Great Lakes institutions a survey of institutions concerned with the water and related resources in the Great Lakes Basin

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

GREAT LAKES INSTITUTIONS: A Survey of
Institutions Concerned with
Coastal Zone the Water and Related Resources
Information
Center in the Great Lakes Basin

June19B9
'j,

Great Lakes Basin Commission
14D and
1694
A2 Great Lakes Ranel of the Committee on
1969 Multiple Use of the Coastal Zone,
National Council on I'Marine Resources
and Engineering Development

GREAT LAKES INSTITUTIONS

A Survey of Institutions Concerned With the Water
and Related Resources in the Great Lakes Basin

GREAT LAKES BASIN COMMISSION
and
Committee on Multiple Use of the Coastal Zone

NATIONAL COUNCIL ON MARINE RESOURCES
AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT

June 1969

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington 25, D.C. Price 60 cents

Foreword

The Great Lakes Basin Commission and the Great Marine and lacustrine activities in the Great Lakes
Lakes Panel of the Committee on Multiple Use of the are forecast in two periodical publications, one for
Coastal Zone of the National Council on Marine Re- Canadian work and one for work in the United States,
sources and Engineering Development have sponsored entitled "Directory and Project Forecasts," and are
this publication as an aid to improved planning and available from the Canadian Committee on Ocean-
management in the Great Lakes area. ography and Lake Survey District, U.S. Army Corps
The survey was designed to accomplish two pur- of Engineers. These projects are coherent units of the
poses. First, it was meant to become a working tool program of any agency directed to a definable ob-
for those actively engaged in studies of the Great jective. The person in responsible direct charge is
Lakes. By providing a listing of institutions and their usually reported.
programs, it was hoped to improve understanding, Though efforts were made to contact and include
communication and coordination in planning and all institutions concerned with the Great Lakes, the
management of the lakes and their related land re- present work cannot be considered a complete listing.
sources. Second, the nature of the survey was estab- Readers are encouraged to notify the Great Lakes
lished to give it value as an information source for Basin Commission, Ann Arbor, Mich., of the names
those interested in the lakes and their institutions. and addresses of organizations that have been omitted
The first section contains r6sum6s of institutions for inclusion in future revisions.
that have programs or responsibilities for some aspects It may appear from these descriptions that some
of the Great Lakes. The addresses of these institutions of the duties of the agencies listed are conflicting or
and others are listed in appendix A. The addresses of overlapping. This matter will receive further study, as
institutions having planning or coordinating respon- a primary objective of the Great Lakes Basin Com-
sibilities are listed in appendix B. A partial listing of mission is to coordinate activities of Federal agencies
useful publica@tions concerning the Great Lakes is so as to preclude duplication of work where assigned
given in appendix C. responsibilities may be overlapping.

Acknowledgment

A survey of this nature could not have been pre- appreciated. Acknowledgment is also made of the ef-
pared without the help and cooperation received from forts o'f Mr. Jack Horton, University of Pennsylvania
the institutions listed herein. The time and effort they Medical School, and Mr. Michael Long, University of
have given to provide the basic information is greatly Michigan, in preparing this survey.

Table of Contents
PT
Foreword ........................................................ ill
Acknowledgment ................................................. * iv
Table of Contents ................................................... v
Introduction ........................................................ I
International-United States and Canada .............................. 3
International joint Commission ................................... 3
Coordinating Committee on Great Lakes Basic Hydraulic and Hydro-
logic Data .................................................. 4
Great Lakes Fishery Commission .................................. 4
Great Lakes Study Group and Federal Inter-Agency Committee ...... 5
International Association for Great Lakes Research .................. 5
International Field Year on the Great Lakes ........................ 5
Canada .............. .............................................. 7
Canada Centre for Inland Waters .......... ...................... 7
Fisheries Research Board of Canada ............................... 7
Canadian Committee on Oceanography ............................ 7
Department of Energy, Mines and Resources ........................ 8
Department of Fisheries and Forestry .............................. 8
Department of National Health and Welfare ........................ 9
Department of Public Works ...................................... 9
Department of Transport ............................ ........ 9
National Research Council of Canada .............................. 10
Ontario ........................................................ 10
Universities .................................................... 11
United States ....................................................... 12
U.S. Department of Agriculture ................................... 12
U.S. Department of Commerce ................................... 13
U.S. Department of Defense ...................................... 15
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare ................. 16
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development ............... 16
U.S. Department of the Interior ................................... 16
U.S. Department of Transportation ................................ 21
Atomic Energy Commission ...................................... 22
Federal Power Commission ....................................... 22
National Council an Marine Resources and Engineering Development.. 23
National Science Foundation ..................................... 23
Smithsonian Institution .......................................... 23
Water Resources Council ......................................... 23
United States-States ............................................ 24
Great Lakes Basin Commission ..... :,.***'*''***'*'*'''*****''*** 24
Upper Great Lakes Regional Commission ........................ 25
Interstate ...................................................... 25
Great Lakes Commission ....................................... 25
States and Universities ............................................... 26
Committee on Institutional Cooperation ........................... 26
Illinois ......................................................... 26
Indiana ........................................................ 27

Page
States and Universities- Continued
Michigan ...................................................... 28
Minnesota ..................................................... 30
New York ...................................................... 31
Ohio .......................................................... 34
Pennsylvania ................................................... 36
Wisconsin ...................................................... 37
Private ............................................ 39
Appendix A, Marine and Marine-Relatcd Organizational Addresses ........ 41
Appendix B, Planning and Coordinating Organizational Addresses ......... 53
Appendix C, Informational Sources .................................... 57

Introduction

The Great Lakes represent a natural resource of Seaway and connect Lakes Erie and Ontario via the
immense value to the United States and Canada. Their Welland Canal.
location in the heartland of the North American Con- In 1966 a total of about 246,000,000 net tons moved
tinent and their deep water connection to the Atlantic on the Great Lakes. Of this about 185,000,000 tons
Ocean through the St. Lawrence Seaway and the inter- were domestic (within the United States or Canada),
connecting locks and channels greatly enhance their 47,000,000 moved between the two countries, and
economic significance. These five huge lakes form a about 14,000,000 were overseas traffic. This repre-
large and complex system that includes its own distinct sented a significant proportion of the waterborne com-
climate, geography, hydrology, and ecology. They are merce of the two countries. In terms of ton miles, over
often referred to as the fourth seacoast, for their size 40 percent of all traffic on U.S. waterways moves on the
subjects them to forces of oceanographic dimension. Great Lakes.
In geological terms the lakes are young. Their The Great Lakes also serve as a source of water for
present forms were created during the Pleistocene era municipalities and industry. Some 240 communities
by the glaciers that moved across the continent. As the located on or near the lakes depend upon them for
glaciers retreated, the lakes underwent various changes domestic water supply. In 1966 it was estimated that
before achieving the morphology by which we know the water needs of 28 million persons were supplied
them today. The total Great Lakes Basin encompasses by the Great Lakes. Some industries receive their water
about 300,000 square miles of which nearly one-third, from municipal systems, but the aggregate capacity of
95,000 square miles, is lake surface. Samuel de Cham- industrial pumpage from the lakes is approximately
plain, founder of Quebec city and first Governor-Gen- three times the capacity of municipal pumping stations.
eral of New France, is credited with the discovery of the This combined industrial and municipal pumpage
Great Lakes in 1615. During the next 200 years, the averages 15,600 million gallons per day.
lakes provided water routes for voyagers and played an Swimming, fishing, and boating are the region's
important role in the fur trade of North America. After principal outdoor recreation activities. These activities
the War of 1812 and the improvement of access routes are especially susceptible to the adverse effects of
in the 1820's, the region began to develop at a rapid human activity on the lakes. As an example, prior to
rate. In 1810 the basin's population was about 290,000 the opening of the Welland Canal between Lakes Erie
people. By 1910 this had increased to nearly 14,000,000. and Ontario, Niagara Falls had been an effective bar-
In 1960 more than 31,780,000 people were residing in rier to the parasitic sea lamprey. The canal opened the
the Great Lakes Basin. There is no other region in way for the lamprey to enter the upper lakes, where it
North America which matches its economic output. nearly destroyed the populations of lake trout, white-
Development in the basin is characterized by extensive fish, and burbcvt. The commercial fishery of the area
urbanization and industrialization. nearly collapsed, and sport fishing was severely limited.
A waterway of over 2,300 miles stretches from the Chemical methods to control the lamprey have been
Atlantic Ocean to Duluth, Minn., making ocean ports developed and are currently being used. The lamprey
of the great continental cities along the shores of the population has been reduced to 10 and 15 percent of its
lakes. Though the Great Lakes themselves form vast
waterways, the shallow connecting channels, with their previous highs in Lakes Superior and Michigan, respec-
falls and rapids, had long proven barriers against ship- tively. Control measures are also being conducted on
ping. Attempts to improve navigation on the lakes Lake Huron.
began when the North American Fur Co. constructed The reduced population of lake trout and burbot-
a small lock on the St. Marys River at Sault Ste. Marie the only abundant and widely distributed predators
in 1797. The present system of locks at the "Soo" is of the lakes-created conditions favorable to the ale-
the busiest in the world and in the 9 months open wife. Because of the lack of predation, the alewife be-
season carries more traffic than the Panama and Suez came extremely abundant. This small herring-like
Canals combined when operating a full year. Other marine fish also gained entrance into the Great Lakes
locks provide passage along parts of the St. Lawrence through man's activity. The alewife presently dorni-

nates Lakes Huron and Michigan where it has reached hit in terms of deterioration of water quality and con-
nuisance numbers and created objectionable conditions ditions in general. However, there are indications that
during massive die-offs. Hopefully, control measures, Lakes Michigan and Ontario are also undergoing
including the lake trout restoration program and the serious stress.
recent introduction of coho and chinook salmon, may As the problems concerning the lakes have increased,
restore an ecological balance to the lakes and bring so have the interests and concerns of people and or-
about a return of high-value species. ganizations. This has resulted in increased activity by
The lamprey and alewife are not the only problems governments, organizations, and private citizens. In
facing the Great Lakes. The lakes also serve as re- recent years the number of institutions concerned with
ceptacles for waste waters. Much of the water drawn the Great Lakes has increased dramatically. Missions
from them is returned in a polluted condition. Over sometimes are uncoordinated and overlapping and
the past few years, increased demands upon the lakes cohesiveness and unity of purpose among these insti-
and the resources surrounding them have increased tutions require strengthening.
their problems. With an ever growing pollution load, The purpose of this review is to prepare a contempo-
other water uses are adversely affected, especially rec- rary survey of institutions having responsibility for or
reation and fisheries. Pollution has become a major interest in the Great Lakes which can be used as a tool
issue, and water quality is now one of the most serious by these institutions to aid in reducing confusion and
problems in the Great Lakes. These problems are both improving communication and coordination. In many
local and general, national and international. They respects this work represents a revision and expansion
include diminished water quality, altered flora and of the 1966 edition of "Aquatic Science in the Great
fauna, offended aesthetic senses, threatened human Lakes," published by the Interagency Committee on
health and well-being, curtailed or precluded recrea- Oceanography, Federal Council for Science and Tech-
tion, seriously damaged sport and commercial fisheries, nology. The present work was compiled by the Great
and increased danger of irreversible changes in the Lakes Basin Commission in conjunction with the Great
ecology of the lakes as eutrophication is accelerated. Lakes Panel of the Committee on Multiple Use of the
Due to its nature and the population density around Coastal Zone of the National Council on Marine Re-
its perimeter, Lake Erie has been the first and hardest sources and Engineering Development.

International-United States and Canada

Over one-third of the boundary between the United use which is given preference over it in this order of
States and Canada transverses the Great Lakes. Be- precedence:
cause of the nature of the lakes and their importance (1) Uses for domestic and sanitary uses;
to the two countries, it has long been recognized that (2) Uses for navigation, including service of canals
close international cooperation between the United for the purposes of navigation;
States and Canada in the management and control (3) Uses for power and for irrigation purposes.
of the Great Lakes is beneficial to both countries. This These provisions do not apply to or disturb uses of
cooperation is conducted through two international boundary waters existing prior to the signing of the
commissions and other, less formal, institutions. treaty.
When referring a problem for investigation, the
International joint Commission Governments usually state that the IJC may utilize the
The International joint Commission (IJC) is a services of engineers and other specially qualified per-
pennanent body that was established to carry out the sonnel of the technical agencies of the United States
and Canada, as well as the information and technical
purposes of the Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909. It data acquired or to be acquired by such agencies.
consists of six members, three from the United States Thus, the IJC is able to select and deploy the most
and three from Canada. For administrative conven- experienced and competent people in both countries
ience there is a Canadian section and a United States and combine them in joint undertakings.
section, each with a chairman. Offices are maintained It is the Commission's usual practice to establish an
in Ottawa and Washington. International Board consisting of qualified personnel
The 1909 treaty gives the IJC responsibilities in two from both countries to organize and coordinate the
general categories. fieldwork and technical studies required. State and
The first of these responsibilities is to approve-or provincial officials also may be appointed to such a
refuse approval-of all proposals for use, obstruction Board, with the consent of their Governments. Much
or diversion of boundary waters on either side of the of the investigatory work is done by governmental
international boundary which would affect the natural agencies, under the general coordination and direction
level or flow of the boundary waters on the other side. of the International Board. The Board keeps the IJC
All of the Great Lakes, except Lake Michigan, and informed of its activities by frequent progress reports
their connecting channels are boundary waters as de- and, on completion of its studies, files a final report.
fined in the treaty. The levels of Lake Superior and After releasing the Board's report for study by all
Lake Ontario are regulated in accordance with Orders interested persons and organizations in both countries,
of Approval that were issued by the IJC prior to con- the IJC holds public hearings at which all interests
struction of regulating works at their outlets. have convenient opportunity to produce evidence and
The second general responsibility of the IJC under express opinions on the Board's report or on any other
the treaty is to investigate and make recommendations aspect of the problem that the Governments have
on specific problems along the common frontier which referred to the IJC. Thereafter the Commission formu-
are referred to the Commission from time to time by lates its own report and recommendations for submis-
the Governments of the United States and Canada. sion to the two Governments. The IJC's report is not
Under this provision of the treaty the two Govern- binding upon the Governments, who have the respon-
ments have made requests-or references-to the IJC sibility for making the ultimate decisions.
on such varied subjects as water pollution, air pollu- Current investigations in the Great Lakes Basin
tion, further regulation of Great Lakes levels and pres. under IJC auspices include:
ervation of the American Falls at Niagara. (1) Regulation of Great Lakes levels-this is to
The treaty specifies the following order of prece- determine whether further regulation would be prac-
dence which must be observed in the use of these ticable and in the public interest, Such further regu-
waters, and directs that no use be permitted which lation might be done to bring about a more bene-
tends materially to conflict with or restrain any other ficial range of stage for domestic water supply and

355-067 0-69-2

sanitation, navigation, power and industry, flood con- flows over the falls for scenic purposes. Technical
trol, agriculture, fish and wildlife, recreation and other studies are under the supervision of the International
beneficial public purposes. Technical studies are under Niagara Board of Control.
the supervision of the International Great Lakes Levels (7) St. Lawrence Seaway and Power Project-to
Board. The Board appointed a Working Committee to supervise the operation and maintenance of the St.
prepare the necessary data and studies as requested by Lawrence Seaway and Power Project and the coordi-
the reference to the International joint Commission nate regulation of Lake Ontario water levels and out-
dated 7 October 1964. In July 1965 the Working Com- flows. Technical studies are under the supervision of
mittee appointed three subcommittees to determine the International St. Lawrence River Board of Control.
the effect of regulation on shore property, power and Coordinating Committee on Great Lakes Basic
navigation and a fourth subcommittee to develop Hydraulic and Hydrologic Data
necessary regulation plans. A Regulatory Subcommittee
was established in September 1967 which is responsible The Coordinating Committee on Great Lakes Basic
for carrying out the necessary studies of the regulatory Hydraulle'and Hydrologic Data (CCGLBHHD) was
works required for various plans of regulation. In established in 1953 in the interest of expediting the
June 1968 a Reports Subcommittee was appointed and investigations of Great Lakes problems being carried
given the responsibility for preparing the final report on by Canada and the United States. The objective
which is scheduled for completion by October 1972. of the Committee is to determine, through joint studies
(2) Pollution of Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, and the by appropriate Canadian and United States Govern-
international section of the St. Lawrence River-to ment agencies, mutually acceptable values of basic hy-
deter-mine whether waters are being polluted on either draulic and hydrologic data for the Great Lakes System
side of the boundary to the injury of health and prop- during the period of record and in the future. The
erty on the other, the sources, extent and locations of Committee established four subcommittees, Vertical
such pollution, and the most practicable remedial
measures. Technical studies are under the supervi- Control, Lake Levels, Physical Data, and River Flow-
sion of the International Lake Erie Water Pollution with representation from both Governments to carry
Board and the International Lake Ontario-St. Law- on the studies.
rence River Water Pollution Board. Great Lakes Fishery Commission
(3) Pollution in the Connecting Channels of the
Great Lakes Systems-to continue supervision as a The Great Lakes Fishery Commission (GLFC) is
means to insure accomplishment of the Water Quality an international organization established by the Con-
Objectives recommended for these waters by the IJC vention on Great Lakes Fisheries which was ratified by
in 1950 and accepted by the United States and Ca- Canada and the United States in 1955. The Commis-
nadian Governments. Investigations and surveys are sion has the followinor responsibilities:
under the supervision of the Advisory Board on Con- (a) To formulate a research program or programs
trol of Pollution of Boundary Waters, Connecting designed to determine the need for measures to make
Channels. possible the maximum sustained productivity of any
(4) American Falls at Niagara-to determine stock of fish in the convention area which, in the opin-
what measures are feasible and desirable to remove ac- ion of the Commission, is of common concern to the
cumulated talus from the base of the falls, to retard fisheries of the United States of America and Canada
or prevent future erosion and to preserve or enhance and to determine what measures are best adapted for
the falls' beauty. Technical studies are under the sup- such purpose;
ervision of the American Falls International Board, (b) to coordinate research made pursuant to such
formed in August 1967. programs, and, if necessary, to undertake such research
(5) Lake Superior levels and flows-to regulate
the water levels and outflows of Lake Superior through itself
operation of a gated structure at the head of the St. (c) to recommend appropriate measures to the
Marys Rapids near Sault Ste. Marie, Mich. Technical contracting parties on the basis of the findings of such
studies are under the supervision of the International research programs;
Lake Superior Board of Control. (d) to formulate and implement a comprehensive
(6) Niagara River remedial works and diversions- program for the purpose of eradicating or minimizing
to supervise the construction, operation and main- the sea lamprey populations in the convention area;
tenance of remedial works provided in the Niagara and
River under the 1950 treaty with Canada. The works (e) to publish or authorize the publication of scien-
allow maximum power diversions around the falls tific and other information obtained by the Commis-
while maintaining Lake Erie water levels and treaty sion in the performance of its duties.

The Commission is composed of four members basic data. This responsibility is performed by the
from each country. The U.S. section of the Commis- Great Lakes Regional Data Center of the U.S. Lake
sion is assisted by an advisory committee for each lake Survey, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army.
on which each bordering State is represented by not The Steering Committee of the GLSG includes a
more than four persons appointed by the Governor cochairman, an alternate to the cochairman and a
with due consideration to the interests of (a) the State secretary from each country. It investigates problems
agency with jurisdiction over the fisheries, (b) the through ad hoc task groups and committees such as
commercial fishery, (c) the sport fishery, and (d) the the Data Processing Committee, Ships and Facility
public at large. Schedule Committee and Aid to Navigation Commit-
The Commission is required to make use of existing tee, and provides working-level cooperation and fo-
agencies in the performance of its duties whenever pos- rums for research purposes.
sible. It maintains a small staff or secretariat to carry The Group is organized under the two cochairmen
out administrative and coordinating functions, and who serve as chairmen to the respective sections of
supervise contracts. The formulation and coordina- the Steering Committee. Each presides at Group meet-
tion of research is carried out through technical com- ings in his country. Meetings are held semiannually and
mittees which have been established for each of the meeting places are rotated between the two countries.
Great Lakes. These committees are composed of repre- The U.S. cochairman of the GLSG organized a Fed-
sentatives from agencies engaged in fishery manage- eral Inter-Agency Committee on Great Lakes Research
ment or research. Central committees advise the Com- which has in its membership all U.S. agencies
mission on questions of major importance to the Great with an active interest in the Great Lakes. This Com-
Lakes fishery as a whole. mittee is concerned with keeping the Federal agencies
The two Governments are kept informed of the at the working level aware of what each is doing in
problems faced by the commercial and sport fisheries Great Lakes research, with a view toward prevention
and recommendations submitted for transmittal to the of duplication and establishment of cooperative pro-
appropriate agencies responsible for the regulation of grams. Semiannual meetings are held by the Commit-
the fishery or engaged in research. tee; one in the winter to present detailed plans for the
Sea lamprey control is carried out by contracting coming year's research and one in the summer to report
with the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and on the conformance to plans and status of the activi-
the Department of Fisheries and Forestry of Canada. ties. The Committee furnishes copies of the minutes
Regular treatment of streams in which sea lamprey of its meetings to the GLSG.
larvae are produced has reduced the lamprey popula-
tions in Lake Superior and Lake Michigan and im- International Association for Great Lakes Research
proved the survival of several important species of The International Association for Great Lakes Re-
fish. The control program was extended to Lake search (IAGLR) was formed in 1967 when it was de-
Huron in 1966. cided that a formal organization was needed to spon-
Great Lakes Study Group and Federal Inter-Agency sor the Conference on Great Lakes Research that had
Conunittee previously been held under the auspices of the Uni-
The Great Lakes Study Group (GLSG) is an in- versity of Michigan's Great Lakes Research Division
formal international organization including represent- and the Great Lakes Institute at the University of To-
ative of Canadian and United States agencies and ronto. The stated objectives of the Association are "the
institutions engaged in basic and applied research and promotion of all aspects of Great Lakes research and
engineering investigations related to the development the dissemination of research information through pub-
and utilization of Great Lakes water resources. The lications and meetings." Member-ship is designed to
GLSG was formed October 1962 as the Lake Erie include engineers, economists, sociologists, political
Study Group and was later renamed the Great Lakes scientists, legal experts, regional planners, and psychol-
Study Group in recognition of the members' interests ogists, as well as those in the natural sciences. Con-
in all the Great Lakes. ference proceedings are published.
The primary purpose of this group is to facilitate the
exchange of information and to provide informal co- International Field Year on the Great Lakes
ordination among the various research activities re-
lating to the lakes and their basins. The group provides The International Field Year on the Great Lakes
a forum for assisting and coordinating and eliminating (IFYGL) is a joint United States-Canadian effort to
duplication. It also sponsors a data repository for the focus hydrologic research on a Great Lake, Lake
acquisition, storage, retrieval, and dissemination of Ontario. It is a portion of the world-wide Intema-

tional Hydrologic Decade. The project is planned for basin. Lake Ontario was selected as a test site on the
the period 1968-74 and includes an 18-month period basis of the need for scientific information, public
of intensive field investigations starting in April 197 1. interest, representativeness of the lake, quality of data,
The proposed objectives of the IFYGL are to in- logistics, and operating costs. It is expected that the
vestigate in depth a number of basic physical problems knowledge gained from this work will be useful not
associated with the hydrology, meteorology, physical only in studies of the other Great Lakes but also for
linmology, and geology of a large lake and its drainage many of the large lakes of the world.

Canada

If the Great Lakes are important to the United A major objective of the Centre's research program
States, they are vital to Canada. Over 60 percent of is to develop multidisciplinary water quality prediction
Canada's population and economy is concentrated models of the Great Lakes and other Canadian lakes.
around the rim of the lakes and in the St. Lawrence An Advisory Committee to the Centre is now (early
Basin. The importance of the lakes is reflected in the 1969) being formed which will consist of representa-
efforts and studies given to them by Canadian tives of Federal and provincial agencies, universities,
institutions. and the private sector of the economy.
The Centre has available the new lake research ves-
Canada Centre for Inland Waters sel, C.S.S. Limnos, designed for research in all aspects
of limnology, lake geology, and water pollution. De-
The Canada Centre for Inland Waters (CCIW) is signed for year-round operation, the Limnos has a
the major Federal interdisciplinary water resources re- complement of 27, including I I scientists and tech-
search institute in Canada. It was authorized by the nicians. On board laboratories permit physical, chemi-
Federal Treasury Board (a committee of the Cabinet) cal, bacteriological and other biological studies.
with three Federal departments participating in the
development. These are the Department of Energy, Fisheries Research Board of Canada
Mines and Resources, the Department of National The Fisheries Research Board is a research organiza-
Health and Welfare, and the Department of Fisheries tion established by act of Parliament for the purpose of
and Forestry (Fisheries Research Board). In addition, conducting basic and applied research on Canada's
the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada living aquatic resources, their environment and their
has developed plans for university participation in e utilization.
work of the Centre. Laboratory and office space will be The Board is under the control of the Minister of
provided for about 70 professors and graduate stu- Fisheries and acts as Canada's research agent for
dents. As part of its designated responsibility for co- lamprey research and control for the Great Lakes Fish-
ordinating Federal water programs, the Department ery Commission. The act requires that "a majority of
of Energy, Mines and Resources coordinates the the members of the Board, not including the chairman,
activities of CCIW and arranges for support facilities shall be scientists, and the remaining members of the
for all participating agencies. Board shall be representative of the Department [of
The Great Lakes Division of the Inland Waters Fisheries and Forestry] and the fishing industry."
Branch of the Department of Energy, Mines and Re- The Board has established the Freshwater Institute
sources is carrying the main responsibility for initial on the Campus of the University of Manitoba, Win-
development of the Centre which is located at Burling- nipeg, Manitoba, with a special section dealing with
ton, Ontario. The permanent buildings will be com- problems of eutrophication. The major Great Lakes
pleted in stages between 1970 and 1972. Until then, the activity of the Board's eutrophication section is based at
Great Lakes Division and other components of the the Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington.
Centre are housed in a 25,000-square-foot trailer com-
plex. The present programs of the Centre and the Canadian Committee on Oceanography
Great Lakes Division involve research into physical,
chemical, geological, and biological processes in the The Canadian Committee on Oceanography
Great Lakes. These are directed toward solutions of (CCO) is an association of Federal Government agen-
problems posed by pollution, fluctuating water levels, cies and universities that are actively concerned in
ice, shore erosion, etc. As the permanent buildings of marine science and research and their application to
the Centre are completed, the programs will broaden the oceans and large Canadian lakes. It includes four
to include studies of waste treatment processes, university-based institutes that have formal provisions
hydraulics research, and socioeconomic studies. The for pertinent postgraduate education and research.
programs will increase in geographical scope to include The purposes of the Committee are to provide a for-
studies of fresh water resources throughout Canada. um and channels of negotiation for voluntary coopera-

tion and coordination of plans, resources, research and These sections are supported by electronics and
applications and exchange of pertinent information. mechanical engineering staffs and facilities, a data
The Committee organizes regional working groups processing unit, a technical operation section, and in
on the model of the CCO to accomplish similar pur- 1968 one major vessel, the C.S.S. Limnos was oper-ated
poses at the regional level. The Great Lakes Working by the Marine Science Branch on behalf of the Divi-
Group was forined in 1960. sion. A second large vessel was chartered. At the same
Great Lakes Working Group time, the Canadian Oceanographic Data Centre pro-
vides a vital service in handling the vast amounts of
The basic function of the Great Lakes Working data being collected by CCIW scientists in their Great
Group (GLWG) is to bring together all interested Lakes program.
Federal, Province, and university agencies which are As the work on the IJC report on Lakes Erie and
carying out research work on the Great Lakes. This Ontario is completed, elements of a long-term research
aids them in communicating programs of work, ar- program are developing which involve development of
ranging coordination where it is profitable, and in mathematical models for prediction of water quality
advising the Canadian Committee on Oceanography and aspects of physical, chemical and geological proc-
on policy matters relating to Great Lakes research. esses in the Great Lakes. The expertise being developed
In addition to the semiannual meeting of the mem- in the Great Lakes studies is also being applied in other
bers, a field program subcommittee of scientists in- major Canadian lakes.
volved in fieldwork meets annually or more frequently Marine Science Branch
as necessary to exchange information and coordinate Tides and Water Level Section
the details of fieldwork scheduled for the coming year. The Tides and Water Level Section (TWLS) con-
Department of Energy, Mines and Resources ducts tide and water level studies to provide datum in-
Inland Waters Branch formation for hydrographic, geodetic, and legal pur-
poses, and to provide tide and water level data for
Great Lakes Division. Government and private uses. This Section is also
The scientific sections of the Great Lakes Division concerned with several study and work groups deal-
are Chemical Limnology, Limnogeology, and Physical ing with Great Lakes water level and vertical control
Limnology. The Chemical Limnology Section, in co- problems. Activities include long-term water level fore-
operation with other agencies, collects and analyzes casts, hydrodynamic leveling and the meteorological
data of monitoring cruises on the Great Lakes. The conditions and manmade structures affecting lake
section studies trends in chemical composition of lake levels.
waters and interactions within the lakes. The Physical Presently, about 40 permanent gages are located
Limnology Section has been investigating the circula- along the Canadian shores of the Great Lakes and the
tion and physical properties of Lakes Ontario and international section of the St. Lawrence River to pro,
Erie in support of the IJC studies on pollution. Pro- vide information for charting, navigation, and other
grams include temperature, turbidity and meteor- purposes. These gages are maintained by the Water
ological monitoring efforts; measurements of air, mo- Survey Division of the Inland Waters Branch (Water
mentum, and temperature flux by eddy correlation Survey of Canada).
techniques from an 80-foot tower in Lake Ontario; Flow and water levels of connecting rivers, the St.
spectral analysis of water level data in studying the
free surface modes of oscillation in the region; tem- Lawrence River and tributaries to the Great Lakes are
perature and current meter moorings to study up- measured by the Water Survey Division, Inland Waters
welling, the "coastal jet" phenomenon, and scales of Branch, in a program developed cooperatively with the
motion encountered; remote sensing through thermal Province of Ontario. In addition ' sediment measure-
imagery as applied to pollution and limnologicaI ment programs are conducted by the Water Survey.
studies, and techniques of value in the furthering of Data are published regularly by the Department of
various mathematical models in the Great Lakes. The Energy, Mines and Resources.
Limnogeology Section conducts extensive studies in all
four of the Great Lakes bordering on Canada, and in Department of Fisheries and Forestry
other Canadian lakes as required, of the movement
and deposition of sediments in lakes, the geochemistry The Canadian Department of Fisheries and For-
of sediments and the role of the sediments on pollu- estry's major responsibility in the Great Lakes region is
tion levels in the lakes. A special program in collabora- providing manpower to conduct the Canadian sea
tion with the Fisheries Research Board is designed to lamprey control program, providing funds to the Great
determine relationships between bottom fauna and Lakes Fishery Commission and serving as a member of
sediment characteristics. that commission.

Department of National Health and Welfare Ice Reconnaissance Section of the Basic Weather Di-
vision conducts flights over the lakes during winter.
The Department of National Health and Welfare's Marine Weather forecasts are issued routinely by the
Division of Public Health Engineering is primarily Forecast Office at Toronto International Airport.
concerned with the problems of water pollution, The Lakes Investigation Unit is responsible for the
especially where health aspects are concerned. A signif- coordination of lakes research within the Meteorologi-
icant portion of the Division's recent work has involved cal Branch and actually conducts most of the research
pollution studies on the Great Lakes. Current studies projects and special observation programs. The unit
on the Great Lakes are being conducted under the is also responsible for cooperation in lakes research
auspices of the International joint Commission. The with other Provincial, Federal, and international de-
Division also has the responsibility for pollution control partments and agencies and universities. Many Lakes
at Federal facilities, carries out basic and applied re- Investigation Unit projects are in cooperation with
search, and acts in an advisory capacity to the prov- other agencies or organizations. The unit has an active
inces. The Great Lakes portion of the Department's program based at the Baie du Dore Research Station
program is now based at Kingston and Ottawa, but (Lake Huron), operated by the Great Lakes Institute
will be moved to the Canada Centre for Inland Waters of the University of Toronto. This program includes
in 1972. The lake studies (both bacteriological and such facilities as lake towers, research craft, and shore-
chemical) undertaken by the Department were largely line networks. In another major cooperative effort the
made from CCIW vessels. In the St. Lawrence River Department of Transport (Marine) provides and oper-
area, the Department utilizes its own small boats. ates the weather ship and research vessel C.C.G.S.
Porte Dauphine for the Great Lakes Institute and the
Department of Public Works Meteorological Branch. The unit also has a program
of monthly areal temperature surveys of each of the
The Department of Public Works is responsible for Great Lakes bordering Canada using the airborne
the management and direction of the public works of radiation thermometer technique. These data are used,
Canada except as specifically provided for in other in part, to make monthly estimates of evaporation
statutes. Officers of the Department serve on several losses from each of the Great Lakes and this informa-
boards and committees of the International joint Com- tion will soon be added to the monthly basin precipita-
mission including the Niagara Board of Control, the tion bulletins. At the present time much of the effort
American Falls International Board and the Intema- of the unit is in support of the IJC studies on lake
tional Great Lakes Levels Board. To assess the effects levels and of planning and preparation for the Inter-
of fluctuating water levels on all shore property, a national Field Year on the Great Lakes.
complete survey and inventory on the Canadian shore- In addition to the Lakes Investigation Unit pro-
line of the four Great Lakes has been carried out and gram, the meteorological and oceanographic aspects of
evaluations are being made. the multiagency wave study of Lake Superior are being
This Department also carries out dredging and handled by the Atmospheric Research Section of the
harbor construction works programs in many Canadian Branch's Research and Training Division.
harbors and channels. It is also responsible for ap- The Hydraulics Studies Division of the Marine Hy-
proval of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers dredging draulics Branch conducts engineering studies, re-
programs in the Canadian part of interconnecting search, and planning related to marine transportation
channels of Great Lakes waterways. requirements in navigable waterways, particularly the
Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River system. The Branch
Department of Transport and Division also provide engineering assistance to the
Intemational joint Commission through representa-
The Meteorological Branch of the Department of tion on a number of its investigatory and control
Transport has weather observing, forecasting, and re- boards and their committees, including the In-
search responsibilities on the Great Lakes. Active in- temational Great Lakes Levels Board and the
volvement in lakes research was intensified in 1958
when the Climatology Division created a Hydro- International St. Lawrence River Board of Control.
meteorology Section. Within that section, a separate A wave climate study has been initiated with joint
Lakes Investigation Unit was established in 196 1. participation by the Department of Public Works and
The operation of the land networks around the lakes the Department of Energy, Mines and Resources (in
is the responsibility of the Ontario Region, Air Serv- particular, the Marine Sciences Branch). The Wave
ices, Department of Transport. The cooperating com- Climate Coordinating Committee also includes rep-
mercial vessels are a joint responsibility of the Ontario resentation from the Department of Transport, the
Region and the Marine Unit of the Basic Weather National Harbours Board and the National Research
Division, Meteorological Branch Headquarters. The Council. This study will be carried out on a national

scale. Within the Great Lakes, projects have been stock, experimental trawling, and research in fishmeal
planned for locations in each Lake, plus further meas- production.
urements from the C.C.G.S. Porte Dauphine. The Department's Research Branch assesses and
Other Branches of the Department having functions undertakes research needs of the Department in areas
related to the Great Lakes Basin are: Marine Works, not covered by other research agencies, and determines
which is responsible for aids to navigation and for the fundamental facts on which natural resource man-
public wharves (except those administered by the Na- agement should be based, methods to be used in pro-
tional Harbours Board) ; Marine Regulations, which dmtion and maintenance of these resources, and yields
is responsible for pilotage, vessel safety inspection, pre- to be expected in quality and quantity from specific
vention of oil pollution of Canadian waterways by treatment. Its investigations include research on fish
shipping, and related matters; and Marine Opera- populations, assessment of the effect of residual lamp-
tions, which is responsible for the operation of the rey populations on natural spawning, selective breed-
Canadian Coastguard, including winter icebreaking. ing of the brook trout-lake trout hybrid (splake) for
Most of these various departmental activities are man- the rehabilitation of the Lake Huron fishery, and re-
aged through 11 district marine agencies. The Great search into influences of environmental changes on the
Lakes area is served by the agencies at Prescott, Parry fishery. The Research Branch is responsible for general
Sound, and Port Arthur, Ontario. research in Lakes Huron, Erie and Ontario.
National Research Council of Canada The Department has a continuing program of ac-
quisition of private lands for recreation, wildlife man-
The National Research Council of Canada provides agement, parks, etc. A substantial part of the land
grants to individuals at a number of Canadian univer- puXchases for these purposes front on the Great Lakes
sities for research in the Great Lakes, including bio- in southern Ontario in order to meet the public de-
logical, limnological problems, lake circulation and mand for access to water. Approximately 200 small
diffusion, water treatment processes, and water systems boat anchorages comprising Crown land have been
analysis. The Council has also provided annual operat- reserved for public use.
ing grants to support the work of the Great Lakes The Fish and Wildlife Branch is involved in fish
Institute. monitoring programs, exploratory fishing operations
ONTARIO and industrial development projects. Studies concerned
with pesticide levels in fish and the effects of thermal
All of the Canadian waters of the Great Lakes and pollution on the environment are either planned or
a portion of the St. Lawrence River lie within the in progress. Two special fisheries management units,
Province of Ontario. This area includes about 41 per- one on the Bay of Quinte and the other on Lake St.
cent or 122,000 square miles of the basin, of which Clair, have been established. Other similar units are
about 34,000 square miles are water. About one-third planned for the Great Lakes.
of the total Canadian population lives in Ontario.
Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario
Departincrit of Lands and Forests The Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario
In 1946 the Game and Fisheries Department merged is a corporate self-sustaining public enterprise endowed
with the Department of Lands and Forests, thereby with broad powers with respect to electricity supply
establishing a unified responsibility for the administra- throughout the Province of Ontario. It operates under
tion of all living natural resources on Crown lands. the Power Commission Act passed in 1907, as
The goals of the Department are to: (1) manage the amended.
public domain for a sustained and increasing produc- The Commission is engaged in limnological in-
tion of resource materials to meet current and pro- vestigations related to the development and operation
jected requirements; (2) provide for the disposition of hydroelectric, thermal, and nuclear generating sta-
and acquisition of land in accordance with soundly tions. Present activities include investigations of lake
based, long-range land use plans; (3) provide outdoor currents and temperature, formation of ice and ex-
recreation opportunities through a network of provin- tension of ice cover, observations of weed growth, and
cial parks and a fish and wildlife management pro- chemical and biological investigations. Investigations
gram, and (4) provide advice and assistance to owners are made at existing generating stations, as well as at
of land so that they may realize or provide the benefits sites selected for future development on the shores
resulting from management. of Lakes Huron, Erie, and Ontario, and on the St.
Department activities in the Great Lakes related to Clair and Niagara Rivers. In the past the scope of
fisheries involve evaluation and assessment of the com- the investigations was limited. Their main purpose
mercial fishery, licensing for recreational and com- was to provide basic data for thedesign of certain hy-
mercial fishery purposes, management of natural draulic structures. The future program is likely to be
stocks, lake rehabilitation through planting of hatchery expanded in the general environmental field.

The Commission is also active in connection with vessel has a range of 3,000 miles, a crew of 18 and six
the IJC studies on control of Great Lakes levels. technicians, and can accommodate up to eight scientists
in addition to the permanent staff. The Porte Dau-
Ontario Water Resources Commission phine, on her research work, sails approximately 25,000
The Ontario Water Resources Commission nautical miles a year and operates all year round.
OWRC) administers an extensive program on pollu- The Institute maintains a fleet of five equipped
launches and operates them on behalf of university
tion control and water resource protection directed researchers. It also maintains a research station at Baie
primarily toward the control of municipal and in- du Dore on Lake Huron which provide facilities for
dustrial waste. It has a major responsibility for con- limnological research. Facilities include a sheltered
struction and operation of waste and water treatment harbor to accommodate small vessels of up to 4-foot
facilities and for enforcement of antipollution legisla- draft, and living and working quarters for 22 men and
tion. The Commission is authorized to build, finance, six women.
and operate sewerage projects at municipal request, University of Waterloo
subject to cost recovery through user service charges.
The Commission may also direct municipalities and Research in a wide variety of topics in water re-
industries to provide treatment facilities which will sources is coordinated by the University of Waterloo,
meet Commission approved objectives. Water Resources Institute with individual member-
In the Great Lakes, the Commission is giving in- ship from the Faculties of'Engineering, Physical and
creased attention to the analysis of lake waters in Life Sciences, and Geography. In particular, research
near-shore major-use areas. Locations where uses con-
in physical lininology is principally carried out in the
flict are being given priority to permit development Department of Mechanical Engineering with a further
and application of water loading limits. The OWRC contribution from the Physics Department. The main
also actively participates in IJC pollution studies in emphasis is on mixing procmes, windrows, surface
the Great Lakes and interconnecting channels. and internal wave phenomena, coastal jets, dynamics
UNIVERSITIES of lake currents and sea-air interaction. Programs in
the Department of Biology include biological and
University of Toronto ecological studies of water within the Great Lakes
Basin and specific projects on the Great Lakes
The Great Lakes Institute of the University of themselves.
Toronto is an integral part of the School of Graduate
Studies. The Institute is so organized that its facilities Other Universities
are available to other agencies or individuals working
on the lakes. The Universities of McMaster, Western Ontario,
The Department of Transport operates the research and Windsor are known to have active programs
ship, C.C.G.S. Porte Dauphine for the Institute. This related to the water resources of the Great Lakes.

355-067 0-69-3

United States

Fifty-nine percent, or 176,000 square miles, of the The water resource planning and development ac-
Great Lakes Basin lies in the United States. This com- tivities of the Department are carried out principally
prises about 4 percent of the country's land area. through its Soil Conservation Service, Forest Service,
About 115 000 square miles is land; the rest is water. and Economic Research Service in coordination with
It is an urbanized, industrialized region containing 14 other agencies to avoid duplication. Other agencies
percent of the Nation's population. About 80 percent within the Department have been authorized either
of the 29 million inhabitants are classified as urban by legislation or Executive Order to work in the fields
residents. In 1963, manufacturing activities in the basin of conservation, use and quality of the Nation's fresh
exceeded $40 billion-almost one-fourth of the Na- water resources which bear on the broad field of ocean-
tion's total. ography. The Secretary of the Department is a mem-
Although the U.S. portion of the Great Lakes is ber of the U.S. Water Resources Council.
owned by the States, the Federal Government has Agricultural Research Service
definite statutory responsibilities in the basin, and both
Federal and State institutions are active in planning Soil and Water Conservation Research Division
and management in the Great Lakes Region. This Division is engaged in a national program of
research on soils, water, and watershed engineering.
U.S. Department of Agriculture Included are investigations of amount, rate, and dis-
tribution of runoff and streamflow in relation to pre-
The Department of Agriculture (USDA) investi- cipitation patterns, soils, and land use of agricultural
gates agricultural, rural and upstream water and watersheds; ground water recharge; stream channel
related land resource problems and need for develop- stabilization; amount, origin, transport, and deposition
ment. Consideration is given to the interrelationships of sediments; engineering design of conservation struc-
of the upstream, downstream, and interlake needs and tuXes; irrigation technology and water requirements;
problems. The problems analyzed include flood water methods and materials for surface and subsurface
and sediment damage to rural lands and properties and drainage; erosion mechanics and prediction of erosion
contribution to damage of downstream areas, impaired rates; tillage methods, earth-moving techniques, plant
drainage of agricultural lands, agricultural drought nutrition, cropping systems, and other land manage-
problems and irrigation requirements, water needs for ment practices for watershed protection; water demand
livestock and rural domestic use, and, in addition, for leaching of saline soils; physiologic processes and
water needs for recreational use, fish and wildlife climatic and soil factors relating to use of water by
habitat improvement, and water requirements for agri- crop plants; phreatophyte control; application and
cultural-based industries. diffusion of pesticides; water harvesting by chemical
The Department analyzes potential water and re- treatment or plastic covering of ground surface; reser-
lated land resource development in the upstream areas, voir evaporation suppression by chemicals and other
including an analysis of water storage capacity, the means; evapotranspiration from agricultural lands
effect of land use and management practices on water and energy-balance phenomena related to water evap-
quality and flow characteristics, and the potential hy- oration; snow accumulation and melting.
drologic effect of agricultural, rural, and upstream
developments. Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service
The USDA appr-aises the economic effects and con- This Service is interested in protection of water sup-
seqwnces of development alternatives on the agricul- ply sources and conservation of soil and water through
tural and related sectors of the economy, as well as production and cropland adjustment programs and
beneficial or adverse effects of alternative combina- Agricultural Conservation Program cost-sharing with
tions of structural and nonstructural measures as they individual farmers. The cost-sharing program includes
relate to the scale of development and the resulting such on-farm measures as terracing, stripcropping,
effect on economic activity and growth. water control structures, streambarik control measures,

small storage dams and reservoirs, agricultural drain- phreatophyte control; snow management; evapotran-
age, and protective vegetative cover and tree planting spiration from forest lands; watershed protection and
for soil and water conservation. erosion control; watershed rehabilitation; reforesta-
tion; engineering methods for soil and water control;
Economic Research Service stabilization of mountain stream channels; logging
This Service participates in comprehensive river ba- operations that provide maximum watershed protec-
sin planning and engages in research on the economics tion; and the behavior and control of environmental
of natural resource use and development. In compre- contaminants that could adversely affect the soil and
hensive river basin investigations, the Service develops water of forests and ranges.
baseline projections of agricultural production, land National Agricultural Library
use, and employment and income; analyzes agricul-
tural demand for land and water and economic needs The Library is interested in publications on the con-
for development; and evaluates the economic impacts servation of water as a natural resource; water pollu-
and implications of water resource development alter- tion; water as related to agriculture, e.g., irrigation,
natives on the agricultural and related sectors of the harvests, and effect on plants, soils, and animals; drain-
economy. This Service also carries out economic re- age; flood control, hydrology, and watershed man-
search on farm production, marketing, and rural agement.
development. Soil Conservation Service
Farmers Home Administration The Soil Conservation Service acts as the technical
The Farmers Home Administration makes loans service agency of the Department of Agriculture in
and grants for the construction of rural community the field of soil and water conservation, watershed pro-
water and waste disposal systems serving rural resi- tection and flood prevention, and resource develop-
dents. Loans are also made to local organizations to ment, except on lands administered by the Forest Serv-
help finance irrigation and recreational facilities and ice. It is responsible for administration of programs for
watershed projects. Grants are available to assist com- watershed protection and flood prevention in the con-
munities which currently are without the resources servation, development, utilization and disposal of
to pay for the development of official comprenhensive water in upstream watersheds and activities in connec-
water and sewer plans in rural areas. tion with river basin investigations. It represents the
Department in interagency planning and coordination
Forest Service activities. It administers programs of financial and
Division of Flood Prevention and River Basin technical assistance in water and related land resource
Programs development to States and local organizations in the
This Division is involved in flood prevention and small watershed projects. Assistance is provided for
river basin planning on Stateand private forest lands; such purposes as watershed protection, flood preven-
hydrology; watershed management practices, plan- tion, agricultural water management, recreation, fish
ning, and design, including effects of sediment and and wildlife, municipal and industrial water supply,
erosion control, irrigation, planting and terracing, re- and water quality management. A broader assistance
forestation, grazing control, and fire control. program to individual landowners and groups is pro-
vided through soil and water conservation districts to
Division of Watershed Management plan and carry out soil conservation and water man-
This Division's interest is in all phases of managing agement measures. Technical facilities include hydrol-
the soil and water resources of National Forest System ogy, soil surveys, erosion control, water yield and use,
lands; soil and hydrologic surveys; municipal supply sedimentation, snow survey and water supply forecast-
watershed management; increasing water yields ing, in addition to engineering and economic planning
through snowpack management and vegetation manip- of water and related land resources measures.
ulation; water quality management; restoration of
deteriorated watersheds; watershed protection; erosion U.S. Department of Commerce
control; water rights for national forest management; The Secretary of Commerce is an associate member
and coordination of water resource development proj- of the U.S. Water Resources Council.
ects with other National Forest System approaches. Business and Defense Service Administration
Division of Watershed, Recreation, and Range The Business and Defense Service Administration
Research (BDSA) was established by the Secretary of Com-
This Division is interested in water yield improve- merce in 1953 to promote and develop the growth of
ment; reduction of water losses by manipulation or U.S. industry and commerce and to prepare and ex-
removal of vegetation; soil-plant-water relationships; ecute plans for industrial mobilization readiness. The

agency has four major program areas: Industrial chant Marine Act, 1936, as amended, the Administra-
analysis, domestic business policy, technical business tion is responsible for five groups of programs: (1)
services and defense production and industrial readi- financial assistance to shipping, which includes oper-
ness. In addition to promoting industry and commerce ating and construction subsidies, ship replacement,
in the Great Lakes Basin, BDSA also encourages busi- vessel mortgage insurance, and cargo preference; (2)
ness participation in the achievement of national goals, maritime operations, including reserve fleet mainte-
including pollution abatement. nance, ship exchanges, charters and transfers; (3)
BDSA is participating in the preparation of the maritime promotion, which involves cargo promotion
Great Lakes Basin joint comprehensive plan by inves- and port development; (4) maritime training, which
tigating industrial water requirements and the effect on includes operations of the U.S. Merchant Marine
withdrawal requirements of industrial growth, tech- Academy and responsibilities for the five State mari-
nological changes, and industry water conservation time academies, and (5) research and development,
practices. devoted to new systems development and to cost-
Economic Development Administration reduction projects.
The Maritime Administration has responsibility for
Public Law 89-136, 89th Congress, S. 1648, was ap- promoting the development of U.S. ports and related
proved on August 26, 1965. The Congress, recogniz- transportation facilities in connection with waterborne
ing that some regions, counties and communities were commerce including (1) investigating territorial re-
not sharing in our national growing prosperity, created gions and zones (hinterland) tributary to ports taking
the Economic Develohment Administration (EDA) into consideration the economics of transportation by
under the Commerce Department to cooperate with rail, water,highway, air, and pipeline and the direction
the States within such areas and regions of persistent of the flow of commerce; (2) advising and assisting
unemployment and underemployment to enable such communities on the advantages of port improvements
areas to help themselves. Public works grants, loans, and the appropriate location, construction, and types
planning and other technical assistance are available of marine terminals and their cargo handling facilities
to States and political subdivisions, Indian tribes, and in order to achieve the most economical transfer of
public and private nonprofit corporations, and loans cargo between land and water carriers in connection
and loan guarantees are available to individuals to with the flow of domestic and foreign commerce, and
allow the establishment of prosperous diversified local (3) developing estimates of national port needs and
economies and improved local conditions. preparing long-range plans, as required, to the end
Environmental Science Services Administration that adequate port facilities may be established for
handling the foreign and domestic waterborne com-
As a part of its weather forecasting service, the merce of the United States.
Weather Bureau of the Environmental Science Serv- Under contract with Southern Illinois University
ices Administration (BSSA) provides special forecasts the Administration has an ongoing study, entitled "Port
for shipping and recreational boating interests over all and Shipping Systems on the Great Lakes," to (1)
the Great Lakes. Forecasts cover general weather, but assemble both technical and nontechnical information
emphasize wind and wave conditions. The forecasts regarding all phases of activities in Great Lakes ports;
are made each 6 hours on a regular basis, with inter- (2) show the influence of the St. Lawrence Seaway
mediate warnings as appropriate. Special forecasts also in forming and reforming the ports and their water-
are made of the probable time of break-up of ice in the bome dirrcted functions, and (3) give extensive details
lakes and the resulting opening of the navigation sea- on many economic matters affecting a large number
son. Other forecasts cover the setup or rise in lake levels of Great Lakes ports, including investigation of ter-
due to wind stress on the water surface. Supporting re- ritorial regions and zones tributary to such ports.
search is conducted in all areas.
A research program is exploring the possibility of Office of Business Econormics, Regional Economics
modifying the severe "lake-effect" storms which pro- Division
duce heavy snowfall along the southern shores of Lake The Regional Economics Division of the Office of
Erie and Lake Ontario. One approach being tested is Business Economics (OBE) was established by the
the use of cloud seeding to reduce snowfall rates along U.S. Department of Commerce in 1964. The Division
the shorelines and redistribute the snow farther inland undertook to provide for the Water Resources Coun-
over a wider area. cil a consistent set of projections of income, employ-
Maritime Administration ment and population for local areas throughout the
country. These projections are intended to serve as
The Maritime Administration was established by or- the economic basis for planning the development of
ganic legislation and placed under the jurisdiction of water and related land resources in various areas of the
the U.S. Department of Commerce. Under the Mer- Nation.

The Division is also participating in the Comprehen- Pollution Control Administration initiated a joint study
sive Study of the Great Lakes under the auspices of to determine the effects of disposing of dredged mate-
the Great Lakes Basin Commission. As part of that rials in the lakes and to develop alternative procedures
study, the Division will study certain industries which and costs necessary to insure compliance with estab-
are of major economic importance in the area and lished water quality standards.
which affect its water resources. Also, analysis will be The U.S. Lake Survey (USLS), a district office of
made of the economic impact of alternative water de- CE, was created by Congress in 1841 to conduct a hy-
velopment proposals. drographic survey of the northern and northwestern
lakes. This work eventually involved a number of re-
U.S. Department of Defense lated scientific fields such as hydraulics and hydrol-
The Secretary of the Army is a member of the U.S. ogy, meteorology, geomorphology, and geology. Since
1898, the Lake Survey has been assigned a two-fold
Water Resources Council. mission for the publication of navigation charts of the
Army Corps of Engineers Great Lakes and the study of all matters affecting their
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (CE) has been hydraulics and hydrology.
the Federal Government's principal water resources The study of the influences which affect the levels
development agency since 1824. It acts under au- of the lakes was required to determine the extent to
thority of general and specific congressional legislation. which lake levels might be regulated and in what way
Through its civil works programs the Corps car- the depth of the improved navigable channels might
ries out a basin-wide comprehensive water resources best be preserved from reduction due to lowering levels.
planning, construction, and operations effort in co- Systematic records of lake levels and outflow data have
operation with all other interested agencies of gov- been maintained by the Lake Survey since 1860.
ernment at all levels-Federal, State, and local-and The USLS today provides technical support to the
a wide range of civic and private interests. The civil Boards of the IJC and to their various Committees and
works program is directed toward the coordinated de- serves other interested agencies and the general public
velopment of the water resources of the basin in a through the collection, correlation, analysis, and pub-
manner which will lead to the satisfaction of all water- lication of physical data on the water resources of
related requirements, both immediate and long range. the Great Lakes. These data cover water levels and
These include flood control; navigation; hydroelectric depths, current velocities, river flows, diversions of
power generation; municipal, industrial, and agricul- water, water supplies, over-water and over-land pre-
tural water supply; water quality control; recreation; cipitation, temperatures, topogaphy, hydrography,
and the conservation of fish and wildlife. nautical information, crustal movement, geodetic
In the Great Lakes area the Corps, through its positions, elevations of monumented points, wind ve-
Division and five district offices, plans and constructs locities, information on ice, and information on related
flood control projects, navigation channels, harbors, phenomena.
and protective works for the prevention of beach and Since 1962, the USLS has also conducted a formal-
shore erosion. Its work includes investigating ways ized research program on the Great Lakes in the fields
and means to preserve and enhance the scenic beauty of water motion, shore processes, water characteristics,
of Niagara Falls, where the American Falls have been water quantity, and ice and snow. This program has
,seriously deteriorating during the last quarter of a the objectives of gaining a better understanding of the
century. The Corps civil works program includes Fed- natural environment and the ability to forecast the
2ral regulatory functions pertaining to the navigable effects of natural and artificial modifications. Research
,aters of the Great Lakes, collection and dissemina- in the five fields includes most of the major phenomena
-,n of information on flood conditions, conduct of and characteristics of the Lakes and their immediate
jod fighting and rescue work, participation in other environment as they relate to the missions of the Corps
.isaster operations, and surveying and charting the of Engineers in the area.
,,reat Lakes. Office of Naval Research
The Corps periodically dredges over 100 naviga-
on channels and harbors in the Great Lakes. The The Office of Naval Research (ONR) was estab-
.actice in many of these areas is to deposit dredged lished by organic legislation in 1946. It manages and
.aterial in deeper waters removed from project chan- directs a broad program of scientific research and ex-
!s. Within the last few years, considerable attention ploratory development that is designed to make new
been given to these dredging operations on the and improved technological approaches available to
nise that they might adversely affect water quality the Navy. The ONR encourages, promotes, Plans, ini-
the Great Lakes. Based upon this presumption, in tiates and coordinates individual programs of naval
i6 the Corps of Engineers and the Federal Water research. This is done, in part, by ONIVs own labora-

tories and in part under contract arrangements with Department has membership on the Great Lakes Basin
universities, nonprofit institutions, and industrial Commission.
establishments.
Work on the Great Lakes supported by ONR is U.S. Department of the Interior
carried out as part of the Contract Research Program. The activities of the Department of the Interior are
Current areas of investigation include studies of waves conducted through a number of semiautorromous bu-
and wave motion, a biology program studying the reaus and agencies whose planning and related activi-
plankton ecology of Lake Michigan, perfection of ties in the Great Lakes area are coordinated by a
plankton sampling techniques and the application of regional coordinator. The Secretary of the Department
these to a "ship-of-opportunity" program. A wave and is a member of the U.S. Water Resources Council. He
wave motion program includes studies of high-fre-
0 has been appointed Chairman by the President.
quency waves, turbulence, whitecapping, kinematics of The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries (BCF) was
waves, and a wave and current energy analysis of the established in its present form by the Fish and
near-shore zone. Wildlife Act of 1956, although its history may be traced
U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare to the formation of the U.S. Fish Commission in 1871.
The Great Lakes Biological Laboratory was estab-
Water research and investigation is conducted by the lished in Ann Arbor, Mich., by the Bureau of Fisheries
Public Health Service of the Department of Health, in 1927, incorporating on a continuing basis earlier,
Education and Welfare (HEW) under the authority more scattered activities. In 1959 the Great Lakes and
of the Public Health Service Act. The program can be Central Regional Office was formed, including the
divided into three sections: Chemical, biological, and Great Lakes Biological Laboratory (now the Great
radiological. The act also states that water provided Lakes Fishery Laboratory) and other disciplines and
by operators of interstate conveyances for drinking and functions. Over the years, BCF and its predecessors
culinary purposes shall either be obtained from water- have been the principal fishery research agencies on
ing points approved by the Surgeon General or shall the Great Lakes.
have been subjected to treatment approved by the The Bureau conducts several programs in the Great
Surgeon General. Lakes Basin. BCF is under contract to the Great Lakes
PHS responsibilities also include recreation sanita- Fishery Commission to conduct the sea lamprey con-
tion, drinking water supply, vector control, solid trol program in U.S. waters of the Great Lakes. The
wastes management, air pollution, radiological biological and limnological programs of the Great
health, health ecology, and shellfish sanitation. The Lakes Fishery Laboratory are designed to provide fun-
Secretary of HEW is a member of the Water Resources damental information of factors which influence
Council, and the PHS is active in the preparation of changes in the survival and abundance of fish. The
the joint comprehensive plan for the Great Lakes Basin. Bureau's industrial research program is designed to
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has support and enhance the profitability of the commer-
responsibility for surveillance and regulation of pesti- cial fishing industry. Development of better resource
cide residues found in fish products from the lakes. assessment and harvesting methods helps to attain pro-
duction of the proper combination of species for bal-
Department of Housing and Urban Development anced utilization. Efforts are being made to develop
new, high-quality processing techniques and new fish-
The Department of Housing and Urban Develop- ery products in order to expand the market potential
ment (HUD) was established by organic legislation in for Great Lakes fish species. Other programs consider
1965, as a combination of several existing agencies. Its the economic aspects of production, processing, distril
main concern is with housing and urban problems, uting, and marketing. Some are designed to deveh.
which include assistance for local communities, local new markets and procedures.
public bodies and agencies to finance the cost of acqui- Other BCF programs include administration of th
sition, improvement, and construction of: Sanitation Commercial Fishery Research and Development Ac
and water facilities; parks, recreation facilities, and and the Anadromous Fish Act. These give Feder@
open space; storm sewers, and public docks and non- financial assistance to State agencies for programs re'
Federal river harbor improvements. ated to commercial fishery development. The Wat
Under Section 701 of the Housing Act of 1954, Resources Studies Office insures that fishing interei@
grants, each in excess of $50 million, for planning and are adequately represented in water resources ph
water and sewer facilities have been made to the eight- ning and development programs conducted by Fe&
State region. agencies, or programs that require a permit fror,
The Secretary of the Department serves as an asso- Federal agency. The Statistical Branch develops sta
ciate member of the Water Resources Council, and the tical data on the commercial fishery.

In conducting these programs BCF operates sev- also coordinates a program of recreation land acquisi-
eral research vessels on the Great Lakes. The R/V tion by the National Park Service, Forest Service, and
Cisco (60 feet) is used primarily for research on the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.
life history, distribution, abundance and survival of BOR provides outdoor recreation planning assist-
deepwater fish stocks and studies of aquatic environ- ance at Federal water projects in accordance with
mental conditions. The R/V Kaho (65 feet) is used in Public Law 89-72, the Federal Water Projects Recrea-
resource assessment and fishing methods improvement. tion Act of 1965. BOR also reviews non-Federal appli-
Both of these vessels are based at Saugatuck, Mich. cations for Corps of Engineers permits and Federal
The R/V Musky 11 (45 feet) operates out of the San- Power Commission licenses. Recent legislation directs
dusky, Ohio Biological Station, and is used for studies BOR to coordinate recreation programs with trans-
of warm water fish stocks of Lake Erie. The R/V portation programs, evaluate potential national recrea-
Siscowet (57 feet) is assigned to the Ashland, Wis. tion areas, and conduct studies of trails and wild and
Biological Station, and is used for research on the scenic rivers for inclusion in national systems.
distribution, abundance, and ecology of lake trout, The Lake Central Regional Office is responsible for
whitefish, lake herring, and other species in western performing BOR's functions in the Great Lakes area.
Lake Superior. This office is currently engaged in the Great Lakes
Bureau of Mines Basin Comprehensive Framework Study, the Great
Lakes-Illinois River Basin Study, the International
The Bureau of Mines (BOM) was established in joint Commission Lake Levels Study, the Grand River
1910 by organic legislation. Its programs are designed Basin Comprehensive Study in Michigan, and the
to conserve and develop mineral resources and to pro- Southeastern Michigan Study. Land acquisition pro-
mote safety and healthful working conditions in the grams for the Indiana Dunes and Pictured Rocks Na-
mineral industries. Bureau of Mines studies in the tional Lakeshores have been reviewed as part of a
Great Lakes region in connection with the prepara- 5-year land acquisition program of the National Park
tion of the Great Lakes Basin Commission's joint com- Service. Applications for Federal permits and licenses
prehensive plan include projection of potential involving waters flowing into the Great Lakes are re-
mineral industries in each of the lake basins and pro- viewed to prevent conflicts with public outdoor recrea-
viding projections of production, employment, water tion. The outdoor recreation land acquisition and
demand, and land use by these industries. development programs of all the Great Lakes States are
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation being financially assisted by the Land and Water Con-
The Bureau of Outdoor Recreation (BOR) was servation Fund program. In conducting the studies and
established by the Secretary of the Interior on April 2, reviews, BOR works closely with the various States,
1962, as a result of recommendations of the Outdoor Federal agencies, and other interested parties in
Recreation Resources Review Commission. BOR's Or- an effort to prevent conflicts with ongoing outdoor
ganic Act, Public Law 88-29, was signed May 28, 1963. recreation programs.
This law authorized BOR to prepare and maintain a Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
nationwide outdoor recreation plan; provide technical The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife (BSFW)
assistance to States, their political subdivisions, and has active programs in the Great Lakes involving Fed-
private outdoor recreation interests; sponsor, engage eral aid, fish hatcheries, fishery services, management
in, and assist in outdoor recreation research, and and enforcement, river basin studies, wildlife refuges
promote coordination of Federal outdoor recreation and wildlife services. Federal aid in fisheries restoration
plans and activities. provides for additional sport fishing opportunities
BOR's functions were further expanded with the through research, management of fish populations,
passage of Public Law 88-578, the Land and Water land acquisition and development of fishery access.
Conservation Fund Act of 1965, and a subsequent Research in the Great Lakes and tributaries includes
amendment, Public Law 90-401. Under this legisla- studies on ecology, reproduction, diseases and popula-
tion, BOR administers the Land and Water Con- tion dynamics of coho salmon, steelhead trout and
servation Fund program which provides financial alewives; evaluation of lake trout stocking; and wall-
assistance to the States, and through the States to local eye reproduction, research and fishery surveys.
public agencies, for the acquisition and development Under Public Law 89-304 the Bureau seeks to
of public outdoor recreation resources. Financial and conserve, develop, and extend anadromous and Great
technical assistance are also provided to the States in Lakes fishery resources. The program cost, shared with
the preparation and maintenance of statewide com- the States, includes research, habitat improvement,
prehensive outdoor recreation plans. Within the au- determining the effects of pollution, program planning,
thorization provided by Public Law 88-578, BOR fish facility construction, and stocking. Projects include

construction of coho salmon facilities and design of (Michigan) Comprehensive Basin Study and is par-
coho evaluation studies; production, stocking and ticipating actively in the Southeastern Michigan Sur-
evaluation of steelhead and brown trout; introduction vey Study. The Division also consults with the Corps
of coho salmon in Lake Eric; lamprey study; stream of Engineers regarding applications for private permits
improvement, and research on races of walleyes and for dredging and filling in navigable waters which flow
spawning reefs in Lake Erie. into the Great Lakes.
The Bureau also operates three lake trout hatcheries The Division of Wildlife Refuges administers many
within the State of Michigan. During fiscal year 1969 national wildlife refuges in the Great Lakes Basin in-
these units produced 4.4 million trout, which were cluding: The Huron Islands in Lake Superior; Seney
marked and released into the Great Lakes as part of the National Wildlife Refuge in Schoolcraft County,
lake trout restoration program. This program will con- Mich.; Michigan Islands including Shoe and Pismire
tinue at this level until spawning populations are Islands in Lake Michigan and Scarecrow Island in
established. Lake Huron; Wisconsin Islands including Green Bay,
The Division of Management and Enforcement has Spider and Gravel Island in Lake Michigan; St. Clair
administrative offices located in each of the Great Island in Lake St. Clair and Wyandotte Refuge in the
Lakes States. This Division has the responsibility of Detroit River, Mich.; and Ottawa and Cedar Point
enforcing Federal regulations dealing with wildlife and National Wildlife Refuges on Lake Erie, Ohio. Con-
fish, and management of migratory birds in the States gress is considering several of these areas for wilderness
included in the basin. status under the Wilderness Act of 1964.
The Division of River Basin Studies (RBS) carries In addition, Shiawassee National Wildlife Refuge
out most of the statutory responsibilities of the Fish and is close to Saginaw Bay on Lake Huron and a new pro-
Wildlife Coordination Act. The basic purpose of this posal is being considered for another waterfowl refuge
activity is to assist in planning the development of the in Menominee County, Mich., near Lake Michigan.
Nation's water resources in a way that protects and The National Wildlife Refuge program is designed
develops its fish, wildlife and related values for the to protect and preserve wildlife species resident and
benefit of present and future generations. In carrying migratory and to provide for the development and
out its responsibilities the RBS investigates proposed management of the habitat, wildlife, and people to
water resource development projects of the Corps of insure the perpetuation of all.
Engineers and small watershed projects proposed under The Bureau's Division of Wildlife Services is con-
the programs of the Soil Conservation Service. The ducting a blackbird control investigation program in
Division also studies non-Federal projects which re- Ohio and Michigan. The program consists of assess-
qu@ire Federal permits or licenses from the Federal ing blackbird depredations on field com and conduct-
Power Commission, the Corps of Engineers, the Forest ing tests to determine methods to alleviate such
Service, the Bureau of Land Management and the damage. The program is being conducted mostly in
Atomic Energy Commission. the counties in the western end of Lake Erie. The
During the investigations of proposed water re- counties include Lucas, Ottawa, Sandusky, and Erie
source development projects and river basin plans, the in Ohio, and Monroe in Michigan. The headquarters
Division works closely, not only with the. construction for this program is at Sandusky, Ohio.
and licensing agencies, but also with the Bureau of Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Commercial Fisheries and with State fish and game
agencies to determine the probable effects of proposed The first permanent Federal legislation relative to
water-use projects on fish and wildlife resources. RBS water pollution control was passed by Congress in
also develops plans for the protection and improvement 1956 and became Public Law 84-660, the Federal
of these resources to be included as integral parts of Water Pollution Control Act. It was amended in 1961,
the basin plans, project works or operations. 1965, and 1966. The principal activities of the Federal
The RBS is currently involved in several major Water Pollution Control Administration (FWPCA)
marine-related activities within the Great Lakes region. relate to water quality management planning, water
uality standards, technical assistance, grant programs,
It represents the Fish and Wildlife Service on the
Shore Property Subcommittee of the International interstate enforcement actions, Federal installations and
joint Commission, works on the Great Lakes Com- public information.
Section 3 (a) of the Federal Water Pollution Control
prehensive Study being conducted by the Great Lakes Act, as amended, indicates that the Secretary of the
Basin Commission and works on the Great Lakes- Interior shall, "in cooperation with other Federal
Illinois River Basin project, a comprehensive study of agencies, with State water pollution control agencies
water quality directed by the Federal Water Pollution and interstate agencies, and with the municipalities and
Control Administration. In addition, the Division is industries involved, prepare or develop comprehensive
also completing its contribution to the Grand River programs for eliminating or reducing the pollution of

interstate waters and tributaries thereof and improving A program of analytical quality control has been
the sanitary conditions of surface and underground initiated to assure a high degree of reliability and com-
waters." parability in water pollution analyses. This program
In connection with the development of comprehen- is being applied in all laboratories of the FWPCA, and
sive programs, reports have either been completed or it is expected to be instituted in all laboratories provid-
are in process relative to each of the major watersheds ing data to the system.
of the Great Lakes Basin. The activities of the various A computerized storage and retrieval system,
work groups of the Great Lakes Basin Framework STORET, of water quality data collected by the
Study in which the FWPCA is participating provide an FWPCA and other Interior agencies will be continu-
important basis for the continued development and ously compared with water quality standards stored
revision of comprehensive plans for water pollution in the Department of the Interior IBM 360/65 com-
control. p4ter. The Great Lakes region has access to the In-
Upon the advice of the Secretary of the Interior, terior computer through its IBM 1978 terminal in Chi-
based primarily upon determinations of the Federal cago. This system will assist the FWPCA and the
Water Pollution Control Administration, storage for States to fulfill their surveillance responsibility. Ar-
streamflow regulation to improve water quality may be rangements have been made with the Geological Sur-
included in Federal multipurpose reservoirs. Such vey to assure that water quality and flow data will be
storage, however, may not be provided as a substitute stored for immediate retrieval and evaluation within
for adequate local treatment or other methods of the FWPCA's computerized STORET system. Also,
controlling wastes at the source. USGS will assume operating responsibilities as rapidly
Section 3 (c) of the Federal Water Pollution Con- as possible for the Federal long-term water quality
trol Act, as amended, provides for grants to planning stations. Other matters included in the program are
agencies which provide for adequate representation of lake currents, wastes from watercraft, disposal of
appropriate State, interstate, local, or (when appropri- dredged material, and pesticides, and coordination
ate) international, interests in a basin or portion there- with Canada on solutions to Great Lakes pollution
of. Grants made under this section are to be used to problems.
develop a comprehensive pollution control and abate- The grant programs of the Federal Water Pollution
ment plan for the area covered. Control Administration are of three major types: con-
Under provisions of the Water Quality Act of 1965, struction grants, program grants, and research and
water quality standards developed by the eight Great demonstration grants, as well as basin planning grants,
Lakes States have been approved by the Secertary of previously described.
the Interior. The standards are to be enforced by the The trend of financial assistance for construction
States, but the Federal Government will assist in grants has been upward each of the three times the
monitoring and pollution surveillance. If the States act has been amended. Under prescribed conditions,
do not enforce the standards, the Federal Government the Federal Government will provide up to 50 percent
is empowered to do so under the conditions prescribed of the cost of a project and will pay an additional 10
in the act. Modifications in previously approved stand- percent of the amount of a grant if the project is certi-
ards may be made as conditions change or as more in- fied by a metropolitan or regional planning agency as
formation becomes available. conforming with the comprehensive plan for a metro-
The FWPCA technical assistance program provides politan area.
technical assistance to States ' local authorities, and in- Section 7 of the Water Pollution Control Act au-
dustry upon request through the State water pollution thorizes an appropriation of $10 million annually for
control agencies and to other Federal agencies. The fiscal years.1968 to 1971 for grants to State and inter-
program has responsibility for maintaining water qual- state agencies to assist them in meeting the costs of es-
ity surveillance through a monitoring system. tablishing and maintaining adequate pollution control
The FWPCA pollution surveillance program pro- programs. Each State is allotted $12,000, and the re-
vides a mechanism for collection, evaluation, and dis- mainder of the funds is distributed on the basis of
semination of pollution control information and water population, financial need, and the extent of the water
quality data, particularly as these data relate to the pollution problems facing the State.
implementation of water quality standards, the estab- Section 6 of the Water Pollution Control Act, as
lishment of surface-water quality baselines, and plan- amended, authorizes the research and demonstration
grants and contracts program. The act calls for estab-
ning and management programs. A long-term water lishing field laboratory and research facilities for the
quality surveillance system is being established cover- conduct of research, investigations, experiments, field
ing intrastate and interstate waters in concert with aP- demonstration and studies and training relating to
propriate State and interstate pollution control agen- the prevention and control of water pollution. FWPCA
cies and other Federal agencies. research facilities in the Great Lakes region provide a

355-067 0-69-4

National Water Quality Laboratory at Duluth, Minn. Within the Great Lakes Basin the USGS is operat-
This laboratory is charged with the responsibility of ing a data collection network to describe the amount,
developing water quality requirements for all fresh movement, and quality of water within the basin, and
water uses in the United States. to determine the amounts of water, sediment, and
Five enforcement conferences have been held to dissolved materials that enter the Great Lakes. Some
abate pollution of the interstate waters of the Great results of the data collection network operation are
Lakes and their tributaries. These were called either furnished to interested users as raw, uninterpreted
by the Secretary because pollution from one State data on strearnflow, water qu@dity, and ground water
endangered the health and welfare of residents of an- levels. Other results are incorporated in reports (usu-
other State or at the request of a Governor of one or ally on an areal basis) that interpret water volume
more States. Such conferences bring together repre- and quality, in terms of the general geology and hy-
sentatives of Federal and State water pollution control drology, in a manner that will help meet the needs of
agencies to adopt water quality requirements and a
timetable to achieve them. Sources of pollution are the resources manager. The present program of the
identified, remedial recommendations made, and dead- Geological Survey in the Great Lakes Basin amounts
lines set. By 1972, all municipal and induarial pol- to about $800,000 of Federal money annually,
luters will be required to have adequate treatment matched by an equal amount from State and local
facilities installed. In many instances deadlines are governments.
much sooner. More sophisticated control measures- Operating programs of the Survey's Water Resources
such as the removal of phosphorus from sewage to curb Division are supported by a broad program of fed-
excessive algal growth-are also required in many erally funded research. Much of the research seeks a
cases. better under-standing of the natural processes in the
The Oil Pollution Act of 1924, as amended, makes hydrologic cycle, but significant portions of the work
unlawful, with some exception, the grossly negligent or are aimed at understanding problems of water pollu-
willful discharge of oil from vesesls into the navigable tion and at improving data collection methods. The
waters and adjoining shorelines of the United States. only direct research on the Great Lakes is a project
The FWPCA was made responsible for the enforce- to apply remote sensing data and theoretical analyses
ment of this act by the Clean Waters Restoration Act to the study of currents and circulation in Lake
of 1966.
U.S. Geological Survey Ontario.
The Topographic Division of the Geological Survey
The responsibilities of the U.S. Geological Survey has the responsibility for preparing the National Topo-
(USGS) have evolved from its original legislative au- graphic Map Series for the United States and its
thority to classify the public lands and examine the outlying areas. Topographic maps serve importantly
geologic structures and mineral resources of the coun- as the framework for the resources and environmental
try, to include describing the occurrence, movement, studies which are undertaken in such areas as the
and quality of the water resources of the United States. Great Lakes Basin. These maps, generally published
Through an extensive program of cooperative inves- in standard quadrangle format at scales of 1: 24 000,
tigations with the States and a continuing federally 5
supported program, the Survey has collected, analyzed, 1: 62,500, and 1: 250,000, are of prime importance in
and interpreted geological and water information for planning airports, highways, dams, pipelines, trans-
more than 75 years. mission lines, industrial plants, and countless other
The Geological Survey's responsibility in the Great types of construction. They are an essential part of
Lakes Basin with respect to water is to describe the geologic and hydrologic research, of mineral inves-
hydrology and hydraulics of the physical systems, in- tigations, and of studies on the quantity and quality
cluding their influence on or control by the included of water; they greatly facilitate the study and appli-
biota. Its operational function is somewhat different cation of flood control, soil conservation, and reforest-
from that of other governmental agencies in that it ation.
directs its activities from the point of view of a re- Over 90 percent of the Great Lakes Basin is pres-
sources appraiser. USGS research is aimed at under- ently covered by either the 1: 24,000 or 1: 62,500
standing the basic natural laws that affect resources. scale maps, and new mapping is in progress for an
Its data collection is aimed at inventorying the re- additional 5 percent. About 10 percent of the area
sources and studying changes. Its goal is to provide is also being revised or resurveyed to 1: 24,000 scale
the maximum amount of useful information for those standards. Complete coverage of the 1: 250,000 scale
who are attempting to manage the resources to provide series is published, with updating of several of the
maximum benefit to the country. maps in progress.

National Park Service ing population. OWRR's basic function is to adminis-
The National Park Service (NPS) was established ter the Water Resources Research Act of 1964, as
in 1916 to promote and regulate the use of national amended, by stimulating, sponsoring, and providing for
parks, monuments, and similar reservations in order research and training in the fields of water and those
to "conserve the scenery and the natural and historic resources affecting water. Financial support is provided
objects and the wildlife therein and to provide for to State water resources research institutes and centers
the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by by outright annual allotments and by matching grants
such means as will leave them unimpaired for the and to qualified individuals, private firms, educational
enjoyment of future generations" (39 Stat. 536; 16 institutions, and public agencies by grants, contractual,
U.S.C. 1). matching or other arrangements. The OWRR has been
The Service plans, develops, and administers the assigned the responsibility for coordinating the water
natural, historical, and recreational areas which com- resources science information activity. This includes
pose the National Park System. These include scenic supporting special user services such as the Water Re-
parks and natural areas; historic sites and buildings; sources Research Catalog and the development of an
and large recreational areas, including national sea- information base.
shores, lakeshores, and scenic riverways. The water resources research and training program
Its programs and activities include the Natural and administered by OWRR is broad in scope. Ongoing
Historic Landmarks Programs which encourage pres- or recent OWRR supported studies in the Great Lakes
ervation by the private sector; the Historic Preserva- region include research and investigations on the open
tion Program with its National Register of Historic water distribution and abundance of net plankton as
Places and grants-in-aid to encourage preservation on an index of the eutrophication in Lake Superior; cir-
culation of Lake Superior; radar measurement of
local, State, and Federal levels; and a new tourism pro- precipitation on Lake Michigan; watershed analysis
gram which seeks to influence the kind and destina- relating to eutrophication. of Lake Michigan; systems
tion of recreational travel. NPS provides technical as, analysis of the western basin of Lake Erie; public
sistance to other nations, other Federal agencies, and investment criteria for water-oriented recreation in the
States and their political subdivisions in the develop- Lake Erie Basin; ecologic impact of the interactions
ment, management, and operation of public park and among microorganisms and aquatic contaminants in
recreational areas. Lake Erie; trace element concentration in Lake Huron
National Park Service programs, activities, and and its principal tributaries; channel hydraulics and
areas in all States bordering the Great Lakes, except hydrologic systems analysis of the Great Lakes. Water
Minnesota, are the responsibility of the Northeast problems of metropolitan areas of the Great Lakes are
Regional Director at Philadelphia, Pa. In Minnesota, also receiving attention. A current study by the Uni-
NPS programs are the responsibility of the Regional versity of Michigan is directed to urban water politics
Director, Midwest Region, Omaha, Nebr. and decision making in the Detroit metropolitan area.
The Great Lakes Area Field Office, a suboffice of The Council on Economic Growth, Technology, and
the Northeast Regional Office in Philadelphia, was Public Policy of the Committee on Institutional Co-
opened in July 1967. It handles National Park Service operation (CIC) recently completed its study, at the
activities in the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, request of OWRR, on research needs in the Great
Michigan, and Wisconsin concerned with areas newly Lakes area. This is further explained in the r6sum6 of
authorized by Congress, such as St. Croix and Wolf the CIC.
National Scenic Riverways, Ice Age National Scien-
tific Reserve, and Pictured Rocks and Indiana Dunes U.S. Department of Transportation
National Lakeshores; areas proposed for congressional
authorization and addition to the National Park Sys- The Secretary of Transportation is a member of the
tem, such as Sleeping Bear Dunes and Apostle Islands U.S. Water Resources Council.
National Lakeshores; and the Great Lakes Basin U.S. Coast Guard
Framework Study for which the Office provides the The incorporation of the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG)
coordinator for the study area on environmental into the Department of Transportation in 1967 fo-
quality. cused new attention on the Coast Guard's role rela-
Office of Water Resources Research tive to the safety of shipping, life, and property on the
The Office of Water Resources Research (OWRR) Great Lakes. For a number of years the Coast Guard
was established by organic legislation. Its mission as has provided icebreaking services and contributed to
related to research is to assist in assuring that the Na- an interagency effort toward improving ice forecasting.
tion at all times has a water supply sufficient in quan- In the spring of 1968, one of the Coast Guard's polar
tity and quality to meet the requirements of an expand- icebreakers was deployed to the Great Lakes. The first

U.S. vessel through the locks, she assisted significantly velopment activities which involve the Great Lakes
in an early opening of the Port of Buffalo. region. Studies are devoted to investigating the nutri-
Cooperative efforts continue with the U.S. Weather ents and biologically important minerals in Lake Mich-
Bureau and the U.S. Lake Survey in studies of freeze- igan, and determining their sources and their effects
up and thaw, water temperature and waves. The on phytoplankton populations. Additional pertinent
USCG is represented by oceanographic and merchant research which is being conducted in the general Great
marine technical personnel on a professional task force Lakes region includes basic investigations of nutrient
to collect and collate data to establish strength stand- cycling and productivity of dystrophic lake-bog systems,
ards for large bulk ore carrying sbrips. studies of the composition and biological role of dis@
The USCG cutters Woodrush, Woodbine, Nauga- solved organic matter in lake systems, and investigation
tuck, and Acacia are committed periodically to the sup- of the effects of linmological factors on the uptake and
port of Great Lakes studies by such groups as the cycling of radioactive material. A program of periph-
University of Michigan's Great Lakes Research Divi- eral interest involves a digital simulation program
sion, Carnegie Institute's Division of Terrestrial Mag- developed for the investigation and protection of
netism, U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Lake Survey, and Columbia River water quality. This project appears to
the U.S. Weather Bureau. Various Coast Guard shore have some application to the Great Lakes, and a modest
stations continually contribute to certain of these pro- effort to test the applicability, using Lake Michigan
grams as data collection points. As the small-boat pop- data, will be undertaken in the near future.
ulation expands, much of these data, originally
intended to support studies relating to commercial Federal Power Commission
shipping, are being utilized to provide better and more
meaningful forecasts to the recreational boating public. The Federal Power Commission (FPC) was estab-
St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation lished by Congress in 1920 to administer the Federal
Water Power Act, now Part I of the Federal Power
The St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corpora- Act. The Commission functions as -an independent
tion was created by Congress in 1954. The Seaway agency and consists of five Commissioners, appointed
itself, an American-Canadian venture, became a reality by the President with the advice and consent of the
on June 26, 1959, after an expenditure of $480 million. Senate, serving 5-year terms.
The American corporate structure is headed by an Under the provisions of the Federal Power Act, the
Administrator with an Advisory Board appointed by various Flood Control and River and Harbor acts, the
the President. This Board meets quarterly as a con- Water Resources Planning Act, and related acts, the
sultant group to review the general policies of the FPC has statutory responsibilities relative to the plan-
Corporation. Policy decisions are reported by the Ad- ning, construction, and operation of water resources
ministrator to the Secretary of Transportation. projects, particularly with regard to the development
The purposes of the Corporation are to construct, of power. The FPC is authorized to make investigations
operate, and maintain deep-water navigation works in concerning the utilization of the water resources of any
the American sector in coordination with the Seaway region to be developed and to cooperate in such investi-
Authority of Canada, establish operating agreements, gations with agencies of Federal and State
calculate a tool base consistent with a 50-year payout Governments.
period, and to serve as a stimulant to Great Lakes The FPC cooperates with Federal agencies and with
economy. Currently, the Corporation is primarily en- Federal-State entities in river basin investigations by
gaged in major lock rehabilitation work, studies for making studies and furnishing information on such
extension of the navigation season, and the construc- matters as the potentialities for power development,
tion of new locks in conjunction with the U.S. Army the market for the potential power, the value of the
Corps of Engineers. power, and cooling water- needs for steam-electric
Atomic Energy Commission plants. It makes recommendations to the Secretary of
the Army with regard to the installation of penstocks
The Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) was estab- or similar facilities adapted to the development of
lished by organic legislation and is composed of five power at projects constructed by the Department of the
members, one of whom is designated as chairman and Army.
all of whom are appointed by the President. It has re- The FPC issues preliminary permits and licenses for
sponsibility to protect the health and safety of the definite terms not exceeding 50 years to individuals,
public from nuclear activities and to regulate and con- corporations, States, and municipalities for the inves-
trol the use of special nuclear materials and sources tigation, planning, construction, and operation of
and byproducts of these materials. hydroelectric projects on navigable waterways or on
The AEC is conducting several research and de- any stream over which the Congress has jurisdiction

where the project affects interstate commerce, or on The Panel authorized a final report on its finding
public lands and reservations of the United States. The and recommendations, and submitted it to the Com-
Federal Power Act requires that each project to be mittee on Multiple Use of the Coastal Zone in March
licensed be best adapted to a comprehensive plan of 1969. The final report of the Committee's Executive
development for all beneficial public uses, including Secretary to the Council covered a broad spectrum of
recreation. The Commission normally imposes a num- matters relating to the coastal zone, and included a
ber of standard and special conditions in licenses to substantial section on the Great Lakes.
ensure optimum development of the project site and
conservation of resources. National Science Foundation
The principal hydroelectric projects operating under Created by act of Congress in 1950, the National
FPC licenses in the Great Lakes Basin are those con- Science Foundation (NSF) has a major responsibility
structed by the Power Authority of the State of New to encourage basic scientific research in the Nation's
York on the Niagara and St. Lawrence Rivers. A num- colleges and universities. A number of research projects
ber of smaller developments on Great Lakes tributaries sponsored by NSF in the Great Lakes area are of in-
also operates under FPC licenses. terest and concern to the overall problem of increasing
The Chairman of the FPC is a member of the Water the pool of fundamental knowledge concerning the
Resources Council. The FPC is represented on the Great Lakes Basin.
Great Lakes Basin Commission. Oceanographic aspects of the Great Lakes are
handled by two different branches of NSF. Biological
National Council on Marine Resources and oceanography is handled in the Section of Environ-
Engineering Development mental and Systematic Biology in the Division of
Committee on Multiple Use of the Coastal Zone Biological and Medical Sciences. Physical, geological,
Great Lakes Panel and chemical oceanography are handled in the Divi-
sion of Environmental Sciences. In many cases, where
The Marine Resources and Engineering Develop- proposed investigation is interdisciplinary, joint sup-
ment Act of 1966 (Public Law 89-454) established the port is provided by the two divisions.
National Council on Marine Resources and Engineer-
ing Development, and included the Great Lakes within Smithsonian Institution
its purview. To discharge its responsibility for this and The Smithsonian Act of 1846 established the Smith-
other parts of the coastal zone, the Council set up the sonian Institution "for the increase and diffusion of
Committee on Multiple Use of the Coastal Zone in knowledge among men." Chartered by the Congress
1967, and in 1968, this Committee created the Great and privately endowed, the Smithsonian has both
Lakes Panel. Membership on the Panel consisted of Government and private operations. Because of its
representatives from the following Federal agencies: extensive collections of marine rocks, sediments, and
National Science Foundation; Smithsonian Institu- biological organisms, the Smithsonian has emphasized
tion; Atomic Energy Commission; Corp of Engineers, research on these objects and fieldwork in specimen re-
U.S. Army; and the Departments of Commerce; lated science. Nearly 70 scientists from six Bureaus
Health, Education and Welfare; Interior; and State. carry on field and laboratory activities in marine sci-
The Panel attempted to understand better the ence, including the Great Lakes.
Great Lakes and the problems besetting them. In par- The Smithsonian formally joined the Federal
ticular, it concerned itself with the problems of water oceanography program in 1962, and its principal
quality and quantity; the increasing multiple uses of contribution to this effort has been the handling and
the lakes' resources and the resulting conflicts; the na- identification of marine organisms and sediments.
ture and relationship of institutions in the United States
and Canada having responsibilities for planning and Several scientists have incidental interests in Great
managing the lakes; the research and development Lakes organisms and sediments; however, none are
needed to find and implement solutions to growing involved full time. The Science Information Exchange
problems of international dimensions, and, finally, to receives, organizes, and disseminates information about
recommend to its parent Committee and the Council research in progress in the life and physical sciences,
courses of action which the Panel thought necessary or including that in the marine sciences.
desirable.
The Panel held a series of meetings and heard Water Resources Council
testimony from a wide range of experts from the United The Water Resources Council (WRC) was estab-
States and Canada. It sponsored a 2-day symposium at lished by the Water Resources Planning Act of 1965
the University of Michigan to inquire into research (Public Law 89-90) and consists of those departments
problems and needs on both sides of the border. and independent agencies in the Federal Government

that have the major responsibility for water resources ment; Interior; justice; and Transportation; and the
programs throughout the Nation. The Council pres- Federal Power Commission. The Chairman of the
ently consists of the following members: Secretary of GLBC is appointed by the President.
Agriculture, Secretary of the Army, Secretary of The duties of the Commission are to (1) serve as
Health, Education and Welfare, Secretary of the In- the principal coordinating agency for Federal, State,
terior, Secretary of Transportation, and Chairman of interstate, local, and nongovernmental plans for the
the Federal Power Commission. The Secretaries of the development of water and related land resources in
Departments of Housing and Urban Development and the region; (2) prepare and keep up to date a com-
Commerce are associate members, and the Department prehensive, coordinated, joint plan for Federal, State,
of justice and the Bureau of the Budget furnish ob- interstate' local, and nongovernmental development
servers. The Chairman of the Council, designated by of water and related resources, which shall include
the President, is presently the Secretary of the Interior. an evaluation of all reasonable alternative means of
The functions of the Council include: Preparation achieving optimum development of water and related
of biennial national assessments of water supplies; aP_- land resources of the basin, and it may be prepared
praisals of Federal policies and programs; studies of in stages, including recommendations with respect
the adequacy of administrative and statutory means for to individual projects; (3) recommend long-range
coordination of Federal policies and programs; estab- schedules of priorities for the collection and analysis
lishment of principles, standards and procedures for of basic data and for investigation, planning and
Federal planning; coordination of schedules, budgets construction of projects; (4) foster and undertake
and programs; recommendations regarding establish- such studies of water and related land resources prob-
ment and operations of river basin commissions; re- lems in its area, river basin, or group of river basins,
view of comprehensive river basin plans with special as are necessary in the preparation of the plan
regard to the efficacy of these plans in achieving op- described in clause (2) above; and (5) engage in
timum use of the resources, the effects of the plans such activities and make such studies and investiga-
on other related programs and resources and the con- tions as are necessary and desirable in (a) carrying
tribution of such plans to obtaining national economic out the policy of Congress to encourage the conserva-
and social goals; recommendations to the President tion, development, and utilization of water and related
concerning such plans; and assistance to States in land resources on a comprehensive and coordinated
increasing water resource planning capabilities. basis by the Federal Government, States, localities, and
UNITED STATES-STATES private enterprise with the cooperation of all affected
Federal agencies, States, local governments, and others
Great Lakes Basin Commission concerned, and (b) in accomplishing the purposes set
The Great Lakes Basin Commission (GLBC) was forth in items (1) through (4) above.
created in 1967 by Executive Order of the President, This arrangement by the States and the U.S. Water
pursuant to the Water Resources Planning Act. Re- Resources Council for the joint, collaborative use
quests for this action-iinder title 11 of the Act-were of Federal and State authorities in water resource
initiated by the Governors of Indiana, Michigan, planning provides a new dimension for action on
Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin, with the concur- a host of pressing water problems in the Great Lakes
rence of the Governors of Illinois, New York, and area. With new concern for the quality of the total
Pennsylvania, and the Water Resources Council. The environment, a multitude of problems will be dealt
Commission submits its reports to the Congress through with together: inadequate municipal, agricultural and
the Water Resources Council and the President. industrial water supplies; polluted lakes and rivers;
Commission members represent the eight States blighted waterfronts; floods; shortages of water-based
bordering the Great Lakes, nine Federal agencies, and recreational opportunities; ecological imbalances
the Great Lakes Commission. State representatives are within certain lakes; improper management of flood
the heads of the resource departments, as appointed by plain areas; inadequate navigation facilities; uncon-
the Governors. Representatives of the Federal agencies trolled and economically destructive extremes in lake
are generally the regional supervisors, appointed by levels; severe shoreline, streambank and watershed
the Secretary of each Department having a substantial erosion and sediment production; conflicting uses of
activity concerned with the water resources of the the lakeshores; inadequate management of wildlife
Great Lakes Basin. The following Departments are resources; overlapping and conflicting institutional
represented: Agriculture; Army, Commerce; Health, authorities and arrangements; and the need to preserve
Education and Welfare, Housing and Urban Develop- some rivers, in part or in whole, in their natural or

enhanced condition for scenic beauty and recreational INTERSTATE
use.
At the present time, the Commission is conducting Great Lakes Commission
a comprehensive, coordinated framework study for The Great Lakes Commission (GLC) was estab-
the basin to (1) provide economic projections of de- lished in 1955 under the Great Lakes Basin Compact,
velopment; (2) translate economic projections into an interstate agreement designating the Commission
demands for water and related land resources; (3) as a joint State instrumentality on Great Lakes water
provide hydrologic projections of water availability resource developments, programs, and problems. Con-
both as to quantity and quality of surface and ground gressional consent was granted by Public Law 90-419
waters; (4) provide projection of related land re- in 1968. The Commission is composed of from three
source availability and demand, so as to outline the to five representatives from each of the eight member
general character of projected water and related land States bordering the Great Lakes. It meets at least
resource problems; and (5) outline the general ap- twice annually and maintains five standing committees,
proaches that appear most appropriate for the solu- special committees as required, and a staff in Ann
tion of these problems, as well as an evaluation of the Arbor, Mich. Three principal services provided to the
impact of all reasonable alternative solutions. Addi- member States are:
tional, more detailed studies will be undertaken in the (1) A clearinghouse for information on important
near future to develop the comprehensive, coordi- developments on the Great Lakes through special
nated, joint plan for the basin. studies, bulletins, and reports to assist in the use, pro-
Upper Great Lakes Regional Commission tection, and further development of these water re-
sources. The Commission's principal publication on
Through the Public Works and Economic Develop- Great Lakes aquatic science, "Great Lakes Research
ment Act of 1965 and in response to requests from the Checklist," is complemented by the "Great Lakes News
Governors of Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, Letter" summarizing development activities.
the Secretary of Commerce designated the Upper (2) A recognized and continuing council, under
Great Lakes area an Economic Development Region State direction and control, for joint consideration of
in 1965. This paved the way for the formal organiza- common and regional problems in the Great Lakes.
tion of the Upper Great Lakes Regional Commission The GLC is financially supported at a level of $64,000
in 1967. Creation of the Commission provided the op- per year, each State contributing equally.
(3) Coordination of State views, plans, recommen-
portunity to make a multistate approach to the un- dations, and programs and policies at all levels of gov-
healthy economic situation in the region. Membership ernment which the States believe to be in the public
of the Commission reflects the Federal-State partner- interest. The GLC conducts general interest surveys
ship. The Commission is composed of one Federal on subjects such as sport fishing regulations and trans-
member appointed by the President (the Federal Co- portation and trade on the lakes and St. Lawrence
chair-man) and one member from each participating Seaway.
State in the development region (the Governor, or Major cuxrent activities include:
his designee, or such other person as may be provided (1) Promotion of the economic development of the
by the law of the State which he represents). region through judicious and increased use of the
The Commission was given the task of identifying Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway waterway system.
economic problems and potentials of the region and of (2) Maintaining and enhancing the ecology of the
recommending public investment programs to stimu- region through studious application of laws, statutes,
late the lagging economy of the region. Completion of regulations, rules, practices and procedures pertaining
to: (a) Use of persistent pesticides, (b) overabundance
tourism and employment studies have pointed up the of alewives in Lake Michigan, (c) eradication of the
economic potentialities of the Great Lakes and other sea lamprey, (d) pollution control and abatement, (e)
lakes in the region. Methods are currently being sought water levels of the Great Lakes, and (f) comprehensive
to curb lake pollution in order to enhance their planning and development of the water and related
recreational and occupational potentials. land resources of the Great Lakes region.

States and Universities

Committee on Institutional Cooperation Department of Registration and Education
The Committee on Institutional Cooperation (CIC) Water Survey Division
was established in 1958 by the presidents of the Big The Water Survey Division of the Department of
Ten universities and the University of Chicago as a Registration and Education was established through
means of expanding opportunities in certain highly legislative reorganization in 1917. This division, in
specialized areas of instruction, research, and public cooperating with other State agencies, investigates and
service. studies the natural resources of the State, so that Il-
The Great Lakes have been targets for a number linois' available water resources may be better known.
of studies by the CIC. Research activities include an The division considers and decides all matters pertain-
analysis of Lake Michigan's glacial shore and a bio- ing to water and water resources and allied investiga-
meteorological attack on water pollution. Planning ac- tional and scientific research, and cooperates with the
tivities have included symposia on the eutrophication University of Illinois in the use of scientific staff and
of natural waters. At the request of OWRR, the CIC's equipment. It also cooperates with the various depart-
Council on Economic Growth, Technology, and Public ments in research, investigational, and scientific work.
Policy conducted a study on research needs in the The Water Survey Division carries on independent
Great Lakes area. This study was entitled "Analysis as well as cooperative studies with the University of
of Water and Water-Related Research Requirements Illinois and the Cornmittee on Institutional Coopera-
in the Great Lakes Region" and directed attention to tion relating to systems analysis of the Great Lakes.
the need for a systems analysis model of the Great Also included is a study of long-term changes in chemi-
Lakes, ILLINOIS cal elements as an index of changes in water quality.
While the land area of Illinois draining into the Sanitary Water Board and Department of Public
Great Lakes is quite small, the basin is important to Works and Buildings
the State. The concentration and size of the population
within Illinois drawing upon Lake Michigan for its The Illinois Rivers and Lakes Act of 1911, as
water supply is the largest in the State and the entire amended, empowers the Sanitary Water Board and the
basin. The only major diversion from the lakes occurs Department of Public Works and Buildings to exercise
at Chicago which serves to divert the municipal and joint jurisdiction for the preservation and utilization
industrial sewage effluent away from Chicago's source of Lake Michigan waters. Though they are separate,
cooperating agencies, the Board's administrative offices
of water supply. The lake is a source of industrial and are in the Department of Public Health, and it obtains
recreational opportunities, as well as an aesthetic as- technical support from that department's Division of
set to the State. Sanitary Engineering. Approval of both of these agen-
Department of Conservation cies is required prior to the initiation of any dumping
or discharge into Lake Michigan. The Sanitary Water
Division of Fisheries Board consists of the Directors of the Departments of
The Division of Fisheries of the Department of Con. Health, Agriculture, Conservation, and Public Works
servation is responsible for the assessment of the sport and Buildings (Division of Waterways), the Secretary
and commercial fishery in the Illinois waters of Lake of the Municipal League and a representative of in-
Michigan. This inclu,des a general survey of lake trout dustry. All are appointed by the Governor. The chair-
man is elected by the board. In addition to its permis-
restoration and assessment of the coho fishery in order sive powers, the board has been empowered to conduct
to determine the presence and abundance of these spe- water quality and lake-bed surveys to evaluate the
cies. In the spring of 1969, the division released 10,000 ecology and quality of water in Lake Michigan. The
coho smolts in the Chicago area. These fish were Division of Waterways of the Department of Public
marked and will be checked for returns in the fall of Works and Buildings has been investigating the proc-
1969 and 1970. esses of shore and beach erosion along the Illinois shore

of Lake Michigan since 1950. These are continuing Michigan region plays a vital role in the economy of
studies supported by data collected at selected sites. the State. This is a highly industrialized area that ac-
The Sanitary Water Board has established and enforces counted for 11.5 percent of the Nation's total of steel
water quality standards for the Illinois portion of Lake rolling and finishing in 1963. The lake also provides
Michigan. commercial and sport fishing to the State and offers
unique recreational activities. These have been further
Illinois Institute of Technology enhanced by the authorization of the Indiana Dunes
The Department of Biology at the Illinois Institute National Lakeshore.
of Technology has been conducting studies on the yeast Department of Natural Resources
found in the Great Lakes and their drainages. The pur-
pose of the current investigation in progress is to isolate The Department of Natural Resources was estab-
and identify, quantitatively, the yeast species present at lished in 1965 to bring together the functions and re-
selected locations in the streams in the Calumet area. sponsibilities of four former State agencies: the De-
The sites represent industrial pollution, domestic pol- partment of Conservation, the Indiana Flood Control
lution, and relatively nonpolluted water. The species and Water Resources Commission, the Recreation
isolated will be correlated statistically with chemical, Council, and the State Soil Conservation Committee.
physical, and other biological pollution indicators in The department consists of a Natural Resource Com-
order to determine, if possible, some relationships be- mission, a director, and two deputy directors. The
tween yeasts and their polluted water environment. commission consists of 12 members, of whom six are
Another investigation in progress since 1967 is a survey ex officio members.
of yeasts present in Lake Superior and some of the The Division of Forestry has primary responsibility
streams entering it from both the north and the south. for the protection, management, and utilization of the
forest resources of the State including the administra-
Northern Illinois University tion of Public Law 566 Small Watershed Projects.
Great Lakes research being conducted at Northern The Division of Fish and Game has primary re-
Illinois University encompasses floristic, taxonomic and sponsibility to supervise the stocking and harvest of
ecological studies of the phytoplankton of Lake Huron. fish and game resources in the State and to manage
Specimens have been collected during synoptic sur- these resources for the greatest good of the State. Cur-
rent fishery research involves investigations of re-
veys conducted by the Great Lakes Research Division
at the University of Michigan. productive success, year class distribution, growth rate,
condition, temperature preference, seasonal move-
University of Illinois ments, habitat preference, interspecific relationships of
salmonids, perch, and alewives, the food habits of these
The Water Resources Center of the University of species and the relation of these habits to the distribu-
Illinois was established as part of the graduate college tion and abundance of available food organisms.
by the Board of Trustees in 1963. Following the enact- The functions of the Division of Parks and Memo-
ment of the Water Resources Research Act of 1964, the rials are to acquire, develop, and maintain public
center was designated as the water resources research recreation areas and places of historical interest for
institute for Illinois by the Governor. The center now the people of the State.
administers title I of the act in Illinois as well as a The Division of Outdoor Recreation acts jointly
State-supported program of water resources research when advisable with other State agencies and local
and education. The center's primary responsibility is communities in order to carry out the State's objectives
the sponsoring and administration of water resources and responsibilities in the field of recreation.
research. Programs of this nature on the Great Lakes The Division of Engineering provides planning,
include: "Feasibility of Evaluation of Benefits from architectural and engineering services to the other
Improved Great Lakes Water Quality" for the Corps Divisions.
of Engineers, and "Study of the Hydrology for Models The Geological Survey has the responsibility to
of the Great Lakes" with the Department of Civil En- locate and describe precisely the State's mineral
gineering and the Illinois State Water Survey. The resources.
center is interested in continuing research in the Great The Division of Water has primary responsibility for
Lakes. the planning, regulatory, construction, and administra-
INDIANA tive functions of the water resources of the State. Divi-
sion responsibilities include studies and investigations
Portions of Indiana lie in the drainage basins of needed to develop projects wherein State participa-
Lakes Eric and Michigan and comprise approximately tion is warranted in order to obtain multiple purpose
5 percent of each of these lakes' basins. The Lake development of specific small watershed and reservoir

projects, to make long-range studies of river basins, to sources Institute in 1964. This was the first constituent
develop overall solutions to regional flood control and center within the institute, and was established to fulfill
water resources problems, and to establish a backlog the requirements imposed by the Water Resources Re-
of projects for future development. search Act of 1964. The center is composed of all uni-
The State Soil and Water Conservation Committee versity staff members and graduate students working
of the department is authorized by chapter 171, with and interested in water resources research and
Indiana Acts of 1965, and is composed of six members teaching. The center has participated in the regional
appointed by the Governor: Four farmer members, study supported by OWRR concerning Great Lakes
the director of the department and the Lieutenant Systems Models, and several conferences have been
Governor. The committee organizes, guides and sup- held in anticipation of regional research in the Great
ports local Soil and Water Conservation Districts and Lakes Basin. These have been coordinated by the Com-
sees that they operate according to the law. mittee on Institutional Cooperation in conjunction
with representatives from the National Water Quality
State Board of Health Laboratory, Duluth, Minn., and the Great Lakes Basin
The State Board of Health has supervision of the Commission. MICHIGAN
health and life of the citizens of the State and possesses
all powers necessary to fulfill the duties prescribed in Consisting of two peninsulas surrounded by Lakes
the statutes and to bring action in the courts for the Superior, Michigan, Huron and Erie, Michigan calls
enforcement of health laws and health rules. itself the "Great Lake State." All but 25 square miles
Plans for public water supplies and sewage works of the State lie within the Great Lakes drainage basin.
projects and improvements thereto must be reviewed The lakes have played an important part in the de-
and approved prior to construction. velopment of Michigan, and the State hasj@ken a
The board has authority to supervise all public water leading role in management of the lakes.
supply systems and require submission of monthly oper-
ating reports and drinking water samples as determined Department of Agriculture
by the Board of Health. The State Soil Conservation Committee in the De-
The board's staff is organized administratively into partment of Agriculture is responsible for two broad
six bureaus and 30 divisions. Functions relating to program areas concerned with thelmanagement of sur-
water supply and pollution control are handled through face water. It is charged with,"administering the 84
the Divisions of Sanitary Engineering and Water Pol- soil conservation districts in/82 Michigan counties.
lution Control, under the Bureau of Engineering.
Over 50,000 landowners are cooperators. One main
These divisions furnish technical staff and assistance
to the Stream Pollution Control Board in matters re- objective of these districts is erosion control which
lating to water pollution control. would reduce water sediment pollution.
A second major responsibility of the commit-tee is
Steam Pollution Control Board to act for the Governor's office in processing com-
The Stream Pollution Control Board, created by munity requests for Federal watershed assistance under
legislation in 1943, is the agency empowered to control congressional act (Public Law 566, 83rd Cong.) The
and prevent pollution of waters in Indiana. The board committee has already received and taken some action
represents the State in the Federal water pollution con- on 59 applications for this assistance.
trol program, approves plans and specifications for Department of Natural Resources
pollution abatement facilities, assigns specifications for
pollution abatement facilities, assigns priorities to The Department of Natural Resources is charged
municipalities for Federal aid under the Sewage Works with protecting the natural resources of the State.
Grants Program, and adopts water quality standards Michigan law provides authority for the conduct of
and plans for implementing such standards. The board certain activities related to pollution abatement by and
is responsible for implementing the recommendations under the supervision of the director of the depart-
of the Conferences on Lakes Michigan and Erie and ment. The basic act creating the department confers
in implementing a time-phased plan for the comple- a broad grant of authority to ". . . prevent and guard
tion of required pollution abatement facilities in basins against the pollution of lakes and streams within the
tributary to the Great Lakes, as well as the rest of State . . . ... The department has maintained active
the State. Purdue University patrol of oilfields and has required the application of
measures for the conservation of brine and prevention
The Water Resources Research Center was estab- of pollution since 1939. The Director also serves as a
lished as a part of the Purdue University Natural Re- member of the Water Resources Commission.

Fish Division ers of rulemaking and adjudication, including the
The Department of Natural Resources' Fish Divi- prescription of regulations and standards, are exer-
sion is charged with the responsibilities of water inven- cised independently of the director of the department.
tories, hatchery production and planting, lake and The seven members of the commission include the
stream improvements, and biological and physical pro- directors of the Departments of Natural Resources,
files surveying to provide better opportunities and re- Public Health, Agriculture, and State Highways. The
turns for the State's fisher-men. other three members are appointed by the Governor,
Game Division with approval of the State Senate, as representatives
of municipal, industrial, and conservation interests.
Over the years, the Game Division has built nearly The Bureau of Water Management constitutes the
50 major waterfowl floodings in Michigan. These technical and clerical staff of the commission. It was
cover about 20,000 acres. An additional 400 small formed by the reorganization of May 1969 which con-
impoundments with a total water surface area of 3,000 solidated the water management responsibilities of the
acres are also managed throughout the State. Water department in one high-level unit. Under the reor-
level control structures, dikes, and other works are ganization, the bureau's staff duties will be expanded
all constructed to provide the needed waterfowl and rearranged into three divisions covering water
habitat. quality control, hydrological studies, and water de-
Geological Survey velopment services for local units of government. Such
The Geological Survey works with State and Fed- water-oriented activities as submerged lands man-
eral departments to locate and develop suitable sup- agement, base engineering, and oil pollution control,
plies of water for public institutions, parks, agencies, now scattered throughout the Department of Natural
municipalities, industries, irrigation projects, and in- Resources, will be transferred into these new divisions.
dividual landowners. Further, the division issues per- Controlling pollution of Michigan's lakes, streams,
mits for drilling oil and gas wells; supervises the locat- drains, and underground waters is the major re-
ing, drilling, producing and plugging of these wells; sponsibility of the Water Resources Commission and
and aids in the protection of property and surface and its bureau staff. The staff also advises the public on
underground fresh waters from oilfield wastes. water laws, water conservation, water uses, stream
flow, dams, and other water resource matters. The
Recreation Resource Planning Division bureau reviews and assigns priorities to applications
The water related functions of the Recreation Re- from municipalities for Federal aid in constructing
source Planning Division revolve around its respon- pollution control facilities. It reviews applications and
sibility for long-range planning for outdoor recreation issues permits for water use in low-grade ore benefi-
for both the department and the State and for ad- ciation. In addition, the bureau provides advisory and
ministration of the Federal Land and Water Conser- technical assistance to resort and cottage owners.
vation Fund program designed to help finance State The commission headquarters and most of the bureau
and local outdoor recreation projects. The division is staff are located at Lansing. In addition, the bureau
also inventorying Michigan's lake and stream frontage has five districts headquartered at Point Mouillee,
to gauge the recreational potential of lands bordering Lansing, Grand Rapids, Cadillac, and Escanaba.
waters. Waterways Commission
Water Resources Commission and Bureau of Water The Waterways Commission was created by Act 330
Management of the Public Acts of 1947. It is vested with the respon-
The Water Resources Commission (WRC) is the sibility of representing the State of Michigan on all
pollution control arm of the State. It is under legislative matters pertaining to navigation involving the Federal
mandate to ". - . protect and conserve the water Government. The commission has also been granted
resources of the state, to have control over the pollu- authority to undertake the actual construction of rec-
tion of any waters of the state and the Great Lakes, reational boating facilities on the waters of the State,
with power to make rules and regulations governing and it has responsibility for public access sites.
the same . . . to prohibit the pollution of any waters Department of Public Health
of the state and the Great Lakes . . . ... The commis-
sion is designated as the State agency to cooperate and The Department of Public Health exercises super-
negotiate with other governments and agencies con- visory control over all public sewerage systems in the
cerning the water resources of Michigan. State. No public sewerage system may be built or
By legislative act, the Water Resources Commission altered without approval of the director. The depart-
is within the structure of the Department of Natural ment reviews and approves or rejects plans submitted
Resources. However, the Commission's statutory pow- for new municipal systems or alterations to existing

systems. It issues or withholds issuance of construction hon, is involved in a continuing study of Lake Su-
permits for sewers and sewage treatment plants. It perior cur-rents.
exercises supervisory control over operations of waste-
water treatment plants at municipalities, institutions, University of Michigan
trailer parks, schools, and hospitals to ensure effective Great Lakes Research Division
performance. It trains and licenses operators of waste- The Board of Regents of the University of Michigan
water treatment plants. When appropriate, the depart- established a Great Lakes Research Institute in 1945.
ment refers cases to the Water Resources Commission
for pollution abatement action. The director of the Its objectives were stimulation, promotion and co-
department also serves as a member of the Water ordination of research on the Great Lakes, as well as
Resources Commission. the implementation of the University's relevant teach-
ing and research programs. In 1960, the institute was
Department of State Highways reorganized as the Great Lakes Research Division
(GLRD) of the Institute of Science and Technology
The water interests of the Department of State at the University of Michigan.
Highways center largely upon phases of the State's Two well-equipped research vesesls are owned and
water resource program other than pollution control. operated by the division: The 114-foot Inland Seas
However, the Highway Commission, through its di- and the 50-foot Mysis. Institutions conducting basic
rector, is relied upon to correct or prevent misuse of research or training programs on the Great Lakes may
the many thousands of miles of department-owned make arrangements with the division for use of ship
highway drains arising from connections thereto of time. Research thus far has been confined to selected
septic tank drainage, sewage or industrial wastes. problems within Lakes Michigan, Huron, and
The director of the Department of State Highways Superior.
also serves as a member of the Water Resources The following problem areas encompass the divi-
Commission. sion's present activities and research interests in the
Great Lakes: Water budget, water quality, translaca-
Michigan State University tion and circulation, air-water interface phenomena,
effects of the lakes on regional meteorological condi-
The original establishment of the Institute for Water tions, ice cover, chronology of the lakes, erosion and
Research was formalized by the Michigan State Uni- deposition, nature of the lake basins, biological
versity board of trustees in 1961. As a result of the productivity and resources, and engineering and
Water Resources Research Act, the mission of the development.
institute broadened to include funding at other univer- The GLRD is convinced that a successful plan of
sities as part of the water research program. Research attack on the increasing problems involved in shipping,
has been supported at the University of Michigan, water supply, sanitation, recreation, and biological
Wayne State University, Central Michigan University, resources necessitates a background of basic scientific
Michigan Technological University, and Michigan information.
State University. Activities of the institute include the MINNESOTA
funding of research in engineering, economic, biologi-
cal, sociological, and systems analysis as related to water Minnesota's location at the head of deep-draft navi-
resources. Through both allotment grants and outside gation in the Great Lakes has promoted her use of the
sponsorship, a considerable amount of research is being lakes as an outlet for shipment of her iron ores and
carried out on the physical, chemical, and biological grain. Duluth is one of the largest and busiest ports
aspects of water quality of streams entering Lake on Lake Superior. The State encompasses 189 miles of
Michigan. the Lake Superior shoreline About 9 percent of Minne-
Northern Michigan University sota's land area lies in the drainage basin. This area
includes the St. Louis River, the largest U.S. tributary
Northern Michigan Univeristy is vitally interested to Lake Superior. The recreational and scenic values
in the Great Lakes. This has prompted a number of of the northern shore of Lake Superior will require
studies related to marine and land resources of the additional small-boat harbors and points of lake access
Great Lakes area. The Department of Biology is for optimum development.
conducting a study of the changes in physiochernical
conditions and biota of Lake Superior in the area of Department of Conservation
Marquette harbor to determine whether the growth in
industry and population has accelerated the eutrophi- The Department of Conservation is responsible for
cation process. The Department of Geography, with public land and water management and protection. It
the cooperation of the U.S. Lake Survey vessel Shene- consists of five divisions: Lands and Forestry; Waters,

Soil and Minerals; Parks and Recreation; Game and water conservation districts throughout the State wher-
Fish, and Enforcement and Field Service. Each division ever desirable, to administer funds appropriated for
is headed by a director appointed by the Commissioner use of these districts, and to assist them in their pro-
of Conservation. Attached to the commissioner's office grams through advice and consultation.
are four bureaus which serve the entire department. The commission has been given responsibility under
They are: (1) Bureau of Planning; (2) Bureau of Public Law 566 to accept watershed applications
Engineering; (3) Bureau of Information and Edu- and approve or disapprove them for the Governor; to
cation; and (4) Bureau of Business Management. determine problems, needs, and interest of the people in
The Division of Fish and Game currently is active the watersheds along with adequacy of the applica-
in Lake Superior. The Section of Fisheries is carrying tion; place eligible projects on a priority for plan-
out programs of investigations, fish stocking, creel ning purposes; and administer watershed planning
census, habitat improvement, and special studies to funds appropriated by the State Legislature for that
improve the sport and commercial fisheries of Min- purpose.
nesota. This includes the State's first introduction of Water Resources Board
coho salmon into Lake Superior in 1969. The Water Resources Board counsels with existing
Minnesota Department of Health agencies to promote the systematic administration of
water policy and to coordinate and accelerate con-
The Minnesota Department of Health was estab- servation activities. The board also has jurisdiction
lished in 1872. The State Board of Health was created over the establishment of watershed districts.
to exercise administrative, quasi-judicial and rulemak-
ing powers for the protection, preservation, and promo- University of Minnesota
tion of the public health. Since 1955, the School of Public Health and the De-
Of the seven divisions within the department, the partment of Biology at the University of Minnesota
Division of Environmental Sanitation is most directly have carried out research in support of Lake Superior
concerned with water. The division is concerned with water quality criteria. Physical facilities for both re-
any factors in the environment that may adversely search and teaching include a well-equipped laboratory
affect the public health. Its goals are for all public at Duluth on the shore of Lake Superior. Two vessels
water supplies to be acceptable from a sanitary stand- (a 27- and a 30-foot launch), each provided with a
point by 1970, adequate sewage treatment facilities
for all communities having sewer systems, and control variety of sampling devices, are stationed at the
of all industrial wastes to minimize pollution. laboratory. Additional laboratory facilities are available
at the new Life Science Building on the campus of the
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency University of Minnesota, Duluth. These facilities are
used in projects oriented toward research and the
The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency was cre- training of researchers on the Great Lakes.
ated by the 1967 Legislature to assume all of the duties Among the projects in progress are: A study of the
and responsibilities of its predecessor, the Minnesota open-water distribution and abundance of net plankton
Water Pollution Control Commission. The seven citi- in Lakes Superior, Michigan, and Huron; an investiga-
zen members of the agency and the director are ap- tion into the relation of periphyton to water quality;
pointed by the Governor. The agency has adopted an analysis of primary productivity of Lakes Superior,
water quality standards for all interstate waters, in- Huron, and Michigan surface waters using C-14 tech-
cluding an implementation plan, and has recently com- niques; the biodynamics of Lake Superior periphyton;
pleted a long-range water pollution control plan and potential productivity of Lake Superior; prefirninary
program. Current water pollution control activities in- studies of Pseudomonas sp. as an index of water qual-
clude classification of the intrastate waters, monitoring ity; study of organisms of the second trophic level in
of lakes and streams, review of municipal and indus- Lakes Michigan and Superior, and analysis of the
trial waste treatment projects, inspection of operation ecology of the epilithic periphyton of Lake Superior.
of existing waste-water treatment facilities, conducting
public education, and a wide range of other basic NEW YORK
pollution control objectives, including surveys and New York borders on two of the Great Lakes, Erie
evaluation studies of new pollution sources. and Ontario, and the St. Lawrence River marks the
State Soil and Water Conservation Commission boundary between New York and Canada over part
of its length. The entire U.S. portion of the area drain-
The State Soil Conservation Commission was estab- ing directly into Lake Ontario lies within New York
lished in 1937 to promote the organization of soil and State and encompasses one-third of the State's land

area. New York's portion of the eastern end of Lake The division carries out certain State responsibili-
Erie includes Niagara Falls and the Niagara River. ties to various interstate and State-Federal river basin
Both are important for power production, as well as studies. The appraisal of specific project proposals,
scenic beauty. plans and technical reports that affect water resources
is also its responsibility. The division provides staff
Department of Commerce services and performs and coordinates planning ac-
The Department of Commerce is responsible for in- tivities for regional water resources planning boards.
dustrial and economic development programs within Department of Health
the State. It is vitally interested in the effects of water
quality on industrial and recreational developments. Article 12 of the New York Water Pollution Control
Act of 1961 provided for the abolishment of the Water
Conservation Department Pollution Control Board and the transfer of authority
to the Bureau of Water Resource Services of the
The divisions of the Department of Conservation Department of Health. In 1966, this bureau was
have several ongoing programs relating to water expanded and reorganized as the department's Division
quality. of Pure Waters and was given the responsibility
The Division of Fish and Game has ongoing pro- for direction, supervision, coordination, and con-
grams of stream fishing rights acquisition, fish and trol of the department's water resources programs.
wildlife improvement, and fish stocking. The division's The division administers Federal and State sewage
Pollution Research Section conducts investigations works construction grants, reviews and keeps current
and research related to effects of pollution and pesti- quality standards for all water uses, supervises and
cides on fish life. Activities pertinent to the Great carries out State enforcement activities, participates
Lakes Basin include: introduction of coho salmon in in comprehensive water resource planning studies, is-
1968 into Lake Ontario and Lake Erie with future sues permits (and renewals) for operation of indus-
stockings planned, as well as fallowup studies and trial and municipal waste treatment plants, and serves
special management; various fishery investigations; as State Water Coordinator. The division also conducts
wet land acquisition, and participation in interstate a research program consisting of inhouse and contract
and international planing and coordinating programs. research. Grants are available to individuals or agen-
The Division of Motor Boats has programed the cies for research on the prevention of water pollution.
construction of additional harbors of refuge on the
Great Lakes. Boat launching sites in the basin are also Atomic and Space Development Authority
developed by the division. The division will be re- The Atomic and Space Development Authority may
sponsible for enforcing the installation of approved site, construct, and operate nuclear reactors for gen-
sanitary facilities on vessels using State waters. eration of electrical energy. The authority, to help
The Division of Parks, as staff to the State Council of promote nuclear generating plants in the State, op-
Parks, acquires and develops recreation lands and re- erates the site of the first nuclear fuel reprocessing cen-
lated facilities. Six park commissions, members of the ter in the Nation. The site, located in Cattaraugus
State Council, are involved in the Great Lakes Basin. County, also includes a waste disposal area and a
The development of water-oriented recreation facilities plutonium storage area.
has been emphasized by these commissions. Recreation
development since 1966 has been programed on the Office of Planning Coordination
basis of a $400 million, 10-year expenditure. This This office is the State's central long-range planning
program is based on the Statewide Comprehensive agency. In this capacity, it sponsors both regional and
Outdoor Recreation Plan. statewide planning programs, coordinates the func-
The Division of Water Resources furnishes direct tional planning of the line agencies with the general
staff services to the Water Resources Commission and plan, and coordinates State planning with local and
serves as its secretariat. The staff of the division makes Federal activities.
investigations and conducts public hearings on behalf
of the commission and presents recommendations to Port Authorities
the commission on matters coming before it. On behalf Three au..thorities have been established in the basin
of the commission, the division provides technical ma- to promote port development.
terial for the Statewide Water Resources Plan. This The Niagara Frontier Port Authority is a public
will be done by integrating the regional and basin plans benefit corporation created to operate a port district
now being evolved by the regional boards and Federal- which embraces the cities of Buffalo, Lackawanna, and
State planning programs, including the Great Lakes Tonawanda and the towns of Hamburg, Amherst,
Basin Commission Framework Study. Cheektowaga, and West Seneca.

The Ogdensburg Bridge and Port Authority was tion in the studies is provided by a member of State
created to construct and operate an international toll and Federal agencies.
bridge between Ogdensburg, N. Y., and Prescott, On- While having no development authority of their
tario. The bridge was officially opened in September own, these boards will provide multipurpose plans for
1960. In 1963, the authority was given the further re- the development and management of water resouirces
sponsibility of developing the Port of Ogdensbuxg on in their respective regions. These studies are at the
the St. Lawrence River. approximate level of Federal type 2 studies. Although
The function of the Port Oswego Authority is to none of the boards has completed its study to this date
survey, develop, operate, and promote port facilities (mid-1969), their plans may recommend some com-
in the Oswego Port District which embraces the City bination of new and existing State and local develop-
of Oswego and the town of Scriba. ment programs. The status of these board studies is
Power Authority of the State of New York as follows: Scheduled
completion
The Power Authority of the State of New York was Board: date
created in 1931 to improve the International Rapids Erie-Niagara ------------------------------ 1970
section of the St. Lawrence River near Massena, in Oswego River Basin:
cooperation with Federal and Canadian authorities. Cayuga Lake -------------------------- 1972
Wa-Ont-Ya -------------------------- 1972
The authority is a public benefit corporation of the Eastern Oswego ----------------------- 1972
State which owns and operates two hydroelectric power Genesee --------------------------------- 1973
projects, one in the St. Lawrence near Massena and Black ------------------------------------ 1973
the other near Niagara Falls. The aim was to create St. Lawrence ----------------------------- 1973
hydroelectric power and, at the same time, to clear the Water Resources Commission
rapids for navigation. Membership of the authority
consists of five trustees appointed by the Governor to The Water Resources Commission is charged with
serve overlapping tenns. The authority is a wholesale coordinating the functions of every State agency con-
power supplier, servicing 50 customers. It was recently cerned with water resources and formulating State
authorized to develop nuclear baseload plants and policy regarding the conservation, development, and
pumped storage projects to supplement its existing use of the State's water resources.
plants. At both of the power projects, substantial in- Serving as chair-man is the State's Conservation
vestments in recreation facilities have been made. Ad- Commissioner. Members are the Superintendent of
ministration and operation of recreational facilities Public Works, the Attorney General, and the Commis-
at the Thousand Islands and Niagara Frontier have sioners of the Departments of Health, Commerce,
been turned over to the New York Conservation Agriculture and Markets, and the Office for Local
Department. Government. The membership is completed by four
lay advisors representing industry, political subdivi-
Pure Waters Authority sions, agriculture, and the sportsmen of the State.
The Pure Waters Authority is charged with the Among the commission's major duties are: Planning
49 planning, financing, construction, maintenance and and development of water resources; undertaking
operation of sewage treatment works and solid waste studies for the protection, conservation, development,
disposal facilities, the construction on behalf of mu- and use of water resources of any region of the State;
nicipalities of sewage treatment works, sewage collect- apportionment of water supply for public water sys-
ing systems and solid waste disposal facilities and the tems - classification of streams for pollution control -
assistance of municipalities in the planning, financing, drainage of agricultural lands, river regulation and
construction, maintenance and operation of sewage river improvement through districts set up for these
treatment works, sewage collecting systems and solid purposes; flood control; planning of water supply for
waste disposal facilities." intermunicipal areas, and stream protection through
Regional Water Resources Planning Boards control of the construction of dams and locks. The
commission also has the right of eminent domain.
New York State is currently engaged in a statewide The Water Resources Commission, through its mem-
water resources planning program. The Great Lakes ber agencies, acts as the agent for the State of New
Basin portion of this program is being conducted by York in partnership ventures with Federal and local
seven regional water resources planning boards. Each entities and represents the State's interest in inter-
of these boards is composed of seven unsalaried mem- state water resources planning and development work.
bers representing all segments of the public. The boards The commission may draw upon the various agen-
are staffed by the State Division of Water Resources cies represented thereon for specialized staff services.
personnel, and board study costs are shared by the The primary staff arm of the commission is the Con-
State and the counties involved. Additional participa- servation Department's Division of Water Resources.

Alfred University Areas of possible study include physical and chemical
Alfred University is situated in the region of a physi- characteristics of water under varying degrees and
types of pollution, aquatic life, terrestrial plants and
ographic divide from which the waters drain into the animals in an area undergoing ecological change,
St. Lawrence, the Susquehanna, and the Mississippi. shoreline erosion, the nature and quantity of sedimen-
The area presents an ideal site for controlled experi- tation, influences of Lake Erie on weather and climate,
ments concerning air and water pollution, distribu- and the interactions of pollution and socioeconomics of
tion of pesticides, etc. Investigations currently being the Niagara Frontier.
conducted by the Departments of Biology, Chemistry, Investigations being conducted at the Great Lakes
and Geology relate, in part, to the physical and biologi- Laboratory with non-State University of New York
cal characteristics of the terrestrial and aquatic sys- funds include: (1) Survey of the chemical and phys-
tems of the Alfred area. ical effects of dredging on Buffalo Harbor (Corps of
The program offers a unique opportunity for train- Engineers) ; (2) rejuvenation of the Buffalo River
ing in deep-water aquatic techniques. A research ves- (Allied Chemical Corp.) ; (3) effects of slag deposi-
sel based on Seneca Lake at Watkins Glen, N.Y., is tion on Lake Erie fisheries (Bethlehem Steel) ; and (4)
leased by Alfred University from the College Center BOD-COD ratios of selected effluents (Hooker Chem-
of the Finger Lakes. This vessel is available for use in ical Corp.)
regularly scheduled courses and for independent re-
search. Present activities on Seneca Lake include State University of New York at Buffalo
studies of its bottom topography, the distribution of Activities concerned with the Great Lakes began
the sediments, pesticide concentration, and thermal in the fall of 1963 at the State University of New York
stratification. at Buffalo with the addition of faculty interested in
Cornell University hydrodynamics, water resources, and water quality.
Water Resources and Marine Science Center The principal purpose is undergraduate and graduate
education in engineering and applied sciences. Activi-
In 1964 the State of New York authorized a water ties includes dynamic model studies of Lakes Erie and
resources institute at Cornell University under the Ontario and the publishing of a symposium "Fresh
Water Resources Research Act. This institute later Water of New York State: Its Conservation and Use."
became the Water Resources and Marine Science Cen-
ter of the University. This interdisciplinary organiza- OHIO
tion operates horizontally across the University at the Lake Eric is a great asset to the State of Ohio. The
graduate study and research level. Its purpose is to lake drains 29 percent of the State's land area, and over
develop and maintain a comprehensive program in 40 percent of Ohio's population resides in the Lake
water resources planning, development and manage- Erie Basin. The area is intensely urbanized and in-
ment in such areas as the sciences, engineering, agri- dustrialized and also includes some of the most produc-
culture, law, economics, government, regional plan- tive agricultural land in the State.
ning, and public health. The center places high priority Development Department
on Great Lakes research including the Finger Lakes, The Development Department works to ensure the
eastern Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, and the St. Lawrence best use of State resources in the interest of a balanced
River within the United States. Approximately 75 economy and continuing economic growth. It is di-
faculty members are engaged in an equal number of rectly involved with developmental and planning ef-
research programs in water and related land resources forts concerning Lake Erie and lands within the Lake
and in the marine sciences. The center has an extensive Erie Basin. A State development plan is currently being
publications program and lists of publications are prepared and is expected to be completed in 1971.
available on request. It also has published six annual Water and Sewer Rotary Commission
indexes to the water resources periodical literature, and
a thermal pollution bibliography and has initiated a The Water and Sewer Rotary Commission was
quick index to Great Lakes literature. created by legislation in 1965 to supervise State loans
to counties to meet that portion of the cost of the
State University College at Buffalo extension of water and sewer lines which is to be
The Great Lakes Laboratory, of the State Univer- financed by assessments which are deferred. When
sity College at Buffalo, conducts an education-research water or sewer lines are extended across open farm
program which has involved students and staff from land to new industrial or commercial developments,
over 10 units of the State University of New York. The assessments normally levied against the intervening
program is administered by a director who is assisted open land may be covered by a rotary loan until such.
by two advisory boards. time as the open land is developed. The Commission

is composed of three appointed members plus the and sediments, shore erosion processes, erosion abate-
Directors of Development, Health, Agriculture, and ment, shoreline geology, bottom topography, geology of
Natural Resources. It is attached to the Department reef and island areas, and subaqueous mineral re-
of Development. sources. The Engineering Section acts as the shore ero-
Department of Health sion agency of the State and issues permits for beach
and shore erosion devices on Lake Erie. The Water
The objective of the Division of Engineering of the Planning and Water Management Sections have im-
Department of Health, Bureau of Environmental portant responsibilities in their subject areas.
Health, is to provide adequate sanitary facilities to
safeguard the public health. This includes technical Department of Public Works
and administrative participation in the planning,
design, operation and maintenance of all elements of The Department of Public Works was established
community life related to the protection and promo- by organic legislation and is headed by a director who
tion of public health. These elements include control is appointed by the Governor. The department has
of water supply, waste-water treatment and disposal, been designated as the custodian of the submerged
planning of subdivisions and other environmental lands of Lake Erie and provides for their leasing. The
conditions to minimize disease, accidents, and health department's activity in the Great Lake includes leas-
hazards. Pollution studies of streams and lakes are ing by the State Canal and Land Authority of offshore
made by the division in accordance with this objective. and submerged canal lands for purposes of public or
The Division of Engineering supports the Water private development. The authority functions within
Pollution Control Board with technical assistance and the Department's Division of Real Estate.
staff. Department of Urban Affairs
Water Pollution Control Board
The Water Pollution Control Act of 1951 created The Department of Urban Affairs was established
the Water Pollution Control Board, which functions by legislative action in 1967 and is headed by a direc-
within the Department of Health, with administra- tor who is appointed by the Governor. Divisions
tive, regulatory, and quasi-judicial powers. The board coordinated by the director are: (1) Intergovern-
has authority to develop programs for the prevention, mental Services; (2) Legal Services; (3) Public Fi-
control, and abatement of water pollution, including nance; (4) Urban Development; (5) Office of Op-
investigation, research, education, and enforcement. It portunity, and (6) Ohio Office of Appalachia. The
can require the construction or modification of sewage Department is particularly active in assisting com-
and waste disposal systems. New water quality stand- munities to coordinate legal, fiscal, and developmental
ards for interstate streams were adopted in 1967. The programs. It also coordinates Federal assistance ap-
board has set time schedules for the installation of plications from major metropolitan areas.
waste 'treatment improvements that will achieve the Ohio Water Commission
goals of these standards. The necessary new treatment
facilities discharging into any of the streams in the Lake The Ohio Water Commission was created to co-
Erie watershed serving industry or municipalities are ordinate water programs in Ohio, to develop water
to be completed by 1970. supply, flood control and flood plain zoning programs
for all areas of the State, and to obtain the most bene-
Department of Natural Resources ficial use of water resources. It makes long-range water
The Department of Natural Resources was estab- plans, holds hearings, makes studies, and makes legis-
lished in 1949 to bring together various State agencies lative and policy recommendations to the Governor
engaged in conservation of natural resources. The and General Assembly. Four of its members are ap-
director is appointed by the Governor and coordinates pointed by the Governor with the advice and consent
the activities of eight divisions. Five of these are of the Senate; the other three are the directors of the
directly concerned with water. They are: Forestry and Departments of Natural Resources, Health, and De-
Reclamation, Parks and Recreation, Water, Water- velopment. The Commission works closely with the
craft, and Wildlife. Two divisions-Geological Survey Ohio Division of Water of the Department of Natural
and Lands and Soil-provide services related to water. Resources, as well as many other State, local and Fed-
The Division of Oil and Gas is a regulatory agency eral agencies.
that contributes to the water resources management in Ohio Water Development Authority
policing well site pollution and in the supervision of
subsurface disposal of industrial wastes. The Lake Erie The Ohio Water Development Authority was es-
Section of the Division of Geological Survey is conduct- tablished by legislative action in 1968. The Authority
ing studies on water masses, currents, bottom conditions consists of five appointed members and the direc-

tors of Natural Resources and Health. An executive sylvania State Park and Harbor Commission of Erie,
director is responsible to the Authority. The agency it is engaged in a long-range program for the develop-
was authorized primarily to finance, construct, and ment of the recreational potential of Presque Isle
operate water development projects. Peninsula and State Park. Since the mid-1950's the
Financing is from State voted funds and Federal department has had a program, in cooperation with
funds, as well as from revenue bonds amortized by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, aimed at restoring
user charges. Through the latter source, pollution and protecting Presque Isle's beaches.
abatement and water management projects for pri- The department recently advertised for bids for the
vate interests may be built and operated. leasing of offshore oil and gas lease blocks in Lake Erie.
A program for a predrilling examination of the lake's
Ohio State University bottom sediments and aquatic life, along with a detailed
The Ohio State University has had a long history of plan for an inspection of any drilling program, is
activities related to the Great Lakes. Since 1896, the anticipated by the department in cooperation with the
University has maintained a biological station adjacent Pennsylvania Department of Health and the Penn-
to Lake Erie. The Franz T. Stone Laboratory was sylvania Fish Commission.
established on Gibralter Island at Put-in-Bay in 1925. The department has begun the process of fon-nulat-
Interest in Lake Erie has developed in a number of ing a State water resources plan, in cooperation with
departments at Ohio State, principally in the Depart- other Commonwealth agencies, such as the Department
ments of Economics, Civil Engineering, Geography, of Health, Pennsylvania Fish Commission, etc. The
and Geology, among several faculties of the College of planning process will consider all water resources needs
Biological Sciences, and in the School of Natural Re- of Pennsylvania's portion of the Great Lakes Basin, and
sources. Coordination of research activity on the Great the plan will provide a guideline for water resources
Lakes is through the Water Resources Center of the development therein.
Engineering Experiment Station and through the Water and Power Resources Board
School of Natural Resources.
The University's activities involving the Great Lakes The Water and Power Resources Board of the De-
include operation of the Franz Stone Laboratory for partment of Forests and Waters is empowered to reg-
advanced undergraduate and graduate student train- ulate all changes in the course or cross section of the
ing, particularly in aquatic biology. Ongoing studies waters of the Commonwealth and the construction and
include in-depth studies of limnological conditions in maintenance of encroachments (dams, wharves, walls,
western Lake Erie, geophysical conditions of the lake bridges, etc.) upon them. The board also allocates sur-
including shore erosion, studies of algal popuIatiorls' face waters to public water supply agencies.
of aquatic fungi, distribution and behavior of avian
populations, effect of Lake Erie on local climate, stud- Department of Health
ies of eutrophication as it relates to the microbial Sanitary Water Board
flora, studies of bottom deposits in relation to algal
bloom and phosporus exchange, and economic analysis The Sanitary Water Board of the Department of
of factors related to eutrophication. Health is responsible for water pollution control in
the Commonwealth and has been conducting programs
PENNSYLVANIA designed to control water pollution in the Pennsylvania
portion of the Lake Erie Basin. The Department of
Lake Erie is important to Pennsylvania's economy Health operates a water pollution control laboratory
in many ways-for commerce, recreation, and as a in Erie in which chemical and bacteriological analyses
source of public and industrial water. The portion of are conducted for the Lake Erie area.
Pennsylvania land surface which drains into Lake Erie A Great Lakes Research Institute has recently been
encompasses 512 square miles, with a population of established in Erie which will undertake water re-
approximately 260,000. Recreational use of the lake sources research in addition to other research.
area is heavy and is rapidly increasing. Over 3.5 mil-
lion visitor-days are recorded annually at Presque Isle Pennsylvania Fish Commission
State Park, accounting for annual expenditures cur-
rently estimated at $60 million. Boating on the lake The Pennsylvania Fish Commission consists of eight
is becoming ever more popular. members appointed by the Governor and is responsible
for the management. of the Commonwealth's fishery
Department of Forests and Waters resources. Current joint, Federal-Commonwealth proj-
The Department of Forests and Waters is actively ects on Lake Erie consist of: A program to establish
engaged in the development of recreational and port coho salmon in the Pennsylvania waters of Lake Erie
activities on Lake Erie. In cooperation with the Penn- in an attempt to produce a high-quality game fish and

possibly a commercial fishery; a program to increase lakes, via parks, public fishing areas, harbors and boat
the production of high-value commercial fishes in Lake launching facilities; improving fishing through re-
Erie by the introduction of a high-value exotic species; search, special studies and investigations, and stock-
a program to restore populations of once abundant ing of lake trout, brown trout, coho salmon and other
high-value fishes; and a program to conduct environ- species; land acquisition; administration of the flood
mental studies of biological conditions affecting fish plain and shore land management programs; admin-
populations in Lake Erie. istration of State statutes relating to removal and fill
A research vessel, the Perca, has been recently re- in the Great Lakes, and administration of the State
furbished and equipped with modern gear and is being water pollution control program.
used to study fish populations and their environment University of Wisconsin
in the Pennsylvania waters of Lake Erie. Emphasis is
being placed on a study of the walleye to determine At the present time two campuses of the University
origin and spawning areas of the stocks of the eastern of Wisconsin have major programs concerning the
basin and to develop management procedures for Great Lakes. The Madison campus operates through
maintaining a good and constant harvest of this species. the Marine Studies Center while the Milwaukee cam-
If the results of planting coho fingerlings in the trib- pus operates through the Center for Great Lakes
utaries of Lake Erie continue to be satisfactory, the Studies. These two campus centers are tied together
commission will consider constructing a new fish through the all-university Marine Studies Program
hatchery to propagate coho salmon and possibly other which is overseen by the all-university Council for
species. Marine Sciences. In 1968 Wisconsin became the first
Carnegie-Mellon University inland university to receive institutional support under
the Sea Grant College Program.
The Carnegie-Mellon University has been conduct- The Marine Studies Center was established in the
ing research to assess the extent of organic con- graduate school on the Madison campus in 1967. This
taminants present along the southern shore of Lake center serves to focus the marine related (including
Michigan. This research has been done at various Great Lakes) research activities of faculty members
water treatment plants and has served as an aid in in various departments on the Madison campus. It
deterinining the source of contaminants causing spo- also coordinates its activities with the Center for Great
radic taste and odor incidents at water treatment Lakes Studies at the Milwaukee campus. Its activities
plants. include broad interdisciplinary research programs on
WISCONSIN Green Bay and the adjacent areas of Lake Michigan,
Wisconsin has a long history of pioneering in the studies on the circulation of Lake Superior, geophysical
sicentific and legal aspects of water resource conserva- and geological studies of the Great Lakes, programs
tion and utilization through resolution of the problems on fish orientation and movements, and an industry
associated with exploitation of timber resources and and community relations program designed to foster
development around her many inland lakes and a closer partnership with the University in identifying
streams. Location on the shores of both Lakes Superior and working on Great Lakes problems of all kinds.
and Michigan has been advantageous for recreational The Center for Great Lakes Studies at Milwaukee
and navigational development. The Lake Michigan has been established to contribute to research in educa-
drainage includes about 14,000 square miles and 495 tion toward a better understanding of physical, chem-
miles of shoreline; the Lake Superior drainage includes ical, and biological processes and events occurring in
over 3,000 square miles with 325 miles of shore line. the Great Lakes and in their drainage basins and of
The coasts of both lakes are well known for their rec- the associated social influences and needs. The two
reational aspects. The Door Peninsula in Lake Michi- main themes of biological research at the center have
gan and the Apostle Island group in Lake Superior en- been related to (a) fisheries and (b) the eutrophica-
joy national fame. tion process in the Great Lakes. Other studies are con-
cerned with the physical and chemical characteristics
Department of Natural Resources of the lakes, and studies are being conducted in the so-
The Department of Natural Resources was created cioeconomic field, including projection of future ship-
as part of an extensive reorganization of State agencies ping at Great Lakes ports.
in 1967. Six divisions have been created within the de- The Water Resources Center at the University is
partment. These are: Trust Lands and Investment, the organizational unit which coordinates and adminis-
Tourism and Information, Forestry and Recreation, ters research funds provided under the Water Re-
Fish and Game Enforcement, Environmental Protec- sources Research Act of 1964. There are several proj-
tion, and Services. ects that are conducted within the Great Lakes Basin
The activities of these divisions on the Great Lakes and a number of others that cover topics that have
include law enforcement; providing public access to the a direct bearing on the potential water resources man-

agement of the basin. The center coordinates projects indexing pertinent literature in the area of eutrophi-
at the Madison and Green Bay campuses, as well as cation.
at the Oshkosh, Whitewater and Superior campuses Geological and Natural History Survey
of Wisconsin State University and at Marquette Uni-
versity. In addition, the FWPCA supports a significant Located at the University Extension in Madison, the
research program at Madison on eutrophication of Geological and Natural History Survey is concerned
natural waters. Both the Federal Government and with studies of the soil, water and mineral resources
private industry provide funds for the development of the State. It conducts field studies and research, and
and operation of an information program on the prepares interpretive maps and reports. Its responsi-
subject. bility also includes topographic mapping of the State.
The Water Resources Center has been designated Most of its programs are conducted in cooperation
by the Office of Water Resources Research as the with such Federal agencies as the U.S. Geological Sur-
"center of competence" for selecting, abstracting, and vey and the USDA Conservation Service.

Private

Public education and information is a necessary Pittsburgh to Buffalo. Extensions of this urban system
adjunct of water resource research, planning, and par- in Canada will also be studied.
ticularly of development or implementation of plans. Although concentrating primarily on regional and
Enlightened private organizations, such as founda- interregional physical planning, the project will also
tions, associations, League of Women Voters, water- examine water resources to the extent necessary to
shed councils, federations of civic associations and formulate policies and programs for better manage-
others, perform an essential function of interpretation ment of the environment supporting the system of
to their clientele. This listing includes some of the cities around the Great Lakes.
more noteworthy groups.
Great Lakes Historical Society
American Shore and Beach Preservation Association The objectives of the Great Lakes Historical So-
The American Shore and Beach Preservation As- ciety are to: promote interest in discovering and pre-
sociation is a private nonprofit association. Its purpose serving material on the Great Lakes and the Great
is the preservation of beaches on seacoast and Great Lakes area of the United States and Canada, such as
Lakes shores of the United States through attempts to books, documents, records, and objects relating to the
effect a correlation between Federal, State, and local history, geography, geology, commerce, and folklore of
interests in beach erosion problems. the Great Lakes; centralize information regarding such
collections through the cooperative efforts of local
Great Lakes Foundation historical societies and libraries throughout the area;
The Great Lakes Foundation (GLF) is a nonprofit publish "Inland Seas," an illustrated quarterly journal
organization dedicated to the promotion of research devoted to Great Lakes history and the promotion of
and education in the field of fresh water. Its aims are the -interests of the Society, and sponsor the Great
two-fold: To increase public understanding of the Lakes Historical Society Museum at Vermilion, Ohio.
problems and programs on the Great Lakes ahd to Lake Carriers' Association
promote scientific research into these problems. Pub-
lication of "Limnos," magazine of the GLF, was ini- The Lake Carriers' Association (LCA) was founded
tiated in February 1968 as one means of effecting in 1880. Its members are operators of Great Lakes
the aim of promoting public understanding of the bulk cargo ships. Its special committees include: Fi-
problems facing the Great Lakes. A research com- nance, Legislative, Shore Captains, Fleet Engineers,
mittee chooses research proposals which are in accord Taxation, Smoke Abatement, Canadian Conference,
with the goals of the Foundation and which are deemed and Welfare. The LCA publishes a monthly bulletin
worthy of support. and an annual report.

Developing Great Lakes Megalopolis Research National Rivers and Harbors Congress
Project, Inc.
The National Rivers and Harbors Congress
The Developing Great Lakes Megalopolis Research (NR&HC) was founded in 1901. The Congress
Project, Inc., is a private nonprofit corporation created promotes the continued improvement, development,
specifically to organize, coordinate and sponsor re- and utilization of the Nation's rivers, harbors, lakes,
search leading to action programs for achieving the and water and land resources. Special committees have
full potential of future growth and development in been established on Projects, Municipal and Indus-
the Great Lakes Megalopolis. trial Water Use and Pollution Abatement, Irrigation
The project deals with the area surrounding the and Reclamation, and Wildlife and Recreation. Over
Great Lakes, with primary focus on the development 50 State groups have been formed. Members rep-
of the urban system extending from Milwaukee resent State, city and county agencies; water and land
through Chicago, Detroit, Toledo, Cleveland, and development associations; agricultural, commercial,

industrial, labor and civic organizations; business and the Old Northwest Territory and the archaeology
firms and individuals in navigation, irrigation and and natural history of the State. In addition to books,
flood control. pamphlets, newspapers and maps, the library con-
Ohio Historical Society tains over 1.5 million manuscripts. These include
diaries, journals, the correspondence of Ohio Gov-
The Ohio Historical Society collects printed, manu- ernors and U.S. Presidents from Ohio, as well as papers
script, and pictorial materials on the history of Ohio of other public figures of the State.

Appendix A
Marine and Marine-Related Organizational Addresses

This appendix contains the addresses of those organizations discussed in the text, as well as addresses of
organizations whose interests, while primarily land oriented, have broad spectrum responsibilities which affect
water resources. Many Federal agencies have major field offices in the Great Lakes area, and these field offices
are also listed.
Telephone numbers printed in italics are part of the Federal Telecommunications System (FTS).

UNITED STATES-CANADIAN COOPERATION Mr. Norman Baldwin, Secretary
Chairman, Canadian Section International Association for Great Lakes Research
International joint Commission Post Office Box 640
United States and Canada Ann Arbor, Mich. 48107
151 Slatter (313) 665-6847
Ottawa 4, Ontario, Canada Mr. W. J. Drescher, Cochairman
Chairman, United States Section International Field Year on the Great Lakes
International joint Commission U.S. Geological Survey
United States and Canada 1815 University Avenue
1711 New York Avenue NW. Madison, Wis. 53706
Washington, D.C. 20440 (608) 231-2200
(202) 347-3733 Mr. T. L. Richards, Cochairman
Mr. H. F. Lawhead, Member International Field Year on the Great Lakes
Coordinating Committee on Great Lakes Meteorological Branch
Basic Hydraulics and Hydrologic Data Department of Transport
U.S. Army Engineer Division, North Central 315 Bloor Street
536 South Clark Street Toronto 5, Ontario, Canada
Chicago, Ill. 60605
Mr. Louis D. Kirshner, Member CANADA
Coordinating Committee on Great Lakes Director
Basic Hydraulic and Hydrologic Data Great Lakes Division
U.S. Army Engineer District, Lake Survey Canada Centre for Inland Waters
630 Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse Post Office Box 5050
Detroit, Mich. 48226 Burlington, Ontario, Canada
Executive Secretary (416) 632-1940
Great Lakes Fishery Commission Canadian Committee on Oceanography
1451 Green Road Office of the Secretary
Post Office Box 640
Ann Arbor, Mich. 48107 Fisheries Research Board of Canada
(313) 665-6847 Sir Charles Tupper Building
Mr. C. F. McNish Confederation Heights
Chairman, U.S. Section Ottawa 8, Ontario, Canada
Great Lakes Study Group Great Lakes Working Group
Steering Committee Canadian Committee on Oceanography
U.S. Army Engineer Division, North Central % Dr. E. K. Rodgers
536 South Clark Street Great Lakes Institute
Chicago, 111. 60605 University of Toronto
(312) 353-6385 (312) 353-6406 Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Canadian Council of Resource Ministers President
620 Dorchester Boulevard, West National Research Council of Canada
Suite 830 Administration Building
Montreal 2, Quebec, Canada Montreal Road
Director Ottawa 7, Ontario, Canada
Conservation Authorities Branch Ontario
Department of Energy and Resources Management
880 Bay Street Chief, Fish and Wildlife Branch
Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Lands and Forests
Inland Waters Branch Parliament Building
Department of Energy, Mines, and Resources Toronto, Ontario, Canada
588 Booth Street Chief, Research Branch
Ottawa 4, Ontario, Canada Department of Lands and Forests
(6t3) 994-9225 Maple, Ontario, Canada
Marine Sciences Branch Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario
Department of Energy, Mines and Resources Toronto, Ontario, Canada
615 Booth Street
Ottawa 3, Ontario, Canada Executive Director
Director Ontario Economic Council
Resource Development Service 950 Yonge Street
Department of Fisheries and Forestry Toronto 5, Ontario, Canada
Sir Charles Tupper Building General Manager
Confederation Heights Ontario Water Resources Commission
Ottawa 8, Ontario, Canada 135 St. Clair Avenue West
Chief Toronto 7, Ontario, Canada
Public Health Engineering Division (416) 365-5115
Department of National Health and Welfare Director
Envirohmental Health Centre Great Lakes Institute
Tunnq@s Pasture University of Toronto
Ottawa 3, Ontario, Canada Toronto 5, Ontario, Canada
(613) 992-20tl and 992-8701 Biology Department
Department of Public Works University of Waterloo
Sir'Charles Tupper Building Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
Confederation Heights
Ottawa 8, Ontario, Canada UNITED STATES
Director
Meteorological Service Department of Agriculture
Department of Transport U.S. Department of Agriculture
315 Bloor Street, West
Toronto 5, Ontario, Canada 14th Street and Independence Avenue SW.
Director Washington, D.C. 20250
Marine Hydraulics Branch (202) RE 7-4t4l
Department of Transport Agriculture Research Service
Room 3 t 8, Hunter Building Soil and Water Conservation Research Division
O'Conner Street Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Economic Research Service
(613) 992-0102 Farmers Home Administration
Forest Service
Conservation Council of Ontario Division of Flood Prevention and River Basin
85 King Street Programs
Toronto, Ontario, Canada Division of Watershed Management
Fisheries Research Board of Canada Division of Watershed, Recreation and Range
Sir Charles Tupper Building Research
Confederation Heights National Agricultural Library
Ottawa 8, Ontario, Canada Soil Conservation Service

Regional or State Offices: Department of Commerce
Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service
1405 South Harrison Road U.S. Department of Commerce
East Lansing, Mich. 48823 Washington, D.C. 20235
(517) 372-1910 (202) ST 3-5200
Economic Research Service Business and Defense Services Administration
North Central Resource Group Economic Development Administration
Natural Resources Economics Division Maritime Administration
303 Manly Miles Building Office of Business Economics
East Lansing, Mich. 48823 Environmental Science Services Administration
(517) 355-1772 U.S. Department of Commerce
Farmers Home Administration Rockville, Md. 20852
1405 South Harrison Road (301) 65"060
East Lansing, Mich. 48823 Regional Office:
(517) 372-1910 North Central Area Office
Eastern Region Office Economic Development Administration
U.S. Forest Service 200 West Superior Street
7 10 North Sixth Street Duluth, Minn. 55802
Milwaukee, Wis. 53203 (218) 727-6692
(414) 272-8600 Department of Defense
Soil Conservation Service
Federal Building Office of the Chief of Engineers
200 West Church Street Department of the Army
Post Office Box 678 Washington, D.C. 20315
Champaign, Ill. 61820 (202) 697-2925 or 697-7926
Soil Conservation Service Regional Offices:
311 West Washington Street Division Engineer
Indianapolis, Ind. 46202 U.S. Army Engineer Division, North Central
Soil Conservation Service Room 1004
Room 101, 1405 South Harrison Road 536 South Clark Street
East Lansing, Mich. 48823 Chicago, Ill. 60605
(517) 372-1910 (312) 353-6385 (312) 353-6310
Soil Conservation Service District Engineer
200 Federal Building U.S. Army Engineer District, Buffalo
U.S. Courthouse Foot of Bridge Street
316 North Robert Street Buffalo, N.Y. 14207
St. Paul, Minn. 55 101 (716) 876-5454
Soil Conservation Service
Midtown Plaza, Room 400 District Engineer
700 East Water Street U.S. Army Engineer District, Chicago
Syracuse,N.Y. 13210 219 South Dearborn Street
Soil Conservation Service Chicago, 111. 60604
311 Old Federal Building (312) 353-6420 (312) 353-6400
Third and State Streets District Engineer
Columbus, Ohio 43215 U.S. Army Engineer District, Detroit
Soil Conservation Service Post Office Box 102 7
Federal Building and Courthouse Detroit, Mich. 48231
Box 985 (313) 963-1261 (313) 963-1412
Harrisburg,Pa. 17101 District Engineer
Soil Conservation Service U.S. Army Engineer District, Lake Survey
4601 Hammersley Road 630 Federal Building
Post Office Box 4248 Detroit, Mich. 48226
Madison, Wis. 53711 (313) 226-6162

District Engineer Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
U.S. Army Engineer District, St. Paul 633 Indiana Avenue NW.
1217 U.S. Post Office and Customhouse Washington, D.C. 20242
St. Paul, Minn. 55 101 (202) 962-1070
(612) 228-7506 (612) 228-7501 Regional Offices:
Department of the Navy Regional Director
Office of Naval Research Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
Washington, D.C. 20360 5 Research Drive
(202) 696-5104 Ann Arbor, Mich. 48103
(313) 663-8541
Department of Health, Education and Welfare Regional Director
Regional Program Chief Bureau of Mines
Twin Cities Office of Mineral Resources
Environmental Control Administration East 58th Street at Mississippi River
Department of Health, Education and Welfare Minneapolis, Minn. 55417
335 Independence Avenue SW.
Washington, D.C. 20201 Regional Director
(202) 963-1110 Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
Regional Representative Lake Central Region
Bureau of Water Hygiene 3853 Research Park Drive
Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104
Environmental Control Administration (313) 663-8541
Public Health Service Regional Director
Department of Health, Education and Welfare Northeast Region
43 3 West Van Buren Street Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
Chicago, 111. 60607 U.S. Post Office and Courthouse
(312) 353-5244 Boston, Mass. 02019
Department of Housing and Urban Development (617) 223-2961
Regional Director
Community Resources Development Administration North Central Region
Department of Housing and Urban Development Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
451 Seventh Street SW. 1006 West Lake Street
Washington,D.C. 20410 Minneapolis, Minn. 55408
(202) 755-4000 (612) 725-3500
Regional Administrator Regional Director
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Department of Housing and Urban Development 33 East Congress Parkway
369 North Michigan Avenue Chicago, 111. 60605
Chicago, Illinois 60601 (312) 353-5250
(312) 353-5680 Regional Hydrologist
Department of the Interior Mid-Continent Region
Water Resources Division
Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey
18th and C Streets NW. Suite 212, West Port 104 Building
Washington, D.C. 20242 2222 Schuetz Road
(202) 343-1100 St. Louis, Mo. 63141
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries (314) 368-7224
Bureau of Mines Research Hydrologist
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation Mid-Continent Region
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Water Resources Division
U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey
National Park Service 1815 University Avenue
Office of Water Resources Research Madison, Wis. 53706
(202) 343-5975 (618) 231-2200

District Chief District Chief
Illinois District Wisconsin District
Water Resources Division Water Resources Division
U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey
Post Office Box 1026 1815 University Avenue
605 North Neil Street Madison, Wis. 53706
Champaign, Ill. 61820 (608) 262-2488
(217) 359-3918 (217) 356-1143 National Park Service
District Chief 317 Manly Miles Building
Indiana District Harrison Road
Water Resources Division Lansing, Mich. 48823
U.S. Geological Survey (517) 372-1910
Room 516, 611 North Park Avenue
Indianapolis, Ind. 46204 Department of Transportation
(317) 633-7398
District Chief U.S. Coast Guard
Michigan District Department of Transportation
Water Resources Division 1300 E Street
U.S. Geological Survey Washington, D.C.
700 Capitol Savings and Loan Building (202) 964-5314
112 East Allegan Street Commanding Officer
Lansing, Mich. 48933 U.S. Coast Guard
(517) 372-1561 Ninth District, Great Lakes Area
District Chief 1240 East Ninth Street
Minnesota District Cleveland, Ohio 44199
Water Resources Division (216) 522-3950
U.S. Geological Survey
1002 Post Office Building St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation
St. Paul, Minn. 55 101 Seaway Circle
(612) 725-7841 Post Office Box 520
District Chief Massena, N.Y. 13662
New York District (315) 764-0271
Water Resources Division Other Organizations
U.S. Geological Survey Chairman
Post Office Box 948 Atomic Energy Commission
Albany, N.Y. 12201 Washington, D.C. 20545
(518) 472-3107 (202) 973-1000
District Chief Chairman
Ohio District
Water Resources Division Federal Power Commission
U.S. Geological Survey 441 G Street NW.
975 West Third Avenue Washington, D.C. 20426
Columbus, Ohio 43212 (202) 386-4566
(614) 469-5553 Chairman
District Chief Great Lakes Basin Commission
Pennsylvania District 220 East Huron
Water Resources Division Ann Arbor, Mich. 48108
U.S. Geological Survey (313) 763-3590 (313) 663-8433
Post Office Box 1107 Executive Director
Fourth Floor Federal Building Great Lakes Commission
228 Walnut Street 2200 North Campus Boulevard
Harrisburg, Pa. 17108 Ann Arbor, Mich. 48105
(717) 787-3917 (717) 787-3420 (313) 665-9135

National Research Council Chief
National Academy of Sciences Illinois State Water Survey
2 101 Constitution Avenue NW. Department of Education and Registration
Washington, D.C. 20418 Post Office Box 232
National Council on Marine Resources and Engineer- Urbana, Ill. 61802
ing Development (217) 333-2210
Executive Office of the President Sanitary Water Board
Washington, D.C. 20500 616 State Office Building
Springfield, Ill. 62706
National Science Foundation
Environmental and Systematic Biology (217) 525-6580
1800 G Street NW. Division of Sanitary Engineering
Washington, D.C. 20550 Department of Public Health
(202) 343-7888 State Office Building
Smithsonian Institution Springfield, Ill. 62706
Office of Oceanography and Limnology (217) 525-6580
1000 Jefferson Drive SW. Division of Waterways
Washington, D.C. 20500 Department of Public Works and Buildings
(202) 628-1810 201 West Monroe Street
Chairman Springfield, Ill. 62706
Water Resources Council (217) 525-2503
Suite 900 Chairman
1025 Vermont Avenue NW. Biology Department
Washington, D.C. 20005 Illinois Institute of Technology
(202) 382-6104 Chicago, 111. 60616
Mr. Harold C. jordahl Chief
Upper Great Lakes Regional Economic Development Illinois Natural History Survey
Commission Natural Resources Building
Suite 208 Urbana, 111. 61801
303 Price Place (217) 333-6880
Madison, Wis. 53705
(608) 233-8166 Department of Biological Sciences
Northern Illinois University
STATES AND UNIVERSITIES DeKalb, Ill. 60115
Dr. Carlisle P. Runge, Director The Technological Institute
Council on Economic Growth, Technology and Public Northwestern University
Policy Evanston, Ill. 60201
Committee on Institutional Cooperation Water Resources Center
Law School 2535 Hydrosystems Laboratory
University of Wisconsin University of Illinois
Madison, Wis. 53706 Urbana, Ill. 61801
(606) 262-2240 (217) 333-0536

ILLINOIS INDIANA
Director Director
Department of Agriculture Department of Natural Resources
Division of Soil and Water Conservation 603 State Office Building
Fairgrounds 100 North Senate Avenue
Springfield, 111. 62706 Indianapolis, Ind. 46204
(217) 525-2274 (317) 633-5267
Director Assistant Commissioner for Environmental Health
Department of Conservation Indiana State Board of Health
102 State Office Building 1330 West Michigan Street
Springfield, Ill. 62706 Indianapolis, Ind. 46206
(217) 525-6302 (317) 663-4420

Executive Secretary Office of Research and Development
State Soil and Water Conservation Commission Northern Michigan University
Room 5, A.E.S. Building Marquette, Mich. 48953
Purdue University Great Lakes Research Division
Lafayette, Ind. 47907 University of Michigan
Technical Secretary North University Building
Stream Pollution Control Board Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104
State Board of Health Building (313) 764-2420
1330 West Michigan Street
Indianapolis, Ind. 46206 MINNESOTA
(317) 633-4420 Department of Agriculture
Water Resources Research Center State Office Building
Life Science Building St. Paul, Minn. 55101
Purdue University (612) 221-6187
Lafayette, Ind. 47907
(317) 749-2892 Commissioner
Dr. Harry C. Saxe Department of Conservation
Chairman, Department of Civil Engineering 301 Centennial Building
Notre Dame University 658 Cedar Street
Notre Dame, Ind. 46556 St. Paul, Minn. 55101
(612) 221-2549
MICHIGAN Department of Economic Development
Executive Secretary 57 West Seventh Street
Soil Conservation Committee St. Paul, Minn. 55101
Department of Agriculture (612) 221-2887
324 Natural Resources Building Minnesota Department of Health
East Lansing, Mich. 48823 717 Delaware Street SE.
(517) 355-3346 Minneapolis, Minn. 55440
Director (612) 339-7751
Department of Natural Resources Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
Stevens T. Mason Building 717 Delaware Street SE.
Lansing, Mich. 48926 Minneapolis, Minn. 55440
(517) 373-1220 (612) 339-8571
Director School of Public Health
Department of Public Health University of Minnesota
Division of Environmental Health
3500 North Logan Street Minneapolis, Minn. 55455
Lansing, Mich. 48914 Executive Secretary
(517) 373-1321 State Soil and Water Conservation Commission
Michigan State Waterways Commission University of Minnesota
Stevens T. Mason Building St. Paul, Minn. 55101
Lansing, Mich. 48926 (612) 221-3767
(517) 373-0626 Administrative Secretary
Executive Secretary Water Resources Board
Water Resources Commission 353 Centennial Building
200 Mill Street St. Paul, Minn. 55101
Lansing, Mich. 48916 (612) 221-2577
(517) 373-3560 Water Resources Planning Director
Institute of Water Research State Planning Agency
Michigan State University St. Paul, Minn. 55101
East Lansing, Mich. 48823 (612) 646-6309

NEW YORK OHIO

Secretary Director
Division of Fish and Game Ohio Development Department
State Fish and Wildlife Management Board 65 South Front Street
State Campus Columbus, Ohio 43215
Albany, N.Y. 12226 (614) 469-2480
(518) 457-5690 Executive Director
Division of Environmental Health Services Ohio Water Development Authority
State Department of Health 2340 LeVeque Lincoln Tower
84 Holland Avenue 50 West Broad Street
Columbus, Ohio 43215
Albany, N.Y. 12208 (614) 469-5822
(518) 474-2061 Director
Unit Leader Ohio Department of Health
New York Cooperative Fishery Unit Post Office Box 118
Fernow Hall Columbus, Ohio 43215
Cornell University (614) 469-2253
Ithaca, N.Y. 14850 Director
(607) 275-2014 Ohio Department of Natural Resources
New York State Power Authority 907 Ohio Departments Building
10 Columbus Circle Columbus, Ohio 43215
New York, N.Y. 10019 (614) 469-3770
(212) 265-6510 Ohio Department of Public Works
Departments of Biology and Geology Ohio Departments Building
Columbus, Ohio 43215
Alfred University (614) 469-4133
Alfred, N.Y. 14802 Director
(607) 587-8122 Biology Ohio Department of Urban Affairs
(607) 587-3712 Geology 3500 LeVeque Lincoln Tower
Executive Secretary 50 West Broad Street
State Soil and Water Conservation Committee Columbus, Ohio 43215
Caldwell Hall (614) 469-5467
Cornell University Executive Secretary
Ithaca, N.Y. 14850 Ohio Water and Sewer Rotary Commission
Water Resources Center Box 1001, 65 South Front Street
Cornell University Columbus, Ohio 43215
Ithaca, N.Y. 14850 (614) 469-2259
(607) 273-2385 Water Pollution Control Board
Director Post Office Box 118
Great Lakes Laboratory Columbus, Ohio 43216
Division of Mathematics and Sciences (614) 469-4891
State University College at Buffalo Director
5 Porter Avenue Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center
Buffalo, N.Y. 14201 Wooster Ohio 44691
(716) 862-5422
(216) 264-1021
Department of Civil Engineering Unit Leader
State University of New York at Buffalo Ohio Cooperative Fishery Unit
Buffalo, N.Y. 14214 Ohio State University
Department of Geology 1735 Neil Avenue
Syracuse University Columbus, Ohio 43210
Syracuse, N.Y. 13210 (614) 2934961

Unit Leader Executive Director
Ohio Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit Pennsylvania Fish Commission
Ohio State University Post Office Box 1673
Columbus, Ohio 43210 Harrisburg, Pa. 17120
(614) 293-6112 (717) 787-6593
Executive Secretary Executive Secretary
Soil and Water Conservation Committee Pennsylvania Soil and Water Conservation
Ohio State University Commission
1827 Neil Avenue 2301 North Cameron Street
Columbus, Ohio 43210 Harrisburg, Pa. 17120
(614) 294-3997 (717) 787-3267
Director Vice President for Research
School of Natural Resources Pennsylvania State University
Ohio State University 207 Old Main Building
124 West 17th Avenue University Park, Pa. 16802
Columbus, Ohio, 43210 (814) 865-6331
(614) 293-2265 Water Resources Center
Water Resources Center Pennsylvania State University
Ohio State University University Park, Pa. 16802
1791 Neil Avenue (814) 865-8355
Columbus, Ohio 43210 Department of Civil Engineering
(614) 293-6108 Carnegie Institute of Technology
Department of Biology Schenley Park
University of Akron Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213
Akron, Ohio 44304 (381) 621-2600

PENNSYLVANIA WISCONSIN
Secretary Department of Natural Resources
Department of Forests and Waters Post Office Box 450
Post Office Box 1467 Madison, Wis. 53701
Harrisburg, Pa. 17120 (608) 266-2121
(717) 787-2814 Executive Secretary
Chairman Soil Conservation Board
Sanitary Water Board Room 110, King Hall
Pennsylvania Department of Health University of Wisconsin
Post Office Box 90 Madison, Wis. 53706
Harrisburg, Pa. 17120 (608) 262-2634
(717) 787-6436 Director
Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey Geological and Natural History Survey
Pennsylvania State Planning Board University Extension
Harrisburg, Pa. 17120 University of Wisconsin
(717) 787-2169 1815 University Avenue
Unit Leader Madison, Wis. 53706
Pennsylvania Cooperative Fishery Unit (608) 262-1705
208 Life Sciences Building Water Resources Center
Pennsylvania State University Hydraulics and Sanitary Laboratory
University Park, Pa. 16802 University of Wisconsin
(814) 865-6592 Madison, Wis. 53706
Unit Leader (608) 262-3577
Pennsylvania Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit Center for Great Lakes Studies
Pennsylvania State University University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
University Park, Pa. 16802 Milwaukee, Wis. 53201
(814) 865-4511 (414) 228-4405

Marine Studies Center American Water Resources Association
University of Wisconsin Post Office Box 434
1225 West Dayton Street Urbana, Ill. 61801
Madison, Wis. 53706 (217) 367-9695
(608) 262-1585 Association of Midwest Fish and Game Commissioners
PRIVATE Missouri Conservation Department
Post Office Box 180
American Conservation Association, Inc. Jefferson City, Mo. 65 101
30 Rockefeller Plaza (314) 636-8141
New York, N.Y. 10020 Association of State and Interstate Water Pollution
(212) 247-8141 Control Administrators
American Fisheries Society Arkansas Pollution Control Commission
1040 Washington Building 1100 Harrington Avenue
Washington, D.C. 20005 Little Rock, Ark. 72202
(202) 347-9717 (501) 375-4438
American Geophysical Union Chamber of Commerce of the United States
Suite 506 Community Regional Natural Resources Development
1145 19th Street NW.
Washington, D.C. 20036 Group
(202) 333-8010 1615 H Street NW.
American Public Power Association Washington, D.C. 20006
Suite 830 (202) 628-2380
919 18th Street NW. Citizens Commission on Natural Resources
Washington, D.C. 20037 1346 Connecticut Avenue NW.
(202) 296-4215 Washington, D.C. 20036
American Public Works Association (202) 387-1261
1313 East 60th Street Council of State Governments
Chicago, Ill. 60637 1313 East 60th Street
(312) 324-3400 Chicago, Ill. 60637
American Shore and Beach Preservation Association (312) 324-3400
Post Office Box 1246 Developing Great Lakes Megalopolis Research Project,
Rockville, Md. 20850 Inc.
(301) 299-5603 2200 North Campus Boulevard
American Society of Civil Engineers Ann Arbor, Mich. 48105
United Engineering Center (313) 764-1576
345 East 47th Street Great Lakes Foundation
New York, N.Y. 100 17 2200 North Campus Boulevard
(212) 752-6800 Ann Arbor, Mich. 48105
American Society of Limnology and Oceanography (313) 763-0108
7o Department of Oceanography Great Lakes Historical Society
Oregon State University 302 Republic Building
Corvallis, Oreg. 97331 Cleveland, Ohio 44115
(503) 754-2991 (216) 241-6516
American Society of Planning Officials Izaak Walton League of America
1313 East 60th Street 1326 Waukegan Road
Chicago, Ill. 60637 Glenview, 111. 60025
(312) 324-3400 (312) 724-3880
American Society of Sanitary Engineering Lake Carriers' Association
228 Standard Building Rockefeller Building, 12th Floor
Cleveland, Ohio 44113 Cleveland, Ohio 44113
(216) 771-6677 (216) 621-1107

League of Women Voters of the United States Northeastern Minnesota Development Association
Water Resources Committee 835 First American National Bank Building
1200 17th Street NW. 230 West Superior Street
Washington, D.C. 20036 Duluth, Minn. 55802
(202) 296-1770 (218) 722-1484
National Council for Air and Stream Improvement Ohio Historical Society
103 Park Avenue 1813 North High Street
New York, N.Y. 100 17 Columbus, Ohio 432 10
(212) 889-5416 (614) 299-1179
National Geographic Society Resources For The Future, Inc.
1145 17th Street NW. 1755 Massachusetts Avenue NW.
Washington, D.C. 20036 Washington, D.C. 20036
(202) 296-7500 (202) 462-4400
National Recreation and Park Association Sport Fishing Institute
1700 Pennsylvania Avenue NW. 719 13th Street NW.
Washington, D.C. 20001 Washington, D.C. 20005
(202) 223-3030 (202) 737-0668
National Rivers and Harbors Congress Upper Great Lakes Economic Development
Suite 523-A Commission
1028 Connecticut Avenue NW. 803 Landsdale Building
Washington, D.C. 20036 302 West Superior Street
(202) 296-3116 Duluth, Minn. 55802
National Sanitation Foundation (218) 722-6635
School of Public Health Upper Midwest Research and Development Council
Univer .sity of Michigan 750 Federal Reserve Bank Building
Post Office Box 1468 Minneapolis, Minn. 55440
Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104 (612) 373-3724
National Wildlife Federation Water Pollution Control Federation
1412 16th Street NW. 3900 Wisconsin Avenue NW.
Washington, D.C. 20036 Washington, D.C. 20016
(202) 232-8004 (202) 362-4100
North Central Audubon Council
536 La Plant Street
Green Bay, Wis. 54302

Appendix B
Planning and Coordinating Organizational Addresses

This appendix lists institutions in the Great Lakes Basin that are involved with planning or coordination.

ILLINOIS Director
Executive Director Huron-Clinton Metropolitan Authority
Northeastern Illinois Regional Planning Commission 1750 Guardian Building
400 West Madison Street Detroit, Mich. 48226
Chicago, 111. 60606 (313) 961-5865
(312) 263-1266 Executive Secretary
Huron River Watershed Council
Director 415 West Washington Street
Department of Business and Economic Development Ann Arbor, Mich. 48103
State of Illinois (313) 665-0514
222 South College Street
Springfield, Ill. 26706 Jackson Metropolitan Area Regional Planning
Commission
INDIANA 312 South Jackson, Room 514
Allen County Plan Commission Jackson, Mich. 49201
209 National Management Building (517) 782-0511
Fort Wayne, Ind. 46802 Kalamazoo Metropolitan County Planning Com-
(219) 743-0535 mission
Area Plan Commission of St. Joseph County County Building
129 West Colfax Avenue 227 West Michigan Avenue
South Bend, Ind. 46601 Kalamazoo, Mich. 49006
(219) 233-2955 (616) 343-1201
Lake-Porter County Regional Transportation and Kent County Planning Department
Planning Commission 750 Fuller Avenue, North East
Lake County Court House Grand Rapids, Mich. 49503
Grown Point, Ind. 46307
(219) 663-5606 (616) 456-3731
Kent-Ottawa Regional Planning Commission
Chair-man MICHIGAN Kent County Courthouse
Association of Grand Rapids Area Governments Grand Rapids, Mich, 49502
3063 Wilson Avenue (616) 456-3000
Grandville, Mich. 49418 Executive Secretary
Bay Regional Commission Michigan Grand River Watershed Council
807 County Building 609 Prudden Building
Bay City, Mich. 48707 Lansing, Mich. 48933
(517) 892-6011 (517) 489-0552
Genesee County Metropolitan Planning Commission Monroe County Planning Commission
930 Beach Street Courthouse
Flint, Mich. 48502 Monroe, Mich. 48161
(313) 232-7186 (313) 241-6066

Muskegon County Planning Commission Central New York Regional Planning and Develop-
County Building ment Board
Muskegon, Mich. 49440 321 East Water Street
(616) 726-4711 Syracuse, N.Y. 13202
Oakland County Planning Commission (315) 422-8276
One Lafayette Street Erie-Niagara Basin Board
Pontiac, Mich. 48053 4184 Seneca Street
(313) 334-1531 West Seneca, N.Y. 14244
Regional Planning and Transportation Committee (716) 674-6700
Norton Town Hall Erie and Niagara Counties Regional Planning Board
Henry Street 1880 Grand Island Boulevard
Muskegon, Mich. 49441 Grand Island, N.Y. 14072
Saginaw County Metropolitan Planning Commission (716) 693-2727
Courthouse Genesee Finger Lakes Area Regional Planning Board
Saginaw, Mich. 48601 301 County Office Building
(517) 793-9100 Rochester, N.Y. 14614
Chairman Director
Southeast Michigan Council of Goverments Herkimer-Oneida joint Planning Board
211 West Fort Street Oneida County Courthouse
Detroit, Mich. 48226 Utica, N.Y. 13501
(313) 961-4266 (315) 735-3371
Monroe County Planning Council
Tri-County Regional Planning Commission 301 County Office Building
535 North Clippert Street Rochester, N.Y. 14614
Lansing, Mich 48912 (716) 454-7200
(517) 372-1810 Niagara County Industrial Development and Planning
Washtenaw County Metropolitan Planning Com- Board
mission Courthouse
306 County Building Lockport, N.Y. 14094
Ann Arbor, Mich. 48108 (716) 434-2871
(313) 663-7511 Niagara-Frontier Transportation and Port Authority
MINNESOTA 1700 City Hall
Buffalo, N.Y. 14202
Duluth-Superior Metropolitan Area Planning and (716) 856-6524
Transportation Study Oneida County Department of Planning
409 City Hall County Courthouse
Duluth, Minn. 55802 Utica, N.Y. 13501
(218) 727-4522 (315) 735-3371
Northeast Minnesota Development Authority Onondaga County Planning Department
500 Alworth Building 211 East Water Street
Duluth, Minn. 55802 Syracuse, N.Y. 13202
(218) 722-1484 (315) 477-7647
Saint Louis County Planning Advisory Commission Wayne County Planning Board
305 Courthouse Pearl Street
Duluth, Minn. 55802 Lyons, N.Y. 11489
(218) 727-4522 (315) 946-4721
NEW YORK OHIO
Black River-St. Lawrence Economic Development Adams County Regional Planning Commission
Commission, Inc. Mr. David R. List, Planning Director
St. Lawrence University Adams County Courthouse, Room 4
Canton, New York 13617 West Union, Ohio
(315) 386-455 1, Ext. 264 (513) 544-3043

Akron, Cleveland, Lorain-Elyria SMSA Lakewood City Planning Commission
Northeast Ohio Areawide Coordinating Agency Mr. Eric S. Lane, Planning Director
ATTN: William P. Erwin, Director Municipal Building
378 The Arcade Lakewood, Ohio 44107
Cleveland, Ohio 44114 (216) 521-7580
Akron Municipal Planning Commission Lima City Planning Commission
Mr. James A. Alkire, Director Mr. George Kruse, Jr., Director
166 South High Street 607 Savings Building
Akron, Ohio 44308 Lima, Ohio 53201
(216) 376-1431 (419) 225-3201
Ashtabula County Planning Commission Lima-Allen County Regional Planning Commission
Mr. Eber L. Wright, Director (701 Areawide Review Agency-Lima SMSA)
24 North Chestnut Street XTTN: Mr. Philip Boyle, Director
Jefferson, Ohio 204-205 Dominion Building
(216) 476-4916 Lima, Ohio 45802
Barberton City Planning Commission . (419) 224-6726
Mr. Curtis G. White, Planning Director/Secretary Lorain County Regional Planning Commission
City Hall Mr. Richard W. McGinnis, Director
Barberton, Ohio 44203 21 Turner Block, Court Street
(216) 753-5291 Elyria, Ohio 44035
Cleveland City Planning Commission (216) 332-4725
Mr. Eric Grubb, Planning Director Mercer County Regional Planning Commission
501 City Hall Mr. Homer Frahm, Chairman
Cleveland, Ohio 44114 Route 3
(216) 694-2000 Celina, Ohio 45822
Cleveland Heights City Planning Commission (419) 586-7080
Mr. Earl J. Murphy, Planning Director Northeast Ohio Council of Governments
2953 Mayfield Road Room 387
Cleveland Heights, Ohio 44118 Arcade
(216) 321-0100 Cleveland, Ohio 44114
Erie Regional Planning Commission (216) 621-1191
Mr. H. Mahnami, Director Ottawa Regional Planning Commission
1200 Sycamore Line Mr. William Dupps, Director
Sandusky, Ohio 217 Madison Street
(419) 625-9062 Port Clinton, Ohio 43452
Geauga County Planning Commission (419) 734-2153
Mr. Robert Ranney, Planning Director Regional Planning Commission
Courthouse Annex Arcade
Chardon, Ohio 44024 Cleveland, Ohio 44114
(216) 285-2222 (216) 522-3131
Hancock Regional Planning Commission Regional Planning Commission (Cuyahoga)
Mr. William D. Leever, Director Mr. William B. Henry, Director
230 East Sandusky Street 415 The Arcade
Findlay, Ohio Cleveland, Ohio 44114
(419) 422-3322 (216) 861-6805
Lake County Planning Commission Toledo-Lucas County Planning Commission
Mr. Jack Donovan, Director Mr. Lawrence Murray, Planning Director
Courthouse 445 Huron Street
Painesville, Ohio Toledo, Ohio 43604
(216) 352-6281, Ext. 306 (419) 248-5911

Toledo Metropolitan Area Council of Governments WISCONSIN
(701 Areawide Review Agency-Toledo SMSA) Chairman
ATTN: Lawrence Murray, Director Fox Valley Council of Governments
% Toledo-Lucas County Planning Commission 12th Floor, Zuelke Building
445 Huron Street 103 West College Avenue
Toledo, Ohio 43604 Appleton, Wis. 549,11
(414) 739-6156
Tri-County Regional Planning Commission Green Bay-Brown County Planning Commission
Mr. Raymond Robinson, Executive Director City Hall, Room 604
415 South Portage Path Green Bay, Wis. 54301
Akron, Ohio 44320 (414) 437-7611
(216) 535-2644 Chairman
Williams County Planning Commission Intergovernmental Cooperation Council
Mr. M. Hummel, Chairman % Village of Whitefish Bay
Fourth Floor 801 East Lexington Boulevard
Courthouse Milwaukee, Wis. 53217
Bryan, Ohio 43506 Director
(419) 636-2059 Northeast Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission
Wood County Planning Commission 2111 North Richmond
Mr. Milton Bengtson, Planning Director Appleton, Wis. 54911
541 West Wooster Street (414) 739-4250
Bowling Green, Ohio 43402 Chairman
(419) 345-5822 Southeast Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission
Post Office Box 769
PENNSYLVANIA Waukesha, Wis. 53186
(414) 542-8083
Erie County Planning Commission Wolf River Basin Regional Planning Commission
Courthouse 1103 West Foster
Erie, Pa.-16501 Appleton, Wis. 54911
(814) 456-8851 (414) 739-4250

Appendix C
Informational Sources

This appendix lists information sources for persons interested in learning more about the Great Lakes. The
first section lists books about the region or individual lakes. The next section lists some recent publications by
U.S. Federal agencies concerning the lakes. Single copies of these publications are free. The third section lists
periodicals directly concerned with the Great Lakes. The last section lists newsletters that often contain informa-
tion on the lakes.

BOOKS U.S. Corps of Engineers, Lake Survey District. 1968. Direc-
tory and Project Forecasts. The Great Lakes. 121 pp.
Aitken, Hugh G. J. 1954. The Welland Canal Company: A Great Lakes Regional Data Center, U.S. Corps of Engi-
Study in Canadian Enterprise. Harvard University Press, neers, Lake Survey District, 630 Federal Building, Detroit,
Cambridge, Mass. 178 pp. Mich. 48226. Issued periodically.
Becton, A. M., and D. C. Chandler. 1966. "The St. Lawrence
Great Lakes" in Limnology in North America, edited by Lake Eric
D. G. Frey. University of Wisconsin, Madison. 734 pp.
Boyer, Dwight. 1968. Ghost Ships of the Great Lakes. Dodd, U.S. Bureau of Outdoor Recreation. 1966. Water Oriented
Mead & Co., New York. 294 pp. Outdoor Recreation, Lake Erie Basin. 100 pp. Bureau of
Engineering Institute of Canada and American Society of Outdoor Recreation, 3853 Research Park Drive, Ann,
Civil Engineers. 1968. Proceedings of Great Lakes Water Arbor, Mich. 48104.
Resources Conference, June 24-26, 1968, Toronto, Canada. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1967. Fish and Wildlife as
489 pp. Related to Water Quality of the Lake Erie Basin. 170 pp.
Hatcher, Harlan. 1944. The Great Lakes. Oxford University Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, 1006 West Lake
Press, New York. 384 pp. Street, Minneapolis, Minn. 55408.
Hatcher, Harlan. 1945. Lake Erie. Bobbs-Merrill Co., Indi- U.S. Federal Pollution Control Administration. 1968. Lake
anapolis. 416 pp. Erie Report: A Plan for Water Pollution Control. 108 pp.
Havighurst, Walter. 1961. The Long Ships Passing. The FWPCA, 633 Indiana Avenue NW., Washington, D.C.
Story of the Great Lakes. Macmillan, New York. 291 pp. 20242.
Havighurst, Walter (ed.). 1966. The Great Lakes Reader.
Macmillan, New York. 421 pp. Lake Huron
Landon, Fred. 1944. Lake Huron. Bobbs-Merrill Co., Indi- U.S. Bureau of Outdoor Recreation. 1967. Water-Oriented
anapolis. 398 pp. Recreation in the Lake Huron Basin, Michigan. 140 pp.
Malkus, Aldin. 1966. Blue Water Boundary: Epic Highway
of the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence. Hasting House Publ., Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, 3853 Research Park Drive,
New York. 308 pp. Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104.
McKee, R. 1966. Great Lakes Country. Thomas T. Crowell U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Fish and Wildlife as Related
Co., New York. 242 pp. to Water Quality of the Lake Huron Basin. (In press.)
Nute, Grace. 1944. Lake Superior. Bobbs-Merrill Co., Indi- Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, 1006 West Lake
anapolis. 376 pp. Street, Minneapolis, Minn. 55408.
Pound, Arthur. 1945. Lake Ontario. Bobbs-Merrill Co., Indi- Lake Michigan
anapolis. 384 pp.
Quaife, Milo. 1944. Lake Michigan. Bobbs-Merrill Co., Indi- U.S. Bureau of Outdoor Recreation. 1965. Water-Oriented
anapolis. 384 pp. Recreation, Lake Michigan Basin, Illinois, Wisconsin,
Michigan, Indiana. 150 pp. Bureau of Outdoor Recreation,
FEDERAL PUBLICATIONS CONCERNING 3853 Research Park Drive, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104.
THE LAKES U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1966. Fish and Wildlife as
Related to Water Quality of the Lake Michigan Basin.
Canadian Committee on Oceanography. 1968. Directory and 188 pp. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, 1006 West
Project Forecasts, 1968. The Great Lakes and Other Large Lake Street, Minneapolis, Minn. 55408.
Lakes. 137 pp. The Canadian Committee on Oceanography, U.S. Federal Water Pollution Control Administration. 1968.
Office of the Secretary, % Fisheries Research Board of Water Pollution Problems of Lake Michigan and Tribu-
Canada, Sir Charles Tupper Building, Confederation taries: Action for Clean Water. 74 p. FWPCA, 633 Indiana
Heights, Ottawa 8, Ontario, Canada. Issued periodically. Avenue NW., Washington, D.C. 20242.

Lake Ontario NEWSLETTERS
U.S. Bureau of Outdoor Recreation. Water-Oriented Recrea- Clean Air and Water News. Published weekly by Commerce
tion in the Lake Ontario Basin, New York. (In press.) Clearing House, Inc., 4025 Peterson Ave., Chicago, Ill.
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, 3853 Research Park Drive, 60646. $60 per year.
Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104. ted Conservation Report. Published weekly by the National Wild-
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Fish and Wildlife as Rela life Federation, 1412 16th Street NW., Washington, D.C.
To Water Quality of the Lake Ontario Basin. (In press.) 20036. L. S. Clapper (ed.). No charge.
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, 1006 West Lake Conservation News. Published biweekly by the National Wild-
Street, Minneapolis, Minn. 55408.
U.S. Federal Water Pollution Control Administration. 1968. life Federation, 1412 16th Street NW., Washington, D.C.
Lake Ontario and St. Lawrence River Basins: Water Pol- 20036. No charge.
lution Problems and Improvement Needs. 125 p. FWPCA , Highlights. Published monthly by the Water Pollution Con-
633 Indiana Avenue NW., Washington, D.C. 20242. trol Federation, 3900 Wisconsin Avenue, Washington, D.C.
20016. $1.00 per year.
Lake Superior Outdoor News Bulletin. Published biweekly by the Wildlife
U.S. Bureau of Outdoor Recreation. Water-Oriented Recrea- Management Institute, 709 Wire Building, Washington,
tion in the Lake Superior Basin, Michigan, Wisconsin, D.C. 20005. D. A. Poole (ed.). No charge.
Minnesota. (In press.) Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, Research and Development News. Published monthly by the
3853 Research Park Drive, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104. Water Information Center, Inc., 44 Sintsink Drive East,
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Fish and Wildlife as Related Port Washington, Long Island, N.Y. Subscription rates on
to Water Quality of the Lake Superior Basin. (In press.) request.
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, 1006 West Lake Washington Waterline. Published weekly, Paul Tsompanas
Street, Minneapolis, Minn. 55408. (ed.). Post Office Box 1824, Washington, D.C. 20013.
JOURNALS $110.00 a year.
Water in the News. Published Monthly by the Soap and De-
Inland Seas. A quarterly journal of the Great Lakes Historical tergent Association, 485 Madison Avenue, New York,
Society. Business Office, 320 Republic Building, Cleveland, N.Y. 10022. Mary C. Ansbro (ed.). No charge.
Ohio 44115. $6.00 per year. Water Newsletter. Published twice monthly by Water Infor-
Limnos. A quarterly publication of the Great Lakes Founda- mation Center, Inc., 44 Sintsink Drive East, Port Washing-
tion. 2200 North Campus Boulevard, Ann Arbor, Mich.
48105. Regular (membership) $7.00 per year. ton, Long Island, N.Y. Subscription rates on request.
Proceedings of the Conferences on Great Lakes Research. An Weekly Letter. Published weekly by the American Waterways
annual publication of the Great Lakes Research Division. Operators, Inc., 1250 Connecticut Avenue, Washington,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104. D.C. 20036. Subscription rates on request.

58 U.S. POVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1969 0-355-067

NOAA COASTAL SERVICES CTR LIBRARY

3 6666 14111313 6