-
                           river dams and watershed activities have also con-                  land areas for the specific' purpose of cr  eating shal-
                           tributed significantly to changes in the natural func-              low water, intertidal, or island areas is strongly dis-
                           tioning of the estuary. While it is not possible or                 couraged because this practice contributes to the
                           desirable to-return the estuary to its pre-nineteenth               downward t  -rend of available aquatic habitat.
                           century condition, restoration or creation of certain                Habitat creation through upland 'plantings on
                           habitat and cultural values is an important estuary                 existing dredged material islands is encouraged to
                           management objective.                                               provide wildlife habitat.
                           62.10 Overall Restoration Policy                                     Marsh plantings on existing interticlal areas should
                                                                                               continue to be evaluated and considered cis a
                              All restoration projects should. serve    to  revitalize,        habitat creation technique.
                           return, replace or otherwise improve         the estuarine
                           ecosystem or highly-valued cultural characteristics.                62.30- Diked Lands Restoration
                              Examples include restoration of natu      'ral biological         Restoration of marginal and unused low-lying
                           productivity, fish or wildlife habitat, or aesthetic,               diked areas to estuarine wetland is encouraged;
                           cultural and historic. r   esources which have been                 a.ctive restora tion to provide potential for diverse
                           diminished 'or lost by past alterations, activities or              habitat (e.g. mudflat and marsh) as well as passive
                           catastrophic events.                                                restoration are encouraged. If loss of productive
                              In selecting projects, priority should be given to               farmland or significant wildlife habitat would occur,
                           those projects which provide- substantial public                    breaching of dikes is strongly discouraged. Except
                           benefits and which restore the habitat types, re-                   through public condemnation procedures, removal
                           sources or amenities which are in shortest supply as                of dikes protecting private lands shall not occur with-r
                           compared to past abundance. Particular emphasis                     out the expressed consent of the landowner. In-
                           should be given to aquatic and riparian habitat                     centives should be provided.to private landowners
                           restoration.                                                        who restore diked areas to aquatic production.

                                                                                                                                                    V1 - 3

                 62.40 Restoration of Shoalled Areas                             62.60 Erosion'Area Restoration
                   Estuary areas that have shoaled or filled at an un-              Where feasible, areas with erosion problems
                 naturally high rate, resulting in loss of a particular          should be vegetated with marsh and shoreland
                 type of aquatic habitat or loss of traditionally navi-          planting to establish a natural buffer against ero-
                 gable areas, should be restored to historic conditions          sion. Beach nourishment should be used to restore
                 as practical. Passive measures are preferred, but               historic shoreline configurations where feasible.
                 active measures or a combination may be required.               Structural solutions should be used as a last resort to
                 All such projects should be carefully evaluated to              protect life and property.
                 ensure potential ecological, economic and social                62.70 Shoreland Revegetation
                 benefits to man and natural resources outweigh                     Shoreland and especially riparian areas where
                 potential losses.                                               vegetation has been removed for timber harvest or
                 62.50 Removal of Old Pilings and Structures                     urban development should be revegetated as soon
                   Old piling,  .navigational structures and buildings           as possible. Areas of existing shoreline development
                 which are a hazard to navigation, contribute to                 should be considered for revegetation for both
                 excessIve shoaling, or pose a. danger to life and               aesthetic, biological and bank stabilization values.
                 property should be removed. Prior to any such re-               62.80 Restoration of Deteriorated Urban Waterfronts
                 moval, however, costs and benefits should be eva-                  Redevelopment of deteriorated urban waterfront
                 luated, including the potential for erosion or sedi-            areas is strongly encouraged. Development should
                 mentation caused by removal, the biological habitat             be water oriented, public access should be pre-
                 value and probable life of the structure, and the               served, and recreational facilities should be im-
                 historic and scenic value.                                      proved, where possible. While priority should be
                                                                                 given along the waterfront to water dependent and
                                                                                 water related uses, provision may also be needed
                                                                                 for other uses. Renovation and repair of historic
                                                                                 buildings is highly desirable; removal of deterio-
                                                                                 rated structures and pilings may be appropriate.

                                                            63. MITIGATION POLICIES
                                                           (These policies may also be found at 22.60)

                   Necessary new development projects in the Co-                        al and Fill Permit is not otherwise required;
                 lumbia River estuary will have adverse environ-                     -Filling for repair and maintenance of existing
                 mental impacts, regardless of how carefully the                        functional dikes when there is negligible
                 projects are designed and constructed. The adverse                     physical or biological damage to tidal marsh
                 effects of such development can be mitigated by the                    or interticlal areas;
                 restoration or enhancement of other estuarine                       -Riprap to allow protection of an existing barvk
                 areas.                                                                 line with clean, durable erosion resistent
                                                                                        material provided that the need for riprap
                 63.10 Mitigation for Dredging, Filling or Diking                       protection is demonstrated and that this need
                       Tidal Marsh or Intertidal Areas                                  cannot be met with natural vegetation, and
                   The following policies fulfill the requirements of                   no appreciable increase in existing upland
                 Oregon law. While Washington state low does not                        occurs;
                 specifically require mitigation for dredge and fill                 -Filling for repair and maintenance of existing
                 activities in intertidal or tidal marsh areas, the fol-                roads when there is negligible physical or
                 Jowing policies are strongly encouraged. Alternative                   biological damage to tidal marsh or interticlal
                 forms of mitigation in Washington, including preser-                   areas;
                 vation, compensation and resource enhancement,                      -Dredging or filling required as part of an es-
                 are also encouraged.                                                   tuarine resource creation, restoration or en-
                   0 Adverse impacts to estuarine resources    - resulting              hancement project agreed to by local, state
                   from dredge, fill or dredged material disposal                       and federal agencies; and
                   activities (public or private) permitted in interticlal           -Other proposed projects or activities where,
                   or tidal marsh areas shall be mitigated by                           upon determination of the Oregon Division of
                   creation, restoration or enhancement. of estuarine                   State Lands, the proposed alteration would
                   areas. Such mitigation shall improve or maintain                     have negligible physical., biological and
                   the functional characteristics and processes of the                  water quality impacts.
                   estuary, such as its natural biological productivity,            *Actions not considered as mitigation under
                   habitats and species diversity, unique features                  Oregon Land Conservation and Development
                   and water quality. The cost of mitigation shall be               Commission (LCDC) Goal Number 16 include the
                   included as part of project cost analysis.                       transfer of ownership of estuarine lands, including
                   0 Actions exempted from the mitigation require-                  wetlands and submersible lands, to public owner-
                     ment above include:                                            ship; the dedication of estuarine lands for certain
                     -Removal or filling of less than 50 cubic yards                natural uses; and the provision of funds for re-
                        of material orlwhen an Oregon State Remov-                  search.

                   V1 - 4

                       63.20 Mitigation for Dredging, Filling or Otherwise              63.40 Mitigation Sites
                               Degrading Biologically Productive                          While a range of actions may be token to satisfy
                              Subtidal Areas      -                                     mitigation requirements, mitigation sites or projects
                          Dredging, filling or other activities or alterations          should be preferentially evaluated as follows:
                       which significantly degrade or destroy biologically                  Areas in close proximity to the development site
                       productive subticlal areas should be mitigated by                    with physical characteristics such that when re-
                       restoration, habitat creation, enhancement or other                  stored, the area will develop a similar quality
                       appropriate means.                                                   and quantity of plant and animal life and per-
                       63.30 Mitigation for Degradation a     ,r Destruction of             form similar ecological functions;
                              Critical Wildlife Habitat                                     Areas in other parts of the estuary that meet the
                          Mitigation for significant alterations which would                above physical and biological criteria;
                       degrade or destroy critical habitat for endangered or                Areas or resources in shortest supply as com-
                       threatened species, or other wildlife, shall be re-                  pared to past abundance, particularly tidal
                       quired through restoration, resource enhancement,                    marshes and the salmon resource.
                       preservation, or financial compensation. Mitigation                Estuarine alterations for development in one state
                       for loss of other valuable wildlife habitat, such as             can be mitigated through restoration' or other actions
                       freshwater marshes, spruce swamps and old growth                 in the other state.
                       forest is encouraged.                                              Because estuarine tidal marshes and flats are eco-
                                                                                        logically diverse, it may be impossible to create or
                                                                                        restore a single site with the same mixture of eco-
                                                                                        system components as are present at the site to be
                                                                                        altered. In such cases, more than one mitigation site
                                                                                        may be required. All important ecological features
                                                                                        of the development site should be created or re-
                                                                                        stored elsewhere within the estuary, whether sep-
                                                                                        arately or together.

                                                  64. TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR MITIGATION

                         THE SC  IENTIFIC BASIS FOR MITIGATION                          of the land; and the loss of other species from the
                           The requirement that environmental damage in                 ecosystem may lead to unexpected loss of the
                         one area be mitigated by environmentally construc-             managed species and other undesirable changes,
                         tive acts in another area is a resource management             such as flooding. For this reason, an ecosystem ap-
                         tool based on the scientific concept of an ecosystem.          proach has replaced the single species approach in
                         An ecosystem is an interacting system of organisms             natural resources management ranging from fisher-
                         and their physical environment within a definable              ies to forests.
                         area. The most important set of interactions between             The Oregon Estuarine Resources Goal emphasizes
                         the parts of an ecosystem is the flow of energy and            ecosystem features with the statement that the ob-
                         materials - the food chain. In an ecosystem,                   jective of mitigation is to improve or maintain the
                         organisms have functional roles as groups of eco-              functional characteristics and processes of the
                         logically similar species, the exchange of matter and          estuary, such as its natural biological productivity,
                         energy is flexible, and the whole system has some              habitat and species diversity, unique features, and
                         capacity for self-adjustment and dynamic stability.            water qua I ity.
                           The idea of an ecosystem is not a testable scientif-           In estuaries, the biotic components of the eco-
                         ic law; it is a descriptive concept about how the              system are grouped into such functional categories
                         natural world is organized into integrated units. As           as primary producers, decomposers, epifounal or
                         such, it provides a framework for fitting human ac-            infaunal herbivores, cletritivores, and predators. The
                         tivities into'the natural order. In the past, areas were       physical !components of the system are identified as
                         often managed for the benefit of one species that              fixed and dissolved plant nutrients, organic cletritus
                         had particular value to people. For example, certain           supply, surface area available for light reception,
                         game preserves raised a large number of deer in                tidal flow features, bottom sediment types, annual
                         nearly domestic conditions to provide for the hunting          salinity and temperature regimes, and other factors.
                         season, the habitat was modified for the con-                  The ecological viewpoint has the advantages of
                         venience of people, and other species were either              identifying major processes and components of the
                         accidentally diminished through the loss of habitat            system and simplifying the enormous natural com-
                         or were destroyed because they were predators.                 plexity. This systemic view has some disadvantages;
                         However, experience has shown that the natural                 the identity of individual species is downplayed   '  as
                         order is far too complex for this approach: the                are some minor processes which may be considered
                         managed species may exceed the carrying capacity               important to man by other criteria.

                                                                                                                                           V1 - 5

                    The ideal estuarine management tool would have
                  all relevant data on component species and func-
                  tional categories as well as restoration and manage-
                  ment unit plans incorporated into an accurate es-
                  tuarine ecosystem model. Simulations of proposed
                  alterations would then predict their adverse effects
                  on the system and prescribe mitigation actions to
                                                                                      R                  Y,
                  compensate for them while fulfilling comprehensive                                     C"
                  plan objectives. However, we lack detailed quanti-
                  tative knowledge of Columbia River estuary eco-                                                  'A  @1
                  system components and their interactions. An al-
                  ternative is to prevent adverse, unpredictable, and
                                                                                                   '00
                  irreversible trends or changes in estuarine natural
                  systems by maintaining as much of the existing
                  systems as possible even if the function, relative
                  importance or even existence of the component                                                       -John A;'kiwson
                  parts are not fully known.
                    Some alterations of the estuarine ecosystem must
                  take place to support desired economic growth. To              ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE
                  protect the ecosystem, mitigation sites or projects to         OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
                  compensate for the adverse effects of these altera-
                  tions will be selected preferentially as follows (cf           Salinity and Temperature Regime
                  63.40):                                                          Salinity is the measure of dissolved salts in sea
                    - Areas in close proximity to the development site           water. Most organisms are limited in their upstream
                      with physical characteristics such that, when              distribution in the estuary by their tolerance to
                      restored, the area will develop a similar quality          lowered salinity. A few fish can range from sea
                      and quantity of plant and animal life and per-             water salinities near the estuary mouth to fresh river
                      form similar ecological functions;                         water conditions far into the upper reaches of the
                    - Areas in other parts of the estuary that meet the          system, but most animals and plants cannot. Conse-
                      above physical and biological criteria;                    quently, the annual range of salinity conditions
                    - Areas or resources in shortest supply as com-              cletermi.nes the areas which a species can occupy in
                      pared to past abundance.                                   the estuary when other habitat requirements are
                    It is impossible to predict accurately how a site            met. The seasonal salinity and temperature ranges
                  used for mitigation will develop biologically and              for a site describe major habitat features. The im-
                  whether or not the resources adversely affected by             mensely variable freshwater flow of the Columbia
                  an estuarine alteration will actually be replaced.             River plays a significant role in determining both.
                  The best predictions can be made for mitigation sites          Similarity of temperature and salinity regimes at two
                  very near the altered site because proximate areas             sites indicate that similar bioto will be present, if
                  are the most likely to develop into the same habitat           other conditions such as sediment types do not
                  type as that at the altered site, and in time may              differ.
                  produce a nearly identical community with the same
                  relation to the rest of the estuarine system.                  Substrate Type
                    When it is necessary to use mitigation sites away              The physical nature of the bottom materials has
                  from the development site, exact site comparisons              little meaning unless it is considerably qualified.
                  are not possible, but physical and biological charac-          Solid versus unconsolidated substrate is the major
                  teristics of the development region can be compared            dichotomy. Little solid intertidal substrate exists in
                  to other regions wkere potential mitigation sites              the Columbia River estuary and much of it is artifi-
                  exist. The choice of actual mitigation sites would be          cial, such as jetties, groins, bank riprap and pilings.
                  based on the degree of ecological similarity to the            These tend to increase with development. Most es-
                  development site.                                              tuarine substrates are sedimentary types varying in
                    It may be impossible to achieve exact mitigation             composition of particle types and sizes, non-living
                  nearby or away from the development site. In such              organic matter content, and chemical features.
                  cases, habitats or resources made scarce by past               Sediment types have distinctive patterns of distribu-
                  removals may be restored or created. While such                tion; tidelands in the shallow bays, sloughs, and
                  sites may not have the some ecological qualities as            tidal marshes are mostly composed of fine silt and
                  those lost at the development site, their use for miti-        clays, while sandy sediment types tend to predomi-
                  gation recognizes that the different but important             nate in the channel and slope areas and mid-estuary
                  functions they provide to the ecosystem enhances or            f lots.
                  restores the system as a whole. The implied policy is            Most estuarine organisms of sedimentary habitats
                  .that return to the estuary of areas once withdrawn            are relatively substrate specific, requiring limited
                  for one use (e.g. agriculture) may be a condition for          range of sediments. Each of these has a character-
                  withdrawal of another for development now con-                 istic biotic community associated with it, depending
                  sidered a greater economic or social priority (e.g.            where it is located in the salinity gradient of the
                  port development). This forms a link between eco-              estuary. Substrate characteristics are ot similar im-
                  logical considerations in restoration and mitigation           portance to temperature and salinity in defining
                  and the other aspects of the plan.                             similar ecological conditions.

                  V1-6

                           Tidal Exposure                                                teristics, thus indirectly influencing community
                             Tidal exposure refers to the frequency and dura-            composition. Those ecological features directly af-
                           tion of exposure to the air of a given tidal level. The       fected by currents can be measured in other ways,
                           higher tidal levels of the marsh community are                and it is unlikely that the details of current flow over
                           flooded for relatively short and infrequent times,            one site can be found at another and still less likely
                           periodically undergoing many days without tidal               that they could be adequately predicted before a
                           flooding. Mid-tide levels are covered and exposed             mitigation site was-created or restored.
                           by tides daily, in complex rhythms of frequency and
                           duration while the lowest tide levels are infrequent-
                           ly exposed for short durations, and go long periods           Orientation to Solar Radiation
                           without exposure. Inteoidal organisms respond to                 The slope of estuarine tidelands is so slight over
                           the resulting varied conditions by occupying limited          large areas that they may be considered virtually flat
                           portions of the tidal range, often with distinct upper        with respect to their orientation to the sun and thus
                           and lower boundaries. Even on a fairly uniform                show no differences from place to place in this
                           substrate, the interticlal community is distinctly            property. Only when interticlal areas have appre-
                           zoned. Only sites which extend through the some               ciably steep slopes do their orientations to the sun
                           tidal range, and consequently have a similar tidal            affect light penetration, heating or drying.
                           exposure regime, have similar communities, even if
                           other habitat features of salinity and substrate are          Annual Submergence Time
                           the same. In both individual mitigation actions and              The "Annual Submergence Method" was devel-
                           in overall planning, consideration must be given to           oped as a mitigation tool by Dr. J. J. Gonor of
                           providing comparable areas of comparable tidal                Oregon State University. It was accepted and used as
                           elevations, at one or several mitigation sites, to            an important criterion by the Oregon Division of
                           those lost at development sites.                              State Lands (DSL) in the case of the proposed North
                                                                                         Bend Airport fill in Coos Bay. This method, when
                           -Slope and Area                                               strictly applied, would equate areas by equalizing
                             The angle of slope of tidelands determines the              their surface area - time submerged relations. It is a
                           total area available at different tidal heights, con-         simple method to integrate several important eco-
                           sequently the quantities of different ecological              logical concepts into a simple figure. For the Co-
                           components present in a defined area. This charac-            lumbia River estuary, it probably has more validity
                           teristic must be considered with tidal elevation. Be-         and usefulness for tidal marsh mitigation than sand-
                           cause the slope establishes the area of tideland              mud flats.
                           between tidal elevations, it could be discarded as a             Dr. Gonor's assumptions in using the method are:
                           separate consideration in favor of areal distribution              The ecological value of primary and secondary
                           at different tidal elevations. The slight slope of es-             productivity of tidal waters over interticlal lands
                           tuarine tidelands results in relatively large areas of             at high tide is sufficiently high to rank it among
                           land at different tidal heights from mid-tidal to                  the high priority features sought in mitigation
                           highest tidal levels. At lower tide levels, slope often            compensation.
                           changes and drops more steeply to subticlal channel                The major features to be equalized between
                           depths. Different tidal levels have different eco-                 two intertidal areas to secure the above priority
                           logical characteristics. The differing amounts of area             benefit are providing equal times and water
                           at different tidal levels of a development site require            surface area for heat and light reception and
                           separate consideration in quantifying mitigation                   heat exchange with the atmosphere.
                           actions. It may be more practical to consider the                  Interticial heat and light reception is important
                           major ecological values of different tidal levels                  to the estuary ecosystem as a whole because
                           separately and seek a compensation method for                      tidal exchange spreads its effects.
                           each among the available options of creation and                   The present form of the method assumes the
                           restoration in different areas when no one site pro-               values above are achieved by any equivalent
                           vides all the required features.                                   area of tidal water over a wide range of depth
                                                                                              and therefore volume differences. This method
                           Current Velocity and Pattern                                       emphasizes different features from a related
                             The major estuarine currents over tidelands are of               tidal prism concept. It does not entirely provide
                           tidal origin and consequently have changing                        an equal volume over an equal area for an
                           characteristics of speed, duration and direction.                  equal time.
                           Tidal current patterns over tidelands are strongly               Additional assumptions that increase the Annual
                           influenced by topographic and other features both             Submergence Time method's acceptability for marsh
                           within and outside tidelands, and it is very difficult        lands include:
                           to identify details of critical ecological significance.         * Zonation of marsh vegetative communities is
                           Tidelands bordering channels have distinct flow                    directly tied to land elevation.
                           patterns and velocities. The ecological significance             0 Detrital export of marsh primary production in-
                           of tidal currents derives from their transport of                  creases as submergence time increases.
                           materials to and from tidelands, linking them physi-             The formula for calculating annual submergence
                           cally to the rest of the system. Currents transport           time is: Tidal Inundation frequency x area x 365
                           sediment particles, and the maximum current velo-             days = Annual submergence time in acre days.
                           city over a tidal area will influence sediment charac-

                                                                                                                                             V1-7

                BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTIVITY                                           Standing crop, which is the number of weight of
                  Natural biological productivity can be estimated             organisms present at any one given time, can be a
                and used in comparing the biological potential of        '     useful measure in mitigation. Standing crop is not
                sites. It also could be used as one measure in de-             the same as productivity, but is a measure of the
                termining the area required at a mitigation site for it        production held in reserve. This storage is a key
                to be ecologically equivalent to a development site.           factor in stabilizing the estuarine.ecosystern in that it
                Biological productivity is the rate at which organic           provides a food and energy reserve for times of the
                matter is produced in a system or some component               year when productivity is low. Maintenance of
                of it. Of paramount importance for maintaining                 major storage components, such as tidal marshes
                ecosystem functions is net primary production, the             and mudflats, is an important mitigation objective.
                photosynthetic production by plants of organic sub-
                stances in excess -of their maintenance needs.                 HABITAT AND SPECIES DIVERSITY CONSIDERATIONS
                Primary production is expressed as the rate at which              Maintaining diversity, which is the number of
                energy or carbon is fixed by plants into organic               different habitats or species in a given area, is an
                material, per unit area. Since net primary production          important ecosystem maintenance objective.
                by plants fixes the amount of energy flowing                   Habitat refers to the place occupied by a distinct
                through the rest of the biotic community, conserving           community, such as a tidal marsh. Habitat also can
                or increasing this base is important for maintaining           refer to the place where one would go to look for a
                estuarine systems.                                             particular organism. Habitats may thus be quite
                  Secondary productivity is also an important eco-             specific or general. For mitigation purposes, habitats
                system feature; it refers to the rate at which con-            should be considered in the more general sense,
                sumers, at higher levels in estuarine food webs,               though specific species, such as those which play
                store energy. Because a great deal of data and ana-            key food chain roles or are rare or endangered, may
                lysis are required to estimate secondary productivity,         be very important. In mitigation actions, attention
                it is not a useful tool in determining mitigation              should be given to maintaining the mixture of
                needs.                                                         habitats and species.

                            SUMMARY TABLE

                            Marsh Restoration /Creation

                            Site Number               Location                                  Comments
                            6 (M)                     Swash Lake/Trestle Bay                    dune excavation (1 -20 acres)
                            9 (M)                     Holbrook Slough - west                    construct new dike/
                                                                                                breach old (68 acres)
                            10 (M)                    Holbrook Slough - east                    construct new dike/
                                                                                                breach old (20 acres)
                            12 (M)                    Fort Clatsop - Lewis & Clark River        remove ticlegate (30 acres)
                            14 (M)                    West Bank - Lewis & Clark River           breach dike (I I acres)
                                                        (RM 5.3)
                            15 (M)                    West Bank - Lewis & Clark River           breach dike (13 acres)
                                                        (RM 5.9)
                            16 (M)                    East Bank - Lewis & Clark River           breach dike (30 acres)
                                                        (RM 4.9)
                            17 (M)                    East Bank - Lewis & Clark River           breach dike (20 acres)
                                                        (RM 5.7)
                            18 (M)                    Youngs River (RM 4.4)                     open ticlegate (40 acres)
                            19 (M)                    Youngs River (RM 5.2)                     breach d i ke (135 acres)
                            20 (M)                    Youngs River/Walluski                     breach dike (35 acres)
                            21 (M)                    Youngs River (RM 5.8)                     restore/open dikes (20 acres)
                            22 (M)                    Youngs River (RM 6.3)                     open ticlegate (32 acres)
                            23 (M)                    Haven Island (RM 7.5)                     log/breach dikes (60 acres)
                            24 (M)                    Youngs River (RM 7.5)                     breach dike (90 acres)
                            25 (M)                    Walluski River                            breach dikes (20 acres)
                            26 (M)                    Walluski River                            breach dikes (40 acres)
                            27 (M)                    Walluski River                            breach dikes (60 acres)
                            28 (M)                    Klaskanine River                          breach d i kes (100 acres)
                            29 (M)                    John Day River                            breach dikes (34 acres)
                            30 (M)                    John Day River                            breach dikes (23 acres)
                            31 (M)                    John Day River                            breach dikes (28 acres)
                            32 (M)                    John Day River                            breach dikes (15 acres)
                            33 (M)                    John Day River                            breach dikes (21 acres)
                            34 (M)                    John Day River                            breach dikes (20 acres)

                V1 - 8

                                            Site Number                      Location                                          Comments
                                            35 (M)                           John Day River                                    breach dikes (17 acres)
                                            36 (M)                           John Day River                                    breach dikes (7 acres)
                                            37 (M)                           John Day River                                    breach dikes (25 acres)
                                            38 (M)                           Svensen - Marys Creek                             restore/improve (25 acres)
                                            39 (M)                           Svensen - Ferris Creek                            vegetate/remove dike (10 acres)
                                            40 (M)                           Svensen - Ferris Creek                            dikes in disrepair (51 acres)
                                            41 (M)                           Svensen Island                                    breach dikes (350 acres)
                                            44 (M)                           Deep River                                        breach dike (45 acres)
                                            48 (M)                           Columbia - Mi Iler Sands (RM 23.5)                marsh creation/planting/
                                                                                                                                  Corps of Engineers
                                            55 (M)                           Elochoman River                                   breach dike (200 acres)

                                            Shoal Area Restoration

                                            Site Number                      Location                                          Comments
                                              3 (SA)                         Baker Bay - Sand Islands                          close gap between islands
                                            11 (SA)                          Youngs Bay - south of causeway                    breach/bridge causeway
                                            45 (SA)                          Grays Bay/River                                   dredge channel, mouth/
                                                                                                                                  flood control
                                            56 (SA)                          Cathlamet Channel - upstream end                  close gap between dredged
                                                                                                                                  material islands

                                            ,Eroded Shoreline Restoration

                                            Site Number                      Location                                          Comments
                                              7 (E)                          Hammond                                           fill/riprap/park
                                              8 (E)                          Hammond                                           fill/beach nourishment

                                            Shoreland Vegetation
                                            Site Number                      Location                                          Comments
                                            46 (SV)                          Rice Island (RM 21).                              dredged material/vegetative
                                                                                                                                  stabilization
                                                 (SV)                        Mi I ler Sands (RM 23.5)                          dredged material/vegetative
                                                                                                                                  stabilization
                                            49 (SV)                          Jim Crow Sands (RM 27. 1)                         dredged material/vegetative
                                                                                                                                  stabilization

                                            Pile Dike or Piling Removal
                                            Site Number                      Location                                          Comments
                                              4 (P)                          BakerBoy                                          old piling/navigation hazard/
                                                                                                                                  fish traps
                                              5 (P)                          Baker Bay - Chinook Jetty                         pile dike removal
                                            50 (P)                           Snag Island Jetty                                 pile dike/early channel

                                            Fisheries Enhancement

                                            Site Number                      Location                                          Comments
                                              I (F)                          Wallacut River - Baker Bay                        habitat improvement
                                              2 (F)                          Chinook River - Baker Bay                         habitat improvement/fish
                                                                                                                                  propagation
                                            13 (F)                           Lewis & Clark River                               habitat enhance/fish propagation
                                            32(F)                            John Day River - Clatsop                          fish/shellfish improvement
                                            42(F)                            Deep River - Wahkiakum                            habitat improvement
                                            43(F)                            Grays River - Wahkiakum                           fish propagation - chum/dredge
                                            51 (F)                           Big Creek - East Clatsop                          habitat improvement/propagation
                                            52 (F)                           Gnat Creek - East Clatsop                         habitat improvement/propagation
                                            53 (F)                           Elochoman River                                   habitat improvement/propagation
                                            54(F)                            Westport Slough                                   fisheries enhancement ,
                                            57 (F)                           Youngs River                                      habitat enhance/fish propagation
                                            58(F)                            Youngs River Falls                                fish ladder
                                            59(F)                            Upper Klaskanine River                            I ow f I ow water storage               V1 -9

                                            65. POTENTIAL RESTORATION /RESOURCE ENHANCEMENT PROJECTS
                                                                                                                                                                                                            0
                                                                           MARSH RESTORATION - CREATION SITES

                        6 (M) -MARSH CREATION                                      area created should proportionately in-                    10 (M) - MARSH CREATION
                        Site Description                                           crease its potential to support wildlife.                  Site Description
                                                                                   Considering the extent of protected dune                   Location:      Warrenton, on Youngs Bay,
                        Location:       Swash Lake/Trestle Bay,                    habitat to the south, loss of terrestrial                                 southeast of Holbrook Slough
                                        south of Clatsop Spit at the               area natural values is probably small in                   Size:          4.25 acres of slough and
                                        river mouth                                comparison to potential aquatic habitat                                   15.3 acres of land - total
                        Size:           I - 20 acres                               gains.                                                                    19.55 acres
                        Biophysical Characteristics: Accreted                                                                                 Biophysical    Characteristics: Diked marsh-
                                        shoreland area continguous                 9 (M) - MARSH RESTORATION                                                 land in the 8' - 9' range a-
                                        to iheticloi marshes of Tres-              Site Description                                                          bove MLLW. Drained by Hol-
                                        tle Bay and Swash Lake;                    Location:      Warrenton, on Youngs Bay,                                  brook Slough. Salinity of ad-
                                        consists of stabilized sand
                                        dunes which provide a roll-                               east of proposed Pacific Fab-                              jacent estuarine waters
                                        ing landscape. Area at one                                ricators site, west of Hol-                                ranges from 0 - 10 I/oo,
                                        time was a sandy beach at                                 brookSlough.                                               tidal range is 8.6' and an-
                                        the river mouth; the dunes                 Size:          67.6 acres       (7.6 acres of                             nual submergence time is
                                        were built up after construc-                             slough)                                                    219 acre-days. Area is pre-
                                        tion of the south jetty. Vege-             Biophysical    Characteristics: Diked morsh-                              sently used to grow hay and
                                        tation is primarily coast pine,                           land in the 7'-9' range a-                                 gets extensive use by small
                                        scotchbroom, solal and other                              bove MLLW, with a network                                  mammals. Use by other
                                        low shrubs and ground cov-                                of drainage sloughs which                                  wildlife is low to moderate.
                                        ers, such as wild strawberry.                             empty into Holbrook Slough.                                Warm water fishes are found
                                        The dune area gets substan-                               Salinity of adjacent estuar-                               in Holbrook Slough.
                                        tial use by wildlife, includ-                             ine waters ranges from 0 -                  Land Use - Plan Designation: Area in ogri-
                                        ing deer, raptors and other                               10 O/oo, the tidal range is                                culture use and designated
                                        birds, small mammals and                                  8.6' and annual submer-                                    Development Shoreland.
                                        reptiles.                                                 gence time is 2190 acre-                    Ownership;     Port of Astoria
                        Land Use - Plan Designation: Area is part                                 days. Vegetation is mixture                 Restoration Action
                                        of Fort Stevens State Park;                               of pasture grasses and tus-                    Construct   1500 feet of new dike adjo-
                                        designated Conservation                                   sock. The area gets some                    cent to railroad and U.S. Highway 101.
                                        Shoreland in CREST/County                                 use by cattle, small mam-                   Breach dike and open Holbrook Slough to
                                        plan for recreation uses.                                 mals and foraging birds.                    Youngs Bay. Approximate cost of restor-
                        Ownership: Federal (Corps of Engineers)                                   Wildlife value is low.                      ation would be $225,000.
                                        - leased to the State of Ore-              Land Use - Plan Designation: Area         is des-
                                        gon.                                                      ignated as Water Depend-                    Biological Potential /Impacts
                                                                                                  ent Development Shoreland                     A marsh intermediate between a high
                        Restoration Action                                                        and also as a potential dred-               transition marsh and cattail-bulrush
                          Expand the size       of the Swash Lake/                                ged material disposal site.                 marsh could be created, including
                        Trestle Bay marshes by excavating the                                     The site should be reserved                 common rush Vuncus effusus), a variety
                        adjacent sand dunes to the interticlal                                    for either DMD use or as a                  of grasses and herbaceous plants, cattail,
                        level, opening up drainage channels into                                  restoration site. Use for ei-               bulrush and sedge. Wildlife use by water-
                        existing marsh channels. Plant native                                     ther will require evaluation                fowl, small mammals, aquatic furbear-
                        marsh plants or allow natural marsh                                       of the competing use.                       ers, wading birds and shorebirds would
                        colonization of the area. Excavate dune                    Ownership:     Port of Astoria                             increase significantly. Holbrook Slough
                        material used to fill in dune troughs and
                        stabilize with beach gross and scotch-                     Restoration Action                                         would likely have high benthic pro-
                        broom. One or more marsh areas of                            Construct 2000 feet of new dike adja-                    ductivity and receive significant use by
                        variable size could be created at this                     cent to railroad and on northwest side of                  fish.
                        general location.                                          Holbrook Slough. After appropriate                         12 (M) - MARSH RESTORATION
                                                                                   stabilizing period, breach existing dike at
                        Biological Potential Ampacts                               200' intervals and completely open exist-                  Site Description
                           Lowering the dune area to the inter-                    ing drainage channels out to open water                    Location:      Lewis and Clark River - south
                        tidal level and constructing drainage                      of Youngs Bay. Approximate restoration                                    of Fort Clatsop National Me-
                        sloughs will likely allow colonization of                  cost would be $350,000, exclusive of land                                 morial.
                        flora and fauna found in adjacent areas                    value.                                                     Size:          27 acres low; 16 acres high,
                        of similar elevation and topography.
                        These are ecologically important areas.                    Biological Potential /Impacts                                             3 acres drainage slough
                        The adjacent tidal marsh has been e                -         Based on proximity to proposed                           Biophysical    Characteristics: Diked fresh-
                                                                         x         Youngs Bay development sites, tidal                                       water tidal marsh, a 16-acre
                        tensively studied. It grades from a low                    exposure, salinity and the protected                                      portion higher of which is
                        sandy marsh to a high mature marsh.                        location, it is expected that a highly                                    used for grazing farm ani-
                        Sedges, bullrushes, arrowgross, bent-                      productive brackish water tidal marsh                                     mals; remainder has partly
                        gross, silverweed and some low-solinity                    will develop, and include sedges (Carex                                   reverted to a freshwater
                        tolerant species are found in this es-                     sp.) bulrushes (Scirpus spp.) and cattail                                 marsh. There is little intru-
                        sentially freshwater marsh. The bi           0logy         (Typla sp.) plus other wetland vegetative                                 sion of salt water in this
                        of the sloughs and drainage channels has                   species. Wildlife use by waterfowl,                                       reach of the river, even dur-
                        not been studied, but the area would be                                                                                              ing low flows. The diurnal
                                                                                   shorebirds and waders, and aquatic fur-
                        expected to have high numbers Or                           bearers would increase significantly. The                                 tidal range is 8.7 feet and
                        benthic invertebrates and receive exten-                   open slough area created would likely                                     the annual submergence
                        sive use by many varieties of fishes.                      have very high benthic productivity, simi-                                time is about 2858 acre-days
                           These tidal marshes and adjacen           tfiats                                                                                  for the lower north portion
                        and sloughs get extensive use by water-                    lar to adjacent Youngs Bay tidal flats. Fish                              and 350 acre-days for the
                        fowl and other wildlife; any new marsh                     usage, including juvenile salmon, is also
                                                                                   expected to be high.                                                      higher south portion. The
                                                                                                                                                             area is separated from the
                                                                                                                                                             river by a road and has a
                         VI - 10                                                                                                                             single,lidegaie for drainage.

                                  Land Use - Plan Designation: Agriculture-                Land Use - Plan Designation: Agriculture -              18 (M) - MARSH RESTORATION
                                                 . Rural                                                  Rural                                    Site Description
                                  Ownership: Private (Miller)                              Ownership: Private (Togg)                               Location:      Youngs River (RM 4.4), east
                                  Restoration Action                                       Restoration Action                                                     bank
                                    Restoration would involve permanent                       Breach dike, construct a       natural drain-        Size:          40 acres
                                  opening of ticlegate and subsequent                      age pattern.                                            Biophysical    Characteristics: Diked former
                                                                                                                                                                  freshwater tidal marsh sep-
                                  flooding. The road could be relocated to                 Biological Potential/impacts                                           arated from the river by
                                  the west but such action would sub-                         Area would add 13 acres of high fresh-                              Highway 202; ficlegate
                                  stantially increase project cost.                        water marsh to the aquatic ecosystem,                                  drains the area which is well
                                  Biological Potential/impact                              while removing the some area from agri-                                managed pastureland used
                                    The area to the north is already a partly              cultural productivity. Marsh species                                   by form animals. Small
                                  developed marsh, and restoration would                   which would invade the restored area in-                               creek runs through the pri-
                                  provide full tidal action to the area. The               clude sedges, bulrushes and cattails.                                  mary drainage channel.
                                  high freshwater marsh would be similar                   Wildlife use would increase significantly.                             Diurnal ti .dal range in region
                                  to adjacent marshes and contain sedges,                                                                                         is 8.6 feet, average land
                                  bulrush, cattail, Pacific water-parsley,                 16 (M) - MARSH RESTORATION                                             elevation about 8.0 feet
                                  Pacific silverweed and other freshwater                  Site Description                                                       MLLW, submergence time
                                  aquatic species. The area to the south,                  Location:      Lewis and Clark River (RM                               about 1022 acre-days and
                                  being higher, would probably revert to                                  4.9), east bank                                         occasional salinity intrusion
                                  brushy riparian vegetation such as wil-                  Size:          30 acres                                                occurs (0 - 10 O/oo) at low
                                  low, blackberry, older and others. Wild-                 Biophysical    Characteristics:   Diked fresh-                         Columbia River flows.
                                  life use of the area would probably in-                                 water tidal marsh, presently             Land Use - Plan Designation: Agriculture-
                                  crease, with waterfowl, small mammals                                   used as postureland with                                - Rural
                                  and aquatic furbearers predominant. The                                 grasses predominating. Dike              Ownership: Private (Linehan)
                                  road would act as a dike and influence                                  is in fair to poor condition.
                                  wildlife use in a negative way.                                                                                  Restoration Action
                                                                                                          Diurnal tidal range is 8.7                  The land area may need to be lowered
                                                                                                          feet, average elevation 7.5              in some areas; the ticlegate would be re-
                                                                                                          feet MLLW, annual submer-                moved to provide regular tidal action.
                                  14 (M) - MARSH RESTORATION                                              gence time 1095 acre-days,               Natural drainage patterns could be con-
                                  Site Description                                                        and no salinity intrusion oc-            structed.
                                  Location:      Lewis and Clark River (RM                                curs.
                                                 5.3), west bank                           Land Use - Plan Designation. Agriculture -              Biological PotentiollImpacts
                                  Size:          I I acres                                                Rural                                       Area would add 40 acres of high fresh-
                                  Biophysical    Characteristics: Diked fresh-             Ownership: Private (Grant)                              water tidal marsh to the aquatic eco-
                                                                                                                                                   system, while removing the some
                                                 water tidal marsh, presently              Restoration Action                                      amount of area from agricultural pro-
                                                 used for postureland with                    Breach dike and reconstruct natural                  ductivity. Marsh species which would
                                                 grasses predominating. Has                dra i nage pattern.                                     invade the restored area include sedges,
                                                 direct connection with river.
                                                 Dike is low and not well                  Biological Potential/impacts                            bulrushes and cattails. Wildlife use would
                                                 maintained. Diurnal tidal                    Area would add 30 acres of high fresh-               increase significantly.
                                                 range is 8.7 feet, submer-                water tidal marsh to the aquatic eco-
                                                 gence time is 642 acre-days,              system, while removing the same                         19 (M) - MARSH RESTORATION
                                                 average elevation is about                amount of area from agricultural pro-                   Site Description
                                                 7.0 feet above MLLW, and                  ductivity. Marsh species whichswould                    Location:      Youngs River (RM 5.2)/Wal-
                                                 no salinity intrusion occurs              invade the restored area include edges,
                                                 in the area.                              bulrushes, and ccittails. Wildlife use                                 luski River Junction (north
                                  Land Use - Plan Designation: Agriculture -               would increase significantly.                                          shore)
                                                 Rural                                                                                             Size:          135 acres
                                  Ownership: Private (Togg)                                17 (M) - MARSH RESTORATION                              Biophysical    Characteristics: Large, diked
                                                                                                                                                                  former freshwater tidal
                                  Restoration Action                                       Site Description                                                       marsh, presently operated
                                    Breach dike, construct a       natural drain-          Location:      Lewis and Clark River (RM                               as a 250 cow dairy farm.
                                  age pattern.                                                            5.7), east bank                                         Area is well-monaged pas-
                                                                                           Size:          20 acres                                                tureland; dikes are in good
                                  Biological Potential Ampacts                             Biophysical    Characteristics:   Diked fresh-                         condition. Diurnal tidal
                                    Area would add I I acres of high fresh-                               water tidal marsh, presently                            range is 8.6 feet, average
                                  water marsh to the aquatic ecosystem,                                   used as postureland with                                elevation is 7.0 feet MLLW
                                  while removing the some area from agri-                                 grasses predominating. Dike                             and submergence time is
                                  cultural productivity. Marsh species                                    is in fair to poor condition.                           7884 acre-days, and some
                                  which would invade the restored area in-                                Murnal tidal range is 8.7                               salinity intrusion occurs at
                                  clude sedges, bulrushes and cattails.                                   feet, average elevation 7.5                             low Columbia/Youngs River
                                  Wildlife use would increase significantly.                              feet MLLW, annual su6mer-                               flows.
                                                                                                          gence time 730 acre-days                 Land Use - Plan Designation: Agriculture
                                  15 (M) - MARSH RESTORATION                                              and no salinity intrusion oc-                           - Rural
                                  Site Description                                                        curs.                                    Ownership: Private (Lee)
                                  Location:      Lewis and Clark River (RM                 Land Use - Plan Designation: Agriculture -              Restoration Action
                                                 5.9), west bank                                          Rural                                       Breach dikes and reconstruct natural
                                  Size:          13 acres                                  Ownership: Private (Schneider)                          drainage patterns.
                                  Biophysical    Characteristics: Diked fresh-             Restoration Action
                                                 water tidal marsh, presently                 Breach dike and reconstruct natural                  Biological Potential/impacts
                                                 used for postureland with                 drainage pattern.                                          A large, productive freshwater tidal
                                                 grasses preclominating. Has                                                                       marsh could be developed if this area is
                                                 direct connection with river.             Biological Potential/impacts                            restored. However, a productive, well-
                                                 Dike is low and not well                     Area would add 20 acres of high fresh-               managed dairy form operation would be
                                                 maintained. Diurnal tidal                 water tidal marsh to the aquatic eco-.                  eliminated. The area, if restored, would
                                                 range is 8.7 feet, submer-                system, while removing the some                         be invaded by    sedges, cattails, bulrushes
                                                 gence time is 759 acre-days,              amount of area from. agricultural pro-                  and many other marsh species which
                                                 elevation is about 7.0 feet               ductivity. Marsh species which would                    were probably present prior to diking.
                                                 above MLLW, and no salinity               invade the restored area include sedges,                Wildlife use and use of sloughs by fishes
                                                 intrusion occurs in the area.             bulrushes and cattails. Wildlife use would              could be high. The marsh productivity
                                                                                           increase significantly.                                 would have a favorable impact on the
                                                                                                                                                   Youngs River/Bay ecosystem.
                                                                                                                                                                                            VI - I I

                   20 (M) - MARSH CREATION                              22 (M) - MARSH RESTORATION                             24 (M) - MARSH RESTORATION
                   Site Description                                     Site Description                                       Site Description
                   Location:      Youngs River/Walluski River           Location:      Youngs River (RM 6.3), east             Location:     Youngs River (RM 7,5), east
                                  Junction, south shore                                bank                                                  bank
                   Size:          35 acres                              Size:          32 acres                                Size:         90 acres (80 acres land, 10
                   Biophysical    Characteristics: Diked, fresh-        Biophysical    Characteristics: Diked fresh-                         acres slough)
                                  water tidal marsh, presently                         water tidal marsh, presently            Biophysical   Characteristics: Diked former
                                  used as postureland to graze                         used as postureland with                              freshwater tidal marsh, pre-
                                  form animals. Area is fair to                        grasses predominating. Dike                           sently used as posture for
                                  well managed, but dike is                            is Highway 202 which is low                           farm animals. The dike is in
                                  low and sometimes overtop-                           in this area, but well rip-                           excellent condition and re-
                                  ped by high tidal waters. Ti-                        rapped. Diurnal tidal range                           cently ripropped by the
                                  dal range is 8.6 feet, aver-                         is 8.6 feet, average eleva-                           Corps of Engineers. The
                                  age elevation 7.0 teet MLLW,                         tion 7.5 feet MLLW, submer-                           forms are well managed.
                                  annual submergence time                              gence time 1068 acre-days                             Diurnal tidal range is 8.6
                                  is about 2044 acre-days, and                         and little salinity intrusion                         feet, average elevation is
                                  little salt water intrusion oc-                      occurs, except during very                            6.5 feet MLLW, annual sub-
                                  curs, except during very low                         low river flows. One house                            mergence time is 2044 acre-
                                  river flows.                                         is located on the property.                           days and little salinity intru-
                   Land Use - Plan Designation: Agriculture             Land Use - Plan Designation: Agriculture                             sion occurs, except during
                                  - Rural                                              - Rural                                               extreme low river f lows.
                   Ownership: Private (Lee/Henry)                       Ownership: Private (Ordway)                            Land Use - Plan Designation: Agriculture -
                                                                                                                                             Rural
                   Restoration Action                                   Restoration Action                                     Ownership: Private (Burkholder, Cath-
                      Breach dike at frequent intervals,                   Permanently open ticlegate and allow                              cart, Henningsen and Biork)
                   create drainage channels following land              tidal flooding, The area where the house
                   contours. Tidal waters would be con-                 is located would have to be cross diked to             Restoration Action
                   tained by the existing road fill and adja-           prevent flooding.                                        Remove tidegates and breach dike at
                   cent hill land. No new dike construction                                                                    frequent intervals to allow free exchange
                   would be needed.                                     Biological Potential Ampact                            of water. Completely open all sloughs to
                                                                           Area would add 32 acres of high fresh-              the river.
                   Biological Potential/Impacts                         water tidal marsh to aquatic ecosystem,
                      Area would add 35 acres of high fresh-            while removing the some amount of area                 Biological Potential /impacts
                   water tidal marsh to the aquatic eco-                from agricultural productivity. Marsh                    Area would add 80 acres of high fresh-
                   system, while removing the some                      species which would invade the restored                water tidal marsh and 10 acres of tidal
                   amount of area from agricultural pro-                area include sedges, bulrushes and cat-                slough to the aquatic ecosystem, while
                   ductivity. Marsh species which would                 toils. Wildlife use would increase signi-              removing the some amount of area for
                   invade the restored area include sedges,             f icantly.                                             agricultural productivity. Marsh species
                   bulrushes and cattails. Wildlife use would                                                                  which would invade the restored area in-
                   increase significantly. This area has                23 (M) - MARSH RESTORATION                             clude sedges, bulrushes and cattails.
                   natural forested buffers on each upland                                                                     Wildlife use would increase significantly.
                   side, except for a small area along the              Site Description                                       The slough areas would get substantial
                   highway.                                             Location:      Haven Island in        Youngs           fish usage. This site is not a high priority
                                                                                       River (RM 7.5)                          site however, because of the intensive
                   21 (M) - MARSH RESTORATION                           Size:          60 acres (55 acres     land, 5          management for agriculture and the past
                                                                                       acres slough)                           and recent investment in dike and drain-
                   Site Description                                     Biophysical    Characteristics: Diked island           age improvements.
                   Location:      Youngs River (RM 5.8), east                          used in post to graze cattle,
                                  bank                                                 presently not used. Area has            25 (M) - 26(M) - 27 (M) - MARSH
                   Size:          20 acres                                             some alder, cottonwood                  RESTORATION
                   Biophysical    Characteristics: Dikes in this                       and spruce, but is largely
                                  area are in disrepair and the                        gross. Diurnal tidal range              Site Description
                                  ticlegate is open. Area has                          is about 8.6 feet, elevations           Location:     Upper Walluski River (3 sites)
                                  largely reverted to high,                            are 5 - 7 feet MLLW, and an-            Sizes:        25 (M) - 20 acres
                                  freshwater tidal marsh. No                           nual submergence time                                 26 (M) - 40 acres
                                  agricultural use is made of                          about 5822 acre-days. Little                          27 (M) - 60 acres
                                  the area. Diurnal tide range                         salt water intrusion occurs             Biophysical Characteristics: All three sites
                                  is 8.6 feet, average eleva-                          this far up the Youngs River,                         are diked former high fresh-
                                  tion about 7.5 feet, annual                          except during extreme low                             water tidal marshes and
                                  submergence about 1168                               flows.                                                presently used for posturing
                                  acre-days, and salinity intru-        Land Use - Plan Designation: Open space                              form animals. Elevations are
                                  sion occurs only during very                         - Conservation                                        in the 6 - 8 foot range, diur-
                                  low river flows.                      Ownership: Private (M. Nygaard)                                      nal tidal range is about 8.6
                   Land Use - Plan Designation: Open space                                                                                   feet and no salt water intru-
                                  - Conservation Aquatic                Restoration Action                                                   sion occurs. Vegetation are
                   Ownership: Private                                      Log off all timber, remove            brush,                      primarily posture grasses.
                                                                        remove ticlegate and breach dikes at                                 Site 25 (M) is managed in
                   Restoration Action                                   frequent interva  IS.                                                fair condition, Site 26 (M) in
                      Remove large areas of dike to promote                                                                                  fair condition and Site 27 (M)
                   better circulation and flushing action.              Biological Potential/impacts                                         in good condition.
                   This area, since partially restored, is not             This island is slightly lower than the              Land Use - Plan Designation: 25 (M) - Ag-
                   acceptable for use as a mitigation site. it          adjacent Grant and Frye Islands, which                               riculture - Conservation; 26
                   is a useful site for analysis of how                 have well developed high freshwater                                  (M) - Agriculture - Rural;
                   restored areas might redevelop as tidal              tidal marshes. Bulrushes, sedges, cattails                           27 (M) - Agriculture - Rural
                   marshes.                                             and other characteristic species could be              Ownership:    25 (M): Private (Coe)
                                                                        expected to rapidly colonize the area, if                            26 (M): Private (Elliot)
                   Biological Potential/impacts                         restored. Wildlife use, particularly be-
                      More complete removal at dike will                cause it is an island, free from human                               27 (M): Private (several own-
                   promote better flushing and export of                influence and domestic animals, would                                ers)
                   detrital material from the marsh. Since              be high. Fish would use the slough areas.              Resto-ration Action
                   the area is already marsh wetland, no                This is a valuable and high priority site for           Breach dikes at frequent intervals; re-
                   unfavorable land use impacts will be                 mitigation use.                                        construct natural drainage patterns.
                   caused.

                   VI-12

                                    Biological Potential/impacts                                Restoration Action                                            as sedges, bulrushes and cattails. Since
                                      These areas would add 20, 40 and 60                          Breach dikes of      selected site(s) at fre-              the land is not in use, there should be no
                                    acres, respectively, of high freshwater                     quent inte'rvals, reconstruct natural                         unfavorable land use impacts. Wildlife
                                    tidal marsh to the aquatic ecosystem,                       drainage patterns,      remove ticlegates.                    use will change to more aquatic species.
                                    while removing the some amounts of                                                                                        This site is useful habitat in its present
                                    area from agricultural productivity.                        Biological Potential /impacts                                 s ate and is therefore not a high priority
                                    Marsh species which would invade the                           Areas restored would be added back to                      sitte for restoration.
                                                                                                the aquatic ecosystem, but would remove
                                    restored areas include sedges, bulrushes                    farmland from agricultural productivity.
                                    and cattails. Wildlife use would increase                   The marshes that would develop would                          40 (M) - MARSH RESTORATION
                                    significantly.                                              likely be similar to those near the river                     Site Description
                                                                                                mouth, vvhic@h are dominated by bul-                          Location:       Svensen - Ferris Creek
                                    28 (M) - MARSH RESTORATION                                  rushes, cattails and sedges, as well as                       Size:           51 acres
                                    Site Description                                            many other species. The areas would                           Biophysical     Characteristics: The dikes in
                                    Location:       Klaskanine River                            contribute primary productivity to the                                        this area have been in dis-
                                    Size:    '      100 acres                                   estuary and would also get increased                                          repair for several years and
                                    Biophysical     Description:. Dike    .cl,  former          wildlife use, mostly aquatic furbearers                                       portions of the area have re-
                                                    presently used as pasture-                  and waterfowl.                                                                verted to tidal marsh. High-
                                                    land* with some timber. Dike                38 (M) - MARSH RESTORATION                                                    er portions are still in pasture
                                                                                                                                                                              grasses. The diurnal tidal
                                                    is in  fair condition but land              Site Description                                                              range is 8.0 feet and eleva-
                                                    is not well-managed.for ag-                 Location:       Svensen, between Mary's                                       tions range from. 7-10 feet
                                                    riculture use. Diurnal tidal                                Creek and Bear Creek                                          MLLW. No salt water intru-
                                                    range is 8.6 feet, average                  Size:           25 acres                                                      sion occurs in this area of
                                                    elevation is about 6 - 7 feet               Biophysical     Characteristics: The dikes in                                 the river.
                                                    MLLW, annual submergence                                    this area have been in dis-                   Land Use - Plan Designation: Open space
                                                    time is 8760 acre-days, and                                 repair for years and the tide-                                - Rural Aquatic/Shoreland
                                                    no salt water intrusion oc-.                                gate is not working. The area                 Ownership: Private (M. Mowe/R, Tykila)
                                                    curs.                                                       has largely reverted to high                  Restoration Action
                                    Land Use - Plan Designation: Agriculture -                                  freshwater tidal marsh con-                     Remove areas          of dike still intact to
                                                    Rural                                                       sisting of bulrushes, cattails,               promote better circulation and flushing
                                    Ownership: Private (Belford/Keyes)                                          sedges and many other                         action.
                                                                                                                marsh plants. The diurnal
                                    Restoration Action                                                          tidal range in the area is                    Biological Potentia I /impacts
                                      Breach dike at frequent intervals             and                         8.0 feet, and elevations are                    More complete removal of the dike
                                    reconstruct natural drainage pattern.                                       estimated to be in the 6-9                    will promote better flushing of cletrital
                                    Biological Potential A mpacts                                               feet MLLW range. No salt                      material into the estuary. The land-
                                      Area would add 100 acres of                  high                         water intrudes in this part                   owners, however, desire to repair the
                                    freshwater ficla I marsh to the, aquatic eco-                               of the  'river.                               dike and use the land for agriculture.
                                    system, while removing the some                             Land Use - Plan Designation: Open space
                                    amount of area from agricultural pro-                                       - Rural Aquatic                               41 (M) - MARSH RESTORATION
                                    cludivity. Marsh species which would                        Ownership: Private (C. Gifford)
                                    invade the restored area include sedges,                                                                                  Site Description
                                    bulrushes and cattails. Wildlife use would                  Restoration Action                                            Location:       Svensen Island
                                    increase significantly.                                        Remove large areas of the existing                         Size:           300 acres land, 50 acres
                                                                                                dike to promote better flushing action                                        slough
                                    29 (M) Through 37 (M) -                                     and circulation. Since this area is already                   Biophysical Characteristics: Diked, former
                                    MARSH RESTORATION                                           a tidal marsh, it would not be acceptable                                     high freshwater. tidal marsh,
                                                                                                for use as a mitigation site. It is useful as                                 presently in agricultural use
                                    Site Description                                            an example of how other sites in this re-                                     for posturing cattle. Diurnal
                                    Location:       John Day River                              gion suitable for restoration might revert                                    tidal range in this area is
                                    Size/Ownership: 29 (M): 34 acres/Private                    to aquatic productivity.                                                      about 8.0 feet, and eleva-
                                                    (V. Carlson)                                Biological Potential /impacts                                                 tions range from 6-9 feet
                                                    30 (M): 23 acres/Private        (W.          I More complete removal of the dike                                          MLLW. No salt water intru-
                                                    Erp)                                        will promote better flushing and export of                                    sion occurs in this area of
                                                    31 (M): 38 acres/Private                    cletrital material produced by the marsh            '                         the river.
                                                    (Haglund).                                  The landowner desires to repair the dike                      Land Use - Plan Designation: Agriculture -
                                                    32 (M): 1 15 acres/Pri vote                 and bring the area back into agricultural                                     Rural
                                                    (H. Allen)                                  production, raising a serious conflict.                       Ownership: Private (C. Haglund, eastern
                                                    33 (M): 21 acres/Private                                                                                                  130 acres; R. Reed, western
                                                    34 (M): 20 acres/Privote                    39 (M) - MARSH RESTORATION                                                    220 acres)
                                                    (Larson/Lundsmah)         '                                                                               Restoration Action
                                                    35 (M): 17 acres/Private                    Site Description
                                                    (Nyman)                                     Location:       Svensen, west of Ferris Creek                  Breach dikes and remove ticlegaies. All
                                                    36 (M): 7 acres/Private                     Size:           10 acres                                      or a portion could be restored by con-
                                                    37 (M): 25 acres/Private                    Biophysical Characteristics: Low-lying                        structing cross dikes.
                                                    (Rodgers) .                                                 diked area vegetated with                     Biological Potentiallimpacts
                                    Biophysical Characteristics: Diked, former                                  willow, older and scattered                    This area would add up to 300 acres of
                                                    high freshwater marsh areas,                                spruce. Diurnal tidal range                   high freshwater tidal marsh to the aquatic
                                                    presently used for low inten-                               in the area is 8.0 feet and                   ecosystem, while removing the same
                                                    sity agriculture, pasture                                   land elevation estimated to                   amount of area from agricultural pro-
                                                    grasses are dominant. Dikes                                 be in 7-9-feet MLLW range.                    ductivity. Marsh species which would
                                                    are in fair to poor condition                               No salt water intrudes in this                invade the restored area include sedges,
                                                    due to low height and ero           '-                      part of the river.                            bulrushes, and cattails. Wildlife use
                                                    sion along the outside banks.               Land Use - Plan Designation: Open space                       would increase significantly. This area is
                                                    Diurnal tidal range         is 8.2                          - Conservation                                also designated as a dredged material
                                                    feet, there is no salt water                Ownership: Private (Truax/other)                              disposal site,. both shoreland and dike
                                                    intrusion, and land         eleva-                                                                        maintenance.
                                                    tions are in the 6' to 8'                   Restoration Action
                                                    range. The areas get some                      Breach dike and allow area to be sub-
                                                    wildlife use by small        mam-           ject to full tidal action.
                                                    mals, deer and elk.                         Biological Potential/impcicts
                                    Land Use - Plan Designation: Agriculture -                     Existing vegetation will be replaced by
                                                    Rural                                       more characteristic wetlond species such
                                                                                                                                                                                                           VI - 13

                         (M) - MARSH RESTORATION                               48 (M) - MARSH CREATION                                  55 (M) - MARSH RESTORATION
                      Site Description                                         Site Description                                         Site Description
                      Location:      Deep River                                Location:      Miller Sands, adjacent to                 Location:     Elochoman River near Coth-
                      Size:          45 acres                                                 Columbia River ship chan-                               -lamet
                      Biophysical Characteristics: Diked, former                              nel (RM 23.5)                             Size:         140 acres
                                     freshwater tidal marsh, pre-              Size:          20 acres plus (2 acres)                   Biophysical Characteristics: Low-lying
                                     sently used for agriculture.              Biophysical   Characteristics: On the     inside                       wetland area diked on the
                                                                                                                                                      Elochoman River side but
                                     Vegetation is grasses with                               of the Miller Sands dredged
                                     large amount of tussock, in-                             material disposal site, marsh                           open to tidal waters through
                                     dicating poor drainage.                                  plantings of sedges, bent-                              culverts under the rood to
                                                                                                                                                      the west. The diurnal tidal
                                     Condition of the dike is not                             grass and other types have                              range is approximately 6
                                     known. The diurnal tidal                                 been made. This marsh cre-                              feet in this area, and no salt
                                     range is approximately 8.0                               ation project has been di-                              water intrusion occurs, Ve-
                                     feet and there is no salinity                            rected by the Corps of Engi-                            getation on the site consists
                                     intrusion. Land elevation is                             neers Waterways Experi-                                 of older, willow and some
                                     in the 6-9 feet MLLW range.                              ment Station in Vicksburg,                              spruce as we I I as marsh wet-
                      Land Use - Plan Designation: Agriculture -                              Mississippi.
                                     Rural                                     Land Use - Plan Designation: Open space                                land vegetation.
                      Ownership: Private                                                      - Conservation                            Land Use - Plan Designation: Open space
                                                                               Ownership: Conflicting state/federal                                   - Develppinent Aquatic
                      Restoration Action                                                      claims                                    Ownership: Private (Dournit)
                        Breach dikes arid remove ticlegates.
                      The road on the west side of the area                    Restoration Action                                       Restoration Action
                      would need to be built up if the entire                    Continued experimental marsh plant-                     Breach dike on Elochoman River side to
                      area were restored. Otherwise a cross                    ing.                                                     provide for more complete tidal ex-
                      dike would need to be constructed.                       Biological Potential/impacts                             change.
                      Biological Potential Ampacts                               Marsh creation on existing dredged                     Biological Potential Ampacts
                        Up to 45 acres of high freshwater tidal                material islands is encouraged by poli-                   More complete tidal exchange will
                      marsh could be added to the aquatic eco-                 cies of this plan. Increased primary pro-                result in a gradual conversion of terres-
                      system by restoring this area. Typical                   ductivity and new wildlife habitat are the               trial to semi-aquatic to aquatic vegeta-
                      marsh species that would invade include                  chief benefits.                                          tion, depending primarily on elevation.
                      bulrushes, cattails and sedges. Wildlife                                                                          Wildlife use, which is high in any event,
                      use by aquatic furbearers, waterfowl and                                                                          would change to more aquatic species.
                      other aquatic animals would increase                                                                              More complete restoration, however,
                      significantly.                                                                                                    would conflict with development
                                                                                                                                        planned for the area, which is close to
                                                                                                                                        Colhlamet.

                                                                                  SHOAL AREA RESTORATION

                      3 (SA) - SHOAL AREA RESTORATION                          ation projects include removal of old fish               the estuary, has shoaled considerably
                                                                               traps 4(P) and removal of the Chinook                    over the post several decades. This has
                      Location Baker Bay                                       Jetty 5(P).                                              been due to diversion of Columbia River
                      Background                                                                                                        flow southwest into the main ship chan-
                         Baker Bay has considerably shociled                   11 (SA) - SHOAL AREA RESTORATION                         nel toward Tongue Point, decreased river
                      since the turn of the century. The shoaling              Location Youngs Bay, behind the U.S.                     and tidal currents and increased sedi-
                      has been caused by a variety of factors                    Highway 101 Causeway                                   ment loads coming down Deep and Grays
                      including construction of the North and                                                                           Rivers. At the mouth of the Grays River, a
                      South Columbia River Jetties and subse-                  Background                                               bar has developed and the lower reaches
                      quent northward migration of Sand Is-                      In 1964, the new Youngs Bay Bridge                     of the stream have shoaled excessively.
                      lands; construction of hundreds of fish                  was constructed, including nearly a mile                 The result has been that existing channels
                      traps which reduced circulation in the                   of filled causeway. This fill greatly re-                hove not been able to carry the flow
                      bay; construction of the Chinook Jetty                   duced near shore currents and has re-                    during high water periods, resulting in
                      (pile dike); and 2 other changes.- In the                sulted in an increased shoaling rate (2-4                lowland flooding, traditionally navigable
                      gap between Big and Little Sand Islands,                 cm/yr). The difference in elevations east                areas are also no longer useable. Fish
                      there has been a reversed process of                     and west of the causeway are easily                      migration is also impaired at times.
                      intense scouring; most tidal water is                    observed at any low tide.                                Restoration Action
                      exchanged through this gap. A, more                      Restoration Action                                         Dredging and maintaining a channel in
                      complete discussion of historical shoaling
                      patterns is shown in the Land and'Waier                    Removal of the entire       causeway and               the Grays River and Grays Bay is
                      Use Plan (cf. Baker Bay, 45.05).                         replacement by a bridge on piling would                  proposed to alleviate the above
                                                                               be the most desirable in terms of im-                    problems. Several of the principal causes
                      Restoration Action                                       proving circulation, but cost would likely               of shoaling are not likely to decrease
                         Extensive dredging and/or         closing of          far outweigh any benefits gained. As an                  appreciably and a technological solution
                      the breach between Big and          Little Sand          alternative, culverts could he installed at              (dredging) to the above problems is
                      Islands are proposed as possible restor-                 various locations to increase circulation                probably necessary.
                      ation measures, The latter seems more                    and flushing and to decrease sedimenta-
                      and more realistic since the tidal scouring              tion. Prior to such action, a hydraulic                  56 (SA) - SHOAL AREA RESTORATION
                      seems to be continually deepening the                    model should be used to determine po-                    Location West end of Cothlamet Channel
                      area. In fact, encouraging the scouring                  tenfial beneficial, as well as detrimental                  (RM 46)
                      process and possibly rerouting the Ilwaco                effects of culverting.
                      and Chinook Channels through the gap                                                                              Background
                      may eventually become desirable.                         45 (SA) - SHOAL AREA RESTORATION                           At the upriver end of Puget Island, a
                      Further research is needed on the hy-                    Location Grays Bay and River                             series of pile dikes have been installed to
                      draulics and biology of Baker Bay before                                                                          divert river flow into the ship channel and
                      action is taken to alter the shoaling                    Background                                               away from Cathlomet channel. Addi-
                      problems in the bay. Other related restor-                 Grays Bay, like other marginal boys of                 tionally, the area between the pile dikes

                       VI-14

                                         love been and will continue to be used                  Rslorafio   n Action
                                         to dispose of dredged material from the                    Complete restoration would require
                                         main ship channel [dredged material                     removal of the pile dikes and dredged
                                         disposal site 96 (B), cf. A4.01]. The ma-               material islands. This action would likely
                                         terial placed there in a series of small                increase maintenance dredging needs
                                         islands has migrated into Cothlamet                     for the 40' ship channel. A less dramatic
                                         Channel, reducing navigability of certain               and recommended course of action
                                         areas. The reduced currents through the                 would be to plug the holes between the
                                         channel also result in increased sedi-                  pile dikes, creating a single spit upstream
                                         mentation because less material remains                 from Puget Island. Flows through Cathlo-
                                         in suspension. Sloughs bordering the                    met Channel would still be reduced, but
                                         north side of Puget Island have shooled                 less dredged material deposited there
                                         considerably.                                           would enter the channel. Shoaling
                                                                                                 should be somewhat reduced.

                                                                                         ERODED SHORELINE RESTORATION SITES

                                         7(E)- ERODED SHORELINE RESTORATION                                                                    8(E)-ERODED SHORELINE RESTORATION
                                         Site Description                                                                                      Site Description
                                         Location:      The shoreline just west of                                                             Location:      The shoreline west of Alas-
                                                        the Hammond Boat Basin                                                                                ka Packers
                                                        entrance                                                                               Size:          approximately 1000' x 50'
                                         Size:          approximately 1000' x 60'                                                              Biophysical Characteristics: Interticlal
                                                        (average width)                                                                                       beach with a moderate
                                         Biophysical Characteristics: Interticlal                                                                             slope. The beach has coarse
                                                        beach on the inside of de-                                                                            sediments and benthic pro-
                                                        teriorated riprap which was                                                                           ductivity is probably low.
                                                        the starting point of the ori-                                                                        The shallow area imme-
                                                        ginal South Jetty. Area has                                                                           diately offshore is a sea-
                                                        gently sloping gradient from                                                                          ward migration route for
                                                        approximately +10' MLLW                                                                               juvenile salmon.
                                                        to + 5' MLLW. The area to be                                                           Land Use - Plan Designation: Open space
                                                        restored is a sandy beach                                                                             - Conservation Aquatic
                                                        with some invading marsh                                                               Ownership: Private (shore); State (below
                                                        vegetation in the area be-                                                                            MHW)
                                                        tween the present shoreline                                                            Restoration Action
                                                        and the jetty line. Because                                                              Dredged material from the Hammond
                                                        of coarse substrate, benthic                                                           Boat Basin entrance channel dredging of
                                                        productivity is probably low.                                                          from direct pipeline dredging from the
                                         Land Use -    Plan Designation: Area is an                                                            adjacent deep water area would be used
                                                        exceptional viewpoint and                                                              to restore the shoreline configuration to
                                                        is used extensively by local                                                           what it was prior to recent erosion.
                                                        people and tourists; road ac-                                                          Realistically, the shoreline would need to
                                                        cess and limited parking is                                                            be ripropped to retard further erosion.
                                                        available; area proposed                                                               Alternatively, it could be used as a
                                                        for restoration is designated                                                          periodic beach nourishment dredged
                                                        Development Aquatic and                                                                material disposal site.
                                                        the adjacent shoreland is
                                                        designated Water Depend-                                                               Biological Potential A m pacts
                                                        ent Development.                                                                          Restoration of the original shoreline
                                         Ownership:     Federal (Corps of Engineers),                                                          will restore about 11/2 acres of sh&eland,
                                                        leased to the Town of Ham-                                                             if it is stabilized. Ripropping the shoreline
                                                        mond                                                                                   will be expensive and stabilization may
                                                                                                                                               require that one or more pile dikes. be
                                         Restoration Action                                                                                    constructed to further   retard erosion. The
                                            Dredged material from the Hammond                                                                  deep channel adjacent to this shoreline is
                                         Boat Basin entrance dredging would be                                                                 migrating slowly to the south and has
                                         used to fill the 1000 x 60 foot gap be-                                                               been since at least the 1930's. This
                                         tween the jetty and.the present shoreline.                                                            natural process is probably worsened by
                                         The jetty on the outer side would be built                                                            maintenance of the ship channel in this
                                         up and reinforced to protect the new                                                                  reach of the river. The biological impacts
                                         shoreline. The new shoreline would be                                                                 of the restoration action would not be
                                         vegetated and developed by the Town of                                                                great, but the physical effects would
                                         Hammond as a waterfront park, asso-                                                                   generally be beneficial economically.
                                         ciated with the Boat Basin.                                                                           Further erosion will endanger existing
                                         Biological Potential Anipacts                                                                         piers, private upland property and
                                           Restoration of the former shoreline will                                                            homes, and possibly the Hammond Boat
                                                                                                                                               Basin, if the erosion cut behind the east
                                         create about 11/2 acres of new shoreland,                                                             end of the breakwater.
                                         covering over about I acre of sandy
                                         beach and 1/2 acre of invading marsh
                                         vegetation. Further erosion of the present
                                         shoreline will be prevented.

                                                                                                                                                                                        V1 - 15

                   SHORELAND VEGETATIOV
                      There are several sites along the ship channel where islands have
                   been created by the disposal of dredged material. Stabilization of these
                   islands by planting vegetation to prevent erosion and provide wildlife
                   habitat is encouraged by CREST policy (cf. 62.20). Three primary sites
                   are identified for this activity:

                   46 (SV) - RICE ISLAND (RM 2 1)                       47 (SV) - MILLER SANDS (RM 23.5)                     49 (SV) - JIM CROW SANDS (RM 27. 1)
                      An active disposal site, Rice Island is             Just upstream from Rice Island, but on              Another beach nourishment disposal
                   relatively high in comparison to other               the south side of the ship channel, Miller           site, Jim Crow Sands has been the subject
                   areas. Selecting vegetation for this area            Sands is an active beach nourishment                 of an intensive experimental upland
                   will require taking the lower depth of               disposal site. Both upland and marsh                 vegetation project conducted by the
                   water table into account. Some natural               planting have been conducted success-                Corps of Engineers and Soil Conservation
                   vegetation is starting to take hold on               fully on the island, which is in the shape           Service. The experimental plantings hove
                   certain areas of the island, but          this       of a horseshoe, but open of the top.                 been largely successful, have attracted
                   process could be much accelerated.                   Continued experimental work and even-                large numbers of waterfowl and other
                                                                        tual full vegetation of the site is re-              birds and have resulted in stabilization of
                                                                        commended.                                           large areas of the sands.

                   PILE DIKE OR PILING REMOVAL
                      There are thousands of pilings which are relics of fish traps, docks,                                  4 (P) - BAKER BAY - Abandoned Pilings
                   piers, fish processing facilities and other structures along the waterfronts                                The remains of hundreds of abandoned
                   of both Washington and Oregon. Many of these are harmless and are                                         fish traps in Baker,Bay ore contributing to
                   aesthetically pleasing reminders of earlier days along the waterfront.                                    the severe shoaling problem there and
                   Some, however, present serious navigation hazards and contribute to                                       represent a navigation hazard which
                   serious shoaling problems.                                                                                annually takes its share of small boats.
                                                                                                                             Systematic inventory and renioval of
                      Pile dikes to control shoreline erosion or to channel river water in a                                 these pilings is needed to correct these
                   direction which will help stabilize the ship channel and help in self-                                    problems. The adverse impacts are ex-
                   scouring are numerous in the estuary area. Most do their job effectively,                                 pected to be minimal, but high cost it a
                   but some are believed to be principal contributors to undesirable                                         key consideration. More details on shoal-
                   shoaling away from the ship channel.                                                                      ing in Baker Boy are contained in the
                                                                                                                             Land and Water Use Plan (cf 45.04) and
                   5 (P) - CHINOOK JETTY (pile dike)                    50 (P) - SNAG ISLAND JETTY -                         Shoal Area Restoration (cf 64.30).
                      The 3500 foot long flow control struc-                    CATHLAMET BAY
                   ture is believed to be a major cause of                The Snag Island Jetty was      installed in
                   shoaling problems in Baker Bay, particu-
                   larly the east end including Chinook                 the 1880's to help maintain the ship
                   Channel. It is recommended that the jetty            channel which of that time was adjacent
                   be removed and monitoring occur to see               to the island. Since that function is no
                   if improved scouring occurs. More details            longer appropriate, possible removal of
                   on shoaling in Baker Boy are noted                   the jetty should be evaluated.
                   above.

                   FISHERIES ENHANCEMENT
                      The Columbia River and estuary tributary streams have experienced                                      I (F) - WALLACLIT RIVER
                                                                                                                                         The Wallocut River is heavily
                   dramatic decreases in the production of trout and Chinook, Coho and                                       silted in and historic fish runs have essen-
                   Chum salmon over the post several decades. These decreases have                                           tially been eliminated. Chum and other
                   been due to a combination of factors including dam construction, over-                                    salmon might be restored in the stream if
                   fishing, logging in watersheds, and other degradation of stream and                                       the stream were dredged, areas near
                   estuarine habitat. Chum salmon runs in particular, have been deci-                                        tidewater regravelled, and obstructions
                                                                                                                             to fish passage by-passed or removed.
                   mated. This is thought to be largely caused by logging operations silting                                 More careful management of watershed
                   in the areas just above tidewater where Chum salmon spawn. Currents                                       strearnside vegetation will help reduce
                   are generally too sluggish in this area of streams to remove the silt.                                    the siltation problem.
                      Fishery enhancement projects to improve habitat and supplement
                   existing or former fish runs is encouraged by CREST policy (cf. 21. 10) and                               2 (F) - CHINOOK RIVER
                   would be appropriate for many estuary tributaries. Examples of fishery                                      Siltation of the Chinook River has re-
                   enhancement projects include regravelling of streams to provide im-                                       cluced the historically good runs of ona-
                                                                                                                             dromous fish that used the river. Because
                   proved spawning habitat; removal or bypass of obstructions, such as old                                   of the Sea Resources Hatchery on the
                   ticlegates, dams or waterfalls; construction of salmon-rearing ponds to                                   stream, however, fish runs have been
                   provide a greater capacity for artificial replacement of lost fish stocks;                                kept alive. Dredging to improve fish
                                                                                                                             passage and removal or bypass of ob-
                   work with state hatchery programs and lumber companies to improve                                         structions would improve the salmon
                   stream habitat'and water quality.                                                                         fishery potential. Regravell,ing silted in
                      Each of the major tributary streams on the estuary is listed for po-                                   areas and subsequent stream manage-
                   tential fishery enhancement. Specific comments related to these                                           ment practices to minimize further silting
                   streams are given below.                                                                                  are also recommended.

                   V1 - 16

                              13 (F) - LEWIS AND CLARK RIVER                        51 (F) - BIG CREEK                                   57 (F) - YOUNGS RIVER
                                 The Lewis and Clark River has runs of                Big Creek is the location of an im-                   The Clatsop Economic Development
                              Chinook and Coho salmon, steelhead                    portant state fish hatchery. The stream              Committee operates the Youngs Bay
                              and sea run cutthroat trout. The river used           and hatchery produce large run of Chi-               Salmon Enhancement Program, which is
                              to have an excellent Chum salmon run                  nook  salmon, some Coho, steelhead cut-              in its third year of operation. The project
                              but, as in other coastal streams, they                throat trout and some Chum salmon. The               includes two salmon rearing ponds on
                              hove been severely depleted. Sea run                  stream is well managed for control of                Tucker Creek on the Vandervelt Property.
                              cutthroat trout also have declined in                 stream sedimentation, but areas at or just           The program is being conducted with
                              numbers because of a shortage of habi-                above tidewater could be regravelled to              assistance from Oregon Department of
                              tat. There is a severe problem with low               improve habitat. Water quality should be             Fish and Wildlife fish hatcheries on Big
                              ri.ver flows in the upper river during                strictly controlled, particularly non-point          Creek and the Klaskanine River, state
                              August and September. The City of War-                sources related to watershed tree-                   grants, and contributions from local or-
                              .renton uses.some of the river water for              growing operations.                                  ganizations, businesses and individuals.
                              municipal needs.                                                                                              Expansion plans include construction of
                                 The Oregon Department of Fish and                  52 (F) - GNAT CREEK                                  a third rearing pond on the South Fork of
                              Wildlife and National Marine Fisheries                                                                     the Klaskanine River. Other work to im-
                              Service are both experimenting with re-                 Gnat Creek has a good run of steel-
                              viving the natural runs of Coho and cut-              head and cutthroat trout. Careful man-               prove stream habitats also has excellent
                              throat trout by planting them in various              agement of stream sedimentation and                  potential in this river system. When
                              stream areas and tributaries of the Lewis             water quality as it related to tree-growing          fishery enhancement is used as complete
                              and Clark River. Construction of rearing              operations in the watershed will maintain            or partial mitigation for the adverse
                              ponds and extensive artificial propaga-               and improve habitat in the stream itself             effects of estuarine alteration, it should
                                                                                                                                         be accomplished through the existing
                              tion of fish would conflict with these ef-            and maintain a flow of clean, pure water             Youngs Bay Salmon Enhancement Pro-
                              forts and probably will not be permitted              to the state fish hatchery.                          gram.
                              in the near future. Better management of
                              stream sedimentation and water quality                53 (F) - ELOCHOMAN RIVER                             58 (F) - FISH LADDER -
                              related to watershed tree-growing opera-                                                                           YOUNGS RIVER FALLS
                              tions will help improve habitat for all fish            The Elochomon has a state salmon
                                                                                    hatchery (Department of Fisheries) which                The 65' Youngs River Falls provides an
                              species and be particularly helpful in the            produces Coho and Chinook salmon.                    effective barrier to anodromous passage.
                              effort to reestablish self-sustaining runs.           Bear Creek, a tributary of the Elochoman             Construction of a fish ladder around the
                              42 (F) - DEEP RIVER                                   well below the salmon hatchery, has a                falls on the south side of the stream
                              43 (F) - GRAYS RIVER                                  state trout hatchery (Department of                  would open up many miles of potential
                                                                                    Game), which produces cutthroat trout                spawning habitat for salmon and trout.
                                 Historically the Grays Bay system                  and steelhead. Coordination of these                 The potential for runs establishing them-
                                                                                    runs with regard to timing of releases to
                              supported large runs of Chum salmon,                  prevent i  .nterspecific predation is Im-            selves on a self-sustaining basis is diffi-
                              and some Coho, fall Chinook and steel-                portant in managing fisheries        0 n . this      cult to estimate, but upstream areas could
                              head. Now, much of the former spawn-                  stream.                                              be planted with fish on a regular basis.
                              ing habitat is unusable because of water-               Fisheries can be enhanced by better                   Using proven fish ladder technology
                              shed logging practices, and most salmon               management of stream sedimentation                   (stairstep series of rectangular reinforced
                              ore raised at the Grays River hatchery.               and water quality related to tree-growing            concrete boxes) with an estimated cost of
                              Local fishermen operate a small scale                 operations. Maintenance of strecim-side              $AOOO - $6000 per vertical foot, the 65'
                              Chum salmon enhancement project on a                  vegetative buffers in downstream areas               falls could be scaled for a cost of
                              tributary of the Grays River.                         which might be developed in the future is            $260,000 to $300,000. One possible
                                 Fishery enhancement on the Deep                                                                         conflict is that the City of Astoria has
                              River and Grays River should start with               also important.                                      water rights on the river and has long
                              more effective management of stream
                              sedimentation and water quality related               54 (F) - WESTPORT SLOUGH -                           range plans to construct a dam just above
                              to tree-growing operations. On Grays                          PLYMPTON CREEK                               the falls.
                              River, a holding pond (such as the pro-                 Plympton Creek, which drains into                  59 (F) - KLASKANINE RIVER -
                              posed Raistakka pond) should be con-                  Westport Slough at the ferry landing, has                   WATER IMPOUNDMENT
                              structed, both as a rearing pond for ju-              an excellent run of Chinook salmon and a                River flow on the North Fork of the
                              venile fish and a holding pond for re-                small run of Chum. However, the stream               Klaskonine River in August and Septem-
                              turning adult fall Chinook. Dredging the              has a problem with drainage of sewage                ber is often reduced below minimum
                              silt in stream mouth should also be eva-              from Westport into the stream. installa-             levels necessary to support fish, other
                              luated. An evaluation needs to be made                tion of planned sewers should correct this           aquatic life and state fish hatchery opera-
                              of current fish rearing practices which               problem. Other measures are needed,                  tions. A dam project on the river-was
                              have resulted in reduced runs and small-              however, to control water qucdity and                proposed in 1969 by the Clatsop Water
                              er Coho salmon on the Grays River. These              stream sedimentation in the watershed.               Resources Committee to correct this
                              apparently detrimental practices include
                              substitution of the "Cowlitz Coho" in this                                                                 problem, which still exists. An earth@
                              and other state hatcheries and genetic                                                                     filled dam could be designed to provide
                              manipulation caused by the taking of                                                                       1200 acre feet of additional water to the
                              salmon eggs from only' certain time                                                                        stream and the fish hatchery during low
                              fromes of the returning runs. Additional                                                                   flowperiods.
                              citizen input is needed in managing the
                              Grays River fishery.

                                                                                                                                                                             VI - 17

                                                              66. MITIGATION NEEDS
                     The Oregon Land Conservation and Development                                                                                40
                  Commission's Estuary Resources Goal (No. 16) re-
                  quires that adverse impacts of dredge or fill activities
                  permitted in interticlal or tidal marsh areas be miti-
                  gated by creation, restoration or enhancement of              may require dredging of interticlal areas as well as
                  another estuary area. Mitigation for adverse impacts          limited filling. The area includes approximately 19
                  to other areas or resources, such as subticlal habitat,       acres of freshwater tidal marsh and interticlal mud-
                  riparian habitat, or upland areas, may also be re-            flats. The subticlal areas are shallow. While the area
                  quired to meet CREST mitigation policies or other             flushes slowly and is subject to potential water
                  state and federal regulations.                                quality problems if intensively developed, the area
                     Mitigation. needs are outlined through reference           is presently relatively productive with good water
                  to the appropriate subarea in the Land and Water              quality. The area is used by warmwater and estuary
                  Use Plan (cf. Part IV). Adverse impacts of dredge or          fishes, as well as cutthroat trout and Coho salmon.
                  fill actions in subareas other than those discussed           Benthic organisms, epifauna and plankton are rela-
                  may also require mitigation, but, for the areas listed        tively abundant in this area.
                  below, a clear need exists to provide mitigation by             Dredging, filling, and subsequent marina or other
                  restoring, creating or enhancing other estuarine              development may cause water quality degradation
                  areas. Exemptions to the mitigation requirements              and reduce plant and animal productivity.
                  are listed in policy 63. 10.                                  Potential Mitigation Sites/Projects
                  66.10 HAMMOND SUBAREA (cf. 42.01)                               The middle Skipanon area is very similar in habi-
                  Potential Development Action/impacts                          tat types to the Youngs or Lewis and Clark River
                                                                                areas. Sites in either of these areas should be con-
                     The Hammond Mooring Basin has potential for                sidered as potential mitigation projects for dredging
                  significant expansion within the existing break-              or filling in the middle Skipanon subarea. Depend-
                  waters. However approximately 9.5 acres of the                ing on the extent of alterations, consideration should
                  area is interticlal mudflat, which, according to              also be given to use of the mitigation bank (cf.
                  limited data, is a productive benthic environment.            67.30), when established.
                  Higley and Holton, in their 1976 study of benthic
                  organisms done for the Port of Astoria, found an              66.30 - MOUTH OF THE SKIPANON
                  average of more than 27,600 organisms per square                       SUBAREA (cf. 42.06)
                  meter at two sample sites within the boat basin. Of
                  these, more than 5400 were polychuetes (highest               66.31 - WEST SKIPANON SPIT - ALDER COVE
                  density of any area studied), 7500 were amphipods
                  and 12,800 were oligochetes. Expansion of the boat            Potential Development Action/impacts
                  basin would require dredging of a portion of this               The Land and Water Use Plan for this subarea
                  area to approximately -10' MLLW. Annual or bian-              describes a potential project of Warrenton Lumber
                  nial maintenance dredging would probably be                   Company which may involve filling of approximate-
                  needed. The interticlal habitat would be exchanged            ly 7.8 acres of tidal marsh in Alder Cove. This marsh
                  for a deeper aquatic habitat which will periodically          grades from a high brackish water marsh to a sedge-
                  be disturbed, and overall productivity would drop
                  somewhat.                                                     bulrush-cattail marsh, with many characteristic
                                                                                aquatic plants. This area is part of the 75 acre marsh
                  Potential Mitigation Sites/Projects                           which fringes Alder Cove. Filling the site, should it
                                                                                be permitted, would permanently change the area
                     There are no potential mitigation sites in the im-         from a productive aquatic environment to an upland
                  mediate vicinity of the Hammond Boat Basin. The               industrial site.
                  site at Swash Lake [6(M)] or sites in the Youngs Bay,
                  Lewis and Clark River or Youngs River should be con-          Potential Mitigation Sit@Ds/Projects
                  sidered as possible alternatives. If a mitigation bank          The Alder Cove marsh, despite its proximity to the.
                  (cf. 67.30) exists when this boat basin expansion             river mouth, is still basically a freshwater marsh,
                  takes place, consideration should be given to its use         based on the dominant aquatic vegetation. Some
                  for this project.                                             salt marsh species are present, particularly later in
                  66.20 - MIDDLE SKIPANON SUBAREA                               the summer, when river flow diminishes and in-
                                                                                truding salt water becomes a more dominant factor.
                           (cf. 42.05)                                          Potential marsh mitigation sites include Swash Lake
                                                                                [6(M)], and sites in Youngs Bay, Youngs River and
                  Potential Development Action/impacts                          the Lewis and Clark River. A more detailed analysis
                     The Development designation for the aquatic area           of plant communities and their salt or fresh water
                  between the Harbor Street Bridge on the north to the          nature would be useful in helping determine what
                  8th Street dam on the south provides for uses which           type of marsh should be created or restored.

                  V1 - 18

                               66.32 - EAST SKIPANON SPIT                                                  Potential Mitigation Sites/Projects
                               Potential Development Action/Impacts                                           CREST prepared a draft mitigation plan for the
                                                                                                           Pacific Fabricators project that never was used. The
                                 East and north of the east spit of the Skipanon                           project has been shelved until the market for oil rigs
                               River, 47 acres of tidal marsh and 45 acres of inter-                       becomes more favorable. However, should this or
                               tidal sand-mudflats are designated Development                              some similar development project be permitted,
                               Aquatic and are subject to possible dredging or                             some combination of the following sites or projects
                               filling actions. The Pacific Fabricators, Inc. proposed                     might serve as adequate mitigation: marsh recrea-
                               oil rig fabrication facility would have filled or                           tion westof Holbrook Slough [9(M)], east of Holbrook
                               dredged this area, as well as an additional 25 acres                        Slough [10(M)], lower Walluski [20(M)], Youngs
                               of subtidal area for which the Oregon Division of                           River [24(M)], and Haven Island [23(M)]; fish ladder
                               State Lands required mitigation. The specific habitats                      at Youngs River Falls [58fl]; and fish enhancement
                               affected included:                                                          in the Youngs River area [57(F)].

                                                        Habitat Type                               Elevation                  Area (approx.)
                               AREA 1:     Transition marsh                             + 8' to + 13 MLLW)               36.55 acres (fi I I)
                               AREA 2:     Cattail-bulrush marsh                        + 5" to + 10')                   10. 79 acres (f i 11)
                               AREA 3:     Sand-mud Flat -                             (+10'to -15')                     36.98 acres (f i 11)
                                           Youngs Bay/Col. River
                               AREA 4:     Sand-mud Flats-Skipanon                     (0 to + 10')                      11. 15 acres (f i 11)
                               AREA 5:     Sand-mud Flats/$lope                         + 10'to -20')                     7.'25 acres (dredged)
                                           North Skipanon
                               AREA 6:     Sand-mud Flat/Slope -                       (0' to - 15')                     15.45 acres (dredged)
                                           Skipanon
                                                                                       TOTAL                             118.17 acres

                               66.40 - YOUNGS BAY SUBAREA (cf. 42.07)                                      66.50 - PORT OF ASTORIA SUBAREA
                               Potential Development Action/impacts                                                  (cf. 42.13)
                                 The dike adjacent to the Clatsop County Airport                           Potential Development Action/impacts
                               runway, designated for an instrument landing sys-                              A 15 acre area west of Pier 3, 3 acres of which are
                               tem, intrudes into the clear zone of that runway and                        intertidal sand flats, is designated Development
                               may need to be moved waterward. The wetland                                 Aquatic. This area is less biologically productive
                               outside the dike is relatively high and vegetated                           than the more protected sand flat area to the south,
                               with spruce, alder and various aquatic species of                           but still has high numbers of benthic organisms and
                               plants. Moving the dike would require removal of                            gets substantial use by downstream migrant juvenile
                               trees and other vegetation and would affect approx-                         salmon and other fishes. Filling the interticlal area
                               imately one acre of wetland.                                                will permanently remove it from aquatic productivity
                                                                                                           and require mitigation-
                               Potential Mitigation Sites/Projects
                                 Any marsh restoration site in the Youngs Bay,                             Potential Mitigation Sites/Projects
                               Youngs River or Lewis and Clark River might provide                            There are 'no sand flat mitigation sites per se
                               acceptable mitigation for loss of this high spruce                          available; however, many of the marsh restoration
                               swamp area adjacent to the dike. If the mitigation                          sites include creation of slough and mudflat areas
                               bank is established, this project, because it involves                      and these could be used as a substitute. Such areas
                               only one acre of wetland, should be considered first.                       would likely be equal in benthic productivity and get
                               Because of the minimal impact on the Youngs Bay                             substantial fish usage. Support of fishery enhance-
                               ecosystem and the public benefits associated with                           ment efforts in the Youngs River system also might
                               the project, a waiver from the Division of State Lands                      be appropriate mitigation.
                               may also be possible.

                                                                                                                                                                           VI-19

                                                                              66.70 - TONGUE POINT SUBAREA (cf. 42.16)
                66.60 - UPPERTOWN -
                        ALIDERBROOK SUBAREA (cf. 42.15)                       Potential Development Action/impacts
                Potential Development Project/impacts                           Development of the area north of th      'e southern
                  The East End Mooring Basin is considerably                  finger pier will not involve dredging or filling of
                                                                              interticlal or tidal marsh area and therefore not re-
                shoaled adjacent to the shoreline. Expansion of the           quire mitigation under the LCDC Estuarine Resources
                basin would require dredging up to five acres of              Goal, Number 16. However, the subtidal area be-
                interticlal mudflats that, based on other areas with          tween the pier slips has high benthic productivity
                similar sediments and salinity, are relatively pro-           and gets substantial fish usage. Because of this, the
                ductive biologically. Dredging, construction of docks         Division of State Lands may require mitigation,
                and moorages, and subsequent use by fishing and               should a permit be granted to fill this subticlal area.
                other vessels will change the nature of the aquatic             The Development Aquatic area from the south of
                habitat and likely result in lower biological produc-         the finger piers to the John Day River includes 135
                tivity.                                                       acres of shoreland and 80 acres of aquatic area, of
                                                                              which about 65 acres are interticlal or tidal marsh.
                Potential Mitigation Sites/Projects                           Dredging or filling a portion or all of these 65 acres
                  There are no mudflat mitigation sites in this plan;         will require mitigation. Additional mitigation may
                however, many of the marsh mitigation sites in the            be required for subtidal areas or shorelands in-
                Youngs Bay system or John Day River also could be             volved in any development proposal.
                constructed so as to provide mudf lot area, as wel I as
                marsh, by lowering a portion of the diked marsh.              Potential Mitigation Sites/Projects
                Such a small dredging project might also be quali-            . There are nine marsh/slough restoration         sites
                fied to use the mitigation bank, once established.            along the John Day River [29(M) through 37        (M)]
                                                                              which could serve as potential mitigation sites for
                                                                              marshes and flats which might be filled or dredged
                                                                              in the area south of the Tongue Point piers. A portion
                                                                              of the Svensen Island site [41 (M)] might also be
                                                                              suitable for mitigation at Tongue Point. Sites up the
                                                                              Youngs or Lewis and Clark Rivers also could develop
                                                                              similar characteristics to the Tongue Point marshes,
                                                                              even though they are not in the same region of the
                                                                              estuary.

                                                            67. IMPLEMENTATION

                67. 10 The Mitigation Process                                   In addition to the agencies which administer state
                  As .outlined in the mitigation policies (cf 63.10),         and. federal permit programs, the following
                the State of Oregon requires that the adverse im-             agencies play important advisory roles in the
                pacts of dredging or filling interticlal or tidal marsh       mitigation process:
                areas be mitigated by restoration, creation or en-            Federal - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
                hancement of an estuarine area. The mitigation                          National Marine Fisheries Service
                procedures outlined here address that specific re-                      U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                quirement and can be used to specify additional               State    -Oregon Department of Land Conservation
                mitigation needed for any type of development                              and Development
                project, whether in Oregon or Washington.                               Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife
                  The most important aspect of this mitigation pro-                     Oregon Department of Environmental
                cedure is that it operates entirely within the frame-                      Quality
                work of the existing state and federal permit pro-
                cesses for dredging and filling. Local, state and             Local    - Affected general purpose government(.S)/
                federal agencies all play a role in these permit                           port district(s)
                processes and therefore will participate in mitigation                  Affected Regional Council of Govern-
                decisions. Implementation of this mitigation pro-                          ments
                cedure will require an agreement between the                  (cf 79. Agency Roles and Responsibilities)
                Corps of Engineers and the Oregon Division of State
                Lands. The procedure calls for these two agencies to            For major actions with significant environmental
                modify their permit processes and to address miti-            impacts, the draft Environmental Impact Statement
                gation needs when evaluating environmental                    (EIS) should be used to detail mitigation needs and
                impacts.                                                      options. The final EIS should detail the actual miti-

                A - 20

                          gation plan. For projects not requiring a federal EIS,
                          a separate mitigation plan must be prepared as part
                          of the permit process.
                          Step 1. Permit Application
                            The applicant applies for an Oregon Removal-Fill
                          perm it and a U. S. Army Corps of Eng i neers perm it, I n
                          the application, information is provided on the
                          extent of dredging and filling of interticlal or tidal
                          marsh areas.
                          Step 11. Preliminary Mitigation Needs Determination
                            The Director, Division of State Lands (DSL), based            67.20 Mitigation Plan Content
                          on information provided by the applicant, makes a                  The following information should be provided in
                          preliminary determination as to whether or not miti-            the mitigation plan for a development project, and
                          gation will be required. This information is relayed            incorporated into th    Ie draft Environmental Impact
                          to the Corps of Engineers, other concerned agencies
                          and the permit applicant.                                       Statement (EIS), if one is requ Iired.
                        .Steplll. PublicNotices                                              67.21 The Development Site
                            The Division of State Lands and Corps of Engineers                 The extent of dredge and fill and what specific
                          publish public notices on the project, including the               habitat types are affected (sand or mud flat, high
                          DSL determination of mitigation needs. The Corps of                tidal marsh, etc.) should be outlined. For each
                          Engineers, based on a preliminary environmental                    habitat type affected by dredge or f ill,. the follow-
                          assessment, also publishes notice of whether or not                ing should be detailed:
                          an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) will be                    Physical Description - Size of the area, listed by
                          required.                                                          tidal elevations; the sediment types; the annual
                          Step IV. Permit Review and Public Hearing                          h.ydrographic regime (tides and tidal currents,
                                                                                  es         river flow, salinity, temperature) and the extent of
                            The public and local, state and federal       agenct             variations of these features in the region of the
                          comment on the permit application and provide                      site. Annual submergence time should also be
                          recommendations on mitigation and on whether or                    calculated since it integrates several of these
                          not an EIS is needed. A public hearing is required if              features into one numerical value.
                          an interested party makes a legitimate request for                 Biological Communities Description - Plant and
                          one.                                                               animal species present; the abundance, areal
                          Step V. Applicant Prepares Draft EIS or, if an EIS Is              extent and estimated seasonal variation of the
                                     Not Required, a Mitigation Plan                         most numerous or important. species; and the
                            The draft EIS or mitigation plan shall include a                 biological differences with tidal elevation in the
                          detailed description of development site's physical                region of the site. The biological variation may be
                          and biological features and ecological functions and.              useful in defining acceptable limits of variation at
                          potential mitigation site(s) and the physical and                  the mitigation site.
                          biological characteristics of the region(s) in which               Ecological Functions Assessment - The net export
                          the site(s) are located. The level of detail should be             of primary biological productivity should be eval-
                          consistent with the scope of the project and the                   uated based on the-structure of plant communi-
                          significance of its adverse impacts. For small                     ties, their areal extent, known productivity rates
                          projects, the mitigation bank (cf 67.30), when estab-              and export information. Estimates of secondary
                          lished, should be considered as a first alternative.               productivity should also be made, if data are
                          Step VI. Draft EIS or Mitigation Plan is Published for             available. Use of affected habitats by large inver-
                                      Review and Comment                                     tebrates and fishes as nursery, feeding and mi
                            The Corps of Engineers is the lead agency for dis-               gration areas should be determined. The bottom
                          semination of EIS's while the Division of State Lands              surface area available for remineralization of
                          disseminates Mitigation Plans.                                     plant nutrients can be obtained from the physical
                                                                                             description.
                          StepVIl. Final Mitigation Decision
                            Based on the Draft EIS or.Mitigation Plan          com-          Development Project Impacts - Both direct and
                          ments and s.ubsequent project modifications tcf                    indirect physical and biological impacts can be
                          minimize impacts, the DSL will decide whether or                   obtained by relating the type and extent of pro-
                          not to issue a state permit, and what mitigation                   jected alterations   'to the known physical and bio-
                          alternative is necessary. The Corps of Engineers then              logical characteristics and ecological functions cf
                          decides whether or not to issue the f edera]. permit,              the site and region. Direct and immediate impacts
                          publishes a Final EIS, if a draft has been prepared,               are more easily assessed, but indirect, long term
                          and details the final mitigation decision in the EIS.              impacts may often be more significant. Long term
                                                                                             impacts should therefore be given a high priority.
                                                                                             For example, hydraulic effects of estuarine altera-
                                                                                             tions may result in erosion and, shoaling else-
                                                                                             where, indirectly altering more habitat than the
                                                                                             actual dredge or fill operation.

                                                                                                                                              V1 - 21

                 67.22 Potential Mitigation Sites and Region
                   Physical and biological characteristics and ecolo-
                 gical functions of potential mitigation sites should be
                 described for existing and projected conditions. This
                 "before and after" description allows a calculation
                 of natural resource costs and benefits of the miti-
                 gative action. The existing characteristics and values
                 can be obtained from direct measurements or avail-
                 able data; projected characteristics must be esti-
                 mated by evaluation of the characteristics and func-
                 tions of areas already in a natural state in the same                                  NATIONAL FISHERMAN
                 region of the estuary. If, for example, a dike is to be      beds, etc.) which might    be needed in the future to
                 breached to restore a tidal marsh, the type of plant         mitigate for impacts of anticipated development.
                 communities expected to recolonize the area can be           Small developers will draw upon the bank for the
                 estimated by studying existing nearby tidal marshes          amount of mitigation required, Requirements for in-
                 of similar elevation, For each mitigation site        or     kind mitigation will necessarily be more flexible for
                 project the following should be outlined:                    such projects. The actual dollar cost to the developer
                                                                              will depend on the original cost per acre of the
                 Site or Project Description - The site or project            restoration project. These funds will be used to pur-
                 description should include physical, biological              chase future areas for restoration to maintain the
                 and ecological function information similar to that          bank. Initial funding for a mitigation bank could
                 provided for the development site. Any historical            come from a variety of sources, such as
                 information on the former condition of an area               state/federal coastal zone management, Pacific
                 should be included here as well as an indication             Northwest      Regional     Commission        technical
                 of present use and human alterations.                        assistance,, and local contributions.
                 Restoration, Creation or Resource Enhancement                  The mitigation bank, when established, should be
                 Action - The details of how the mitigation action            administered by the Port of Astoria, with advice from
                 will be carried out should be presented. This in-            CREST and its state and federal Technical Advisory
                 cludes detailed plans, engineering and cost.                 Committee JAC). The Port's broad powers of land
                 Biological Potential - A projection of the biologi-          acquisition and development make it the most
                 cal communities and natural resources that should            logical mitigation bank administrator. Any permit
                 develop at the site and how restored area or re-             applicant may request use of the mitigation bank.
                 source will mitigate the adverse effects of the de-          CREST and the TAC will review requests to determine
                 velopment.                                                   if the bank should be used or if a separate mitigation
                 67.23 Mitigation Plan Alternatives                           proposal is justified. The project's size, the ecologi-
                                                                              cal valueof the site lost, and the technical capability
                   Alternative sites or projects or combinations              of the developer are factors that will be considered.
                 thereof which will satisfy the mitigation needs for          CREST will work with its TAC to determine objective
                 a development project should be outlined. Each               criteria for use of the bank once it has been estab-
                 alternative mitigation plan should discuss in                lished.
                 appropriate detail how it addresses the adverse                The mitigation bank should be established as soon
                 impacts of the development project.                          as possible. The Port of Astoria, CREST and the CREST
                                                                              Technical Advisory Committee JAC) should meet to
                                                                              review candidate sites and initiate site acquisition by
                 67.30 Mitigation Bank                                        obtaining options to purchase. A demonstration
                   Mitigation requirements apply to small, medium             grant should be sought from the Oregon Land
                 and large projects. The development of independent           Conservation and Development Committee to
                 mitigation proposals for the small projects may              design the mitigation bank project, including post-
                 prove unworkable both because separate sites                 restoration monitoring. Funding should then be
                 available to mitigate small projects (e.g. a one-acre        sought from the Pacific Northwest Regional Commis-
                 fill) are few, if they exist at all, and because small       sion and other sources to purchase the land and
                 project developers (small ports, private businesses,         restore it to the estuarine ecosystem.
                 etc.) generally do not have the technical expertise or         The mitigation bank will be self-sustaining. Users
                 financial capability to undertake development of an          of the bank will purchase the acreage needed at a
                 independent mitigation project. If mitigation is to be       proportioned cost equal to the cost of the project. For
                 accomplished for these small projects, which other-          example, a 50-acre mitigation bank might cost
                 wise meet the permit criteria, a procedure to make it        $100,000 to purchase and restore. An individual
                 feasible is needed. The "mitigation bank" serves             needing 5 acres of mitigation will be required to pay
                 this purpose.                                                $10,000 to the mitigation bank fund (one-tenth of the
                   The mitigation bank will consist of areas restored         project cost). These funds will be invested by the Port
                 to estuarine productivity (or created) in advance of         of Astoria until the mitigation bank has been used
                 their use for development project mitigation. Such           and a second area to be restored has been found.
                 areas will ideally have a mixture of habitat types           This process will continue and provide a self-
                 (sand-mud flats, salt and freshwater marsh, eelgrass         sustaining mitigation bank, ready for immediate
                                                                              use.

                 VI - 22

                         67.40 Mitigation Site Reservation                                Site Acquisition
                            Mitigation of adverse development impacts will                  General purpose governments, Port of Astoria or
                         be a means to carry out restoration, habitat creation,           private developers have the option of purchasing
                         or resource enhancement projects identified in                   outright potential mitigation sites. This has the ad-
                         Section 65. Restoration sites with the best potential            vantage of ensuring availability of an acceptable
                         for mitigation use are the diked tidelands of the                mitigation site, should development requiring miti-
                         estuary. These and other potential mitigation sites              gation occur in the f uture. Prior to use for mitigation,
                         should be given protection to prevent intensive de-              sites could be leased for agriculture or another low
                         velopment which would preclude their possible                    intensity use.
                         future use for mitigation. There are different actions           Property Exchange
                         which can be taken by local governments to reserve                 In some instances, general purpose governments,
                         shoreland areas for possible use as mitigation sites.            port districts or other developers may wish to obtain
                         Land Use Control                                                 mitigation sites through the exchange of property.
                            Potential shoreland mitigation sites are desig-               This method would prove feasible if other land is
                         nated Conservation or Rural in the Columbia River                owned which would be useful to the owner of the
                         Estuary Regional Management Plan. Rural Shore-                   mitigation site.
                         land areas should be further protected by Clatsop                Tax Limitation
                         County with an exclusive farm use (EFU) designa-                   When the use of a proposed site is implemented
                         tion. When an EFU area is proposed for use as a                  by means other than site acquisition, the issue of
                         mitigation site, a balancing of agricultural value VS.           property taxation must be resolved. If use of a
                         potential aquatic value will be required to deter-               privately owned site prohibits the land owner from
                         mine if the site is acceptable. This should be carried           making full use of the site, the question remains:
                         out through a map amendment to the compre-                       Should the property owner carry the tax burden? To
                         hensive plan and zoning ordinance (e.g. Rural EFU                deal with this question, it may be possible to defer or
                         to Conservation). For agricultural land to be used for           fix the taxes on the property over a limited period of
                         mitigation, the landowner must be willing to sell the            time. Such a concept could be done through means
                         property to the party carrying out the mitigation                similar to the "special assessment" provisions of
                         project. Shoreland areas designated Conservation
                         are partly protected from intensive development         by       Section 5 and 6 of ORS 308.370 dealing with Ex-
                         regulations for that land use category.                          clusive Form Use Zones or under concepts of a
                                                                                          "frozen assessed valuation" as provided for in
                         Limited Term Freeze                                              Urban Renewal Areas under ORS 457. While the
                            Even with normal planning regulations, a property             legal precedent for such tax actions is clear, the
                         owner may elect to apply for a zoning action or                  specific enabling authority may not exist for the
                         building permit at any time. Such action could occur             jurisdictions to take such actions on mitigation sites.
                         prior to the need to use the property as a mitigation            Jurisdictions should aggressively pursue the estab-
                         site and could therefore commit the site to a perma-             lishment of such authority either through interpre-
                         nent use prematurely if the application were ap-                 tation of its current authority or through new legis-
                         proved. Under such circumstances, the jurisdiction               lation.
                         could elect, at the time of application, to freeze any             If it is not possible to implement tax actions, the
                         action on the property for a specified period (e.g. 90           Port of Astoria should be prepared to negotiate tax
                         or 180 days) during which time the Port of Astoria or            payments for those sites on which use is restricted
                         other appropriate agency could negotiate for the                 until their ultimate use is determined.
                         acquisition of the property or its use rights. If no such
                         negotiations were undertaken or completed during
                         this period, the original application would proceed
                         through normal procedures.

                                                                                                                                              VI - 23

                                                                                                                                                                             05,                                                                                  124-                                                                               55'                                                                               50!                                                                           123*4!V

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              01
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             101

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              .................                                               ........... ...........                                                                                            ...........

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         ................             ..... ........ ............   ... ........

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   ..............                                                                    .................                                         ................ ....... .......                        ....

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     7(E)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    ..........
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            ..................
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           46(@
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          D(E)
                                                                                                                                                         E(O) j
                                                                                                       H(O)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              6(
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      I I(E)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           15(E)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  lot

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            ..........

                                                                                ...........

                                                                                                    .. ........-

                                                                                            ..... .......        .. ....... ..... .. .. ..... ..... . . .. .......

                                                                                      ..... ............. ................ . ... ......

                                           ... ..........

                                                                                                    ............ .

                                                                                                                                                   ..... .....

                                                                                     ......... .......... .... ........ ... .....................

                                                                                                                               :0         0  to    r ca   rn
                                                                                                                               m          m  x     2 x    x      a    a   m     0    z
                                           . .. .......... ........... ...... .... .... .....
                                                                                                                                                     0    -4     m<   m   c     0
                                                                                                                       R.i,q-m 1-04 -ag-s-4-.7m, ow  rrn
                                                                                                                                         0               wx      A    A
                                                                                                                       2;      0,    Z                                          (j)  c
                                                                                                                                          A  rm    on Or' 0 rm.           r     m    m
                                                                                                                                                                 0
                                                                                                                       Ma
                                                                                                                                                         c
                                                                                                                                                         Or   Zm -0
                                                                                                                                  7.  r.,,- z X, Z, W, 'o
                                                                                %
                                                                                                                                                              a Zm    mZ
                                                                                                                       X.                                                 C
                                                                                                                                       B. A  w  zc 11    -119 *
                                                                                                                                                                                     0
                                                                                                                                             cc    0,         m-q
                                                                                                                           rz                                         -1  -q    Z
                                                                                     %                                      -4m
                                                                                                                             0                                <
                                                                                                                               -0         r  s     El         A
                                                                                                                                                               - >        o
                                                                                                                                                              r.      W
                                                                                                                             a 10         -                      10   X   M     AD   0     co
                                                                                                                             2 C-1        5  -<    M<     Z>     c    0         c    0
                                                                                                                               m          T  IE    G)         x       m   CAP
                                                                                                                                          0  :1    m          m           x     @4   m     >
                                                                                                                               m                                      m
                                                                                                                               z                              z       r-  0                z
                                                                                                                               x          r  x     4          -4      >   m
                                                                                                                               >             c                                  0    3:
                                                                                                                               z          (a -0    a      m      0    z   m          0     co)
                                                                                                                                                   z          cza     a   r-         ;lD
                                                                                                                               m                                                     M
                                      -n                                                                                                                  rn              z
                                                                                                                               m                              m                 0
                                                                                                                                                              09
                                      G)                                                                                                           c      r       I
                                                                                                                                                                                m    z
                                                                                                                                                                                M    a
                                      c:                                                                                                           ?4     3z" > mm                         z
                                      ;0                                                                                                           0      0   z
                                      rn                  @REST                                                                                               ac,               >
                                                         COLUMBIA RIVER ESTUARY STUDY                                                                         cl)m              z
                                                                                        TASK FORCE                                                 x
                                                                                                                                                   0
                                                                                                                                                   m
                                                                                                                                                   m

                                                                                      PART V11

                                                                            PLAN IMPLEMENTATION

                           71.    LOCAL GOVERNMENTS            ..............................................................                          VII.- 2
                                  Washington     .........................................................................                             VII - 2
                                  Oregon   ............................................................................                                VII - 3

                           72.    STATE AGENCIES      ..............................................................                         ......    VII - 4
                                  Washington     ........................................................................                              VII - 4
                                  Oregon   .............................................................................                               VII - 4

                           73.    FE DERAL AGENCIES      ..................................................................                            VII - 4
                                  Federal Consistency      .................................................................                           VII - 4
                                  Excluded Federal Lands       .......................................               .......................           VII - 5
                           74.    INTERGOVERNMENTAL COORDINATION                  .................................................                    VII - 6
                                  Local Coordination     ..................................................................                            VII - 6
                                  Local-State-Fecleral Coordination       ......................................................                       VII - 7

                           75.    ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES                       ........................       ; .............      VII - 8
                                  Local Environmental Impact Assessments -Washington                ...............
                                                                                                                         .....................         VII - 8
                                  Local Environmental Impact Assessments -Oregon              .............        .........................           Vil - 8
                                  State Environmental Impact Assessments -Washington               ....................................                VII - 8
                                  State Environmental Impact Assessments -Oregon              .............................           I ..........     Vil - 9
                                  Federal Environmental Impact Assessments             .............................................                   VII - 9

                           76.    PLAN REVIEW AND AMENDMENT PROCESS                   .....  ........................................                  Vil - 9
                                  Scheduled Biennial Review and Amendment               ............................................                   VII - 9
                                  Scheduled Six Year Review and Update            ................................................                     VII - 9
                                  Unscheduled Reviews and Updates            .....................................................                     VII - 9

                           77.    COLUMBIA RIVER ESTUARY DATA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM                           ..............................             VII - 10

                           78.    COLUMBIA RIVER ESTUARY INFORMATION CENTER                       .....................................                VII - 11

                           79.    AGENCY ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES               ................................................                     VII - 12
                                  Oregon   ............................................................................                                VII - 12
                                       Cities ...........................................                                                  .......     VII - 12
                                       Clatsop County      .................................................................                           VII - 12
                                       Port of Astoria   ..............                                                                                V11 - 12
                                       Clatsop County Economic Develop rn-e'n't'C*o'm-rn* it*te'e**                                                    VII - 13
                                       Clatsop-Tillamook Intergovernmental Council             .......................................                 VII - 13
                                       Land Conservation and Development Commission                  ...................................               VII - 13
                                       Department of Environmental Quality            ..............................................                   VII - 14
                                       Water Resources Department           .....................................................                      VII -  14
                                       Department of Fish and Wildlife         ...................................................                     VII -  15
                                       Department of Transportation         .....................................................                      VII -  15
                                       Economic Development Commission              ...............................................                    VH -   15
                                       State Land Board and Division of State Lands          ........................................                  V11 -  16
                                       Intergovernmental Coordination Division           ..........................            ................        VII -  16
                                       Department of Energy and Energy Facility Siting Council            ...............................              VII -  16
                                       State Marine Board      ..............................................................                          V11 -  16
                                  Washington      .........................         * ...............................................                  VII -  17
                                       Cities .........................................................                      I ................        V11 -  17
                                       Counties (Pacific, Wohkiakum)         ....................................................                      VII - 17
                                       Port Authorities    ..................................................................                          VII - 17
                                       Councils of Government        ...............................................                / ...........      VII - 17
                                       Department of Ecology        ...........................................................                        VII -  18
                                       Planning and Community Affairs Agency             .........................................                I .  VII -  19
                                       Off ice of Program Planning and Fiscal Management              ..................................               V11 - 19

                             Parks and Recreation Commission        .................................................               vil -19
                             Interagency Committee for Outdoor Recreation         ......................................            VII - 19
                             Highway Commission       ............................................................                  VII - 19
                             Department of Fisheries     ..........................................................                 VII - 20
                             Department of Game       ............................................................                  VII - 20
                             Department of Natural Resources      ...................................................               V11 - 20
                        Regional   ...........................................................................                      VII -20
                             Co-Pac and North Coast Resource Conservation and Development Committees                 ...........    VII -20
                             Columbia River Estuary Study Taskforce     ...............................           .............     VII -20
                             Pacific Northwest Regional Commission        ............................................              VII -20
                             Pacific Northwest River Basins Commission      ..........................................              VII -21
                        Federal   ............................................................................                      VII -21
                             Corps of Engineers     ..............................................................                  VII -21
                             NOAA and Office of Coastal Zone Management           .....................................             VII -22
                             National Marine Fisheries Service      .................................................               VII -22
                             Bureau of Land Management         .....................................................                V11 -22
                             Bureau of Outdoor Recreation      .....................................................                VII -22
                             U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service    .....................................................                VII -22
                             Environmental Protection Agency      ..................................................                VII -23
                             Water Resources Counci I     .........................................................                 VII - 23
                             Coast Guard    ....................................................................                    VII - 23
                             Forest Service   ..................................................................                    VII -24
                             Soi I Conservation Service    ........................................................                 VII -24

                                                            71. LOCAL GOVERNMENTS

                    The Columbia River Estuary Regional Manage-                   SMMP's will include all of the regional portions of
                  ment Plan will be implemented at the local level by             the Regional Management Plan, with site-specific
                  each jurisdiction as an update to Shoreline Manage-             emphasis on the Baker Bay Area Plan. Completion of
                  ment Master Programs (Washington) or as part of                 the SMMP amendment process to integrate the
                  revised comprehensive plans and ordinances                      Regional Management Plan is expected by Fall,
                  (Oregon).                                                       1979.
                                                                                     The administration of the SMMP's will continue to
                                                                                  be the responsibility of Pacific County or llwaco,
                  WASHINGTON                                                      using existing procedures. Local regulation will
                                                                                  occur through the Substantial Shoreline Develop-
                    In Washington,     local jurisdictions have existing          ment Permit, issued by the appropriate jurisdiction.
                  Shoreline Management Master Programs (SMMP) in                  CREST will provide technical assistance to help
                  place. The Regional Management Plan will be used                prepare or evaluate permit requests, or implement
                  to update these programs; aquatic areas will be                 other portions of the plan, such as dredged material
                  managed separately from shoreland areas, dredged                disposal.
                  material disposal/restoration will be added, and
                  other policies and regulations will be integrated into          Wahkiakurn County and Cathlarnet
                  the local programs.                                                All of Wahkiakum County's "shorelines of state-
                                                                                  wide significance" and portions of other shorelines
                  Pacific County and Ilwaco                                       fall within the CREST planning area. As a result,
                    The shorelines of the Columbia River are geo-                 Wahkiakum County has elected to completely re-
                  graphically separate from other areas of Pacific                view and revise their existing Shoreline Manage-
                  County regulated under the Shoreline Management                 ment Master Program (SMMP), integrating the Re-
                  Act. The Columbia River shorelines are also "shore-             gional Management Plan provisions. Except for cer-
                  lines of statewide significance". Because of the geo-           tain portions, such as the dredged material disposal
                  graphic uniqueness of the area and the desire to                plan, the integration process, which started in Feb-
                  have consistent policies and regulations in the Co-             ruary, 1979, will be completed by September, 1979.
                  lumbia River estuary area, Pacific County has                   Subsequent revisions will incorporate other material
                  elected to integrate the Regional Management Plan               as necessary. For the geographic area under their
                  into their SMMP as a separate Columbia River seg-               jurisdiction, the City of Cathlamet will use the some
                  ment. Since the Town of I lwaco shorelines are all on           SMMP regulations as Wahkiokum County. Adminis-
                  the Columbia River, the Regional Management Plan                tration of the SMMP's, just as in Pacific County, will
                  will completely replace their existing SMMP. The                be the responsibility of the local jurisdiction.

                  V11-2

                          OREGON                                                        City of Astoria
                                                                                          Estuary and shoreland areas inside Astoria and its
                            In Oregon, each jurisdiction is in the process of           urban growth boundary lie entirely within CREST's
                          updating its local comprehensive plan to comply               Youngs Bay-Astoria planning area. Astoria adopted
                          with the Land Conservation and Development Com-               its revised comprehensive plan in June, 1979, in-
                          mission statewide planning goals. CREST was given             cluding all Regional Management Plan provisions
                          regional planning responsibility to address the Es-           except dredged material disposal and restoration-
                          tuarine Resources Goal (Number 16) and the Coastal            mitigation. These will be incorporated by Fall, 1979.
                          Shorelands Goal (Number 17) in the Columbia River             The zoning ordinance includes shoreland and aquat-
                          Estuary area. Implementation of the Regional Man-             ic area zones and standards directly corresponding
                          agement Plan will occur by integration of estuary             to CREST's land and water use classification system
                          and shoreland provisions into the overall compre-             and development standards. The City will rely on
                          hensive plans for each jurisdiction. Each jurisdic-           CREST for "coastal implementation" assistance.
                          tion's plan will also address LCDC Goals (as applica-
                          ble) for agricultural lands; forest lands; open space,        City of Warrenton
                          scenic and historic areas, and natural resources; air,
                          water and land resources quality; areas subject to              Warrenton shoreland and estuary areas, which
                          natural disasters and hazards; recreation needs;              comprise a large portion of the city, lie entirely
                          economy of the state; housing; public facilities and          within,the Youngs Bay-Astoria planning area. War-
                          services;, transportation; energy conservation;               renton's LCDC goal compliance date is October 1,
                          urbanization; beaches and dunes; ocean resources        1     1979; they are in the process of completing develop-
                          The Regional Management Plan addresses many of                ment of the overall comprehensive plan and are
                          these subjects as they relate to estuary and share-           directly incorporating provisions of the Regional
                          land areas, but not always in sufficient detail.              Management Plan. Warrenton's zoning ordinance
                            For each Oregon jurisdiction, CREST will provide            will include marine commercial and marine indus-
                          "coastal implementation" assistance, including in-            trial shoreland zones and aquatic development,
                          formation and assistance to potential permit appli-           conservation and natural zones with development
                          cants, helping local governments evaluate estuary             standards taken from the Regional Management
                          and shoreland development projects, helping make              Plan. CREST will provide "coastal implementation"
                          federal/state consistency determinations, and loca-           assistance to Warrenton for the estuary area.
                          ting dredged material disposal and restoration-               Town of Hammond
                          mitigation sites.
                                                                                          Hammond estuary and shoreland areas lie within
                          Clatsop County                                                the Youngs Bay-Astoria planning area. Hammond's
                            Portions of the Baker Bay, Youngs Bay-Astoria and           LCDC goal compliance date is October 1, 1979.
                          Lower River and Islands plcin@ning areas and all of           Zones and ordinance standards, as they relate to the
                          the Eastern Clatsop planning area lie within Clatsop          Regional Management Plan, will be similar to War-
                          County. Estuary-sh ore land planning was closely              renton. CREST will provide "coastal implementa-
                          coordinated with the county to provide for integra-           tion" assistance to the Town of Hammond for estuary
                          tion into their overall comprehensive plan. Regional          areas.
                          policies and other estuary-wide plan provisions will
                          be incorporated into the county-wide plan elements.
                          The small area of Baker Bay lying within Clatsop
                          County is being combined with the Lower River and                                                             W
                          Islands area to form a "community plan" for that
                          large region of the estuary. Unincorporated portions
                          of the Youngs Bay-Astoria planning area fcill into the
                                                                                                M
                          County's Lewis and Clark region; estuary-shoreland
                          plan provisions are being incorporated into the
                          "community plan" for that region. Ffnally, CREST's
                          Eastern Clatsop planning area is wholly.within the
                          County's Northeast region, and the community plan
                          for that region includes estuary-shoreland provi-
                          sions. Dredged material dispos6l arid restoration
                          sites will also be incorporated. The permitted use/
                          activity tables and clevelo  pment standard   s will be                                                   .4
                          incorporated into the County zoning ordinance, Clat-
                          sop County's LCDC, goal compliance date is De-
                          cember 31, 1979. CREST will provide "coastal Im-
                          plementation" assistance to Clatsop County for both                                                  John Atkinson
                          the Columbia River and Necanicum estuaries.

                                                                                                                                            VII - 3

                                                       72. STATE AGENCIES

                   State agencies will implement the Columbia River
                 Estuary Regional Management Plan through their
                 individual management, permit and license author-
                 ity, and permit review procedures.                           Oregon
                 Washington                                                     After incorporation of the Columbia River Estuary
                                                                              Regional Management Plan into local comprehen-
                   The Columbia River Estuary Regional Manage-                sive plans and ordinances and subsequent plan ac-
                 ment Plan will be incorporated into local shoreline          knowledgement by the Land Conservation and De-
                 management master programs by amendment of                   velopment Commission (LCDC), state agency actions
                 existing programs. After approval by the Department          must be consistent with the local plan. However,
                 of Ecology (DOE), state agency actions must be con-          projects which would alter the estuarine environ-
                 sistent with these amended shoreline policies and            ment, thus requiring a state permit under other
                 regulations. Other state statutory requirements, such        statutes, would also have to comply with criteria
                 as "hydraulics permit approvals", are alsorequired,          established by those statutes and their implementing
                 but cannot be issued if the local substantial shoreline      rules. The permit most affected will be that issued
                 development or conditional use permit is denied.             for fill or removal (ORS 541.605-541.695) by the
                   The DOE is the state agency most involved in im-           Division of State Lands. Other affected permits are
                 plementation of coastal zone management at           the     listed in LCDC's State Permit Consistency Rule. Per-
                 state level. The DOE reviews and has appeal author-          mits inconsistent with the local plan must be denied
                 ity on all substantial shoreline development permits         by the state agency concerned. Permits consistent
                 and must approve all shoreline conditional use per-          with the plan may be approved or denied, depend-
                 mits issued by local governments. The DOE also is            ing on conformance with other state statute or rule
                 the agency responsible for commenting on the con-            criteria. Other state actions must also be consistent
                 sistency of federal actions in the coastal zone.             with the local comprehensive plan.

                                                            73. FEDERAL AGENCIES

                   Federal agencies will implement the Columbia                 The specific types of federal activities, federal
                 River Estuary Regional Management Plan through               assistance and federal licenses and permits which
                 their individual management and development acti-            are subject to the federal consistency provisions are
                                                                              detailed in Washington and Oregon Coastal Zone
                 vities, permit and license authority, and permit re-         Management programs, along with procedural
                 view procedures. ,                                           guidelines.
                 Federal Consistency                                           .The largest proportion of federal consistency de-
                                                                              cisions in the Columbia River estuary area will be for
                   The Columbia River Estuary Regional Manage-                Corps of Engineers Section 10 (Rivers and Harbors
                 ment Plan, when incorporated into local compre-              Act) and Section 404 (Clean Water Act) permits re-
                 hensive plans or shoreline management master                 quired for dredging and dredged material disposal,
                 programs and acknowledged by the Land Conserva-              filling or construction in water or wetland areas. The
                 tion and Development Commission in Oregon or by              Environmental Protection Agency, the National
                 the Department of Ecology in Washington, will                Marine Fisheries Service, and the U.S. Fish and Wild-
                 become part of each state's approved coastal                 life Service each are required to review applications
                 management program. Federal consistency provi-               for these permits to assure compliance with certain
                 sions of the Federal Coastal Zone Management Act             provisions of the Clean Water Act, the Fish and Wild-
                 of 1972 (Section 307) will then require that federal         life Coordination Act, and other federal environ-
                 actions be consistent with approved state coastal            mental protection laws. If these agencies object to a
                 zone management programs. Actions for which the              project because it conflicts with federal laws or im-
                 federal agencies will make the consistency deter-            plementing regulations, the Corps of Engineers asks
                 mination include direct federal development or               the applicant to work out the problems with these
                 other direct actions, federal applications for licenses      agencies. If they cannot, the permit may be denied.
                 and permits, and actions outside the coastal zone              As noted, federal consistency decisions on federal
                 that significantly affect the coastal zone. Actions for      licenses and permits are made by the state. In Wash-
                 which the state or local government makes the                ington, the Department of Ecology (DOE) is the res-
                 consistency decision include federal licenses and            ponsible agency for consistency determinations.
                 permits, and federal assistance.                             Since virtually all site-specific Corps permits require

                 V11 - 4

                         a counterpart permit under the local Shoreline Man-           consistency finding made; a project may be con-
                         agement Master Program, DOE uses the local permit             sistent, conditionally consistent, or inconsistent with
                         decision as the initial basis for the federal con-            local plans and ordinances.
                         sistency determination. No new procedures are                       *A finding of consistency means that the pro-
                         needed to tie local governments into the federal                     ject is consistent in all respects and that de-
                         consistency decision-making process. Federal per-                    velopment standards have been met.
                         mits inconsistent with the local Shoreline Manage-                  0A finding of conditional consistency means
                         ment Master Program will be denied. For actions                      that the project may be consistent pending
                         consistent with the program, permits may be                          conformance with specified development
                         approved or denied, depending on conformance                         standards. More information or redesign of
                         with other federal laws and regulations. The Envi-                   the project may be required.
                         ronmental Protection Agency has made a particular                    A finding of inconsistency means that the pro-
                         point of this by noting that consistency with the                    ject is not consistent with comprehensive plan
                         coastal zone management program does not auto-                       policies or zoning ordinances. The appro-
                         matically lead to issuance of a Clean Water Act,                     priate policies, development standards or
                         Section 404 permit. Consistency with a broad-based                   other reasons will be specified.
                         plan, such as the Columbia River Estuary Regional                   The consistency finding is outlined in a letter
                         Management Plan, is a funclementally different                and forwarded to the permit applicant, the Depart-
                         determination than the case-by-case procedures and            ment of Land Conservation and Development, the
                         site-specific findings required to issue a 404 permit.        appropriate local, state and federal agencies, and
                         The coastal planning process that incorporates                other affected parties. Notification of the need for a
                         Section 404 (b)(1) guidelines for discharge of                local permit, if any, will be included.
                         dredged or fill material will streamline and expedite
                         the permit process.
                           The above principles are incorporated into poli-
                         cies, plans and procedures of the Columbia River
                         Estuary Regional Management Plan.
                           In Oregon, the consistency of most federal li-
                         censes and permits is determined by the same pro-                                                  National Fisherman
                         cess used for determining consistency of state
                         permits. A finding of consistency for a state permit
                         (e.g. Oregon removal/fill permit vs. Corps Section            Excluded Federal Lands
                         101404 permit) becomes, in effect, a finding of con-             According to Section 304(a) of the Federal Coastal
                         sistency for the counterpart federal permit. Ac-              Zone Management Act, "...Excluded from the
                         knowledged local comprehensive plans are the                  coastal zone are lands the use of which is by law
                         basis of the state consistency, and hence, federal            subject solely to the discretion of or which is held in
                         consistency decision. Actions inconsistent with local         trust by the Federal Government, its officers or
                         comprehensive plans and implementing ordinances               agent
                         will be denied. When federal permit actions are
                         consistent with local plans, permits may be ap-                  On August 10, 1976, the United States Department
                         proved or denied, depending on conformance with               of Justice issued an opinion concluding, "...the ex-
                         other federal laws and regulations.                           clusionary clause excludes all lands owned by the
                           Local governments in Oregon will be involved in             United States from the definition of the Coastal
                         the state and corresponding federal permit and li-            Zone  ......
                         cense consistency process by review of applications              A subsequent request by the National Oceanic
                         against their local ordinance standards-. These stand-        and Atmospheric Administration fo@ further clarifica-
                         ards will be based on the CREST Permitted Use/Acti-           tion resulted in an informal opinion which forms the
                         vity Tables (Tables 33-1 and 33-2) and Development            basis for the language now incorporated in the
                         Standards for activities (cf 33.20 and 33.27). The re-        Coastal Zone Management Association Section 306
                         view process should be simple and having the                  regulations:
                         following general steps:                                         ...... States must exclude from their coastal
                           - County Coordinator and the local jurisclic-                  management zone those lands owned, (eased,
                         tion(s) concerned receive the permit public notice.              held in trust or whose use is otherwise by law
                           - County Coordinator determines responsibility                 subject solely to the discretion of the Federal
                         for consistency review; if only a single jurisdiction is         Government, its officers or agents."
                         affected, that jurisdiction conducts the review; if              Under this broad interpretation, a significant por-
                         more than one jurisdiction is affected, the consis-           tion of aquatic and shoreland areas in the Columbia
                         tency review is conducted by the County Coordin-              River estuary region are technically not included in
                         ator, with advice of concerned jurisdictions.                 the Regional Management Plan. However, federal
                           - Consistency review against the comprehensive              agencies have cooperated fully in the planning pro-
                         plan, the zoning map and development standards is             cess in order to develop a geographically complete
                         made; if more than one use oractivity is associated           plan. This is viewed as appropriate for a relatively
                         with a given permit application, it will be reviewed          small geographic area with such a dynamic environ-
                         against all applicable standards.                             ment. Actions in one part of the estuary, federal
                           - Results of the consistency review are reviewed            lands or not, often have a significant impact on other
                         by the appropriate planning commission(s) and a               estuarine or shoreland areas.

                                                                                                                                          Vil - 5

                                                   74. INTERGOVERNMENTAL COORDINATION

                    The Columbia River Estuary Regional Manage-                      The responsibilities and functions of the new
                  ment Plan will be implemented at the local level by            CREST organization are to:
                  each individual jurisdiction as part of comprehen-                 0 Provide continued planning assistance to mem-
                  sive plans and ordinances (Oregon) or as an update                   ber agencies upon request to and approved by
                  to Shoreline Management Master Programs (Wash-                       the Council;
                  ington). State and Federal agencies will implement                 e Review local comprehensive      'plans and shore-
                  the plan through their individual management,                        line management master programs and make
                  permit and license authority and permit review                       recommendations which will result in coordina-
                  authority, supplemented by state and federal con-                    tion of such plans and programs and conform-
                  sistency procedures for coastal zone management.                     ance with the Columbia River Estuary Regional
                  However, local, state and federal agencies have                      Management Plan;
                  overlapping regulatory responsibilities and authori-               0 Provide technical information and assistance to
                  ties, and this sometimes results in confusion, un-                   member and other agencies for Columbia River
                  necessary delays and frustration, particularly at the                Estuary Regional Management Plan imple-
                  local level, where technical staff support to par-                   mentation;
                  ticipate in the estuary decision-making level process              0 Act, for member agencies and other local inter-
                  is locking. This.problem was a major one identified                  ests, as local liaison to the Pacific Northwest
                  at the outset of the CREST program.                                  River Basins Commission as they conduct the
                    CREST appointed an Implementation Committee to                     six-year Columbia River Estuary Data Develop-
                  study this coordination problem. Their objective was                 ment Program and, for this and other estuary re-
                  to recommend an intergovernmental structure which                    search programs, act as a pipeline for local re-
                  would provide for a more efficient, streamlined                      search needs and communication of results.
                  decision-making process in which local governments                 a Evaluate state and federal estuary activities,
                  play a significant, influential role. This section de-               programs, developments, and project impact
                  scribes the approach to local coordination among                     assessments that may affect local governments
                  estuary-area governments and among local, state                      and report results to concerned jurisdictions;
                  and federal governmental levels.                                   0 Coordinate with local, state and federal agen-
                  Local Coordination                                                   cies on estuary development, research, regula-
                                                                                       tion, project impact assessment, and plan re-
                    The Columbia River Estuary Study Taskforce (CREST)                 view and update; organize and conduct period-
                  operated between January 1, 1975 and June 30,                        ic meetings of all such agencies in the interest
                  1979 as a bistate local planning agency. Its primary                 of cooperative management;
                  objective was to develop a coordinated, regional                   9 Establish and operate a Columbia River Estuary
                  management plan for the estuary and its shorelines.                  Information Center and provide library informa-
                  Based on the recommendation of its Implementation                    tion searches, permit information, and other
                  Committee, CREST was reestablished on July 1, 1979                   services to the public, planners, and state and
                  as a separate, chartered, local intergovernmental                    federal managers and researchers.
                  organization. All general purpose governments
                  (counties, cities, and towns) and port districts in the
                  estuary area are eligible for membership.                          Local governments eligible for membership in the
                    The purposes of the new CREST organization are:               CREST implementation organization include:
                  to enable member agencies jointly to implement the                     OREGON                     WASHINGTON
                  Columbia River Estuary Regional Management Plan;                Clatsop County             Pacific County
                  to enable the elected officials of the member ogen-             City of Astoria            Town of I Iwaco
                  cies to jointly identify issues and needs which are             City of Warrenton          Port of I 1waco
                  regional in scope, achieve concurrence for coopera-             Town of Hammond            Port of Chinook
                  tive actions, plan, approve and recommend govern-               Port of Astoria           *Wahkiakum County
                  mental action related to the conservation and de-                                         *City of Cathlamet
                  velopment of the natural, economic and human re-                                           Wahkiakum Port District #1
                  sources of the Columbia River estuary area; and to
                  improve communication and cooperation of mem-                                              Wahkiakum Port District #2
                  ber agencies in the Columbia River estuary area,                   These jurisdictions have indicated that they do not wish to
                  and to promote maximum efficiency and economy                      participate as a member of CREST; they retain eligibility for
                  in governmental operations.                                        future membership.

                  V11-6

                          Local-State-Federal Coordination
                             Local governments, through the CREST organiza-
                          tion, have provided for coordination with state and
                          federal agencies on estuary issues. Using the exist-
                          ing Technical Advisory Committees (TAC) for Wash-
                          ington State, Oregon State and federal agencies, a
                          cooperative management process is to be utilized to
                          promote communication and coordinated decision-
                          making. The local, state and federal agencies in-
                          valved in periodic coordination meetings will
                          depend on the issue, problem or subject to the ad-                                         ___-N 0 Fit A
                          dressed. Loco I-state-f edera I coordination functions
                          include:
                             �When disagreements over regulatory functions
                              occur, serving as a forum for discussion and
                              resolution of problems;                                                                          -John Atkinson
                             �serving as a forum for discussion of problems
                              related to environmental impact assessments
                              and for information-sharing about impacts of
                              specific projects;                                                               FEDERAL
                             �serving as a forum for periodic review and up-
                              date of the Columbia River Estuary Regional               *Pacific Northwest River Basins Commission
                              Management Plan, working with individual                   Department of the Army
                              jurisdictions as updates are needed;                          *Corps of Engineers
                             �helping formulate research needs and serving
                              as a forum for communication of research                   Department of the Interior
                              results;                                                      Bureau of Land Management
                             �using the Columbia River Estuary Information                *U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
                              Center to communicate state and federal                       National Park Service
                              interests, concerns and programs to local                     U.S. Geological Survey
                              government and the general public, the center                 Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service
                              will also serve as the focal point for local-state-        Department of Agriculture
                              federal coordination.                                         U.S. Soil Conservation Service
                             State and federal agencies that will participate               U.S. Forest Service
                          with local governments in cooperative management               Department of Commerce
                          of the Columbia River estuary include:
                                                                                          *National Marine Fisheries Service
                                                                                            Economic Development Administration
                                                                                        *Environmental ProtectionAgency

                                                                                                               OREGON
                                                                                        *Department of Land Conservation and Development
                                                                                         Department of Economic Development
                                                                                        *Division of State Lands
                                                                                        *Department of Fish and Wildlife
                                                                                         Department of Forestry
                                                                                         Department of Geologic and Mineral Industries
                                                                                         State Marine Board
                                                                                         Department of Transportation
                                                                                        *Department of Environmental Quality
                                                                                         Department of Energy
                                                                                         Intergovernmental Relations Division

                                                                                                            WASHINGTON
                                                                                        *Department of Ecology
                                                                                        *Department of Fisheries
                                                                                        *Department of Game
                                              7
                                                                                         Department of Parks and Recreation
                                                                                         Off ice of Planning and Community Development
                                                             National Fisherman          Highway Administration
                                                                                        *Department of Natural Resources
                                                                                         Interagency Committee for Outdoor Recreation

                                                                                         primary estuary management, regulatory or research agencies

                                                                                                                                          V11 - 7

                                       75. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES

                   For all development projects, a permit applicant               Local Environmental Impact Assessments -
                 must provide agencies with the information neces-                   Oregon
                 sary to assess project impacts and determine how
                 the project measures up against applicable stand-                   Oregon does not have a counterpart to Washing-
                 ards. The nature and extent of information required              ton's SEPA. At the local level, impact assessment,
                 depends on the type of permit required (local, state             when accomplished, is generally an informal pro-
                 and/or federal), and the potential for environmental             cess designed to evaluate a project against develop-
                 impacts. Impact Assessment requirements at the                   ment standards in an ordinance. For estuarine pro-
                 local, state and federal level'are discussed below.              jects, however, the Estuarine Resources Goal (Num-
                                                                                  ber 16) requires that "actions which would poten-
                 Local Environmental Impact Assessments -                         tially alter the estuarine ecosystem shall be pre-
                                                                                  ceded by a clear demonstration of the impacts of the
                   Washington                                                     proposed alteration, and a demonstration of the
                   The "substantial shoreline development permit" is              public's need and gain which warrant such
                 the regulatory mechanism local governments in                    modification or loss." If a local government has
                 Washington use to control development activity                   exclusive permit authority for an estuarine develop-
                 along and in the estuary. For each permit, the local             ment, that government has lead responsibility for
                 government concerned (county or city), in coopera-               preparing the required impact assessment. How-
                 tion with the applicant, must fill out the "environ-             ever, most estuarine projects are regulated or re-
                 mental checklist" required under guidelines which                viewed in some manner by all government levels,
                 implement the State Environmental Policy Act                     local, state and federal.
                 (SEPA). Specific information needs or potential                     For projects requiring removal or fill permits under
                 effects to be evaluated may also be specified in de-             ORS 541.605 to 541.695, the Division of State Lands is
                 velopment standards for a given use or activity. The             delegated lead responsibility for preparation and
                 local government then determines whether the                     distribution for the required impact assessment.
                 action has a significant or insignificant environment-           Federal environmental assessments, routinely pre-
                 al impact. If significant, an environmental impact               pared for Corps of Engineers Section 10 or 404 per-
                 statement (EIS) is required. If insignificant, a "nega-          mits, may be substituted if distributed with the
                 tive declaration" is issued.                                     permit notice. The assessment required for a project
                   Every project which requires a shoreline permit                need not be lengthy or complex, but it should en-
                 must thus be evaluated for potential environmental               able reviewers to gain a clear understanding of
                 impacts. This initial assessment will generally be               problems to be expected. It should include informa-
                 accomplished by local staff members. If an EIS is                tion on:
                 required, the permit applicant generally must supply                -the type and extent of alterations expected;
                 the detailed information required.                                  -the expected impacts of the proposed alteration
                                                                                  on estuarine habitat, water quality, fish and wildlife
                                                                                  resources, recreation, aesthetics, navigation, and
                                                                                  other existing and potential uses of the estuary; the
                                                                                  development standards for the use and activities
                                                                                  proposed;
                                                                                     -the methods which could be used to minimize
                                                                                  adverse impacts, including mitigation if appropriate.

                                                                                  State  Environmental Impact Assessments -
                                                                                     Washington
                                                                                     The State Environmental Policy Act (SEPA) applies
                                                                                  to state agency shoreline actions (permit or license
                                                                                  issuance, direct development, etc.) as well as local
                                                                                  actions discussed earlier. Normally, a local shore-
                                                                                  line permit and environmental impact checklist (and
                                                                                  EIS, if necessary) also are required for such projects.
                                                                                  When this is the case, the local impact assessment is
                                                                                  substituted for one that might be required at the
                                                    Port of Astoria Photo         state level. If not, the lead state agency must comply
                                                                                  with the SEPA procedures.

                 V11 - 8

                         State Environmental Impact Assessments -                       whether a full EIS is required and publishes this
                            Oregon                                                      determination in its public notice on the project. If a
                                                                                        more detailed impact assessment is shown to be
                            The only  specific impact assessment required at            necessary, the Corps of Engineers requires the ap-
                         the state level is that outlined in the LCDC Estuarine         plicant to provide them with the information neces-
                         Resources Goal (Number 16), described above. For               sary to prepare a Draft EIS. It must include detailed
                         removal or fill actions requiring a state permit, the          information on:
                         Division of State Lands has lead agency responsibil-             e the environmental impact of the proposed
                         ity for preparation of the required environmental                action,
                         assessment. Where state agency actions involve es-               0 any adverse environmental effects which can-
                         tuarine alterations and a permit, that agency will be            not be avoided should the proposal be imple-
                         responsible for preparing the required assessment.               mented,
                                                                                          0 alternatives to the proposed action,
                         Federal Environmental Impact Assessments                         9 the relationship between local short-term uses
                            The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 re-             of man's environment and the maintenance and
                         quires preparation of an environmental impact                    enhancement of long-term productivity, and
                         statement (EIS) for federal actions which are                    0 any irreversible and irretrievable commitments
                         "major" and "significantly affect the quality of the             of resources which would be involved in the pro-
                         human environment". In the estuary area, these ac-             posed action should it be implemented.
                         tions relate primarily to permit and license decisions           These statements are comprehensive and often
                         by the Corps of Engineers, the Coast Guard and                 take a year or more to prepare. The Draft EIS, when
                         others.                                                        issued, has a mandatory 60-day review period prior
                            Using the Corps of Engineers Section 10 or 404              to a Final EIS being issued. For controversial projects,
                         permit action as an example, an "environmental                 this 60-day period may extend many months while
                         assessment" is prepared on every project for which             disagreements are worked out. A permit cannot be
                         there is a permit application. Based on this assess-           issued until a Final EIS is produced. Work may com-
                         ment, the Corps makes a determination as to                    mence on a project 30 days after release of a Final
                                                                                        EIS.

                                                     76. PLAN REVIEWAND AMENDMENT PROCESS

                           Periodic review and, if necessary, amendment of              Scheduled Siennial.Review and Amendment
                        the Columbia River Estuary Regional Management                    Local plans, and the Columbia River Estuary Re-
                        Plan or portions of it are essential to maintain flexi-
                        bility to changing situations and to respond to new             gional Management Plan on which they are based,
                        information that is available. Each local government            are to be reviewed every two years by each local,
                        will continue to exercise its responsibility and                state and federal agency concerned. Local govern-
                        authority to review and, if necessary, amend its                ments will initiate this process. Proposed changes in
                        plan. In Washington, local governments must submit              policies, land and water use designations and regu-
                        amendments to the Department of Ecology for ap-                 lations should be recommended as necessary. Public
                        proval. For Oregon areas, local plan amendments                 and agency coordination meetings will be held if
                        do not require state review and approval, though                significant changes are proposed. A major objective
                        amendments do have to conform to Statewide                      will be to achieve a consensus on plan changes. At a
                        Goals.                                                          minimum, such a process will ensure all viewpoints
                           In the estuary area, because of the mixture of pri-          are considered.
                        vate, local, state and federal proprietory, regulato-           Scheduled Six Year Review and Update
                        ry and management interests, it is important that the
                        plan review and amendment process be a coopera-                   A major plan review will be scheduled every six
                        tive one where citizen and governmental agency                  years, in place of the biennial review. It will include
                        views on proposed changes can be considered and a               a systematic review of policies, regulations, and
                        consensus achieved. CREST will continue to maintain             plans, and a review of new information as it relates
                        its intergovernmental coordination structure through            to each geographic region of the estuary. Citizen
                        which local plan or program amendments that                     involvement and local, state and federal agency
                        would affect the Regional Management Plan can be                workshops would be used to effect this review. New
                        coordinated. Updates to the Regional Management                 data from the Columbia River Estuary Data Develop-
                        Plan or local plans and programs may be minor re-               ment Program and other research will also be used
                        finements or major amendments and may be the                    in this process.
                        result of scheduled or unscheduled reviews. The
                        procedures and timing for schedulea and un-                     Unscheduled Reviews and Updates
                        scheduled Regional Management Plan review and
                        amendment are outlined below. A biennial cycle for                On occasion, it may be necessary to review and
                        reviews and a six-year cycle for major reviews is               update provisions of a local plan out of the sched-
                        established.                                                    uled cycle. in such a case, a public notice and pro-
                                                                                        cess similar to that for biennial scheduled review
                                                                                        and update will be used.

                                                                                                                                          V11 -9

                           77. COLUMBIA RIVER ESTUARY DATA                     DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM

                    One of the primary objectives of the organizers of           To assure that the program neets the needs of
                  the Columbia River Estuary Study Taskforce (CREST)           those who manage the estuary, an Estuary Program
                  was to foster a major estuary research program to            Subcommittee of the Program Committee has been
                  collect data needed for more informed decision-              established. To monitor the technical progress of the
                  making. Because of this local interest and concern,          program and its contractors, a Technical Advisory
                  the Governors of the States of Oregon and Wash-              Committee has been designated. Local needs will be
                  ington requested in 1974 that the Pacific Northwest          reflected by a Citizen Advisory Committee and
                  River Basins Commission (PNRBC) undertake a study            CREST. Each of these bodies will work through the
                  of the estuary. The Commission accepted the chal-            Program Manager. Annual evaluations of the pro-
                  lenge and, with the assistance of federal agency             gram will provide the opportunity for redirection of
                  representatives and CREST, prepared in June 1976, a          activities to meet changing management require-
                  "Proposal to Study" (PTS). The PTS outlined the need         ments or additional data needs.
                  for and purposes of an estuary study, how such a               The program will be accomplished in seven
                  study would be organized and managed, and an                 phases over a six-year period. These include pro-
                  estimated budget. This proposal was submitted to             gram planning, contracting, implementation, three
                  the U.S. Water Resources Council as part of the              continuation phases, and summation. To undertake
                  PNRBC total pr6gram budget request for FY 1978,              these activities, a mix of federal/state, university,
                  along with the endorsements of the Governors of the          and private contractors, or individual efforts is pro-
                  two states and CREST. The study did not receive              posed. Each contractor will be reviewed annually
                  individual authorization, however, until FY 1979.            and his efforts modified on the basis of performance
                  Authorization for the $6,204,000 six-year Columbia           and the availability of funds. The outputs of the
                  River Estuary Data Development Program was pro-              program will include technical reports for each work
                  vided by Public Law 89-90 and first-year funds in the        element, "summaries" for decision-makers, an
                  amount of $828,900 appropriated by Public Law 95-            annual report which outlines program progress and
                  482 in October 1978. The PNRBC's FY 1980 budget              results, and a series of conferences and special
                  request seeks an appropriation of $991,000.                  reports for technical and lay audiences.
                    The purpose of the Data Development Program is               The research data collected should allow estuary
                  twofold: to increase understanding of the estuary,           decision-makers to better address the following
                  and to provide information in a form suitable for use        management questions:
                  when making land/water management decisions.                   - How important is the estuary to juvenile
                  The program is being managed by the Pacific North-           salmonids (which species and runs)? What is the
                  west River Basins Commission. Program participants           "carrying capacity" of the estuary for juvenile
                  are those agencies, entities, and interests which            saimonids and what are the limiting factors? This
                  have demonstrated expertise in particular technical          question requires research into juvenile salmonid
                  subjects.
                    A detailed Plan of Study prepared for the Data             migration patterns, residence time and feeding
                  Development Program is based on the following cri-           habits, as well as research into the distribution and
                  teria: 1) the estuary will be viewed as an inter-            production of important invertebrates at the lower
                  dependent system; 2) the program will use and                trophic levels of the food chain. Careful evaluation
                  expand present agency activities, not supplant               of existing work, published and unpubilshed, is
                  them; 3) the focus will be on the biological and             needed to avoid duplication of effort,
                  physical processes of the estuary; little emphasis             - What have been and what will be the effects
                  would be placed on land resource, social or eco-             of large-scale estuarine changes and alterations on
                  nomic studies; 4) contractors will be selected on the        the estuary as a whole and on peripheral areas?
                  basis of their qualifications and the merits of their        Changes such as jetties, channels, pile dikes, growth
                  proposed research; and 5) data will be developed to          of mid-estuary sand flats, increased salinity intru-
                  both understand the estuary system and assist man-           sion, shoaling, etc. should be evaluated with regard
                  agement of the estuary.                                      to short and long term implications for salinity,
                    The estuary is defined for the purposes of the re-         current and mixing patterms, sediment distribution
                  search program as the area extending from the off-           transport and shoaling patterns, estuarine habitats,
                  shore bar to Columbia River Mile 46, the eastern tip         key estuarine species, and navigational use of the
                  of Puget Island. The program generally will be               estuary. What predictive capabilities should be de-
                  limited to the area below high water and will in-            veloped to deal with future large-scale alterations?
                  clude the estuarine islands and adjacent wetlands.             - What is the importance of the estuary's tidal
                    The research program will deal with the food               marshes to estuarine food chains? For fish and wild-
                  chain and its internal energy transfers; energy, salt,       life habitat and feeding? For flood and erosion con-
                  water, sediment, nutrient and particulate budgets            trol, water quality, sediment entrapment, etc.? What
                  will be used to summarize the physical environment           has been the long-term impact of diking and filling a
                  and its relationship to the biological environment.          large proportion of the estuary's tidal marshes?
                  Within this context, key management needs are                  - What is the importance of upriver and ocean
                  identified in the form of research questions.                nutrient and particulate inputs to estuarine food
                                                                               chains?

                  Vil - 10

                             - How are salinity, currents, mixing processes,                - What are the mechanisms causing shoaling
                           sediment transport, shoaling patterns, anodromous             and erosion in bays, sloughs, side channels, mari-
                           fish transit and -Feeding, marsh productivity and             nas, etc.? What are the effects of large scale es-
                           benthic habitats influenced by the fresh water flow           tuarine alterations (channels, jetties, etc.) on peri-
                           cycle? What have been the effects of the managed              pheral areas? What are the effects of direct altera-
                           flow cycle? What would be the effects of future               tions to the peripheral areas? What predictive capa-
                           water withdrawals on the estuary? Should seasonal             bilities are needed?
                           minimum flows be established to protect important                - What are the effects of non-point sources such
                           ecological patterns or influence sediment move-               as agricultural and forestry activities on the river,
                           ment? What predictive capabilities are needed?                estuary and tributary streams? Some industrial
                             - What are the key plant and animal species that            sources may also require consideration.
                           play a crucial role in the estuarine food chain? That            - What are the important physical, biological
                           are particularly vulnerable or sensitive to disturb-          and chemical processes occurring in the fine sedi-
                           ances and can therefore be used as indicators of              ments? What are the effects of dredging and log
                           system's health? That are particularly important for          storage and transport on water quality, sediment
                           management of the estuary? What is the life cycle,            chemistry and benthic populations?
                           habitat requirements, and ecological interactions of
                           each?                                                            - What are the competitive and predator-prey
                             - What is the distribution of the major benthic             interactions of wild fish and hatchery fish in the
                           marsh and shoreland habitats? How important i's               estuary and tributary streams?
                           each to fish, birds and wildlife?                                - How can better wave and tidal current pre-
                             - How should main and peripheral channel                    dictions be produced that take into account fresh
                           dredging and dredged material disposal be man-                water flow levels?
                           aged?                                                            - What exotic species (e.g. nutria, warm-water
                                 How important is the estuary to other (non-             fish, Corbicula) have been introduced? What
                           salmonid) commercial and noncommercial finfish                changes have occurred as a result? How should they
                           and shellfish as a nursery, spawning ground, feed-            be managed?
                           ing area and transit path? Which species should be               - Which bird species play an important role in
                           considered key species to the estuary? Which spe-             the estuarine food chain? Which habitats are most
                           cies are currently underutilized, and where could             important for resident and migrant waterfowl, shore
                           sports and commercial fisheries be developed?                 birds, wading birds, raptors, etc.? Which habitats are
                                                                                         most important for wildlife?

                                                  78. COLUMBIA RIVER ESTUARY INFORMATION CENTER

                             CREST will formally establish an Estuary Informa-              Functions of the Columbia River Estuary Informa-
                           tion Center in Astoria, Oregon in September 1979 to           tion Center wi I I be to:
                           serve the special information needs of local offi-               0maintain and operate a satellite library to the
                           cials, planners, estuarine scientists, state and                  Northwest Coastal Information Center.
                           federal managers, and the general public.                        0provide information services and literature
                           Information services have been provided throughout                searches to local officials, planners, state and
                           the CREST planning program on an informal basis.                  federal managers, and scientists.
                           Formally establishing the center and advertising                 0cut "red tape" in the permit process by pro-
                           available information services will increase its use-             viding, in one location, accurate information on
                           fulness to the local area.                                        required local, state and federal permits for de-
                             The Estuary Information Center will operate as a                velopment projects in the estuary.
                           satellite library to the Northwest Coastal Information           *collect and disseminate useful information in a
                           Center (NCIC) in Newport, Oregon. The NCIC serves                 quarterly estuary newsletter to keep the public
                           both Washington and Oregon, and will provide local                and others informed about important estuary
                           area users with access to a national network of in-               issues, meetings and conferences.
                           formation sources.                                                develop an outreach estuary educational pro-
                                                                                             gram, working with local schools, libraries, Sea
                                                                                             Grant, news media and others.

                                                                                                                                            Vill - I I

                                               79. AGENCY ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

                  This inventory of federal, state, regional and local
                                                                                                          AW
                governmental authorities which operate in the Co-
                lumbia River estuary area describes the roles and
                functions of each agency with respect to activities
                that occur in the estuary or along its shoreline. En-
                abling legislation, legal authorities, responsibilities
                and coordination functions of each agency are also
                discussed.
                  The federal Coastal Zone Management Act, 1972,
                Washington's Shoreline Management Act (RCW
                90.58) and Oregon's land and water use planning
                law (ORS   197) are attempts to integrate manage-
                ment of    coastal water, wetland and shoreland
                areas. In  the Columbia River estuary, these laws
                provide a basis for the development of a coor-                                                Port of Astoria Pit oto
                dinated plan for the Columbia River estuary and its
                shorelands. Washington and Oregon both give local               Planning and regulation of activities in the estuary
                government the authority to initiate and implement             area are a complex interplay of federal, state and
                estuary planning. To be successful, the plan must be           local proprietary and regulatory rights. Conflict and
                supported locally and be consistent with state and             confusion may result where all three levels of
                federal policy.                                                government interact.

                                                                    OREGON

                CITIES                                                         however, counties must prepare comprehensive
                                                                               plans and must zone. This regulation ties in with the
                  General planning powers of cities are defined                county's role in the SB 100 planning process where
                under ORS 227.230 "City Planning and Zoning                    the counties play a coordinating role with jurisdic-
                Authority."                                                    tions inside county boundaries.
                  Comprehensive planning and zoning constitute                    Additionally, counties play a major role in the
                the major mechanisms for controlling land uses                 planning and construction of utilities. This has in the
                along the estuary. Although recent years have seen             past, been mainly limited to road construction and
                a growth in the state's interest and control over this         maintenance, but can be extended to include water
                authority, planning and zoning are still largely de-           and sewer services.
                cided at the local level; Senate Bill 100 and LCDC
                Coastal Goals have established guidelines for local
                governments to follow during the development of                PORT OF ASTORIA
                their comprehensive plans. Recent court decisions
                have altered the historical relationship between the              The Port of Astoria operates and functions under
                Comprehensive Plan and the Zoning Ordinance, in                ORS Chapter 777 and its various subchapters, which
                that zoning must adhere to comprehensive plans.                regulate port activities in Oregon. The ports, under
                  The cities have authority to establish subdivision           this chapter, are authorized to:
                controls under ORS 92.042 and, like zoning, the sub-              0 Acquire, develop and manage lands for future
                division ordinance must adhere to the adopted                       industrial parks;
                comprehensive plan. The cities also have general                  0 Develop and operate industrial parks;
                planning powers in such areas as performance                      9 Make channel and basin improvements and
                                                                                    regulate navigation consistent with federal and
                standards for industry, regulating air and water                    state regulations such as Oregon's Fill and Re-
                emissions, alterations of water bodies by filling or                moval Law (ORS 541.605 to 541.655), and the
                construction, and protecting lands through land-                    Corps of Engineers' sections 10 and 404 permit
                scaping and restrictive uses.                                       program;
                                                                                  0 Develop and manage marinas;
                CLATSOP COUNTY                                                    * Own and operate railroad terminals and build
                                                                                    and operate rail lines between water facilities
                  Under ORS Title 215 and associated subchapters,                   and common carriers;
                counties in Oregon have roughly the some zoning                   * Distribute water for urban uses.
                and subdivision authority as cities. Unlike cities,

                V11 - 12

                         CLATSOP COUNTY ECONOMIC                                         mental impacts, wise use of natural resources and
                         DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE                                           appropriate land use. Items that are reviewed in this
                                                                                         manner include agricultural and economic devel-
                           The Clatsop County Economic Development Com-                  opment; flood control; small navigation projects;
                         mittee (CCEDC) serves as an aid and advisory unit for           air, water and land quality; education; health, social
                         the Economic Development Commission, created                    and rehabilitation services; housing and urban de-
                         under ORS Chapter 184. Under subchapter 184.030,                velopment; outdoor recreation; law enforcement;
                         the CCEDC is given the responsibility of developing             manpower administration; transportation; and water
                         an overall economic development program (OEDP)                  resources planning.
                         for Clatsop County and serves as the County's guide
                         for enhancing its economic conditions.                          LAND CONSERVATION 8 DEVELOPMENT
                           The program will be reviewed for approval by the              COMMISSION 9 DLCD
                         Federal Economic Development Administration, in
                         relationship to possible future federal funding of                 Oregon's 1973 Land Use Act (Senate Bill 100)
                         local public improvement projects. It must conform              created the Land Conservation and Development
                         to guidelines established by the Office of Economic             Commission (LCDC) and its administrative arm, the
                         Development of the Department of Commerce,                      Department of Land Conservation and Development
                         which requires that the program (OEDP) proposals                (DLCD), which implements the Commission's
                         have broad community support and that the program               policies. The Act charged LCDC with the responsibil-
                         show relationship to other plans for the local area             ity for developing statewide Goals and Guidelines
                         involved.                                                       for coordinated comprehensive planning and
                                                                                         related actions of all levels of government. (ORS
                         CLATSOP-TILLAMOOK                                               197.230)
                         INTERGOVERNMENTAL COUNCIL                                          The Act requires that each city and county develop
                                                                                         a coordinated comprehensive plan, zoning, and
                           CTIC is a council of governments within Clatsop               subdivision ordinances which are in conformance
                         and Tillamook Counties authorized under ORS                     with the adopted Goals and Guidelines. State
                         Chapter 190 and associated subchapters. the mem-                agency and special district plans and actions must
                         ber governments are represented by elected offi-                also conform with the Goals and local comprehen-
                         cials at its meetings. Its purposes are:                        sive plans.
                           �  To enable the elected officials to jointly identify           Other functions of LCDC as set forth under SB 100
                              problems and to make planning decisions on                 are to:
                              matters such as public health, safety and wel-                9 Review plans for conformance with statewide
                              fare, transportation, parks and recreation,                     Goals;
                              water and sewer facilities, and education.                    9 Hear and resolve appeals regarding possible
                           �  To attain a greater degree of intergovernmental                 conflicts of plans or actions with statewide
                              cooperation and communication in dealing with                   Goals;
                              issues such as urban growth.                                  * Issue permits for activities of statewide signi-
                           �  To pool resources to get greater economy of                     f i ca nce;
                              governmental dollars.                                         9 Recommend to the legislature areas to be des-
                                                                                              ignated as areas of critical concern and plans
                           The staff of CTIC performs a number of functions to                for the management of those areas;
                         assist local government. They are presently helping                9 Coordinate planning efforts of state agencies to
                         to coordinate planning as called for under SB100,                    assure conformance with statewide Goals and
                         and they also perform routine planning assistance to                 local comprehensive plans; and
                         some of the member governments.                                    0 Insure citizen involvement in all phases of the
                           Another important function of CTIC, which ties into                process.
                         their role of coordinating local planning activities, is        Goals and Guidelines
                         their A-95 review authority as outlined in the Office
                         of Management & Budget Circular No. A-95 (Re-                      To guide comprehensive planning, the 1973 Act
                         vised). The A-95 name comes from a circular from                directed LCDC to adopt planning Goals and Guide-
                         the federal Office of Management and Budget                     lines which carry the full authority of the State to
                         describing the rules and regulations they have                  achieve the purposes of the Act. Guidelines are
                         promulgated to provide cooperation between                      suggested directions that would aid in achieving the
                         federal, state and local governments in the evalua-             mandated Goals. They are intended to be instruc-
                         tion, review and coordination of Federal assistance             tive, directional, and positive; but they do not limit
                         programs and projects. Under this process, CTIC is              governments to a single course of action when some
                         described as a "regional clearinghouse" and is                  other course would achieve the same result. The
                         authorized to notify affected parties and local juris-          Goals and Guidelines are to be used by state and
                         dictions of proposed federal projects or federal                federal agencies, cities, counties, and special dis-
                         assistance projects within their jurisdiction, and seek         tricts in preparing, adopting, revising, and imple-
                         public comments on the proposals. CTIC studies the              menting comprehensive plans. The Goals, and the
                         proposals and evaluates them from the standpoint of
                         fulfilling planning objectives of the area, environ-

                                                                                                                                           V11 - 13

                 process for identifying, developing, approving, and             DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL
                 implementing these Goals, form the foundation for               QUALITY
                 Oregon's land use management activities, as well as
                 for compliance with the requirements of the Coastal                The Department of Environmental Quality has the
                 Zone Management Act.                                            responsibility for regulating the following areas of
                    In December, 1974, LCDC adopted 14 planning                  ORS Chapters: (ORS Ch. 454) Sewage Treatment and
                 Goals and supporting Guidelines which apply to the              Disposal Systems; (ORS Ch. 459) Solid Waste Con-
                 entire state. The first two goals are procedural and            trol; (ORS Ch. 467) Noise Control; and (ORS Ch. 468)
                 refer to citizen involvement and land use planning.             Air and Water Quality.
                 The remaining Goals address specific resource ele-                 DEQ regulates environmental quality concerns
                 ments or uses: agricultural and forest lands; open              through a Permit System which sets forth the criteria
                 spaces, scenic and historic areas, and natural re-              of conditions by which "point sources" of pollution
                 sources; air, water, and land resources quality;                (air, water, solid waste, noise and sewage,pollution)
                 areas subject to natural disasters and hazards; rec-            are to meet state standards. The Department also
                 reational needs; economy of the State; housing;                 plays a role in the state's review of Corps of Engi-
                 public facilities and services; transportation; energy          neers permit requests.
                 conservation; and urbanization. These Goals apply
                 to all areas of the State, including the coast. In 1975,
                 a fifteenth goals was adopted that pertained only to            WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
                 the Willamette Greenway.                                           The Water Resources Department consists of the
                    In December, 1976, four additional planning goals            Water Policy Review Board, the Water Resources
                 were adopted that relate specifically to the coastal            Director and employees or assistants.
                 area. These goals supplement the original fourteen
                 goals by addressing, with greater specificity, the                 The Water Policy Review Board is composed of
                 particular needs and problems of the Oregon coast.              seven (7) members appointed by the Governor,
                 The coastal goals address estuarine resources,                  under ORS Chapter 536. One (1) member is ap-
                 coastal shorelands, beaches and dunes, and ocean                pointed from each of the four (4) federal con-
                 resources. The coastal goals and guidelines form the            gressional districts and three (3) members from the
                 basis for compliance with two requirements of the               state at large. ORS Ch. 536 also establishes the
                 Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, establishing               Board's responsibility for establishing the State of
                 priorities of use for areas within the coastal zone,            Oregon's water program.
                 and identifying areas of particular concern.                       Under the various subchapters of ORS Ch. 536,
                 Coordinated Comprehensive Plans                                 the Board has the following responsibilities and
                                                                                 areas of authority:
                    Senate Bill 100 sets forth as legislative policy the            9 Develop policy statements, plans and programs,
                 necessity for properly prepared and coordinated                      for al I water resources of the state;
                 comprehensive plans. These comprehensive plans,                    * Designate exact land areas in the policy state-
                 which are expressions of public policy, establish the                ment as Flood Plan Areas for future reservoir
                 basis for specific local government rules, regula-                   sites;
                 tions, and ordinances, which must be consistent with               0 Distribute policy statements to all affected state
                 and designated to implement the individual plans.                    agencies and organizations before the policy is
                 Procedures exist for reviewing and, as necessary,                    approved by the Board ;
                 revising the comprehensive plans to keep them                      0 Classify water as to highest and best use and
                 consistent with the changing needs and desires of                    quantity of use, enforce laws concerning loss of
                 the public.                                                          water rights and prescribe preferences for par-
                    The completed plan will serve as the single,                      ticular future uses ;
                 common basis for decisions regarding conservation                  0 Promulgate rights tu withdraw unappropriated
                 and development in that area. In order for plans to                  waters from appropriation. Establish procedures
                 be adequately coordinated and -considered com-                       and conditions for withdrawal of water from
                 plete, city, county, state and federal agency, and                   appropriation.
                 special district plans and interests must be incor-                Under ORS Chapters 536, 537, 538 and 539 and as-
                 porated into and be consistent with the compre-                 sociated subchapters, the Board is responsible for
                 hensive plans.                                                  the appropriation and adjudications of ground water
                                                                                 as well as the determination of water rights initiated
                                                                                 prior to the February 24, 1909, law requiring a permit
                                                                                 to appropriate water.
                                                                                    ORS Chapter 540 and associated subchapters
                                                                                 authorizes the Board to provide for changes in use of
                                                                                 water, the transfer and abandonment of water
                                                                                 rights, and the responsibility for the protection of
                                                                                 existing water rights.                                           0

                                                ,National Fisherman

                 V11 - 14

                            The Water Resources Department under ORS                     DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
                          Chapter 537 is responsible for preparing and admin
                          istering Well Contractor's License Exams, Well Drill-            The D.O.T. has the responsibility and authority as
                          ing Machine Operator's License Exams and for re-               outlined in ORS Chapter 184.610 to develop and
                          ceiving and reviewing Well Log Records from any                maintain a state transportation policy and a com-
                          person constructing or altering wells within          the      prehensive, long-range plan for a multimodal trans-
                          State. A copy of such log shall be received by        the      portation system for the state, which encompasses
                          Department within 30 days of completion of            the      economic efficiency, growth, safety and environ-
                          construction or alteration.                                    mental quality. The plan shall include, but not be
                                                                                         limited to, aviation, highways, mass transit, pipe-
                            ORS Chapters 540 & 542 provides the Department               lines, ports, rails & waterways. The Transportation
                          with the authority and responsibility for the super-           Commission has the responsibility to coordinate and
                          vision over construction of all dams in Oregon for the         administer such programs. It is the recipient of all
                          assurance of their safety. Also, the Department is             federal funds paid to or to be paid to the state to
                          authorized to make surveys, investigations and                 provide the programs and services assigned to the
                          prepare plans, specifications, estimates and other             Department.
                          data necessary to accomplish the purposes of the                 DOT, Parks and Recreation Division, is empowered
                          Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act.                 to purchase, develop and manage state parks. It is
                            The Water Resources Department Director, under               the overseer of the state's network of parks, way-
                          ORS Chapter 537 has the responsibility to initiate             sides, access points, botanical gardens, etc. It pro-
                          proceedings for the determination        of a critical         vides areas for recreation as well as research and
                          ground water area on his own motion, discretion, or            preservation of historic sites and unique natural
                          upon receipt of,petition, whenever he finds that the           areas.
                          ground water level, supply or purity is below ac-
                          cepted standards.
                            The Director shall issue an Order defining the               ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION
                          Critical Ground Water Area Boundaries and control
                          provisions closing the area to further development               Under ORS Chapter 184 and associated sub-
                          and ground water use.                                          chapters, the Commission is authorized to:
                                                                                           * Establish a comprehensive policy and plan for
                          DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND WILDLIFE                                    the balanced economic and community devel-
                                                                                             opment of the State of Oregon which will pre-
                                                                                             serve and enhance all facets of Oregon's econ-
                            Under ORS 496.012, the Department is directed to                 omy and environment and which will give parti-
                          manage, propagate and research fish and wildlife                   cular recognition to the needs, problems and re-
                          to provide the optimum recreational and aesthetic                  sources of the rural and under-developed areas
                          benefits for present and future generations of the                 of the state.
                          citizens of the state. In addition, the new Depart-                Define priorities necessary to implement this
                          ment has assumed the duties of the old Fish Com-                   policy and plan, and proceed with the imme-
                          mission to conduct research and, where appropriate,                diate implementation thereof.
                          manage fishes of Oregon.                                         The Department of Economic Development is to
                            Most of this Department's input in controlling ac-           act as the state's official liaison agency between
                          tivities in Oregon's estuaries is achieved by pro-             persons interested in locating industrial or business
                          viding concerns and recommendations to those state             firms in the state and to coordinate authority that the
                          and federal agencies that do have statutory author-            Department is serving as state coordinator for the
                          ity to regulate activities. For example, the Division of       Clatsop Counties Overall Economic Development
                          State Lands regulates fill and removal, the Depart-            Program planning.
                          ment of Environmental Quality regulates water
                          quality, the Water Resources Department regulates                Recent legislation has transferred the Ports Divi-
                          water uses, the Land Conservation and Development              sion to the Department of Economic Development.
                          Commission, cities and counties regulate land use,             This division is established to be the state-wide
                          and Corps of Engineers regulates fill, removal and             coordinating, planning and research agency for all
                          structures. These agencies, by low, must coordinate            ports and port authorities in this state to insure the
                          their decisions with the Department and for the most           most orderly, efficient and economical development
                          part, consider their recommendations in making de-             of the state port system.
                          cisions. In the administration of the state's fill and
                          removal low, the Department's recommendation is                    Syngnathus griseolineatus Bay Pipef ish
                          most often the state's position, as finalized by the
                          Division of State Lands.

                                                                                                Ron Pittard - Searep Studio, courtesy Clatsop County

                                                                                                                                          Vil - 15

                 STATE LAND BOARD AND DIVISION OF                                     DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY and
                 STATE LANDS                                                          ENERGY FACILITY SITING COUNCIL

                    The State Land Board and their administrative                       The Oregon State Department of Energy and
                 agency, the Division of State Lands, are authorized                  Energy Facility Siting Council were created under                        41
                 under ORS Titles 274 and 541 and associated sub-                     ORS Chapters 469.030 and 469.450.
                 chapters.                                                              The Department of Energy operates under the
                    The State Land Board, composed of the Governor,                   supervision of the director who is appointed by the
                 the Secretary of State and the Treasurer, act for the                Governor, subject to confirmation by the Senate,
                 State as owners and stewards of the submerged and                    and serves at the pleasure of the Governor. The
                 submersible lands of all navigable streams and                       Department's responsibilities include: collecting
                 lakes in this state now existing or which may have                   data on energy resources; providing information to
                 been in existence in 1859 when the state was ad-                     the public about energy problems and methods of
                 mitted to the Union, or at any time since admission,                 conserving energy resources; research; serving as a
                 which have not become vested in any person.                          clearing house for energy research; preparing
                                                                                      contingent energy programs to include all forms of
                    Under the authority of ORS Title 274 the State Land               energy not otherwise provided (pursuant to ORS
                 Board also receives compensation for private use of                  757.710 and 757.720); maintaining an inventory of
                 the waterway. Uses subject to royalty fees or leasing                energy research projects in Oregon; and compiling
                 include sand and gravel royalties, oil and gas                       and analyzing energy statistics, data and informa-
                 leasing and general waterway surface-use leasing.                    tion.
                                                                                        The Energy Facility Siting Council consists of seven
                    The Division of State Lands, under ORS 541 and                    public members, appointed by the Governor and
                 associoted subchapters, has permit authority for fill                confirmed by the Senate. The Council's major duties
                 and removal of 50 cubic yards or more of material in                 are to:
                 waterways up to the line of non-aquatic vegetation,                    0  Conduct and prepare studies, investigations,
                 (the Fill and Removal Law). The low stresses that the                     research and programs relating to all aspects of
                 navigational, recreational and biological aspects of                      site selection;
                 waterways, under which the Division has the                            0  Conduct public hearings for the purpose of des-
                 responsibility to coordinate the State Resource                           ignating sites for energy facilities;
                 Agency's review of the Corps of Engineers permit                       0  Adopt safety standards and promulgate rules for
                 application for any alteration and construction acti-                     operation of all thermal power plants and nu-
                 vities in navigable waters, maintain priority of con-                     clear installations;
                 sideration.                                                            0  Establish programs for monitoring the environ-
                                      MENTAL COORDINATION                                  mental and ecological effects of the construc-
                 INTERGOVERN                                                               tion and operation of thermal power plants and
                 DIVISION                                                                  nuclear installations.
                    Under ORS Title 190 and associated subchapters,                     The Council also has jurisdiction over transmission
                 the Intergovernmental Relations Division of the                      lines, pipelines, power plants and shore facilities for
                 Executive Department has been designated the coor-                   energy raw materials.
                 dinating authority of the State's "one-stop" permit
                 system and to serve as the "State Clearinghouse" in
                 the A-95 review and comment process. The "one-                       STATE MARINE BOARD
                 step" system has three essential elements:
                    �  A central information service for state permits,                 The Oregon State Marine Board has the respon-
                       I icenses, fees or certifications.                             sibility for enforcing all laws pertaining to the use of
                    �  An optional one-step review.       Rather than con-            watercraft used, or capable of being used, as a
                       tacting state agencies independently, an appli-                means of transportation on the water, as outlined in
                       cant may, instead, get in touch with the Divi-                 ORS Chapter 488.011, excluding: airplanes capable
                       sion. Anyone needing two or more state permits                 of landing on the water; foreign boats operating
                       for a new project may submit a master appli-                   temporarily in the waters of this State; a boat owned
                       cation, which the division will circulate to all               and operated by the United States, a state, or an
                       state permit-issuing agencies for comment.                     entity or political subdivision of the United States or
                       After 30 days, the division will forward to the                a state, except recreational public vessels; and any
                       applicant the specific permit application and                  other vessel exempted by law.
                       regulations for required permits.                                The board is also responsible under ORS Chapter
                    � If hearings are required, both the applicant and                488-875 for the distribution of funds foi boating
                       the agencies may ask for a consolidated hear-                  facilities and establishing priorities on applications,
                       ing.                                                           based on water pollution controls and general en-
                    This program coordintaes all the regulatory pro-                  hancement of the water quality.
                 grams of the state, which distinguishes it from the
                 Washington Master Application Program which
                 deals only with Environmental programs.

                 Vil - 16

                                                                            WASHINGTON

                         CITIES                                                         PORT AUTHORITIES

                           Cities are general purpose units of government                  Ports are authorized under RCW Chapter 53.08, to
                         and carry out the duties usually associated with such          promote maritime commerce. The Public Port District
                         public corporations, including activities related to           Act, since its inception, has been expanded to
                         public safety, public transportation, utilities, parks         permit activities ranging from industrial develop-
                         and recreation, public works, enforcement of build-            ment to marinas for recreational boating to airports.
                         ing regulations, and planning. Cities are                         A port district is an autonomous unity of local
                         empowered to undertake planning activities                     government (defined as a municipal corporation by
                         including the establishment of zoning regulations              statute) governed by a board of commissioners. Port
                         through their general police powers under the state            districts are created by a vote of the people in the
                         constitution, RCW Chapter 35.63 relating to muni-              area to be served.
                         cipal planning commissions, and provisions within
                         individual city charters. Cities are also allowed to              Funds to support activities are derived from oper-
                         join regional planning organizations and may es-               ating revenues (leases, tariff fees, . landing fees,
                         tablish boards of adjustment.                                  docking charges, etc.), property taxes, and general
                           Cities have the same authority granted to counties           obligation and revenue bonds.
                         under the Shoreline Management Act of 1971. None
                         of the cities in Washington that border the estuary
                         have used this authority.                                      COUNCILS OF GOVERNMENT
                                                                                           The Pacific County Regional Planning Council has,
                         COUNTIES (PACIFIC, WAHKIAKUM)                                  among its members, three CREST member govern-
                                                                                        ments; Pacific County, the City of I lwaco and the Port
                           Pacific and Wahkiakum Counties are political sub-            of llwaco.
                         divisions of the State of Washington. As general                  The Cowl itz-Wahk iaku m Governmental Con-
                         purpose units of government, they can carry out the            ference has two CREST members, the City of Cath-
                         duties usually associated with such public corpora-            lamet and Wahkiakum County.
                         tions, including activities related to public safety,
                         public transportation, utilities, parks and recreation,           Within the authority of RCW 36.64.080 regional
                         public works, enforcement of building regulations              planning agencies can provide planning coordina-
                         and planning.                                                  tion among local units of government, develop
                           County authority under the Shoreline Manage-                 regional plans, provide specific planning assistance
                         ment Act, the State Environmental Policy Act, the              to member governments, and meet the objectives of
                         Environmental Coordination Procedures Act are dis-             various federal laws and regulations relating to
                         cussed under the Department of Ecology.                        interlocal planning and coordination. For example,
                                                                                        Cowl itz-Wahkiakum Governmental Conference is
                           The State's Planning Enabling Act (RCW Chapter               presently assisting Wahkiakum County in preparing
                         36.70) provides for the appointment of county                  a comprehensive plan.
                         planning commissions and boards of adjustment and                 These regional councils of government serve as
                         sets forth requirements and grant authority for long-          local "clearinghouses" in the A-95 review process.
                         range planning and environmental controls.                     As such, it is their responsibility to circulate requests
                         Planning commissions, once created, are required to            for federal assistance to their members and solicit
                         prepare a comprehensive plan consisting of at least            their review and comments.
                         a land use element and a circulation element, with
                         appropriate supporting documents, which are to be                 Besides participating actively in the A-95 review
                         submitted to the county legislative body by law,               process, regional councils also provide the frame-
                         though in most counties, commission recornmencla-              work for the development or comprehensive region-
                         tions are accepted in about 90 percent of the cases.           al plans as well as area-wide plans for such things as
                         The Planning Enabling Act also authorizes counties             water and waste management, parks and recrea-
                         to establish certain land use controls, the most im-           tion, and transportation.
                         portant of which are zoning ordinances.
                           Pacific County has zoned its lands that border the
                         Pacific Ocean, the Columbia River, and Willapa Bay.
                         The balance of that county is unzoned. Wahkiakum
                         County is not zoned.

                                                                                                                                           V11 - 17

                 DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGY                                            Nothing in SEPA diminishes or alters an agency's
                                                                                authority to implement action. it merely requires the
                   The DOE is composed of the consolidated trans-               SEPA process of study and evaluation take place
                 ferred authorities of three state agencies - Water             prior to such action.
                 Pollution Control Commission, Department of Water                Shoreline Management: The Shoreline Manage-
                 Resources and the Air Pollution Control Board and              ment Act of 1971 requires and defines a planning
                 the solid waste program of the Department of                   program and a regulatory permit system, both of
                 Health. This consolidation vests in the Department             which are initiated at the local level under state
                 responsibility for programs in three areas: 1. water           guidance. The planning program for each local
                 resources (Act of 1971; 2. water pollution control             government consists of a comprehensive shoreline
                 (Act of 1973); and 3. air quality (Washington Clean            inventory and a master program for the regulation of
                 Air Act of 1973). Since its formation, the DOE has             shoreline uses. The inventory covers existing land
                 been given two additional major functions-shore-               and water uses, generalized ownership patterns,
                 line management and responsibility for the admin-              and natural shoreline characteristics. The master
                 istration of the State Environmental Policy Act. These         program utilizes the inventory information and is
                 functions are discussed below:                                 essentially a comprehensive land use plan with a
                   Water Resources: Concerns are the allocation of              distinct environmental orientation. The master pro-
                 surface and ground water rights; weather modifica-             gram includes basic goals and objectives, the des-
                 tion certificates and permits; adjudication of water           ignation of all shoreline areas into a categorization
                 rights; reclamation project funding; flood control;            system, and specific regulatory language. The entire
                 preparation of a state water plan; water rights                planning function is conducted in conformance with
                 claims registrations; establishment of minimum                 guidelines prepared and adopted by the Department
                 flows and levels in lakes and streams; and inspec-             of Ecology (DOE). The resulting local master pro-
                 tion of dams for safety.                                       grams are subject to state review and approval and
                                                                                are then adopted as state regulations. The regulato-
                   Water Pollution Control: Program handles waste               ry permit system is overseen by a state administra-
                 discharge permits for industrial and commercial                tive appellate body created for the purpose by the
                 operations; sewage drainage basin planning; pollu-             Act.
                 tion control tax credits for industries; certification           The management program established in the
                 and disbursement of state and federal funds for local          Shoreline Management Act applies to all "shore-
                 sewage treatment projects; regulatory orders, civil            lines of the state," including both "shorelines" and
                 penalties and damage claims; surveillance and                  "shorelines of statewide significance." In a nutshell,
                 monitoring; and oil spill investigation and clean-up.          the Act applies to all marine water areas of the state,
                   Air Quality Control: Establishes and enforces air            to streams with a mean annual flow of 20 cubic feet
                 purity standards; provides technical training; and             per second or more, and to lakes larger than 20
                 coordinates regional, state and federal programs               acres. It also applies to adjacent land areas extend-
                 from a technical and financial standpoint.                     ing landward 200 feet from the ordinary high water
                                                                                mark and to all marshes, bogs, swamps, f loodways,
                   State Environmental Policy Act (SEPA): This act is           river deltas, and floodplains associated with water
                 patterned after the National Environmental Policy              bodies subject to the Act.
                 Act (NEPA). SEPA outlines a systematic and inter-                Environmental Coordination Procedures Act: The
                 disciplinary approach to studying and evaluating               Environmental Coordination Procedures Act was
                 proposed actions. This approach is required of all             passed in 1973 to simplify procedures by giving an
                 state agencies prior to undertaking actions that rhay          applicant for certain environmental permits the
                 have impacts upon man's environment. SEPA's goal               option of submitting a Master Application form for
                 is to stop further independent actions by different            certain environmental permits. If an applicant elects
                 agencies, each of which has a different mission, and
                 require that they work together toward the accom-              to take advantage of this service, the Department of
                 plishment of both their own missions and environ-              Ecology will act as a permit coordinator and will
                 mental protection and enhancement.                             assist from the beginning through final disposition of
                   Under the SEPA approach, an environmental                    the application.
                 impact statement is to be prepared for every recom-              Upon receipt of the application, the Department of
                 mendation or report on proposals for legislation and           Ecology will distribute copies to the appropriate state
                 for "other major actions significantly affecting the           agencies. Concerned agencies must then respond
                 quality of the environment." The information con-              within 15 days to the DOE, who will notify them
                 tained in those statements is to include: 1 ) the envi-        regarding agency requirements and will provide the
                 ronmental impact of the proposed action; 2) any un-            necessary forms.
                 avoidable adverse environmental effects; 3) alter-               If one or more of the agencies involved should
                 natives to the proposed action; 4) relationships be-           decide that a public hearing is required, only one
                 tween local short-term uses of the environment, and            public hearing will be held for all involved
                 maintenance and enhancement of long-term pro-                  agencies.
                 ductivity; and 5) any irreversible and irretrievable             The DOE incorporates all agency decisions into
                 commitments of resources that would be involved if             one document which incorporates the final decision
                 the proposed action were to be implemented (RCW                of all agencies.
                 43.21C.030[2] [C]).                                              The Master Application approach is especially
                                                                                useful to the applicant who is unfamiliar with state
                                                                                regulations.
                 Vil - 18

                          PLANNING AND COMMUNITY AFFAIRS                                      Although the Commission plans the use and ac-
                          AGENCY                                                           quisition of park and recreational lands, local and
                             Under RCW 43.63A, the Planning and Community                  federal park operations are left outside their scope.
                          Affairs Agency has been charged with responsibility
                          for preparing a:                                                 INTERAGENCY COMMITTEE FOR
                             "State comprehensive plan as the state's long-                OUTDOOR RECREATION
                             range public declaration of intent in develop-
                             mental policy, for programming its facilities and                The Interagency Committee for Outdoor Recrea-
                             services and for guidance of private activities and           tion (IAC) was established by favorable passage of
                             public programs at all levels of government."                 the Marine Recreation Land Act of 1964 (Initiation
                             The elements of this plan include: "transporta-               215, Chapter 5, Laws of 1965, RCW 43.99).
                          tion, scenic highways, public facilities, recreation,               The membership of the Committee which was
                          open spaces, natural resources, patterns of urban                established by the 1964 legislation and amended in
                          and rural development, and quality of the natural                1971, consists of twelve members, including five (5)
                          and manmade environment" (RCW 43.63A.070). No                    citizen members who are appointed by the Governor
                          regulatory powers were provided under this statute.              for three year terms, and the directors of the follow-
                          The PCAA was also given responsibility for assisting             ing seven (7) state agencies: The Departments of
                          local governments in their planning and, for en-                 Commerce and Economic Development, Ecology,
                          couraging coordination of local planning programs                Fisheries, Game, Highways, Natural Resources and
                          with each other.                                                 the Parks and Recreation Commission. By law, the
                                                                                           chairman of the committee must be one of the
                                                                                           citizen committee members.
                          OFFICE OF PROGRAM PLANNING &                                        The Committee administers designated state and
                          FISCAL MANAGEMENT                                                recreation funds provided under RCW 43.99 for
                                                                                           eligible state agencies, local political sub-divisions,
                             The Office of Program Planning and Fiscal Man-                and Indian tribes for the acquisition and develop-
                          agement has been given broad authority (under                    ment of outdoor recreation and facilities. The Com-
                          RCW 43.41) including many of the same planning                   mittee also acts as the state coordinator with the U:S.
                          functions as the Planning & Community Affairs                    Department of the Interior, Bureau of Outdoor Rec-
                          Agency. Both have been granted comprehensive                     reation, to administer funds allotted to the state from
                          planning powers, although the legislation is am-                 the Federal Land and Water Conservation Fund.
                          biguous about which of these agencies has precisely                 In addition, the Committee has the responsibility
                          what powers.                                                     and authority to prepare, maintain and update the
                             OPP&FM has been granted authority to perform                  Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation and
                          "comprehensive planning functions and processes                  Open Space Plan (SCORP). The Statewide plan is
                          necessary or advisable for state program planning                comprehensive in nature and covers all levels of
                          and development." Although the act establishing                  government authorized to provide outdoor recrea-
                          OPP&FM does not specify the elements of the com-                 tion opportunities. This includes, insofar as possible,
                          prehensive plan, it has since been interpreted to                all recreation factors of statewide and local signifi-
                          grant the following functions to OPP&FM: 1)prepar-               cance, both public and private. The plan provides a
                          ation of general physical plans with respect to the              total framework to which the specific needs and
                          pattern and intensity of land use, 2) programming of             projected plans of both state and local recreation
                          capital improvements,       3) coordination of related           agencies can be related.
                          governmental plans,       4) inter-governmental coor-
                          dination, and 5) preparation of regulatory and ad-               HIGHWAY COMMISSION
                          ministrative measures to support the above.
                             bPP&FM is the state's A-95 clearinghouse for state
                          agency applications for federal assistance grants.                  The five-member Highway Commission has com-
                                                                                           plete authority within RCW Title 47 over the state-
                                                                                           designated highways.
                          PARKS AND RECREATION COMMISSION                                     The Department of Highways is headed by a
                                                                                           director who is appointed by the Commission. The
                             The Commission's functions under RCW 43.51 are                Department is responsible for the planning, con-
                          to supervise and regulate state parks and parkways,              struction, and maintenance of the state's highway
                          make recommendations concerning additions to the                 system. For. administrative purposes, the Depart-
                          system, and study and coordinate the various park/               ment's operations are divided into seven districts.
                          recreation functions exercised by state agencies.                   Onl@ those roads designated by the state legis-
                             The Commission may select and acquire lands for               lature are to be a part of the state's highway sys-
                          park purposes. The Commission also has jurisdiction              tem. Roads outside incorporated cities and towns
                          over certain tidelands and trust lands as well as                which are not included by the legislature as part of
                          historic properties.                                             the state highway system are county roads and are
                                                                                           administered and maintained by the county in which
                                                                                           the road is located.

                                                                                                                                              V11 - 19

                  DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES                                           DEPARTMENT OF GAME

                     in 1932, under RCW Title 75, the State of Wash-                  The Washington Department of Game (WDG) is
                  ington separated its agencies dealing with food fish              charged by state statute, RCW Title 77, with pre-
                  and game fish. The Department of Fisheries was                    serving, protecting and perpetuating wildlife and
                  thereby created to protect, propagate and manage                  game fish resources of the state. The Department is
                  fish resources in the waters of the state and offshore            also involved through Fish and Wildlife Coordination
                  waters, with a goal of having stocks retain their                 Act, Federal Power Act, National Environmental
                  capacity to produce at the highest levels. The De-                Policy Act, Coastal Zone Management Act, State
                  partment manages 139 species of fish, including                   Environmental Policy Act, Shorelines Management
                  shellfish. The annual gross product value from the                Act, Hydraulics Approval Act, and other laws and
                  harvest of these species amounts to $100 million.                 regulations in planning, coordination and occasion-
                     The Department is organized into seven divisions:              ally regulation of most activities listed as impacting
                  Administrative services, Management and research,                 the estuary.
                  Engineering and construction, Hatcheries, Fisheries
                  patrol and enforcement, Stream improvement, and                   DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
                  Program planning and coordination.
                     The director is empowered to set rules and regula-               The Washington State Department of Natural Re-
                  tions to control the commercial and sports harvest                sources is administered by the Commissioner of
                  and protect stocks. The long range goal is to make                Public Lands, an elected official, and operates under
                  available to the people of Washington the maximum                 the guidance of the Board of Natural Resources.
                  economic, recreational and aesthetic use and bene-                  Under RCW 43.30, the Department was created to
                  fit of the food fish resources of the state.                      manage all state-owned lands, including one
                     Specific goals of the Department include: I ) Man-             million acres of state tide and shore lands, harbor
                  agement of recreational fisheries in such a way that              areas and beds of navigable waters. Under its
                  the current rates of fishing success continue for an              governmental function the Department protects
                  expanding population; 2) Provision of a continuing                state, federal and private forest land from fire and
                  supply of salmon, marine fish and shellfish in order              insect i -nfestations, promotes maximum forest
                  to provide an adequate livelihood for those en-                   growth, polices the transportation of logs in naviga-
                  gaged in commercial fishing and related activities;               ble waters, promotes techniques of surveying and
                  and 3) Provision for the increased participation of               mapping, promotes use of mineral resources and
                  Indian fisheries in the commercial fish harvest.                  provides for outdoor recreation on state lands.
                                                                                      Marine lands are considered a public trust to be
                                                                                    managed for the maximum public benefit. Revenue
                                                                                    is not necessarily the prime management tool.

                                                                         REGIONAL

                  CO-PAC & NORTH COAST RESOURCE CON-                                COLUMBIA RIVER ESTUARY STUDY
                  SERVATION & DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEES                                TASKFORCE (CREST)
                     Resource Conservation and Development projects                   The CREST role is completely explained in sections
                  are locally initiated efforts to provide improved use             74 and 76-78 above. The major planning role in each
                  and conservation of natural resources. The make-up                area consists of assisting local jurisdictions imple-
                  of RC&D committees varies from place to place, but                ment the Re   gz'onal Management Plan, developing
                  generally they encompass an area of two or more                   plan revisions, and proviiing technical assistance.
                  counties and have a membership of elected and ap-                 CREST's implementation roleinvolves assisting local
                  pointed officials, with interested citizens serving on            jurisdictions and developers: CREST has no funding
                  resource committees.                                              or regulatory role.

                     The USDA Soil Conservation Service has been
                  given administration responsibility for initiating and            PACIFIC NORTHWEST REGIONAL
                  directing the RC&D projects. An RC&D can provide                  COMMISSION
                  technical, financial, and loan assistancefor resource
                  conservation and development activities that have                   The Pacific Northwest Regional Commission
                  community benefits. Project measures are initiated,               (PNRC) is one of the seven multi-state Commissions
                  reviewed or promoted by RC&D Resource Commit-                     established and funded pursuant to Title V of the
                  tees.                                                             Public Works and Economic Development Act of
                                                                                    1965, as amended. The Commission is a Federal/
                                                                                    State partnership whose purpose is to initiate, coor-
                                                                                    dinate and implement Regional plans and programs

                  V11 - 20

                        to improve the overall economic well-being of the                The Commission at its meeting on December 4,
                        three-state area of Idaho, Oregon and Washington.              1975, adopted a report describing its future role as
                           The PNRC consists of four members: The three                follows:
                        Governors of Idaho, Oregon and Washington, who                   0  Continued service as a form for energy plan-
                        represent the interest of their respective states, and              ning, including assistance to the Energy Re-
                        a Federal Representative appointed by the Presi-                    search and Development Administration and its
                        dent.                                                               consultants;
                                                                                         0  Assistance in the determination of instream
                           Since its inception on December 11, 1972, the                    flows and development of control measures
                        PNRC has focused its development efforts on:                        and the coordination of activities of various
                        energy, forest productivity, tourism trade expansion                interests and studies to arrive at an agreed-
                        and natural resource development. The Commission                    upon plan and follow-up for implementation;
                        seeks to enhance the economic well-being and                        Coordination of land use studies involving
                        quality of life of the people of the Pacific Northwest.             urban growth pressures, land area require-
                                                                                            ments, determination of key areas for regula-
                                                                                            tion, development of alternative growth
                        PACIFIC NORTHWEST RIVER BASINS                                      patterns and others;
                                                                                         0  Coordination among various entities involved in
                        COMMISSION                                                          water quality management;
                           The River Basin Commission is a Federal Interstate            9  Provide an interface between studies of fisher-
                        Compact organization established by Executive                       ies and follow through to insure that a com-
                        Order of the President in 1967 (79 Stat. 244, 42 USC                prehensive management plan for the anadro-
                        1962 et seq) under authority in the Water Resources                 mous fishery of the Columbia River and tribu-
                        Planning Act of 1965. The jurisdiction of the Commis-               taries is developed and implemented, a plan
                        sion is generally the area within Oregon, Washing-                  which does not now exist;
                        ton, Idaho, Montana and Wyoming that drains into                    Coordination and assistance in forming interim
                        the Columbia River system and the coastal drainages                 management plans for the Columbia River es-
                        of Oregon and Washington. Its members are made                      tuary which would be followed by studies lead-
                                                                                            ing to a more complete management program
                        up of representatives from the above states, as well                to be refined and updated in subsequent years;
                        as representatives from a number of federal agen-                   Coordination of Canadian-United States water
                        cies concerned with water and related resources                     problems of the Okanogan-Methow, Kootenai
                        development.                                                        and Flathead River Basins;
                           The Commission's authority, granted under the                    Coordination of recreation master planning ac-
                        Water Resources Planning Act is to:                                 tivities providing, among others, for the use and
                           � Coordinate federal, state, interstate, local, and              management of public lands and resources on
                             non-governmental plans for water and related                   Columbia River, following the theme "Stew-
                             resource development within its jurisdiction;                  ards of the River," a concept which recognizes
                           � Prepare a coordinated plan for water and                       the river's diverse cultural, historical, geolo-
                             related resource development;                                  gical, aesthetic and recreational values;
                           � Recommend long-range prioities for the collec-                 Submission of a priorities report beginning in
                             tion and analysis of basic data and for investi-               1977, using the comprehensive, coordinated
                             gation, planning and construction of projects;                 joint plan and state water plans as a basis.
                             and
                           � Foster and undertake water and related land re-
                             sources studies as needed.

                                                                               FEDERAL

                        CORPS OF ENGINEERS                                            management. The Corps serves as the federal
                        Department of Army                                            government's primary regulatory agency, under the
                                                                                      River and Harbor Act of 1899, Sec. 10, in the use and
                           Activities undertaken by   the Corps of Engineers          development of the navigable waters of the United
                        can be broadly classified as: a) engineering respon-          States.. It issues permits to private parties and public
                        sibilities, like construction, operation, maintenance         agencies to fill, dredge, or build in, on, over, or be-
                        of levees, harbors and waterways, and the removal             neath navigable waters. Corps approval is also re-
                        of sunken vessels and floating debris endangering             quired for the transport of dredged material for the
                        navigation; b) regulatory functions; and c) research          purpose of dumping into ocean waters.
                        and planning activities such as conducting flood                Under administrative procedures established by
                        plain information studies, predicting flood occur-            the Corps in compliance with the Federal Water
                        rences, and planning for regional water resources             Pollution Control Act, applicants must obtain all re-

                                                                                                                                       V11 -21

                  quired state approvals prior to the final granting of         salmon and steelhead in the Columbia which have
                  Section 10 or Section 404 p  .ermits. These approvals         been affected by dam construction.
                  include the state water quality, certification called           In addition, NMFS routinely advises the Corps of
                  for under Section 404 of the FWPCA and will include           Engineers on permits for dredging, bank stabiliza-
                  certification that projects meet requirements of the          tion programs and other alterations and construc-
                  state's coastal zone management program. The only             tions covered by the Corps Section 10 permit author-
                  exceptions are in the case of special national inter-         ity.
                  ests or when a state does not act in a timely manner
                  in conducting its review.                                     BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT
                  NOAA & OFFICE OF COASTAL ZONE                                 Dept. of Interior
                  MANAGEMENT                                                      Under Public Law 94-597 (90 Stat. 2743), the
                  Dept. of Commerce                                             Bureau of Land Management is responsible for the
                                                                                management of the national lands and their re-
                    In Public Low 92-583, Congress designed a method            sources. It also administers the mineral resources
                  to stimulate state leadership in planning and man-            connected with acquired lands and submerged lands
                  agement of the coastal zone. The Act encourages a             of the Outer Continental Shelf.
                  new partnership among various levels of govern-                 Resources managed and leased by the Bureau in-
                  meni, through which each may exercise its unique              clude timber, minerals, geothermal energy, wildlife
                  management capabi I ities.                                    habitat, livestock forage, recreation and cultural
                    The low is administered by the Secretary of Com-            values, and open space. The Bureau also manages
                  merce, who determines whether federal approval,               watersheds to protect soil and enhance water
                  when sought by a state, should be given to that               quality; develops recreational opportunities on na-
                  state's management plan. Responsibility for imple-            tional resource lands; and makes land available
                  menting the Act is delegated to the Commerce De-              through sale to individuals, organizations, local
                  partment's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad-               governments, and other federal agencies when such
                  ministration. Within NOAA, this is carried out by the         transfer is in the public interest.
                  Office of Coastal Zone Management.
                    Three types of grants are offered under the Act.            BUREAU OF OUTDOOR RECREATION
                  The first two, under Section 305 and Section 306,             Dept. of Interior
                  deal with planning and management. The third
                  grant can be used to set up estuarine sanctuaries as            As outlined in 16 U.S.C. No. 4602, the Bureau is
                  natural field laboratories to be used for education           responsible for coordination and development of
                  and research. Oregon anticipates completing its               effective programs relating to outdoor recreation.
                  Coastal Zone Management Program under Section                 The bureau carries out most of the responsibilities
                  305 by late spring or summer of this year. Wash-              delegated to the Secretary of the Interior under the
                  ington has completed its work under Section 305 and           Land and Water Conservation Fund Act of 1965, as
                  has received federal approval of its Coastal Zone             amended. Under that Act, the Bureau administers a
                  Management Program.                                           program of financial assistance grants to states and
                    Approval of the Section 305 CZM programs is an              their political subdivisions for comprehensive plan-
                  important step for the states. The Act directs federal        ning, land acquisition of federal lands and water
                  agencies to adopt their activities within a state to be       areas for recreational purposes; and the Bureau
                  consistent to the "maximum extent practicable" with           participates directly in the planning, coordination,
                  the state's intentions, as set out in an approved man-        and establishment of uniform policies relating to
                  agement program. Furthermore, it qualifies the                recreation and fish and wildlife benefits and costs of
                  states to receive Section 306 grants, which are pre-          federal multi-purpose water resource projects.
                  sumed to have a higher level of funding.                        Under the National Environmental Policy Act, the
                                                                                Bureau reviews federal actions having an impact on
                                                                                outdoor recreation.
                  NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE
                  Department of Commerce
                    Major responsibilities of the NMFS are to help the          U.S. FISH & WILDLIFE SERVICE
                  fishermen through fisheries re@earch, analysis of             Department of Interior
                  economic aspects of fisheries operations and rates              As outlined in the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956 (70
                  and the development of new methods for improving              Stat. 1119), the Fish and Wildlife Service is responsi-
                  fish.                                                         ble for the protection of wild birds, mammals
                    Title 16, Chapter 9, U. S. C. authorizes the NMFS           (except certain marine mammals), inland sport
                  under direction of the National Oceanic and Atmos-            fisheries, and for conducting specific fishery re-
                  pheric Administration to engage in a number of pro-           search activities. The Fish and Wildlife Service
                  grams that directly affect the Columbia River                 guides the conservation, development, and man-
                  Estuary. Their Columbia River Fisheries Development           agement of the notion's fish and wildlife resources
                  Program is designed to restore and enhance runs of            and administers a national program which provides

                  V11 - 22

                          opportunities to the American public to understand,               agencies with respect to the impact of their opera-
                          appreciate, and wisely use these resources. Exten-                tions on the environment, and it is specifically
                          sive coastal zone involvement is required of the Fish             charged with making public its written comments on
                          and Wildlife Service in order to manage wildlife                  environmental impact statements.
                          refuges and process Corps of Engineers and related                  EPA is active in the following areas:
                          permits.                                                   d        Air and waste management: This includes devel-
                            In the Columbia River Estuary area, the Fish an                 opment of national programs, technical policies,
                          Wildlife's Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife                 and regulations for air pollution control; develop-
                          manages two refuges, the lewis and Clark National                 ment of national standards for air quality, emission
                          Wildlife Refuge and the Columbian White-Tailed                    standards for new stationary sources, and emission
                          Deer National Wildlife Refuge.                                    standards for hazardous pollutants; technical direc-
                            The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is the principal             tion support, and evaluation of regional air activi-
                          agency through which the. Federal Government                      ties; and provision of training in the field of air
                          carries out its responsibilities for conserving the na-           pollution control.
                          tion's wild birds, mammals and fish for the enjoy-                  Water and hazardous materials: The function of
                          ment of all people.                                               this program includes development of national pro-
                            Under the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956, and the                grams, technical policies, and regulations for water
                          Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act of 1934, the                   pollution control and water supply; water quality
                          Service, has direct responsibility for migratory birds,           standard and effluent guidelines development;
                                                                                            technical direction, support and evaluation of re-
                          and indirect responsibility for resident fish and other           gional water activities; development of programs for
                          wildlife. The primary responsibility for management               technical assistance and technology transfer; and
                          of resident wildlife species rests with the states.               provision of training in the field of water quality. The
                          Under. these acts, the Service is also responsible for            activities include regulation of pesticides.
                          the wild birds, mammals (except certain marine
                          mammals), sport fishing and for conducting specific
                          fishery and wildlife research activities, management              WATER RESOURCES COUNCIL
                          of wildlife refuges, processing Corps of Engineers
                          and other agency permits, and coordinate fish and                 Executive Branch
                          wildlife aspects of Federal water resource projects
                          and activities.                                                     The Water Resources Council was established
                                                                                            under Statute No. 2A4, 42 U.S.C. et seq. om 1962, to
                            Under the Endangered Species Act, the Fish and                  maintain a continuing study of the adequacy of
                          Wildlife Service is responsible for the conservation              supplies of water necessary to meet the require-
                          and enhancement of certain species of animals,                    ments in each water resource region in the United
                          plants and their habitats. The Fish and Wildlife                  States to coordinate the relationship of regional or
                          Service manages two refuges within the Columbia                   river basin plans and programs to the requirements
                          River Estuary area; the Lewis and Clark National                  of larger regions of the nation and check for the ade-
                          Wildlife Refuge, and the Columbian White-tailed                   quacy of administrative and statutory means for the
                          Deer National Wildlife Refuge.                                    coordination of the water and related land resources
                            The Fish and Wildlife Service also works under the,             policies and programs of the several federal agen-
                          following additional acts pertinent to the Columbia               cies. The Counsil also reviews the plans of the river
                          River Estuary Area: Estuary Protection Act; Migratory             basin commissions and transmits these plans with its
                          Bird Treaty Act; the Anadromous Fish Conservation                 recommendations to the President for review and his
                          Act; Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972; Nation-                 transmittal to Congress. The Council administers a
                          al Environmental Policy Act; the Water Resources                  program of federal financial grants to states to aid
                          Planning Act; and the Federal Water Pollution Con-                them in comprehensive water and related land re-
                          trol Act of 1972.                                                 source planning.

                                                                                            COAST GUARD
                          ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY                                   Department of Transportation
                          Executive Branch
                                                                                              The Coast Guard, was transferred from the Treas-
                            The Environmental Protection Agency was created                 ury Department to the Department of Transportation
                          by Executive Order 1170 in 1970 under the National                under Public Low 89-670 (80 STAT. 931) on October
                          Environmental Policy Act of 1969 to permit coor-                  15, 1966, but is also a branch of the Armed Forces
                          dinated and effective governmental action on                      and operates as a part of the Navy in time of war or
                          behalf of the environment. EPA endeavors to abate                 when the President directs. The Coast Guard en-
                          and control pollution systematically, by proper inte-             forces or assists in the enforcement of all federal
                          gration of a variety of research, monitoring,                     laws upon the high seas and waters subject to U.S.
                          standard setting, and enforcement activities. As a                jurisdiction; promulgates and enforces regulations
                          complement to its other activities, EPA coordinates               for the promotion of water safety; assists in the en-
                          and supports research and antipollution activities by             forcement of water pollution and oil spill regula-
                          state and local governments, private and public                   tions; develops, maintains, and operates aids to
                          groups, individuals, and educational institutions.                maritime navigation, ice-breaking facilities, and
                          EPA also reinforces efforts among other federal                   rescue facilities; and maintains a readiness to func-

                                                                                                                                                V11 - 23

                tionas a specialized service in the Navy in time of            SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
                war.                                                           Department of Agriculture
                  The Coast Guard, for example, would           play a
                major role in the areas of safety and water pollution            The Soil Conservation Service (SCS) was establish-
                control if out-of-service tankers are stored in the Lois       ed by the Soi I Conservation Act of 1935 to provide for
                Island, Tongue Point Basin.                                    the protection of land resources against soil erosion
                                                                               and for other related purposes.
                FOREST SERVICE                                                   SCS is responsible for developing and carrying out
                Department of Agriculture                                      a national program of conservation of soil, water
                                                                               and related resources. Programs administered by
                  The U.S. Forest Service has the Federal responsi-            SCS include basic sail and water conservation,
                bility for national leadership in "forestry". This re-         watershed protection, flood prevention, cooperative
                sponsibility is derived from two acts: The Creative            river basin surveys and investigations, Great Plains
                Act of 1891 (86 Stat. 1103; 16 USC 471) which es-              Conservation, resource conservation and develop-
                tablished the authority for the President of the               ment, and others as assigned by the Secretary of
                United States to set aside public lands as public              Agriculture.
                reservations and; The Organic Administration Act of
                1897 (30 Stat. 34, as amended; 16 USC 473-478, 479-
                482, 551 ) which established authority for the Secre-
                tary of Agriculture to manage the National Forests.
                  Although there are more than 140 Federal laws
                defining various Forest Service authorities, the two
                most recent legislative acts that significantly affect
                Forest Service programs for State and Private Forests
                are: (1) The Forest and Rangeland Renewable Re-
                sources Planning Act (RPA), (PL 93-378, 1974) which
                provides for long-range planning in managing the
                Notion's renewable resource. It requires the Secre-
                tary of Agriculture to make a periodic assessment of
                forest and rangeland resources; public and private.
                It calls for Forest Service Programs to meet future
                needs; (2) The National Forest Management Act,
                (P.L. 94-588, 1976) amends RPA; and specifies cer-
                tain National Forest Management direction, empha-
                sizes research and cooperation with state and local
                governments and private landowners. Under this
                mandate the Forest Service can provide funds and
                technical assistance to private owners. The Forest
                Service also provides active technical assistance
                through RC&D (Rural Conservation and Develop-
                ment) programs.

                V11 - 24

                                                                                      PART Vill

                                                                                    APPENDICES

                           APPENDIX     A,     SELECTED GLOSSARY         ......................................................                       Vill - 3
                           APPENDIX     B,     OREGON GOAL EXCEPTIONS               ..............................................                    Vill - 7
                           APPENDIX     C,     CREST CHARTERS        .........................................................                        Vill - 21
                           APPENDIX     D,     CREST PROGRAM PARTICIPATION               ..........................................                   Vill - 24
                           APPENDIX     E,     STATE AND FEDERAL TECHNICAL ADVISORY COMMITTEES                        .....................           Vill - 25
                           APPENDIX     F,     HISTORY OF STATE AND FEDERAL AGENCY INVOLVEMENT IN PLAN DEVELOPMENT                             ...    Vill - 27
                           APPENDIX     G,     CREST CHRONOLOGY OF MAJOR EVENTS                    ....................................               Vill - 28

                                                                              APPENDIX A

                                                                        @SELECTED GLOSSARY

                                                           (Please note that land and water use designations,
                                                           classification terms, and all uses and activities
                                                           covered by this plan are defined in Part III, Sections
                                                           31, 32, and 33 respectively. Agencies which play a
                                                           role in the estuary are defined in Part VII, Section 79).

                         A                                                                  clean dredged m     aterial Material collected from a
                         accretion The build-up of land along a beach or                    dredging project and are uncontaminated according
                         shore by natural processes.                                        to EPA. standards; may include resources such as
                         advection A local change in a system that occurs in                sand and gravel.
                                                                                            Columbia River Datum * Datum established at low
                         the presence.of a current; as sediment transport,                  water and low flow in 1911 and used for engineer-
                         salinity intrusion, etc.                                           ing purposes. (cf datum)
                         aerobic Life.processes that require the presence of                community A group of plants and animals occupy-
                         oxygen. (opp. onerobic)                                            ing a habitat and having close interactions, especial-
                         algae Small plants (usually microscopic) living in                 ly through food chains and webs.
                         ocean, estuary and river water. Algae use sunlight,                compensate To take an appropriate and counter-
                         carbon dioxide, and other inorganic nutrients to                   balancing action to offset environmental damage
                         produce plant tissue and they are the basis of                     caused by a development project or activity.
                         aquatic productivity.                                              comprehensive plan A legal document often in the
                         anadromous        Organisms that migrate from the
                         ocean to lower salinity waters to spawn.                           form of a map and accompanying text adopted by
                         aquifer An underground area containing. water.                     the local legislative body.
                                                                                            conserve To manage a resource in a manner which
                         archaeological resources Districts, sites, buildings,              avoids wasteful or destructive uses and provides for
                         structures, and artifacts with material evidence of                future availability.
                         prehistoric human life and culture. (cf historical re-             contour Line on a chart or map connecting land
                         source)                                                            points of equal elevation.
                         avulsion     Rapid erosion of shoreland by storm                   consumer An organism that eats other organisms as
                         waves.                                                             a source of energy and nutrients; includes herbi-
                                                                                            vores, carnivores, omnivores.
                         B                                                                  converter An organism that cannot make its own
                                                                                            food, but relies on other organisms (producers or
                         beach    Zone of unconsolidated material extending                 other converters) or their remains for its energy and
                         landward, from the low water line to the seaward                   nutrients.
                         edge of shorelond vegetation.                                      CREST Planning Area The water and submerged
                         beach nourishment Deposition of dredged material                   lands of the Columbia River estuary and its tributary
                         to offset shoreland erosion.                                       streams to tidewater, the associated tidelands, wet-
                         bed-load Sand, gravel, or heavy rock fragments that                lands, and shorelands within Pacific and
                         move along the bed of a stream.                                    Wahkiakum Counties in Washington and within
                         benthic Pertaining to organisms occurring at or on                 Clatsop County in Oregon.
                         the bottom of a body of water.                                     current A horizontal movement of water.
                         berm The nearly level barrier shoreward of the face
                         of a beach; a long mound of sediment formed to                     D
                         contain dredged material at a disposal site.
                         biological potential . The ecological characteristics              data (pl.) Set of facts. (cf datum)
                         and functions that an area serves or could develop                 datum     (sl.) A fact; a numerical or geometrical
                         after restoration, habitat creation, or enhancement.               quantity that serves as a reference for other quan-
                                                                                            tities. (cf chart datum, Columbia River Datum,
                         C                                                                  datum)
                                                                                            decomposer An organism that breaks down dead
                         canopy The treetop zone in a forest where light             is     plants (litter), dead animals (carrion), or their feces
                         not a limiting factor.                                             or remains into simpler parts for its nutrition.
                         carrying capacity The ability of an ecosystern             to      deep-water port A port area with a draft of more
                         support organisms.                                                 than 22 feet.
                         channels The deeper areas of the river and estuary                 depth curve Line on a chart or map, like a contour,
                         that carry most of the flow.                                       that connects aquatic points of equal depth.
                         chart datum Datum to which sounding refer. (cf
                         Columbia River Datum, datum, soundings)

                                                                                                                                                  Vill - 3

                                                                                     F
                  detritus All types at biogenic material in various
                  stages of microbial decomposition. Detritus is an                  fathom Common unit of depth equal to 6 feet or
                  energy source to consumer organisms.                               1.83 metres.
                  dike A wall or mound built around a low-lying area                 fill Material such as sand, soil, gravel or rock used
                  to prevent flooding or to contain dredged material.                for the creation of a beach or dry upland by deposi-
                  diversity Species richness; the number of separate                 tion of the materials into a shoreland or water area.
                  species living in a specified area.                                fixation The process in which gaseous substances,
                  dominant Having a major role in a community, as of                 especially nitrogen, are removed from the atmos-
                  plants or animals, because of number, size, or acti-               phere and incorporated into organisms.
                  vity.                                                              flats Interticlal and shallow subticlal areas with low
                  dredged material        Material removed from sub-                 slopes and current velocities, often productive with
                  merged lands or wetlands by dredge.                                relatively fine sediments.
                  dredged material disposal          Disposal of dredged             flocculation    A lumping together of suspended
                  material on land, in the water or at sea.                          colloidal clay-sized material into a fluffy, slow-
                  dredging Removal of earth from the           bottom of a           settling precipitate. Flocculation occurs in estuaries
                  body of water, usually for the purpose of deepening                where fresh and salt water are mixed.
                  a navigational channel or obtaining bottom                         floodplain    The area adjoining a stream, tidal
                  materials.                                                         estuary or coast that is subject to regional flooding.
                                                                                     A regional (100-year) flood is a standard statistical
                  E                                                                  calculation used by engineers to determine the
                                                                                     probability of severe flooding. It represents the
                  ecosystem The living and non-living components of                  largest flood which has a one-percent chance of
                  the environment which interact or function together,               occurring in any one year in an area as a result of
                  including plant and animal organisms, the physical                 periods of higher than normal rainfall or stream-
                  environment, and the energy systems in which they                  flows, extremely high tides, high winds, rapid snow-
                  exist. All the components of an ecosystem are inter-               melt, natural stream blockages, tsunamis, or
                  related.                                                           combinations thereof.
                  ebb current Movement of tidal current away from                    flow-lone The natural channel and the slopes adja-
                  shore or downstream.                                               cent to the natural channel, including the navigation
                  ebb tide Low tide.                                                 channel.
                  effluent A discharge of pollutants into the environ-               flow-lane disposal Disposal of dredged material in
                  ment.                                                              tLie flow lane, in a location where the prevailing
                  ellutriate The water and dissolved substances that                 sediment transport is in a downstream direction.
                  are contained between the grains in a sample of                    flushing time The length of time required to remove
                  dredged material, after free water has been re-                    an introduced pollutant from a body of water
                  moved from the material.                                           through tidal or fresh water flow.
                  energy regime The range and variability of tidal,                  food chain A linear sequence of predators and prey.
                  current, wave and wind energy that impinges upon                   food web A model showing nutritional interrela-
                  an area over a given period of time. High energy                   tionships of the organisms in a community and de-
                  estuarine areas are characterized by coarse sedi-                  picting the web-like interconnections of numerous
                  ments, sparse vegetation and lower biological pro-                 food chains; a road map of who eats whom; a
                  ductivity. Low energy estuarine areas are charac-                  complex network of pathways by which energy
                  terized by medium to fine-grained sediments,                       moves within a biotic community, from producers
                  emergent vegetation and higher biological pro-                     through all the interconnecting trophic levels of
                  ductivity.                                                         consumers.
                  epifauna Aquatic animals living on the surface of
                  bottom sediments.                                                  H
                  erosion The removal of soil or sediments by wind or
                  water.                                                             habitat The place where an organism lives; the
                  estuary A body of water semi-enclosed by land,                     place occupied by an entire community, such as a
                  connecting with the open ocean, and within which                   freshwater tidal marsh community.
                  salt water is diluted by freshwater derived from the               habitat creation To bring into existence at a parti-
                  land.                                                              cular location a new aquatic or terrestrial habitat.
                  Estuary Area The water and submerged lands of the                  habitat enhancement To raise the biological value
                  Columbia River estuary and its tributary streams, the              and desirability of a habitat or natural resource.
                  associated tidelands, wetlands, shorelands and                     herbivore An organism that gets its nutrition by
                  tributary watersheds within Pacific and Wahkiakurn                 eating green plant material; grazer; primary con-
                  Counties in Washington and within Clatsop County                   sumer.
                  in Oregon.                                                         historical resource Those districts, sites, buildings,
                  eutrophic     Nutrient-rich; characteristic of old or              structures, and artifacts which have a relationship to
                  polluted lakes, supporting high biological pro-                    events or conditions of the human past. (cf archaeo-
                  duction.                                                           logical resources)

                  Vill - 4

                          hopper dredge        Sea-going dredge with storage              overlay (as used in this Plan) A Development desig-
                          capacity for dredged material aboard. Disposal 'is              nation applied to an aquatic or shoreland area that
                          usually at a distance from the dredging site.                   permits dredged material disposal. The basic desig-
                                                                                          nation for the area defines all other permitted uses
                                                                                          -and activities.

                          infouna Aquatic animals living beneath the surface              P
                          of the bottom sediments.
                          interticial The area between Mean Lower Low Water               phytoplankton Planktonic plants (see algae)
                          and Mean Higher High Water.                                     pile dike A partial barrier to water flow, constructed
                          invertebrates      Animals that do not possess a                of wooden piling, that is designed to direct river
                          backbone.                                                       flow in a particular direction. They are commonly
                          in-water disposal The disposal of dredged material              erected perpendicular to the shore.
                          in the estuary, river or ocean.                                 pipeline dredge A suction dredge that pumps the
                                                                                          dredged material to the disposal site by pipeline.
                          L                                                               plankton    Organisms that live in the water and
                                                                                          whose horizontal movement is controlled by the
                          land disposal Dumping dredged material on upland                water; may be plants (phytoplankton), animals (zoo-
                          areas or on shorelands behind a dike.                           plankton) or bacteria.
                          limiting factors Ecosystem characteristics, such as             polluted dredged material Dredged material con-
                          availability of light, nutrients, food, habitat and             taining toxic substances or excessive amounts of
                          space which limit species diversity or abundance.               organic matter.
                                                                                          preserve To protect natural resources or habitat
                          M                                                               from harm or destruction, usually by setting aside a
                                                                                          particular area for limited use.
                          marsh      A low-lying wetland characterized by                 primary productivity The rate at which producers,
                          emergent vegetation such as typha which is pre-                 such as marsh plants and microscopic phytoplank-
                          dominantly herbaceous. (cf swamp.)                              ton, manufacture plant tissue from simple inorganic
                          Mean High Water The average height of all high                  substances and sunlight.
                          waters over a 19-year period.                                   productive areas Those areas that are above aver-
                          Mean Higher High Water The average height of the                age in biological productivity at the primary,
                          higher high waters over a 19-year period.                       secondary or higher levels in the food chain.
                          Mean Low Water The average height of all low                    public access A means of physical approach to and
                          waters over a 19-year period.                                   along the shoreline available to the general public.
                          Mean Lower Low Water The average height of the                  public gain The net gain from combined economic,
                          lower low waters over a 19-year period.                         social, and environmental effects which accrue to
                          mitigate To alleviate the negative impacts of a                 the public because of a use or activity and its subse-
                          particular action.                                              quent resulting effects.
                          N                                                               R
                          navigation channel        The authorized channel(s),            restore To revitalize or bring back to     a former or
                          maintained by the Corps of Engineers.                           original condition features which have been dimin-
                          null zone The area in an estuary where bottom                   ished or lost by past alterations, activities, or catas-
                          flood and ebb currents are nearly balanced; gener-              trophic events. -
                          ally an area of sedimentation.                                    active restoration Use of specific positive reme-
                          nutrients    Inorganic substances such as nitrates,               dial actions to bring about restoration.
                          phosphates and carbon dioxide -used by plants to                  passive restoration Use of natural processes, se-
                          produce organic matter during photosynthesis.                     quences or timing, or removal or reduction of ad-
                                                                                            verse stresses.
                          0                                                               riparian habitat The ecosystem pertaining to or
                                                                                stIry     situated on the bank of a river or other body of water
                          open space Land used for agricultural or fore                   (excluding the ocean).
                          uses, and any other land area that would, if pre-               riprap A layer, facing, or protective mound of
                          served in its present use: conserve and. enhance                stones randomly placed to prevent erosion, scour or
                          natural or scenic resources; protect air or stream or           sloughing of a structure of embankment; also, the
                          water supply; promote conservation of soils, wet-
                                                                                   L      stone so used. In local usage, the similar use of -other
                          lands, beaches or tidal marshes; and accomplish                 hard material, such as concrete rubble, is frequently
                          other ends as set out in Oregon State-wide Planning
                          Goal #5.                                                        included as riprap.
                          over-channelization Diversion of flow from shallow
                          areas into the main channel by dredging, pile dikes
                          or other means to the degree that circulation is
                          markedly decreased and sedimentation increased in
                          the shallow areas.

                                                                                                                                             Vill - 5

                S                                                                submerged lands Lands normally covered by water;
                                                                                 lands below Mean Low Water (Oregon); Lands
                salinity intrusion The movement of salty ocean                   below Extreme Low Water (Washington).
                water into an estuary along the bottom. The water is             submersible lands Lands between Mean Low Water
                then mixed vertically into the overlying, fresher river          and Mean High Water (Oregon) or between Extreme
                water by the circulation in the estuary.                         Low Water, and Mean High Water (Washington).
                salinity regime The range and variability of salt                sub-tidal Below Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW).
                content in estuarine waters over a given period of               swamp A wetland characterized by predominantly
                time at a particular location.                                   woody vegetation. (compare ... marsh.)
                salmonid A fish of the family salmoniclae; includes
                the salmons, trouts, chars, and whitef ishes.                    T
                salt marsh A marsh in which the water is salty or
                brackish, with salinity greater than fresh water but             textural characteristics Surface properties, as the
                less than sea water, and containing halophytic                   size distribution, the mean size, the median size, the
                vegetation.                                                      sorting (standard deviation), and skewness (asym-
                secondary productivity       The rate at which con-              metry).
                sumers, such as zooplankton, fish and people manu-               tidal marsh Emergent wetlands from the line of
                facture animal tissue (thus storing energy) through              non-aquatic vegetation down to the end of vege-
                feeding on plants or other animals.                              tated flats, which is approximately the Lower High
                sediment The organic and inorganic particulate                   Water (LHW) level.
                materials that cover the bottom of the river and                 ticlegate A structure designed to allow drainage of
                estuary, including gravel, sand, silt and clay.                  diked areas while preventing their inundation by the
                sediment transport The movement of sediment                      tides.
                along the bottom (bed load) or suspended in the                  tidelands Submersible lands.
                water (suspended load)                                           toxic substances       Materials that interfere with
                shallow water port A port area with draft less than              normal biological functions of one or more species;
                22 feet.                                                         including pesticides, herbicides, heavy metals,
                shorelands The area adjacent to the estuary and its              organics, and other substances.
                tributary streams and wetlands. The lower boundary               turbidity The content of suspended particles in the
                of the shoreland is the line of non-aquatic vegeta-              water.
                tion, or in cases where this cannot be defined, Mean
                Higher High Water. The upper boundary is the land-               W
                ward extent of tidally influenced soils (those
                deposited by Columbia River water), or in the ab-                water dependent A use or activity which can be
                sence of tidally influenced soils, 200 feet inland               carried out only on, in, or adjacent to water areas
                from Mean Higher High Water or the line of non-                  because the use requires access to the water body
                aquatic vegetation. Shorolands extend upstream in                for transportation, recreation, energy production, or
                estuary tributaries to tidewater. Exceptions to this             source of water.
                definition may be defined during the planning                    water related      Uses which are not directly de-
                process.                                                         pendent upon access to a water body, but which
                shoreline The boundary between shorelands and                    provide goods and services that are directly asso-
                water. Wetlands may extend shoreward of the                      ciated with water dependent uses, and which, if not
                shoreline.                                                       located adjacent to water, would result in public loss
                significant areas An area of more than local signi-              of quality in the goods or services offered.
                ficance; so designated because it possesses import-              waters The overlaying water and the submerged
                ant natural, scientific, historical, cultural and/or             lands located below Extreme Low Water in a ticlally-
                archaeological resources.                                        influenced body and below -6 feet relative to
                siltation Sedimentation; the clesposition of secli-              Ordinary Low Water in non-tidal bodies.
                ment in an area.                                                 wetlands The overlying water and lands where tidal
                species diversity The number of different plant or               water determines the nature of soil development
                animal species in a given area.                                  and the types of plant and animal communities
                standing crop The number or        weight (biomass) of           living at the soil surface. Wetland soils retain suffi-
                individuals (plants or animals)    present at any given          cient moisture to support aquatic or semi-aquatic
                time in a given area; a measure of the balance be-               plant life. In marine and estuarine areas, wetlands
                tween production, predation and decomposition;                   are bounded at the lower extreme by Extreme Low
                should not be confused with productivity.                        Water, in fresh-water areas, by the depth of 6 feet.
                stockpile The temporary storage of dredged mate-                 Lands below wetlands are submerged lands. The
                rial prior to its use for some definite purpose.                 shoreward boundary of wetland's is the line of non-
                                                                                 aquatic vegetation, or in areas where this line can-
                                                                                 not be defined, Mean Higher High Water.

                Vill - 6

                                                                            APPENDIX B

                                                                 OREGON GOAL EXCEPTIONS

                                                     81. GOAL 16 EXCEPTION TO ALLOW'DREDGING
                                                       FOR CERTAIN NON-WATER DEPENDENT USES

                         81.10 DESCRIPTION                                             and making the entire drainage network of ditches
                           The Estuarine Resources Goal #16 requires that              and sloughs behind dikes disfunctional. Dredging
                         dredging in estuaries be only for navigation or other         shoal areas in front of ticlegates is needed to keep
                         water dependent uses. The goal can be applied                 these drainage systems in good working order and
                         except in three instances:                                    protect life and property in areas served by dikes.
                           �  When clean sand fill material is needed for              81.30 ALTERNATIVES
                              shoreland construction activities and no eco-
                              nomically feasible alternative exists;                     Alternatives to dredging as a source of material
                           �  When the material is needed for dike main-               for fill or dike maintenance are upland material or
                              tenance and other sources are not economically           dredged material from an authorized dredging
                              feasible, damage is minimized, etc.;                     project at the time of dredging for clearing of
                           �  When the area in front of tide boxes or gates            shoaled areas in front of ticlegates. Both alternative.
                              has shoaled in preventing proper operation of            sources of material for fill or dike maintenance are
                              the ticlegate and the associated land drainage           preferred alternatives to dredging for the material.
                              network behind the dikes.                                In all cases, an applicant will have to show that
                           All such dredging activities will be evaluated on a         these alternative sources are not available or not
                         case-by-case basis.                                           economically feasible.
                                                                                         Fill material must have an adequate load bearing
                         81.20 NEED                                                    capacity for buildings and other proposed structures.
                                                                                       Coarse sand or gravel makes good fill for construc-
                         81.21 Clean fill material with good load bearing              tion and is available at certain upland sources such
                         capacity is needed to raise shoreland development             as gravel pits and stockpiles of dredged material.
                         areas above the 100 year flood level, thereby re-             Clean sand dredged from the deep channel areas of
                         ducing potential hazards to life and property. Much           the river also makes excellent fill material for
                         of the area designated for residential, commercial            construction. This sandy material does not make for
                         or industrial development in the CREST plan is in the         productive agricultural land, however, because of a
                         floodplain. In some cases, alternative sources of fill        lack of organic material, nutrients and inability to
                         material may be prohibitively expensive or not                hold sufficient water to nourish vegetation.
                         feasible because of site access limitations.                    Material to maintain dikes should normally be
                         81.22 Dikes protect approximately 20,000 acres of             fine clay and silts which compact or stick together
                         shoreland which otherwise would be inundated                  preventing erosion by tidal waters and rain. Sandy
                         periodically by tidal and river waters. These dikes           material, even when stabilized by vegetation and
                         protect most of the farmland in the estuary area,             rip-rap, tends to be more erodible. Sources of fine,
                         much of which is zoned exclusive farm use (EFU), as           compactable material for dike maintenance are
                         well as certain areas of urban development in                 often available from upland sources, often at a more
                         Warrenton, Miles Crossing and elsewhere. Construc-            economically feasible cost and should be used.
                         ted early in this century, nearly all of these dikes are      However, dredging of fines from adjacent mud flats
                         below Corps of Engineers standards. Many are in               is sometimes the only feasible alternative, and is the
                         need of maintenance and some are in total dis-                proper consistency for dike maintenance.
                         repair. Winter floods regularly overtop some dikes
                         and sometimes ticlegates and areas of dikes have              81.40 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES
                         been ripped out. Regular maintenance of dikes and             81.41 Fillfor Construct1*0n, the removal of coarse
                         upgrading of certain areas is needed. Access to               sandy material from channel or shoal areas of the
                         dikes on the land side is sometimes poor and suit-            river, has few adverse environmental effects. Few
                         able fill material from upland sources is sometimes           benthic dwellers inhabit areas of coarse sediments
                         not available.                                                because currents and sediment transport create an
                         81.23 The elevation of wetland areas in front of              unstable environment. Consequently, few benthic
                         ticlegates must be such that the ticlegate can operate        organisms are disturbed, though a pipeline suction
                         properly and the areas must have drainage channels            dredge probably draws in some fish and inverte-
                         away from the ticlegate. Shoaling sometimes creates           brates. Since filling and overall shoaling in the
                         bars, preventing the proper operation of ticlegates,          estuary is occurring at an abnormally high rate,

                                                                                                                                          Vill - 7

                 removal of the less productive sandy sediments and             tected from flood hazards. Where such fill is on
                 depositing in shoreland areas may actually have a              agricultural land, productivity will be lost.
                 favorable impact in that this filling trend is retarded.       81.52 Maintenance. of dikes and ticlegate drainage
                 Filling of low shoreland areas and subsequent de-              will protect existing investments in agriculture and
                 velopment may result in loss of agricultural land,             urban development in low-lying areas. Exclusive
                 wildlife habitat and have environmental impacts                form use resource lands will be protected. Dredging
                 attendant with urbanization.                                   for this purpose will in some cases allow main-
                 81.42 Dike Maintenance dredging of shallow', often             tenance to be economically feasible, where it would
                 productive areas adjacent to dikes may have signi-             not be otherwise. Flood control will be provided.
                 ficant adverse environmental effects on aquatic life.
                 Periodic dredging of certain of these areas will               81.60 ENERGY CONSEQUENCES
                 destroy benthic dwellers such as amphipods and                 When dredging is more economically feasible for
                 copepods. These areas are important to small fish              dike maintenance or as a source of fill for construc-
                 and juvenile salmon as feeding and resting areas.              tion, the primary savings is likely to be in fuel costs
                 Dredging may leave potholes where these fish could             for truck or other transportation. Since fossil fuels are
                 be stranded at low water (dredging standards mini-             a non-renewable resource, energy use impact will
                 mize this) and turbidity and release of toxics and             be favorable.
                 organics caused by dredging will spread the adverse
                 effects away from the immediate dredged area.                  81.70 COMPATIBILITY
                 Temporary water quality degradation will occur and
                 it will be difficult to control effluent from the mate-        81.71 Dredging from channel areas as a source of
                 rial placed on dikes. Fringing tidal marshes, where            fill material does not have a significant impact on
                 present, will be disturbed by barge clam shell or              other uses since it is temporary and has few envi-
                 dragline dredging. Removal of sediment from                    ronmental impacts. Navigation may temporarily be
                 shoaled areas will have the favorable impact of                impaired. Placement of the dredged material on
                 removing sediment from the river and its tributaries,          specific shoreland areas may or'may not be com-
                 which are shoaling at a more rapid rate than might             patible with adjacent uses and must be evaluated
                 naturally be expected.                                         individually.
                 81.43   Tidegate Channels requiring dredging will              81.72 Dredging shallow, productive areas for dike
                 usually be in areas of fine sediments. Impacts will            maintenance and ticlegate drainage will be incom-
                 be similar to those for dike maintenance above,                patible with aquatic resource areas, often desig-
                 though creation of an exit channel will ensure fish            nated Conservation or Natural. The low frequency,
                 standing is minimized.                                         periodic nature of this dredging, however, does not
                                                                                create a serious problem in most areas. Dike main-
                 81.50 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES                              tenance and ticlegate drainage are not only com-
                                                                                patible, but essential for protection of agricultural
                 81.51 Shoreland development on fill material ob-               and urban developed areas protected by dikes.
                 tained from dredging (or other sources) will be pro-

                                 82. GOAL 17 EXCEPTION TO ALLOW RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT
                                            NORTH SIDE OF NW WARRENTON DRIVE (cf 42.02)

                 82.10 DESCRIPTION                                              82.20 NEED
                   An 8-acre area on the north side of NW Warrenton             82.21 The city of Warrenton recognizes the need to
                 Drive, in close proximity to the Columbia River will           maintain the diverse environmental, economic,and
                 be designated for single-family residential use. The           social values of - the Columbia River shorelands.
                 western boundary (NW 17t-h) of this parcel is about            Adequate shoreland areas for water dependent
                 1500 feet to the east of the Warrenton/Hammond                 commercial and industrial uses should be reserved,
                 city limit line and the eastern boundary (NW 16th) is          but social values, such as the aesthetic and scenic
                 about 1500 feet to the west of Tansy Point. In order to        qualities of the waterfront, must be recognized and
                 allow for non-water-dependent residential use, an              protected as well. A blending -of land uses will
                 exception is taken to the Goal #17 (coastal share-             maintain and utilize the diverse values of these
                 lands) requirement that shorelands in urban and or-            coastal shorelands.
                 ban 'izable areas especially suited for water                  82.22 The proposed action would promote a diver-
                 dependent use shall be protected for water de-                 sity of uses along the Columbia River waterfront and
                 pendent recreational,    .commercial and industrial            prevent the monotony of continuous industrial de-
                 uses.                                                          velopment along the entire Columbia shoreline from
                                                                                Hammond to Tansy Point.

                 Vill - 8

                         82.23 There is not a need to reserve additional lands          the city of Warrenton. The site could be developed to
                         within the city for water dependent commercial or              accommodate 15 to 25 single-family residences.
                         industrial development. A sufficient amount of land            82.52 The action would not significantly affect the
                         has been reserved for these uses. (cf 82.50)                   total amount of land within the city available for
                         82.24 The parcel provides a superb site for a small            water dependent commercial and/or industrial use.
                         scale residential development. The land is                     The involved property has an area of about eight
                         composed of solid foundation soils with a sufficient           acres with 560 feet of frontage on the Burlington
                         elevation to allow development without filling. As             Northern Railroad right-of-way, which adjoins the
                         soon as construction is completed on a planned                 Columbia River. The city has taken action to reserve
                         sanitary sewer line along NW Warrenton Drive,                  over 400 acres of land within the city for water
                         complete municipal services will be available to the           dependent commercial and industrial use. These
                         site. Residences could utilize the property's scenic           Water Dependent Development shorelands include
                         riverfront view of the Columbia River.                         almost four miles of frontage adjoining deep draft
                         82.25 The combined qualities of this site make it              channels along the Columbia and Skipanon Rivers.
                         unique to the residential land stock within                    The city also has designated additional commercial
                         Warrenton. Most residential land within the city is            lands adjoining the Skipanon River within a tourist
                         flat, low land with natural development limitations,           co.mmercial zone with the intent of encouraging a
                         such as high-surface water levels, weak foundation             mixture of water dependent and water oriented
                         soils, or locations within designated flood plain              commercial uses. Through these actions, the city has
                         areas. The limited stable dune ridges near the city            reserved ample land for potential water dependent
                         center have been extensively developed.                        uses.
                         82.26 The pro  .perty would add flexibility to the local       82.53   The proposed residential use would not
                         housing by providing residential sites suitable for            restrict industrial development to the east at Tansy
                         higher quality dwellings.                                      Point. A proposed waterfront park site adjoining the
                                                                                        involved property to the east will form the western
                         82.30 ALTERNATIVES                                             boundary for any future Tansy Point industrial de-
                                                                                        velopment. The involved residential site is separated-
                         82.31 There are other lands along the Columbia                 by a park from the industrial site to the east. The city
                         riverfront to the immediate east and west that have            has designated more than 30 acres to the south of
                         similar characteristics to the involved parcel. Both of        NW 14th, which can be combined with approximate-
                         these alternative sites would also require a goal              ly 20 acres to the north to create a 50-plus-acre
                         exception to allow non-water-dependent use. The                contiguous industrial tract at Tansy Point with access
                         land to the west has been reserved for marine in-              to the Columbia River channel.
                         dustrial uses due in part to the existence of func-            82.54 The proposed designation will provide for a
                         tioning industrial uses. The property to the east has          refreshing mixture of residential, park and water
                         been reserved for water dependent uses to allow for            oriented industrial uses along Warrenton's Columbia
                         a waterfront park and for future development at                River waterfront. This mixture would represent the
                         Tansy Point.                                                   only non-industrial use along Warrenton's extensive
                         82.32 There are no other potential residential sites           Columbia River, Youngs Bay and Lewis & Clark River
                         within the city with the combined scenic attraction,           waterfront areas.
                         soil-bearing capacity and public facility character-
                         istics that are found at the involved site. Some dune          82.60 ENERGY CONSEQUENCES
                         ridge areas to the west of the present city center               Since the involved site is served by          existing,
                         would provide solid foundation soils and an attrac-            municipal streets and water lines, and will soon
                         tive residential setting for these would be sensitive          have access to the sanitary sewer system, devel-
                         to disturbances in vegetative cover and would have             opment would be timely and would require no
                         limited access to developed public facility systems.           major public facility extensions. Potential develop-
                         82.40 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES                               ment would-be more energy-eff icient than other de-
                                                                                        velopments which would require facility extensions.
                         82.41 The action would result in minimal environ-
                         mental impact. The involved land is not an envi-               82.70 COMPATIBILITY
                         ronmentally sensitive area, but is a relatively high,          82.71  The proposed residential usage would be
                         level, well-drained site, covered with scattered               compatible with the existing pattern of development
                         underbrush and trees.                                          to the immediate west@ This area has been devel-
                         82.42   The potential for    future adverse environ-           oped with a mixture of single-family residential
                         mental impacts from development on the site would              dwellings interspersed with a low profile industrial
                         be greater for an industrial use than for a residential        machine shop use.
                         use.                                                           82.72 The proposed residential usage would blend
                         82.50 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES                              in well with the anticipated waterfront park to the
                                                                                        immediate east. The park would provide a natural
                         82.51 The action would make an additional eight                buffer between any future development at Tansy
                         acres available for residential development within             Point and the involved residential area.

                                                                                                                                          Vill - 9

                             83. GOALS 16 AND 17 EXCEPTIONS TO ALLOW INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
                                                 SKIPANON RIVER WEST BANK (cf 42.06)

                83.10 DESCRIPTION                                              83.30 ALTERNATIVES
                   A 7.8-acre area on the west side of the west pen-           83.31 Port of Astoria docks (Smith Point) - Currently
                insula of the Skipanon River will be designated De-            logs and lumber from Warrenton Lumber mill are
                velopment Aquatic to allow for future water de-                transported to the Port of Astoria docks for shipment.
                pendent uses. The area is being considered by the              The availability and usefulness of the port facility
                Warrenton Lumber Company as a back-up site which               will be diminished or curtailed in the future because
                would be utilized if the company constructs a deep             of siltation of the pier slips, anticipated demand on
                draft docking facility along the west bank of the              these facilities, and changes in competitive patterns
                Skipanon. An exception is taken to the Goal #16                confronted by log and lumber producers.
                (Estuarine Resources) requirement that major salt              83.32    Tongue Point - The existing facilities at
                marshes and tidal flats be designated Natural and              Tongue Point provide a sheltered docking area
                to the Goal #17 (Coastal Shorelands) requirement               which has been used for limited log storage pur-
                that major marshes and significant wildlife habitat            poses. However, a combination of factors severely
                areas be protected in accordance with their natural            restrict the potential of this site as a log and lumber
                values.                                                        shipment facility. the Port of Astoria is presently at-
                                                                               tempting to acquire a large portion of this site for the
                83.20    NEED                                                  expressed purpose of developing a container
                83.21   The Beeman Report (December 1978) states               handling facility. The port acquisition attempts have
                that 20 acres of back-up land is the minimum neces-            been complicated by state and federal ownership
                sary for the support of a log loading dock facility. In        conflicts. Further, extensive dredging would be re-
                order to provide a 20-acre back-up site (with rough            quired to provide a channel depth which would be
                dimensions of 480' x 1500') alteration of the involved         adequate to accommodate log handling vessels.
                7.8 acres would be required.                                   Additional negative factors which must be consider-
                                                                               ed are the distance increases both for ships from the
                83.22 A loading facility at the mill site would result         Pacific Ocean and for trucks from the Warrenton mill
                in considerable cost savings to the company.                   site. Use of the Tongue Point facility would require
                $3.23 The Warrenton Lumber Company is the largest              truck transport of logs and lumber through the
                employer in the city of Warrenton.                             commercial center of Astoria,
                83.24 While other parts of Oregon will have de-                83.40 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES
                clining timber production, the northwest coast area            83.41 There will be a loss of primary marsh cletrital
                will have as much as a 22% increase over present               export from approximately 4.2 acres of marsh below
                production by the year 2000 AD (Beuter Report of               mean high water and 3.6 acres above mean high
                1976) and additional shipping facilities are needed.           water, a total of 7.8 acres out of the 75 acres of
                to handle the increase.                                        marsh in Alder Cove and 11,457 acres of marsh in
                83.25 There would be less congestion in the City of            the Columbia River estuary.
                Warrenton from log and lumber trucks which pre-                83.42 There will be some undetermined impact on
                sently haul to the Port of Astoria, less need for water-        roduction on several species of plankton and
                log loading and storage, and fewer delays on the               p
                Youngs Bay Bridge from the proposed dock and                   benthic invertebrates in Alder Cove as well as some
                back-up foci I ity.                                            effect on salmon smolt, white and green sturgeon,
                83.26 CREST regional policies 21.20 and 23. 10 are             juvenile starry flounder, anchovy and herring.
                met by the proposal.                                           83.43 Some wildlife habitat will be lost through loss
                83.27 The Columbia River estuary, including the                of cover for feeding shoreland birds and water fowl.
                Skipanon River, is classified as "deep draft devel-            83.44 There will be a need to dispose of dredge
                opment." Portions of LCDC Goal #16, requiring des-             spoil from the basin (75,000 c.y. annually) and from
                ignation of certain areas for development and the              the Skipanon channel maintenance.
                second priority of use encouraging water dependent             83.45 Less water-log loading and transportation will
                uses in estuaries so classified, are met. The fill             result in better water quality.
                would be for a water dependent use. The portion of             83.46 The air and noise pollution levels associated
                LCDC Goal #17, dealing with the requirement that               with the diesel truck transport of logs and lumber
                shorelands within urban areas especially suited for            from the mill to port docks would be lessened if the
                water dependent industrial and commercial uses be              materials were shipped direct from the mill site.
                protected, is met.                                                                                                             0

                Vill - 10

                         83.50 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES                                 $3.59 Additional water dependent industrial devel-
                                                                                           opment along the west bank of the Skipanon would
                         83.51 Twenty acres of back-up land will be provided               allow' for a greater use of the Skipanon River water-
                         for future water dependent industrial use.                        way. In past years, the city has expended significant
                         $3.52 .A Skipanon River loading facility would result.            funds to improve and upgrade this waterway. In-
                         in a cost saving to the Warrenton Lumber Company.                 directly, the involved use would represent a con-
                         On the basis of figures provided in the Beeman Re-                tinuation of the city's past commitment to the de-
                         port on port facilities, an income potential of $1.24             velopment of the Skipanon waterway.
                         million as projected against an annual cost Of
                         $900,000 yields a net economic benefit of $360,000                83.60 ENERGY CONSEQUENCES
                         from construction of facility under present prices and            83.61 "Bringing the ship to the origin point of the
                         costs.                                                            cargo is the most energy-efficient solution." (Bee-
                         83.53 The present economic advantages of the                      man Report, page 24).
                         facility will increase.                                           83.62 There would be a reduction of truck hauls
                         83.54 The west bank development site is a unique                  from the mill site to the present Port of Astoria
                         resource and one of very few potential deep draft                 loading area.
                         port sites along the Columbia. This site, along with
                         other potential sites, represents unrealized resources            83.70 COMPATIBILITY
                         for Warrenton's economy, as well as that of the state             83.71 The proposed designation would be compat-
                         and nation.                                                       ible with the existing mill site operations to the
                         83.55     The employment multiplier of 1.8788                     south, the deep draft Skipanon River channel and
                         (OCC&DC, Economic Survey of the Coastal Zone, Nov'                the proposed marine industrial development on the
                         1974, p. J-5) and the fact that $1.00 spent in lumber             east bank of the Skipanon.
                         production yields $1.2599 in direct and indirect                  83.72 Post fill improvement techniques, such as the
                         effects on the economy (CREST Inventory, June 1977,               planting of natural vegetation along the western
                         p. 404-17), mean a significant impact on the econo-               edge of the back-up area, will enhance the com-
                         my of the city if the mill and auxiliary operations are           patibility of future uses with the adjoining marsh to
                         not maintained as a viable economic entity.                       the west.
                         83.56 There will be a need to maintain the Skipanon               83.73 The buffer requirements of the conservation
                         Channel at a 30-foot depth.                                       area between Alder Cove and the development
                         83.57 It is not economically feasible to locate the               area will aid compatibility.
                         back-up area elsewhere because double handling                    83.74 There will be a minimum loss of estuarine
                         of logs and lumber would be required.                             habitat (7.8 acres) compared with the 75-acre area
                         83.58 The Warrenton Lumber Company site will be                   of Alder Cove marsh and the 11,457 acres of major
                         maintained in a'competitive position, thus avoiding               tidal marsh in the Columbia River estuary.
                         the phasing out of the mill and possible loss of 135              83.75 The back-up area will have little effect on
                         mill jobs as well as 62 woods jobs. There would be                circulation and flushing in Alder Cove because the
                         an increased activity from the dock facility.                     fill is relatively small compared to the side of the
                                                                                           cove and is above MLLW.

                                           84. GOAL 16 EXCEPTION TO ALLOW INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
                                           SKIPANON EAST BANK ALONG YOUNGS BAY (cf 42.06)

                         84.10 DESCRIPTION                                                 84.20 NEED
                            A 77 acre acre in the vicinity of the eastern penin-           84.21 A Development Aquatic designation is re-
                         sula of the Skipanon River is designated Develop-                 quired for the development of a steel structure fabri-
                         ment Aquatic. This area includes 36 acres of transi-              cation yard which would construct offshore oil and
                         tion marsh, 11 acres of cattail bulrush, and 30 acres             gas production platforms. Such a fabrication yard
                         of intertidal sand-mud flats. To allow a Development              has been proposed by Pacific Fabricators, Inc. The
                         Aquatic designation, an exception is being taken to               Oregon Division of State Lands is ready to issue a
                         the state estuarine resources goal requirement that               removal/fill permit upon submission of an adequate
                         major tracts of salt marshes and tide flats be desig-.            mitigation plan.
                         noted Natural.

                                                                                                                                                Vill - i I

                  84.22 The proposed fabrication yard requires altera-             Astoria, docks, Astoria), Tongue Point (near Astoria),
                  tions in aquatic areas for: construction of a graving            and an area east of Driscoll Slough (near Westport).
                  dock for fabrication of large, extremely heavy plat-               All six of these sites should probably be consider-
                  forms; providing adequate navigational access to                 ed scarce resources and reserved primarily for water
                  the graving dock; construction of skidways for fabri-            dependent uses. Each can satisfy some of the re-
                  cation of smaller platforms; building dikes and bulk-            gion's waterfront industrial needs because each has
                  heads; and undertaking other development asso-                   unique advantages. The Skipanon River's eastern
                  ciated with the facility.                                        peninsula is more suitable than:
                                                                                     -the western peninsula or Smith Point for new
                  84.23 The Skipanon River's eastern peninsula is one                   industries requiring large acreages;
                  of only six sites in the lower 50 miles of the Colum-              -Tansy Point for water dependent uses that rely
                  bia River having significant potential for deeper                     substantially on intercity truck or railroad trans-
                  draft navigational access. If not used for the pro-                   portation or uses that need waterfront locations
                  posed fabrication yard, the peninsula would be                        protected from strong currents;
                  highly desirable for wood processing, fish process-                -Tongue Point for industries utilizing extra deep
                  ing, and a variety of other water dependent uses.                     draft ships; and
                  Many of these uses would also require some altera-                 -the area east of Driscoll Slough for water de-
                  tions in nearby aquatic areas.                                        pendent uses needing a wide range of urban
                  84.24 Use of the eastern peninsula for water de-                      services or close proximity to a large supply of
                  pendent development is consistent with the deep                       housing for employees.
                  draft development estuary designation given to the               84.40 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES
                  Columbia River estuary by the state, the state coastal
                  shorelands goal requirement that shorelands ir,                  84.41 Transition Marsh - This 36 acre area is 8'- 13'
                  urban areas suitable for water dependent uses are                above MLLW, dominated by common rush and grass-
                  protected for such uses, and Columbia River Estuary              es, and used by domestic cattle. Wildlife value is
                  Study Taskforce (CREST) regional policies. The state             low to moderate, some plant material is exported to
                  estuarine resources goal indicates that aquatic de-              the estuary by occasional higher tides, and the area
                  velopment areas need to be designated in deep                    provides a buffer area between more intensively de-
                  draft development estuaries in order to provide for              veloped upland and lower tidal marshes and flats.
                  navigation and water dependent uses.                             Filling will totally alter this area and remove it from
                  84.25 Advantages of the eastern peninsula for water              the aquatic system. Natural habitat value and
                  dependent industrial uses include the relatively                 productivity, while low, will be completely lost.
                  short distance to the mouth of the Columbia River,               84.42 Cattail - Bulrush Marsh - This 10 acre area is in
                  close proximity to the Columbia River Channel,                   the 5'-10' above MLLW elevation range, is well
                  extensive frontage along' the Skipanon Channel,                  flushed by daily tides, is dominated by cattail, bul-
                  direct access to the Burlington Northern Railroad,               rush and sedges, and has high wildlife value and
                  good access to U.S. Highway 101 via another arterial             use for feeding, resting and nesting. Fish usage
                  street (East Harbor Drive), large size of the indus-             (feeding, migration route, spawning) along the
                  trially zoned area, soils with few development limi-             edge of the marsh fronting the water is likely high at
                  tations on the northern portion of property, fairly              high tide, based on beach seining of adjacent tidal
                  level topography, consolidated land ownership                    flats. Juvenile salmon, shiner perch and surf smelt
                  pattern, and the undeveloped nature of most of the               are abundant. Vegetation production is moderate to
                  property.                                                        high. Bulrush produce 609 grams per square meter
                                                                                   per year of dry matter with 80% export and sedge,
                  84.30 ALTERNATIVES                                               1746 grams per square meter per year with 100%
                  84.31   Steel structure fabrication yard alternative             export in similar Neholern marshes. The marsh also
                  sites were discussed in the draft environmental                  provides an erosion buffer for upland and assists in
                  impact statement for the Pacific Fabricators, Inc.               maintenance of good water quality by removing
                  facility. Only one site-the Skipanon River's eastern             excess nutrients from water. Development could
                  peninsula-met all the site selection criteria. Other             completely alter this area, removing it from the
                  locations considered were Anacortes, Washington;                 aquatic ecosystem. Productivity, habitat value and
                  Everett, Washington; Port Angeles, Washington;                   other ecosystem benefits could be lost. Loss of feed-
                                                                                   ing area for juvenile salmon would have economic
                  Grays Harbor, Washington; Port Townsend, Wash-                   as well as ecological significance, but there is not
                  ingion; and Coos Bay, Oregon. Among the problems                 enough data to assess this with any degree of @on-
                  found for one or more of the locations were: in-                 ficlence.
                  sufficient acreage,.a need for excessive amounts of
                  fill, and the long term nature of an existing lease.             84.43 Sand-mudflat along Youngs Bay - This 30 acre
                  84.32 Other water dependent uses requi         .ri.:ng deep      area is in the + 10' to MLLW elevation range, over-
                  draft naidgational access could also use this site. The          lying waters are low salinity (0-5 parts per thou-
                                                                                   sand), flushing is excellent, sediments fine sand,
                  Skipanon River's eastern peninsula is one of only six            benthic productivity moderate to low, epi          .benthic
                  sites in the lower 50 miles of the Columbia River with           populations high (mysids, shrimp) and the area is a
                  significant potential for deep draft navigational                relatively high energy zone. The area provides
                  access. The other five sites are: the Skipanon River's           habitat for bottom dwellers and many species of
                  western peninsula, Tansy Point, Smith Point (Port of

                  V111 - 12

                        fish (notably juvenile salmon) relatively sheltered           84.52. Water Dependent Uses Requiring Deep Draft
                        fish nursery area (though not as important as most            Nawkation A ccess
                        other more sheltered areas of Youngs Bay), and a                &  Use of the site for these water dependent uses
                        shallow area migration route along Youngs Bay and                  will generate considerable economic returns for
                        Columbia River for juvenile salmon.                                other sectors of the economy.
                            Development may interrupt the shallow fish                  0  The assessed valuation of property in the area
                        migration route and divert small fish into deeper                  will be substantially increased.
                        water as they head down stream. Any dredging                    0  New or expanded community facilities and ser-
                        north of the site will compound this impact. Feeding               vices will be needed and housing prices may
                        and nursery functions may be lost or degraded.                     increase.
                        Sediment dwelling organisms may lose habitat                    0  Fewer high school graduates and other resi-
                        while mobile organisms (fish, epibenthos) could be                 dents will need to leave the area to find work.
                        displaced.                                                      *  A wider variety of goods and services will be
                            Physical alterations may cause shoaling of areas               available to area residents.
                        adjacent to the site, with possible additional loss of          *  The rural character of the area will be diminish-
                        sand-mudflat to invading marsh plants. Use of area                 ed.
                        for shorebirds, waders and waterfowl will be nulli-             0  There will probably be a need to maintain the
                        fied for the most part by alteration of the shallow                Skipanon Channel at greater depths.
                        areas. These animals will be displaced to other
                        locations.                                                    84.60 ENERGY CONSEQUENCES
                        84.44 Dredged Material Disposal - There will be a             84.61   Construction of offshore oil and gas pro-
                        need to dispose of dredged material from alterations          duction platforms will help the United States achieve
                        ,near the end of the peninsula, in Youngs Bay,.and in         energy self-sufficiency.
                        the Skipanon River-including Skipanon Channel                 84.62 The property's proximity to the mouth of the
                        maintenance. (Potential disposal sites have been              Columbia River will reduce energy use for certain
                        located. cf 57.50)                                            types of shipping activities.
                        84.50 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES                             84.63 The location of the site near the population
                                                                                      center of the area will reduce energy consumption
                        84.51 Steel Structure Fabrication Yard                        by workers.
                            0The facility will have an operational labor force        84.64 Local energy use will be increased some by
                             of approximately 1,030 of which about 75 per-            traffic congestion resulting from industrial use of the
                             cent or 773 employees are expected to be in-             property.
                             migrants*.
                            0Expenditures resulting from plant activities will        84.70 COMPATIBILITY WITH NEARBY USES
                             stimulate the hiring of about 824 workers by
                             other sectors of the area's economy of which             84.71 Alterations permitted in the area for which an
                             about 60 percent or 494 are expected to be in-           exception is being taken, as indicated by the sub-
                             migrants*.                                               area policies, must be carried out in a manner which
                            0The area's population will increase by approxi-          minimizes adverse environmental impacts on pro-
                             mately 3,459 of which almost 35 percent or               ductive tidal marshes, mud-sand flats, wildlife, fish-
                             approximately 1,210 people are expected to               eries, and other important natural resources, and
                             live in Warrenton*.                                      complies with restrictive zoning ordinance stand-
                            sThe plant will have an annual payroll of at least        ards.
                             $17 million, spend about $3.5 million annually
                             in the area for materials and supplies, and have         84.72 Aqautic areas to the north are associated with
                             an assessed value which may amount to $100               the Columbia River Channel and are classified De-
                             million.                                                 velopment Aquatic.
                            0There will be greater diversity in the area's            84.73 Aquatic areas to the west are associated with
                             economy, high seasonal unemployment rates                the Skipanon Channel and are classified Develop-
                             will decrease, and per capita earnings will in-          ment Aquatic.
                             crease.                                                  84.74    Nearby portions of the Skipanon River's
                            Temporary increases will result from the hiring of workers to eastern peninsula are Water Dependent Develop-
                            construct the fabrication yard.                           ment Shorelands and are included in the marine in-
                                                                                      clustrial district.

                                                                                                                                       Vill - 13

                                      85. GOAL 16 EXCEPTION TO ALLOW DIKE REALIGNMENT
                                                                 AIRPORT (cf 42.08)

                85-10 DESCRIPTION                                                could not be feasibly placed to the north of this
                                                                                 runway due to interference of railroad tracks and the
                  An area to the immediate east of runway 25 will                ILS could not be shifted to the south along this
                be designated Development Aquatic to allow for the               runway without closure of the airport's other two
                relocation of a flood control dike along Youngs Bay.             runways.
                The dike relocation project will remova approxi-
                mately eight acres of forested tidal swamp. An ex-               85.33 The "no ILS improvement" option would result
                ception is taken to Goal #16 of Estuarine Resources to           in continued restrictive use of the Clatsop County
                permit the filling of an estuarine area for the accom-           Airport. Without the ILS improvements, the Coast
                modation of a non-water-depenclent use.                          Guard would not be allowed to pursue its plans to
                                                                                 locate the HU-25 jet aircraft at the Astoria air base.
                85.20 NEED                                                       This option would also limit future general and
                                                                                 commercial aviation use of the airport.
                85.21 The dike relocation is one element in an im-
                provement project which will provide an Instrument               85.40 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES
                Landing System (ILS) for the Clatsop County Airport.             85.41 The Developm&nt Aquatic designation is in-
                85.22 The need for this airport improvement project              tended to accommodate the relocation of 1000 feet
                is identified in the preliminary Clatsop County Air-             of flood control diking and the associated filling of
                port master plan prepared by Parametrix, Inc. for the            eight acres of forested tidal swamp.
                Port of Astoria.                                                 85.42 The forested tidal swamp area loss will reduce
                85.23 An ILS system provides electronic guidance to              the total estuarine area which contributes detrital
                an aircraft with sufficient accuracy to allow the air-           export to the estuary. The cletrital material is part of
                craft to make a precision approach to a runway in                the food supply for the lower members of the food
                extreme weather conditions. The ILS is composed of               web. A minor decrease of food particulate to the
                a sophisticated electronic guidance system and a                 benthic invertebrates could result, which may affect
                series of guidance approach lights. The dike reloca-             the resident and transitory fish by altering the food
                tion is required to insure proper functioning of the             ecosystem butshould not be significant.
                electronic guidance system and to provide an in-
                creased primary surface area for safety.                         85.43 The forested tidal swamp also provides food
                                                                                 and shelter for many aquatic and terrestrial species
                85.24 Provision of the ILS will allow for all-weather            of wildlife. Species affected by the area loss could
                use of the airport. This is required by the U.S. Coast           include aquatic furbea-rers, waterfowl and
                Guard for the landing of their HU-25 jet aircraft                numerous other species of birds.
                which will be used for monitoring fishing activities
                and possible oil discharges within the 200-mile limit.           85.44 The ILS improvements, of which the dike
                Instrument landings for general and commercial                   modification is an element, would lead to increased
                aviation will be facilitated.                                    air traffic activity at the airport which, in turn, would
                                                                                 create indirect noise impact upon the city of Warren-
                85.30 ALTERNATIVES                                               ton and surrounding areas. Wildlife use of the area
                                                                                 would also be adversely affected by the increased
                85.31 Two options were        considered in the airport          noise.
                master plan involving the placement of the ILS on                85.45 The dike relocation activity would most likely
                Runway 7-25.                                                     involve a single-action environmental alteration.
                  �  Placement of the ILS improvements along Run-                Once this relocation is completed, only normal
                     way 7-25 at a distance of 714 feet to the east              maintenance activities are anticipated.
                     was judged to have a greater environmental
                     impact because it would have required a                     85.46 The chosen scheme for the installation of the
                     greater amount of dike relocation work and                  ILS improvements will have lesser environmental
                     would have eliminated 28 acres of forested                  impact than other alternatives.
                     tidal swamp.
                   � Placement of the ILS improvements along Run-                85.50 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES
                     way 7-25 at a distance of 586 feet to the west
                     would require a 600-foot extension the west                 85.51 Without acceptance of the 8-acre fi I I, the Port
                     end of the existing runway, which would inter-              of Astoria would be unable to complete the ILS im-
                     fere with an exiiiing slough system. The runway             provements proposed in the Parametrix master plan,
                     extension would displace 22 acres of pasture                and the airport would be unable to handle the Coast
                     land and create associated habitat losses.                  Guard HU-25 jets. The local economy would not
                                                                                 realize the potential positive employment and
                85.32    The master plan reviewed the option of                  economic spin-off that would result from the in-
                placing the ILS on Runway 13-31. This option was                 creased activity at the Coast Guard air base. Future
                rejected because the ILS lighting improvements                   prospects for the continued use of the air base as a

                Vill - 14

                         helicopter base could be endangered if the         airport     85.60 ENERGY CONSEQUENCES
                         were unable to accommodate the HU-25 jets. The                 85.61 One of the factors which was considered by
                         existing helicopter air station operates with a crew           the Coast Guard in its selection of the Clatsop County
                         of 21 officers and 95 enlisted personnel.                      Airport as a potential HU-25 jet base was its central
                         85.52 The proposed ILS improvements, including the             location along the Pacific Ocean coastline. The loca-
                         dike relocation and associated fill, would provide             tion provides for timely dispatching of aircraft and
                         for a more intensive utilization of an existing trans-         also results in substantial fuel savings as compared
                         portation facility. The existing airport facilities            to inland airports or airports located on the extreme
                         should be viewed as a public asset with a potential            north or south coast.
                         for expansion in areas such as commercial and                  85.62 The chosen ILS improvement option is the
                         passenger service. Minor improvements, such as the             most adaptable alternative to the existing airport
                         installation of an ILS, could open the door for greater        facilities. It will not require energy consumptive
                         use of the airport. Airport improvements could also            improvements such as runway extension paving.
                         lead to increased development of airport-related
                         industries at the Port of Astoria's industrial park.           85.70 COMPATIBILITY
                         85.53 The potential socio-economic benefits which              85.71 There are no other intensive uses in the im-
                         could result from improvements at the Clatsop                  mediate vicinity of the proposed dike relocation. The
                         County airport would affect the City of Warrenton,             area adjoins Youngs Bay to the north and the Lewis
                         the City of Astoria, the County of Clatsop and the             and Clark River to the east. Land areas to the south
                         entire North Oregon coastal region. The airport is the         and west are devoted to airport open space.
                         only facility of its size and potential on the north
                         coast. Its location, in close proximity to the popula-         85.72, There are indirect use impacts which can be
                         tion centers of the area, would allow for maximum              tied to increased air traffic use of the airport. In-
                         private and public use. A national interest is also in-        creased air traffic will result in proportional
                         volved, since the proposed improvement work                    increases in noise levels, airway congestion and
                         would directly accommodate the federal enforce-                accident potential.
                         ment of the 200-mile fishing zone.                             85.73     Controls on dike relocation and filling
                                                                                        methods could be utilized to reduce environmental
                                                                                        impacts. Techniques such as vegetative replanting or
                                                                                        buffering could be used tolminimize impacts upon
                                                                                        adjoining wildlife habitat areas.

                                           86. GOAL 16 EXCEPTION TO ALLOW PORT EXPANSION
                                                 WEST OF PORT OF ASTORIA PIER 3 (cf 42.13)

                         86.10 DESCRIPTION                                              provide a working area adjacent        to the proposed
                                                                                        pier. An additional twenty six acres of vacant land
                           Approximately 2 acres of interticlal sand flat west          (eleven acres are a paved cargo storage yard) exist
                         of the Port of Astoria Pier 3 is designated Develop-           west of Pier 3; approximately eleven more acres of
                         ment Aquatic to allow for port expansion. This area            port land might be available as backup area for Pier
                         is part of,'the productive sand-mud flats of Youngs            A; and a total of approximately fifty-two acres,
                         Bay. An exception to allow this designation is being           including Pier 4, could be made available for new
                         taken to the Estuarine Resources Goal 16 require-,             shipping activities.
                         ment that major tidal flats be designated Natural.             86.22 With the potential for two berths and about
                         86.20 NEED                                                     fifty acres of backup land, the existing port area has
                                                                                        the potential to attract a small scale container cargo
                         86.21 Thirteen acres of subticlal area north to the            or bulk operation. This diversification is essential to
                         pierhead line have been designated Development                 maintain the economic viability of the Port of As-
                         Aquatic in addition to the two acres of this excep-            toria. Log exports, the current mainstay of port
                         tion. This area slopes rapidly to depths of thirty to          income, are likely to phase out in the near future.
                         thirt@-five feet at the pierhead line and is the loca-         Many port and longshore jobs would be lost if log
                         tion of a proposed Pier 4. The adjacent deep water             exports cease and diversification has not occurred.
                         out to the ship channel is also Development Aquatic
                         to provide for pier access and westward expansion              86.23 The exact requirements of a new shipping
                         of the existing turning basin.                                 facility west of Pier 3 are difficult to determine. The
                           The two acres of tidal flats need to be Develop-             size and location of the proposed Pier 4, the engi-
                         ment to provide for an adequate connection be-                 neering requirements for pier access, and the cargo
                         tween Pier 4 and the land. These two acres, com-               storage needs will all contribute to the design deci-
                         bined with the thirteen acre area to the north, will           sion, which will be made through the federal and

                                                                                                                                           V111 - 15

                 state permit processes. The Development Aquatic                 quired for Columbia River access and land trans-
                 designation of the two acre tidal flat and adjacent             portation must pass through Astoria and over Youngs
                 subticlal area provides needed flexibility for de-              Bay.
                 signing the port facility while protecting the large            86.34 Tongue Point has more backup land, existing
                 sand-mud flats to the west.                                     (though antiquated) port facilities, protection from
                 86.24 According to the Lower Columbia River Ports               wind and waves, and good land transportation to
                 Region Study (Oregon Department of Transportation,              the east. However, Tongue Point is further from the
                 1975), the existing port facility in Astoria and the            river mouth (RM 18), property ownership remains an
                 area west of Pier 3 is one of only six sites in the             issue, shallow water will require extensive dredging
                 lower fifty miles of the Columbia River which has               and filling (some in productive interticlal and sub-
                 potential for water dependent development with                  tidal areas), proximity to the Lewis and Clark Na-
                 deep-draft navigational access.                                 tional Wildlife Refuge may cause development to
                 86.25 Advantages of this site include:                          interfere with existing wildlife use, and recreational
                   �  Immediate access to the deep draft ship chan-              fishing of the area may be reduced.
                      nel;                                                       86.35 Westport has more land (225 acres), excellent
                   �  Close proximity to the river mouth (RM 12);                rail and highway access, and is closer to market
                   �  Existing port facilities to support new develop-           areas and north-south transportation routes. How-
                      ment;                                                      ever, Westport is further from the river mouth (RM
                   �  Some available backup land, 11 acres of which              43), development may require filling of freshwater
                      are newly paved cargo storage yard;                        wetlands, private owners have other plans for the
                   �  Access to railroad, US Highway 101 to the south,           site (paper mill expansion and lumber mill), and the
                      and US Highway 30 to the east.                             potential for adverse impacts on the white-tailed
                 86.26 Disadvantages of the site include:                        deer population is unclear.
                   �  Potential for minor impact on adjacent natural             86.36 Other upriver sites include Port Westward,
                      resources and possible interference with migra-            Longview, Rainier, St. Helens, Vancouver, and Port-
                      tion routes and feeding area for downstream                land. Actual site availability is not considered in this
                      migrant salmon;                                            plan. In general these areas offer well-developed
                   �  Development is limited by the size of the back-            transportation and proximity to major distribution
                      up area;                                                   centers. However, their great distance from the river
                   �  Development which increases rail or truck traf-            mouth would place future constraints on either the
                      fic will worsen the already serious traffic con-           river channel or the size of skips, and increased river
                      gestion in downtown Astoria;                               activity over a greater distance increases the risk of
                   �  The potential for shoaling problems at the pro-            oil spills and collisions.
                      posed Pier 4 is great, particularly if present pat-
                      terns are disrupted by fi I I. However, certain de-        86.40 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES
                      signs might lessen shoaling at the existing pier           86.41    The whole CREST planning area contains
                      slips. Costly hydraulic studies of alternative             42,564 acres of wetlands, of which 31,500 are sand
                      designs may be needed.                                     or mud flats and 11,000 are tidal marsh. The 680
                 86.30 ALTERNATIVES                                              acres of this wetland area which are designated De-
                                                                                 velopment Aquatic are 1.6% of the total wetlands
                 86.31 Expansion to the proposed 80 acre area west of            and the 2 acres for which this exception is written
                 Pier 3 area would increase the development po-                  are about 0.0005% of the area's wetlands. From a
                 tenticil for the existing port facility and would resolve       regional perspective, the impacts of development at
                 (by using as construction fill) the dredged material            this site appear small. The impact on fisheries would
                 disposal problems in the port slips. However, addi-             be higher than this simple proportionate loss of
                 tional wetlands and productive tidal flats would be             wetlands.
                 taken out of aquatic productivity, with significant             86.42 Based on studies undertaken by the Port of
                 impacts on juvenile salmon and other fishes; a
                 larger facility would increase traffic congestion in            Astoria in connection with their earlier proposal to
                 the port area and downtown *Astoria; and the altera-            fill 80 acres west of Pier 3, the 2 acre development
                 tions could cause major shoaling problems in                    area is highly productive for the amphipod Coro-
                 Youngs Bay.                                                     phium and other bottom dwellers. Corophium is a
                                                                                 primary food item for downstream migrant juvenile
                 86.32 Tansy Point (cf 82.) is closer to the river mouth         salmon, which have been collected in large num-
                 (RM 9), less dredging may be required, and little or            bers near the site. Filling or other alterations would
                 no fill \Would be needed. However, a deed restric-              remove a small portion of this important fish feeding
                 tion prevents all but residential use on a portion of           area from aquatic production.
                 the site and land transportation must pass through              86.43 Filling or other alteration.of areas west of Pier
                 both Astoria and Warrenton, as well as over Y      .oungs       3 may cause shoaling or erosion in other areas be-
                 Bay-                                                            cause of changed hydraulic conditions. The effect on
                 86.33 East Bank of the Skipanon is closer to the river          sand transport from Youngs Bay around Smith Point
                 mouth (RM 1 1),and has more available land (200                 may create shoaling at the proposed Pier 4 site.
                 acres) but extensive dredging or filling might be re-           Dredging may alsocause unforeseen shoaling or

                 Vill - 16

                        erosion. Changes of habitat type caused by shoo   - ling     worsened and rail traffic through Astoria would be
                        or erosion may increase or decrease productivity             increased.
                        and the potential effects will require careful eval-         86.55 Recreation and public access will be either un-
                        uation.                                                      affected or improved. Existing access to the site is
                        86." Impacts on air and water quality are expected           poor and recreational use is low. There are no rec-
                        to be small and difficult to measure. The effects are        reational clam beds in the area. With proper design
                        largely dependent on the type of facility developed.         (as in the Astoria People Place Plan), public access
                        86.45 Adverse impacts on wildlife are expected to            could be provided for observation of port opera-
                        be minimal. The 2 acre wetland is used by shore-             tions.
                        birds, wading birds, and gulls, but the small area           86.60 ENERGY CONSEQUENCES
                        involved will not greatly affect wildlife use. In-
                        creased activity and noise on the site, once devel-            The site's proximity to the mouth of the Columbia
                        oped, may displace species sensitive to human ac-            River will reduce energy use for certain upriver
                        tivity.                                                      shipping. Ship turn-around time will be reduced.
                                                                                     Development at this site will make maximum use of
                        86.50 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES                            existing facilities, thus reducing energy consumption
                                                                                     associated with construction.
                        86.51 Economics and employment will be improved.
                        A new port facility on this site will create new port        86.70 COMPATIBILITY WITH NEARBY USES
                        and longshore jobs in the Astoria area. For every            86.71 Location of a new port facility at this site
                        direct job created, at least one service job will be         would be highly compatible with existing port
                        created. The Port of Astoria will become more                operations to the immediate east. Noise impacts
                        economically viable and increased income will                might create some problems for residents of nearby
                        allow improvement of other facilities, including boat        homes overlooking Smith Point. Transportation
                        basins. Development on this site will provide a              problems through the city create an additional in-
                        return on the one million dollar investment in the           compatibility. To the north, the turning basin and
                        eleven acre cargo storage yard west of Pier 3. The           main ship channel are compatible with new port
                        Port will become less reliant on the shaky log-export        operations. The proposed limited development west
                        market. Development of this site also ties in well           of Pier 3 would be incompatible with maintaining
                        with the approved six hundred foot Pier 4 proposal.          the natural resources of Youngs Bay. However, a
                        Only a proportion of these favorable impacts can be          Conservation Aquatic buffer zone is provided in the
                        ascribed to the exception area.                              Land and Water Use Plan.
                        86.52 Housing and public facilities can accommo-             86.72 Any alterations carried out in the exception
                        date this growth. The City of Astoria Comprehensive          area must conform with the city comprehensive plan
                        Plan makes provision for -the new demand on                  policies and zoning ordinance standards, and state
                        housing and public facilities that would be caused           and federal       regulations.     Review of any
                        by this development.                                         development proposal against these criteria during
                        86.53 Historical and archaeological sites will not be        the permit process will ensure that adverse conse-
                        affected: none have   been identified in the area.           quences are minimized. Before any alterations
                                                                                     could occur, an impact assessment would be re-
                        86.54 Transportation impacts will be negative        in      quired.
                        that congestion in downtown Astoria would            be

                                             87. GOAL. 16 EXCEPTION TO ALLOW PORT DEVELOPMENT
                                                  SOUTHERN PORTION OF TONGUE POINT (cf 42.16)

                        87.10 DESCRIPTION                                            87 .20 NEED
                          A 180 acre area south of the existing piers at             87.21 This area, along with the nothern porti    0n  of
                        Tongue Point and west of the MARAD Basin Is desig-           Tongue Point, can provide a total of 415 acres of
                        noted Development Aquatic. This area consists of             land area to be used in conjunction with deep-draft
                        100 acres of tidal marsh and 80 acres of mud flats. To       port.activities. The primary use of the land created
                        allow an aquatic clevelopment designation, an                would be for a container storage and handling yard
                        exception is being taken to the Estuarine' Resources         used as part of the "land bridge" concept of cargo
                        Goal requirement that major tracts of salt marsh and         movement. The idea of d land bridge is to provide a
                        tide flats be designated for inclusion in natural            link between Pacific, Atlantic and Gulf ports by rail.
                        management'units.                                            Ocean going cargo would be shipped to and from
                                                                                     the East, West or Gulf Coast, transported by rail to
                                                                                     another seaboard, and then loaded onto ships for
                                                                                     transport to its final destination. This concept is

                                                                                                                                     Vill - 17

                 becoming more attractive economically because                  Astoria and over Youngs Bay; greater exposure
                 ships being currently designed will be wider than              during adverse weather, wave and tital current
                 the 104 foot Panama Canal limit. The large volumes             conditions; no barge or ship la@-up in close proxim-
                 of cargo movement will necessitate adequate sized              ity; and limited size (approximately 115 acres).
                 storage areas. Because of the rapid expansion of               87.33 East Bank of the Skipanon River advantages
                 container shipping volume on the west coast in                 are: less initial dredging may be required; closer to
                 recent years, the number of sites large enough to              river mouth (RM 11 ); existing ownership is clear and
                 accommodate the volume of cargo is very limited.               the site is available for development; and up to 300
                   The exact nature of the need will be influenced              acres (200 shoreland and 100 development aquatic)
                 by volumes.of future shipping, changes in foreign              of land available. Disadvantages are: no barge or
                 markets, changes in technology, the useful life of             ship lay-up in close proximity; greater exposure to
                 the Panama Canal, the continuance of the trend to              adverse wind conditions; extensive filling required;
                 larger and less maneuverable ships, and economic               and rail and truck traffic would pass through Astoria.
                 conditions in the United States. Thus, proposed Port
                 of Astoria development of the whole Tongue Point               87.34 Westport advantages are: deep water access;
                 area is phased. The area for which an exception is             225 acres of shoreland and Development Aquatic
                 being taken is in Phase 11. Development of Phase 11            area; adequate rail and highway access; available
                 will occur only "after full utilization of the northern        lay-up area at Westport Slough; and ownership
                 portion and upon a demonstration that the unique               clear. Disadvantages are: filling of fresh water wet-
                 development potential of the area will be fully                lands; distance up river (RM 43); property not
                 utilized."                                                     presently in port ownership; and potential adverse
                 87.22 According to The Lower Columbia River Ports              impact on white-tail deer population.
                 Region Study Tongue Point is one of only six sites in          87.35 Price Island - the advantage of this site is its
                 the lower 50 miles of the Columbia River which has             existing deep water-draft, up to 70 feet. Disadvan-
                 potential for water dependent development re-                  tages are: no rail and highway access; distance from
                 quiring deep draft navigational access.                        major market hubs; limited back-up` land (75 acres);
                 87.23 Advantages of Tongue Point as a site for water           and distance from the river mouth (RM 34).
                 dependent industrial or port development include:              87.36 Upriver Sites - This group of sites includes: Port
                 proximity to the Columbia River's 40 foot channel;             Westward, Longview, Portland, Rainier, Vancouver
                 proximity to the mouth of the river (RM 18); existing          and St. Helens. Available sites in these areas have
                 port facilities; natural depths of 20-30 feet; large           been subject to much less analysis than previous
                 amount of existing or potential backup land; lower             sites. As a group their advantages include well de-
                 probable shoaling rates than other estuarine loca-             veloped transportation and proximity to a major
                 tions; access to rail and highway transportation;              manufacturing and distribution center in Portland.
                 location to the east of Astoria with minimal impact of         The disadvantages of these sites are: distance from
                 rail and truck traffic on the city; protection from high       the river mouth; possible future constraints of river
                 winds and waves; anchorage space; and dredge                   channel on size of ships; and increased risk of
                 material disposal sites in close proximity.                    accidents and oil spil Is.
                 87.24 Disadvantages of Tongue Point as a site for              87.37 Others - Major coastal port facilities exist at
                 water dependent industrial or port development                 Grays Harbor, Coos Bay, Son Francisco/Oakland, Los
                 include: filling of productive tidal marsh and mud             Angeles/Long Beach. Alternative sites in these loca-
                 flat areas; loss of productive fish habitat; proximity         tions were not analyzed.
                 to a major wildlife refuge; impact on recreational
                 fishing opportunities, particularly sturgeon fishing;          87.40    ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES
                 time involved in clearing ownership questions.                 87.41 There are a total of 42,564 acres of wetlands,
                 87.30 ALTERNATIVES                                             consisting of 31,500 acres of mudflats and 11,000
                                                                                acres of tidal marsh, within the CREST planning area.
                 87.31 Sites in Astoria: The major alternative site     in      680 acres are proposed for a development designa-
                 Astoria is the existing Port facility, consisting of ap-       tion by the CREST plan, 1.6% of the total wetland
                 proximately 50 acres. Advantages of the site are:              area. The 180 acres for which the exception is being
                 less dredging and filling required; proximity to river         taken are about four tenths of one percent of the
                 channel; closer to the river mouth (RM 13); rail and           total wetland area.
                 highway facilities available; and existing port facili-        87.42 Development could result in the loss of up to
                 ties. Disadvantages of the site are: inadequate land           100 acres of fresh-water tidal marsh consisting of
                 area for a major facility; and cargo would have to be          sedges, bulrushes and cattails, resulting in a loss of
                 moved through Astoria by rai I or truck.                       primary biological productivity, wildlife habitat,
                 87.32 Tansy Point advantages are: proximity to the             cletrital export, and favorable water filtration.
                 river mouth; little dredging required; and limited             87.43 Development could result in a loss of up to 80
                 impact on estuary, small amount of filling required.           acres of tidal flats. Tidal flats provide feeding and
                 Disadvantages are: deed restriction prohibiting all            resting areas for juvenile salmon and other fishes, as
                 but residential use on a portion of the site; rail and         well as for shorebirds and wading birds. The results
                 truck traffic would pass through Warrenton and                 of recent research indicate that the number of am-

                 Vill - 18

                           phipods, copepods, and other organisms important                     analyzed using the. 1978 Clatsop County Input-
                           as food sources for juvenile salmon, are equal or                    Output Model. Full development of the Tongue Point
                           greater than those in the most productive portions of                area could create 200 direct jobs and 243 indirect
                           Youngs, Bay, Grays Bay and Alder Cove. Tidal flats                   jobs and a direct and indirect monetary impact of
                           also play an important role in the recycling of                      21.5 million dollars annually. Only a portion of these
                           minerals and nutrients.                                              impacts can be ascribed to the exception area.
                           87." All of Cothlamet Bay is an important feeding                    87.52 The city's comprehensive plan makes provi-
                           area for juvenile salmon from        the Big Creek hatch-            sion for the demand on housing and public facilities
                           ery. A recent study by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife                    that a port development of this magnitude would
                           Service found that fish from the Big Creek hatchery                  require.
                           and upriver salmon use this area. Alteration would                   87.53     No hi  Istorical or archaeological sites have
                           remove a portion of this feeding area. The MARAD                     been identified.
                           Basin and other portions of this area are popular for
                           sturgeon sports fishing. Dredgingi in association with               87.64 Full development "of the Tongue Point facility
                           development, will have an unknown impact.on this                     would require improvement of the rail line east to
                           fishery. However, according to local sources, pre@                   Portland. Potential need for a second track is un-
                           vious dredging of the MARAD Basin did not sub-                       certain.
                           stantially affect fishing activity.                                  87.55      Existing sports fishing, can       .oeing, small
                           87.45 Alteration will result in a loss of wildlife                   pleasure boating and bird watching activities would
                           habitat for wading birds, shoreland birds and water-                 be displaced. Public access to this area is presently
                           fowl. Migratory bird and wintering waterfowl use of                  poor, except via the John Day River. With proper
                           the MARAD Basin, which is presently high, will be                    port facility design, public access to the immediate
                           affected to an undetermined extent. There may also                   area could be enhanced.
                           be an impact on waterfowl use of the Lewis and                       87.56 Port activity will increase the amount of noise.
                           Clark National Wildlife Refuge, though to a lesser                   Because of its location, impacts on residential areas
                           degree, than in the MARAD Basin because of the                       should be minimal. Noise may displace present
                           buffer created by Lois and Mott Islands.                             eagle activity in the area.
                              There is an inactive eagle nest on the west side of
                           Tongue Point. The adjacent area is designated                        87.60 ENERGY CONSEQUENCES
                           Natural. The exception area is about one mile from
                           the nest. 400 feet is the recommended buffer used                       The site's proximity to the mouth of the Columbia
                           by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for protection of              River will reduce the energy use for certain types of
                           eagle nests from logging practices. Two active eagle                 shipping activities.
                           ,nests have been identified by the Nature Conser-
                           vancy on the upper John Day River. These nests are                   87.70 COMPATIBILITY
                           several miles distant. During a survey of the lower                  87.71 The aquatic area and the shoreland areas to
                           Columbia River in the winter of 1978, 18-20 eagles
                                                                                                the north are designated Development and Water
                           were sighted at the downstream end of the Lewis                      Dependent Development respectively. These desig-
                           and Clark Wildlife Refuge. Overall, port activity may                nations are similar to those for the exception area.
                           displace some present eagle activities in the area.
                           87.46 Air quality impacts associated with container                  87.72 '  Lois and Mott Islands are to the esat of the
                           shipping operations are minimal. Present air quality                 exception area. Both are in the Lewis and Clark
                           is excellent. The sr-hall increase in air pollution                  National Wildlife Refuge. The western portions of
                           should not exceed allowable increments under the                     these islands have been designated Conservation,
                           region's Class 11 status.                                            to serve as a natural vegetative buffer and to allow
                                                                                                for limited dredged material disposal on Mott Island.
                           $7.47 Port activity will lead to increased        risks of oil       The operation of a major portfacility within a mile of
                           spills. Oil spills would have a major impact on adja-                these islands could disrupt, and to some extent
                           cent fish and wildlife habitat. Location of oil spill                displace, wildlife use. These islands would buffer
                           containment equipment on site should lessen the                      the effect of port activities on the remainder of the
                           potential for widespread impacts.                                    wildlife refuge, much of which is Natural, including
                           87.48 Filling will modify circulation patterns slightly.             the eastern edge of both islands.
                           Because existing tidal currents are relatively low in                87.73 The area to the west of Highway 101 is desig-
                           velocity, it is not anticipated that filling or piling               nated rural residential in the draft Clatsop County
                           construction will result in significant erosion or                   lplan. Major port development will affect the present
                           shoaling in other areas.                                             rural character of this area.
                           87.49 Development for port activity will result in                   87.74 Any alterations carried out in the exception
                           additional dredging. Dredging will result in the                     area will have to conform to city comprehensive
                           alteration and disruption of the existing aquatic                    plan policies, zoning ordinance standards, and state
                           habitat. Disposal of dredged material will disturb                   and federal agency regulations. Review of the
                           shoreland vegetative habitats.                                       proposal against against these criteria during the
                                                                                                permit processes will insure adverse effects are
                           87.50 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES                                    minimized. Before any alterations could occur, an
                           87.51 The impact of the proposed container facility                  impact assessment is required by the planning goals.
                           on the economy of Astoria and Clatsop County was

                                                                                                                                                      Vill - 19

                                                                                                                  APPENDIX C

                                                                                                                  CREST CHARTERS

                                                                                                                  CHARTER AND AGREEMENT

                                                                                               COLUMBIA RIVER ESTUARY STUDY TASITORCE (CREST)

                                                                                                                     1979-80

                                  This Charter and Agreement is made pursuant to Oregon Revised Statutes,
                                  Chapter 190 and the Revised Code of Washington, Chapter 39.34, and ant red                                                                   t
                                  into this Ist day of July, 1979, by and between the member agencie              aZat                     same manror but My be either an also ad or appointed
                                  adopted the     attached resolution.                                                                     offic i:1 representing that member agency. All representatives
                                                                                                                                           will a zve at the pleasure of the member agency's governing
                                  1.     Definitions:                                                                                      body.
                                         1.1      Council: The group of persons (Delegates or Alternates)                 6.      Meetings:
                                                  appointed by the member agencle vested Swl!tb the responsibility                6.1      A regular meting of the full Council shall be held at least
                                                  of the management of the affai@: of CRE T and the formation
                                                  of policy.                                                                               once each month unlestes oth rwise designated by theaChairman;
                                                                                                                                           the Exe ative Commite sh:ll meet once or as nece sary.
                                         1.2      Executive Committee: The five member administrative group                       6.2      All meetings of the Council shall be in compliance with Oregon
                                                  composed         Ofx'our,of ficers of the Council ax,d the past chair-                   and Washington rules and regulations on public meetings.
                                                  man. The E ecut ve Committee is vested With the responsibility
                                                  for the da       ily supervision of the administration of CREST, and
                                                  for other executive or administrative duties as assigned.               7.      Procedures and voting:
                                         1.3      Member Agencies; The local governmental entities that belong                    7.1      The Council shall elect officers as listed in Paragraph 8.1.
                                                  to CREST.                                                                                New officers shall be elected at the first regular Cou=il
                                                                                                                                           Met ng of the calendar year   0 serve until replaced. Officers
                                         1.4      Delegates        lt-nates,:Th. person: select   by each member                           wi llibe also ted by secret halltot from the voting representatives.
                                                  agency to        ::@vA
                                                                   a at the pleasure of th membera@lency as a
                                                  representive on the CREST Council.                                              7.2      Each Voting member agency of CREST shall have one vote to be
                                                                                                                                           exercised by its Delegate.
                                         1.5      Estuary Area: The estuary area is defined as the water and                      7.3      Alternates shall each have one vote in the absence of the
                                                  submerged land of the Columbia River estuary and its                                     Delegate.
                                                  tributary streams, the associated tidelands, wetlands, shore-
                                                  lands            ributary watersheds within Pacific and Wahkiakum               7.4      Decisions of the Council on procedures to be followed by CREST
                                                  Cc               i:ndit
                                                  unt a n Washington and within Clatsop County in Oregon.                                  with regard to the conduct of its business shall be made by
                                  2.     Establishment! The Columbia River Estuary Study Taskforce, herein-                                an affirmative majority vote of a quorum. A quorum shall be a
                                         after referred to as CREST, is hereby continued by agreement among                                simple majority of Delegates or Alternates from member agencies
                                         its      member agencies.                                                                         in good standing.
                                         Na -a                     Agreement. REST operated between J -u ary 1, 1975 and June     7.5      Decisions of CREST which involve recommendations for assessment
                                                                   at                                                                      or xpen
                                         30t 9709fa. a b           ate local planning agency. Its primary objective                             diture of funds or which involve financial agreement
                                                  1,                                                                                                                             1
                                                  to develop a coordinated ' r gional management plan for the                              between two or more member agencies sha 1 require an affirmative
                                                  r                a .  hes                                                                majority vote of the Delegates or Alternates from the member
                                         e.tua y and it            horelin a. T i mended Charter and Agreement is                          agencies of CREST.
                                         entered int by cities, counties and port districts in the estuary
                                         area in rec@gnitiou of    the special need for continued local coordination              7.6      The rules of parliamentary procedure comprised in Robert's Rules
                                         and c                     ion estuary issues as the management plan
                                                  "'"nicat on
                                         implemented, through local comprehensive plans in Oregon and Shore-                               of Order shall govern CREST deliberations. The Chairman my
                                         line     Management Master Programs in Washington.                                                di.cuss business under consideration without relinquishing the
                                                                                                                                           gavel.
                                         3.1      Nothing contained in'this Charter and Agreement shall                   8.      Officers:
                                                  authorize CREST  to i tervene in matters which are basically
                                                  within the domestic jurisdiction of any member agency with-                     8.1      There shall be a Chairman, Vice Chairman , Secretary and
                                                  out              it. consent.
                                                                                                                                           Treasurer. The Chairman, Vice Chairman, Secretary and Treasurer
                                         3.2      This Charter and Agreement and all actions of CREST shall be                             shall be Delegate members of the Council.
                                                  within the framework0f the law   of the States of Oregon and
                                                  W                              S                                                8.2      Duties of the Chairman : The chairman shall preside a
                                                  ashington and their subdivisions.                                                          n           C u-il,                            uncil         t all
                                                                                                                                           Mott gs of the 0        call meetings of the Co                and
                                         3.3      The actions of my committee or group authorized by this                                  rest. committees and appoint persons to serve  on such
                                                  Charter and Agreement are of an advisory nature md not                                   committees at the pleasure of the Council. The Chairman        shall
                                                  bindin           ?a on an member agency of CREST without the member                      be authorized to repr:.e.t the Council in contractual or
                                                                   Y                                                                       administrative matter.  The Chairman shall be entitled to
                                                  agency           approval and consent.                                                   vote on all matters before the Council.
                                         3.4      All member agencies in order to insure to each of them the
                                                                   and benefits' an                                               8.3      Duties of Vice Chairman: The Vice Chairman shall assume the
                                                  rights            re Iting from membership, shall fulfill                                duties of the Chairman in his absence.
                                                  in good faith the obligations assumed by them in accordance
                                                  with this Charter and Agrement.                                                 8.4      Duties of the Secretary: The Secretary ahall beresponsible
                                  4.     Purpose: The purposes of this Charter and Agreement are:                                          for maintaining minutes of the proceedings of the Council.
                                         4.1      To enable the member agencies jointly to carry out              the             8.5      Duties of the Treasurer: The Treasurer shall keep - accurate
                                                  Columbia River Estuary Regional Management Plan.                                         record of the fi`-` ial position of CREST. The Treasurer
                                                                                                                                           shall submit a finmo ial report to the Council on request.
                                         4.2      To enable the elected officials of the member agencies jointly                           He/She shall preside at meetings in the absence of the Chair-
                                                  to identify issues'and needs which are regional in scope,                                man and Vice Chairman.
                                                  achieve concurrence for cooperative actions, plan, approve and          9.      Permanent Committees:
                                                  _command         governmental action related to the -nservation and
                                                  d,v'             1*rent of the natural, economic and human resources of         9.1      Executive Committee: The Executive Committee shall provide
                                                  the Columbia River estuary area.                                                         supervision of CREST staff and shall see that the orders and
                                         4.3      To improve communication and cooperation of member agencies in                           polio ies are duly and properlytcarried out by staff and the
                                                  the Columbia River estuary area, and to promote maximum                                  Executive Direc tor. The Execu ive Committee shall supplement
                                                  e
                                                  fi                                                                                       the Council ma 9
                                                  f ciency and economy in governmental operations.                                         Council Metinna ement of CREST during the periods between the
                                                                                                                                                      ge and advise and ... ist  the --tive Director
                                  S.     Membership:                                                                                       in the management Of CREST. The E@-tive Committee shall -
                                                                                                                                           have such additional duties, responsibilities and limitations
                                         5.1      General purpose governments and port distric tin the estuary                             as assigned by the Council and as stipulated by this Charter
                                                  area shall be eligible for membership in CREST.                                          and Agreement.
                                         1*2      The governing body of any eligible local government entity may                  9,2      Citizen Ccumitte- no Citi... Committee will make recommend-
                                                  attain membership by adapting a resolution approving this                                ations to the Council on development issues of regional
                                                  Charter arid Agreement.                                                                  .ignificance, on action plans to address regional problems, on
                                                                                                                                           aStuary information and research needs, and on other matters.
                                         5.3      Each member agency shall be entitled to a Delegate and                                   Representatives to.the citizen Committee shall he appointed by
                                                  Alternate on the Council. The Delegate from each member agency                           CREST member agencies,
                                                  shall be selected from and designated by its elected governing          10.     Functions and Duties; CREST my have the following functions and
                                                  body. The Alternate shall be selected and designated in the                     duties subject to provisions contained in Sections 3.3 and 7.5.

                                                                                                                                                                                                          V111 - 21

                                        10.1 Provide continued planning assistance to member agencies upon                      11.5  To designate a member agency as fiscal agent, which agent shall
                                        request to and approved by the Council. Review local                                          with consent, provide financial, purchasing, personnel and
                                        comprehensive plans and shoreline management master programs                                  other auxiliary services to CREST and which shall account to
                                        and make recommendations which will result in coordination of                                 CREST.
                                        such plans and programs and conf-co With the Columbia
                                        River Estuary Regional Management Plan.                                                 11.6  To make, adopt, and amend by-laws consistent with this Charter
                                        10.2 Provide technical information and assistance to member and                               and Agreement.
                                        other agencies for Columbia  River     Estuary Regional Management                      11.7  To employ staff, retain consultants, or obtain the personal
                                        plan implementation.                                                                          services of individuals or employees of other agencies.

                                        10.3 For member agencies and other local interests act as local                         1@.8  To terminate committees appointed by the Chairman and to
                                        I s   o t         Pi                                                                                                                                        f
                                        is 0, t           he Pacif c Northwest River Basins @ormni sio as                             discharge committee members and advise the Chairman o new
                                        the, c..dc        tthe six-year Columbia River Estuary Data Develop-                          appointments.
                                        ment Program. For this and other estuary research programs,
                                        act as"apipeline for  local research needs and communication                            11.9  To take such actions as are necessary to enable CREST to carry
                                        of results.                                                                                   out its functions and duties.

                                        10.4 Evaluate state and federal estuary activities, programs,                  12.      Staff: The Counc   il shall appoint an Executive Director who shall
                                        developments and project impact assessments    that my affect                           administer the business o   f CREST. He shall employ such staff as
                                        local governments and report results to concerned jurisdictions.                        the Council shall authorize.

                                        10.5 Coordinate with local, state and federal agencies on estuary              13.      Duration and Termination:
                                        development, research, regulation, project impact assessment
                                        a. plan review and update. Organize and conduct periodic                                13.1  This Charter and Agreement shall continue and remain in full
                                        mee tings of all such agencies in the interest of cooperative                                 force and CREST shall not be dissolved unless by a majority
                                        management.                                                                                   vote of the member agencies constituting the participatIng
                                                                                                                                      member agenc  ies provided, however, that any such dissolution
                                        10.6 E:taDlish and operate a Columbia River Estuary Information                               shall not become effective until such time as any contracts
                                        C nter and provide library information searches, permit                                       to which CREST is a party have been fully performed or are no
                                        information'      and other services to the public, planner., and                             longer in effect. In the event of        such d iesolution, all
                                        state and federal managers and researchers.                                                   assets on hand shall be distributed to, the member agencies in
                                                                                                                                      proportion to their contributions for the acquisition of such
                     11.                Poue,rs; The Council acting on behalf of CREST may have the power                             assets.
                                        subject to provisions contained in Sections 3.3 and 7.5 a. full-.:
                                                                                                                                13.2  Any member agency may withdraw as a participating member
                                        11.1 To enter into agreements with the United states of America,                              agency  in  CREST under this Charter and Agreement by submitting
                                        State of Oregon, State of Washington or any subdivision or                                    written  notice to the Council at least three months prior to
                                        agency of either, or any municipal corporation for the purpose                                the effective date of its intended withdrawal.
                                        of obtaining financial aid or@ other participation in attaining
                                        the objectives and purposes of CREST.                                                   13.3  In the event of withdrawal by a member agency, the Council
                                                                                                                                      shall determine the portion of CREST's assets, if any, to
                                        11.2 To enter into contractual relationships with private agencies                            which the withdrawing member agency shall be entitled. Any
                                        or firms.                                                                                     indebtedness inc,urred by CREST on behalf of a member agency
                                                                                                                                      whic h is withdrawing shall remain an obligation of that member
                                        11.3 Adopt a budget indicating the anticipated receipts and                                   agency.
                                        expendi tres      of CREST.
                                                                                                                       14.      Amendments: This Charter and Agreement my be amended by a majority
                                        11.4 To seek and accept gran           loans, and donations            in the           affirmative vote of member g vernments. The CREST Council will
                                        n                       t%egifts'                                                       approve proposed   amendments.o Written notice of proposed amendments,
                                        ame of CREST, a member a ncy or        other public or quasipublic
                                        agencies.                                                                               i-cl ding its full text, =at be       submitted to each member government
                                                                                                                                of C=T for their review and approval.

                                                                                                               CHARTER AND AGREEMENT
                                                                                            COLUMBIA RIVER ESTUARY STUDY TASK-FORCE

                       This Charter and Agreem nt is made and entered into this 22nd Day of Sept. ,                             effecti and hereby agree to bring all such to the attention of CREST
                       1976,            by and between th: member agencies that adopted the following resolution.               f.    its review and recommendation.
                                                                                                                         3.1    Nothing contained in this Charter and Agreement shall authorize CREST
                       1.0              Definitions.                                                                            to intervene in matters which are basically within the domestic iuris-
                                                                                                                                diction of any member agency without its consent.
                       1.1              Council: The group of persOnZh(Delegates of Alternates) appointed by             3.2    This Charter and Agreement and all actions of CREST shall be within
                                        the tmember agencies vested wi the responsibility for the management                    the framework of the laws of the States of Oregon and Washington and
                                        of he affairs of CREST -11 the format  ion of policy.                                   their subdivisions.
                       1.2              Executive Committee; The five member administrative group composed               3.3    The actions of any committee Or group authorized by this Cbarte and
                                        off u             th ncil and the      -st chairman. The               Execu ti'
                                        itt  isce'        d wie                                                                 Agreement are of an advisory nature and not binding on any member
                                        7 . .ffi                espon.         @ y fo     da,l
                                        C.- e. e:t.f      thCotue r    ibi it      r the      ,  supc vision
                                        of the administration of CREST, and for other executive or dmini.t@-                    agency of CREST without the member agency's approval and consen
                                        tive duties as assigned.                                                         3.4    All member agencies, in order to insure to each of them the rights
                       1.3              Steering Committee; The Steering Committee is composed of the Executive                 and benefi ts resulting from ma@uership, shall fulfill i        ' good faith
                                        Committee and four appointed citi.en., who hall guide and review the                    the obliq&ticcs ..--d       by the in ....rd.- ith this Charter and
                                        development of the Columbia River Estuary Management Program.                           Agreement.

                       1.4              Member Agencies: The local governmental entities that belong to CREST.
                       1.5              Delegates and Alternates: ThLpersons asgelected by each member agency            4.0    Purpose.   The purposes of this Charter and Agreement are:
                                        to serve at t@e pl easure oftmember    ency as a representative on               4.1    To enable member agencies to jointly develop a coordinated management
                       -                the CREST Council.                                                                      plan for the Columbia River estuary.

                                                                                                                         4.2    To enable the elected official. of themember agencies to jointly
                       2.0              Establishment.    The Columbia Rtver Estuary Study Task-force, here-                    identify issues and needs which are regional in scope, achieve con-
                                        i-afte referred to as CREST, is hereby established by agreement among                   currence for cooperative actions, plan, approve and recommend govern-
                                        i@tsMer agencies.                                                                       mental. action in are.. of gove-ent.1 concern related           to the conser-
                                                                                                                                vation, development, utilization and modification of the natural,
                       3.0              Nature of Agreement. The member agencies hereby recognize the need                      economic and human resources of the Columbia River estuary area.
                                        to jointly plan for facilities, utiliti.and servi es of an area wide             4.3    To improve communication and cooperation of member agencies in the
                                        or muIt i agency nature within the Columbia River esZary, in order                      Columbia River estuary area, and to promote maximum efficiency and
                                        to strengthen local governments and better serve the public. The                        economy in governmental operations.
                                        member agencies also recognize the need to inform each other of
                                        proposals, plans, developments and operations which have an area wide

                   Vill - 22

                                        5.0                           Membership.                                                           10.0                Functions and Duties.

                                        5.1                           The following local govermental entities shall be eligible for                            CREST my have the following functions and duties subject to provision.
                                                                      membership in CREST: Clatsop- County Wahkiakum County'  the Cities                          contained in Sections 7.5 and 7.6.
                                                                      of Astoria and Warrenton, the Townsf-Cathlmet, Hammond and and Ilwaco,
                                                                      the Port of Astoria. One member agency shall be designated from the 10.3                Upon request, and in cooperation with other advisory agencies, commissions,
                                                                      pertdistricts of Pacific and Wahkiakum Counties.                                          and boards, CREST may;
                                        5   2                         The governing body of any illeble local government entity may                             A. Initiate,conduct or cause to be conducted, planning studies
                                                                      attain membership by adpopting a roltion approving this Charter                           of area wide or multi-agency significance
                                                                      and Agreement.                                                                            B. Prepare or have prepared, and adopt, comprehensive plans, program,
                                        5.3                           Each member agency shall be entitled to a Delegate and Alternate on                       or policies pertaining multidogency or area wide faciiities,
                                                                      the Council. The Delegate from each member agency sha11 be selected                     utilities, and service, ; and prepare and adopt plans, policies, and
                                                                      from and designated by its elected governing body. The Alternate                          programs recommending the goverental and organizational devices
                                                                      shall be selected and designated in the same manner but may be either                      or at structures necessary for conservation and development of the
                                                                      anelected or appointed official representing that member agency.                          resources of the Columbia River estuary.
                                                                      All representatives will serve at the pleasure of the member agency's                    C. Prepare, adopt, and recommend policies and program to alleviate
                                                                      governing body.                                                                            area wide problems.
                                                                                                                                                                D. Prepare and propose policies, resolutions, ordinances, codes, law,
                                                                                                                                                                and regulations for submission to public and private agencies for
                                        6.0                           Meetings.                                                                                 their consideration.
                                        6.1                           0f the Council shall be held once each month                         10.2                Render advile and technical assistance to public and private agencies
                                                                      A regular meeting of the Council shall be held once each month                           and citizens.
                                                                      unless  otherwise designated by the Chaiman.
                                        6.2                           All meetings of the Council shall be in compliance with Oregon and    10.3                Review public and private agency policies programs, and projects
                                                                                                                                                                of an area wide or multi agency nature with respect to consistency with
                                                                      Washington rules and regulations on public meeting
                                                                                                                                                                adopted policies, programs or plans.

                                                                                                                                            10.4                Review the plans, program and planning activities of individual agencies
                                        7.0                           Procedures and Voting.                                                                    and governments within the Columbia River estuary and make recommendations
                                                                                                                                                                which will result in the coordination of such plans, program and planning
                                        7.1                           The Council shall elect officer as listed in Paragraph                          activities in conformity to adopted policies, plans and programs
                                                                       officers shall be elected at the first regular Council meeting of
                                                                      the calendar year, to serve until replaced. Officers will be elected
                                                                      by secret ballot from the voting representatives. No person shall     11.0                Powers. The Coun cil acting on behalf of CREST my have a subject
                                                                      Serve more than two consecutive terms in the office of Chairman or

                                                                                                                                                    to provisions contained in Section 7.5 and 7.6 as follows:
                                                                                                                                            11.1                To enter into agreements with the United States of Merica, State      of
                                        7.2                           Each voting member agency of CREST shall have one vote to be exercised                   Oregon, State of Washington or any subdivision or agency of either    , or
                                                                      by its Delegate.                                                                          any municipal corporation for the purpose of obtaining financial aid
                                                                                                                                                                or other participation in attaining the objectives all purposes of CREST.
                                        7.3                           Alternates shall each have one vote in the absence of the Delegate.
                                                                                                                                            11.2                To enter into contractual relationships with private agencies or firm.
                                        7.4
                                                                      excisions of the Council on  procedures to be followed bay CREST with
                                                                      gard to the conduct ofitbusiness shall be mde by affirtive           11.3                Adopt a budget indicating the anticipated receipts and expenditures
                                                                      majority vote of a quorum. A quorum shall be no less than three                         of CREST.
                                                                      Delegates or Alternates from member agencies of CREST in good standing.
                                                                                                                                            11.4                To seek and accept grants, gifts, loans and donations in the of CREST,
                                        7.5                           Decisions of the Council which involve recommendations for planning                       a member agency or other public or quasi-public agencies.
                                                                      stud ies or the implemtation of plans or which involve agreement.
                                                                      between member agencies hall require an affimatie majority vote        11.5                To designate a member agency as fiscal agent, which agent shall with
                                                                      of the representative from the member agencies of CREST including                          consent, provide financial purchasing, personnel and other auxiliary
                                                                      an affirmative vote by Delegates or Alternates who represent the                           services to CREST and which shall account to CREST.
                                                                      affected member agency or agencies.                                     11.6                To make, adopt and mend bylaws consistent with this Charter and Agent.
                                        7.6                           De isions of CREST which involve recomendations for assessment or
                                                                      exenditure of funds or which involve financial and between two     11.7                To employ staff, retain consultants or obtain the personal services of
                                                                      more member agencies shall require an affirtive majority vote of                       individuals or employees of otheragencies.
                                                                      the Delegates or Alternates from the member agencies of CREST, inclu-
                                                                      ding an affirtive vote by Delegate: and Alternates who represent     11.8                To terminate committees appointed by the Chairman and to discharge
                                                                      the affected for agency or agencies.                                                     committee members and advise the Chairman of new appointments.
                                        7.7                           The rules of parliamentary procedure comprised in Robert's Rules of  11.9                TO take such other actions as are necessary to enable CREST to carry
                                                                      Order ha11governes  liberations. The Chairman may discuss                                out its functions and duties.
                                                                      business under consideration without relinquishing the gavel.         12.0                Staff. The Council shall appoint an Executive Director who shall
                                                                                                                                                                administer the busines CREST. He shall employ such staff as
                                                                                                                                                                the Council, shall authorize.

                                        8.0                           Officers.                                                             13.0                Duration and Termination.
                                        8.1                           There shall be a Chair, Vice Chairmn, Secretary and Treasurer.      13.1                This Charter and Agreement shall continue and re-in in full force
                                                                      The Chairman, Vice Chairman Secretary and Treasurer shall be reg-                            and CREST shall not  be dissolved unless by  a majority vote of the
                                                                      ular voting members of the Council.                                                          member agencies constituting the participating member agencies pro-
                                                                                                                                                                   vided, however, that any such dissolution shall not become effective
                                                                                                                                                                   until such time as any contract to which CREST is a party have been
                                                                                                                                                                   fully performed or are no longer in effect.  In the event of such
                                        8.2                           Duties of the Chairman - The Chairman shall preside  all meetings                            dissolution, all assets on hand shall be distributed to the member   n
                                                                                                                                                                   agencies in proportion to their contributions for the acquisition of
                                                                      of the Council, call meetings of the Council and create committees                            such assets.
                                                                                                                                                       13.2       Any member agency may withdraw as a participating member agency in
                                                                      and appoint persons to serve on such comittee  at the Pleasure of                            Crest under this Charter and Agreement by submitting written notice
                                                                      the Council. The Chairman shall be entitled to vote on all matters                           to the Council at least three months prior to the effective date of
                                                                      before the Council.                                                                          its intended withdrawl.
                                        8.3                           Duties of Vice Chairman,The Vice Chairman shall assure the duties      13.3                In the event of withdrawl by a member agency the Council shall determine
                                                                      of the Chairman in his absence.                                                             the portin of CREST's assts, if any, to which the withdrawing member
                                                                                                                                                                  agency shall be entitled.  Any indebtedness incurred by CREST on
                                        8.4                           Duties of the Secretary - The Secretary shall be responsible for                            behalf of a member agency provided that such remain an
                                                                      maintaining minutes of the proceedings of the Council.                                      obligation of that member agency provided that such indebtness
                                        8.5                           Duties of Treasurer - The Treasurer shall keep an accurate record                           received the affirmative vote of that member agency on behalf of which
                                                                      of the financial position of CREST. The Treasure shall submit I                            indebtedness was incurred at the time the obligation was incurred,
                                                                                                                                                                 and is evidenced by written agreement or memorandum.
                                                                      financial report to the Council on request. He/She shall preside at
                                                                      meetings in the absence of the Chairman and Vice Chairman.                14.0		CREST shall complete its mission and dissolve on or before June 30, 1978.

                                                                                                                                                15.0          Amendments.  This Charter and Agreement may be amended by a majority
                                                                                                                                                              affirmative vote of member governments. The CREST Council will
                                        9.0                           Permanent Committees.                                                                   approve proposed amendments.  Written notice of proposed amendments,
    																										including its full text, must be submitted to each member government
                                        9.1                           Executive Committee -The Executive Committee shall provide supervision				of CREST who shall respond within 30 days.
                                                                      of CREST ,staff and shall see that the orders and policies are duly and 14.0         (PLEASE NOTE: SIGNATURES NOT NECESSARY, RESOLUTIONS ATTACHED.)
                                                                      properly carried out by staff and the Executive Directory. The Execu-
                                                                      tive Committee shall supplment the Councilment of CREST during     15.0
                                                                      the persons between the Council meetings advise and assist the
                                                                      Executive Director in the nagent If CREST.

                                                                      The Executive Committee have have such additional duties, responsi-
                                                                      bilties and limitations as assigned by the Council and as stipulated
                                                                      by this Charter and Aggreement.
                                        9.2                           Steering Committee - The Steering Committee shall provide guidance
                                                                      and direction to the CREST Program. The Steering Committee shall

                                                                      forward its recommendations for action to the CREST Council or Executive
                                                                      Committee appropriate-Citizen members will be appointed by the
                                                                      CREST Chairman and serve as the pleasure of the Council until replaced.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                               V111   23

                                                                                                            APPENDIX D
                                                                                     CREST PROGRAM PARTICIPATION

                                                               CREST COUNCIL MEMBERS
                                                                                                                                            NORTHEAST CLATSOP COUNTY COMMITTEE MEMBERS
                                                                     Delegates                 Alternates                                                  Wally Erp, Astoria
                                                                                                                                                           Helen Lahti Astoria
                          Clatsop County                                                                                                                   Max Kelly, Astoria
                                                                     Dave Megrath              Miran Johnson                                              St. & Judy McIntyre, Astoria
                                                                     Lyle Ordway               Don Corkill                                                 Gaxy Johansen, Astoria
                                                                     Orvo  Nikula ('79)                                                                     Cheryl Johnson, Astoria
                          City of Astoria                                                                                                                  Evelyn Mason, Astoria
                                                                     Bob Chopping ('77)        Jean Hallaux                                                John Wall, Westport
                          City of Warrenton                                                                                                                Jim Van Osdol, Astoria
                                                                     Rod Gramson                Fred Andrus                                                 Burt Zurcher, Astoria
                                                                     Della Wilson                Don Lampi                                                  Jim Caad, Astoria
                                                                     Hugh Mason
                                                                                                                                                           Lisett Haglund, Astoria
                          Town of Hammond                                                                                                                  Ed Johnson, Astoria
                                                                     Richard Carruthers        Gail Hocchalter                                             Dick Skipper, Oregon Department of Forestry
                                                                                   (75)                                                                    Warren, Department Of Fish and wildlife

                                                                     Chuck Marlow              Richard Carruthers

                          Port of Astoria                            Al Rissman                Gail Packard
                                                                     Henry Peal                 Brook Robin
                                                                                               Harry Utti                                                  Earl Moore, Cathlamet
                                                                                                                                                           Hugh Null, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
                          Wahkiakum County                           Robert Torppa ('76)       Bill Canham                                                 Irene Martin, Skamokawa
                                                                     Walter Kendoll            Leon Almer                                                  Bernie Cossette, Washington Department Of Fisheries
                                                                                                                                                           Al Thayer, Cathlemet
                          City of Cathlemet                          William Anderson                                                                      Mel souvenir, Cathlamet
                                                                     William Schwarze          George Dormit                                               Ruth E. Hall, Skamokawa
                                                                                                                                                           John Elliott, Rosburg
                          Pacific County                             Eldred Penttila   ('78)   Bill Crossman                                               Dale Rhoads, Cathlamet
                                                                                                                                                           Tom Irving, Cathlamet
                          Town of Ilwaco                             Gerald Faddis             Patrick Schenk                                              Walter Kandoll, Naselle
                                                                     Toby Beard                                                                            Bob Bacon, Cathlame
                                                                                                                                                           Ladean Peek, Cathlamat
                          Port of Ilwaco                                                       Bob Petersen                                                Veryl Chabain, Grays River
                                                                     John Pulli
                                                                                                                                                           John Hendrickson, Cathlamet
                                                                                                                                                           Wayne Carrell, Rosburg
                                                                                                                                                           Russell Clark, Naselle
                                                                                                                                                           Bi11 Schwarze, Cathlamet
                                                                                                                                                           Walter Kato, Deep River

                                                                                                                                            LOWER RIVER AND ISLANDS PLANNING COMMITTEE
                          Year served as Chairman of council listed after Delegates name.                                                                  Paul Benson, Pacific Northwest River Basins Commission
                                                                                                                                            Dredging and Dredged Material Disposal Subcommittee
                                                                                                                                                           Harry Utti, Port Of Astoria

                                                                                                                                                           Bob Bell, Pacific County
                                                                                                                                                           Mel Souvenir, Wahkiakum County
                                                                                                                                                           Stan Hamiliton, Oregon Division of State Land
                                                                                                                                                           Floyd Shelton, Oregon Department of economic Development
                                                                                                                                                           Brent Forsberg, Oregon Department Of Fish & Wildlife

                                                                                                                                                           Doug Magoon, Washington Department of Natural Resource

                                                                                                                                                           Jack Howerton,  Washington Department of Game
                          REGIONAL POLICY COMMITTEE                                                                                                        Ron Lee, Environmental protection Agency
                                                                                                                                                           Nancy Ellifrit, U.S. Fish Wildlife Service
                                   Jean Hallaux, Astoria                                                                                			 Bob Watson, Alternate, Corps of Engineers
                                   Jim Bergeron, Astoria                                                                                                   Greg Hartman, Corps Of Engineers
                                   Gail Packard, Astoria                                                                                                   Bob Dodge, Alternate, Corps of Engineers
                                   Christine Stricklin, Warrenton                                                                                          Jim McAvoy,Columbia River Bar Pilots
                                   Fred Andrus, Warrenton                                                                                                  Hank Niemi, Columbia River Fishermen's Protective Union
                                   Lyle Ordway, Clatsop county
                                   Ernie Jager Raymond                                                                                      Fisheries      subcommittee
                                   Andrea Gilbertson, Cathlamet                                                                                            Jim Bergeron, Marine Extension Agent
                                   Irene Martin, Skamokawa                                                                                             Jim Lauman, Oregon Department of Fish
                                   Bob Peterson, Ilwaco                                                                                               Clyde Sayce, Washington Department of Fisheries
                                   John Wolcott, Seaside                                                                                                    Sally Cramer, National Marine Fisheries Service
                                                                                                                                                 Doug DeHart, Corps of Engineers

                                                                                                                                                          Jim Athern, Alternate, Corps Of Engineer
                                             LAND AND WATER USE; PLANNING COMMITTEES                                                                      Rex Pollitt, Columbia River Pilots
                                                                                                                                                           John Wolcott, Crown Zellerbach Corporation
                          YOUNGS   BAY-ASTORIA COMMITTEE                                                                                                   Roger shearer, Troller
                                   Don Morden, Astoria                                                                                           Jack Harrell, Charter Boat Operator
                                   Gail Collins, Astoria,                                                                                                  ROY Takalo, Columbia River Fishermen's Protective Union
                                   Bob Urbrand, Astoria                                                                                                    George Potter, Clatsop Environmental Council
                                   John Altstadt, Astoria                                                                                   Restoration and Mitigation Subcommittee
                                   Martin West, Astoria
                                                                                                                                               Bob Peterson, Port of Ilwaco
                                   Don Leah, U.S. Soil Conservation Service
                                   Don Edy, Astoria                                                                                                       Brook Robin, Port Of Astoria
                                   Marsh Hoffman, Astoria                                                                                                  Jim Laumen, Department of Fish & Wildlife

                                   Colleen  Simonsen, Hammond                                                                                             Gary Gustafson, Land Conservation & Development Commission
                                   Luella Kerr, Warrenton                                                                                                  Stan Hamilton, Oregon Division of State Land
                                   Jack Marincovich, Astoria                                                                                               Miriam Laukers, Washington Department Of Ecology
                                   Warren Knispel, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife                                                               Jack Howerton, Washington Department of Game
                                   Herb Palmberg, Warrenton                                                                                             Don Peterson, Washington Department of Ecology
                                   David Pratt,Clatsop County                                                                                            Bob Moulton, Corps Of Engineers
                                                                                                                                                           Nancy Ellifrit, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
                                                                                                                                                           Don Leach, U.S. Soil Conservation Service
                          BAKER BAY COMMITTEE MEMBERS                                                                                                      Chuck Walters, National Marine Fisheries Service
                                                                                                                                                           Don Morden, Bioproducts, Inc.
                                   Bob Be11, Ilwaco                                                                                                    Jack Harrell, Charter Boat Operators
                                   Toby Beard, Ilwaco                                                                                                     Roger Shearer, Troller.
                                   Glenn Eager, Chinook                                                                                                    George Potter, Clatsop Environmental Council
                                   Frank Heer, 1lwaco                                                                                                       Bernice Barr, Willapa Hills Audabon society
                                   Jim Hilderman, Seaview
                                   Ralph Jones, Washington State Parks                                                                      Refuge         Management, Public Access and Recreation Subcomittee
                                   Carolyn Glenn, Long Beach
                                                                                                                            Don Corkill, Clatsop County
                                   Mel Lebeck, Chinook                                                                                               Tom Hal:, Wahkiakum County
                                   Sandy  Lipovsky, National Marine Fisheries Service                                                                        Jean Hallaux, city of Astoria
                                                                                                                        Alan Cook, Oregon state Parks
                                   Rev. John Mann, Seaview
                                   Bob Petersen, Ilwaco                                                                                                    Dave Heiser, Washington State Parks
                                   Ann Saari, Ilwaco                                                                                                 Hugh Null, U.S. Fish  Wildlife Service
                                   Clyde Sayce, Washington Department of Fisheries                                                                         Chuck Mason, Corps of Engineers
                                                                                                                                                           Gene Drals, Heritage Conservation Service
                                                                                                                                                           Russ Bristow , Hunter/Trappers
                          [An underlined name or year designates the Chairman]                                                                             Dave Hughes, Sport fisherman

                          Vill - 24

    Implementation committee members                                        Crest Staff Members

    	Gail collins, Astoria									John Perry   7/75-4/76
    	Orvo Nikula, Astoria									Jan Stewart  1/75-2/75
    	Micky Schulbach,Astoria									Betty Hucheson 1/75-10/75
    	Dick Carruthers,Astoria									Bruce De Young 1/75-9/75
    	Jean Mckinney, Astoria									Ruth Newman    10/75-12/75
    	Dorothy Riekkola,Astoria								Shelly Bartlett 1/76-2/76
    	Martin West, Astoria									Jim Good        2/76-6/79
    	Jean hallaux,Astoria									Judy Crosby	    6/76-2/78
    	Toby Beard, IIwaco									Bob Blanchard   8/76-10/79
    	Frank Beer,IIwaco										David Jay       9/76-5/79
    	Elred Pentilla,Long Beach								Kurt Buchanan    10/77-9/78
    	Ana Sarri,IIwaco                                                        Magdalena Cristobal   7/77-6/78
    	Bob Bacon,Cathlamet                                                     Barbara Chipman     4/77-5/77
    	Walter Kandoll, Naselle                                                 Donna Sue Mansfield 2/78-6/79
    	Bob Torppa,Grasys River                                                 Margaret Seaman    3/77-4/78
    	Gary Gustafon, Department of land consevatation and development         Dale Deason    4/78-6/79
    	Miriam Laukers/Joe williams, department of ecology                      Kim Maree Johannessen 7/78-6/79
                                                                                  Steve Chesser   12/78-6/79
          Dredged Material Dispoal/Restoration and Mitigation
                         Technical Advisory Committee

    Agency Representatives
    	Federal: Army Corps of engineers-Chuck Galloway
    		   E.P.A- ron lee
    		   U.S. Fish & Wildlife Services- Nancy Ellifrit
    		   NMFS-Chuck Walters
    		   SCS- Don Leach, Oregon
    		        Greg Fischer, Washington
         Oregon:   USL- Stan Hamilton
    		   ODF&W-Jim Lauman
                   DLCD- Gary Gustafon
                   DEQ- Bruce Sutherland
         Washington: DNR- Bob Flye
    			DOG-Jack Howerton
    			    Bob Ziegler
    			DOF Clyde Sayce
    			DOE-Gary Hanson
    			    Howard Steely
    Local Representatives:
          Port of Astoria-Brook Robin
    			    Harry Utti
    	Port of IIwaco- Bob Peterson
    	Port Chinook- Glenn Eager
    	Wahkiakum County- John Henderickson
    				(Irene martin, Secretar)
    				Bob Bacon
    	Diking Districts: Deep River-Carlton Appelo
    					     L. Grays River- Wayne carrel;
                                       Skamokawa- Elmer Ingleson or
    								Lester Cook
    						Wildlife Refuge- Hugh Null
    						Puget Island- Tom Irving or
                                                       Gordan Olman or
    							         Bob Busk
                                        Lewis and Clark River-John Shepard
    					      Youngs River- Micky Schulbach
    						Westport- ed Johnson

                                                                              Professional Services
    		                                                                  Pacific Northwest River Basins Commision
                                                                                 	Bob Holton,osu
    		                                                                  Paul Benson
    		                                                                  Wilsey& Ham Planning Consulants
    		                                                                  George "Strider" Potter
    		                                                                  Dana Mckinney
    		                                                                  Norman Kujala
    		                                                                  Paul Torian
    		                                                                  Valerie Lingg
    		                                                                  Michael frazier
    		                                                                  Walter Lindstrom
    		                                                                  Marcia Benad
    		                                                                  Dennis Berry
    		                                                                  Ian McColgin

                                           OREGON TECHNICAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE                                                           CREST FEDERAL TECHNICAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE

                                                                                                                           PACIFIC NORTHWEST RIVER BASINS COMMISSION
                        DEPARTMENT OF LAND CO SERVATION AND DEVELOPME                                                                    Paul Benson (through J-, 1978)        TAC Coordinator
                                           G
                                           y                         a                                                                   is
                                           ar Gu Stafson - TAC Coordinator                                                                 ck Johnson
                                           Neal Coe en
                                           Clarence Parker                                                                 DEPARTMENT OF   ARMY
                                                                                                                                   Corps .1 ,,i ... r.
                        DEPARTMENT OF F     STRY                                                                                         Ken Johnson
                                           Bill Dryden                                                                                   Jerry         Hadley
                                           Chet Reed                                                                                     Gail Gronewald

                        DEPARTMENT   OF    GE    Y AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES                                                  DEPARTMENT    OF COMMERCE
                                           John Beaulieu                                                                           National Marine Fisheries Service
                                                                                                                                         Charles Walters
                        STATE MARINE B                                                                                                   Sally Cramer
                                           Dan Stack                                                                                                   It-
                                           We Ido Oh-t                                                                                   Jim h:I
                                                                                                                                   Economic D:V poent Administration
                        DEPARTMENT OF WAT R RESOURCES                                                                                    Tom Current
                                           Neil Peterson
                                           Doug Bennett                                                                    DEPARTMENT OF I ERIOR
                                                                                                                                         Ken Fulcher
                        DEPARTMENT  OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY                                                                             George Van Janten
                                           Bruce Sutherland                                                                        U.S.  Fish and Wildlife Service
                                                                                                                                         Nancy Ellifrit
                        DIVISION OF STATE   LAND                                                                                         Ron W aver
                                           Stan Hamilton                                                                                 Jay Watson
                        DEPARTMENT OF T     SPORTATION                                                                             U.S. Geological Survey
                                           Don Thurston                                                                                  Dave Harris
                                           Paul Norris                                                                             Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service
                                                                                                                                         Kelly Cash
                        STATE PARKS DIVI   SION                                                                                          Gene Drals
                                           All . Cook                                                                              National Park Service
                                           Bob Franklin                                                                                  Edwin Arnold
                        DEPARTMENT OF EN RGY                                                                                             Peter Klindt
                                           Dame Philbrick                                                                          Bureau of Land Managm nt
                                                                                                                                         Art Oakley
                        DEPARTMENT OF FI H AND WILDLIFE                                                                                  Robert Borovicka
                                           Jim Lauran
                                                                                                                           DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
                        DEPARTMENT OF BOON MIC DEVELOPMENT                                                                               Bi 11 Coffield
                                           Floyd Shelton                                                                                 John I        ....
                                                                                                                                   --il C....-::in Service
                                                                                                                                         Robert Corthell
                                                                                                                                         Maurice Jernstadt
                                                                                                                                   U.S. Forest Service
                                                                                                                                         John Nunan

                                                                                                                           DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
                                                                                                                                   Bonneville Pwer Administration
                                                                                                                                         Arthur Evans

                                                                                                                           ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                                                                                                                                         Do a Karns
                                                                                                                                         Ron Lee

                                                                                                                           DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
                                                                                                                                   U     S.Coast Guard
                                                                                                                                         CDR. G. A. Pennington

                    Vill - 26

                                                                                                             APPENDIX F
                                                                                HISTORY OF STATE AND FEDERAL AGENCY
                                                                                  INVOLVEMENT IN PLAN DEVELOPMENT

                                                         Jan., 1975 - June, 1979                                                    Youngs Bay-Astoria Unit
                                                                                                                                    -January, 1977 - Locally-based agency representatives appointed to local
                                                             Federal Office of                                                      planningi committee (Federal Soil Conservation Service Conservationist    and
                                                             Coastal Zone Management                                                Oregon Fish and Wildlife Field Biologist).
                                                                                                                                    'February-March, 1977 - Several agencies make information presentations to
                                   State of Washington                                  State of Oregon                             local planning committees (National Marine Fisheries Service, Oregon
                                   Dept of Ecology                                     Land    Conservation & Devel.               Division of State Lands).
                                   CZM 06 Funds in Regional Planning grant.,            CZM 305&306 Funds -
                                       no local match                                           At least 33  "local                -April 7, 1977 Tac meeting - Report on planning process.

                                                                                                in kind match for 305
                                                                                                and at least 20% local              -June 29, 1977 - Published Plan map alternatives, for this area, with
                                                                                                in-kind match for 306               request to state/federal agencies to review and comment on what they wanted
                                                                                                                                    to see in a draft plan.

                                                                                                                                    .July 14, 1977 TAC meting - Held in Astoria, agency representatives were
                                                                                                                                    asked to present their ideas and recommendations to the local planning
                                                                                                                                    committee. Detailed comments and explicit map recommendations were given
                                          CREST                                                 CREST                               by several agencies ; others failed to respond.

                                   FY 77 (July through June)     20,000                 1/75-6/79            30,000                 -November, 1977 - Based on alternatives comments, draft plan produced and
                                   FY 78 (July through June)     55,000                 7/75-12/75           17,819                 publishe for  public and agency review       meeting on November        17'

                                                                                                                                    1977    presented draft plan to state/ federal agencies.Comments were received
                                   FY 79 (July through June)     50,000                 1/76-6/76            19,167                 through January 19, 1978.                                                                                    6/76-12/76           30,000                 -January 10, 1978 - TAC meting to review detailed agency concerns ever
                                                                                        1/77-6/77            30,000                 draft Plan. Agency involvement, plan organization and format, implementa-
                                                                                        FY 78                81,804                 tion issues and issue and site-specific concerns were expressed.
                                                                                        PY 79                90,250                 -Spring 197 - Comments were reviewed, summarized and work began on
                                                                                                                                                                                       i
                                                                                                                                    resolving conflicts which were net site or issue-speo fic. This information
                                                                                                                                    was used to reorganize plan document format and modify the planning process
                                                             125,000                                         299,040                for subsequent plans to provide for more direct agency input.

                                                                                                                                    -State and Federal agencies who communicated disagreements war provisions
                                                                                                                                    of the plan were directly involved in the conflict resolution phase of the
                                                             LOCAL MATCHING FUNDS                                                   CREST land and water use Planning process. Meetings were held February
                                                                                                                                    14' 1979 to discuss Tongue Point/Astoria conflicts and March, 197 9 0
                                                                                                                                    resolve WarrentonHammond area conflicts. Some conflicts were resolved,
                                                             FY 75     15,000                                                       but agreements could net be reached on several areas.
                                                             FY 76     39,oo
                                                             FY 77     5,700                                                       Baker Bay Unit
                                                             FY 78     ZO,451                                                       -July, 1977 - Committee selected included locally-based representative. from
                                                             FY 79     Z2,420                                                       several stat d and federal agencies (N tiOrial Marine Fisheries Service,
                                                                                                                                    Washington Dpartment of Fisheries, Washington state Parks).                                                         TOTAL    lZ3,371
                                                                                                                                    -November 17, 1977 TAC meting   status riport on progress with Baker Bay
                                                                                                                                    planning.

                                                                                                                                   febuary tac meeting    Held with Washington late and federal

                                                                                                                                    ag nc as ng with the Office of Coastal Zone Management representatives
                                                                                                                                    10 introduce the draft. This month review and comment period established.
                                   HISTORY OF STATE AND FEDER- AGENCY INVOLVEMENT IN PLAN DEVELOPMENT
                                                                                                                                    -State and federal agencies who expressed disagrement with draft plan
                                                       REGIONAL POLICY DEVELOPMENT                                                  provisions were directly involved in conflict r solution, held April 17,
                                                                                                                                    1979. All conflicts were resolved in this.case

                                   -December 8, 1975 - Agency representatives participated in a workshop to
                                   identify policy needs for the estuary.                                                           Lower River and Islands unit
                                   -Local Committee selected to develop policies; CREST requested each agency                       Committe a selected by CREST Council in December, 1977 - included
                                                                                                                                    are
                                   to  pride to the committee agency policies for review and resource                             epr sentatives from all key state and federal resource agencies.
                                   ms'rial (August 31, 1976 TAC meting).                                                           'February 8, 1977 - Two-day workshop to start planning work. Policy
                                  , ober 19, 1976 7AC me:ting - reiterated request for assistance in                            development sessions for dredged material disposal, restoration and
                                       t                                                                                            mitigation, fisheries and recreation held. Agency representatives
                                   providing agency.policto  CREST for use in draft policy development                          directly involved.
                                   (for those agencies who had not re ponded).
                                   'AP il 7, 1977 TAC meeting to review draft   Iregional policies and ansWer                      -Kay 2-3, 1978 - Two-day workshop to develop draft plan and draft policies;
                                   agr                                                                at                            agency representatives directly involved.
                                       enly questions on draft which had been mailed earlier. Reque ad all
                                   agencacy comments as soon as possible.                                                             *October, 1978 - Draft plan released for public and agency roview -
                                   -Used agency comments on draft policies to r.vi.e Policies.                                      comments from agencies dealt primarily with policies on dredged material
                                                                                                                                    disposal and restoration/mitigation which were addressed during further
                                   *Submitted revised policies to CREST Council for adoption as "interim                            planning in thesaefforts. No significant land and water use conflicts
                                   glty management guidelines" in July, 1911, Subsequently forwarded to                         were identified.
                                       Xie  fo  formal review with request to forward information concerning
                                   any conflicts with agency policy.                                                                Wahkiakum Countv Unit

                                   'Fa 11, 1978 - Requested agencie s to review policies and report any problems                    'December, 1977 - Selected local planning advisory committee which included
                                   or conflicts (there will    so be a local review).                                             USEWS Wildlife Refuge Manager and Washington Department of risheries fish
                                                                                                                                    hatchery manager.
                                   Ispring,1979 - Revised policies as necessary for   inclusion in final plan;
                                       significant conflicts with agencies existed.                                                 Omarch-May, 1978 - Agency presentation of concerns and needs given to
                                                                                                                                    Clit:eq,,.inclded federal agencies (Corp., JFFWV,, KMFS) and sta to
                                                             LAND AND WATER USE PLAN                                                genci. UR, DOE, DG, OF, State Parks)
                                                                                                                                    October, 1978 - Draft plan released for agency review and comment -
                                   *October 19, 1976 Tac meeting - Held agency workshop to identify Planning                        numerous problems identified.
                                   subar c0ceas oftthe estuary,,including criteria for establishing shoreland,
                                   wetland, wa er, and ups aqm boundaries.                                                          -May 16, 1978 - Conflicts resolution session held in Skamokawa, Washington.                               -November - Mailed agencies draft report on planning subarea identification                      several issues were resolved but several were left outstanding.
                                   and planning  methodology , requested detailed review and comment. Thi    '                      Eastern Clateov County Unit
                                   report also outlined the actual role state and federal agencies would have
                                   in development of the plans. Agency recommendations at previous TAC                              -Committee selected in January, 1978. Included members from Oregon Depart-
                                   meting and written comments on draft provided the major content of this
                                   final report, which was adopted by the CREST Council in December, 1976.                          ment of Fish and wildlife and Oregon Department of Forestry.
                                                                                                                                    -March-Ma 197 -       and f eral agencies made presentations to the
                                   February '977 - Held TAC workshop to develop a "Land and water Area/                                 ply      Star.
                                       v                                                                                            localanS  committee on tehdeir concerns, needs and policies.
                                   En  iro=ent classification System" and an associat%d permitted use/
                                   activities matrix". use/activity standards were also discussed. Agency
                                   recoomendations provided the major content of these planning tools, which
                                   were published in April, 1977 for another round of reviews.

                                                                                                                                                                                                 Vill

                                                                                                                       -May 1, 1979 - Draft DMD plan rel:eased for.agency and public review -
                       *September, 1978 - TAC meeting will be held to present the draft plan to                        state and federal TAC workshop to review the draft.
                       agencies and allow them to determine conflicts prior to public                                  -Conflict resolution meetings - DMD sites were reviewed and considered at
                       distribution. opportunity will be provided for agencies to meet with the
                       planning committee directly if desired.                                                         each of the conflict meetings held for the Land.and Water Use Plan.

                       -September, 1978 - Draft plan published    for agency review and comment;                                                   IMPLEMENTATION
                       numerous minor conflicts and one major     conflict noted.
                       *June 5, 1979 - Conflict resolution meeting with agencies held; Some                            'The TAC coordinators from WDOE, ODLCD and PNRBC were appointed as member.
                       resolution of issues regarding Wauna/Westpoft area made - other issues                          of the CREST Implementation Committee in February, 1978. All key resource
                       resolved to satisfaction of agencies.                                                           agencies receive all mailings and invitations to participate in monthly
                                                                                                                       committee meetings. Several have done so.
                             DREDGED MATERIAL DISPOSAL AND RESTORATION/MITIGATION PLAN                                 -July, 1978 - Agencies received report On "Intergovernmental Coordination
                                                                                                                       Alternatives" for interlocal and local-state-faderal coordination along
                                                                                                                       with a questionnaire soliciting their recommendations.
                       -April 21, 1977 - State and Federal agency workshop to make a preliminary
                       identification of potential dredged material disposal and restoration                           -June-July, 1978 - Agency representatives interviewed by CREST Staff and/or
                       sites using physical, biological and economic criteria. Corps of                                Consultant hired by CREST to develop use/activity standards to be associated
                       Engineers provided substantial assistance in putting On this workshop.                          with the land and Water use plan. Agency policies and regulations used
                                                                                                                       heavily in development of recommended CREST standards.
                       *Using Lower River and Islands Unit subcommittees (February-May, 1978),
                       developed a policy base for dredging and dredged material disposal and                          'December, 1978 - Agen,cy comments considered heavily in    decision to
                       restoratiOn/mitigAtion which are published as an appendix to the Lower                          establish a local-state-faderal coordination mechanism      to help implement
                       River and Islands Draft Plan (all key agencies were directly involved).                         the plan.
                       -November, 1978 - Workshop with Oregon and federal agencies to inspect                          -Spring, 1979 - Agencies invited to participate in Implementation Committee
                       potential dredged material disposal and restoration sites in the Youngs                         meetings to review and evaluate development standards. Agencies
                       Bay area.                                                                                       participating included WDOE and ODLCD.

                       @March, 1979 - Major workshop with full technical committee to review
                       Oregon and Washington DMD sit-

                                                                                                     APPENDIX G
                                                                   CREST CHRONOLOGY OF MAJOR EVENTS

                                                                                                                       September, 1976 - Draft plan for Youngs Bay-Astorid area published for
                       1974 - Series of organizational meetings to discuss local participation and                           local, state and federal review.
                             forum for an estuary study.
                           - States were en,couraging such a study and asked the Pacific Northwest                     July, 197E@October, 1977 - Draft plans for other areas of the estuary
                             River Basins Commission to coordinate federal participation and put                             Baker Bay, Lower River and Islands, Eastern ClatsOP and Wahkiakum
                             together a research program for federal funding.                                                County developed by local citiz@n advisory committees.
                                                                                                                       July, 1977 - Columbia River Estuary Regional Policies developed, reviewed
                       late 1974 - Framework for a local organization established - the Columbia                             in draft form and adopted by CREST Council as "interim management
                             River Estuary Study Taakforce (CREST) - a "Charter and Agreement"                               guidelines" and -'plan development guidelines' - subsequently used
                             developed and adopted by 10 local jurisdictions:                                                as basis for CREST comment on Corps and state fill/dredging permits
                                    Washington             City of Cathlanet                                                 as well as other major estuary development projects.
                                                           Wahkiakum County                                            June, 1978 - Columbia River Estuary Data Development Program (the research
                                                           Pacific County                                                    program sponsored by the Pacific Northwest River Basins Commission
                                                           Port of Ilwaco
                                                                                                                             as a support for CREST planning) receives Congressional authorization
                                                           Town of Ilwaco
                                                                                                                             and FY 79 appropriation of $929,000.
                                    Oregon                 City of Astoria
                                                           City of Warrenton                                           July, 1978 - CREST extends its "Sunset provision" for planning to July, 1979.
                                                           Town of Hammond                                             September, 1978 - CREST's Implementation Committee recommends establishment
                                                           Clateop County                                                    of (1) a permanent local estuary management organization, and (2)
                                                           Port of Astoria                                                   execution of a local-state-federal "cooperative management agreement"
                                                                                                                             CREST Council adopts recommendations after thorough local government
                       January, 1975 - Hired a local study coordinator -    received CZM funding from                        review. State and federal agencies concur with recommendations,
                             Oregon LCDC to develop a planning program.                                                January, 1979 - CREST "Conflict Resolution" process begins with objective
                       Spring, 1975 - Hired a consultant, Wilsey and Hams, to put together . Work                            of local-state-federal concurrence on policies, land and water use
                             program for a CREST study.                                                                      plans, and development standards for uses and aCtivities; CREST
                       September, 1975 - CREST Phase I Report published - established a Phase IT                             continues work on a Dredged Material Disposal plan and Restoration/
                             and III Work program for policy development, research and data                                  Mitigation Plan.
                             development, atc.                                                                         June 1979 - CREST will publish a final report including:
                                                                                                                             1.   Regional Policies
                       February-June, 1976 - Conflicts in the local organizatioh, withdrawal by                              2.   Land and water use plans
                             Clatsop County/Port Of Astoria - eventually rejoin and presently are                            3.   Development sta=3rds for permitted/conditional uses
                             two Of =at supportive members.                                                                  4.   Dredged Material Disposal Plan
                       June, 1976 - Program reorganized to focus on, both policy and a land and                              5.   Restoration/Mitigation Plan
                             water area pl= that -ld allocate certain areas for protection                                   6.   Future Intergovernmental Coordination structure
                             anti others for different levels of development.                                                7.   Plan review and update procedures
                       December, 1976 - A management plan framework and a detailed planning process                    July, 1979 - CREST follo-on organization starts operation and will assist
                             adopted by CREST - pla@ning begins in the Youngs Bay-Astoria ar         Isa.                    local governments in program implementation through technical
                                                                                                                             assist-

                       V111 - 28

                                                                                                                        ;%',              .  .1   7 @, - ,    .
                                                                                                             ll@ I                           I . ,    ,I ..,
                                                                                                           @111                                        1@1 9111111 1 -
                                                                                                                                          001 1512
                                                                                                                               @A' , - @ 1 11, . -                   3":
                                                                                                                                          - I I I , . ,