From sea to shining sea a report on the American environment, our natural heritage

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COASTAL ZONE
IMFORMATION CENTER

FROM SEA TO SHINING SEA

Property of CSC Library

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
CHARLESTON, SC 29405-2413

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"Because the Federal Government administers massive
programs that affect the natural beauty of our land, it
must pursue a course that will enhance and protect that
beauty. It must stimulate action in behalf of natural
beauty and outdoor recreation on the part of others-of
State and local governments, of private organizations
and individual citizens.

"If it is to do this well, its own house must be in order.
Its programs must be wise, and they must be
coordinated. Its organization must reflect its
responsibilities.

" Therefore, by virtue of the authority vested in me as
President of the United States, . . . there is herehy
established the President's Council on Recreation and
Natural Beauty . . . and the Citizens' Advisory
Committee on Recreation and Natural Beauty.

PRESIDENT LYNDON B. JOHNSON,
in Executive Order 11278, of May 4, 1966

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Wasbington, D.C. 20402 - Price $2.50 (paper cover)

THE PRESIDENT'S COUNCIL ON THE CITIZEN'S ADVISORY BOARD ON
RECREATION AND NATURAL BEAUTY RECREATION AND NATURAL BEAUTY

LAURANCE S. ROCKEFELLER
HUBERT H. HUMPHREY Chairman, Rockefeller Brothers Fund
Vice President of the United States
New York, New York
Chairman Chairman

CLARK M. -CLIFFORD EDMUND N. BACON
Secretary of Defense Executive Director, Philadelphia City Planning Commission
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

STEWART L. UDALL JOSEPH H. DAVIS
Secretary of the Interior President, Washington State Labor Council, AFL-CIO
Seattle, Washington

JAMES H. EVANS
10MOVI 01 ORVILLE L. FREEMAN President, Seamen's Bank for Savings
Secretary of Agriculture New York, New York

JEAN (MRS. JOSEPH) FASSLER
C. R. SMITH Vice Chairman, San Mateo County Bd. of Supervisors
Secretary of Commerce Redwood City, California

CHARLES E. F RASER
President, The Sea Pines Plantation Company
WILBUR J. COHEN Hilton Head Island, S.C.
Secretary of Health, Education,
and Welfare (MISS) E. GENEVIEVE GILLETTE
President, Michigan Parks Association
ROBERT C. WEAVER Ann Arbor, Michigan
Secretary of Housing and
0 Urban Development DEWITT C. GREER
Of I ako, State Highway Engineer, Texas Highway Department
ALAN S. BOYD Austin, Texas
Secretary of Transportation
R. E. SMITH
S YES Oil Man and Rancher
4 LEE C. WHITE Houston, Texas
Chairman, Federal Power Commission
GRACE TOWNS (MRS. HENRY C.) HAMILTON
Member, House of Representatives, State of Georgia
SIC AUBREY J. WAGNER Atlanta, Georgia
Chairman, Board of Directors,
Tennessee Valley Authority HARRY M. WEESE
Harry Weese and Associates (Architects)
Chicago, Illinois
LAWSON B. KNOTT
Administrator of General Services GORDON K.ZIMMERMAN
Executive Secretary, National Ass'n of Conservation Districts
0 Washington, D.C.

EDWARD C. CRAFTS Executive Director
Director, Bureau of Outdoor Recreation

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The President
The White House
Washington, D.C. 20500

Dear Mr. President:

I am pleased to submit to you From. Sea To Shining the cities. The report's conclusion is that a proper
Sea, A Report on the American Environment-Our environment for Americans requires that we do both.
Natural Heritage. This report has been prepared by the
President's Council on Recreation and Natural Beauty. Therefore, the proposals and recommendations con-
It has several major objectives. One is to outline progress tained herein represent a statement of long-term, com-
in environmental improvement programs since the 196@ prehensive goals for the Nation. The Council does not
White House Conference on Natural Beauty. Another necessarily expect to. begin action on all these at once,
is to present proposals and recommendations which will nor does it establish costs or priorities. Rather, we hoped
stimulate Federal, State, local, and private action to to provide a perspective useful to everyone concerned
further enhance the quality of our environment and the with environmental issues and a way of .relating those
issues one to another.
beauty of our Nation. A third objective is to present a
guide for action by local officials, professional men and Th Ie emphasis on long-range goals, Mr. President, does
women, citizen groups of many kinds, and individuals. not mean that we have no expectations of immediate
benefits from the publication of this report. On the con-
In sum, Mr. -President, we hope the report will gen- trary, much already has been gained through the agree-
.erally.advance the efforts made by you and by Mrs. ment achieved among the members of the Council in
Johnson to improve the quality of the physical environ- preparing this report. We heartily recommend that the
ment for the benefit of the American people. From Sea, policies and perspectives set forth by the Council be
To Shining Sea is a monument to. those efforts.and a adopted by other Federal agencies and by other levels
record of impressive accomplishment achieved under of government.
your vigorous leadership. It is also a,challenge for the
future, a comprehensive statement of environ Imen- The report can lead to more and betteruse of existing
tal needs and .goals, a charter to guide environmental tools for environmental improvement. It can lead to
quality programs for Administrations yet to come. wider application of tested techniques. It can mobilize
public support for new measures. It is the Council's hope
These needs and the national response to these needs that the report will help stimulate further activities by
must inevitably extend over a period of many years. increasing numbers of Americans. Only then can our
The resolution of such problems will ultimately de- goal of significant improvement in the day-to.@day.
pend on action, attitudes, and costs borne by every surroundings of every American become a reality-
individual citizen, by volunteer organizations, by thou-
sands of businesses and industries, and by governments Sincerely yours,
at all levels.

The issue raised by the report is: what kind of environ-
ment do we want and do we need? From this perspec-
tive, the report does not conclude that the Nation should
renew the cities at the expense of -the wilderness or that
we should preserve the wilderness at the expense of HUBERT H. HUMPH@REY Chairman

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CONTENTS,

PREFACE page 11

INTRODUCTION page 13

Part I THE ENVIRONMENT page 29
The Urban Areas page 29
THE NEIGHBORHOOD page 31
DOWNTOWN page 51
THE CITY page 65
THE METROPOLITAN REGION page 89
The Rural Areas page 125
THE COUNTRYSIDE page 127
WATER AND WATERWAYS page 153
RECREATION AND WILDLANDS page 181

Transportation page 199

Part 11 SHARING RESPONSIBILITY FOR ACTION page 231
GOVERNMENT ACTION page 233
EDUCATION page 245
RESEARCH page 249
PRIVATE ACTION page 251

Part III SUMMARY page 261

Part IV KEYS TO ACTION page269
BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS WHICH CAN HELP page 270
PERIODICALS WHICH CAN HELP page 278
FILMS WHICH CAN HELP page 279
LOCAL AGENCIES WHICH CAN HELP page 282
STATE AGENCIES WHICH CAN HELP page 283
FEDERAL AGENCIES WHICH CAN HELP. page 285
PRIVATE ORGANIZATIONS WHICH CAN HELP page 291
INDEX page 297
PHOTO CREDITS page302

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PREFACE

IN THE MIDDLE YEARSof the2oth century, many Ameri- wave of action to restore the productivity and beauty of
cans became aware that the celebrated beauty of their farm and forest.
land, proclaimed for generations by poets, artists, and In the ig6o's, as the threats to the continent's environ-
writers was seriously threatened by the very forces that mental quality became increasingly apparent, Presi-
had created an unprecedented abundance of material dent John F. Kennedy said: "I look forward to an
goods. No longer was it possible to take for granted the America which will not be afraid of grace and beauty,
beauty of flowing rivers, pastor Ial valleys, spacious plains, which will protect the beauty of our natural environ-
majestic forests, and pristine mountains. ment, which will preserve the great old American houses
The gleam of alabaster cities became dimmed by palls and squares and parks of our national past, and which
of smog and festering slums. Rivers and streams were will build handsome and balanced cities for our future."
turned into sewage conduits. Strip mining despoiled In his Message on the Natural Beauty of Our Coun-
the countryside. Mountains of garbage accumulated try on February 8, 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson
around the cities. The omnipresent bulldozers, clearing proclaimed these principles:
the way for new highways, houses and factories to ac- We must not only protect the countryside and save it from
commodate a burgeoning population, scraped bare mil- destruction, we must restore what has been destroyed and
lions of acres of hills, woods, and valleys until it seemed salvage the beauty and charm of our cities. Our conservation
that there would one day be little but pavement and must be not just the classic conservation of protection and
monotonous sprawling suburbs from sea to shining sea. development,- but a creative conservation of restoration and
The emotions aroused in many Americans by this innovation. Its concern is not with nature alone) but with the
total relation between man and the world around him. Its ob-
prospect were deeply rooted in a love for the land
and a conviction, reaching back into history,' that ject is not just man's welfare, but the dignity of man's spirit.
beauty somehow is an essential quality of the American The President called for action on a wide range of
environment, a part of each American's heritage. environmental problems and concluded his message
The need to incorporate nature's principles of har- with a call for a White House Conference on Natural
mony, proportion, and vitality in the design of towns Beauty, which w Ias.held in Washington on May 24 and
and cities had been proclaimed in the early years of the 25, 1965.. In reporting to the President on the recom-
Republic by Thomas Jefferson. mendations of that conference, the Chairman, Laurance
S. Rockefeller, said:
"Communities should be planned," he wrote, "with You charged us to think of natural beauty as an integral part
an eye to the effect made upon the human spirit by of our everyday lives. The participants so responded. They
being continuously surrounded with a maximum Of recognized the importance of small steps-the planting of
beauty." trees and flowers-but they also recognized that natural beauty
A century later President Theodore Roosevelt, who will be fundamentally determined by how we treat our air
led the first movement to conserve the Nation's resources and water, how we use our land and how we build upon it.
for the future, recognized that one of America's vital We had to be concerned, in short, with the total quality of
resources was its natural beauty. "There is nothing more the envi-ronment.
practical in the end," he declared, "than the preservation The conference provided stimulation and support for
of beauty, than the preservation of anything that appeals a multitude of activities designed to improve the en-
to the higher emotions of man." vironment. The Governors Of 35 States summoned state-
A generation later Franklin D. Roosevelt led a second wide natural beauty conferences. Cities and counties

have held similar gatherings. An unprecedented wave of on the actions of individuals, citizen groups, private
citizen action followed, dedicated to neighborhood an@ business, and State and local governments in specific
community improvement, preservation of historic land- local projects.
marks, and protection of the beauty of the countryside. The activities described in this report are evidence of
Legislation was enacted by the Congress and by State a major new national concern with the quality of the
and local governments to reclaim and protect the American landscape, both natural and man-made. They
environment from pollution, blight, ugliness, and are only beginnings, but they may represent a historic
destructive development. turning point in the attitudes of Americans toward their
.T his report can present only a limited cross-section physical surroundings.
of the environmental problems which lower the quality The President's Council on Recreation and Natural
of each American's everyday life, and of the actions be- Beauty presents this report of progress in this movement,
ginning to be taken to cope with these problems. While together with a series of proposals and recommenda-
it emphasizes the Federal role, it does so from the point tions, for all who would join in the next steps in the
of view that the natural beauty effort inevitably depends protection and renewal of the American environment.

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Men have brought their powers of subduing the forces AT A TIME WHEN SCIENCE AND
of nature to such a pitch that by using them
they could now very easily exterminate one another technology have raised the human condition to unprece-
to the last man. They know this-hence arises a great part dented heights and freed the mind of man for inco m'para-
of their current unrest, their dejection,
their mood of apprehension. bly greater adventures, man is perplexed by a growing
SIGMUND FREUD
sense of insecurity in the natural system that has always
been his home. For man brought with him into this world
not only the brilliant promise of a higher order of life, but
also the threat that he will wrest from the earth a victory
that is destructive to the victor.

At a distance, this seems an enormous paradox. Nature,
having produced man, seems equipped to support hirn
You shall know immensity,
and see continuing the primeval forces of the world. lavishly. As evolution proceeds, the mind of man displays
You shall know not one small segment but the whole of life, a growing capacity to shape a world hospitable to his fullest
strange, miraculous, living, dying, changing.
NANCY NEWHALL development.

These harmonious prospects are imperiled, however, by
the accelerating pace of change. In the technologically ad-
vanced portions of the earth, there have been greater
changes in the lives of ordinary men within the past cen-
tuTy than in all previous history. But the immense powers
that man has acquired over nature have not been matched
by an equivalent growth,.of wisdom in their -use. In his
single-minded pursuit of particular alms-evolving into.
the intensive specialization accompanying technological
advance-man has often been oblivious to unintended side
effects of his actions. As change is introduced on an in-
creasingly larger scale and at an ever swifter rate, these
unplanned consequences of man-induced change have
coalesced to create an extraordinary crisis. To be under-
stood, this crisis must be taken apart like the pieces of a
puzzle. Some of the present dilernma, was set in motion-

ages ago.

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And I brought you into a plentiful country, From observing and experimenting with the processes of
to eat the fruit thereof and the goodness thereof; but when nature, man discovered that he could manipulate them to
ye entered ye defiled my land,
and made mine heritage an abomination. serve him. He invented agriculture-and learned to drain,
JEREMIAH 2:7 plow, fertilize and terrace the land. He changed the courses
of rivers, made gardens of deserts and reshaped mountains
. . . in the spring of the year 193 5, the sun was darkened and coastlines. But in his haste to exploit the wealth that
from the Rocky Mountains.to the Atlantic lay in the earth, he also deforested mountains and valleys,
by vast clouds of soil particles borne from the denuded grasslands destroyed the ground cover, and exposed the soil to
of the Western States . . .
FAIRFIELD OSBORN destruction.

The result was to fill the streams with silt and the marshes
with debris. Man's alterations of the landscape caused the
waterways to flood and further devastate the land. These
Like winds and sunsets, wild things were taken for granted
until progress began to do away with them. alterations of the landscape also disturbed the habitats of
Now we face the question whether a still higher other living things, resulting in the depletion and
'Standard of living' is worth its cost in things, wild, and free.
ALDO LEOPOLD extinction of entire species.

Technological civilization opened unlimited new vistas to
man. It made possible cities larger than ever before, offer-
What the inner-city child calls home is often a set of rooms ing the benefits of urban life to ever greater numbers of
shared by a shifting group of relatives men,and bringing a diversity of social life and cultural
and acquaintances-furniture shabby and sparse,
many children in one bed, plumbing failing, plaster failing, and intellectual exchange never before known. But now,
roaches in the corners and sometimes rats, in the center of most of these cities, malignant cores of
hallways dark and dimly lighted, stairways littered,
air dank and foul. Inadequate, unsanitary facilities complicate decay have developed. The residents of city slums know
keeping clean. Disrepair discourages neatness-
Rickety, shadowy stairways and bad electrical connections little of the rich variety of choice and quality that exalts
take their accidental toll. Rat bites are not infrequent human life. More frequently, their lives are encompassed
and sometimes, especially for infants, fatal . . .
NATIO INAL CRIME COMMISSION REPORT, 1967 by filth, ugliness, and squalor.

Man learned that his knowledge could be used to provide
him with an enormous range of goods and services. He
One. key characteristic of the city is variety: variety of biological developed vast industries with energy borrowed or cap-
and cultural stocks, variety of wants, variety of opportunities,
variety of institutions, v 'ariety of fulfillments. tured from nature. The wastes inevitably generated by
Where variety is absent ,the city does not exist. Though it contains industrial processes are poured into the water, released
a million inhabitants it is still culturally and socially a village.
LEWIS MUMFORD into the air', buried in the soil, or scattered about the land-

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Pollutants have altered on a global scale the carbon dioxide scape. Harmful substances have thus been freed to find
content of the air and Icad concentrations in ocean Waters their way into the cells of plants and animals throughout
and human populations. Pollutants have reduced
the productivity of some of our finest agricultural soils, and have the earth.
impaired the quality and safety of crops raised on others.
Pollutants have produced massive mortalities of fishes in rivers, Unlike most species of life, man has roamed the earth
lakes and estuaries and have damaged or destroyed
commercial Shellfish and shrimp fisheries. Pollutants have building a home for himself in every climate. Human sur-
reduced valuable populations of pollinating and
predatory insects, and have appeared in alarming amounts vival has even been accomplished beneath the sea, at the
in migratory birds. Pollutants threaten the estuarine breeding poles, and now far out in space. Intricate systems of roads
grounds of valuable ocean fish; even Antarctic penguins
and Arctic snowy owls carry pesticides in the bodies. and highways have been constructed to speed the txans-
PRESIDENT'S SCIENCE ADVISORY COMMITTEE port of man and his goods across the land. In America, the
idea of the road leading on to better things is part of the
We still possess a few highways that express what is best national heritage.
about America. But most of them are hideous, scars on the face
of this Nation-scars that cut across mountains and plains,
across cities and suburbs, poisoning the landscape Yet, as roads, houses, factories and commercial centers
and townscape with festering sores along their edges. spread across the landscape, the distinct forms of the land
PETER BLAKE
and the profuse features of plant and animal life that have
Huge patches of once green cou ntryside have been turned always been part of man's habitat are obscured or
into Vast, smog-filled deserts that are neither city, obliterated.
suburb, nor country, and each day-at the rate of some
3,000 acres a.day-more countryside is being bulldozed under ...
WILLIAM H. WHYTE In pursuing survival and greater security, man has tam-
pered with the careful balances in natural'systems, some-
times with unintended consequences that endanger his
security. He often overlooks the elaborate relations
M;An is constantly on guard against creatures he thought between predators and prey that exist in nature. Fre-
he had subdued, for uneasy lies the crown of husbandry where
even a small population of potential usurpers still exist. quently, he has waged successful war against one species
The only way man has been able to produce successful wheat only to see the resulting unnatural gap filled by dis as trous
crops is by staying one small step ahead of the blight
of rust-by turning out new varieties of wheat faster than proliferation of another species.
the fungus can adapt to them.
PETER FARB Man has learned - to inoculate himself against deadly
plagues, and diseases that once took a dreadful toll have
been almost banished from the more advanced societies.
Yet simultaneously 'there has been a tremendous increase
in the diseases of urbanization and high-pressure living-
heart disease, ulcers', arteriosclerosis, hypertension, and
others. Man is a part of nature and-cannot with impunity

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A man can live and even be happy in the environment of a separate himself from the natural rhythms that have given
garbage heap. This is demonstrated (in the extreme)
during wartime, when the human mind and perceptive system him nurture during all his previous millennia on this
survives massive continuous shock. But life under these
conditions is little more than survival. Most of man's ability Planet.
to use his brain for emotional and aesthetic purposes
must be cut off, and in some cases it is never regained. One of the most ominous threats to the environment lies
He becomes half a man. in the failure of man thus far to provide humane solutions
RIC14ARD S. LATHAM to the problems posed by the )spread of his own numbers.
No major urban center in the world has yet demonstrated
. . .overpopulation can destroy the quality of human life satisfactory ways to accommodate growth. In many areas
through many mechanisms such as traffic jams, water shortages, expanding population is outrunning the readily available
and environmental pollution; spreading urban and
suburban blight; deterioration in professional and social services; supply of food, water, and other basic resources and
destruction of beaches, parks, and recreational facilities; threatens to aggravate beyond solution the staggering prob-
restrictions on personal freedom owing to the increased need
for central controls; the narrowing of horizons as classes lems of the new urban society. A limitless proliferation of
and ethnic groups become more segregated, with the the species would eventually condemn man himself to a
attendant deepening of racial tensions.
RENE J. DUBOS termite existence.

There are elements of tragedy in man's abuse of nature
and of his own promise. Yet the increasing recognition of
America's environmental crisis constitutes abundant
ground for hope. There is still opportunity to repair the
damaged fabric of life if Americans begin to consider
It is today a fact that we have ken overcome by dynamic changes themselves part of the earth's interlocking, 'interdependent
and that we do not even try to impose a rational order.
When we do, it is on a small scale, for a short period, and natural system. Americans who learned in the frontier era
very often after the process of commitments has started . . . 49 @1
that is, when it is too late. to conquer nature now need to learn new techniques of
CONSTANTINOS A. DOXIADIS cooperating with nature.

Cooperation with nature can lead to new forms of creative
expression. Man has traditionally found expression in
music, poetry, painting, the performing and plastic arts,
N ature will dominate, and all cities will be green cities, in the sciences, in industrial technology. Only recently has
with parks in the heart of each block and encircling belts of
agriculture, natural playgrounds, and wilderness. Man's desire for he begun to give this impulse expression on a large scale in
a good life and his love of nature will determine
the form of the town. the art and science of designing his environment.
CLARENCE STEIN
Basic to intelligent adaptation of design to the environment
is the science of ecology-a word derived from two Greek

Failure to understand the environment. in which a project words meaning "the study of the home." It is the study
is being carried out sometimes has appalling results. of the relation of an organism to its total environment .
It is now perfectly within the ability of ecologists to predict
the success or failure of many development projects, agricultural No man is an island, and no creature of any kind is inde-
or even industrial, if they have studied the environment in endent of its habitat. Changes cannot take place in one
which the activity is to be Undertaken, and possess the p
right physical and biological data. part of the corn lex web, of life without affecting the whole.
p
F. RAYMOND FOSBERG
Every proposed human change in the environment must
be considered for its total effects. Ignorance of the long-
term, indirect consequences of human activities is the root
of the contemporary crisis. Ecology helps to reveal nature
as a laboratory offering the guidance man sorely needs in
his efforts to restore and enhance the quality of his
environment.

The similarities between getting men to the moon Ecology has a counterpart in the field of technology with
and creating a city closer'to the heart's desire ... are impresssive. the development of systems analysis. A space missile, for
As truly as a spaceship, a city is a product of men's thinking
than can be overhauled, rebuilt, and improved. example, is a combination of systems-each composed of
SCIENCE AND THE CITY, REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT sub-systems-for propulsion, guidance, enclosure of pas-
OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT
sengers, and communications. The effects of all activities
within each system and sub-system must be measured
not only by the efficiency of the single system but also by
their effects on other systems.
Similarly, a human environment is composed of various
systems and sub-systems, including a residential system,
a park system, an educational system, a commercial system,
an industrial system, an agricultural system, a communi-
cations system, and a transportation system. The goal of
all these systems should. be a total environment capable of
satisfying the broadest range of human- needs. The effects
of activities within each of these systems must be evaluated
for their influence on all other systems constituting the
environment. A transportation system, for example, should
be measured not merely for its efficiency in moving people
and goods, but for its effecton residential neighborhoods,

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parks, schools, the distribution of commercial and indus-
trial facilities, the total development of the community
and of the individuals who compose it. Sophisticated meth-
ods of evaluating these effects have yet to be developed,
and therein lies a major contemporary challenge to science
and technology.

Yet, whatever knowledge science can bring to bear, on the
problems of these times will not be sufficient. The adapta-
tion that the future demands will require the effort of a
whole people. Will that effort be made? The beginnings
of a response may be found in the widespread enthusiasm
for the natural beauty movement. It is almost as if Ameri-
cans, confronted with the staggering consequences of
nature out of balance, have fallen back on the one faculty
that can somehow judge it and respond: the esthetic sense.
Beauty is order, it is health, it is diversity, it is function. The If something is beautiful, it is likely to be functioning
opposite of beauty is disorder, disease, monotony, properly and in good health. The ability to perceive beauty
and malfunction.
RAYMOND F. DASMANN may, in the long run, prove man's salvation.

The natural beauty movement.has from the start meant
The planting of flowers to brighten the heart of a city far more than "beautification." It means a vigorous ex-
may not accomplish an environmental revolution, but it may
well lead to a new awareness of their surroundings on the pansion of traditional concepts of the American conserva-
part of many members of the public-Flowers can lead tion movement started by John Muir, Gifford Pinchot, and
to trees, and trees to public parks, and parks to comprehensive
planning programs. Theodore Roosevelt. It means turning also to the problems
RUSSELL E. TRAIN of the cities, where most Americans live. It means the con-
trol of pollution and litter and the elimination of public
eyesores. It means a resurgence of civic pride in the neigh-
borhoods and towns of America. It means a new emphasis
on amenities in the man-made environment such as grass,
flowers, trees, parks and open spaces, fountains, art in pub-
fic places, and design excellence in buildings and streets.
It means broadening the process of decision-making by

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public agencies to include humane and esthetic considera-
tions. The natural beauty movement implies a faith in the
"Fulfillment" is probably the embracing word; more fulfillment capacity of technology to solve the problems it has created
and less frustration for more human beings. We want more varied
and fuller achievement in human societies, as against drabness and an imaginative determination to find innovative solu-
and shrinkage. We want more enjoyment and less suffering.
We wan It more beauty and less ugliness. We want more tions. Finally, the idea central to the riatural beauty move-
adventure and disciplined freedom, as against routine and ment is the belief that exposure to nature in some form
slavishness. We want more knowledge, more interest, more
wonder, as against ignorance and apathy. contributes to the renewal and fulfillment of every human
SIR JULIAN HUXLEY being, in body arid in spirit.

The ambitious aims of the natural beauty movement will
not be quickly achieved. The effort requires hard thought,
difficult decisions, and a reappraisal of some habitual
standards and values. Success will ultimately depend on
the willingness of the individual to accept the responsi-
bility of environmental stewardship.

The new society at last., proportionate This report explores the questions raised by the new
to nature . . . emphasis on natural beauty along with some of the an-
Clearing the ground for broad humanity,
I the true swers that are already emerging. Here are portrayed the
America, heir of the past so grand,
To build agrander future. beginnings of a movement that may well fulfill the pioneer
WALT WHITMAN promise of a man-made America commensurate with the
natural splendor of this continent.

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Part I

THE ENVIRONMENT

2 `6111'1-11__n@t,ll

4
THE URBAN AREAS

WHAT CONSTITUTES AN ENVIRONMENT SATISFYING TO MAN?
What is it about one's surroundings that makes for a
good day? A good year? A good life? The search for
f answers should commence with a consideration of a
man s home, the setting of daily life.
For more than seven out of ten Americans, home is an
X; urban setting-not only the place of residence, but the
A site of most experience. By the year 2ooo-a mere 32
years away-nearly nine out of ten Americans will dwell
in urban areas.
As a consequence of this increasing urban concentra-
tion, cities and their surroundings have become increas-
ingly congested, cluttered, blighted and besmogged.
;PV
Seldom do they offer an environment to nourish the
human spirit. But with the reassertion of natural influ-
ence and the imaginative design of his own structures,
man can create environments hospitable to his highest
aspirations.
The following four chapters examine the quality of
the urban environment-from the appearance of neigh-
borhoods to the management of the metropolitan region.

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The Neighborhood

FOR MOST AMERICANS, the residential neighborhood pro- programs which are developed by the skill and energy
vides. the major environmental experience. Most adults of the community.
recall vividly andoften nostalgically the neighborhoods
where th' ionable years of childhood were OLD NEIGHBORHOODS
e most impress
spent, the places associated with early experiences of
birth and death, sickness and health,, friendship, niar- The problems of blighted neighborhoods are yielding
to a more discriminating, selective process of renewal
riage and all the intimate ceremonies and activities that
and rehabilitation. Renewal programs are now seeking
lend deep emotional significance to family life. 1
These formative experiences are inevitably enhanced to preserve.a.nd improve buildings that are still sound
and enriched in attractive, well-orde Ired neighborhoods; and vital, to remove structures beyond repair, and to
they are demeaned in districts of blight, litter, and u g-li- retain- and, enhance the social patterns that have
ness, whether in decaying, crime-infested slums'of the evolved-the community gathering place, the broad-
central city or in dreary sprawling suburbs on the outer sidewalk play area, the playgrounds and parks.
urban fringes, the slums of the future. PARKS AND OPEN SPACES
Neighborhood blight, both in the urban core and at National, .State, and county parks are rarely accessible
the periphery, inevitably spreads like -a malig nant to the minority groups and the poor who live in the
growth unless vigorous countermeasures are taken. The central city. The provision of usable park .s and open
task -of raising the quality of the American environ- space is vital in renewing old neighborhood .s.
ment begins here, in the neighborhood. This task in-
cludes providing for the beauty of nature-trees and improvement of Existing Parks: Of .ten neighborhood
gardens, natural land forms, and landscaped areas-as parks are not fully used, owing to poor maintenance,
well as for the varied design of buildings, recreation worn-out equipment, concern over personal safety, un-
areas, and public facilities. attractive design and lack-of supervised recreation. Im-
The beginnings ofneighborhood improvement are proved patrolling and better lighting alone can result
evident throughout the Nation, many of them made in greatly increased use. A U.S. Department of Com@
possible by new forms of Federal assistance. The Open merce study indicated that better lighting in play-
Space Land Program of the Department of Housing and grounds decreased vandalism in some areas of New York
Urban -Development provides grants to local govern- City by more than 8o percent.
ments for 50 percent of the purchase price of urban Park improvement is an important element in local
land for recreation, conservation, scenic, or historic beautification programs. Chicago, for example, carried
purposes. The Urban Beautification program, adminis- out improvements in 134 parks during 1966-1967- Pitts-
tered by the same department, provides grants of up to burgh remodeled and enlarged the 7o-acre North Side
50 percent of the -development cost for neighborhood Commons with the help of a Federal beautification
improvement proje@ts. The Department of the Interior's grant to provide new opportunities for recreation, in-
Land and Water Conservation Fund, although designed cludihg play lots, fountains, and extensive planting. A
to help provide public outdoor recreation opportunities similar grant to New Haven, Conn.,. supports the res-
whenever needed has provided a number of 5o percent toration of existing parks through landscape design to
matching grants to acquire and develop la:nd in urban emphasize view's and installation of a new shoreline
ar ,eas for recreation and conservation purposes. Federal walk , trails, lighting, trees, benches, and a paved area
help, however, can 6 nly encourage and supplement local for tennis in summer and ice skating in winter. Denver

Parks in old neighborhoods serve diverse needs.

'31 Z-
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renovated 22 parks and Richmond, Va., seven Neu, Par@s in Old Neighborhoods: In most cities parks
playgrounds with the help of similar program grants. and playgrounds are in shortest supply in old inner-city
In many old neighborhoods, the grounds of public neighborhoods where they are most needed. Improve-
housing, schools, and community centers represent an ment of the few existing parks in these areas needs to be
open space asset not used to best advantage. Too often, supplemented by the creation of new ones.
landscape planting of public grounds has been con- The Open Space Land Program is helping remedy
sidered a "frill," an unwarranted expense. The result is these open space deficiencies. San Bernardino, Calif., for
bleak and uninviting open space. example, received a 5o-percent grant to aid in the pur-
A foundation-sponsored project at Rils Houses, a low- chase of the last remaining vacant land in a crowded
income public housing complex in New York City, neighborhood on the north side of the city. The site
demonstrated an effective design solution to inade- will be developed as a neighborhood park, providing
quately developed open space. The replanned open ballfields, game courts, and a children's playground in
space provides for a wide range of activities separated an otherwise space-poor neighborhood.
by changes in elevation, by sculpture, and by trees and Congress amended the Open Space Land Program
shrubs. New facilities include an amphitheater, a gar- in 1965 by adding authority for assistance in acquisition
den a plaza, and sitting and play areas. The project and clearance of built-up land in areas where no suitable
won a 1966 Honor Award for Design Excellence from vacant land existed. In the "Old West End" of Toledo,
the Department of Housing and Urban Development. Ohio, a grant from this program was used to help create

The transformation of, a vacant lot in Philadelphia demonstrates how small
spaces can be converted to par@ use.

a one-acre Warren School Park, bringing recreation op-
portunities and an open green place to a completely 1'@'
41 open
built-up neighborhood. By the fall of 1967
space grants had been given for the acquisition and
clearance of developed land.

New Use for Small Spaces: Given the high cost of city
land, it is not often feasible to create new parks and
open spaces of considerable size in old neighborhoods.
Many communities are making creative use of small
areas that are vacant or that can readily be cleared. In
Philadelphia, with the assistance of Federal beautifica
tion grants, ioo vacant lots in highly congested neigh-
borhoods are being transformed into "vest-pocket"
parks under a program that permits tax-delinquent real
estate to be devoted to recreation and green space use.
In Milwaukee, a number of small plots of land in low-
income neighborhoods have been acquired, with
help from an Open Space Land Program grant, for
conversion to small playgrounds.
7 J&
New York City received a beautification grant to
demonstrate an imaginative "portable park" concept.
Ten to 15 vacant city lots will be transformed into play
areas with specially designed equipment built in. a
modular design of wood, pipe, cables, and stone. These
can be taken down and redesigned or reassembled on j
another vacant s ace as the needs of the children and
P
the neighborhoods change or as the land is required
for other public uses.

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Roo tops: Many adjoining inner-city houses have -flat
roofs that might be converted to roofgardens and sun
decks. Rooftop space on parking garages and other large
buildings'could be put to similar use. In many New T",
York City blocks, for example, roofs have a contiguous
area 85 feet wide and a block long. Many cities, for
safety reasons, prohibit the use of this space. However,
where existing parapets are high enough to provide pro- V:
t
ion or new sa
ect' fety barriers could be constructed, it
would be possible to permit safe recreation. In some

In many old neighborhoods the only open spaces available to residents are
streets and sidewalks.

IS
4

cases, structural strengthening of the roof' may be
necessary.
land Industr * Property: A further possible
Commercia ial
source of unused open space is commercial and indus-
t
rial property which could be available for the part-time
recreation use of nearby residents. The Eli Lilly Com-
pany n Indianapolis provided land for inner-city play-
grounds on company property and also purchased equip-
ment and paid operating costs. In many neighborhoods,
I if observation of industrial processes from platforms or
decks were feasible and safe, an interesting element
would be added.
ao
Streets as Open Space: Cities on occasion close off certain
streets to 1 1
traffic to provide sites for public events such as
block parties. Permanent closing of some streets would
A create space for neighborhood malls. The use of air
1A 4 rights over freeways and other surface installations for
the construction of plazas, observation decks, or pedes-
AW low -
trian bridges is another untapped source of space in old
neighborhoods. Such areas could be enhanced with
C,
benches, trees, and flowers. In neighborhoods where
streets constitute the only open space available, the plant-
W
A. ing of trees and other landscape improvements are es-
sential. Pittsburgh, Pa., and Richmond, Va., have both
started vigorous street landscaping programs in old
neighborhoods.
Better, Recreation Programs: Imaginative recreation pro-
grams can contribute immeasurably to the value of parks
and open spaces in old neighborhoods. New York's park
pr
ograms include fashion shows, poetry readings, dog
training courses, music and art "happenings," including
a paint-in" where everyone was offered a brush, paint,
and space on a lengthy canvas and invited to express
himself. Business firms Join in the sponsorship of special
events and are given full public credit for their support.
Recreation programs can also be devised to promote
year-round and nighttime use of school grounds and
other public areas that usually serve only seasonal or
part-time use. Programs such as these help to attract

Resident involvement is the key to neighborhood quality.

_7
greater numbers of people to neighborhood recreation
areas a 44
The s'feiy that comes from numbers offsets the
fear for personal safety that keeps many neighborhood
residents from visiting underused parks. Comfortable 7-
and attractive "outdoor furniture," particularly innova-
tive play equipment, also helps to make public areas
yk@@
inviting.
Resident Involvement: The creation, maintenance, and
management of parks and open spaces in old neighbor-
hoods present a great opportunity to employ, train, and

NE X
stimulate the disadvantaged residents of the area. Sev-
eral communities for example, have integrated their
-poverty programs,
beautification activities with local anti
such as the Neighborhood Youth Corps and the Work
Experience Program. These programs have provided
unskilled and semi-skilled labor for park and recreation
projects resulting not only in physical but social
J@_
benefits from personal pride of accomplishment.
The Watts Labor Community Action Committee in
Los Angeles conducted a program supported by the
U.S. Department of Labor, involving children and
youth in neighborhood cleanup work, small park devel, borhood cleanup, rat control, and beautification, includ-
opment and maintenance, recreation, and cultural ing the construction of "tot lots," small play areas
activities.. for children. Later the program began more fundamen-
0 In Trenton, N.J., the Neighborhood Youth Corps is tal jobtraining activities, including training in land-
helping develop and beautify neighborhood play areas scape gardening, home improvement and building
4 and commons in a project supported both by the Office maintenance.
of Economic Opportunity and the Urban Beautification 9 in Pittsburgh, Pa., a nine-week work-experience pro-
Program., Community organizations will help design gram was sponsored by Action Housing, Inc. This en-
these areas and participate in their upkeep. . gaged i7o boys and girls, aged 16 to 21, in the construc-
0 Neighborhood House in Richmond, Calif., in the tion of play lots, designed by architectural students, in
summer of 1967 provided work for ioo unemployed and various parts of the city.
disadvantaged youth in constructing facilities and super- Resident involvement in neighborhood parks and
vising recreational activities at sandlot day camps for recreation programs can be greatly stimulated by seek-
neighborhood youngsters. ing neighborhood help in the cooperative planning and
In Washington, D.C., to test the feasibility and value maintenance of such areas. In 1967 the National Park
of a work experience program for disadvantaged urban Service' for example, broke precedent by agreeing to
youth, more than i,ooo young people worked on neigh- work cooperatively with a neighborhood citizens group

Older neighborhoods that are well tended retain their quality and stability. New and improved technology can be applied to the redevelopment of old
Where total demolition of building in old neighborhoods is required, neighborhoods.
low cost units that can be quickly assembled, like these experimental,
prefabricated modules, no; minimize relocation hardships for neighbor-
hood residents.

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in Washington, D.C., in the permanent maintenance million families, or over four million people. Nearly
and preservation of a new park. Eastland Gardens Park, a. third of the families have incomes of less than $;,ooo
located in the Anacostia section of the city, was planned a year, and most earn less than the median income level
by the Park Service in conjunction with the Eastland in the locality. One-fourth live in substandard housing,
Gardens Flower Club and the Civic Association. Under and many more are overcrowded in deteriorating
the guidance of trained Park Service personnel, neigh- buildings.
borhood dwellers will clean the park, mow the grass, (For a discussion of the effects of public economic,
plant and tend the flowers, shrubs, and trees. The Park tax, and regulatory powers on the quality of neighbor-
Service's labor savings will make possible the purchase hoods see The City, page 77.)
of additional equipment, supplies 'and materials. Similar Basic to the effective redesign and redevelopment of
cooperative agreements with other groups are under old neighborhoods is the creation of focal points for
negotiation. neighborhood services and activities. The Neighborhood
Resident involvement on this scale begins to point the Facilities Program, also administered by the Depart-
way'toward more fundamental neighborhood renewal. ment of Housing and Urban Development provides as-
Parks and open spaces are by no means the 'whole an- sistance for the development of neighborhood centers
swer to the, problems of a rundown neighborhood, in low-income districts. These centers, io3 of which are
but they can provide the impetus to foster a quality planned or nearing completion across the country, can
environment throughout the district. offer a wide range of social services at the neighborhood
NEIGHBORH IOOD CONSERVATION level. Many combine health, education, and recrea-
tion programs, welfare and employment services, and
Improving the quality of deteriorating- neighborhoods day-care centers. Neighborhood Facilities grants may be
requires a total social and economic approach that af- used in conjunction with Open Space grants to help
fects the causes of the deterioration. The beginnings of poorer neighborhoods develop combined park and so-
this kind of total approach are found in the Model Cities cial service centers. Dallas and New York City, for ex-
legislation'of 1966, which calls for concentrating on the ample, are developing urban parks in conjunction with
task all available resources, public and private. A major neighborhood centers.
purpose of the Model Cities program, Congress declared, Private enterprise is assuming more responsibility for
is "to enhance neighborhoods by applying a high stand- the restoration of.old neighborhoods, a trend that should
ard of design; maintain, as appropriate, natural and be encouraged by all levels of government. (See Part
historic sites and distinctive neighborhood characteris- 11, page 251, Business and Industry.) Such major in-
tics, and, make maximum possible use of new and dustrial concerns as United States Gypsum Company
improved technology and design . . ." I @ and United States Steel Corporation have bought hous-
To fulfill these objectives, the program encourages ing in old neighborhoods to test the development of new
participating cities to seek variety and design quality in markets for their products through experimental re-
street furniture, playgrounds, low-income housing, li- habilitation. Religious and other civic groups are enter-
braries, malls, and other facilities. One hundred and ing the low-income housing field on a non-profit basis.
ninety four cities applied for participation in the Model A principal problem in neighborhood conservation
Cities program. Of these, the Department of Housing efforts has been the understandable suspicion and hostil-
and Urban Development selected 63 to receive initial ity of residents who fear that they will be displaced or
planning grants. In the target areas chosen there are one their community disrupted. To be successful, a neigh-

Neighborhood redevelopment oflers an opportunity to blend old and new
urban qualities.

borbood improvement project of any kind must be
grounded 'in the needs and expectations of the resi-
dents-a goal that may best be achieved through their
participation in the planning process. Achievement of
this goal implies the ability to develop a partnership be- iMAIM4111111M
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*dents and planners, housing authorities, and gills
most
tween res
Wiil 4114411141Y
4AMAMAUU4
other public officials. 2111a M " i A M" M
The one public hearing required on renewal plans or
projects receiving Federal assistance needs to be supple-
41 HOUR
mented by other means of encouraging the participation iniitollevoll
ala"AIII U144444
of neighborhood residents. The guidelines issued for
so Is an am 1115'
Model Cities participation call for an organizational 41 "MAIAIMAIS "Nal'i
1 IM4121
structure through which the residents can join in plan- Miami
ning, policy-making and program implementation.
VIIIIIIIIINT
Residents are to have direct access to the city agency
111511411 111144115 C&
ible for planning the program; some of them 41611"15521
respons 1941111123,
are to be hired to work full time on the planning, and
14111411104416

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Human satisfaction should be the ultimate ainj of neighborhood redevelop-
ment programs.

others are to be employed in reconstruction projects. p@l!@.$hlk@,@@4,@!"Izril-@'-@4r@,,,---"",
These structures will provide the mechanism not only
to listen to the views of residents, but to resolved' er
iff
ences through joint planning, discussion, negotiation
and mediation..
The West End urban renewal project in Atlanta, Ga.,
was preceded by intensive public discussion of the pro)-
ion,
ect within the neighborhood. To provide informati
the Renewal Authority established a neighborhood of-
fice which was staffed entirely by resid ents or former
A;',
idents of the area. A local Businessmen's Association
Lil
res
set up a speakers' bureau. Nearly every club, Parent-
Teacher Association, and church in the area formed an OF
urban renewal committee or discussion group. School
children made the plan a class study project. Renewal
officials went into living rooms to explain the program
at "urban renewal" parties. Apart from enlisting public
acceptance of the renewal project, the campaign set off
a spate of remodeling jobs on individual homes.
Resident involvement in neighborhood redevelop-
ment should include many forms of self-help. A project
keyed to self-improvement by homeowners has begun
in Charleston, Mass., an old and rundown but basically
sound Boston area community. The city and a local pri-
vate utility have joined in the sponsorship of a Home
Improvement Center to show neighborhood residents
how to do the job and to assist them in planning budgets,
obtaining financing, and getting construction bids.
Slum-dwellers, however, are rarely the owners of the design professions, for example, could render a great
buildings they inhabit. Often, they do not have the in- public service in many communities by actively assisting
centive, means, skills, and the leadership necessary for disadvantaged residents. in conducting programs for
programs of home repair and renovation, grounds im- neighborhood improvement.
provement, and other forms of neighborhood rehabill -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
tation. The impact of the Model Cities Program and the The Council proposes that Federal policy reflect the
various anti-poverty agencics-as far as they go-should great and largely unfulfilled need for resident involve-
help to solve these problems. But the necessity remains ment in many kinds of improvement and redevelopment
for innovative ways of encouraging effective resident projects in old neighborhoods. Federal agencies should
participation. Government, business, and civic groups develop programs and methods, which stimulate this
need to expand their neighborhood improve frient activ- resident involvement fully.
ities and condition them on resident involvement. The - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

In typical subdivision developments, little regard has been paid to the char-
acter of the landscape.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW for convenient access to schools and stores, for parks and
NEIGHBORHOODS open space.
The result was that families which had moved out of
In the years following the end of World War II, the the central city to enjoy the space and beauty of the
pent-up U.S. demand for housing was released in the countryside soon found themselves surrounded by a sea
greatest construction boom in history. Around nearly of monotonous housing, with few of the compensating
every city in the -land, wave after wave of subdivisions conveniences and advantages they had left behind in
flowed out into the countryside, engulfing fields and the city. But there is ample opportunity to learn from the
orchards, hills and valleys. Never before had so many errors that were made. All the building that has taken
houses been built for so many people in so short a time. place since World War 11 is relatively small compared to
Some of the subdivisions were well-designed and care- the construction that will be necessary in the years
fully planned to preserve the natural beauty of the land- ahead. .
scape. But the urgent need for housing and the lure of Within the next few decades, to accommodate a grow-
quick profits caused many.more to be quickly and ing population and rising incomes, it will be essential
cheaply built with little effective public regulation to to build more new residences than have been constructed
insure proper design or to require respect for the forms previously in the entire history of the Nation. The way
of the land. Too frequently bulldozers simply scraped in which. this gargantuan task is done will decisively
the site bare and graded it level, destroying trees, strearns, affect the quality of the American environment for the
and natural contours. Too frequently the goal was coming century. Clearly the task requires public and
merely to throw up houses in a hurry, with little regard private planning of unprecedented magnitude. It offers
for other needs of residents-the needs for safe and an unparalleled opportunity for creative innovations
attractive streets, for playgrounds and recreation centers, centered. around the needs of Americans not only for

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New neighborhoods should be planned from the start with consideration for
the quality of the natural setting.

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efficient and attractive housing, but for cultural facilities, from the Soil Conservation Service and the Geological
for recreation, for open space and natural beauty. Survey can be helpful in orderly planning of land use
PARKS AND OPEN SPACE patterns that are harmonious with natural landscape
features.
Before land is dedicated to residential development, its Once a site is selected, open space should be reserved
.character deserves thoughtful attention. Certain areas for recreational and esthetic purposes. The open space
generally should be avoided for safety reasons-most can be of many varieties-woods, meadows, ravines, hill-
steep slopes and clifftops, active earthquake fault zones, sides, lawns, playing fields, orchards, or gardens. It
beaches, and areas subject to flooding. Hillside building should be selected purposefully so that it can be woven
is likely to create large scars on the landscape unless the into the neighborhood pattern to serve a number of
density is limited; tl@e steeper the slope, the fewer the other purposes a .s well-to establish neighborhood
buildings that can be located there without severe boundaries, to guide further growth, to protect neigh-
esthetic damage. Some local governments limit hillside borhobds from the sight and sound of other installations,
building by designating different permissible densities such as highways, airports and industries. Well-designed
for varying degrees of slope. (See discussion of urban open space enhances property values and contributes to
land-use planning on page 104.) the stability of neighborhoods.
Soil, hydrologic, and geologic information. available Although the traditional American neighborhood

Open space for common use can be preserved by grouping houses close
together.

consists of single-family detached dwellings, each with a suitable public body or to an association of home-
its own yard, other kinds of neighborhoods now begin- owners. Some communities require the subdivider to
ning to be developed in many areas offer attractive dedicate to open space use a specific proportion of the
possibilities for maximizing open space. total area. Hawaii in 1967 passed a law requiring every
subdivider to provide land for schools and parks or the
� Individually owned row houses on common greens. cash equivalent. Howard County, Md., has an Open
� Cluster developments, built on the principle of con- Space Trust Fund created through allocation of a frac-
serving space for common use by locating the houses in tion of a transfer tax on real estate. The fund is used to
close groupings. acquire open space for public use.
0 Separate homes or row houses with related private In some cases the subdivider retains ownership and
recreation centers. management of the open space himself; in others, t1ie
0 Various combinations of these approaches, sometimes common land is deeded to the local government or a
including high rise apartment buildings. special unit of local government is established to ad-
minister the land; in still others, a nonprofit corporation
Open space may be acquired in a variety of ways. The consisting of the homeowners is created to maintain the
subdivider himself may give land for open space use to land.

14,

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The preservation of open space should be accompanied by thoughtful design
and planning for its use.

Another method is purchase of land by the local gov-
ern s in
ment. A city, for example, might buy io acre
a proposed subdivision-at raw land costs without
utifities-for a park.
it is generally economically feasible for developers to
provide adequate open space in expensive suburban de-
velopments. The chief problem is to provide open space
in low-cost and low-middle cost develo ments where
p
the modest price is achieved by crowding as many houses
as possible onto a site. Since this is a market that must ---
be supplied, there is a need for research on how to pro-
vide open space in low- and moderate-priced develop-
ments by the use of clustering, rowhousing, multi-stor
housing and innovative neighborhood plans.

5;
Federal assistance is available for the purchase of land
to meet recreation and open space needs in developing
L:LL _LL
urban areas. Typical of Department of Housing and
Urban Development Open Space grants is the one
awarded to the Village of Homewood, in a rapidly grow-
ing section of Cook County, 111. The grant assisted in
the purchase of a five-acre site, to be known as West
Governor's Park. Another Open Space grant enabled
Montgomery County, Pa., to acquire 5o acres of a stream
insure a natura
valley and flood plain to I break in a
rapidly spreading pattern of suburban growth.
The Land and Water Conservation Fund also has ks
been used to acquire open space land in growing areas.
Anchorage, Alaska, has obtained support from the Fund - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
to establish several neighborhood parks. Another exam- The Council recommends that State and local gov-
ple is Winfield, Kans., which acquired 13 acres for the ernments require developers or residential subdivisions
creation of Cherry Street Park. to set aside adequate and appropriately located open
In meeting urban open space needs, the Federal role space within each development, or provide equivalent
in land acquisition is limited to financial assistance. The funds for the purchase of open land elsewhere in the
initiative and responsibility rests on communities them- genreal area. High priority should be given to the pres-
selves. By requiring all new developments to set aside ervation of streams, trees, land contours, and other fea-
a certain proportion of land area as common open space, tures of the landscape. These measures should be
and by better land use planning within the development, encouraged in all possible ways by Federal agencies and
the Federal Housing Administration estimates that should be a condition of Federal financial assistance to
communities could create a half-million acres of new subdivision developers.
urban parks in the next 35 years. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

The need for safety, quiet, and the convenience of residents should govern
the planning of subdivision streets.

STREETS
The great automobile inundation of the mid-twentieth
@century has produced profound changes in the atmos-
phere of American neighborhoods. Residential streets
which were once quiet, tree-lined areas contributing to
neighborhood spaciousness and often usable for some
kinds of recreation have become roaring thoroughfares,
lined with parked cars, sources of noise, clutter, an
danger.
Street design of new neighborhoods can be adapted
to the automobile age by the use of specialized streets for
specific functions, separating various kinds of traffic.
-de-sacs and looped streets, for example,
The use of cul
can discourage through traffic within a neighborhood
and return the street to its residents. This concept was
first demonstrated in the development of Radburn, N.J.,
nearly 40 years ago.
In Radburn, houses are located in irregular-shape
d
superblocks" of from 35 to 50 acres, many times the
size of a normal city block. Wide streets surround the
su erblock, and the houses are reached by narrow dead-
P
end lanes leading toward the interior of each block.
Each house has direct access by footpaths to a park at planning of some 3oo new residential developments
the center of the block, and the parks in various blocks throughout the country.
are interconnected by pedestrian underpasses. Vehicu- A major difficulty, however, in the use of innovative
lar and pedestrian traffic are completely separated; chil- designs of streets and building locations is that local
dren can walk to -schools and parks without crossing zoning and subdivision regulations written for tradi-
streets. tional gridiron patterns developments are often too in-
, The Radburn design forces through traffic to bypass flexible to encourage variations in lot size, density, and
the neighborhood. There is ample off-street parking; street design. In most areas a thorough overhauling
and the interior streets once more become quiet lanes of local regulations would encourage better design in
used only by the residents of the immediate area-20 residential developments.
families at most. The streets OCCUPY 25 percent less land Another important contribution to the improved ap-
than in a normal subdivision, and utility lines are cor- pearance of neighborhood streets is the underground in-
respondingly 25 percent shorter, making for greater stallation. of utility lines. Recent advances in technology
economy. Danger.frorn fast traffic is diminished almost have made this increasingly feasible in developing resi-
to zero. Radburn has had only one automobile accident dential areas. One of the more-important advantages of
on its residential lanes since the community was opened burying wires is a visual one. Near Seattle, Wash., Lake
in 1929. The Radburn idea is now being used in the Heights, a community with sweeping views of Lake

Installing utilities underground can make dramatic esthetic improvements
in a neighborhood.

Washington, Seattle, and the Olympic Range, provides 7-77@7-
7@c,77 7,771
a good example of-the esthetic benefits obtained through
underground installation. The homeowners, who
agreed to Pay $325 each for the cost of the conversion
project, celebrated its completion.
Besides the esthetic advantages, underground place-
ment of utilities has safety benefits both for the home-
owner and the utility company. Although it takes longer
to repair such lines, maintenance costs are often lowered
and service becomes more dependable because of
-A,
decreased damage to the lines by weather.
Underground installation has clear economic advan-
tages for the property owner. A survey conducted by @J
utility companies in the Pacific Northwest and some
other western States indicated that underground utili-
ties add well over one percent of the purchase price to
d
the value of residential property.
While the added initial costs may prevent or delay
universal underground installations, the Federal Hous-
ing Administration now requires underground place-
ment of power and telephone lines where economically
feasible. The State of California, through its Public
Utilities Commission, recently adopted a statewide policy
to romote such installation. The Maryland Public Utili-
p
ties Commission is proposing new regulations which will
provide for the share of costs to be borne by owners @t
new residential subdivisions, and Montgomery County,
Md., requires placing utility lines underground in all
new residential subdivisions having more than five lots.

I
Dur'ing 1966, approximately 70 percent of all new
residential developments were serviced by buried tele-
phone cables. Although burial of electrical wiring is Olt
more difficult than burying telephone cables, several
electric utilities have announced that they no longer will
charge residential developers for installing underground
wiring. In Richland, Wash., and Salem, Oreg., the il
nc@cost policy has been practiced for some years by
municipally operated electric utility systems. After eight
years of experience, the Salem utility reported that main-

Conventional views of trailer parks belie the potential that exists in the
use of mobile housing.

tenance cost reduction offsets the increased installation educational use. Marina City in the heart of Chicago,
cost. Northern States Power Company recently an- for example, consists of two cylindrical towers that pro-
nounced a $100 million io-year program for placing vide parking on lower levels and housing above. Rec-
feeder lines underground in cities it serves in Minnesota reation facilities, restaurants, and an office building are
and parts of Wisconsin, South Dakota, and North contained within the complex, making it possible to
Dakota. live, work, and play without leaving the site.
The electric utility industry is cooperating with the The flexibility of mobile housing is being tapped to
Citizens' Advisory Committee on Recreation and Nat- provide shelter for college students, and modest-priced
ural Beauty in a special study examining the policies housing for low-income families, young married
and practices of various utility companies in placing dis- couples, and retired people. Construction workers whose
tribution lines underground, both for new developments employment takes them from region to region find
and conversions in existing neighborhoods. mobile housing a great convenience. Many new trailer
, Where prohibitive costs or technical requirements parks incorporate high standards of design, landscaped
prevent th 'e burial of utility lines, greater efforts are grounds, and ample recreation facilities.
being made to improve design and location of the New kinds of neighborhoods may result from current
overhead lines by reducing the number of wires on research into new bui Iding mateTials being con-
poles and by the use of more attractive poles. Substations ducted by the Experimental Housing Program of the
are often designed to blend with the surrounding en- Department of Housing and Urban Development.
vironment and include landscaped, well-tended grounds. Whatever forms are assumed by new neighborhoods,
every effort should be made to respect and preserve the
DESIGN OF NEW NEIGHBORHOODS natural features of the area. To help local government
Apart from improvement on traditional forms, there are follow plans and regulations for neighborhood develop-
other directions for new neighborhoods to take. Neigh- ment, which will assure good design, the Federal Hous-
borhoods can be put into single, large apartment houses, ing Administration has devised a system of land-use
with some floors given to commercial, recreational, and intensity for use in guiding project design. Design con-

_@_ __44T

141", 40N
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One netv form of neighborhood is represented by Chicago's Marina City.

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siderations are also increasingly evident in planned new
towns throughout the United States. (See Part 1, page

"J
113.) But in most of the subdivisions that represent
the great bulk of new residential construction, too little
concern exists for neighborhood site design. When
design considerations are introduced into subdivision
"A
planning, it is usually after the form and character of
the neighborhood have been frozen by commitments to
low housing density, location of commu-
costs per unit
n ty facilities, and conventional street plans. The use of
,JM_
professional designers in the initial planning of new
r
'dent'al developments offers a greater prospect of
esi 1
achieving excellence in design of new subdivisions.

. . . . . . . . . .
- - - - - - - - - - -
The Council recommends that local governments
through their plans and subdivision regulations encour-
ME age better design of new neighborhoods, including con-
sideration of cluster development and other planned
unit development, design innovations and variations in
.............
the siting of buildings and design and location of streets.
Federal agen 'es providing financ*al or techn' al as
sistance to subdivision developers and local governments
should encourage improved neighborhood design in all
possible ways.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

"MM
CITIZEN ACTION

The work of planners, designers, builders, and public
agencies can help lay the foundations for improvement,
but ultimately neighborhood quality depends on the
attitudes and activities of the people who live there. The
way the residents feel about a neighborhood is immedi-
ately apparent even to the casual visitor. Pride in a
neighborhood is evident in its trees, lawns, and flowers;
in well-painted buildings; in clean, uncluttered streets
and sidewalks-the outward expression of substance and
continuity. It has been a predominant purpose of the
natural beauty movement to foster pride of residents

/111111@All A 47

Tree planting programs have frequently served as first steps in local
programs of citizen action.

in their nei borhood and responsibility for its main-
gh
tenance and enhancement. Among the examples of
citizen action are the following:
In Los Angeles, a bus driver took advantage of his
ii-minute breaks at the end of his line to make a small
garden of the worn and littered spot where he waited.
A Rocky River, Ohio, citizen, concerned over the ap-
V 7 IV pearance of his street after the removal of diseased elms,
persuaded 65 of his neighbors to join in a street tree
planting program.
A teacher living in-a blighted neighborhood in In-
X dianapolis convinced her fellow citizens to clean up
s of debris.
42,000 tOn
0 Shreveport, La., citizens organized a Beautification
Foundation to plant crab apple trees, crepe myrtle, and
wisteria along bayous and highways.
Okl
ahoma City has been enhanced by i,8oo redbud
trees planted by citizen groups.
'Citi ens * Albuquerque, N. Mex., Woodbridge, N.J.,
z in
and Fremont, Calif., make commemorative plantings
around their communities to mark special events or to
honor individuals.
In Asheville, N.C., the Beautification Committee plans
to place sculpture at every entrance to the city.
,7'
In M*lwaukee, the Mayor's Committee on Beautifica-
tion has adopted fountains as the theme of its campaign;
four old ones have been restored and new industrial
and residential areas are being encouraged to include
fountains in their development.
In Utah, 183 communities have a landscape improve-
ment program.
In New York City, a citizens' committee on beautifi-
catio
n successfully sought an executive order from the
Mayor to provide works of art for the city's new public
N
buildings,
One area where citizen action can be extremely effec-
-income neighborhoods. An example is:
tive is in low

Neighborhood park and recreation facilities can benefit from innovative
approaches.

The Citizens Committee on Youth in Cincinnati, Simliar activities are taking place throughout the
Ohio, undertook an urban conservation and training country. Although they have already resulted in sig-
program in the summer of 1967 to prepare unemployed nificant improvement in the appearance of many neigh-
youth and, young adults for apprenticeship training borhoods, the actual changes accomplished and the
and/or building trade employment. An objective of the methods used are little more than a beginning. Their-
program was to demonstrate that programs for urban chief significance is the encouraging evidence they pro-
rehabilitation can effectively be used for such prepara- vide that Americans are will Iing to assume responsibility.
tion when combined with instruction by skilled union for the quality of their immediate environment.
craftsmen.

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Downtown

HISTORICALLY, MOST CITIES developed at particular loca- lights installed. More than ioo store fronts have been
tions owing to a conjunction of natural and man-made repainted in pastel shades to fit an overall color scheme.
features-a harbor or confluence of rivers, for example, devised by an architect. Five blocks of railroad tracks
a transportation crossroads, a trading center. Gradually running through the town have been shielded by
the diverse aspects of urban life were added-a growing planting.
variety of goods, services, personal contacts, and occupa- Minneapolis provides another example: Nine blocks
tional opportunities. The place where these elements of Nicolett Avenue now form a landsc -aped pedestrian
came together became the heart of the city. walkway and plaza. The redesigned street is curved to
Today there is a new combination of forces that con- reduce the sense of distance and to invite walking. Elec-
verge at the center of the city and now threaten to tric coils in the terrazzo paving keep the mall free from
deprive it of life: Burgeoning population, racial up- ice and snow.
heaval, obsolescent structures, and inefficient transporta- The appearance of city streets can be improved with-
tion. The consequent decay of the inner city is a out major alteration or expense simply by the use of
malignancy that seems to be inherent in the process of paint and imaginative lighting, special attention to
urban growth. As downtown commercial and industrial architectural details, and control of the number and
facilities spread, adjacent residential districts become less design of commercial signs. A good starting point is an
desirable. Middle class families move to the outer areas appraisal of the entire street by professional designers.
*or the suburbs, leaving deteriorating housing that tends With the support and cooperation of the property own-
to turn to slums. The blight is contagious and spreads ers, it is then possible to create a new face for the street
rapidly outward from the core, marked by shabby that emphasizes the good points and camouflages the
buildings, barren parking lots, cluttered streets, jumbled bad.
signs, noise, fumes, and litter. Downtown loses its ap- Sheboygan, Wis.., conducted a vigorous program of
peal not. only to residents but to visitors, shoppers, store front improvement after that community lost an,
and employees; and a cycle of commercial decline industry because of its shabby downtown. Local banks
commences. offered a 2o-percent reduction on interest rates for mer-
However, the process of urban rot can be stopped and chants and other persons participating in the program.
reversed and many communities are beginning to make The store front improvements generated a number of
vigorous efforts to do so. more basic community improvements involving $30 mil-
lion in private capital. The area has since become the
location of 18 new industrial plants, including those of
:STREETS
six companies which had not previously operated in the
Downtown streets are the arteries for the flow of urban area.
life and should reflect the city's vitality and diversity. A street design plan sponsored by the U.S. Cornmis-
Too often, however, they are devoid of beauty and Sion of Fine Arts for the Nation's -Capital, offers ideas
order, dominated by concrete and asphalt. for making the streets of Washington more attractive
Fortunately, some American communities have be- and more effective'as environmental features. Color-
gun to develop imaginative street design. In St. James, coded street signs, plantings, special pavings, flags, and
an Ozark community Of 3,000 people, the streets are lights are proposed to distinguish avenues from streets.
lined with flower boxes and young trees. Utility lines The plan recommends that the design and function of
have been placed underground and attractive new. street all signs and other graphics and street furniture, down

Fulton Mail in Fresno, Calif., demonstrates the conversion of a conven-
tional downtown street to a shopping mail.

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to the smallest details, be planned as part of an overal I shielding them with trees and vegetation or landscaped
design. mounds of earth, various kinds of walls, or with other
Another study prepared for the Fine Arts Commission structures-for example, narrow bands of shops. The
deals with the appearance of parking lots in Washing- Philadelphia Gas Works has constructed a parking park
ton. In the Capital, as in most cities, the amount of land to serve a company office building. It is an attractively
used for parking lots now a proaches that covered by fenced parking lot with trees, shrubs, and gaslights, The
P
buildings. These usually unplanned and often inappro- four corners of the lot are designed as miniature parks
priately located spaces are ugly and are often the first where employees or passers-by can sit, eat lunch, or wait
scars of decay of a city. Other open space and nearby for a bus.
architecture are demeaned. . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
There is a great need to reduce the detrimental impact The Council proposes that parking lots built in con-
of parking facilities upon downtown appearance. Junction with Federal office buildings and other Federal
Underground parking facilities and well-designed park- I.nstallations be located, designed, and landscaped with
ing garages and suitably screened parking lots can help emphasis on the quality of their appearance to serve as
reduce this problem. The Fine Arts study suggests im- models in the community.
proving the appearance of existing parking lots by - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Public plazas add grace to the downtown environment.

COMMERCIAL MALLS AND PLAZAS

An appealing commercial feature of pleasant and well- finh
ordered downtown streets is that they invite pedestrian
traffic and thereby encourage shopping. The fact that
shopping is essentially a pedestrian activity has been
grasped by a number of communities anxious to revive
commercial downtowns suffering the competition of
outlying shopping centers. Many have banished vehicles
,@ Li@
from certain downtown areas and constructed pecles-
trian shopping malls. In r967, some 5o shopping malls
were being planned or built across the country.
A high level of planning and design quality is lim-
portant to successful use of this idea. Traffic circulation,
@ 7
otection
parking, transit, trucking, and police and fire pr
must be integral considerations in the overall plan. The
mall or plaza itself should be designed to provide a wide
range of convenient services and attractions if it is
to bring people once again to downtown. Notable
examples include:
Fresno, Calif.: Fresno's handsome Fulton Mall has three
features of special interest; first, the mall design was
part of a comprehensive community'plan; second, auto-
N
.1 1, , , 0
4
mobiles were banned along six downtown blocks after
the State passed permissive legislation; and third, a..Spe-
cial district was established allowing the property own-
ers to pay by assessment the cost of mall construction.
Parking is provided on the fringe of the area. Nam J*v
Knoxville, Tenn.: Among a number of downtown im-
, 1;
provement projects in Knoxville is Market Square,
deated on the site of the city's old market house. Was
Canopied sidewalks and sh
cps border the square which F
AF
contains trees, shrubs, and -fountains, and provides' a N P
place for square dancing, children's shows, band con-,
certs, exhibits, and fashion shows. These projects have
both increased business profits in Knoxville and,
bolstered civic pride.
7@

Rochester, N.Y.: Midtown Plaza, a $20 million shop-
ping, office, parking, hotel, and restaurant complex, was

Ghirardelli Square was developed on the site of an old candy factory.

the first new commercial structure built in downtown other improvements. In the year following the construc-
Rochester in 30 years. The multilevel complex includes tion of the malls the local Chamber of Commerce
an 18-story tower, a two-story plaza, and 40 retail shops. received more industrial and commercial inquiries than
Enclosed arcades and malls-cooled in the summer and it did during its entire 54-year history.
heated in the winter-link the elements of the proj- Despite evidence of this sort, no systematic inquiry
ect. Some $34 million of new construction has been has been made into the links between esthetic values
completed or planned within two blocks. downtown and the commercial vitality of downtown
Gra nd Junction, Colo.: "Operation Foresight" in Grand districts. An analysis of this relationship could well pro-
Junction was a comprehensive plan to redevelop the vide the stimulus for many more improvement measures
downtown area. It called for general improvements of and assist the work of local business and civic groups.
storm sewers, street lighting, parking, and store fronts - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
with a-central Shopping Park, a drive-through mall four The Council will encourage a study of the relation-
blocks long in the heart of the downtown shopping cen- ship between the quality of downtown envi .ronment in
ter. Retail sales increased by $4 million in the first year cities and their commercial health. It should invite other
of the Shopping Park's existence. interested groups, public and private, to join in the
San Francisco, Calif.: History, commerce, architecture, study.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
art, and recreation have been blended into the design
of San Francisco's Ghirardelli Square. When the
Ghirardelli Chocolate Company decided to relocate in
1962, it left an interesting-looking old red brick factory.
After several brushes with destruction, the property
was finally developed into a complex of s"hops and
restaurants located around a multilevel courtyard. Five
restaurants, four handcraft shops, a small art gallery,
M
and other retail shops have now opened there. Served f i
by an underground parking garage, the Square also
includes office space. Inspired b the success of Ghirar-
y T
delli Square, another developer had converted a nearby
old cannery into a similar center.
Pomona, Calif.: A mall built to relieve downtown con-
gestion brought a 42-percent increase in retail sales
during the first three months of operation.
Canton, Ohio: Canton's new Central Plaza stimulated a
35-percent increase in business in the area's retail stores.
Kalamazoo, Mich.: New Downtown Malls are given
credit for a 5o-percent increase in gross sales in down-
town Kalamazoo during the first year of operation and
also for stimulating several million dollars' worth of

Contrasts enliven the heart of the city.

HISTORIC PRESERVATION

Tangible reminders of a city's past are often located
in or near downtown in the old commercial and resi-
dential districts where the city originated. Downtown
decay and dilapidation often overwhelm and sometimes 14
destroy these historic remnants, reminders of a heritage.
Many communities are now planning the preservation
and enhancement of these areas. Over ioo have used the
programs of the Department of Housing and Urban
Development to halt the destruction of historic laces.
p
In some cities, such as Portsmouth, N.H., entire areas A W-Z_
with concentrations of historic structures have been
preserved. (See discussion of historic districts, Part I,
page 68.) In others, individual historic structures such
as Hull House in Chicago and row houses in Washing- Iasi
ton, D.C., have been preserved and integrated with new
construction.
In some communities, especially smaller ones, preser-
1
vation programs may create a distinctive appearance
throughout the downtown area. The ocean resort of
Cape May, N.J., for example, is distinguished by its or-
nate Victorian architecture, much of it located in or near
the central business district. An urban renewal project
is now underway to refurbish the four main blocks-of
the central business district, improve obsolete down-
town traffic and circulation patterns, and preserve and
enhance the Victorian structures.
Bethlehem, Pa., is upgrading its downtown area and
saving a rich heritage. Settled by Moravians from Ger-
many in i74j, the area contains many buildings that
exemplify the skilled craftsmanship and concepts of
community life for which the sect is famous. The key
buildings retained are a tannery 0761), waterworks
building (1792), Miller's House 0784), and a grist mill
(1870)- Main Street will be relocated to provide a bet- _-Z
ter approach to the historic area and to integrate it with
the nearby Moravian College and new Civic Center.
Thalian Hall, the city hall of Wilmington, N.C., built
in 1859, has been restored. Salem, Mass., has restored a

Ell

townhall built in 1816. An old courthouse in Norfolk, materials, finishes, colors, architectural style, and light-
Va., completed in i85o, has been returned to use as a ing of the original building. Strong local support helped
memorial to General Douglas MacArthur. The old State in the restoration . The courtroom on the second floor is
Capitol at Springfield, Ill., where Abraham Lincoln now used by the U.S. District Court.
once served in the Legislature, has been taken down In some cases, the Federal Government may convey
brick by brick and stone by stone, and is being rebuilt to local governments, without cost, properties with his-
at a new location. toric significance that have become surplus to Federal
. Federal buildings sometimes have. historic interest that needs. Recently the old United States Mint at New
enhances their communities. These structures should be Orleans was transferred to the Louisiana State Museum,
razed only for the most compelling reasons. The restora- which will restore it. The Post Office Building at St.
tion of the' U.S. Courthouse and Customs Building in Augustine, Fla., similarly will become a local museum.
Galveston, Tex., is a good example of how preservation Yet another way to retain the spirit of a community's
and efficient function can be combined. Restoration of past is to interpret it in the design of new structures.
this structure, the first civilian Federal building erected Modern designs for new Federal buildings in Roswell,
in Texas, was completed. in 1967. In the course of its N. Mex., and Portsmouth, N.H., for example, have
histOry, the building escaped disposal or demolition on been commended by local historical societies as being
several occasions. In restoring it, the General Services excellent examples of indigenous architecture.
Administration did considerable research to determine

Contemporary architecture can complement historic surroundings and give Public buildings and grounds should establish standards of excellence Jor
expression to the.present as well. the entire community.

PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS building designs. A Public Advisory Panel on Archi-
tectural Services, composed of distinguished private
A large measure of the symbolic appeal and significance architects, has been established by the General Services
of downtown often derives from its function as the seat Administration to advise in the selection of architects
of government. The design of public buildings and their and the excellence of designs.
grounds should be in accord with the dignity of this New Federal projects in Austin, Tex., Tampa, Fla.,
function. It is the often handsome capitol, courthouse or and Denver, Colo., have won honor awards for archi-
town hall that gives recognition to art, decoration, and tectural excellence. Plans for four new Federal build-
sculpture otherwise absent in the community. ings in Washington, D.C., a new Post Office and Federal
In recent decades there has been a widespread neglect Office Building in Chicago, and a Courthouse and Fed-
of high standards in the design of public buildings, in eral Office Building in Philadelphia also have won
the landscape planting of public grounds, and in the use professional praise.
of art and sculpture. The current revival of interest in Works of art by prominent living American artists
the American environment, however, has led to a are commissioned by the General Services Adminis-
renewed concern in this area. tration for new buildings at a cost of up to one-half of
At the Federal level, this concern is reflected in prin- one percent of the construction cost. Murals and sculp-
ciples adopted by the General Services Administration ture have recently been completed for Federal office
.for the design of Federal buildings. These principles buildings in Juneau, Alaska, Los Angeles, Calif., Den-
include emphasis on the best contempora Iry American ver, Colo., Boston, Mass., Jacksonville, Fla., Macon,
architectural traditions and incorporation 'of fine art in Ga., and Brooklyn, N.Y. The amount now permitted for

son*

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M011111

..............
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Parks assume special significance iff the center of the city.

art suffices In large projects, but there is a need to raise ducted a similar competition for design of its new city
the ratio for smaller Federal projects where total costs hall.
are lower. The Federal Housing Administration In addition to design competition, many communities
permits costs for fine art of up to one percent in would benefit from the establishment of professional
construction projects it insures. design review boards, such as those created recently by a
The National Endowment for the Arts, a Federal number of Federal agencies. (See Part 1, page 77, and
agency established by Congress in 1965, is helping revive Part 11, page 240.) Such boards help raise the standards
the use of art in public places. Part of the agency's pro- of public building design and often Also exert a desirable
gram is to encourage cities to acquire works of sculp- influence on other community architecture.
ture for open public areas. Grants for this purpose have
gone to Grand Rapids, Mich., Houston, Tex., and PARKS AND OPEN SPACE
Seattle, Wash.
The improvement of grounds surrounding Federal An effective way to curb the contagion of downtown
buildings has been another major endeavor. As of blight is to provide the pleasant contrast of parks and
June 30, 1967, landscape improvements had been com- green spaces. These areas help to reduce clamor and
pleted by the General Services Administration at 3,292 congestion, refresh the spirit, and diminish the tension
locations, with 336 more improvement projects in proc- of industrial and commercial activity.
ess at that time and 67o more planned. In the past two Some American cities are blessed with sizeable natural
years, 6oo postmasters and their communities have re- areas in the heart of the city-New York's Central Park
ceived Natural Beauty Citations of Merit in a nationwide is a prime example. For many other cities, the oppor-
prograrri established by the Postmaster General to en- tunity to acquire large sections of the natural landscape
courage grounds improvement at local post offices. In
"A
Anchorage, Alaska, the Federal building housing the
Post Office and Courthouse was honored in 1965 as the YA
best landscaped building in the city.
Architectural quality in public buildings should be
sought at every governmental level. In the small city of
Columbus, Ind., a leading citizen and businessman es-
tablished a foundation to pay distinguished architects to
design new buildings for the town. The ci C,
ity now pos-
sesses over 2o new buildings, including some for com-
mercial use, designed by nationally known architects.
Construction costs are borne by the city or by the private
owner, but none of the buildings have cost more than
ordinarv buildings of equivalent size in the area. Other
philanthropic foundations located elsewhere might
ider adopting this technique.
cons
1 ign competition,
Greenville, S.C., conducted a des'
judged by a national jury of architects, for a ne V city i
hall in a parklike civic center. Birmingham, Ala., con-

The sites of large office buildings may be planned to provide open space
for fountains, greenery and other amenities in the downtown environment.
Vest pocket parks downtown have great potential. In tiny Paley Park in
New York City an artificial waterfall drowns out city noises.
j, 'Iola F.
Ing IKOM
01
Flo
khh
go 111 IF
Zell. 0009,!-100- goI ing it to open space. This program helped Atlantic
Highlands, N.J., to acquire a one-acre site for a new
downtown park-mi a decaying business section. All exist-
21- ing buildings will be cleared to provide a focal point in
the downtown area.
A similar grant has been made to help the State of
Iowa expand the State Capitol Park in Des Moines.
Great Falls, Mont., with assistance from the Depart-
ment of Housing and Urban Development is creating a
Y4-acre plaza in its downtown core. The city has planned
the park to serve as a community gathering spot. The
Wyl adjacent library intends to sponsor outdoor children's
hours, puppet shows, and band concerts in the area,
using a small removable stage.
Another opportunity for the creation of parklike
spaces in the downtown area is to include them in the
design of new office buildings. In San Francisco, for ex-
ample, both the Crown Zellerbach Corp., and the Stand-
ard Oil Company of California devote portions of their
office building sites to landscaped plazas for public use.

near the city center has long since passed. The attention
of some of these cities is turning to the improvement and
redesign of the parks they have and to the transforma-
tion of small'or underused areas into parklike settings. W x:
One approach is sprinkling the downtown district
with small parks of the vest-pocket type described in
the preceding chapter. Little of this has yet been done
in American cities, but the idea has attracted much sup-
port. New York City alone intends to develop 200 vest-
pocket parks in the next four years.
The Department of Housing and Urban Develop- A
X;
ment's Open Space Land Program has assisted a num-
ber of communities in adding new parks and open spaces
to, their downtowns. In addition to grants toward the
cost of acquiring undeveloped land in an urban area
this program may also assist communities in purchas-
ing developed land in a built-up urban area and convert-

City waterfronts should receive more recognition as great scenic and reorea-
tional assets.

WATERFRONTS Conn., and Berkeley, Calif., are using program grants to
enhance their long-neglected waterfronts. Portsmouth,
Waterfronts offer many cities excellent opportunities for Va., is redeveloping a waterfront abandoned -by a rail-
creation of urban beauty and outdoor recreation facili- road company. The improvements there will include a
ties. Many old industrial waterfronts have fallen into 150-slip marina, a motel, high rise apartments, an office
disuse, are blighted, poorly maintained, afflicted by water building, and a waterfront drive. The site of the Jeff er-
pollution, and cut off from pedestrian access by build- son National Expansion Memorial in St. Louis, newly
ings, highways, and railroads. About 5o cities are now marked by the soaring steel Gateway Arch, was re-
planning or engaged in programs to renew waterfronts claimed from several old blocks of the city near the
and return them to use as desirable community features. Mississippi River.
Waterfront improvement projects in a number of San Antonio, Tex., offers a preeminent example of
cities are being undertaken with Urban Beautification imaginative use of a waterfront. For many years the San
Program assistance; Pittsburgh, Pa., New Haven, Antonio River, which meanders through the downtown
area, was little more than a neglected slough that pe-
riodically overflowed nearby districts. In the ig3o's an
ingenious flood control program resulted in rock retain-
ing walls, picturesque footbridges, stone walls and land-
scaped banks along 21 blocks in the downtown area,
all built by the Work Projects Administration. An open
a r. ro air theater, shops, nightclub! and restaurants were added
a r through the years.
In 1964, the area's River Walk was extended, connect-
'vn
7 -1 fwrr ing two existing segments, and providing 3V2 miles of
downtown walkway on both sides of the river. Today,
a three-block-long channel connects the river with a new'
Convention Center. Walkways, walls, bridges, and land-
scaping, 'in keeping with the present character of the
River Walk extend along the new channel, which termi-
nates in a lagoon in the heart of the Convention Center.
Visitors can ride by gondola from downtown hotels to
the Center.
One of the most imaginative approaches to water-
front renewal is New York City's Lower Manhattan
Plan. The planners propose to add approximately igo
r
acres to lower Manhattan by constructing a new bulk-
head at the outer line of obsolete piers, and filling be-
cween it and the existing bulkhead. Pedestrian access
over depressed and covered freeways would be direct
from the city core to the waterfront. The newly created
land would be used for housing and open space. Parks,

downtown San Antonio.
The River Walk lends delight and distinction to
A71;
The water's edge and the city merge dramatically along Chicago's lake
r shore.

tion of old centers along the river and the creation ot
all 1.
n
w ones. Through the use of modern' ed transporta-
e 1Z
tion facilities, high levels of conservation, the construc-
:7
ion of new towns and the reorientation of old ones,
t
the river could be returned to its historic functions as
highway, recreational resource, and living space.
Where the principal waterfront use is for port facil-
ities, the drama of the docking and loading and unload-
ng of ships has a special fascination of its own. Such
1 1
operations could be made readily accessible to the public
from observation galleries, dockside restaurants, and
educational exhibits-the Coast Guard, for ex ample, per-
mits public access to many of its installation s-but few
marinas, and a continuous esplanade would line the cities to date have installed such facilities.
shore, with waterfront plazas located at the terminals Whatever use is made of a waterfront, it is enhanced
of major pedestrian streets. if human access for leisurely observation is easy and at-
Further up the Hudson River in New York State is tractive. Where waterfronts are devoted to through
an example of waterfront renewal planning that extends transportation, the street or rail arteries should avoid
along a whole stretch of river, from town to town. the water's* edge, or be designed with tunnels, decks,
"Break-through to the Hudson River" is a broad study depressed grades, or other techniques that can contribute
developed by the School of Architecture of Columbia to ease of public access to the area.
University of four areas along -27 miles of the river from The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Depart--
Yonkers to Peekskill. The plan proposes the rejuvena- ment of Housing and Urban Development are now en- -

It is important to make the water's edge accessible to the city's residents.

gaged in integrating public works projects with urban D0VrNTOWN AS A WHOLE
planning and redevelopment efforts. Particular em-
phasis is being placed on projects aimed at urban water- The most ambitious concepts for the revival of down-
front renewal, with stress on exploiting opportunities towns depend on the creation of vital environments for
for recreation in developed urban areas. the core. Many cities ' for example, are recasting the
Waterfronts are only beginning to get the special at- downtown in its role as the center of community iden-
tention that they deserve in city plans. As the White tity-the logical site for a variety of public facilities serv-
House Conference on Natural Beauty declared: "There ing commercial, governmental@ and cultural purposes.
,is far too little actual water's edge available to the typical In Los Angeles, the Music Center has helped to trans-
city resident." The conference urged the development form, a large downtown area into a remarkably vital
of new techniques for extending the use of waterfronts new focus for the city. The new theater in Baltimore's
to metropolitan residents; this need remains a pressing Charles Center not only makes a dramatic addition
one. to the cityscape but is providing the impetus for a
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - broader attack on the problems of the city's downtown
The Council recommends that Federal agencies be district.
authorl .zed to conduct, in cooperati .on with State and A new center in Tulsa, Okla., contains the Assembly,
local governments, a coordinated program of urban an auditorium and meeting place, and a library along
waterfront restoration that emphasizes recreational, with a new Federal office building.
scenic, and esthetic values, including physical and visual New downtown centers are often planned to provide
access. facilities for meetings, conventions, or municipal gov-
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ernment. Detroit's waterfront civic center includes
facilities for local government, conventions, and quar-
ters for civic organizations. Hobbs, N. Mex., is adding
a motel-hotel and convention center to its downtown.
The St. Louis Civic Center will have a stadium and a
motel among its other facilities. Hastings, Nebr., is
building a new library and county courthouse that will
form a civic center.
Seattle's Century 21 Fairground was built to become
the Seattle Center after the 1962 Exposition. The
grounds contain theaters, an opera house, art gallery,
J
exhibition halls and an outstanding science ce Inter. The
land on which Century 21 was built was in a deteriorated
__ @_7
"_77
section of the city. Old buildings were removed and a
unified architectural plan adopted that would provide
T
open space areas enhanced by fountains, walkways, and
other attractions between buildings.
The creation of new downtown centers need not be
il 1F,
limited to the construction of totally new projects. Balti-
-J more, for example, converted an old downtown railway

The Jesse H. Jones Hall for the Pei-forming Arts in Houston is one physical
expression of the downtown's role as locus of the community.

station into an impressive art school and gallery. Union necessity for separation of pedestrian and motor traffic,
Station in Washington, D.C., is planned for conversion integration rather than separation of community activi-
into a National Visitors' Center. Similar structures in ties, and the need for overall traffic planning to serve the
other cities might be suitable for rehabilitation as new project and its surroundings In 1965--67, 22 Cities
centers of community life. received such awards.
Effective planning is necessary if the role of downtown There is growing recognition across the Nation that
as the center of commerce. and business is to be reem- successful downtown area rehabilitation requires replan-
phasized successfully. Market Street East, an imagina- ning as a unit. No isolated project, however excellent,
tive project in Philadelphia, is to be a huge superblock can triumph over surroundings of disorder and blight.
and focus of the city's main shopping district. Its objec- Brilliant buildings and broad plazas cannot be success-
tive is to tie together the strands of Philadelphia's trans- ful unless they are easily accessible to pedestrian traffic
portation system and give a giant boost to downtown and public and private transportation.
business. Subways, commuter rail lines, and automobiles With the elimination of downtown blight; with indi-
will be accommodated in the project, which includes a vidual structures of distinction supplemented by land-
variety of offices, shops, and a plaza, with particular scaped plazas; with convenient and attractive walkways;
emphasis on encouraging pedestrian traffic. Akron, with visual amenities such as trees, plants, and fountains;
Ohio, and Dallas, Tex., also are creating superblocks in with commercial diversity and esthetic stimulation, the
downtown centers. downtown areas of America can experience a renais-
The American Institute of Architects, through a pro- sance that will add immeasurably to the quality of ex-
gram of awards for excellence in community architec- perience for those who visit, work, or live in the heart
ture, has encouraged "projects which recognize the of the city.

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THE CITY

THE SHAPE OF THE CITY whole than to its parts-its downtown.or any of its
neighborhoods-or even to the larger context of the
MAN SHAPES THE ciTy. He builds houses and streets and metropolitan region.
all the facilities he needs to live and work in the same
The city offers its political, economic, and social in-
place with his fellow man.. The quality of the environ- stitutions to help resolve such environmental problems.
ment he builds for himself depends upon his pride, Its elected officials exercise public powers over a defined
sense of identity with his community, and his desire
territory, enacting and enforcing laws, collecting taxes,
and ability to shape his future. managing property, and providing public services The
But, conversely, the city shapes man. "Ugliness is
bitterness," Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson has said. The city has a moral responsibility to formulate environ7
mental quality goals and to carry them out through a
physical setting, the environment, may substantially de- ariety of means. Opportunities to do this are -today
termine the extent of involvement man will have in his v
city and the prospects of effect Iive participation toward limited only by the attitude of its citizens.
common goals, which may include environmental qual- SIZE
ity. It is difficult to generate much concern on the part Once a population density and distribution pattern is
of each citizen for the protection and improvement of established on a land area, not only the livea.bility but
amenities and physical appearance of his city amidst all also the appearance of the environment is determined.
the other overwhelming problems of urban growth. A Meaningful changes to this appearance, become exceed-
critical factor in this concern is. the awareness of the ingly difficult after these factors are fixed. Urban plan-
community as one's home, not just his house; a home ning for environmental quality should therefore -be di-
with a distinctive form and a boundary clearly under- rected primarily toward rational population density
stood, and within which one has freedom and capacity levels and distribution patterns, since these not only af-
to shape his immediate environment to his liking. fect land forms and vegetative cover, but functions like
The appearance of the city is an -elusive composition drainage, sewerage, and traffic which also have a great
which, for all its physical character, consists mainly of impact on the environment.
a mental image greatly varying with each individual. The patterns of population density and distribution
It has many scales: A manhole cover, flowers in a park, relate to types of buildings, such as.single family or high
birds in flight, a great building, or the panorama of a rise dwellings, and to transportation, such as rapid tran-
waterfront. This physical appearance is in a never-efid- sit or car, and to ailocation of urban land uses in a region
ing process of change as the city decays and renews it- Communities could be better defined and identified with
self. As man himself evolves, his image of his city too, the establishment and retention of clear, stable bound-
is subject to continuous change. aries. Such boundaries would effectively assist in height-
But in order to analyze the quality of the city's appear- ening natural features, and in adjusting the level of de-
ance, in terms of current concerns and remedies, some mand for public utilities and facilities. These important
basic components of the physical shape of the city, and elements of urban design are generally disregarded in
sIome of the more vexing problems affecting its appear- the path of land speculation. Against the depressing
ance, are isolated here. Basic components include size, sprawl of the cities, long-range goals could call for clear,
natural and historicA setting, and focal points of the patterns of development" with logical barriers, ' green-
city; the vexing problems include signs, litter, and noise. belts, and population density and size [email protected] for
These problems are more Significant to the city as a each community area.

Pittsburgh's Golden Triangle ac@nowledges that city's unique natural
setting.

Cities encounter enormous social and economic Costs, NATURAL SETTING
and environmental deterioration, as they grow bigger The natural setting can give a city a strong individuality,
and become part of a metropolis, then a megalopolis. the base for original, urban design, and the citizen a
This suggests that serious efforts be made by private and sense of identity with his community.
public interests to redirect some of the Nation's eco- In contrast with look-alike cities and monotonous
nomic expansion and population growth to rural com- suburbs, a spectacular natural setting gives unique visual
munities. Small towns have declined with the shift in character to San Francisco and Seattle with their hills
employment from farm to industry. Man has left the and waterfronts, Harrisburg with its riverside, Denver
farm for the city, for easier, better paying work, and facing the Rocky Mountains, or Tucson surrounded by
shorter hours, more diversified cultural and educational the Arizona desert. The night views of the Los Angeles
benefits, social exchanges, and entertainment-not be- coastal plain from the Santa Monica Mountains reveal
cause he preferred the city's physical environment. As vividly the topography of the region and the extensive
soon as he can, he leaves the urban environment and low-density development it has engendered. Although
buys a "ranchette" in the suburbs, while retaining the not all cities are blessed with great natural assets, many
urbm opportunities. . If these opportunities were 'pro- opportunities can be realized from meager resources.
vided in rural areas, a choice would be available for an A small creek, instead of being straightened and lined
environment closer to nature and offering less tension with concrete and cyclone fence or put in a culvert, can
and more community life; reduction of the metropoli- be attractively landscaped and thereby add thousands
tan pressure would be possible. of dollars to the value.of adjoining parcels. A small grove

777 Z

A
;r

The Boston Common preserves natural landscape.

of stately trees might well be worth the purchase price - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
for the preservation of an island of greenery in the The Council recommends that State and local govern-
community, otherwise engulfed in asphalt and concrete. ments systematically inventory significant natural fea-
Rising interest in urban amenities has led many cities tures and expand programs for their p'rotecti .on and en-
to recognize, protect, and enhance their natural features. hancement as assets of urban and rural design, and that
An outstanding recent example is Baltimore's Inner Federal agencies extend technical assistance for such
Harbor Project, which recently received a $17-7 million programs.
grant from the Department of Housing and Urban - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Development to revitalize a portion of the harbor. The Programs to enhance the natural features of a com-
Plans call for the construction of a marina, a Port Au- munity range from research for disease resistant street
thority building, a science center, a restaurant,and pedes- trees to acquisition of scenic easements and construction
trian plazas and walkways. The layout of these facilities of bicycle paths along rivers and canals. Man's ingenuity
emphasizes their relationship to the water and sets out can transform natural settings under unfavorable condi-
the harbor as an important esthetic feature. tions. One of America's great urban enclaves of "nat-
Pittsburgh, realizing the potential asset it had in the ural" beauty, Golden Gate Park in San Francisco, was
rundown area at the confluence of the Allegheny and once "a dreary waste of shifting sand hills."
Monongahela Rivers, conducted a spectacular resto'ra- Trees in the city perform valuable services. They con-
tion of the Golden Triangle. While in Tacoma, Wash., tribute to the absorption of noise, exhaust smells, carbon-
the potential scenic value of a waterfall within the city monoxide, and smoke; screen unsightly uses and str uc-
is ignored, in nearby Spokane, Wash., squalid banks
along the Spokane River were transformed in 1967
into a narrow but pleasant riverside park by the Wash-
ington Water Power Company. The entire riverfront
is now the subject of a rehabilitation program in which N
the city government, civic groups and Gonzaga Univer-
sity, together with the power company, are involved.
The preservation of natural areas can also provide
benefits, reducing floods, soil erosion, landslides,
si
fires, and other disasters which result when some of
these areas are developed.
The sun, the temperature, the winds, and the rains
have exerted a strong influence on the natural vegeta-1
tion, the type of urban design, architectural style, and
landscaping used.
The local individuality produced by regional climate,
even microclimate, can be utilized to esthetic advantage,
in spite of technical advances that may make such. in-
dividuality obsolete. Design geared to specific climatic
situations, including terraces, windbreaks, and porticos,
can make cities more pleasant to livie in.
"Win,

'tures; offer a measurable degree of protection from sun, In Newark, Del., the Soroptomist Club petitioned and
heat, winds, rain, and run-off. They add privacy in hous- received permission from the City of Newark to reno-
ing, give relief from the structural rigidity of buildings, vate the old City Water Works building for the purpose
just as lawns do from pavements, and provide a welcome of using it as the new Senior Citizens Center. The build-
seasonally changing decor in the urban scene. In spite ing,, long abandoned, now an attractive setting for active
0.f these,many benefits, urban planting programs have older people is an asset to the greater Newark area.
received in many cities only token recognition. In Lincoln, Nebr., the City Recreation Department
In New Jersey, a statewidc Federation of Shade Tree has transformed old fire stations, keeping the original
Commissions provides technical and legal services to decor, into a combination youth center and center for
community Street tree and park agencies. Communities older people.
seeking help find it at, the federation's office at the The operating funds for the above two programs re-
Rutgers College of Agriculture. For example, in addi- sulted from grants awarded by the Administration on
tion to guidance on appropriate species of trees for a Aging, Social and Rehabilitation Service, Department
community and on a model, community street tree ord' of Health, Education, and Welfare.
nance, the federation has prepared a model escrow con-
tract for future procurement of nursery-grown trees to Historic buildings, in addition to their educational
assure adequate future supply of particular species. and artistic importance as evidences of history, and ex-
amples of past architectural styles, materials and tech-
The Council recommends that an expansion of coop- niques, halve considerable value in urban design. Their
erative Federal and State programs of forestry and presence in an increasingly dreary urban scene can con-
horticulture be authorized to provide technical and fi- tribute a distinctive charm. Even when not of the highest
nancial assistance to ciIti.es and counties for the planting historic or artistic value, old buildings are important
and im I I when they are part of whole historic quarters where
, provement of trees and other vegetat *on 'n urban the atmosphere of the past can be evoked. Many of
areas, including along streets and in par@s, playgrounds,
and parking lots. those sites which have lasted till the present now
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - are threatened by incompatible encroachment or
The planting and care of flowers, initially less expen- destruction.
sive than many other kinds of planting activities, often The powers of the city can be used to preserve historic
can be carried, out by children and older citizens when districts. Old buildings can be restored and new uses
given encouragement and some assistance in their made of them, and new buildings, compatible in func-
eff orts. tion as well as in architectural form, can be incorporated
harmoniously in an environment primarily reflecting
HISTORY past traditions. Accommodations for modern uses often
The Nation has failed 'to save many of its significant can be made, but care should be taken to preserve the
historical and cultural sites. An urgent need exists to historic setting of the area. Scenic easements, life es-
preserve and restore -those- which remain. Our young tates and special assessment practices can assist in pro-
Nation, which has always looked. toward the future, tecting historic properties, and encourage maintaining
already has a valuable heritage; .it should protect the them in good condition. Prince Georges County, Md.,
outstanding remaining symbols of this heritage for is among the first counties which have passed ordi-
future generations. nances providing tax relief for property owners who do-

Buildings that are symbols oJ the nation's heritage deserve vigilant pro-
tecti on.

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nate casements for scenic or historic purposes to public
agencies.

6 1
Many older cities are revitalizing their historic sectors.
K 1 -
V
e eigh
g Th teenth century seaports of Alexandria, Va.,
nnapolis, Md., and Marblehead, Mass., are being pre-
served largely as the result of efforts while
Nantucket, Mass., and Santa Fe, N. Mex., have instituted
strong municipal controls to maintain and restore their
historic characters. Historic areas within large citi s have
1 le
become desirable residential areas, such as Louisburg
lvf
412k IT
Square in Boston, and Georgetown in Washington, D.C.
More modest examples of well-preserved residential dis-
that have maintained their historic architectural
tri
W ster Square in New Haven, Conn.,ar
settings are oo

siness
the Old Louisville, Ky., district. A thriving bu
77
section, with period signs, has developed in Williams-
burg, Va., fully compatible with the faithful restoration
d
7
,:- ), of this historic colonial town. As in Williamsburg, pri-
@@iji J,,@,M
vate in 1 iv
it'at* e has saved many great locations, such as
George Washington's home at Mount Vernon and
Thomas Jefferson's at Monticello.
Congress has recognized the importance-of preserving
ural heritage of the Nation and its contribution
the cult
to the appearance of the cities. Acquisition of land for
historic purposes under the Open Space Program was
authorized by Congress in ig6i. In the Demonstration
Cities and Metropolitan Development Act of 1966, Con-
9
ress authorized the Department of Housing and Urban
Development to make grants for the purchase of his-
toric structures and sites, their restoration and improve-
ment. Also in the 1966 legislation, Congress authorized
Housing and Urban Development grants to the Na-
tional Trust for Historic Preservation to assist in reno-
vating and restoring structures for historic purposes. The
Urban Renewal Program of financial assistance was
also expanded to credit local public agencies for reloca-
tion and restoration of historic structures in urban
t

renewal projects. The program of urban planning
assistance may now fund local historic surveys.

The seat of government often serves as a community local point.

Massachusetts, among others, has an outstanding pro-
gram of historic site recognition and preservation. Rep-
resentative of the other States, Washington, in 1967,
passed a historic preservation act patterned after, and
with the objective of complementing, the Federal legis-
lation. North Dakota, in 1967 also, enacted a historic
sites law providing for preservation of historical and
archaeolo ical sites, structures, and antiquities of State
91
and national significance, as well as providing for a
registry of historic sites.
The National Park Service, in cooperation with the
States, is conducting an inventory of nationally signifi-
t
cant historic sites, and maintains a national register of
properties considered most significant in American
history and culture.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
The Council recommends that State and local govern-
ntory histor es and expand programs for
ments inve ic sit
their protection and enhancement as assets of urban
viable uses for
design, that communities seek neu, and
ric structures, a
histo nd that Federal agencies expand
technical assistance for such programs.
r V@ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
T!

FOCUS
Focal points are strong factors in the expression of a
city's identity. A city may have one or several of these
41
points. They may be natural or manmade, purely visual
77-
like the Washington Monument and Paris' Eiffel
Tower, or a place to go to: Main Street, the market
place, the town square, the Common. Focal. points are
The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 estab- more frequently found downtown, but they may be
lished the National Advisory Council on Historic Pres- remote from the center of town. They may be places
ervation and authorized the Secretary of the Interior, of government, business, higher education, civic activi-
through the National Park Service, to make matching ties, or historic landmarks. A combination of physical
grants to States and local governments for the survey characteristic and mental image in varied proportions
and preservation of historic sites and buildings. Grants makes a focal point.
arc also authorized to the National Trust for Historic Such points can express the historic past of the city,
Preservation for inventories and studies. its relationship with its natural setting, its present
-Many State surveys of historic sites are underway. wealth, or its goals for the future.

Public buildings, @istoric structures and a landscaped plaza are united to
Jorm a com m unity focal point in Alexandria, Va.

Focal points organize urban experience. Their visual pendence Hall, made a visual focal point by the clearing
significance can be enhanced by opening vistas to them a square in front of it, and the new Gateway Arch in
and framing them, using topography, night lighting, St. Louis. San Francisco's Ferry Building, however@*was
and other means. diminished as the city's focal point by construction of an
Traditionally, focal points have reflected the institu- elevated freeway in front of it.
.*tions in the city: the cathedral, the palace of the prince, Towns with no major focal point often have oppor-
the stock exchange, the hall of justice, the seat of tunities to emphasize intimate perspective's having as
government, or the railroad station. much beauty and' giving as much pleasure as more
Two notable recent examples are Philadelphia's Inde- dramatic focal points.

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Littering of public areas is a severe problem in nearly every American
community.

SOME SPECIFIC OFFENDERS

LITTER
ITI-i 0 1
Littering, a common sign of urban blight, is an expen- lop
sive habit, costing the Nation's taxpayers nearly $V2
billion a year. New York City, alone, spends $10.5 mil- 77
lion-one fourth of its Park Department budget-to
keep its parks and beaches clean. The Forest Service and
National Park Service spend $4 million a year for sanita-
tion and litter removal. Litter is increasing each year, ""M
_7
fouling city neighborhoods and countryside alike, caus-
ing fire hazards and public health problems, and
drastically reducing enjoyment of the environment.
There is no single, quick remedy for the elimination
of litter, but a combination of measures has proven to
be very effective. These measures include:
.4,;, 77
Provision by public agencies and by certain business
firms of attractive and frequently emptied litter baskets
sufficient number and at
and trash containers, in
convenient locations throughout the community;
Establishment of standards of maintenance by public
and private agencies of streets, public areas,'. and private
areas accessible to the public such as theaters and bus
stations. Such maintenance includes sidewalk repairs,
weed cutting, tree trimming, and leaf sweeping, as well
as litter pickup; and
*..Adoption and enforcement of local ordinances
ceable penal-
and State laws carrying reasonable, enfor
ties, against littering in public places, and against
accumulation of litter on private properties.
When'owners of yards and vacant lots fall to keep
them cleaned up, some cities do the cleanup and add the
costs to the owner's tax bill.
While the work of public agencies and private owners
can maintain a high quality of community upkeep, litter
can be prevented in only one way: Each individual must
develop the habit of depositing in a proper receptacle
every scrap of waste paper, every bottle, and every can
that he discards. Litter prevention calls for education at

an early age, and a continuing campaign of- public children and parents, 4-H and Homemakers. Club
education. members, in effect the whole community, went to work
Nationwi& educational efforts in this field@ are led planting trees and shrubs, sowing grass seeds, cleaning
by the Keep America Beautiful organization, the and painting schools, fences, mailboxes. With this lead-
National Clean Up-Paint Up-Fix Up Bureau, and ership, voluntary teamwork, and law enforcement,
the Advertising Council. Keep America Beautiful, sup- London moved toward its goal-a pleasant, clean
ported by industry, acts as a clearinghouse for informa- community-and renewed pride in itself.
tion on litter control and provides educational materials. New York City, with the backing of -an active citi-
The National Clean Up-Paint Up-Fix Up Bureau, zens' committee, concentrates on. providing plenty of
another industry-financed service, provides technical trash baskets and on enforcing its litter law. Although
assistance and materials for community-wide campaigns. the maximum fine is only $25, in 1966 some 6o,ooo litter-
Its annual National Cleanest Town Conference gives bugs were fined more than $200,000. Many city officials
recognition to outstanding community cleanup and consider large fines a questionable deterrent,. seldom
renovation campaigns. applied in practice.
As litter appears in every part of our environment- Litter control can be made a game. In Maryland's
even in outer space-serious concern is expressed by cit- Montgomery County, Cabin John Regional Park is
izens from all over the country. For example, in Lexing- equipped with "Porky Pig," a plastic figure with a
ton, Ky., a well-attended third annual State Clean-Up vacuum in its mouth and a gas incinerator in its stomach.
and Beautification Conference was held in May 1967- Porky roars an invitation to passers-by to deposit litter
Here and there, the upward trend in the annual in his mouth. Children love to "feed." him, so litter is in
volume of litter has been reversed. The most successful short supply at Cabin John.
examples of community cleanup involve a broad range Good maintenance as a det Ierrent to littering is dem-
of citizen groups, schools, and local officials working onstrated at Disneyland, where a visitor is reluctant to
together in practical programs pointed toward specific be the first to throw anything on the ground. An in-
objectives. tensive maintenance program, with many well de-
In 1965, refuse and litter surrounded most of the busi- signed, conveniently located, and frequently emptied
nesses and many of the homes of London, Ky., an litter baskets, is Disneyland's first line of defense against
Appalachian community Of 4,000'people. The city had litter.
no scheduled trash pickups; unsanitary. garbage pits Some industries feel a degree of responsibility for the
or roadsides were used for dumping trash. A com- ultimate disposal of their products, and assist litter pre-
munity cleanup committee secured the help of the State vention activities directly. For example, the Glass Con-
health, police, and highway departments, and 'City and tainer Manufacturers Institute and the National Soft
Laurel County officials. A garbage regulation was Drink Association cosponsor, along with the National
adopted by the county; incinerators were built and Council of State Garden Clubs, a bimonthly "Litter
garbage and other refuse either hauled away to the Letter" which. reports successful anti-litter efforts.
incinerator or buried. State highway trucks picked up Three companies found that their divergent activities
garbage during a Clean Up week. Nuisance abatement could complement each other in a successful joint litter
orders were issued to 140 property owners, most of control program started in Miami, Fla., in 1967. The all-
whom quickly cleaned up the eyesores. A few were aluminum beer cans produced by Reynolds Metals Com-
taken to court. Combined with this official activity, pany for the National Brewing Company can be re-

The benefits of sign control and coordination are,needed along commercial
streets in most American communities.

deemed at Kayo Service Stations in the Miami region of-place displays of garish neon and flashing lights,
for one-half cent gas coupons. The cans are returned which often have a blighting effect. Even street benches
to Reynolds for reprocessing. Another firm in the region, lose their functional simplicity when made to frame a
Food Fair Stores, also collects cans and other aluminum commercial sign. Corporate and small business publicity
material and turns over money received from sale of the has wallpapered the urban scene, seldom directing its
scrap to the local children's hospital. On the basis of the art to the enhancement of the community.
success of the Miami experiments an aluminum scrap The clutter is not limited to private signs. Cities
salvage operation is under study in Los Angeles.
cannot control their own official signs, generally posted
Study of recovery and processing of other metal, with a conspicuous lack of coordination or taste by a
paper, and plastic products by industry could develop multitude of public authorities. Traffic safety, as well as
similar programs. Research into rapid processes of appearances, can be improved through the elimination
disintegration of materials might well produce new of tension and confusion caused by a jumble of identi-
solutions to the problem. fication, warning, and directional signs. A visual survey
SIGNS of public signs along the streets of a community, and the
Facades of professionally designed commercial build- formulation of guidelines to control them by the various
ings are ruined by latter-day addition of variegated agencies, could stimulate a program of redesigning,
signs, and both the architecture and the message get relocation and elimination of signs. Such an effort is
lost. The skylines of many cities are invaded with out- being made in the Baltimore Metropoli,tan area. The

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Well designed signs introduce positive qualities into the community.

revamping and reduction of official and commercial
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signs, combined with placing utility wires undergrouh
can achieve dramatic improvements in the visual quality
of the urban horizon. Some of the corporations which
have used billboards in the cityscape or the landscap,
show a remarkable restraint and design appreciation
when it comes to their own office headquarters. In New
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York City, Lever Bros., Seagram's, and the Chase Man-
hattan Bank have selected architectural excellence rather
S
r
than large signs to advertise their wares and services. In
rie
San Francisco, Shell Oil has darkened its sign to the
benefit of the amber night glow of its skyscraper, and
Crown Zellerbach is amply publicized by the advanced
design of its headquarters building. In Watertown, N.Y.,
the merchants agreed to stop outbidding each other for
attention, and replaced all the projecting, hanging signs
T
with new, tasteful ones flat against the buildings, turning
visual confusion into clear legibility.
0
A $368,ooo grant, made in 1967 by the Department
of Housing and Urban Development to the Boston, and reduce the stress that the urban landscape imposes
Mass., Redevelopment Authority, under the Urban Beau- on its citizens. Existing regulations for the control of
tification Demonstration program, is helping pay for a signs are limited, piecemeal and usually aimed at sup-
study of ways to improve the quality of signs and light- pression. rather than enhancement of the legitimate
ing in cities. This comprehensive study will cover the function that signs should serve. Public and private
relationship of public and private signs and lighting to lighting is often inadequate and sporadic. The Boston
the urban environment; the development of policies and project is a pioneer effort in applying creative talent in
model municipal codes for regulating private outdoor such fields as graphics, architectural design, urban plan-
signs and lighting in the city and policies for the design, ning, outdoor lighting and law, to signs and lights as
content, and location of public signs and lighting. a factor in the quality of the urban environment. -Bright
The demonstration will also develop prototype de- lights, signs and displays are part of the urban life, but
their propriety and balance in the cityscape are contested
signs for a total-system treatment of signs and lighting issues which the study should help clarify.
in typical sections of a city; will design and install inno-
vative signs and lighting in cooperation with local buSi- NOISE
ness or neighborhood associations; and prepare a report Sounds are an integral part of our urban life. The
and other graphic material which could be used by parade, the concert in the park, the street peddlers, the
communities throughout the Nation. clanging of a cable car, all belong to the exciting history
Improved control and design of the system of signs of the city. Sounds have intensified in this industrial
and lighting could do much to enhance the general age to a point where they now constitute a form of
appearance of a city, improve visual communications, pollution of the urban environment. A quiet atmos-

The traffic in the streets is a major source of excessive noise in the cities.

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phere is recognized as the sign of a pleasant community; "specification codes" which rigidly require specified
sounds have become noise. The din in the streets, in the materials, methods and equipment. A more useful ap-
skies, and often within buildings, reduces efficiency, proach calls for "performance codes" which only require
frays nerves, dampens dispositions, and according to the achievement of certain results such as minimum
medical studies, is insidiously reaching deafening levels. noise, without regard for the specific means used to
Aside from public health and economic productivity, achieve them. Typically, existing municipal noise
the quality of life is affected by noise, especially when ordinances covering construction operations only re-
added to all the other forms of stress associated with strict hours of operation, but set no maximum allowable
life in the city. - I noise levels although silencing equipment is often
Most of the cacophony around us could be greatly available. The City of New York in 1966 adopted a
reduced or eliminated. It is no more a necessary price of new building code setting standards for noise insulation
economic growth than foul waters or foul air. The in walls and floors of apartment buildings. New light
efforts"beginning to be made to control noise are not construction materials and techniques tend to lessen
only directed toward dampening existing noise, but insulation, while at the same time, increased use of
also to preventing it at potential sources. Designers and home equipment such as food blenders, air conditioners,
manufadurers -of machines and vehicles, and architects, garbage disposals, stereos, and television has made
engineers and planners who design and locate offices, insulation a necessity rather than a luxury.
apartments, factories, highways, and airports, can Noise-preventive planning standards are required by
all greatly contribute to this objective, whether in the Department of Housing and Uiban Development
government or in private practice. as a condition of Federal aid for certain State and local
A key to effective controls is the measurement of projects, including urban mass transportation facilities.
noise and the setting of standards for permissive noise Other Federal agencies should include in their pro-
levels. Many local zoning and building ordinances are grams, wheneve.r applicable, provisions which would.

encourage and assist State'agencies, communities, and - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
industry to combat noise through prevention. Attempts The Council recommends that the Federal Govern-
.of cities to limit excessive noise can be traced to 1929 ment expand its noise control activities and that such
when New York City established a Noise Abatement eblOrls include a@sistance to State and local governments
Commission. But nearly a generation later, in 1948, a In establishing noise abatement programs.
New York court awarded an employee compensation - - - - - - - - - - - - -
for partial deafness caused by the high noise level in the A study being conducted by the Department of Hous-
shop where he worked. A study in 1965 estimated that ing and Urban Development covers noise in the city-
40 percent of the "excessive" noise in New York City its sources, effects, and control, including recommenda-
is caused by trucks with defective mufflers. One of these tions for actions needed to cope with the problems.
can generate as much noise as a hundred cars. High The President in, his March I I, 1968, Message to Con-
speeds and rapid acceleration are other factors in motor gress on Conservation and Water Management, directed
vehicle noise. Several States are considering legislation all departments of Government to take account of noise
that would set noise level limits for motor vehicles. Be- factors in choosing the locations and design of buildings,
cause so much traffic, especially trucking, is interstate, highways and other facilities whose construction is
national regulations may be required for effective assisted by Federal funds.
controls. As big jet aircraft make themselves painfully heard
Memphis, which calls. itself the "quietest city in the over an increasing number of communities, they have
United States," and where it is illegal to honk an auto- become a major source of noise. The Transportation
mobile horn, 'is, with Milwaukee, among the cities chapter discusses the airplane as a source of noise.
rigidly enforcing motor vehicle noise laws.
While the municipal administration of New York
actively pursued a noise control program, its garbage ACTION
trucks were criticized as major offenders, with their
earlymorning clanging. At the request of the adminis- COMMUNITY EFFORTS
tration, a truck manufacturer produced a new garbage The provision of basic services in 'the city has been such
truck which, for only $102 added to the $14,000 cost, is a strain in recent times that the utilitarian functions have
c.onsiderably less noisy as well as less smelly. overshadowed, and almost eliminated, the amenities of
A study conducted for the Department of Health, urban living. The flight to the suburbs, a combination
Education, and Welfare in 1967, "A Strategy for a Live- of rural aspirations and urban dissatisfaction, ensued.
able Environment," recommends establishment of tol- To have electricity, urban dwellers endure smoke; to
erance measures and criteria for urban noises. A bill have employment, they endure industrial smells; to have
before the Congress would set up an Office of Noise their own cars, they br eathe carbon monoxide; to flush
Control in the U.S. Public Health Service to act as a their toilets, they close their beaches; to build freeways,
clearinghouse on all noise information. In addition, the they give up their parks and historic monuments.
Interagency Aircraft Noise Abatement Program, which Having changed the environment to provide more
is chaired by the Department of Transportation, is services, the cities are now attempting to change it again
deeply concerned with noise problems and is in a to bring back the amenities lost in the process.
position to expand its activities to other areas of The battles against noise, smells, litter, and the clutter
transportation noise. of signs and unsightly land uses, are all part of the war

The beauty of a city ultimately depends on what the citizen understands
and wants.

against the pollutants of the urban environment. These functions of green spaces, criteria for the location and
battles have common fighters: The individual citizens, appearance of public facilities; and the relationship of
private organizations and businesses, and public agen- building masses to open area, of historic landmarks to
cies. These battles are normally fought at the municipal present day uses, and pedestrian traffic to vehicular
level, while the management of liquid, gaseous, traffic.
and solid wastes must be resolved at the scale of the Special programs for amenities, prepared and imple-
metropolitan region. mented as part of a city or general plan, can effect
. Cities can unite their citizens, raise and expend public changes in the city's environment. Such programs can
funds, pass-laws, and enforce them. The city, as a cor- include an inventory of the physical features of the city
porate entity, has the power to formulate its own goals followed by precise plans for the restoration and rede-
and translate them into action.This can best be accom- sign of public buildings, historic areas, streets, malls,
plished through the planning process. A city plan should plazas, and'other open urban spaces. These could often
be adopted by the elected representatives as an official be greatly enhanced through the use of attractive pave-
document embodying community goals, and guidelines ment, placing utility wires underground, pedestrian
to reach them. It should be prepared with the contribu- ways, landscape planting, special lighting, screening,
tion of all segments of the population, and submitted to fountains, and other artistic ornamentation in harmony
public scrutiny. Such plans can incorporate concepts of with their character. City-wide standards can be adopted,
building and population density, architectural design, historic and other special districts created, and new

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municipal building and planting activities designed to ward better design. Chicago has incorporated in its city
Ire-enforce the plan. plan an urban design policy which clearly states the
Traditional municipal powers can be used beneficially reasons for, and the objectives of, urban amenity con-
to affect environmental quality. Municipal policies on siderations in city planning. The policy has been trans-
utility services-by supplying or withholding water, lated into specific proposals, such as expansion of parks
sewer, street lighting, and other services in certain and establishment of malls and pedestrian "greenways."
areas-can protect open space, regulate housing density, San Francisco's businessmen and, officials intend to
and create a better environment. utilize the opportunities of the reconstruction of Market
The taxing power can be an effective natural beauty Street, once a planned subway has been installed, for a
tool instead of a negative influence. Changed assess- major esthetic revamping to make it one of the Nation's
ment laws and procedures can contribute to preserving most attractive main. streets.
historic buildings by taxing them for their present or Detroit's Transportation and Land Use Program rep-
compatible uses rather than for their speculative values. resents a pioneer effort to measure qualitative aspects
The tax structure can encourage high architectural and of natural as well as manmade and human resources,
amenity standards rather than penalize owners who re- and integrate these into a comprehensive plan for the
frain from squeezing every penny's yield from a site; region. Factors such as slope, views, and trees are being
it can significantly -help in protecting open space. How- catalogued along with such qualitative sociological data
ever, indiscriminate tax exemption, even though well as attitudes as well, as the more conventional planning
intended, is a poor form of concealed subsidy whose data such as population numbers and transportation pat-
objectives can usually be better achieved in other ways. terns. This attempt at a total environmental approach
New forms of taxation, particularly the use of special may serve as a model technique for the planning of
district and special benefit taxes, can be specifically other areas.
related to the objectives of natural beauty programs. The Metropolitan Area Planning Council of Boston
,Public authority over such operations as drainage, is studying the natural framework of the city's harbor
waste disposal, and control of nuisances and hazards, and rivers and its existing open spaces in relation to
can strongly influence environmental quality. An in- overall regional development goals and proposals in
creasingly wide range of activities, including noise, is conservation, recreation and other purposes.
coming under public control. More than 20 years have In Fremont, a newly established city in California,
elapsed since the American Public Health Association's the municipal land use standards were designed at the
Committee on the Hygiene of Housing recommended start to offer the developers incentives, rather than re-
planting and other beautification measures as contrib- strictions, for initiative and innovation. Expressly stated
uting to "basic psychological needs." Reduction of development objectives include retaining historic build-
noise, screening of objectionable features, suppression of ings, maintaining open space, preserving hillsides and
dust, and control of glare from sunlight were recom- other natural features, and producing commercial, in-
mended on the basis of these needs. Following advances dustrial, and residential, developments having individual
of the medical sciences, the courts have steadily broad- character and outstanding design.
ened the concept of public health so that today in its In Honolulu, following criticisms and apprehensions
name effective support can be offered to a wide range expressed at the Hawaii Natural Beauty Conference, a
of natural beauty efforts. program has been. launched to redesign streets and
All over the country, communities are working to- downtown open spaces, including new signs, kiosks,

street furniture, and other details. The telephone com - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
pany has cooperated in this effort, redesigning telephone The Council proposes that Federal agencies provide
booths to harmonize with the new street furniture. technical assistance to States and local governments in
Honolulu is thus expressing in otherwise trivial munici- revising housing and building codes, zoning ordinances,
pal features, its exotic and cosmopolitan accent. subdivision regulations, and other laws and regulations
Smaller American cities and towns will be provided in the interest of improving environmental quality.
with assistance for improving and making better use - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
of their municipal codes to improve the quality of urban Community Design Review Boards: A design review
life as a result of an urban beautification demonstration board can be an important tool for action toward better
study financed by a $41,850 grant from the Department
of Housing and Urban Development to the University community appearance. Such boards have already
of Arkansas. The study will identify problem areas proven their value in many cities.
In which municipal codes can contribute to solutions. The American public has.in recent years looked to
Cited as typical problems are vacant lots with litter, local government for leader-ship in matters of environ-
weeds, 'and underbrush; dilapidated structures; street mental esthetics. The U.S. Supreme Court has Armed
deficiencies; overhead utilities; garbage and trash the constitutionality of this expanded concept of the
accumulations and similar eyesores. public welfare, in a landmark opinion (Berman v.
The study will identify code provisions that apply to Parker, 1954). The court found that the beauty of a
these areas, evaluate the codes in terms of their effec- city is a proper concern of government, and affirmed the
tiveness in dealing with the problems, and recommend right of the local government to extend its exercise of
desirable code provisions or develop model codes. The public power .to esthetic values. The involvement of
study will also evaluate administration and enforce- government in esthetic matters runs into several
ment procedures used in implementing municipal code problems: Who is to be the judge? What standards
provisions. An end product of the study will be a manual should be followed? What should be the scope of such
for local municipal officials and civic leaders for dealing Involvement?
with natural- beauty through municipal codes. Case Who Is To Be the Judge? Government generally lacks
studies of three cities under ioo,ooo population will be sensitivity to esthetics; its administrative machinery typi-
made-at Springfield, Ill., Overland Park, Kans., and cally is not well geared to consider such values. Assist-
Rogers,. Ark ance from outside government generally is considered
If -local natural beauty programs are to have maxi- useful to pass judgment on art and design. Understand-
mum long-term effect on the appearance of communi- 'Ing of esthetic theory and experience in its application
ties, t-hey must first re-examine normal, day-to-day calls for practitioners and teachers in the environmental
governmental operations and regulations. Many exist- design professions, whenever available, to help govern-
ing local ordinances do, not serve natural beauty objec- ment efforts. But the physical appearance of a commu-
tives. In fact, some place so much emphasis solely on nity is primarily a local matter which properly is the
health land safety-which, of course, are vitally impor- responsibility of citizens of the locality.
tant--@-that they exclude other important factors and ac- Esthetics, more than some other aspects of human
tually'detract from other environmental quality efforts. endeavor, is subject to personal and divergent opinions.
Yet little systematic study of codes has been undertaken It is important that a group of people, rather than a
from this viewpoint. single individual, be called on to offer a collective judg-

ment reflecting the diverse views of the community in ship, creative capabilities, status in the community, and
matters of design. ability to influence the decisions of public officials and
Such a group can be appointed by the governing body private investors, rather than on design regulations.
of the locality and authorized by law to perform a Scope: A local design board can:
specified governmental function. Its judgment should
be subject to review by the governing body and by the 0 Analyze the effects of public and private develop-
courts. This responsibility is sometimes given,. as an mental activities on the local environment;
adjunct to its other functions, to the planning commis- 0 Formulate goals on the physical appearance of the
sion, which is concerned with the overall aspects of community for consideration and adoption by the gov-
community development, or to a fine arts,commission erning body as policies or laws to be incorporated in
concerned with all artistic expressions, in ,cluding per- zoning, land development, and other controls.
forming as well as plastic arts. A more specialized group 0 Review public building, park, redevelopment, civic
concerned only with community esthetics often may be art, street furniture, and other proposals of local public
more effective. agenci or private projects pr posed over or. upon
ies@ Op
Standards: Esthetic standards are intangible, not well public property or right-of-way; advise the executive
suited to enactment as laws. They vary with the in- officer and governing body of such agency on the design
dividual, with the cultural grout), the locale and the quality of such-projects, and its relationship to its
period. setting.
But in the case of environmental design-which , Within the context of specific public policies and ordi-
invoiIves architecture, landscape architecture, civil engi- nances, review private projects subject to building or
neering, and civic art-the results are for the apprecia- alteration permits. These policies may be related to the
tion of the entire community; they therefore are preservation of a historical district, the setting for civic
expected to express the current taste of its citizens. At buildings or to other districtwide or citywide design
the same time, the quality of the cityscape should not characteristics, such as vistas or styles, and
be aimed at meeting the norm, the unimaginative aver-
age, or at winning a popularity contest; it should reach * Promote the application of good design, and respect
for the aspirations of the citizens and elevate their spirit, for natural and historical resources in the community
not unlike the purpose of the great cathedrals of earlier through awards, conferences, civic campaigns, school
times. programs, and other activities.
Design boards should be guided by broad criteria There are numerous examples of design or architec-
rather than by explicit standards, although there are in- tural review boards, and historical or fine arts commis-
stances of regulated design, such as the so-called "no- sions in American communities. Private land developers
look alike" ordinances exemplified in a Scarsdale, N.Y., themselves have used this approach to control design,
ordinance adopted, in 1950- In some rare cases, general and many 'subdivisions, particularly larger ones, carry
criteria for harmony, balance, diversity, and other de- deed covenants referring architectural and sometimes
sign elements, can be supplemented by specific historic planting design on all parcels to a private review board
or'regional considerations, such as the Spanish influence appointed by the subdivider or selected by the residents.
in Santa Fe, N. Mex., or the colonial style of Sag Harbor, New-town builders have often insisted on architectural
N.Y. Success in carrying out the mandate given to such control regulations when their projects are incorporated
boards depends heavily on the quality of their member- as municipalities.

Determined citizens can extend beattly to every corner of their community.

measures controlling the appearance, as well as use, of
Many State statutes enable cities and counties to adopt

private property and the preservation of historic struc-
tures. The consistent and reasonable application of these
measures and their public purpose are usually the test
of their legality. Seattle, Wash., Santa Fe, N. Mex., Bos-
ton, Mass., Lake Forest, Ill., Washington, D.C., New
Orleans, La., and New York City are among the steadily
increasing number of cities having design boards and
regulations in one form or another.
?0
Design review boards are in a position to recognize
and support new and imaginative design solutions to
the environmental problems of the community.
The American Institute of Architects through its
"War on Community Ugliness" campaign is encourag-
ing its local chapters to -promote design review in their Only in the cases of municipal corporate bankruptcy
home towns. And the National Council on the Arts is during the depression did the States forcefully interfere
planning to develop a long-term program in design in the affairs of local jurisdictions, and then only in the
fields which deal with the physical environment. This financial field.
program may lead to wider and better application of .Many State governments need to reassess their roles,
design review techniques. raise their professional capabilities, and accept the re-
Specifi.c information about means of authorization, sponsibility for using the power and funds at their
funding, organization, and the practical experience of disposal to carry out at the local level a wide range of
boards already in existence would be useful to public environmental objectives. An indication of the growing
officials, community leaders and design professionals. It response of State governments to the needs of the local
could greatly assist in the extension throughout the governments is the creation, during the past few years,
country of community design review boards. A fed- of Cabinet-level State agencies concerned with commu-
erally supported study, conducted in conjunction with nity affairs. Eighteen States, including New York,
other levels of government, professional societies and California, Alaska, Rhode, Island, Pennsylvania, New
universities, should be made to collect and evaluate this Jersey, Connecticut, Minnesota, and Washington, have
information, and to make it widely available. created such agencies to operate programs directed to
local governments, and to provide coordinated responses
STATE PARTICIPATION to their needs.
The State governments have traditionally limited their The States need to make sure that their own programs,
intervention into local affairs. Although. cities are re- as well as the local ones, do not do violence to the
garded in most State constitutions as "creatures" of the environment. The California Division of Highways, for
State, State authority has limited itself to passing laws example, by State law could only consider limited cost-
enabling cities and counties to perform within their ter- benefit factors in selecting highway routes until 1965,
ritory, if they so wish, certain functions which the State when a new law was passed allowing consideration of
governments were incapable or unwilling to perform. "community values" in addition.

Federal assistance has been made available to a tvide range of commu-
nity improvement projects that also create employment and training
opportunities.

FEDERAL PROGRAMS tion Program will cover half the costs of a new $196,000
Many Federal programs are available to assist commu- program to upgrade the quality of several city parks, a
nities striving for environmental improvement..- The, historic -lighthouse site, and other open areas. Lighted
newer programs include the Urban Beautification Pro- fountains, hikingtralls, landscaping, sun shelters, street
gram and the Neighborhood Youth Corps Program. fur niture, and other facilities will be installed or
By the end of 1967 more than 120 communities, had constructed to help enrich living in the area.
received Urban Beautification Progra m grants from the Enhancement of the environment also has received
Department of Housing and Urban Developme nt. benefits through the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964,
Under this program, authorized in 1965, cities can obtain which provides for work-training programs that "con-
grants of up to 5o percent for a wide range of environ- tribute to the conservation and development of natural
mental improvement projects. To be,eligible, cities must resources and recreation areas." The Neighborhood
have 3- to 5-year community-wide beautification and Youth Corps, administered by the Department of
improvement plans. Labor's Bureau of Work Programs, is translating this
Pittsburgh has received under this program a $465,ooo legislative goalinto action. About io per 'cent of all the
grant to aid in tree planting in many city neighborhoods, enrollees have been engaged in projects directly related
expanding recreational facilities through reconstruction to conserving America's natural resources and improv-
of a major park, landscaping of a major thoroughfare ing cities and countryside. They work as gardeners and
and riverfront area, and general cleanup and beautifica- as conservation, park, and recreation aides in hundreds
tion treatment for other areas. of programs sponsored by State and local departments
A grant to Biloxi, Miss., under the Urban Beautifica- of conservation, natural resources, parks, and highways.

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The first projects undertaken by the Committee for
THE STORY IN THE NATION'S CAPITAL a More Beautiful Capital were colorful floral plantings
- in the monumental areas of the city most often seen by
Washington, D.C., was first conceived as a place of visitors.
beauty. As the Nation's Capital, it draws more than 20 At the same time, projects were initiated to bring a
million visitors a year. With its backdrop of beautiful breath of beauty 6f a more fundamental nature to "the
buildings, parklands and historic ass ociations, the city other Washington," the miles and miles of row housing
has a rich heritage on which to build. where the majority of the population lives.
But like many other cities in America, Washington In the summer of 1966, a rat eradication project
has a decaying downtown core, freeway controversies, sponsored by the Committee was started. This was fol-
insufficient recreation facilities, air pollution, polluted lowed in 1967 by "Project Pride" in which both citizens
rivers, unemployment, slums, and dismay and apathy groups and governmental agencies cooperated to fur-
over tackling these problems. ther attack the rodent problem through poison baiting,
In 1965, Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson decided to encour- house and yard cleaning by the residents, vacant lot
age a practical demonstration of what could be accom- clearing by youth groups, and rubbish and debris dis-
plished by an environment-consc .ious citizenry in her posal by the Sanitation Division. Despite the accom-
"hometown," now Washington. She convened a Com- plishments, increased public action such as provision of
mittee for a More Beautiful Capital, comprised of civic trash receptacles, better trash collection and education
leaders, philanthropists, architects, and other profes- will be required before the problem is controlled.
sionals, as well as government officials whose agencies A philanthropic contribution provided the Commit-
have a role in the city environment. With this combi- tee with high caliber professional design services, an
nation of interest and talent, the Committee, though item frequently lacking in public agency budgets. A
without legal powers, worked creatively through estab- landscape architect was retained to study a prototype
lished agencies, such as the National Capital Housing neighborhood. This study identified many derelict open
Authority, the Board of Education, the National Park spaces, such as interior block spaces behind row houses
Service, and the Department of Highways and Traffic, which could be developed to meet the widespread recre-
to inspire and institute a wide range of innovative dem- ation deficiencies of inner city neighborhoods. The study
onstration programs which could later be embraced in also suggested that school grounds be extensively im-
the more routine agency activities., proved for a rich variety of school and after-school

Li@e every other large American city, the Nation's Capital is confronted by The appearance of the Georgetown Waterfront along the Potomac River is
a maze of environmental problems. typical of such areas in many cities.

activities, and wherepossible, that neighboring schools and the preparation of a beautification plan through
be linked by closing off minor streets and joint facilities which Urban Beautification Program grant funds can
developed. As a result, a number of school grounds proj- be obtained from the Department of Housing and
ects have been undertaken to provide. night lighting of Urban Development.
play areas and landscaping, remove chain link fences, The District Department of Highways and Traffic
and create children's gardens. In a few cases, extensive has a program underway, to enhance the approachesto
and imaginative, new playgrounds have been donated. Washington. Ile points where a dozen major roads
The design of a new city park along the Anacostia enter the city are being attractively landscaped. The
River, featuring recreational, cultural, and entertain@ Department has retained a tree expert to determine the
.ment facilities, was also sponsored by the Committee. cause of deterioration and death of the city's street trees
A proposed freeway, designed simultaneously, will have ' and to propose corrective measures.
tunnels, decks, and other facilities to provide public Through a grant from the Department of Housing
access to the river shore park. and Urban Development, a demonstration project com-
The Committee for a More Beautiful Capital has had pleted in 1967 improved a two-block retail business area
an important catalyzing role in overcoming the inertia along F Street in downtown Washington. This project,
which often greets new programs. which includes construction of a wide median strip in
In 1965 the District of Columbia established an Inter- the center of the street with attractive paving blocks,
Agency Committee on Beautification Programs. It ad- trees, sitting areas, new lighting, telephone booths, and
vises the District government and is charged with the a kiosk, makes pedestrian movement easier and creates
coordination of government and community programs, a parklike setting on a busy urban thoroughfare.

Washington's new F Street Mall was developed along a two-block retail
business area downtown.

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A number of businessmen have voluntarily spruced Planning Commission, will be the base for landscape
up their premises with trees and flowers as a result of development by all agencies in this part of the city.
the Capital's natural beauty program. The major oil A Neighborhood Youth Corps project in Rock Creek
companies spent $1-5 million in 1967 to clean up and Park has helped clean up and beautify the park. This
plant around their service stations. The Committee for work-training project, employing 400 jobless youth, was,
a More Beautiful Capital sponsored a design study of administered by the National Park Service.
various techniques for screening parking lots. As a In another employment demonstration project, a
result, a number of downtown lots are now handsomely hundred teenagers from low-income families partici-
planted or fenced. pated during 1967 in a summer employment and educa-
A new supermarket offers a vest-pocket park, main- tional enrichment program called Trail Blazers. They
tained by neighborhood children, and has dotted its created a vest-pocket park, cleared a picnic grove, and
parking lot with shade trees. The consumer .response built beiiches and nature trails. They also held athletic
has been so good that similar features are planned for and civic educational events. A philanthropic donation
other stores in the grocery chain. made the program possible and provided a weekly
In one area of Washington, approximately 200 orga- stipend to the young participants. The program is con-
nizations have formed a Far Northeast Beautification tinuing. on weekends during the school year. The East-
Comm ittee to coordinate their activities. A broad land- man Kodak Company is supporting the project with an
scaping master plan, prepared by a consultant for this experimental program in graphic communications, ex-
priority area and approved by the National Capital pected to help these young citizens enjoy their environ-

Neighborhood residents voluntarily agreed to maintain this small rest park Thousands of flowers have been planted in the city's many small triangular
which was constructed by the supermarket next to its parking lot. plazas.

toward the future, this list should also include some
still on the drawing boards including rehabilita-
projects
tion of the Potomac River and its Georgetown water-
front, the use of a surplus National Training School site
for a "new town in town," a grand design for Pennsyl-
vania Avenue, the renewal of the Mall and construction
W of a Capitol reflecting - pool, renovation of old Union
Station as a visitor center and development of a rapid
transit system including a subway system. These promise
I re to contribute greatly to the amenities of the city as well
a A P15 MWF!_
as to the convenience of its citizens. However impressive
these initial steps are, private donations and civic and
_7:
governmental activities to date fall short of the tre-
mendous needs. The first steps have, however, shown
that an attractive, decent living environment can be
-_J
chieved and maintained for all i -with
@7 a n the city
continuing efforts.

ment and develop more interest in community
improvement.
4
A long needed partnership between private interests
and public agencies has accomplished much in improv-
ing the environment of the city in the past 2years. From
the private sources have come imagination and technical
skill, along with funds to experiment and demonstrate
new programs. From government has come the muscle
of public powers, tax dollars, and city-wide programs.
for roads, parks, schools, housing, sanitation, and other
activities. Resultant neighborhood projects providing
oases of greenery and cleanliness in the slums,
have given participants more confidence in their own
p
capacities for self-help.
Other recent achievements in the Capital range from ;RBI`@.,
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new attractive wastebaskets along the sidewalks to MaL --v -!7
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beautiful flowers in many of the small triangular plazas, "Ct7@@-
and to the John F. Kennedy Cultural Center, a signifi-
cant addition to the monumental cityscape. Looking

.411

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The Metropolitan Region

IN ST. LOUIS some industries truck refuse across the for another 45 million people. Between 75o,ooo and a
Mississippi River to Illinois where it is burned in open million acres will continue to be paved and built upon
dumps; the resulting polluted air drifts back across the each year, and the Nation's urbanized land area may
river to St. Louis. increase by 50 percent.
Boston burns its trash in incinerators that shower soot By the year 2o6o, according to an Urban Land Insti-
and ashes on residents of nearby cities. The Boston tute projection, go percent of Americans are expected
Metropolitan Planning Commission, facing a critical to live in cities. By the year 2ooo, 6o percent of the
garbage disposal problem, wants to install additional American people are expected to be living on only 7 per-
incinerators with pollution-control filters, but no local cent of the land, concentrated in the three largest metro-
government wants them in its backyard. politan areas: One megalopolis reaching from west of
Atlanta daily dumps tons of poorly treated sewage Chicago to Maine and down the Atlantic coast to south
into the Chattahoochee River, which supplies drinking of Norfolk, a second stretching down California from
water for neighboring cities downstream. 150 miles north of San Francisco to the Mexican bor-
In the San Francisco metropolitan area, Marin der, and a third extending the -length of the Florida
County-where mountains, bay, and ocean meet just peninsula.
north of the Golden Gate-has some of the most spec- This staggering prospect carries with it the possibility
tacular natural beauty in the Bay Area. People from the that the metropolitan areas can destroy themselves as,
entire region go there for recreation. But Marin County decent places to live, owing to an inability to plan and
is permitting some of its best scenery to be subdivided govern on a regional scale.
because its property tax base is inadequate to finance It seems clear that in these urban agglomerations the
regional parks.. problems of,air pollution, water pollution, disposal of
Around each of these metropolitan areas unplanned solid waste, and the destruction of open land will grow
subdivisions and highway strip developments con- to such proportions as to demand radical innovations in
tinue to sprawl over local boundaries and clutter the pilanning and governmental techniques and organiza-
landscape. tion. This chapter will report on these four metropolitan
Similar examples of environmental pollution, monot- problems and some possible methods of coping with
ony, and ugliness can be found in every metropolitan them-new towns, regional governments, and environ-
area in the United States. In most cases the problems mental development based on ecological principles and
extend across political boundary lines and thus are in- knowledge.
soluble by a city or county acting alone. Disposal of
wastes and urban sprawl are largely metropolitan re- ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
gional problems that can only be solved on a regional
basis. AIR POLLUTION
More than 134 million of the Nation's 200 Million Fly over any metropolitan area in the Nation, with one
people live in metropolitan areas.* By ig8o these areas exception, and you can see plumes from smokestacks
will, if present trends continue ., spread to make room or dump fires fouling the air; and the pollution that can
*Defined by the Bureau of the Budget as Standard Metropolitan Statistical be seen is only a small fraction of the whole.
Areas consisting of "central cities," each with a population of at least 5o,ooo, The single exception is the City of Los Angeles. After
plus the population of its adjacent suburbs. a 20-year campaign there, stationary sources of air pollu-

Smog afflicts cities of all sizes.

4,
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tion generally are under control. Nevertheless, a murky touches. It can kill and stunt trees, gardens, and crops.
haze still hangs over the city frequently. Despite its It can soil clothing, smudge buildings, and even peel
pioneering efforts to control its stationary sources of paint and corrode machinery.
pollution, Los Angeles still has a serious air pollution Pollution Sources and the Management Gap: The
problem because of its millions of automobiles. Nation's go million cars, trucks and buses cause the
At its worst, air pollution is fatal. During the 1966 largest share of air pollution; industries that burn coal
Thanksgiving weekend, for instance, the Public Health and oil are responsible for most of the rest. The major
Service estimates that 168 persons in New York City industrial polluters include pulp and paper mills, iron
died because of an unusually high concentration of and steel mills, oil refineries, smelters, chemical manu-
pollutants in the air. An atmospheric temperature in- facturers, and power and heating plants. Aircraft also
version that weekend held pollutants close to the contribute to the problem. For example, the Federal
ground. Aviation Administration estimates that on a typical day
Though death in such incidents is the most dramatic some 35 tons of pollutants are spewed over the National
effect, air pollution also contributes subtly and seriously Capital area from planes landing and taking off at
to the rising incidence of such respiratory diseases as Washington's National Airport.
lung cancer, bronchitis, and emphysema. Beyond that it Across the Nation, the U.S. Public Health Service
stings eyes, is offensive to smell, and blankets cities with estimates that a total of more than 140 million tons of
murky gloom. It can shorten the life of everything it pollutants a year are dumped into the atmosphere-

Improperly maintained automobiles add to soterces of air pollution.

nearly i,5oo pounds for each American-and that every which the States have the responsibility for setting air
U.S. city has an air pollution problem serious enough quality standards.
to require careful and regular investigation, whether Recent activity has been marked on several fronts:
or not its citizens can see or smell the pollutants. Automobile Pollution Controls: In 1965, Congress au-
Although it is technically practical and economically thorized national standards for motor vehicle air pollu-
feasible to control most stationary sources of pollution, tion control. As a result, automobile manufacturers have
few communities have done so. There is an imperative installed pollution abatement devices on all gasoline-
need for air quality management programs organized powered, 1968 model automobiles and light trucks.
on a regional basis. However, .despite this first step, because the number
Three management tools are available: Air pollution of automobiles is increasing at a rate more than twice
criteria, which are scientific descriptions of the effects as fast as population growth, total pollution caused by
each specific kind of pollutant has at various concentra- automobiles will be worse by the mid-ig8o's unless
tions; emission standards, which prescribe legal per- controls are progressively tightened. Broader and more
miss-ible maximum concentrations of pollutants which effective standards have been issued for i97o model
should not be exceeded at the smokestack or exhaust vehicles, and these include .srnoke controls for diesel
pipe; and ambient air quality standards, which pre- trucks and -buses.
scribe permissible at-the-nostril levels of total combined Only California requires controls on cars older than
pollutants which should not be exceeded. The Air Qual- 1968 models.. Some business firms, however, including
ity Act of 1967 provides the authority for the Federal several Bell System telephone companies, have taken the
Government to establish the criteria on the basis Of lead on a voluntary basis and are beginning to equip
their entire motor vehicle fleets-old cars, as well as
new-with controls. Development of new sources of
vehicle power that are pollution free, or nearly so, offer
promise for the future. At the present rate of develop-
ment, however, it is expected to take at least io years
before they would be in use on a scale large enough
to significantly reduce air pollution. (See Part 11, 250
The Diesel Pollution Problen2: In 1967 the Secretary of
Health, Education, and Welfare set a target date of ig7o
for issuing the first national diesel exhaust control reg-
ulations. Diesel engines, the principal power source for
buses and heavy trucks, are noisy, their exhaust is often
dirty, and their fumes are offensive to smell. Because
American cities ave ar ewer iese uses an truc s
than automobiles powered by gasoline engines, diesels
less pollutants and are, therefore, not as serious
@V emit far
a threat to health as conventional cars. However, few
forms of air pollution make so many people so indig-
nant. In addition to the forthcoming national standards,

Pollution is not confined by city, county or State boundaries.

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there are other signs that the days of the uncontrolled Federal Installations: In 1966 the President directed
smoke-spewing diesel may be numbered. In 1967 New each Federal agency to control air pollution at its in-
York City began testing new diesel buses with experi- stallations and to submit plans for doing this. These
mental mufflers, as welt as experimental gas-turbine schedules were submitted in 1967 and Congress provided
buses. In the same year, the Department of Housing funds for the first steps. Federal installations must meet
and Urban Development asked the National Academy local or State standards, or standards set by the Secretary
of Sciences to work with manufacturers to develop a of Health, Education, and Welfare-whichever are
quiet non-polluting bus; and the President directed that more stringent. Progress is to be reported each
Federal research on diesel pollution be speeded up. The year, beginning in July 1968. The pace of abatement
1970-model-year national emission standards for diesel will depend in large part on the level of annual
powered trucks and buses will reduce their smoke appropriations by the Congress.
emissions. Air Quality Criteria and Research: In 1967 the Secretary

Smo@e pours into the air front an apartment house boiler plant chimney.

of iHealth, Education, and Welfare issued the first represent the beginning of an expression of conscious-
national air quality criteria. These covered sulfur oxides, ness on the part of the States that many air pollution
a major pollutant released mainly by burning coal and problems require Joint action for their solution.
fuel oil. Criteria for several other important classes of The Air Quality Act: Against this background, the
pollutants are scheduled to be issued during 1968, and President proposed and the Congress enacted the Air
the criteria for sulfur oxides, in compliance with a pro- Quality Act o .f 1967. It is the beginning of a systematic
vision of the Air Quality Act, will be reissued. An accel- effort to enhance the quality of the Nation's air resources
erated program of research into the causes and effects on a region-by-region basis. This effort to clean up the
of air pollution, and techniques for controlling it, is air hinges on designation of regions where two or more
being coordinated by the National Center for Air Pollu- communities share a common air pollution problem,
tion Control. Under its guidance, the resources of the and on enforcement of air quality standards set for
Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, the Interior, these regions. The Secretary of Health, Education, and
and Health, Education, and Welfare, as well as other Welfare will designate air quality control regions, and
governmental agencies and the private sector of the will develop criteria for specific pollutants and informa-
economy, are being brought to bear on the problems. tion on cost and effectiveness of techniques for prevent-'
State and Local Action: During the last three years ing and controlling them. It will then be the responsi-
there has been an unprecedented expansion of air pollu- b'l'ty of the State or States involved to set ambient, air
tion control activities by State and local governments.
In 1965 only 20 States had air pollution control agencies;
by the end of 1967 there were 45. While most have not
yet adopted air quality or emission standards, 14 have
begun to do so. At the local level, nearly ioo programs
are operating and another 4o are being developed. New
York City, for example, adopted a strong local control
ordinance in 1967. However, almost half of the Nation's
urban population still is not served by any kind of air 7
control program. On a per capita basis, annual spending 7W-
ic
for local control amounts to about 15 cents; the Publi N 66
Health Service considers at least 40 cents per capita
necessary for an effective local effort.
Although the Public Health Service lists some 75
interstate areas with significant air pollution problems,
as yet the@c is not a single cff ective interstate air pollution
control program in the Nation. Several roups of
9

711
States-Indiana and Illinois; West Virginia and Ohio;
and the Mid-Atlantic States of New York, New Jersey,
and Connecticut-have presented interstate air pollution
_7
control compacts to Congress for approval. Although
these three documents have certain limitations, they

Sunlight accentuates the presence of smog.

quality standards for each region and to establish plans
for implementing these standards. If the Secretary of
Health, Education, and Welfare finds that a region's
standards and plans for putting controls into effect are
consistent with purposes of the Act, the standards and
plans will take effect. However, if a State fails to estab-
lish standards, or if the Secretary finds them inconsistent
with the Act, he can set appropriate standards. State and

local governments do not, of course, have to wait for
Federal action to clean up the air their citizens must

breathe.
Despite the gains made since the passage of the Clean

Air Act, air pollution continues to worsen, particularly
in metropolitan areas. Remedial programs need to ex-

tend not only to the types of air pollution that are harm-
ful to health but also to those that have offensive odors

and otherwise lower the quality of the environment.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
The Council recommends that the States, in coopera-

tion with local governments, promptly establish effec-
tive regional air quality enhancement programs in
accordance with the Air Quality Act of 1967.
The Council proposes that all Federal and federally

assisted air pollution control programs include as
basic objectives enhancement of the quality of life and

provision of esthetic as well as health benefits.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

WATER POLLUTION

Clean water is beautiful to look at and delightful to
walk beside and play in. A fountain in a city, a brook in
a suburb, a spring in a wilderness all enhance their sur-

roundings. But America's growing population and in-
dustry are dumping increasing torrents of wastes into
the streams, lakes, and bays that once were clean and
clear.

The problem particularly acute in the major rivers

that flow through the hearts of metropolitan areas.
Waterborne wastes destroy beauty and make water-

related recreation undesirable or impossible. The Po-

Small sources of chemical, industrial and home wastes can contribute to Water carries unnecessary burdens, diminishing not only its beauty but its
dangerous accumulations of effluent in waterways across the Nation. usefulness.

tomac, the Hudson, and the Mississippi illustrate the
problem. The Potomac's most serious pollution is in
precisely the reach of the river with greatest potential
for enjoyment by the 2V2 million residents of the Wash-
ington, D.C., Metropolitan area. As the Potomac slowly
flows through the Nation's Capital, its load of silt, filth,
and acid from farms,'mills, and mines blends with dis-
charge from overloaded sewers to nourish an algae
bloom and a summer stink that rises from the river for
miles below them'etropolls. The Hudson, from Albany
to Manhattan, is an open sewer. Scavenger eels, one of
the few animals that can live in waters loaded each day
with 20.0 million gallons of raw sewage and the effluent
of dozens of factories, have been known to attack sani-
tary engineers taking water samples. The Mississippi,
at St. Louis is so polluted that test fish placed in a,
sample of river water diluted with io parts of clean
water die in minutes.

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In the fut re an expanding population will requi
u 1 1 re
more industry and agriculture. Each will produce more
waste and at the same time require more clean water.
In addition to the. problem of coping with the increas-
ing volumes involved, cleaning up water is becoming
more complicated.
Today's wastes from homes, industry, and agricul-
TS, tufe include new 'and complex chemical compounds
which are more difficult to identify and treat; detergents
are only one example. The rapid pace of urbanization

To abate pollution, a plant has run its waste lines into the stronger current
midstream, but the flow is not strong enough to dilute the effluent efec-
lively.

A
777

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at suburban fringes results in siltation of water caused since 1945. The rate of increase continues to jump so
by erosion from lands stripped of vegetative cover. Run- that some analysts estimate that the doubling time for
off from city streets carries increasing volumes of increase in demands may now be as short as five years.
wastes that are difficult to handle in treatment plants. More moderate estimates give io years to double the
Following heavy rain or snow, municipal sewer systems power demands. Either are staggering increases.
that carry combined storm water and sewage deliver About 7o percent of the industrial thermal pollution
substantial amounts of many communities' sewage raw load in the United States today is caused by the steam
to the receiving stream, lake, bay, or ocean. Coastal oil electric power industry. Powerplants are now discharg-
P
pollution, such as from the tragic spill from the tanker ing into United States waterways 5o trillion gallons of
Torrey Canyon which blighted the coast of England in heated water a year, in some cases with devastating
1967, is a newly recognized hazard. (See page i6q.) effects on the environment and aquatic life.
Thermal pollution, caused by discharge of water at By ig8o, the power industry will use bne-fifth of the
high temperatures from powerplants, also is cause for in- total fresh water runoff of the United States for cooling-2
creasing concern as the number of nuclear powerplants and is predicted to spew forth wo trillion gallons of
along ocean and river shorelines increase. heated discharge.
Electric power generation has doubled every io years The Congress is considering proposals to assure that

the Atomic Energy Commission exercises regulatory au-. needs, as well as the other uses of water and include
thority over thermal pollution aspects of nuclear power- schedules for construction of treatment facilities and
plants in granting or denying operating licenses and other abatement actions.
construction permits. There is a need for cooperative - In 1966 a Presidential Executive Order directed- offi-
Federal-State regulation of thermal pollution. cials responsible for 2o,ooo Federal installations, from
What Should Be Done: Keeping water clean and elimi- post office to parks, to stop any water pollution their
nating pollution at the source are the most effective and installations were causing. In 1967 five-year plans for
least expensive. ways of.. assuring adequate water supplies doing this were submitted and the President asked Con--
of the quality ne.cessary to meet both instrearn and with- gress for funds to begin the cleanup. Success in carrying
drawal uses. State and local governments and industry out the plans will depend upon the level of Congres-
need to step up the present rate of construction of waste sional appropriations. All proposed new Federal con-
treatment plants. Water 'quality standards, aimed at en- struction projects submitted to Congress now include
hancing water quality for all uses, including esthetic and plans for adequate treatment to control water pollution.
recreational purposes, can best be made effective through The Executive Order to clean up Federal pollu .tion also
a Federal-interstate monitoring system and strict en- provides a, basis for encouraging pollution abatement by
forcement. Research, devel opment, and demonstration industrial firms and others who contract with, receive
of improved treatment technology will have to be grants from, or borr ow from the Federal Government.
intensifie& This avenue for encouraging pollution abatement
Overall, intergovernmental river-basin and regional warrants Iattention at all levels of government.
approaches will have @to be pursued. There is particular
need for cooperative efforts in metropolitan regions. 0 In 1966 the Clean Water Restoration Act authorized
Consolidated collection and treatment of municipal a total Of $3V2 billion in Federal matching grants to local
liquid wastes by several communities can often permit ' governments for treatment plant construction between
more effective treatment -at lower unit cost than is pos- 1967 and 1971. The Act removed earlier restrictions
sible with scattered separate plants. Similarly, combined against grants to larger metropolitan areas. The Federal
municipal-industrial treatment systems are frequently appropriation for the 12 months ending July 1, 1968 ., is
more economical than separate plants. And-although $213 million for local treatment plant construction
little has yet been done to demonstrate it-joint treat- grants. However, the backlog of applications for these
grants already exceeds the $450 million authorized by
ment operations by a number of industries offer promise.
What Has Been Done: Significant steps have been Congress for this same period. The Department of
taken during the last three years: Commerce e 'stimates that $37-5 billion should be spent
on construction of water treatment facilities during the
In 1965, the Water Quality Act authorized a con- 14-year period, 1967-ig8o; this is the estimated amount
"certed nationwide attack on water pollution on a river of public and industry funds required to remedy present
basin basis..This law requires establishment and enforce- inadequacies, to makeup for obsolescence, and to meet
ment of water quality standards on interstate and coastal increased requirements of a growing population. There
In 1967, all States proposed standards and pro- is an urgent need to fund the Federal grant-in-aid pro-
grams to achieve them and by the end of that year i r gram for constr-uction of sewage treatment plants to the
had been approved by the Secretary of the Interior. The full amount authorized by the Congress as soon as the
standards take into account esthetic and recreational budgetary situation permits.

Low flow can make for ugly and often odorous conditions.

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In 1967 the Federal Water Pollution Control Ad- and on water-craft pollution were completed in 1967.
ministration started a detailed study of the cost of clean- 11 Research is being accelerated. Emphasis is being
ing up the Nation's waters, together with an industrial placed on the immensely difficult problem of combined
incentive study. These will be completed in 1968. A sewer discharges-those carrying both municipal
program to clean up the Nation's estuaries is being sewage and stormwater runoff-non-sewer urban run-
developed by the agency for submission to the Congress offs, and Joint municipal-industrial wastes. Industrial
in 1969, and reports on manpower and training needs Wastes also are receiving research priority; these include

serious industrial pollutants produced in manufacturing - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
metal products, chemicals, power, petroleum and coal . The Council recommends that the States establish
products. Other research targets are acid-mine drainage intrastate water quality standards at least comparable
and agricultural pollutants-including pesticides, fer- to those established on interstate and coastal waters
tilizers and animal wastes from feedlots. In 106 Con- under the Water Quality Act of r965-
gress authorized direct Federal grants to industries for The Council proposes that Federal agencies respon-
research on their pollution problems. sible for land management, development, financial
assistance, or loan guarantee programs which disturb
Urban soil erosion is being controlled by some local t h*e soil, utilize erosion control techniques, standards and
governments. For . example, in 1966 Montgomery requirements such as those developed by the Federal
County, Md., adopted grading and sediment controls Water Pollution Control Administration and the Soil
in cooperation with homebuilders, highway agencies, Conservation Service.. It further proposes that recipients
and the local soil conservation district. Much more needs @of Federal financial assistance for such prolects be en-
to be done along this line by local government. At a couraged and in special cases required to meet erosion
1967 conference on Soil, Water, and Suburbia sponsored control standards comparable to those ap#ied to direct
by the Departments of Agriculture and Housing Federal projects.
and Urban Development, land developers and urban The Council proposes the enhancement and protec-
planners were urged to apply sound soil and water con- tion of esthetic and recreational values of waters and
servation principles in converting open land to urban adjacent shoreline as one of the primary functions- of
use. Federal, federally licensed, and federally assisted water
0 The Tennessee Valley Authority will not permit boats Pollution control, water resource development, and'
to be moored to land Which it owns or manages unless power generation programs and projects.
they meet State water pollution control regulations. - - - - - - - --- - - - - - - - - - - - -
Increasinglyj States and local governments are taking SOLID WASTE
more effective action to control water pollution. In Into American homes flows a steady stream of gro-
1965, for example, New York approved by 4 to I a $I ceries and gadgets. Out of them flow cans and cartons,
billion clean waters bond issue. As a result, the State bottles and broken toys and bric-a-brac. Th-is'solid waste
has set a deadline of ig7z for control of major pollution includes 48 billion cans (250 per person), 26 billion
in the Hudson. In 1966 Wisconsin enacted one of the bottles and jars (135 per person), and 65 billion metal
strongest State control laws; it authorized a $300 million and plastic caps (338 per person) a year. These and
cleanup program. Total State and municipal investment demolished buildings, worn-out appliances, and the
in water pollution control is now estimated at about other residues of affluence total more than 2,000 pounds
$7oo million a year. per person per year-more than 5 pounds a day for
Despite the fact that for the first time a concerted each American.
nationwide attack on water pollution is underway and Not only is solid waste increasing in volume, its char-
despite improvement in some localities, the Nation as a acteristics are changing. Accumulation of nonreusable
whole has not yet redu 'ced the total level of water pollu- containers is a difficult part of the problem. The con-
tion. As is the case with air pollution, the overall tinuing trends toward nonreturnable bottles and new
problem continues to get worse every day. types of disposable paper products add to the problem.

Solid forms of pollution are navigation hazards and can damage waterside
structures.

Tin cans will rust and disintegrate in time, but alumi-
nurn and glass are more permanent and some containers
made of new kinds of plastic are possibly even more
durable. Many are not consumed completely even by
incineration; their litter on the landscape can be ex-
pected to remain indefinitely. The development of nat-
urally disintegrating containers offers promise and
should be encouraged.
Nationwide, collection and disposal of garbage and
other solid waste cost an estimated $3 billion in 1967,
and this was accomplished by methods little improved
over those0f 25 years ago. Although salvage industries
R4 do $5 to $7 billion worth of business a year, they use only
a small part of the Nation's total waste. The great bulk,
which is neither salvaged nor recycled for Teuse, has a
vast potential for littering the landscape. Two other re-
sults of improper waste management are air pollution
from burning of refuse, and water pollution by seepage
A
from dumps. Population growth, increasing amounts of
refuse per person, shrinking numbers of acceptable dis-
P
sal sites, and archaic technology combine to make
0
solid waste management an urgent environmental
problem in many metropolitan areas.
Yesterday's solution was to dump "outside the city
limits," on unused land at the edge of town. But in
today's metropolis, the merging of the suburbs leaves
little room for dumps; one result is that too often they
are located where they destroy out-of-the-way areas of
natural beauty, such as stream valleys and marshes.
77
Dumping vs. Recycling: Today's conservation princi-
Pies call for recycling waste for reuse wherever possible,
? I Tr__ 4
rather than burning it or dumping.
Composting, which involves decomposition of organic
.,JEW, materials to make fertilizers or soil conditioners, is one
T"W promising approach. Some inorganic materials also can
be reused; even junk glass can be melted down to small
beads and used as a component of soil conditioners.
Under properly controlled conditions, use of solid
waste as landfill material in appropriate places, such as

Properly controlled sanitary landfill operations keep layers of waste covered
with layers of soil.

A power company warehouseman sorts scrap to be reclaimed.

-7-

41,

a
bandoned quarries or other excavated areas can be
considered a method of conversion or reuse. Sometimes
such filled areas can be planted or developed for useful
purposes. Planning of landfills should be consistent with
comprehensive planning for the' area involved, and
avoid areas of natural beauty, parks and other recreation
lands, fish and wildlife areas, and historic sites. Landfill
sites should avoid soils which might allow seepage
A which would pollute underground water or otherwise
cause deterioration of watersheds. Landfill programs
should include restoration of suitable plant cover and
long-term plans for future use of the sites involved.
Collection and recycling of aluminum beverage cans
is feasible in some circumstances. (See discussion of litter
collection, Part 1, page 72. The automobile, a
type of solid waste that can be particularly detrimental
to natural beauty, is discussed at page214-)
"A
Collection System Management: Solid waste collection
technology and management need to be improved. Too
many municipal trash collection systems are incomplete.

101

Three million tons of refuse are dumped into San Francisco Bay each year.

Because of limitations on the types of trash or garbage
which many public, services will collect, homeowners
Often must individually dispose as best they can of other
waste products. This can result in air pollution from
the burning of leaves, for example, or the dumping of
ic waste
household trash in inappropriate places. Publi
collection services should pick up all trash and garbage.
In many metropolitan areas, regional trash and gar-
bage collection systems are needed to replace small city
or county systems. For example, in the nine-county San
Francisco Bay region of more than 4 million persons, 3
million tons of refuse a year are dumped at 77 sites by
83- separate collecting agencies. Like many metropolitan 7
areas, the Bay Area is running out of suitable disposal
sites. Of the existing, sites,, two-thirds are along the San
Francisco Bay-shoreline. In z967, the Association of. Bay
Area -Governments asked the California Legislature for
authority to operate a regionwide solid waste disposal
.44 -
program. The request was denied, pending a two-year
study.
New York City in 1967 experienced a kind of chain
reaction that illustrates the relationships between the
three main types of environmental pollution. A new city
air pollution ordinance was about to go into effect. It
required the owners of apartment houses to install con-
trol devices in their 4,000 trash-burning incinerators.
4
Many of them balked. Instead, they said, they would
take advantage of an alternative disposal method avail-
a d
ble to them: Despite the additional noise it woul
cause, they would put the trash in garbage cans for the
city's sanitation trucks to haul away. City sanitation
officials promptly objected; they didn't have enough fish, and one of the last reaches of unspoiled shoreline
trucks or employees to handle the additional trash. Be- 'in the region. Turning it into a dump would not only
sides, they said, the city was running out of disposal destroy this irreplaceable resource, but would pollute
sites. This additional volume would result in increased, water over a wide area, they said. Mayor John V. Lind-
dumping on the marshy edges of Pelham Bay, an estuary say told the sanitation department to find another site
along one of the city's outlying parks. for a dump. As of December 1967, it hadn't been found;
It was the turn of the city park commissioner and city garbage trucks were continuing to dump 2,000
conservationists to object. They pointed out that the tons@of refuse a day at a previously used landfill site
estuary was a nursery and sanctuary for wildlife and adjoining the bay.

102

In an attempt to head off such conflicts in the future, posting@ plan'is. These process from 100 to 350 tons of
early in 1968 the city combined a number of separate garbage and. refuse a day into a soil conditioner.
functions in a new Environmental Protection Adminis- Despite this progress, most c .ities- of more than 2,560'
tration. The new "super-agency" brought together the population do not have sanitary solid waste manage-
departments of sewerage and water supply, as well as ment systems. In many large metropolitan areas, suit--
sanitation, air pollution control, and noise abatement. able landfill areas are n*early exhausted, dumps threaten
scenic parts, of-the landscape more valuable for public.
Recent Progress: Solid waste management is a fast
developing field: enjoyment, and fires in open durn 'ps still darken. the -
skies. The trash and garbage produced by urban areas
In 1965 Congress took the. first step toward a national -by ig8o. Many. metropolitan areas
solid waste management programwith enactment of is expected to triple
are approaching a solid waste crisis, but still' have .
the Solid Waste Disposal Act. It authorized a small pro- opportunity to avert it.
gram of -research, training, and technical assistance,
Although the Nation needs more knowledge of better..
grants to States for planning of statewide programs', and
grants to demonstrate improved techniques of collection ways, to collect, process, and reuse solid waste, much
knowledge is already available that - should be put to
and processing. Two programs have been set up under
the Act. An Office of Solid Waste in the Bureau of work on a broad basis through local action. The- Federal
Government should stimulate this.
Mines concentrates on problems of mineral-derived
wastes, including'junk autos. The Public Health Serv - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I- - - - - - - -
ice's National Center for Urban and Industrial Health The Council recommends. that the Federal Govern-
has established a Solid Wastes Program, concerned with ment be authorized to provide grant-in-aid assistance for
all other solid wastes. Under the Act some 5o demon- establishment of regional solid waste management sys-
stration projects had received grant support amounting tems which are integrated with regional liquid waste
to $7 million by the end of 1967. In addition, . 32States management and air quality control systems and land-
had begun developing plans to cope with.solid waste use planning.. These systems should emphasize reuse of
problems, aided by Federal grants totaling $L4 million. waste materials as a primary goal, and any landfills
The Public Health Service had begun a survey of dis- should be limited to appropriate sites and not encroach
,posal needs and practices in 5,ooo cities and all metro- upon recreation lands or other areas of natural beauty.
politan areas;, this will provide the first nationwide - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
analysis of , solid waste management problems and There is a need for coordination of abatement efforts
practices. for all forms of pollution, including solid waste disposal.
0 In 1967, the Tennessee Valley Authority and the Pub - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
lic Health.Service began operating a large-scale experi- The Council proposes that as soon as criteria are
mental corriposting plant in cooperation with Johnson developed all Federal and federally assisted pollution
City,.Tenn. They are investigating the value of compost abatement cv4orts should be operated as integral parts of
consisting of mixed refuse and sewage sludge. Tests are regional waste management plans and programs
being made to determine the product's usefulness as a encompassing ai .r and water pollution control
soil conditioner for strip-mined and highway-cut sites, and solid waste management, and coordinated with
and its marketability, for farm use. St. Petersburg, Fla., Comprehensive planning.
and Houston, Tex., also are operating municipal corn - - - - - - - L - - - - - -

103

@4 IL 1@2-

_111111W 61&
OR

--7

71
7

:4 IN

A farm is sold and begins raising houses instead of pota-
toes-then another farm. Forests are cut, valleys' are- filled,
streams are buried in storm sewers.
URBAN SPRAWL Traffic grows, roads are widened. Service stations
hamburger stands pockmark the highway. Traffic strangles.
The impact of America's population boom is felt most An expressway is cut through and brings cloverleafs which
heavily in the metropolitan suburbs, which are grow- bring shopping centers. Relentlessly, the bits and pieces of a
ing seven times as fast as the central cities. By the rnid- city are splattered across the landscape.
ig6o's a majority of Americans living in metropolitan By this irrational process, non-communities are born-form-
areas were suburbanites; in 1966 the Bureau of the less, without order, beauty or reason-with no visible respect
for people or the land. Thousands of small, separate decisions-
Census estimated that 6o million Americans lived in made with little or no relationship to one another nor to their
metropolitan-area central cities and 66 million 'in their composite impact-produce a major decision about the future
suburbs. of our cities and our civilization, a decision we have come to
Typically, this rapid growth is scattered and piece- label "sprawl."
meal as the fringes of one suburb coalesce with those Sprawl leaves few sizable open spaces in its wake. The
of the next. The resultant haphazard, leapfrogging distinctive land forms, scenic vistas, and the other hap-
growth of metropolis is a major threat to the quality penings of nature that give individuality to an area
of the American environment. are erased. - The resulting monotonous, homoge-
The New York Metropolitan Area's Regional Plan nized, helter-skelter patchwork surrounds nearly every
Association has labeled the result "Spread City." A metropolitan area in the country.
land developer and mortgage banker has described the Sprawl stretches out the distances people must travel
process to a Congressional committee: to work, to shop, to school, to play; adjacent areas are

104

77'

-lot,
T7- =VV4

M -@@i

V
too often unrelated. Sprawl wastes land; a projection mine the aggregate result; this country-t .o-town con,ver-
by the New Jersey State planning agency suggests that sion process is a problem of public responsibility that
by 2000one-third of the State's land will be devoted to can be solved only by broad public powers providing
roads, parking lots, and other transportation facilities. both regulation and incentives.
In the confusing, unrelated, amorphous agglomera- This calls. for comprehensive regional planning
tions that are typical of sprawl it is often difficult for backed by strong zoning and other land controls, tax
many who live'there to feel a sense of community, or incentives to private landowners, which help direct pat-
a means of participation. terns of land use, and advance acquisition of open space
Farm areas often feel the onslaught well ahead of and other public land. Key planning decisions. include
sprawl's physical encroachments. Even before it is those locating transportation arteries and water and
"good business" to install pieces of towns on rural acre- sewer lines.
age, speculation, rising land values and increasing taxes A promising new approach to these problems is illus-
frequently make it unprofitable to farm. The result is trated by California's Local Agency Formation Com-
a metropolitan area fringe of weed-infested fields and missions. These commissions, requi ,red by law in each
ragged and spotty development-a rural-to-urban county, consist of city and county officials and a citizen
transition belt, often20miles wide, that is neither town member. They have veto power over both formation
nor country. This is the principal way America's future and expansion of cities and of special-purpose di'stricts,
cities are being created. At every step of the process of including water and sewer districts. In 1966, the State's
subdividing and developing new land for housing, pub- Intergovernmental Council on Urban Growth reported
lic agencies are involved. Yet neither the indivi 'dual that many of these commissions had worked out im-
public agencies nor the individual builders can deter- proved procedures for annexation and extension of urban

105

The large, amount ol land consumed by transportation routes and par@ing
space contributes to urban sprawl.

services inIto urbanizing areas, had cut proliferation of These methods allow developers to group housing units
special districts by half, and generally were succeeding and use-the land that is saved for neighborhood open
in discouraging urban sprawl and encouraging more space. Cluster development can contribute to regional
orderly urban growth. open space. if the individual neighborhood open spaces
are threaded into a connected system. The Federal Hous-
NEW CONCEPTS OF ZONING ing Administration encourages such planned-unit devel-
Zoning, a traditional regulatory tool used to make land opments by providing technical assistance to builders.
use plans effective, can limit development to specified FHA-developed guidelines, including land use inten-
uses, separate. commercial areas from residential areas, sity standards, are being used as a basis for Zoning
and Set limits on the number of housing units and the regulations by a number of local governments.
size of residential -lots in an area, But residential zoning Development of some of the new towns now being
can be a 'two-edged sword; in some cases it actually built across the country relies on the cluster principle,
encourages sprawl; in some instances residential zoning on a large scale. In Maryland's Howard County, for
which requires large lots can simply extend a thinner example, the builders of the new town of Columbia
spread of sprawl over an ever-widening area. have reserved nearly 30 percent of its total of 14,000
Cluster zoning and other planned-unit-development acres as community open space. The county's new-
zoning take a different approach. (Part 1, page 40 community district zoning ordinance sets an overall

_7@

Z@ @Otq
-W-ft

In Hawaii, a golf course provides an open space buger between a through
highway and a subdivision surrounded by lands still used for agriculture.

ceiling on population density, averaging 2V2 dwelling.
units per acre in this case. The ordinance permits
different densities in different portions of the town.
Some cities and counties have attempted to maintain
their'best farmlands as greenbelts by zoning them for
agricultural use only. But pressures for zoning excep-.
tions are often difficult for local officials to resist, par-
ticularly since developed land provides more -local tax
revenue than open land. The long-range advantages
which one local jurisdiction realizes from strong, well-
enforced zoning are watered down neighbors do
MR
not follow similar policies. There is need for much
A
more effective and continuing application of zonin
9.
One proposed solution to this problem is'metro-
politan area-wide zoning based on an up-to-date com-
prehensive planfor the region as a whole. No major
metropolitan area in the Nation yet has such a plan.
Another approach calls for broad zoning by State gov- r
ernments, advocated partly on the assumption that State T
governments are likely to be less susceptible to pressure
from local developers to weaken zoning restrictions
than are local governments. In Hawaii, to discourage
V,
1
sprawl, destruct'on of the State's natural beauty and
a
CIS
I s.of prime agricultural lands to residential use,
State land use commission has - zoned the State. into
four major land use classes: Urban, rural, agricultural,
and-. conservation. In 1966 the Wisconsin Legislature
Iwo.
broke new ground when it authorized State zoning of
lands along the shores of *all lakes and rivers if local
governments do' not do so. (See page 176.) Purposes Of
the Wisconsin law include preservation of natural
b
eauty and ecological values.
Flood-plain zoning-can effectively protect portions:of
the landscape as open space. (See page 156.) Along
F
watercourses and in other.areas subject to periodic flood-
ing such regulations prohibit the kinds of development f
that would be seriously damaged by floods, while-per-
mitting limited outdoor recreational and agricultural
development. This type of zoning not only makes eco-

107

nomic sense, but can protect what often are the most have,been abuses of this approach; landowners have
scenic parts of a countryside-the shorelines of rivers and been given open land preferential tax treatment without
streams. In 1965, the California Legislature made local requiring payment of back taxes at normal rates when
flood-plain 'zoning a necessary prerequisite for State the land.was developed soon thereafter.
sharing of certain flood control costs. In 1966, Wisconsin There is need for more experimentation with broader
'went further. The legislatuie passed a law similar to its use of tax deferral and other tax incentives to encourage
new shoreline zoning law: If local governments fall to preservation of privately-owned open land near urban
adopt effective flood-plain zoning by 1968, the State may areas. Federal agencies should assist State and local
do so. efforts in doing so by demonstration and research grants
Despite such innovations, zoning in most metropolitan and in other appropriate ways.
regions remains a notoriously fragile tool for guiding ACQUISITION
growth. Zoning regulations themselves tend to be weak,
exceptions are granted.too frequently, and zoning by a Despite potential benefits from imaginative zoning tools
multiplicity of local jurisdictions results in unrelated and tax incentives, even when applied on a regional
standards and patterns. When added together, individ- basis, these measures alone cannot curb urban sprawl.
ual city and county zoning regulations in a metropolitan The most effective way of preserving open space in the
region seldom provide a cohesive pattern. Furthermore, path of sprawl is purchase of 'the land or development
there is no reason to expect that local planning and zon- rights by a public agency.
ing will be coordinated in the absence of regional gov- In the three-year period, 1965-67, more than 94,000
ernments and regionwide plans to provide guides for acres of urban open space were preserved by local and
this purpose. State go@ernments with the help of more than $84 mil-
TAX INCENTIVES lion in matching grant assistance for land acquisition
under the Department of Housing and Urban Develop-
Tax assessment practices also contribute to sprawl. ment's Open Space Land Program. In addition, at the
Farmers and other landowners who would prefer to beginning of 1968 the Open Space Program had on hand
keep their lands open find that rising real estate taxes some 8oo pending applications for grant requests
force them to sell to developers. Assessment of land for totalling $162 million.
tax purposes normally is pegged to recent sales of nearby During the same three-year period the Land and
land; on the fringes of metropolitan areas such sales Water Conservation Fund, administered by the Depart-
frequently are for subdivision development. ment of the Interior, helped State and local govern-
Some local and State governments are trying to en- ments acquire 295,000 acres of land for outdoor recrea-
courage property owners to keep their land open by tion use, in both urban and rural areas. These grants
taxing them on the basis of present, rather than poten- totaled $51 million. At the beginning of 1968 the back-
tial, use. In 1065, for example, the Hawaii Legislature log of applications for acquisition grants from this Fund
authorized present-use tax rates on land which the totaled $13.3 million for some ioo State and local
owner agrees to keep in farming or other open space projects.
use for at least io years. The same' year California Future needs for open space and recreation lands will
enacted a similar measure, and in 1967 the Washington continue to be great. Public agencies cannot buy full-
Legislature also authorized existing-use assessment of title rights to all the land that is needed. But where
open land. It should be noted that in some States there public purchase is planned, acquisition should proceed

108

Suburban areas spread out across prime irrigated lands in Utah.

u"
M,
- We;,
jm i RV i �R
V
IR
4
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A A,
In,
v 0,
e

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'40
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NO

109

A strip along the river, long ago dedicated as a park, provides open space
relief in a densely settled area.

rz-

4 t7

--Pis

Owl-
A-9

A
I

110

as rapidly as possible. Accelerating land values are These approaches offer greater, potential than has yet
driving the cost of many needed lands, especially in been realized. One of, the problems is that although the
metropolitan areas, out of reach of the public purse. A techniques are known, few publi(f officials or land-
1967 Bureau of Outdoor Recreation report, "Recreation owners have had, experience using them; - demo:h,�tra7- -
Land Price Escalation," estimates that such lands gen- tion projects and full reporting of case histories, are,
erally are escalating in cost from 5 to io percent a year needed. Most recreation and open space land acquisition
and that the more desirable sites, including many in programs are unable to obtain enough money for full-
near metropolitan areas, are increasing at close to title acquisition,of. needed areas. There also is a need
io percent a year. The report notes that such a rise means for experimentation in the Use of long-term options in-@
a doubling in cost every seven years. this, field.

- - - - - - - - T - - - - - - - -
The Council recommends that, in view of rapidly The Council proposes that Federal agencies consider
ri.si.ng land costs and urban population increases, State and use easements and other techniques to secure the
and local governments expand open space and outdoor public benefits of open space at less than the cost of
recreati.on systems in and adjacent to metropolitan areas acquiring full title to such areas wherever these tech-
while the opportunity exists. Acquisition of such lands niques appear to be feasible, and that Federal agencies
generally should have priority over development of land encourage and assist local and State exP erl.mentation i.n
already acquired. Equal attention should be given to their use and in use of options and other methods for
acquisition of areas of outstanding natural beauty reserving lands needed for future,public puiposes.
threatened with damage or obliteration, wherever
located. Outdoor recreation and other open space lands pro-
Federal agencies generally should apply these priori- vide special benefits when they follow stream system
ties to Federal outdoor -recreation land acquisition and networks or other natural corridors and link up with
development programs. The same priorities should similar lands in adjoining neighborhoods and, com-
apply to Federal programs of financial assistance to munities. Such connected open areas provide pppor-
State and local open space and outdoor recreation proj- tunities for hiking, riding, or cycling trails. In 1966 the
ects, except where approved State Outdoor Recrea- Secretary of the Interior allocated $367,ooo from the
tion Plans provide that higher priority be given to Land and Water.Conservation Fund to help local gov-
development than acquisition. ernments acquire segments of trail systems in a dozen
- - - - - - - - - - - - - --- - - - - - - metropolitan areas. And in 1967, the Administration
p
It is not necessary for the public to buy all the rights proposed a comprehensive nationwide trail develop-
to open land in order to enjoy its benefits.. It can buy ment program, including Federal encouragement of
only those.rights which it actually needs.:.-the, right of metropolitan area trail systems. (See page 194-) Federal
access, for example, or the development rights needed agencies can take a more active role under existing
to protect a scenic vista. Many States are acquiring ease- authorities to assist development of metropolitan area
ments across private land for such purposes as providing trail systems. They offer a.singular opportunity to pro-
stream access for fishermen. Fewer are acquiring vide nearby recreati.on and niatural beauty benefits to
scenic easements. Wisconsin, which has pioneered use many families who may seldom - use most federally
of scenic easements along the Great River Road, is one developed-or assisted recreational facilities.
notable exception.

Trails for bicycling, especially in urban areas, can jallow stream beds as
here in Arlington, Virginia, or transportation and utility rights of way and
canal systems, as well as little used streets and roads.

Rapidly escalating land prices affect not only recreation
lands but other potential public lands as well. Advance
land acquisition is one answer. In 1965 Congress author-
ized a limited program to help local governments buy
'A_ t
... he land they will need for future public facilities; the
Department of Housing and Urban Development was
authorized to pay interest charges on loans borrowed
by local governments to buy land in advance of publi
ic
use. This program, however, contains so many restric-
tions that only $200,000 of an authorized $5 million had
been used by the end of 1967. The law now requires the
A local agency to develop the land within five years, bans
any use of any other type of Federal land acquisition
for the land, and does not permit States to partici-
-al
pate. There would be greater use of this program, with
CHICAGO'S PRAIRIE PATH resultant savings to local and State taxpayers, if these
Cooperation between government and citizens can capi- restrictions were removed.
talize on existing open space possibilities. Imaginative In 1967 the Baltimore, Md., Regional Planning Coun-
planning for recreational use of an abandoned railway cil suggested a more direct approach. A regional "land
right-of-way in the Chicago area supplies Ione example. bank" agency would be created to acquire lands in ad-
vance of development needs. In turn, public agencies
For 50 years the Chicago, Aurora and Elgin Railroad could b@uy land from the land bank.. The cost to them
hauled commuters to and from Chicago's western sub- would be the land bank's acquisition cost plus admin-
urbs. In 1957 the line stopped running, leaving miles of istrative and interest costs. The bank would operate on
idle track and right-of-way in one of the Nation's most a revolving-fund basis. Federal or State funds would be
congested areas. Local citizens formed an Illinois Prairie used initially to help establish the bank and would be
Path Committee, and urged public acquisition of the repaid. The land bank would reserve land by buying
property. After years of title searching, land appraisals, full-fee ownership, development rights, and, long-term
and conferences wtih hundreds of individuals, public options.
utilities, and cities along the line, Du Page County This revolving-fund land bank approach offers the
acquired 27 miles of the right-of-way. Today, the old possibility of assuring more adequate open space as well
roadbed is a riding, hiking, and cycling trail serving as lands for other public needs in the path of urban
the people of the Greater Chicago Area. Leaders of the sprawl. It warrants testing in several metropolitan areas.
Illinois Prairie Path, organized as a nonprofit corpora-
tion, work with utility companies, the county, local - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
The Council will encourage a national study to deter-
communities and citizen groups in promoting activities
. mine the feasibility of using a revolving fund from
along the path. Sections of the trail are assigned to which loans could be made to non-Federal public agen-
individuals, families, Scout groups, homeowner associa- ci.es to acqui.re land for future programs to improve
tions, schools, garden clubs, and conservation groups
the quality of the environment.
who maintain and develop it as a regional resource.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

112

Townhouses cluster at water's edge close by shopping center. in relatively
high density residence area of the new town of Reston, in Virginia.

STEPS TOWARD SOLUTIONS miles, with both greater safety for children and
pedestrians and a more natural environment..
THE NEW TOWNS Although practice in many cases still is falling far
Large-scale real estate development organizations are short of potential, new towns clearly.promise a new
and better environment for urban life.,
now beginning to create complete new communities in State governments are beginning to realize the im-
the United States.
@ortance of this new way of relating the growth of large
Unlike America's older cities, which are sprawling cities to preservation of natural environments. The States
in all directions, the new towns are planned in advance of California and New York, for example,. are begin-
and their population objectives are set before the first ning to consider such concepts in their compreliensive
road is paved. This development may prove to be the @lanning. Along-New Jersey's Hackensack River, one
most significant answer thus far to the irrational and of the few large remaining open areas in the New York
often ugly disorder of unplanned urbanization. The metropolitan region, New Jersey is proposing a new
new communities also may point the way to new meth- town that promises to become a @distinctive addition to
@ods of diverting growth away from today's overcrowded the State's urban structure.
metropolitan regions..
Throughout the country some 8o to ioo new towns
are in various stages of planning and development. In
theory each will be a "complete" community that in-
cludes in reasonable balance all essential community
functions: industrial or other primary employment cen-
ters, shopping- and other commercial facilities, residen- @ @ @Kr_@
tial areas, and a range of recreational, cultural, health,
and educational facilities.
Most of the new towns now being built are in or 0
near metropolitan areas. But whether they are satel-
lites to existing central cities, or free-standing commu-
nities essentially removed from them, most new towns
are providing far more open space than is found. in
existing towns. Large acreages devoted to parks, golf
courses, lakes, and other open space uses are planned.
Developers of many new towns expect to retain more
than 25 percent of their acreage as open space; most
Arn@rican cities do not have half that much. Some of
V.-
the open space is made possible by economizing on
other land uses, such as streets. In the Baltimore met-
ropolitan region, for example, planners estimate that a
continuing sprawl pattern of growth will require 4,500
miles of new streets by 1985, while new town develop-
ment for the same population would need Only 2,500

Shops, townhouses and a highrise apartment tower border one end of Lake
Anne in Reston, Virginia.

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New towns off er significant possibilities for coping investments and meet high carrying costs for years until
with the additional 135 million urban Americans ex- the first house is sold. Regional plans that accommodate
pected by the end of the century. However, most of the new towns, financial assistance to developers, and
new towns which are already being built have serious stronger incentives for innovation and excellence will
limitations. In few cases are they conceived in terms be needed if the powerful potential of new towns to
of solving critical problems of metropolitan growth. help realize national environmental goals is to be
Many new towns do not fully reflect public needs realized.
and objectives. Most are not economically balanced com- Some advocates of new towns look beyond satellite
munities; they provide housing only for upper and communities and contemplate the creation of entire
middle income classes. new cities, with populations of from 250,000 to i,ooo)ooo
in addition, looking at the country as a whole, the or more, located far from existing urban areas, per-
new towns are so few and, on the average, so small that haps-for example-on federally owned public land in
without some major changes they cannot be expected the Western States. At this scale many community
to significantly alter the sprawling patterns of metro- services and amenities are economically feasible which
politan growth. Here the role of the Federal Govern- are denied to smaller new towns. Such concepts may
ment may be critical. Obsolete local land use and sub- offer a useful way to approach the future of Appalachia.
division regulations, as well as lack of imagination or New methods of mass transportation, radical new
capital by developers and lenders, make it difficult to housing designs, a wide range of cultural activities, and
K_

break new paths. The- most critical constraint on a new- educational systems that include colleges or universities
town developer is the fact. that he' must make large could be incorporated in the design of such new cities.

114

Recent Developments and Proposals: There have been are supplemented by $80,000 from the University and
some Federal efforts to encourage new communities. business and industry.
In 1965, the President asked Congress to authorize There is a great need for more experimentation and
Federal loans to local or State agencies for land acquisi- innovation in the whole spectrum, of problem-solving
tion for planned community development. The public for new-town development. Toward this end, a compre-
agencies would have been permitted to- sell to private hensive program of federally financed research and
developers portions of the land not retained for public demonstration grants to -stimulate and analyze new
facilities. This request was not approved. approaches is-needed. Projects could include design of
improved open space systems, design of new commu-
The Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Develop- nities within various metropolitan frameworks, prob-
ment Act of 1966 permits the Federal Housing Admin- lems of new-community government, the relati ons of
istration. to insure loans for periods up to seven years new communities to State and local governments, and
for land acquisition and facility development for new the &onomic problems of new communities.
communities developed by private enterprise. Previously, Beyond this, there is an urgent need for public acquisi-
such loan insurancelhad been limited to housing. How- tion or reservation of sizable parcels of land for metro-
ever, this "Title X" program has been found inadequate. politan expansion. These areas could be held for
As of the end of 1967i the FHA had guaranteed mort- subsequent public and private development as balanced
gages for only a handful of subdivision-sized projects, communities, with land for open space and the other
and no applications had been received from new-town public facilities already set aside. Relatively few devel-
developers. The program is not designed for the long- opers have the financialcapacity or backing required to
term credit needs of those building sizable communities assemble scattered land holdings over a period of several
where development . m.ay take. from 10 to 20 years. years and then to invest additional millions of dollars in
" Federal agencies have made grants as part of their a community-size development to be built over a period
broader programs for new towns. The new town of Of 10 to 15 years.
Columbia, Md., for example, is testing a new kind of The States, and some of the larger local governments,
community minibus system-operating on its own road through land assembly agencies, could assemble sizable
network-with the help of a mass transit demonstration tracts of undeveloped land, coordinate overal 'I plans for
grant from the Department of Housing and Urban their development with State and local transportation
Development. The same Department has made a dem- and utility routing plans, reserve land for public needs,
onstration grant to Reston, Va., -to show how tech- then transfer most of the sites to private enterprise for
nological advances in design and materials may make it development as parts of planned communities. In Pitts-
economically feasible to mix new housing for low burgh, Pa., this is already being tried on a limited basis.
income families with other types of housing in a new The city's urban redevelopment authority 1@ setting up
town. Three Federal departments-Commerce, Hous- a land reserve fund to. acquire undeveloped land for
ing and Urban Development, and Health, Education, eventual sale to private developers or non-profit groups
and Welfare-joined in 1967 to make a $240,000 grant for development, including low and middle-income
to the University of Minnesota to study technological housing.
innovations for an experimental city it is planning in
the @prairie west of Minneapolis; the Federal funds

115

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - end of 1967, however, no such plans had been made.
The Council recommends that the Federal Govern- The county was not asked in advance to make any com-
ment be authorized to: mitment for zoning or other land-use controls around
(a) administer a comprehensive program of research the 6,8oo-acre site.
and demonstration grants to assist local and State gov- The Department of Defense, in cooperation with other
ernments and private enterpri .se i.n i.mprovi.ng the devel- Federal departments, works in advance with affected
opment of planned new communities, including a study communities and States to ease the impact on local areas
of the possibilities- for development of new towns on when Defense installations are shut down. No compa-
Federal public lands; rable policy, however, is followed in advance when sites
(b) on a demonstration prolect basis, extend loans to are selected for new Federal installations'
State and local. agencies for the advance acquisition There is need for an interdepartmental Federal-in-
of land for public and private development of new stallation "impact" unit to function through all stages
communities; Of planning for such installations, beginning with site
(c) guarantee long-term private financing obtained by investigation. The unit should work with a joint com-
mittee representing both the Federal agency responsible
new community developers for land acquisition, facility for the installation and State and local governments of
construction, and other development costs; and the host area, and be headed by the Secretary of Hous-
P require that federally assisted new communities ing and Urban Development.
meet specific criteria concerning provision of low-cost
housing, and location, design, open space and other - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

,
-nv
ironmental quality features. The Council proposes that Federal agencies encour-
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - age planned new communities and other new urban
Federal-Impact Opportunities for New Towns: Un- developments near sites selected for major new Federal
fortunately, some excellent opportunities for develop- installations by securing advance planning and zoning
ment of new communities already have been lost. No commitments from. local and State governments and by
one, for example, applied the new-town concept when other appropriate means. It further proposes that an
the decision was made to create a national space center interdepartmental unit be established to wor@ with local
in Florida. and State governments to help assure the quality of such
Nor was it applied in 1967 when Weston, 111. (popu- new urban developments where establishment of new
lation 400), was chosen as the site of the world's most Federal i.nstallations will have a major impact.
powerful atomic research facility, the Atomic Energy - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Commission's $30,0 million proton accelerator. THE EMERGING REGIONAL GOVERNMENTS
This Federal decision is expected to attract at least
40,ooo new residents to the'area. The University of Environmental problems can be solved only on a scale
Illinois School of Architecture faculty proposed compre- which encompasses the total environment in which they
hensive planning for a community of more than iooooo operate. For some of urban America's most critical
persons, based on the impact of the new laboratory; a environmental malfunctions, this means an entire
faculty statement said that "lack of an action program of metropolitan region. But none of America's major
sufficient scope and authority will by default result in metropolitan areas yet has demonstrated effective re-
another and more tragic extension of slurbia." By the gional coordination or ability to make decisions on the

116

Columbia is a new town being carefully planned and developed in Mary-
land midway between the metropolitan complexes of Baltimore and
Washington.

major functions of, government affecting the physical Councils of Governments: In 1965 there were 12 coun-
environment of the region as awhole. cils of governments in metropolitan areas; by the be-
Typically, metropolitan regions are divided into many ginning of 1968 there were more than 5o, with another
local political jurisdictions, each jealously protecting its 30 in various stages of development. They offer pros-
traditional powers even though it may no longer be pects of reconciling political organization with the facts
capable of dealing effectively with the problems of of metropolitan life. A more exact name would be
growth which have engulfed it. The States, whose juris- "councils of government officials;" none of these volun-
diction encompasses whole regions, have not yet been tary associations of local elected officials yet have powers
able to cope with the environmental problems of to compel participation by a local government, nor
metropolitan America. powers to make decisions binding on all members. Their
Many types of efforts have been made to govern proponents, however, consider them to be an evolution-
metropolitan areas. Annexation, city-county consolida- ary stage toward a new kind of limited government that
tion, special purpose metropolitan authorities, and asso- can make decisions on certain matters affecting an entire
ciations of local governments all have been tried. They metropolitan area, while leaving strictly local concerns
have succeeded only in part, usually because some local to individual. cities or counties.
jurisdictions have refused to join the common effort. It is probable that more metropolitan areas will
The approach now increasingly favored by-local officials organize @ councils-perhaps as many as 200 within five
is the councils of governments concept. years-and that many will assume regional planning

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functions. Their test, however, will come not in plan- sisted development projects and programs in metropoli-
ning but in-action: In reaching agreement on region- tan areas subl.ect to revi.ew by areawide planning agen-
wide priorities, in deciding on major development cies be broadened to include residential subdivisions and
projects, in operating regionwi de service programs. other development projects which abFect environmental
quality.
The Federal Responsibility: The Federal Government
has new responsibilities in metropolitan America, par-
ticularly to facilitate the evolution now ta king place. The 1966 Act authorized supplementary grants for
Several recent actions are designed to do so: certain Federal-aid projects which are consistent with
In 1965, the Congress added metropolitan area coun- metropolitan area plans. By the end of 1967, however,
cils of governments to the types of local planning agen- Congress had not provided funds for this purpose. There
cies eligible for- Federal financial assistance for is a need for Federal encouragement, through demon-
comprehensive planning. stration grants and otherwise, of new approaches to the
In 1966, the -Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan problems of financing metropolitan area environmental
improvement.
Development Act required that applications for Federal
loans or grants for certain projects in metropolitan areas * In 1967, the Department of Housing and Urban De-
be reviewed by an areawide planning agency responsi- velopment made an $89,ooo grant to the National League
ble to elected local officials of the area. This require- of Cities and the National Association of Counties to
ment had. the immediate effect of moving the councils help operate an information service for councils of
of governments from their earlier .role as mere discus- government. The service is intended to help existing
councils and to encourage formation of new ones.
sion forums to, agencies which help decide priorities
for federally assisted projects. Types of Federal grants The States'.Key Role: The success of councils of gov-
covered by,this review requirement are those for open ernments or any other approach to metropolitan en-
vironmenta in
space and outdoor recreation projects, hospitals, 11- 1 problems hi ges on the States. Among
braries, water systems, highways, airports, and other recent developments in this field are the following:
transportation facilities. There are further steps Fed- * In the San Francisco metropolitan region, the elected
eral agencies can take to further encourage the evolu- officials of eight counties and 85 cities-representing 99
tion toward effective regional solutions to regional-en- percent of the region's four million people-have
vironmental problems. There is, for example, a need for formed'the Association of Bay Area Governments. In
Federal grant-making and loan-insuring agencies to 1966, this council of governments produced a prelim-
carry out the intent of the review requirement of the inary regional plan which proposed a regional park and
1966 Act by refraining from supporting development open space system, solid waste disposal system, and
projects which are incompatible with metropolitan area- airport system. In 1967 the Association asked the
wide comprehensive planning. Exceptions to this gen- California Legislature for powers to operate the three
eral rule should be permitted only when justified irl systems. In response, the Legislature established a com-
prior discussion with metropolitan area, planning and, mittee of State legislators to make recommendations to
general-government officials. the Legislature in 1969.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - * In 1967, the Minnesota Legislature created a Metro-
The Council proposes that the types of federally as- politan Review and Coordinating. Council for the seven-

county Min.n,eapolis-St. Paul region. It is more a State development projects proposed for metropolitan areas
than a local institution, with more power but less direct be subject to local review by an areawide planning
accountability. to the voters than the typical council of agency; (2) establish State offices of urban affairs or
governments. The" governor appoints the members, in community development; (3) authorize their cities and
consultation with State legislators. The. Legislature counties to set up metropolitan service corporations to
chose. this form of organization over an alternative perform re6onal functions on a c .ooperative basis.
calling f'or direct election of Council members, as pro@ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
posed by the State League of Municipalities. The Coun- The Council recommends that the States foster crea-
cil has power to prepare a development program for tion of effective regional agencies capable of coping with
thexegion, to review 'proposals for local projects and areawide environmental problems in metropolitan
to veto those inconsistent with the Council's program. areas.
The,Council is to recommend to the Legislature s6lu - - - - - - --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
tions to such regionwide problems as air and water
pollution, waste disposal, and equalization of tax ECOLOGY AS A GUIDE TO PLANNING FOR MAN
resources. A planning c .ommission approves location of a shop-
In 1967 the Federal Advisory Commission on Inter- ping center in a low-lying area. Other developers, get
gQvernmental Relations emphasized the iMpOTtance of building permits for subdivisions on nearby hills; they
the States' role in the search for effective governmental replace the vegetative cover with asphalt streets and
machinery in metropolitan America. The Commission rooftops. Result: The shopping center is flooded regu-
reported: larly. Demands are made on government to build flood
The States are on the verge of losing control over the metro- control works.
politan. problem; if they lose this control they lose the major 0 A canal diverts a marshy region's natural water sup-
responsibility for domestic government in the United States ply. Result: Portions of a National Park dry up, are rav-
and in turn surrender a vital role in the American federal, aged by fires, and much of its fish and wildlife are
system. The tremendous task of financing, servicing, and destroyed.
governing metropolitan America clearly poses the greatest
challenge to federalism since the Civil War. 0 Subdivisions, streets, and parking lots spread out from
the fringes of a metropolitan area. They occupy tree-
One alternative to the councils-of-governments ap-
proach is directly elected metropolitan government covered hills, streams and meadows. Bulldozers carve
financed with State taxes. It has also been suggested pads for house sites, bury.the streams in culverts, remove
that more States should expand State financial assistance the trees. Areas where water collects and percolates into
to local governments, particularly in paying a share of the ground to replenish underground supplies are paved
the matching funds required for Federal grants. over. Result: Gullying and sliding hillsides, a lowered
Another proposal is that States should pay costs of water table, dying trees, dried -up springs, suburban
acquiring conservation easements to prevent urban monotony-
development on strategic tracts of the natural landscape Metropolitan regions seeking to direct urban develop-
in and around metropolitan areas. ment to achieve a healthy and attractive environment
State governments can also take a number of steps face a,fundarnental question: Upon what basis-upon
that involve-little additional financial burden. For ex- what fundamental concepts-should planning proceed?
ample, more States could (I) require that State-assisted Traditionally, it has been based on design, economic,

119

As much as 28 inches of water has collected in the basements of these homes
sited without sufficient regard for the terrain.

7-7,W!

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IX" I

engineering, and transportation concepts that have con- reflectsa breakdown i nboth man-made and natural order
1 lly, partially, and a decline in both human and environmental health.
sidered natural processes only coincidenta I
and indirectly. Ecology is concerned with the impact of man upon
The science of ecology, also, offers guides to planning natural features and processes, and the total conse-
for man. Ecology is the study of the interactions between quences-including the effects on man and his works.
living things and their environments. It has been de- Thus, an ecological analysis of a proposed housing de-
scribed as "systems analysis of nature." It concentrates velopment on a steep hillside would not merely ascertain
on what happens when change takes place. It can pro- whether the site was sound from the standpoint of sta-
vide a bridge between the natural sciences and the bility of the houses themselves. It would also consider
environmental planning professions. Application of the total effects of the development-on the valley below,
ecological principles Tnay permit the habitat of man to on water runoff, on the vegetative cover, and on the
be not only healthier and more practical but bea U-tiful. streams, the fish and wildlife, and it would evaluate the
As one ecologist has suggested: alternative benefits of leaving the hillside undeveloped
A beautiful environment is one that is functioning properly: for watershed protection, as a buff er for noise and air
where energy from sunlight, water, minerals and soil are pollution dispersion, and for recreation and scenic
channeled into the production of wood and grass and wildlife, beauty.
farm crops or garden flowers; where cities provide the chal- Ecologists suggest that just as the stability and health
lenge of work, the pleasures of play, and the security of of a natural community are dependent upon its diversity,
homes; and where their populations are not cut off from those the interactions among many kinds of plants and ani-
natural scenes that can recreate, inspire, and sustain them.
Malfunction, whether reflected in congested traffic and polluted mals, and adequate space for each member, so the wel-
air, water that is fit for neither drinking nor swimming, fare of a human community may depend on equivalent
decaying neighborhoods, or eroding hillsides, is ugliness; it interrelationships.

120

Plantings around preserved prairie potholes provide food and nesting
areas for waterfowl.

They also suggest that certain kinds of lands, when After a sound base of ecological knowledge has been
left in their natural condition so that natural processes established for development of an urbanizing area, the
can operate without intervention, may perform such chances of blundering into environmental malfunctions,
useful work for man that they may be worth more as planning and development conflicts, and ugliness,
natural space than as developed space. These processes should be enormously reduced. Working from this and
include underground water storage and purification, the other knowledge available, creative work would
dispersal of air pollution, and control of floods, erosion, remain for environmental designers of many disciplines,
and fire. Since most of these processes are related to the and public officials and citizens would have additional
water cycle, it follows that stream valleys, marshes, flood information to help decide among alternatives.
plains, and ground water recharge areas are among the In addition to helping plan for regional development,
kinds of lands which should be considered carefully for ecologists can help communities make wise decisions
reservation as open space. on such everyday matters as approval of subdivision
The implication is that a metropolitan region's open maps and land use permits. Although at least one city,
space system should be selected and reserved in advance Croton-on-Hudson, N.Y., now has a community ecolo-
of development, on the basis of an ecological inventory, gist, these professionals are in short supply. Initial efforts
and that the lands selected should include those which may therefore better be directed by State or metropolitan
are most useful in nature. Often these are the lands region planning agencies which can help pool scarce
which man also finds most beautiful. manpower. Even then, intergovernmental collaboration

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Uncontrolled erosion causes silt to flow down the steep slope, partially
burying the neighbor's fence and lawn.

which affect urban development. The authorizi g law
1 in
emphasizes that much more needs to be known con-
r, cerning the effects on individuals as "a highly complex,
'ved environment" is substituted for an
man-contri 1 1
V, environment "conditioned primarily by nature."
An Office of Ecology has been 1 in
established ' the
Department of the Interior to marshal inform' ation
about the ecology of specific regions--data which may
be helpful to those making decisions in planning and
development.
The Department of Commerce has established an
Environmental Science Services Administration. Its
services include information on effects of urban en

N
croachment on flood plains, and data regarding natural
157 movement.and dilution of air pollutants.
Ecological concepts inherent in many operations of
t Departments of Agriculture and of the Interior-
for example, in planning for national forest units and
- - - - - - in national park and wildlife refuge master plans-are
beginning to be applied more broadly to planning
studies of river basins and their landscape setting.
will be essential. State and Federal assistance will be 0 In 1967, Senate hearings were held on legislation
needed. to authorize ecological analysis of major Federal devel-
Some first steps toward such assistance already have opment proposals, and on a proposal to establish a
been taken: Senate select committee which would be concerned
in 1965, in his Natural Beauty Message, the-President with the broad subject of technology and the human
directed the Bureau of the Budget and the Office of Sci- environment.
ence and Technology to recommend the best ways the Examples of planning efforts using new approaches
Federal Government may help advance scientific under- based on application of ecological knowledge are
standing of "natural plant and animal communities and beginning to emerge:
their interaction with man and his activities.'@ This 0 Wisconsin's outdoor recreation plan, developed in
report is expected to be published in 1968. 1966 as part of the State's comprehensive development
0 In 1966, Congress directed the Department of Hous- plan, is based on an inventory Of 220 specific types of
ing and Urban Development to carry out a comprehen- natural resources. The planners discovered that go per-
sive program of research in urban ecology. The Depart- cent of the -resources held in highest esteem by residents
ment was directed to gather and disseminate knowledge of the areas involved are concentrated within elongated
pertaining to urban ecology, and to apply this in proj- "environmental corridors," and that these corridors
ects undertaken or assisted by the Federal Government most often lie along stream valleys and ridges, encom-

122

A concentration of waterfowl thrivrs@ in the protected habitat of a Federal
rejuge.

passing flood plains and topography too steep to farm-.. This region, covering 6,ooo square miles of Delaware,
but offering prime opportunities as -recreational open- Maryland and Virginia between Chesapeake Bay and
space. the Atlantic Ocean, is only beginning to feel develop-
Washington, D.C.'s National Capital Planning ment pressures. It was believed to be a useful place to-
Commission is considering a proposal to develop a demonstrate how ecological information might be in-
comprehensive landscape plari based on -an ecological corporated in regional planning. The project was spon-
inventory. sored by the Department of Landscape Architecture at
0 In 1967 a study of alternative methods of evaluating Harvard University's Graduate School of Design in co-
resources was undertaken on the- Delrfiarva Peninsula. operation with local interests and The Conservation
Foundation.
7-1 0 In 1967, an American Institute of Architects' task
force on the Potomac River Basin recommended a corn-
p
e
r hensive ecological inventory as a first step toward
systematic 1 1
ident'ficadon of the areas along the Potomac
for protecting the natural
which. are. most signi
landscape. (See page 157-)
%J,
he University of Pennsylvania's Institute for
In 1967, t
Environmental Studies issued a research report, "Metro-
politan Open Space From Natural Process," which
natural functions of various types of land
in
"4!!C7
the Philadelphia Metropolitan Region from the 'and-
st
/Wv point of work performed for man without his inter-
4,
on. The research was carried out under a Depart-
venti I
ment of Housing and Urban Development dem. nstra-
tion grant in 1 1
the Pennsylvania, New
'8 on w
cooperat
Jersey, and Philadelphia area planning agencies. Field
7Z
studies to learn more about effects of various.kinds and-
intensities of urbanization upon the water cycle are'
being continued in coo eration with the Chester County,
Pa., Water Resources Authority- and the U.S. Geological
Survey.
There is a need for more such innovative efforts by
State and local planning agencies and to apply the re-
sulting patterns and knowledge to urban development.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
The Council proposes that Federal agencies encourage
and support demonstrati .on projects i.n ecological inven-
V

tory and analysis, and in regional development based on
the knowledge gained.
Z'
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
7X&

123
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aN 14

THE RURAL AREAS

IM@n

BEYOND AND AROUND THE CITIES he the vast expanses of
rural America, occupying more than go percent of the
Nation's area, encompassing an infinite variety of lands
and waters from the urban fringes to the most remote
wilderness of mountain and desert. Here are the lands
that supply the cities with food for their tables, fiber for
their factories, minerals for their smelters and mills.
Here, too, are America's prime vacationlands, offering
recreation and renewal among the scenic splendors of
mountains and forests, rivers and lakes, canyons and
coastlines.
In the beginning, all of America was rural. The col-
onists carved townsites and farmlands out of the woods.
They cleared brushland for grazing, drained marshes,
filled ponds and estuaries, dammed streams for water
power.
On a small scale, these activities did not appear sig-
nificant. But as the tides of settlement swept westward
across the continent, as battalions of new machines gave
men immense powers over nature, the impact on nat-
ural resources increased to devastating proportions.
Careless farming damaged the fertile soils of the valleys
and plains. Vast areas of the northern forests were logged
bare or consumed by fires that darkened the skies. Over-
grazing and plowing of grasslands led to dustbowls on
--s .... .. the Great Plains and intensified floods in the Mississippi
Valley. Hydraulic mining filled Western rivers with silt
and gravel, burying farmlands and increased flooding
of towns.
Toward the end of the 19th century, Americans con-
cerned with this destruction launched the conservation
movement. In a few d 'ecades they created such agencies
as the Forest Service, the Bureau of Reclamation, the
Soil Conservation Service, the National Park Service,
the Cooperative Extension Service, the Agricultural
Stabilization and Conservation Service, the Tennessee
Valley Authority, the Fish and Wildlife Service, and
comparable State agencies. They developed farm ponds,
Soil drainage, irrigation systems, contour plowing, sus-
tained-yield tree farming, watershed water manage-
4@
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4 125

Plowing in line with the natural contours of the land prevents soil erosion,
thereby insuring longer life and greater productivity of the soil..

ment, shelteirbelts and wildlife management. They valuable topsoil was still being eroded away on much of
gradually learned to use the land and its resources with the Nation's farmland. And rural vacationlands became
more respect for natural processes and the immemorial progressively more crowded with increases in popula-
cycles of growth and regeneration. tion, income, and leisure time.
By the middle of the 20th century, however, new Like the cities themselves, the rural environments are
demands were -placed on the rural landscape. Cities feeling the impact of explosive national growth. To
invaded the countryside, using up prime agricultural maintain and improve their quality requires new
land and forcing farmers onto less productive soils. In- approaches and new initiatives.

. . . . . . ...........

7, -77 77-
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44
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72,

The Countryside

FARMS AND RANCHES environment but also create landscape patterns that are
pleasing to the eye. On farmlands, beauty and bounty
A quality environment in the countryside derives from go hand in hand.
wise and careful husbandry that is in fundamental Owners and managers of fertile soil often are not
harmony with the land's ecology. Many kinds of efforts aware of the best lan&use practices which preserve soil
are needed to retain this quality. Soil,, water, and plant fertility. Even those who are aware may feel that the
management must reflect the concept of stewardship for short-term economic gains from bad practices. over-
the future. Research can light the way to better land-use shadow the long-term advantages of the better land use.
practices. Education and demonstration of thesebetter The responsibility for protection of the Nation's -soil re-
ways and cost sharing where needed help assure their
source lies with those landowners, agencies, and pro-
widespread adoption. Land-use planning can provide fessionals closest to the problems. Technical services and
open spaces of farmland near uiban centers. guidelines, made available to coumy and municipal
Rural expanses beyond the suburbs not only provide governments and professional planners, architects, and
homes and working space for those who live there; they builders, can aid in proper site selection. and erosion
are also the scene of much of the outdoor leisure activity control for necessary suburban development and
of those who live in cities. The rural landscape pleases construction in rural areas.
or offends the eye as one goes from city to city about his Fortunately, many agricultural landowners have
daily business or travels to a vacation. spot. been engaged for more than a generation in a growing
Rural land is 'more than a backdrop for the corhings conservation movement.
and goings of urban residents. It provides needed food,
fiber, and timber as well as income to Ithe producers. Of SOIL CONSERVATION
America's total I and:area, about nine-tenths is cropland, Congress in 1935 established the Soil Conservation
timberland, or grazing land. Three-fourths of the land Service in the Department of Agriculture to initiate and
is owned by p6vate citizens. A large part of the remain- direct a national program of soil and water conservation.
der-the wilderness, large parks, and other reserved Under enabling acts subsequently passed by every State,
public land-is in remote places that many citizens visit rural citizens have organized soil and water con-
only on vacation or other infrequent -or special occasions. servation districts that now embrace 99 percent of rural
Although more than a third of the privately. owned properties but do not yet include, in a cooperative pro-
agricultural land is managed to prevent soil erosion and gram, all landowners. The. Agricultural Stabilization
to maintain - or enhance soil fertility, nearly - two-thirds and Conservation Service administers the Agricultural
still needs conservation treatment. This land will still Conservation Program, which shares-with farmers the
wear the blemishes of soil erosion and become less fertile cost of carrying out needed conservation measures on
until needed measu 'res are undertaken. their farms and creates State and local committees of
Erosion not only depletes the land from which soil farmers to administer farm programs.
is removed, but it fouls the waters and damages flood Two million of the Nation's 3Y2 million farmers are
plains, streambeds, reservoirs, and harbors where the formally cooperating with local soil conservation dis-
sediment is deposited. Silt is the major pollutant of tricts and Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation
surface waters. Committees to establish good conservation and land-use
Measures taken to eliminate soil erosion and soil de- practices.
terioration not only restore vitality and health to the A result of the work done by Soil Conservation Dis-

127

Water samples from diflerent parts of the pond are ta@en to the laboratory
for testing to monitor pesticide accumulation levels.

tricts and ASCS Committees is a countryside of crop-
lands tilled on the contour, of curving bands of strip
crops, of rolling fields of grass, of tree-covered hills and
streambanks, of landscaped farmsteads and treelined
fields.
Progress has been made by landowners in incorporat-
ing natural beauty into the more than 8oo small water-
shed projects in progress under the Department of
Agriculture's Watershed Protection and Flood Preven-
tion Program. Since early 1965 -all recreation facility
plans within these projects have included specific atten-
tion to esthetic values and in many instances local spon-
sors are asked to upgrade this aspect of their proposals
before operations are authorized*.
Rural Credit: The Association Loan Program of the
N't
Farmers Home Administration has had. a significant
impact on rural communities with various programs
such as. grazing associations. Grazing associations make
facilities available for camping, fishing, hunting, horse-
back riding, dude ranching, and hiking as well as
similar activities.
Long-term credit and technical assistance for acquisi- reduced by improper use of pesticides. An insecticide
tion and development or enlargement of outdoor recrea- discharged as waste from a chemical plant probably
tion resources are also available to individual farmers
and to associations of farmers and rural residents. Farm- caused the death of a great many fishes in the lower
land and cutover timberland have been converted to Mississippi River in 1965. The buildup and widespread
beautiful, rolling, grass-covered golf courses and other occurrence of pesticide residue in fish and wildlife has
outdoor facilities in over 1,2oo rural communities. been noted and requires constant vigilance to detect
unwanted effects.
PESTICIDES AND OTHER WASTES Through research, regulation, monitoring, and edu-.
The benefits of agricultural chemicals in producing the cation, Federal and State agencies and the chemical
most plentiful and economical food supply in the world industry are acting to increase the safety, as well as
cannot be disputed. On the other hand, the possibility efficiency, of agricultural chemical use. The Federal
that insecticides, herbicides, fertilizers and animal Government has initiated a monitoring program to
wastes can contaminate some components of our assess pesticide levels in food and feed, fish and wildlife,
environment also should be fully recognized. water, soil, and people. As part of this program, USDA's
Some persistent pesticides remain active in the soil Agricultural Research Service determines the level of
for years and some find their way into food crops in pesticides in soil, crops, and farm ponds and streams.
quantities exceeding legal levels. In addition, fish and Soil samples are collected at 15,000 locations through-
wildlife populations have sometimes been temporarily out the country before, during, and after harvest. Crop

128

Cattle are brought in from pasture to be fattened in feedlots for market.

samples are collected when available, and water samples of complete knowledge on the total effects of pesticides
are taken from selected farm ponds and streams. All demands constant vigilance and evaluation.
samples are then sent to a central USDA laboratory at The Federal Committee on Pest Control reviews all
Gulfport, Miss., where equipment analyzes the amount pest control activities in which the Federal Government
of pesticide present-if any. By knowing the level of participates. The Committee, consisting of representa-
pesticide present in soil and crops, USDA scientists are tives of the Departments of Agriculture, Interior, De-
in a position to check on any potential buildup of pesti- fense, and Health, Education, and Welfare, examines
cides and initiate any corrective action needed to protect each proposal for soundness of planning and possible
the total environment including our food supply. hazards to the public and to wildlife. Similar review
In addition to acquiring basic knowledge about the committees have been established in many States and
fate and persistence of pesticides in soil and crops, provide an added safeguard against possible hazards in
USDA has been taking other steps to lessen the chances pest control programs where there is no Federal
of possible adverse side effects of pesticides. These in- participation.
clude tightening requirements for registration of pesti- The increased use of feedlots places poultry, cattle,
cide products; increasing emphasis on the use of hogs, and sheep in large concentrations, which results in
biological, cultural, mechanical, and ecological pest tremendous vol 'uffies of wastes. A completely satisfac-
control methods; and recommending the use of non- tory system of management, use, and disposal of animal
persistent and low toxicity pesticides rather than per- wastes to prevent polluting of: soit,has not yet* been
sistent pesticides when they will do the job. The lack developed.

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Trees are planted to stabilize roadsides as well as providing beauty.

OTH IER RURAL EFFORTS the Agricultural Research Service collects plants from
wild habitats in foreign- countries and, in the United
The- Department of Agriculture's programs extend to States for use in research to develop superl Ior strains and.
nonfarm'rural landowners. In the Laurel County Soil varieties of shade tre&s, ornamental shrubs, and tu@f"
Conservation District in Kentucky, in addition to 8oo grasses. These new, hardier plants often combine beauty
coopera Iting farmers, many nonagricultur.al property with resistance to pests, diseases, and environmental
owners have been helped by .the Soil Conservation stresses.
-Service in stabilizing eroding areas, making wildlife In 1966, the Agricultural Research Service obtained
habitat plantings, and using soils information in plan- through international exchange and exploration 700
ning:fbr sewage disposal and proper use of land. Tree new collections of ornamental plants. It distributed
and- gra Iss plantings, land grading, tile drains, ponds 9,ooo plants to nurseries, experiment stations, and other
and other -improvements were installed at a country institutions for trial. The National Arboretum in Wash-
club, a textile company plant, several school grounds, a ington added a thousand new varieties to its collections
sportsffian's- Club and along roadsides. for observation and testing.
Several Federal. agencies and many States, agricul- In 20 plant-materials' centers, which represent vegeta-
tural experiment stations, universities, and private tion regions across the United States, the Soil Conserva-
groups are engaged in research or field tests of plants tion Service tests and evaluates hundreds of kinds of
useful in conservation and landscaping. For example, plants. From these centers, a number of varieties having

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Flowering dogwoods provide beauty and control erosion.

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special values for landscaping as well as s,oil and water Extension Service cosponsored, with the State Depart-
conservation have been developed and released for Aeld ment of Industry and Trade, a "Make Georgia Beauti-
use. Among the outstanding ones are Cardinal autumn- ful" month. Some 700,00o dogwoods, redbuds, and other
olive, Lana vetch, Emerald crownvetch, birdsfoot trefoil, ornamental trees were planted; 130 miles of road-
about io forms of bamboo, dwarf willow, and European sides were cleaned up by 4-H Clubs; 65 county com-
alder. Many flowering shrubs have been given wide- mittees were organized;' 136,ooo individuals and 2,000
spread.use through these efforts,. including multiflora organizations were active participants.
rose, Amur honeysuckle, Rugosa rose, silky dogwood, A demonstration project known asGreen Thumb. is
redbud, chokecherry, and Russian-oliVe. In addition, in- underway in seven States and.- applications from six
tensive. selection and testing of native grasses have pro- more are pending. A cooperative effort with States.-
duced varieties useful in ' roadside stabilization, under sponsorship of the National Farmers Union and
restoration of strip-mined areas, wildlife habitat plant- the Department of Labor, Green Thumb in its first
ing�, drought-resistant and cold-resistant plantings and resi
two years enabled 1,200 elderly low-income rura
beach and dune plantings. The Agricultural Research dents to supplement their income by planting more
,Service has shown that' day lilies control soil and water than a million trees and uncounted shrubs along toad-.
run-off on slopes and along ditche's and afford beauty for ways, developing i io parks, creating hundreds of road-
roadsides. This. research could meet many of the needs side rests, reconstructing historic sites. and buildings,
of the natural beauty effort if, it were appropriately planting flowers in public areas, cleaning out trails.
expanded. Green Thumb participants understandably, take great
Throughout the country, the Department of Agri- pride in their accomplishments.
culture's Federal Extension Service has assisted State The Greenspan program has enabled the Agricultural,
.carpaigns,to .improve the countryside. In Georgia the Stabilization and Conservation Service to make grants

131

Farmlands can oger space and facilities for outdoor activities, often within
reach of city dwellers.

MeNS-, S@A:Z@@

to 139 State and local governmental agencies to acquire available. Agricultural lands can play a key role in
croplands for conversion to scenic areas, wildlife habitat, providing recreational opportunities in surroundings of
or to other Places where recreational opportunities are natural beauty.

132

Farmers and ranchers are encouraged by the De- area of the 48 conterminous States.has been mapped in
partment of Agriculture and Soil and Water Conserva- sufficient detail for soil maps to bie used for planning
tion Districts to develop facilities for hunting, fish- purposes. Therefore, the National Cooperative Soil
ing, hiking and camping, where these activities can Survey should be.completed as soon as possible.
profitably supplement farm income. Around the edges of cities, agricultural greenbelts can
In other cases, particularly near metropolitan areas add immeasurably to environmental quality by supply-
where urban development is imminent, owners find it ing diversity to the landscape, providing fresh air by
profitable to convert their land entirely to recreational dilution of airborne wastes, and diminishing summer
use with particular attention to enhancement of natural heat. Agricultural activities can be entertaining and
beauty. A method widely used is to convert parts of educational for urban residents, particularly children
farms to intensive recreation centers with a wide range who may never have seen a cow milked or a crop
of facilities such as swimming pools, picnic areas, and harvested. Yet, everywhere these greenbelts are
fishing. vanishing.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - One method whereby a higher quality rural environ-
The Council proposes that Federal agencies cooperate ment could have great visual impact is through the'use
with State and local.;agencies and individuals in en- of "conservation showcase" projects. Here, on private
couraging the creation of privately developed commer- and public land dedicated to that purpose, could be
cial, recreational areas for public use in surroundings of shown the most successful land-use practices that not
natural beauty and that consideration be given to en- only enhance the natural beauty'but also protect and
hancement of private lands for public en10Y -ment improve the soil condition and water supply. The
through cost-sharing of proJects which improve rural Secretary of Agriculture is urged to encourage -such
sceni.c values. It further proposes that tools for impl@- 'projects.
menting this policy should include supplying of techni- There are many other problems connected with con-
cal'information and technical assistance to lending insti- tinued farming in populated areas-problems of pilfer-
tutions, businessmen and. landowners, and government
ing, fencing, vandalism taxation. The owner who
insurance of loans made f or these purposes.
desires to continue to farm his land should not be driven
off by urban rates of taxation. It should be a matter of.
Basic to the many conservation efforts on rural land
public policy to maintain agricultural greenbelts in, and*.
in the expanding urban fringes is reliable information around metropolitan areas by appropriate taxation and
about the qualities and adaptabilities of soils in each other measures such as purchasing farmland and leasing
pIarcel of land. The National Cooperative Soil Survey it back to farmers for continued -agricultural use. (For
administered by the Department of Agriculturehas re- means of implementing this policy, see page 104.)
corded some 70,ooo different kinds of soil in the United
States, each with peculiarities that affect its suitability - - - - - - -
The Council proposes that Federal agencies expand
for crops, forestry, recreation, building sites, and other their programs of technical assistance to help States and
uses.. Land" planners, builders, and farmers use so" sur-. local governments and landowners -preserve working.
veys as a basis for practical planning. Only through farmlands near cities wherever feasible, through greater
realistic consideration of specific soil characteristics can use of tax incentives, agri 'Cultural zoning, Federal
land use be made to harmonize with the natural fea- assistance programs, and related methods.
tures of the land. However, only about half theJand - --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - --- -

133

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Good forest management techniques include cutting out "weed" tries to
allow for proper growth of the forest crop.

FOREST LANDS
_X
About one-third of the land surface of the United States
is forested. These nearly 6oo million acres of timber
provide. lumber for the building of America's cities and
paper for the complex workings of the industrial econ-
omy. Carefully nurtured and prudently harvested, the
forests can continue to supply not only a thousand
.varieties of forest roducts but inspiration and recreation
p
to Americans to whom a periodic return to the woods
offers physical and spiritual renewal. Forests are, also a
4
haven for 'wildlife and are sources of water for most of
v
our streams and rivers.
These forests range from fir and spruce in the north
woods to the pine. groves of the South, from the oak and
poplar of the eastern seaboard to skyscraping redwoods
4,
on the coast of California. They provide a great share
of the natural beauty of this continent.
Several factors, however, inhibit management of the 49 "N'
Nation's forests for beauty. First, 'about three out of
every four forest acres are privately@bwned. Much of this
'o ..t@ 7,
is inareas of depressed economiesland absentee owner-
ships, particularly the Appalachians the Northern Great
Lakes, New England and the Ozarks, and much of the
flatter land of the South. Secondly, although the destruc-
tive logging practices of the industry's early years-have
largely been superseded by multiple use management
4@
and conservation techniques, some logging practices still
dama e the soil, water, vegetation,. and'other natural
9
resources, and scar the landscape with their destructive
harvesting methods.
Efforts to. provide for, natural beauty in the Mari .age-
ment of forests must involve the absentee owners, some
_4
of whom pay attention to environmental, quality only
when they benefit financially. Tech nical assistance and
financial incentives are keys to landowner cooperation
and interest.
,44"
Both of the.principal methods of timber harvesting-
selective' logging and clear-cutting-are. based . on
,ecological knowledge,.of. forests:. -Both temporarily

An initial cutting and primary road development have been completed
in a forest of Douglas-fir and western hemlock.

diminish the beauty of the forest. In selective logging, grow in even-aged stands and require open sunlight for
only a portion of the trees, on an area are harvested at the next crop to become established and thrive. Clear-
any one time. Trees are harvested or left to g3-,row on the cutting produces a drastic change in the landscape, often
basis of their age, the space between them, and for other leaving it temporarily barren and unattractive until the
reasons relating to keeping the forest productive and new forest becomes established.
healthy. Although this method is more consistent with Several principles apply to preserving natural beauty
natural beauty than is clear-cutting, it generally is appli- in forests. These have been incorporated in the multiple
cable only to certain forest communities and species of use system developed by USDA's Forest Service.
trees. Steep slopes with fragile soils need special care in log-
Clear-cutting involves logging all of the trees within ging and, log-dragging operations. There is constantly
a selected area. This method is applied to species that a need for improved logging-road construction and

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Development of access roads, camp sites and related facilities in forests
across the country ma@e outdoor living available to millions of Americans.

roadside drainage. Raw soil banks need vegetative cover
to prevent erosion, requiring early seeding and planting A,
operations. Logs can be lifted with overhead cables-
or now, experimentally, even with balloons. Both prac-
tices minimize soil erosion and stream sedimentation
harmful to fish. Opportunities also exist for fitting cut-
over areas into landscape patterns that do not detract aN
W.
from the total scene, but often add to the natural pat-
terns. By opening vistas along highways, clear-cutting
often enhances the enjoyment of the landscape.
Since the White House Conference on Natural
Beauty, many managers of both public and private forest
lands have become increasingly concerned with the
needs and opportunities for protecting and enhancing
natural beauty. They are managing the strips of trees Wf
along highways, lakes, and streams for their scenic
values. Road locations and recreation areas provided for
public use are designed and constructed with increasing
attention to esthetic qualities. The Department of Agri-
culture is developing and applying new landscape man- Special forest practices have been developed and ap-
agement criteria to enhance the natural beauty of many Plied to safeguard those portions of forests which have
of these -recreation and future cutting areas. Forest road unusual and unique values, including preservation of
construction practices, too, are constantly being im- wilderness resources. Wilderness, as a resource, receives
provedto preserve natural beauty and to provide increas- equal consideration under multiple-use principles with
ing accessibility to forest areas for hunters, fishermen, other renewable resources. As the late Executive Director
and other recreationists. of the Wilderness Society said, "The best apparent hope
Using the Cooperative State-Private-Federal Forestry for success in the preservation of . . . wilderness, is
Program of the 50 States and the USDA, the protection actually the application of the multiple use principles.
of natural beauty on privately owned forest lands needs To preserve some areas free from timber cutting will
to be encouraged. require adequate timber production in other areas.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Preserving natural areas undeveloped .. . . will require
The Council recommends that the Federal Govern- adequate provision of developed areas with . . . the
ment be authorized to promote p Ireservation of scenic facilities needed by large numbers seeking outdoor
quality on private.forest lands by ogering cost-sharing recreation with conveniences."
incentives to landowners for investments and practices In 1967, the opening of 195 new camp, picnic, swim-
that provide natural beauty benefits to the public. ming and boating facilities, observation vistas, and
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - visitor information sites by the Forest Service added
The Nation's public and private forests include most capacity for three million visits to the recreation facilities
Of its wilderness, natural areas, trails, recreation areas of the National Forests and National Grasslands. Similar
@ I
and scenic rivers. (See page 181.) development is occurring in many State and private

137

forests. Some of these improvements also cIreate.training Of 15o,ooo acres a year, which approximates an area io
and employment opportunities. For example, on. miles wide and 25 miles long. Of the 3 million acres
Louisiana's Kisatchie National Forest, the Cenla Com- of I'and that have been surface mined, about 1.8 million
munity Action Committee, working with the Office of acres have not been adequately reclaimed.
Economic Opportunity, has signed an agreement with In strip mining for coal, which began in earnest fol-
the Forest Service for a project to create employment lowing World War 11, cuts dozens of feet deep some-
opportunities for 8o previously unemployed local resi- times continue for miles along a mountainside. Soil and
dents and to improve public facilities with the funds broken rock spill down slopes, creating temporary scars
made available by the U.S. Department of Labor's on the hillside. Uncontrolled storm water can gouge
"Operation Mainstream.." This program will enhance deep gullies as-it leaves the spoil and fills nearby streams
recreation areas and roads and highways in and around with sediment. Mining operations for sand and gravel,
the kisatchie National Forest. Men working on the iron ore, fertilizer, rock, clay, copper, and some rare
project will receive on-site training in construction minerals are not necessarily as devastating as surface
techniques conducive to esthetic quality. mining for coal, but they pose similar problems in
There are millions of acres of privately owned rural rehabilitating the landscape.
lands in America which are suited to forest tree produc- Land rehabilitation, however, is difficult and costly.
tion but"which are now growing only weeds, brush, or Restoration of the original landscape in many steep
trash trees. Properly planted, tended, and managed they mountain areas is impossible, although some of the
would become not only a national economic asset but damage can be repaired. On flat land and gentle slopes,
a source of beauty, wildlife habitat, and recreation. They the removed earth can usually be reshaped and new
would also become sources of income for their owners. vegetation planted.
The Federal Government should encourage proper For years little attempt was made to heal strip mining
utilization of these lands by initiating a special cost- scars. In 1965, when surface mining beciame a major
sharing program, providing low interest loans, sponsor- subject of discussion at the White House Conference on
ing organization of cooperatives, financing nonprofit Natural Beauty, eight States had statutes requiring
management corporations, and training local people- reclamation of surface mined lands, but some of those
especially young people-in woodland management. laws applied only to coal. Some mine operators and
reclamation associations, however, were voluntarily
reclaiming some of their lands. Also, some specific re-
MINERAL LANDS habilitation actions were being initiated under the
Appalachian Regional Development Act of 196@.
The practice of surface mining has had a harsh effect More vigorous action followed the White House Con-
on theAmerican'. landscape. The traditional miner going ference discussions. The Tennessee Valley Authority in
into a mineshaft with his head lamp and pick has been 1965 began to require land reclamation in its contracts
supplanted in. many areas by the goggled operator of for the purchase of surface mined coal. The Bureau,of
giant earth-moving machines that turn up the.-surface Land Management in 1966 proposed regulations for
oIf the- land by the ton to dig out the mineral wealth land rehabilitation on all Federal public land mineral
.that lies beneath. leases. The Forest Service also requires land reclama-
Three million acres of, the Nation's lands have.been tion. Operators must take all practicable steps to mini-
surface mined. New lands are being dug up at.the rate mize erosion, prevent stream pollution during and

138

Surface mined land before reclamation. is left with no protective cover.

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Pennsylvania has recently enacted strong laws to regulate surlace mining
practices.

1 ions, conserve op 1
following their operati and replace t soil,
revegetate. and restore the land to a productive state.
A tremendous reclamation challenge lies a ead in
h
1@ t
the proposed surface mining of several million a
1 cres
of shale oil deposits in Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah.
The Secretary of the Interior is drafting regulations to
9
overn oil shale mining and restoration practices.
In 1967 the Secretary of the Interior, in cooperation
with the Secretary of Agriculture, the Tennessee Valley
Authority, and other Federal, State and local depart-
ments and agencies issued a report, "Surface Mining and
Our Environment." Shortly thereafter, the President
called for Federal agencies to revise their policies deal-
ing with surface damage to accord with the report's
recommendations. In response, the Secretary of the In-
terior proposed protective regulations to minimize
mining damages on some 500 million acres of public
lands.
@V By the end of 1967, Only io States directly regulated
strip and surface mining and reclamation. Eight more
States, owever, are serious y const ering regu atory
laws.
Although Illinois, Indiana, and West Virginia
strip-mining of all minerals and fuels in their strip-
mining laws, most new State laws apply only to current
mining and mainly to coal. Many ab;ndoned surface
mines have been allowed to become a public danger
and, nuisance. Whether the public burden will continue
to grow depends in large part upon the assumption of
responsibility by the mining industry and the effective
enforcement of State laws.

A PARK IN A- BORROW PIT
Even an'abandoned borrow pit can become useful. In
the fifties, the Washington State Highway Department
acquired 12 acres adjacent to Borst Park in the City of
Centralia for a borrow pit while Interstate Highway
was under construction.
After completion of, the highway, the, Centralia -Park
Board acquired the borrow pit site on which a lake had

Surface mined land can be reclaimed to provide needed recreation oppor- Cattle graze on pasture reclaimed from a surface mine's spoil bank.
tunities for local citizens and visitors from nearby population centers.

formed as a result of natural spring flow and seasonal
runoff from nearby rivers. Remaining native trees were
preserved. Some additional ground cover and other
native materials were planted, and picnic facilities and
playfields installed. The park is a favorite for many miles
around, and its attractiveness next to the Interstate high-
way between Portland and Seattle entices many tourists
to stop and enjoy its facilities and its natural beauty.
The Council concurs with recommendations of the
Federal interdepartmental report, "Surface Mining and
Our Environment," as stated below.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

THE COUNCIL RECOMMENDS THAT:
(a) for the repair of past damage to the landscape
caused by surface mining, the Federal Government be 'eral Government should be authorized to establish cri-
authorized to participate with States and private owners teria and,standards for such reclamation on both public
i.n cost-sharing programs of land reclamation and re- and private lands and to enforce them if the States do
habilitation, and to acquire certai .n surface-mined lands not adequately do so.
wherenecessary for adequate restoration; The Council proposes that Federal agencies continue
.(b) for the Prevention of future damage, the States to support and seek to expand research on reclamation
should exercise pri .mary .responsibility for requiring of surface-mined land, and provide technical advisory
reclamation of private surface-mined lands and the Fed- assistance to mine operators and State and local agencies.
-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

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Well planned transmission routes can provide interesting patterns com-
patible with the natural landscape.

k@, A UTILITY TRANSMISSION ROUTES AND
GENERATING PLANT SITING

Some of modern technology's greatest benefits have re-
sulted from the extensive use of electricity, natural gas,
and the telephone. Utility lines, however, often impair
the quality,of the environment. New generating plants
can threaten environmental values through unattractive
appearances or through thermal pollution of waterways.
Even the rights-of-way for underground gas lines can
cut unattractive swaths through forested areas and over
ridges and hills.
High-voltage electri ssion lines present
ic power transmi 1
special problems. Large towers often disrupt the skyline
and their rights-of-way create scars on the landscape.
-voltage power
While placing telephone lines and low
distribut'on lines underground presents no serious tech-
14
nological problems, the undergrounding of high-voltage
V11 transmission lines is still a technological problem. As a
result, placing all such lines underground is not yet a
feasible alternative.
Ab
V7
A further problem connected with power lines is that
electric utilities often have blanket powers of condemna-
tion for rights-of-way and often are not required to
consider the effects on natural beauty.
An estimated 44,815 miles of new extra-high-voltage
transmission lines, requiring about a million acres of
land, will have to be constructed in the eight-year period
from 1968-1975 to meet projected power requirements
VIV
and provide reliable electric service, according to the
Federal Power Commission. Most will be located in the
east central, north central, and far west regions of the
United States. About half are already scheduled or under
consideration for completion in the late i96o's or early
1970's.
Some industry sources estimate that initial installation
r-

of underground transmission lines, using orthodox tech-
nology, may cost from 8 to 40 times as much as overhead
lines. When great distances are involved, the technologi-

142

New technology allows for better design of raility poles.

cal problems increase. Except in areas of great natural
beauty or historical value, the technological and eco-
nomic problems are still effective obstacles to placing all 4-
high voltage lines underground.
Partly as a result, however, of public airing ofthe A%,
problems at the White House Conference on Natural
Beauty, some progress is being made. The development
of a reasonably priced plastic covered cable and specially
designed machinery now enables an ever-increasing
number of telephone.and power distribution lines to be
buried.
On the plus side, in some places, thexight-of-way for
natural gas lines has been planted with low growing and
attractive ground cover vegetation in place of larger
shrubs and trees. This makes aerial inspection of the gas
lines more effective. By contrast, trees and shrubs along %
electric transmission rights-of-way often are controlled
by the use of herbicides, chemicals which kill vegetation.
For esthetic Teasons, if such chernicalsare to be used at
all, they should be used selectively and not broadcast so was -appropriated by Congress to begin the program.
as to damage desirable as well as undesirable plants. The', Bureau of Outdoor Recreation requires that ap-
The corridor concept of requiring' various utilities to plications forgrants from the Land and Water Conserva-
place their transmission lines in one right-of-way is tion Furid for acquisition or development of State and
attracting the attention of environmental planners. A local outdoor. -recreation areas describe actions to be
variant of this concept is embodied in the location of the taken tobury,rer nolve, or. otherwise mitigate any utility
Bell Telephone System's i,8oo-mile underground coaxial line 'intrusions...upon the landscape.
cable from Boston to Miami, 26o miles of which is buried Near Woodside, Calif., th@ Atomic Energy Commis-
in-the median strip of Florida's Sunshine State Parkway. sion, in constructing- a 220,000-VOlt line which the AEC
The Rural Electrification Administration of'the De- felt could not justifiably- be -placed -,underground at
partment of Agriculture has developed recommended present costs, helped presery. .e.ascenic area'. by using
standards for underground telephone-power line con- tapered -steel poles. painted- @a@ dull @ green instead of the
usual lattice These w re locat'd by angular
struction and equipment. During the one-wyear period structures., - e e
beginning May 25, 1965, some 85 percent of bids it routing. The agency took extra care,..npt to damage
approved for new construction involved underground foliage and terrain, using helicopters to carry in -supplies
lines. The goal is to install underground most and doing necessary tree trimming' in an irregular
REA-financed telephone lines. pattern.
In 19665 the Department of the Interior submitted a Both the.- Bonneville Power Administration and the
plan for advancing high@voltage. underground electric Bureau of Reclamation of the Department of -the Interior
power transmission technology in. a five-year, $30 million have. adopted criteria to i .mprove the -appearance of,
research and development effort. Two million dollars power transmission lines, -and substatio nis 'under their

143

Wise use of the land along transmission routes can mitigate the visual egerts.
of the swaths cut across the countryside. Walking trails are another benefi-
cial use of the rights of way.

ground transmission is to reduce cost, but that there is
also a need for a comprehensive study to improve the
appearance of overhead transmission structures,' deter-
mine the positive esthetic influence of transmission lines,
find optimum relation between transmission lines and
community planning, and determine various attitudes
of people and groups on the appearance of overhead
wires.
The Administration's proposed Electric Power Relia-
bility Act, in addition to providing for planning against
future power failures, also deals with the esthetic effect
of extra high-voltage transmission lines. Specifically, the
legislation includes provisions to:
Require certification by the Federal Power Commis-
Sion of new transmission lines exceeding 200,000 Volts,
V
with authority to approve, modify, or disapprove such
AV
lines, following a 6o-day period for public comment and
-G& "Z
following public hearings in appropriate cases;
Allow Federal land management agencies to impose
reasonable conditions with respect to nonpower land
uses or to stay selection of rights-of-way when transmis-
sion lines cross Federal lands if the proposed route fails
. . . . . . to give due regard to the affected resources or the
preservation of esthetic or historic values.
A The proposed legislation would give the public and
the Federal Government a comprehensive role in the
decisions leading to the location and construction of all
high-voltage transmission lines.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

THE COUNCIL RECOMMENDS THAT:
(a) the Administration's proposed Electric Power Re-
jurisdication. Transmission lines will be located to avoid liability Act be enacted to help pratect natural and scenic
areas of high amenity value even if a longer route results. resources by providing for regulation of the routing of
Power structures will be screened with trees, ground certain high voltage transmission 11 .nes, and
rises, 'and evergreen shrubs along rights-of-way of (b) whenever possible, public utilities'use combined or
highway intersections or recreation areas. adjacent rights-of-way for overhead and underground
in 1966, the Federal Power Commission's Industry - lines, all proposed utility routes be reviewed by the local,
Advisory Committee on Underground Transmission State, and Federal agencies with lurisdiction over the
reported that the basic obJective of research in under- land agected, and regulatory agencies regard environ-

144

Boy Scouts enjoy the out-of-doors surrounded by well protected wildlife
at a new power plant site.

mental quality considerations as in the public interest duct a survey, and prepare a plan, of suitable sites for
and an integral part of generati .on, transmission and major thermal generating stations. This bill includes
distribution of electric energy, and that all distribution provision for a moratorium on licensing of nuclear sta-
lines be placed underground where technology and tions until the study is completed, subject to certain
reasonable costs permit. exceptions, and for their licensing thereafter only in
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - conformity with the siting plan. Both of these bills rep-
It is becoming apparent that the limited number of resent attempts to deal with the environmental and
suitable sites for large generating facilities, long recog- water-quality problems raised by nuclear plants; the sit-
nized as a factor in hydroelectric generation, will also ing bill is not limited to nuclear plants but would extend
affect the construction of thermal plants. Legislation to all forms of generation.
has been proposed which responds to this problem. A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
bill amending the Atomic Energy Act, while addressed The Council proposes that each agency having re-
to other issues as well, would require nuclear plants to sponsibilities which relate to the construction and opera-
be adapted to "a comprehensive regional plan for the tion of electric generating plants review its authority
use and development of the power, water, and related with respect to land and water resource management
land resources of the region," and would direct the with the object of determining what should be done,
Atomic Energy Commission to consult the Water Re- either by way of implementation of existing authority or
sources Council on this issue before granting a license. through the enactment of additional legislation to re-
More recently, legislation has been introduced which spond to the serious envi .ronmental problems posed by
would require the Federal Power Commission to con- greatly increasing generating site demands.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

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THE RURAL AREA AS A COMMUNITY Somehow, the rural areas need to become home for
more people, not fewer, so that a higher quality life
The crisis facing America's rural environment arises amidst. natural surroundings will be available more
from a -w'orldwide trend of people moving from readily to future generations.
countryside to city. Somehow, an urban-rural balance needs to be
In the United States, migration to the large cities, attained-and sustained.
while still going, on, is slowing and in some areas, per- A narrow; piecemeal approach of dealing with one
haps is being reversed. Whereas, from i95o to ig6o, non- resource, or'one use, or one purpose at a time cannot
metropolitan counties lost an average of 597,ooo people provide lasting solutions. Nor can it build harmony into
a year, this shrank fivefold during the ig6o to 1963 the dynamic ecological system that is man's total en-
period, to an average of only ii8,ooo a year. Rural out- vironment. Rather, through skillful coordination of uses
migration has increased urban congestion and tension and planned managem 'ent of human and natural re-
and turned some rural communities into virtual ghost sources, the downward trend in the quality and ade-
towns. quacy of both urban and, rural areas can and needs to
By the year 2ooo, compared with ig6o according to be reversed.
c.urrent -projections: Reversal of the unwholesome trend of population
U.S. population will be up 120 Million. shift from@ the rural to the city environment can be
facilitated by making rural areas more desirable places
Land area r'equiried for outdoor recreation will be to live. Credit programs of the Farmers Home Admin-
more than doubled.
istration are making great strides in this direction by
Land required for homes, schools, and factories, and assisting communities Of 5,500 Population and -under to
other urban purposes, will double. build and improve recreational facilities and domestic
Food needs will almost double.
Timber product needs will nearly double. water and waste disposal systems.
Setting higher priorities for both public and private
Water needs for municipal. use will double-for -investments in the rural areas and obtaining adequate-
manufacturing use, the increase will be fourfold. incomes for farmers, and other rural residents will help.
Irrigation withdrawals of water will be ul) 40 percent. Public services and facilities need to be strengthened@
Eight million more acres of land will be needed for Incentives for industry to establish plants in rural areas
reservoirs should be forthcoming. Industries which '-can
decentralize should be encouraged to do so.
Four million more acres of land will be used for
transportation. Local initiative, local leadership, and local planning
Five mil lion more .acres will be needed in wildlife can make Federal and -State rural development pro-
grams effective. A group of counties, usually, with a
refuges.. small or medium-sized city at its center .within -easy
Somehow, p lans need to be -developed to cope with commuting range, can provide the _necessary frame-
these upcoming demands for rural resources and their work for economicdevelopment, When united for plan-
great on the countryside. ning purposes, the'p ople and governments of such a
impact up e
Somehow, the growing demands of urban people for functional community can assess the area's needs and
rural recreation need to be, provided for, within areas determine the' combinations of internal and outside
of natural beauty and safety. resources essential to spark growth.

146

The amenities associated with rural or small community living must be
matched by a sound economic base that oflers job opportunities equal to
those available in large urban concentrations.

77
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A water purification system adds to the multiple uses of a small watershed Present day ghost towns result from migration to the cities.
project that increases the indtistrial, agricultural and recreation potential
of the area.

---- -------
Second, the larger area has enough population stability
to allow effective long-range planning, even though
individual communities within it may grow or decline.
Third, the multi-county area allows pooling of resources
41
to do a better ob of going after' and obtaining, new
7 J
industry.
And finally, it offers, a much larger pool of trained, effec-
tive leadership-a commodity always in short. supply.
After Tenco had isolated its problems, established
priorities, and decided on the multi-county approach to
attack them,.it concentrated its efforts in four main
areas: Agriculture-which produces two-thirds of the
area's basic income-industry, education, and recreation.
7,

The multi-county community approach is being taken
k 7IN
in a number of States, among them Kentucky, Iowa,
and Georgia. The Appalachian. Regional Commission
and other regional groups are exploring this method.
One such plan well underway is that of a io-county
area in south central Iowa where there is,an abundance
of attractions that big metropolitan areas lost decades
ago. Land for industry, business, housing, and parks is
inexpensive and plentiful; there is plenty of open space
for uncrowded recreation; the skies are clean and good 2
water is abundant.
The multi-county vehicle that "Tenco," the 10-county
area, chose "to get there" illustrates common threads
running through successful rural development projects
which produce a better economy and preserve natural
beauty, simultaneously. -1 . .....
Leaders chose the multi-county unit for these reasons:
First, many of the services people now demand have
outgrown the resources of a single county or commu-
nity. A multi-county unit has a large and sufficiently
diversified economic base to permit relatively large scale
.production, quality services, institutions, and recreation
at relatively low per capita cost. kh,

148

The rural community can be the logical location for industries that are
related to agriculture.

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149

Larger industries planning to locate in rural areas often see@ assurance of
pleasant surroundings and cultural amenities in the community which will
attract and hold employees.

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150

Care ul planning can insure the use of the countryside without the loss
of its natural beauty.

A
. . ..... ....
These are some of the things they've done:
Established a pilot project to show how a rural area
can develop a comprehensive manpower training pro-
gram to test, recruit, train, and find jobs for its people.
A-1
Built a' new school, Iowa Tech, offering everything
from cooking to computer maintenance. It has an ery-
rollment Of 4oo--which is expected to expand to 23500
in the future-and serves a seven-State area.
Discovered in a comprehensive school survey that
15,ooo adults in Tenco had less than an eighth grade
education. Local people are discussing consolidation of
present schools: and steps are being taken to insure that
d ation.
every Tenco child has a chance at, a quality @,e uc
A Attracted new industry, improved pasture, and estab-
lished miles. The plan recognizes the need for arban expan-
grazing associations.
sion. Its aim will be to incorporate into a broad land
- --- - - - - - - - - - - - - use development program the requirements"of man,
The Council recommends. that the Fediral: Govern- land use capabilities, 'and the esthetic fundamentals
ment be authorized to expand financial assistance to required for good landscape management.
mult.i-*county uni .ts to assi.st rural no mmunity develop- In December 1967, six members of the Cabinet spon-
ment planning. Prime goals of such plans should include sored a national symposium to focus attention on prob-
urban-rural balance,. and maintenance and restoration of le @ m s of rural-urban imbalance. The symposium brought
the natural beauty of the countryside. together private citizens and the- Secretaries and other
- - - - - - - --- - - 'officials of the sponsoring Federal departments: Com-
The Nation needs to, know a great deal more about merce, Labor, Health, Education, and Welfare, Hous-
rural America, its problems, and its opportunities. To ing. and @Urban Development, Transportation, and
find answers to these, questions and develop effective Agriculture.
solutions, the Department of Agriculture has formulated. The Department of Agricult 'ure is endeavoring to
a Jong-range research program for agriculture* and maintain or increase 'farm and ranch income at levels
forestry which has been presented to the Congress. The which will put the agricultural segment of the economy
Agricultural Research Service, for example, is planning on a base comparable to that of the other segments and
and designing regional landscapes which -will best serve sustain. and promote the -family farm. It is also suggest-
the needs of urban dwellers for scenic open spaces. ing new approaches to the . solution of this problem.
North of San Francisco Bay, the. Forest Service's An economically sound agriculture supports the indus-
Forest and Range Experiment Station, 'the University tries and services that give a healthy base to rural com-
of California, and Marin. County'jointly are'preparifig* munities. It will also help to provide the natural beauty
a regional landscape development plan for @a key rural and recreational opportunities that are found in rural
area which could soon be engulfed by urban. sprawl. The America.
y
area, virtu -ally undeveloped, covers more'than 35 square Such efforts represent only a beginning.

151

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15,

If.

Water and Waterways

THE BEAUTY OF WATER in all its forms is legendary. The serve the public best only if the public has access to
still waters of the Psalmist, the fountains of Rome, the them. Unfortunately, there often is no such general
cataracts of Niagara, the roar of the surf-th-rough his- public access.
tory such waters have inspired innumerable works of In essence, rivers and flood p .lains, as focal points-of
art and poetry. For the utilitarian values of water, most natural beauty, can be preserved if plans and programs:
of America's great cities have been built on rivers, lakes 9 Provide for coordinated river management and regu-
or ocean. For recreation and inspiration Americans lation on a river basin basis;
throng to the water's edge, to participate in water sports Set and enforce water quality and quantity standards
as well as to enjoy fishing and the sight of waterfowl in to protect natural beauty values;
flight. 0 Provide general public access to scenic corridors along
In this chapter are considered the rivers and flood river banks and lakeshores;
plains, lakes and reservoirs, wetlands and estuaries, . Preserve especially scenic stretches of rivers;
shorelines and islands. Some of the most pressing prob- 0 Provide that flood plain land use is sensibly controlled.
tems in conserving- resources of tremendous value to
man's welfare and spirit are centered on water and Recent national legislation offers great opportunities
where the land and water meet. to retain or restore the natural values of the Nation's
rivers:
RIVERS AND FLOOD PLAINS The Water Resources Research Act of r964 authorizes
Exploration and s ettlement of the American continent financial support to a water research center at a univer-
sity in each State and provides for other water research.
followed the Hudson, the James, the Mississippi, the Already, the accomplishments of thi cooperative Fed-
Missouri, the Columbia, and many more of the Nation's is
rivers. First as trails to the interior, and then as sources eral-State program of water resources research and train-
of power, water for domestic and industrial use, and ing have been extensive. The universities' response to
the Nation's need for trained'manpower and knowledge
waterways for commerce and recreational opportunity,
free-flowing rivers are part of the American heritage. to help solve water-related problems has included ini-
Today, a handful of these rivers remain untamed or provement of curricula, construction of new. research
unpolluted by man. Some are wilderness streams, drop- and training facilities and employment of additional
ping swiftly through virgin lands. Others flow silently, staff members from many scientific disciplines. High
winding their way through shadowy swamps. As rem- priority water research needs are being identified
nants of scenic beauty, the finest of the rivers remaining through publication of state-of-the-art papers and re-
in their natural or near natural state deserve protection. search has been enhanced by publication of a bibliogra-
Too often in the past river flows were harnessed with- phy on the socioeconomic .aspects of water resources and
research catalogs. Specific projects underway include a
out adequate thought for their scenic, recreation, and
fish and wildlife values. Shorelines were denuded of search for better, ways to estimate demand for "non-
forest and streams were filled with waste. - market" water resources like boating, sport fishing, and
T ;oday, industrial pollutants and city sewage too waterfowl production.
often reduce water quality or make the waters unusable The, Water Quality Act of 1965 increased the amount * of
for drinking or recreation and offensive to view. grants available to municipalities for water pollution
Waterways and waters in and near population centers control. It. also established the Federal Water Pollution

153

Planning and control of water uses will protect both practical and esthetic
values ofthe country's waters.

Control A tration. t ogram
7' dminis o administer the grant pr
and review and,enforce water quality standards on
interstate and*coastal waters. (See page 94-)

In the Water Resources Plann'ng Act of 1965 the
Congress established a policy of encouraging the con-
servat n, development, and utilization of water and re-
10 1 1
lated land resources on a comprehensive and coordi-
nated basis by the Federal Government, States, locali-
77 ties, and private enterprise. The Act also established a
Water Resources Council, composed of the Secretaries
A-
of Agriculture, the Army, Health, Education, and Wel-
fare, the Interior, and Transportation, and the Chair-
man of the Federal Power Commission. The Secre-
taries of Commerce and of Housing and Urban Develop-.
j
ment are associate
members. The Director of the Bureau
Of the Budget is an observer. The Act establishing the
Council also provides for coordination of Federal ef-
forts in water resources planning, cooperation with State
and local groups on waterresources planning through
establishment of regional river basin commissions,
matching grants to States to improve their water re-
sources planning programs, and assessments of the ade-
quac
y of the Nation's water supplies to meet future
requirements.
n response to a
proposal set forth in the President's
1966 message on Preserving Our Natural Heritage, the
7'w
Congress is considering establishing a National Water
Commission. Composed of seven non-Government
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members, the Commission would- be charged with
f
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making a comprehensive review of all national water
resource problems and programs and developing guide-
lines for more effective use of water resources.
Additional FederAl action initiated the concept of
model rivers. In 1965, the President directed that steps
ki of con-
be taken to make the Potomac River a model
yv,
servation, one where differing interests meld for the
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long-ran
ge benefit of all. Congress in 1966 directed the
Secretary of the Interior to cooperate with the States
. .. .... .. of New Yorkand New Jersey and, if they desire, Mas-

154

Hazards from improper use of flood plains include pollution of down-
stream waters from sediment, as well as loss of soil and damage to struc-
tures by high water.

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155

sachusett.s, Vermont, and Connecticut, to develop, pre- Natural waterways thavare used by flood waters have,
serve, and restore the resources of the Hudson River in effect, an easement placed upon them by nature for
and its shores. To protect the Connecticut River, Con-, intermittent use. Man's encroachment into the flood
gress in 1966 directed the Secretary of the Interior to, plain violates the natural easement and often adversely
study the prospects of establishing a Connecticut River affects the vested public interest.
National Recreation Area. In 1966, the President acted twice to focus attention
Encroachments upon flood plains, in the aggregate, on floods and flood plain problems:
have. a significant adverse effect upon the public in- - First, by transmitting to the Congress a "Report of
terest and destroy natural beauty opportunities along the Task Force on Federal Flood Control Policy on a
hundreds of miles of both rural and urban waterways Unified National Program for Managing Flood Losses."
each year. Such opportunities, once lost, are gone for- 0 Next, by directing Federal agencies through their
ever. The benefits of such waterways to people, coupled programs to discourage uneconomic uses and develop-
with the major economic loss potential when flood
plains are encroached upon unwisely, are of such great ment of flood plains, and in particular, to consider the
importance to the Nation that positive action is needed flood hazard in locating new Federal installations and
to preserve them as open space. in disposing of Federal lands.
Flood plains provide natural open, undeveloped space The report which the President sent to Congress rec-
and offer tremendous opportunities for wildlife and ommended national application of concepts pioneered
recreational development. Frequently, high value agri- in the Tennessee Valley. Under TVA's local flood dam-
cultural crops can be produced upon them in years of age prevention program a community may request
normal rainfall. However, because homes, factories, and TVA to undertake an engineering survey of its flood
other structures are built in the wrong places, property problems-the frequency of flooding which is likely,
and lives are often lost on flood plains. Annual property the depth and swiftness of flows, the areas of the city
losses on flood plains exceed $i billion, and damages are which would be affected. With this information, the
.Increasing. community may get assistance.from its State planning
These problems are being studied in a watershed re- commission on methods of restricting the types and
search project by USDA's Agricultural Research Service extent of development to be allowed in the flood-
on the Washita River Basin of Oklahoma. Researchers vulnerable sections, thus guiding urban growth away
have established an elaborate network of stream gages, from the dangerous lands. Buildings in hazardous areas
rain gages, and sediment samplers on an 8o-mile test can be floodproofed if it is necessary to build in a
segment of the river. Land use along the river is being dangerous section.
catalogued to see what effect it has on siltation, high and Over ioo communities in the Tennessee Valley have
low water marks, and streambank erosion. Grasses that used TVA's services to prevent flood damage. Some 50
survive extended periods of flooding are being developed have followed through with regulations designed to
for planting in detention reservoirs. prevent future flood damage.
Some industries must be located alongside water- Although it is not always done, most water develop-
ways. Docks and warehouses, for instance, which are ment projects can be designed and built so as to be
served by river towboats, barges, and other commerce, compatible with the natural scene, and to protect and
have little choice in location. Otherwise, little future create opportunities for fishermen, hikers, cyclers, and
.construction should be placed in flood hazard zones. sightseers.

156

Inland waterways serve commercial functions while supplying scenic and
recreation values.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
The Council proposes that Federal flood control and
other water resource development programs and pro'
W,_ 6
------ W;14v A ects seek to retain or restore natural channels, vegeta-
tion, -and fish and wildlife habitats on rivers, streams,
and creeks and apply the same policy to federally assisted
public and private projects agecting rivers, streams, and
creeks.
@22
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

THE POTOMAC AS A MODEL
A river can be a common bond bringing people of a
region together. Village and city are located on its
banks. Water supply, waste disposal, and land and water
pollution all relate to the connecting streams and the
river they form. Sediment control, land use, highways,
I A @,4 I-
and recreation are a function of the natural water flow
04@
4
-the total watershed.
r and slope of the land
With this in mind, the President in 1965 directed the
Secretary of the Interior to cooperate with local units of
government, States, and other Federal agencies in pre-
paring a program to make the historic Potomac River
Valley a model for the Nation. The resulting Federal
Interdepartmental Task Force for the Potomac River
Valley presented preliminary report to the President
in June 1967.
Every type of land use is represented in the valley,
and every type of misuse as well, from raw sewage to
industrial waste and sediments from eroded lands. All
the problems of the Nation in regional planning for a
better physical and biological environment are found
n the Valley.
Task groups are working on many phases of the prob-
lern: Landscape and recreation, soil erosion and sedi-
mentation, water quality and pollution abatement, and
pply and flood control.
water su
The goals of the Task Force are to provide the basis
for public and private action to clean up the river, to
establish 1 desirablel land use practices and recreational
es, and I
opportuniti
to maintain the economic growth of
'A
the valley.

157,

The Great Falls of the Potomac are an outstanding natural feature of the
liver which may serve as a model for future river basin development.

_A@
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181

To complement the work of the Interdepartmental A new approach to land use based upon respect for
Task Force, the Secretary of the Interior asked the environment and recognition that the landscape repre-
American Institute of Architects to appoint an interdis- 'sents the interaction and interdependence of many
ciplinary -task force to study ways and means to carry natural processes;
out the President's objectives. The Task 'Force members 0 A comprehensive ecological inventory of the Potomac
were urge d to (i) consider the esthetics of the riverside basin to balance resources against demand and to serve
and the controls needed to keep it from being invaded as a framework. for planning decisions;
by undesirable uses, (2) make specific suggestions for
0 A new concept of zoning which has as its objective
desirable uses of the urban waterfront, and (3) consider the conservation of nature and its processes rather than
the land uses of the metropolitan Washington area. obtaining the maximum number of building lots;
Finally, they were to recommend zoning and other
forms of controls to assure development which would 0 The development of new towns along the river, using
conserve its natural beauty' and to prevent sprawl- the waterfront not only for recreation but for civic and
ing growth with. its accompanying destruction of the commercial town centers;
.countryside. The establishment by the Congress of a Potomac
In 1 67, the AIA presented its report, The Potomac. Development Foundation to provide leadershi i
9 ip in carry-
Highlights of its proposals call for: ing out a plan for the protection of the Potomac basin, to

158

The country's rivers, great- and small, require the attention of every level
of government and of private interests if they a" to be protected from
misuse.

develop a comprehensive plan for its development, and 7,
A@
to make development loans and hold lands for subse-
quent lease.o'r sale according to the comprehensive plan. J
This Foundation Would be funded by an annual.Federal.
appropriation of $5o million for five'yem.

WILD AND 'SCENIC RIVERS
In nearly every'case, land ownership patterns require
Federal or State legislation,to protect scenic riverways.
Outstanding scenic rivers must be identified and evalu-
ated during early stages -of river basin planning if they
are to be succ 'essfully dedicated for such uses.
Stream studies for such purposes can provide infor-
mation needed to compare this potential with that
of alternative uses for the river and 'related land re-
sources. Such . studies should be an integral part. of
41,
comprehensive water resources plan
ning.
Scenic river programs adequate for present and fu-
.ture needs require cooperation between various units
of government and joint public-private, effort. Federal
r
efforts should be directed, at river segments important
enough to attract visitors from several States or nation-
w
ide. State and local governments should concern them- n.",
selves with rivers that are primarily of inte@est and
benefit to residents of the State. Private enterprise is in
A@
a position to protect valuable sections of certain streams
and should be encouraged to do SO.
Several bills to establish a National Wild and Scenic
Rivers System are being considered by the Congriess.
One bill, designating more than 5oo' miles of wild and id
scenic rivers, passed the Senate in 1967. This bill recog@
nized two river types and recommended scenic rivers
like the Namekagon in Wisconsin and the Ele en
Point in Missouri, and wild rivers like the Middle Fork
7
of the Clearwater in Idaho. Twenty-eight rivers nam- ed
in the billmould be studied for possible future inclusion
Y@
in the system. Administration of the rivers would be
by local and State agencies or with the Secret
ary
of the Interior, the Secretary of Agriculture, or both.
California's State F'
ish'andWildlife Plan, a part.,of

159

White water is one of the attractions of the Allagash for outdoorsmen. The Allagash Wilderness Waterway is a landmar@ in egorts to preserve the
quality of the Nation's rivers.

the State's outdoor recreation plan, in 1:966 recom- System, recognizing high-quality streams for scenic
mended establishment of a State Wild Rivers System. and receational values.
In 1967, the concept was broadened to include all 0 New Mexico is planning a State wild river system.
44scenic waterways," including bays and estuaries. * Wisconsin, in 1965, designated parts of the Pine,
0 Iowa is studying the possibilities of restoring buffer Popple, and Pike rivers as State wild rivers.
strips of trees along segments of scenic rivers. 0 Tennessee enacted in 1968 the first legislation by a
*Kentucky, in its State Outdoor Recreation Plan, State to establish a comprehensive statewide scenic river
recommended in 1965 a ba6c State wild rivers pro- system.
gram, which, to start with, would keep five rivers free-
flowing from source to mouth and protect scenic MAINE VOTES TO SAVE THE ALLAGASH
stretches Of 32 others. In 1966, the people of Maine acted to save the beautiful
Maine, in 1966, passed legislation and a bond issue Allagash River so all can enjoy its wilderness attractions.
providing for establishment of an Allagash.Wilderness Flowing northward through great forests of fir and pine
Waterway, along one of the Nation's outstanding wild toward the St. John River, the Allagash affords 145
rivers. miles of.,superlative canoeing and fishing water.
0 Minnesota, in 1963, enacted, legislation allowing @the Some time ago, the owners of timberlands along yhe
Commissioner of Conservation to designate,. mark, and Allagash pledged protection of wilderness values, but
acquire land for campsites along popular canoe routes. others felt that protection in perpetuity was needed.
Missouri's Legislature is studying a bill to establish This concern generated various proposals ranging from
the "Ozark Wild Rivers Preservation System." calls for public parks to full waterpower development.
Montana has created a State Recreational Waterway In 1966, after studying various proposals, the Maine

TA"
'4 Vi

'7
11 L-1

T_
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7@_

@4,

'47r,

Legislature approved an Allagash Wilderness Water- cutting, roads, and camps will be prohibited for a dis-
way plan and referred a $1,500,000 State bond issue to tance Of 400 to 8oo feet from the shoreline. Existing
the voters. The Secretary of the Interior pledged camps and resorts within this zone will be purchased,
$I,5GO,000 from the Land and Water Conservation. Fund but some may be leased back for continued operation.
as the Federal share to match, dollar for dollar, State
purchase of lands and easements. Maine's Park and - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Recreation Commissioners conducted an extensive pro- The Council recommends:
gram to inform the public on the merits of the plan. (a) enactment of legislation to authorize establishment
Other public officials, newspapers, and many citizens of a national system of wild and scenic rivers to protect
joined the effort, too. In November 1966, the voters of outstanding stretches of rivers and their shorelines, and
Maine approved the bond issue-by more than two to (b) that the States establish controls over the lands ad-
one. Acquisition of the area by the State has begun. joining wild and scenic rivers to protect their natural
The Allagash Wilderness Waterway will preserve beauty and prevent land uses Which would damage their
3oo,ooo acres, some 36,ooo of which are water. The 85- quality, both natural and manmade, and establish state-
i imum of
mi -long corridor varies in width from a mini wide river protection systems complementary to the
two miles along both shorelines of the river to one mile proposed nationwide wild and scenic rivers system.
from the shoreline of certain lakes and ponds. Timber - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

161

Constructing a dam to control erosion of the gully results in a pond
which insures a stable supply of water for the farm and provides
good habitat for fish and wildlife.

LAKES AND RESERVOIRS

More and more, man depends upon lakes and reservoirs
for many daily needs including power generation, flood
control, industrial development, recreation, navigation,
municipal water supplies, and the irrigation of and
lands.
However, today's effluents often pollute and accelerate
the natural aging processes in these bodies of water by
filling them with sediments and stimulating the growth I
of obnoxious plants and organisms which thrive upon
phosphorus and other plant nutrients derived from 4
sewage, manufacturing effluent, barny@rds, and even
land runoff. The reservoirs sometimes result in environ-
mental pollution in themselves, since they frequently
flood many acres of flood plain and during periods of
water @rawdown, expose unsightly and unsavory
mudbanks.
Tremendous progress has been achieved in reconciling
the many developments for water with the effects of
these developments upon the physical environment.
Major projects can serve multiple purposes, project plan-
ning and operations for each purpose should be adapted
in the light of the effects on all others.
The Federal Government is helping to meet the
multiple demands for controlled supplies of water:
In licensing non-Federal power development through@
the Federal Power Commission; Conservation Service of the Department of Agriculture.
;
In navigation, flood control, water supply, stream- The demands for multiple use water projects which
ow regulation, water quality control and related proj- I
ects of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; maintain environmental quality were set forth in poli-
cies, standards, and procedures advanced by the Presi-
In large-scale power, irrigation, and municipal stor- dent's Water Resources Council in 1962. These policies
age projects administered by the Bureau of Reclamation formed the basis of the Water Resources Planning Act
of the Department of the Interior; of 1965. This Act embodies theconcept of coordinated
In comprehensive river basin development which the planning for use of all resources values within a project
Zriessee Valley Authority has underway; and area. Along with water quality, navigation, water sup-
* In impoundments,on small watersheds and private ply, power, flood control, drainage, and other traditional
farmlands th 'rough programs of the Soil Conser- development objectives, fish and wildlife enhancement,
vation Service and the Agricultural Stabilization and provision for recreation and esthetic beauty, and historic

162

Small wateribed protection provides for irrigation-and swimming
and waterskiing.

and scientific values also were specifically named as
potential development objectives and benefits. The cost
of achieving natural beauty in project development con-
stitutes an integral part of the cost of design, construc-
tion and operation of the project for its authorized
purposes.
The Tennessee the Colorado, and the. North Platte
are examples of rivers where constructed works have
enhanced fish and wildlife resources, while at the same
time providing dependable water supply to farms
and cities. The building of dams on these rivers has k
eliminated the threat of devastating floods which for-

i.43W

merly threatened the lower reache of the river and the
s
r, -3
adjacent towns as well as changing the life of each river
below the dams. These rivers are now inhabited by trout
a
d bass whereas only less.-desirable fish were formerly
n
able to survive. The manmade lakes have been devel-
oped as recreation. areas where water sports are enjoyed
4i
throughout the year.
V
Many other example f the value and benefit of regu-
so
m
A@ lating stream flow and quality by conserving water in
@a A
k
7
s are to be found throughout the Nation. Water
reservoir
@17t@`;' IM
development projects on the Missouri River have sub-
_U@
stantially reduced silt load there, diminished annual

163

A lake results from a power company's impoundment.

flood damages and Aooding of valuable property, pro-
vided game fish and waterfowl habitat, made navigation
possible, provided recreational opportunities, created
irrigation water supplies, and generated electric power-
all a result of joint Army-Interior programs. The
Columbia, the Arkansas, the Ohio and its big tribu-
taries, the upper and lower Mississippi, and the rivers of
California's Central Valley are others among hundreds
A-
examples.
of similar
The Tennessee Valley Authority, since the design of
r;&l *Apr
its first dam in the mid-1930's, has adhered to the policy
of making beauty, publi usefulness, and recreation
1 ic
411
"built-in" features of each project. Simple, flowing
Y" architectural lines are designed to blend structures
with the landscape. Visitor lobbies incorporated in
the structures help the public see and learn about
conservation.
TVA early recognized the natural disturbance which
might I
result from river impoundment. To offset this
in part, TVA has made available to States and to other
Federal agencies almost 2oo coo acres of land and water
for wildlife refuges and management areas,
The Federal, Power Commission since 1963 has re-
quired that applications. for licenses to b6ild hydroelec-
@Iip @i tric projects include plans for public recreation such as
boating, swimming, fishing, camping, and picnicking
and for enhancement of fish and wildlife resources af-
=,@,X T-77 -T-
,@7
St- the Federal Power Com-
fected by a project. In 1967,
:@tr@ menced a general review to determine
mission com.

Z
recreational use and development at projects licensed
prior to 1963 as a basis for determining potential for
expanding such facilities.
In 1966, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers estab
l*shed Environmental Planning Branches in each of its
Division headquarters. In 1967, the Bureau of Reclama-
tion began an Improvement Appearance Program for
its existing and proposed water resource and power
enerating
facilities.
9
The Corps of Engineers has water management pro-
grams and has cooperated with the States in 157 areas

164

Dam for electrical power backs up a lake 22 miles 'long, with 180 miles
of shoreline.

Aq
IT'N
"144"", TD-

covering approximately 1,3oo,ooo acres for fish and wild- esthetic gains would exceed the sum of the economic
life purposes. These are largely tovered by water or costs and esthetic losses. When the Corps concludes that
subject to flooding. the national interest requires development, provisions
In 1967 the Corps of Engineers instituted an annual will be made for minimizing adverse effects on natural
award for conservation of natural beauty in conjunc- beauty. (See page 234.)
tion with construction of water resource and military Between July i,, i965 and June 30, ig(56, 49,807 small
projects. In 1967 it also issued a regulation requiring storage reservoirs were built on private land with cost-
the consideration of esthetic values in all Corps water sharing under the Agricultural Conservation Program
development projects. The policy calls for the Corps of of the Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Serv-
Engineers to recommend developments only when con- ice. Bu ilt primarily for livestock or water supply, many
vinced that the sum of tht prospective economic and of these reservoirs also provide farmland beauty.

165

Small laAes can collect so much silt and effluent that they fill up or become
otherwise unusable.

OUR DISAPPEARING LAKES
America's iooooo natural lakes deserve special atten-
tion because many of them are losing their recreational
and natural values to filling and peripheral develop-
ment and eutrophication , rapid growth and decay of
obnoxious water plants and organisms caused by the
prevalence of plant nutrients and other pollution, in-
cluding sedimentation. In addition, these lakes are
increasingly being adversely affected by untreated or
inadequately treated municipal, agricultural, and
industrial wastes.
Solution of the latter lake problem calls for water
quality standards which lower the current nutrient
levels in land runoffs or stream inflows. More research
is needed, too. Ways need to be found to dissipate exist-
ing high levels of nutrients, and in effect reverse the
natural "aging" or filling process experienced by all
lakes.
Programs of the Federal, State, local, and even
Canadian governments are all concerned. A coordinated
effort is needed to preserve many of the natural lakes
"a, @;W@
now becoming unusable.
'k
Lake Erie best typifies the current problems in pre-
fresh water lakes. All lakes age phys' ally,
serving ic
-7.,, chemically, and biologically, but the addition of indus-
trial and human wastes speeds the process. Never before,
however, has a lake the size of Erie, with its io,ooo
square miles of surface, presented such a dramatic
spectacle of premature filling and biological death.
Millions of tons of silt enter Lake Erie each year. Chem-
ical buildup, especially from nitrogen and phosphorus,
show great increases. These chemicals originate from
industrial, human, and farm animal wastes, and from
some fertilized farmland. As a result, during the sum-
mer in re growth of. water plants and
cent years rapi
their d cay have resulted n depletion,
e in severe oxyge
@k A"
171
in the western and central sections of the
especially
j lake.
Y-VrLM@- OP The biological consequences of Lake Erie's pollution
iEI

166

Even the vast waters of the Great La@es-"the third ocean"--are threatened.

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Vegetation in natt(ral marshes provides habitat for waterfowl.

are spectacular. The white fish, cisco, and blue pike WETLANDS- AND ESTUARIES
have.all but vanished. Insects like the mayfly nymph
have decreased to one-t@nth their former numbers. The Nation's wetlands include small prairie "potholes"
Other species of life not dependent upon rich oxygen in the Midwest, flooded river bottomlands and swamps,
supplies have increased markedly. and expansive salt marshlands with adjoining tidal river
Under leadership of the Federal Water Pollution Con- estuaries. Often wetlands are the location of municipal,
trol Administration of the Department of the Interior, residential, commercial, or agricultural developments.
public and private groups concerned about Lake Erie Wetlands and estuaries serve many purposes. They
are working to: provide environment for fish, shellfish, and animals;
Give municipal wastes discharged into the lake a millions of migrating birds use wetlands for way sta-
secondary biological treatment which red u'ces the tions. Wetlands and estuaries provide buffer, \ strips
demands for oxygen; between the 'sea and the land, absorb the runoff and
Drastically minimize the phosphate levels in effluent violence of storms, and serve as a "bank" for nutrients
from fresh water drainage. The combination of water
wastes; and wetland, sometimes interspersed with stands of
* Increase capacities and efficiencies of waste treatment trees, affords a distinctive form of natural beauty.
plants;
� Protect all beaches from refuse and litter;
T@
� Eliminate all toxic and detrimental industrial wastes.
Even with achievement of these goals, other problems
will remain. Dredging will be necessary to clear silt
deposits from'streams, lakes, and harbors. Money is
needed. If the objectives are to be realized, the Federal
Government must provide substantial and dependable
amounts of money from year to year. Also, the economic
impact of pollution control needs to be fully under-
stood. The costs of waste control eventually end up in
the prices of products. The economic and social costs
of failure to control wastes may be even more expensive,
sometimes immediately, sometimes over a longer period.

--- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
The Council proposes that (i) Federal agencies ex-
pand and coordinate with the States their egorts to
protect and restore the scenic and'recreational values of
natural and artificial lakes by developing and applying
improved methods of controlling sewage, siltation, and
other pollution, and(2) attention be focused on preserv-
ing a portion of the remaining natural shoreline of lakes
from residential and industrial development.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

168

Estuaries, those areas where salt and fresh waters meet, support unique
biological communities, plants and fish and wildlife.

The Nation's wetlands are disappearing. The original estuarine, bottoms. Dredging not only destroys habitat
127 million acres present during early settlemen t has for shellfish and other animals but also creates silt which
shrunk to less than 75 million, and losses continue. Be- drifts far beyond the work area and smothers much
tween 1959 and 1966 in North Dakota, South Dakota, aquatic life. Dredging work in navigable waters re-
and Minnesota, an average of nearly 138,ooo acres of quires a permit from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
wetlands a year were drained for agricultural purposes. Coastal wetlands and estuaries are increasingly fouled
Along the North Atlantic Coast, from Maine to Dela- by oil products, fluids, and other substances lost or
ware, about 45,ooo acres of coastal wetlands were filled dumped by ocean-going vessels. The pollution of Cape
or drained in the io-year period 1954-1963. Cod's coastline in 1967 from a lost load of oil focused
The draining of wetlands can seriously change the attention on the United States' vulnerability to such
hydrology of a drainage area. It can adversely affect disasters. The President, in 1967, assigned to the Secre-
community water supplies. It can create flood hazards. taries of the Interior and Transportation the task of
It can reduce dry-weather flows, which in turn aggra- determining how best to meet this problem. Legisla-
vate the pollutional effects of effluents. tion designed to meet the problem is before the
Much wetland destruction is brought about by sedi- Congress.
mentation and by filling with dredging material from Substantial wetlands areas, kept in or near thei r nat-

A", 'A
N

YTRV,,,

Dike creates 25 acre marsh as part of a State Wetlands Program.

'-7

.01 -
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::if7j

Oe -

Deep fresh marsh preserved on the farm provides wildlife area particu-
larly for duc@s andother migratory waterfowl, and muskrats. Row of trees
planted in background as windbreak also provides food and shelter Jar
wildlife.

ural state, are needed to protect the balance of nature. f7_
Ultimately, the Nation will have to determine how
much wetland must be. preserved, identify the areas
which can best satisfy the needs, and provide for their
permanent protection. In the meantime, the States can
end needless destruction,of wetlands and make sure LL
NOW
that any conversion of wetland areas is carefully
regulated.
There have been many recent actions to protect wet-
lands and estuaries:
A 1965 amendment to New York State's Long Island
Wetlands Act authorizes State financial and technical
assistance to local governments in preserving publicly
owned wetlands; @V
A 1966 Massachusetts law requires that the Depart- F;a,77
9
ment of Natural Resources approve any fillin 'or dredg-
ing of coastal or fresh water marshes-regardless of
ownership, whether public or private;
In 1965, Rhode Island established a system for coastal
T
wetlands zoning;
In 1965 and 1966 the States purchased 55,059 acres of
wetlands through the Federal-aid in Wildlife Restora-
tion Act;
In 1967, Maine began requiring permits for wetland
alteration. The law provides permit-denial powers to
municipal officers, county commissioners, and a - State aries and recommendations for a comprehensive
Wetlands Control Board, composed of State officials national program to study, preserve, and develop them.
representing fish and wildlife, water, highway, and 0 In 1967, the Secretary of the Army and the Secretary.
forest agencies; of the Interior signed a memorandum of agreement
0 In the 1966 Clean Water Restoration Act, the Con- under which field representativ ,es of the two Depart-
gress requested the Secretary of the Interior to make a ments will, agree on procedures to protect natural re-
comprehensive study of the effects.of pollution on the source. and recreational values prior to the issuance
Nation's estuaries. This study is being conducted in of Corps of Engineers permits for dredging or other
cooperation with the Secretary of the Army, Secretary work in navigable Waters. The principal areas of con-
of Agriculture, the Water Resources Council, and other cern.are inland Waters and nearly .8 million acres of
Federal agencies. State and local governments and pri- coastal wetlands and estuaries-prime habitat of fish
vate interests also are participating and their responsi- and wildlife.
bilities will be delineated. The report will include 0 The Congress is considering legislation to authorize
analysis of the economic- and social importance of estu- a Department of the Interior study, in cooperation with

171

the States, to inventory and review the Nation's estuaries In 185o, the Bay covered 68o square miles, today it is
and related resources, with a view to recommending little more than 400. If the remaining shallow waters
acquisition, regulation, or other action to protect their of the Bay are filled, only 187 square miles would
natural resources and values, including "environmental remain.
natural beauty." The bill also would require Federal , In 185o, Bay wetlands totaled 300 square miles, today
agencies to consider these natural resources when plan- there are only 75 square miles left.
ning development projects, and the Secretary of the In- 0 The Bay shoreline totals some 275 miles, but only
terior to review plans and reports for each proposed about io miles remain open for public access to the
Federal development project affecting estuaries. Recom- water.
mendations to the Congress for authorization of such- * Hit-and-miss development scars the shoreline; land
projects would be required to include a report by the fills and garbage dumps spread over large areas.
Secretary of the Interior on effects of the proposed proj-
ect upon estuarine resources'together with recommenda- To concerned citizens, the loss of San Francisco Bay
tions. The Secretary now makes such reports only in was unthinkable. Thousands of Bay Area residents
regard to fish and wildlife resources. joined the Save San Francisco Bay Association. They
0 In Minnesota, since ' 1965, the Red Lake Band of awakened the general public to the fact that the beauty
Chippewa Indians stopped the drainage of 12,ooo acres and utility of San Francisco Bay were threatened. Public
of marshland on their reservation. Now this land and private interest in "our Bay" grew until a San
produces waterfowl, fur bearers, and wild rice. Francisco Bay Study Commission was formed in 1964.
Public recognition of wetland values is expanding During t ihe'1965 session of California's Legislature the
rapidly. Each of the.annual Agricultural Appropria- commissions report was embodied in a bill and passed.
tion Acts since 1962 has prohibited use of Federal Agri- Th is established the unique San Francisco Bay Con-
cultural Conservation Program funds to drain certain servation and Development Commission. Its 27 mem-
small wetlands of value to wildlife. In 1965 and 1966, bers represent Federal, State, and local governments.,
the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife protected the public at large, and the Legislature. An 18-member
through purchase of both full titles and easements over advisory committee includes representatives of many
529,ooo acres of wetlands. interest groups.
By January 1969, the Commission is to recommend
SAN FRANCISCO TRIES TO SAVE ITS BAY a comprehensive plan for the development and con-
The history of San Francisco Bay is typical of many servation of San Francisco Bay. In the meantime it has
estuaries. It has changed from a relatively clean and clear power to issue or deny permits to fill or excavate in the
body of water to one with heavy sedimentation and Bay. It is also completing 23 studies to guide future de-
pollution in only ioo years. But there the similarity velopment. Never before has a region in the Nation
to many other estuaries stops; Bay area citizens have attempted to formulate such a comprehensive plan of
acted to stop the destruction. Their efforts have led to action to preserve a major estuarine area.
the creation by the California Legislature, of a San Fran-
cisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission CITIZEN ACTION AT ROOKERY BAY
which is now shaping the future of the bay and its In 1964, southwestern Florida was undergoing change.
shoreline. Its land, islands, and waters, were being transformed
San Francisco Bay is changing: into housing and industrial development; birds and fish

172

Birds find suitable habitat and protection in Florida i bay.

were being driven from their habitats; and natural with the cooperation of The Nature Conservancy and
treasures were being bulldozed into oblivion-and with the National Audubon Society. The latter will adniin-
them a way of life dear to the hearts of many residents ister the sanctuary, now available to all who come to
and tourists. study and enjoy.
How to preserve these valuable areas? A group of - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
people with a variety of interests met in Naples, Fla., The Council recognizes the public interest in estuaries
to discuss the overall problem-and the Collier County and inland wetlands because of their outstanding scenic,
Conservancy was born. fish and wildlife habitat, economic, recreati .on, and other
The organization determined that saving the vital values, and recommends that the States which have. not
estua irine areas of Rookery Bay and Henderson Creek already done so establish systematic review procedures
required establishment of a permanent sanctuary. for thorough consideration by natural resource and rec-
Over a three-month period, with the Collier County reation agencies of the values of wetland and estuarine
Conservancy exercising leadership, options to purchase resources before private or public development projects
approximately 2,6oo acres of land and islands were are allowed to encroach upon them..
signed. More than 1,400 people raised nearly $300,000 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

41W

,ZA
V

V__L "A

173

Easements that permit access to shorelines in private ownership could allow
more people to enjoy unspoiled beaches.

SHORELINES AND ISLANDS a memorable apartness from the pressures and routine
of everyday living.
The encounter between man and sea offers one of the Unfortunately, opportunities to know and enjoy
most rewarding of all human experiences. Standing at shorelines and islands are steadily diminishing. Natural
the edge of the continent, confronting the ocean, each shorelines increasingly are being fenced, bulldozed,
man may be his own Ulysses or Balboa. paved, and built upon. Increasingly, scenic stretches of
The edge of the sea has special meanings for the tidelands, beaches, dunes, and seacliffs are covered with
beachcomber who walks the tideline, watching for the shacks and chalets, hamburger emporiums and parking
flotsam; for the bather who absorbs the sun's relaxing lots, highways and billboards, powerplants and even
warmth; for the surfer who pits his skill against the oil derricks.
white charging combers; for the skindiver who explores It is time to proclaim the principle that all Ameri-
unearthly undersea beauty. cans-of present and future generations-have a right
Similar experiences may be found along the shore- to enjoy the shoreline experience, and that ocean and
lines of the larger lakes, including stretches along the lake shoreline with high-quality scenic and recreation
Great Lakes where wind and water have created tower- values are natural resources to be conserved and not
ing dunes and cliffs in the millenia since the great destroyed.
glaciers scooped out these hollows at midcontinent. Instead of ribbon development sprawling along the
Natural islands, whether surrounded by fresh or salt water's edge, shoreline conservation calls for concentra-
water, offer in addition a special sense of detachment, tion of commercial and residential development in

44@

MAR--
.-W 47
, I @4

-4,

174

Islands are a national resource of great potential, and their protection
requires the attention of concerned public officials and private citizens in
joint cooperative eflorts.

limited areas. It requires both Jones Beaches for mass f
use in metropolitan areas and. Olympic Peninsula
Beaches for enjoyment of pristine coasts. It requires
that large sections of each type of shoreline be retained r"
in their natural state-the headlands and coves of New
England; the flat expanses of sand and salt marsh along
the Southeastern coastal plain; the dunes and cliffs of 4
the Great Lakes; the sand dunes, estuaries, and seacliffs `0@3-_,
of the Pacific Coast; and the varied shorelines of islands
from the Washington San Juans to the Florida Keys,
from Maine's s ruce-covered rock isles to the Channel
p
Islands of southern California and the lava cones of
Hawaii.
As each shoreline is different, each also is a part of an
interrelated natural system; change in one part affects
other parts. Thus, many shoreline problems are inter-
state problems. Those in Chesapeake Bay or Long
Island Sound, for example, require interstate action and
coordination. Today, however, unless acquired for pub-
lic use by some level of government, shoreline protec-
tion depends primarily on use of State and local govern- I
ment authority to control land use. There is not effective
7%,
use of this authority along shorelines in most States at' V
this time.
Despite this, the Nation is showing steadily increas-
ing awareness of the many values concentrated along its
7,r
coastal strips.
In 1934, a National Park Service survey identified
those reaches of undeveloped ocean shoreline with high-
est value for public recreation and recommended State
Q.
or Federal acquisition. But few areas were acquired by N
the States. And the ig5o's the National Park System
included only one National Seashore, at Cape Hatteras,
N.C.
V.
During the 195O's the National Park Service again 7
inventoried significant remaining undeveloped stretches
of Atlantic, Gulf,, Pacific, and Great Lakes shoreline I i 5'@
with high recreation and scenic value. These studies
showed that many of the best opportunities identified

175

One of the problems in administering shoreline recreation areas is the
threat of overuse destroying the natural quality of the area.

20 years before were already lost, and provided a solid in Maryland and Virginia, Pictured Rocks in Michigan,
basis for a "save-our-shorelines" program. and Cape Lookout in North Carolina.
0 In 1962, the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review 0 In 1963, the U.S. Study Commission, Southeast River
Commission reported that of some 6o,ooo miles of ocean Basins, recommended protection of all coastline recrea-
and Great Lakes shoreline in the 48 contiguous States, tional values and the public acquisition of four of five
about a third was particularly well suited for public large islands off the coast of South Carolina and Georgia
recreation and scenic enjoyment. Of these recreation for recreational purposes.
shorelines, the Commission estimated that only 1,209 0 In 1965, the White House Conference on Natural
mileS-2 percent of the total-was in public ownership Beauty recommended that public or private protection
for recreation use. It called on State and Federal agen- be extended to all remaining natural shorelines.
cies to act promptly to preserve for public use the re-
maini.ng magnificent stretches of unspoiled coastline. Recent actions include:
",The need is critical," the Commission said, "Oppor- 0 In 1965, Connecticut's statewide outdoor recreation
tunity to place these areas in public ownership is fading plan called for investment of $7.8 million for a five-year
each year as other uses encroach." The amount acquired program of coastline acquisition.
for public recreation use since 1962 is not known, but 0 In 1966, Wisconsin's Legislature provided for manda-
it can be conservatively estimated in 1968 that less than tory zoning of lands fronting on rivers and lakes, to
5 percent is in public ownership for recreational pur- preserve beauty and ecological values and prevent water
poses. This includes eight new National Seashores or pollution; the State Department of Resource Develop-
Lakeshores added to the national estate since ig6i: Cape ment was directed to help counties draw up shoreline
Cod, Mass., Point Reyes, Calif., Padre Island, Tex., Fire zoning ordinances, and to adopt State zoning where
Island, N.Y., Indiana Dunes, Ind., Assateague Island counties do not adopt effective controls. In Maine, at a

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symposium on the future of the State's coastline, a ...... . .... .
coastal preservation system of interrelated scenic and
recreation areas was proposed.
In 'RH Pj
1966, the President directed the Secretary of the
Interior to inventory American inland and offshore . .....
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islands, to suggest principles for island conservation, and
to propose by 1969 action recommendations for conserv-
ing island resources with highest natural, scenic, and
recreational values. The Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
is conducting this study in cooperation with other
Federal agencies and the States.
In 1966, in the Marine Resources and Engineering
Development Act, the Congress called for development
of a comprehensive, long-range, and coordinated
national program in marine science. The Act established
the National Council on Marine Resources and Engi-
neering Development, and an advisory Commission on
Marine Science, Engineering, and Resources. The Coun-
cil has established a committee on multiple uses of ocean 11Z
shoreline, but is not authorized to exercise continuing Zl@.,
coordination of an overall coastal shoreline protection
program.
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In 1967, California's Legislature established a State
Advisory Commission on Marine and Coastal Resources
to define the public interest in the coastline and to rec-
ornmend legislation to protect it. Oregon's Legislature
recognized public rights to ocean shores between high
and low tide. Michigan began inventorying its Great
Lakes shoreline and islands. Washington authorized a
State Seashore. Conservation Area along the State's
coastline.
In 1967, Federal-interstate river basin commissions
were established to plan and coordinate planning for
774 water resources and "related land resources" in three
regions with ocean and Great Lakes shoreline: The Pa-
Northwest, the Great Lakes, and New England.
ci
MR
Other such commissions will be established. These com

177

Industry shares the Great Lakes shoreline with natural areas now being
preserved for the recreation use.

missions, established under the aegis of the Water Re- kinds of Federal-interstate institutions as those being
sources Council, have an opportunity to concern considered to conserve the Hudson and Potomac rivers
themselves with shorelines--ocean and lake, as well as and their settings may provide .new patterns for coop-
river. Their effectiveness as vehicles for ocean and lake erative action. The feasibility of establishing a national
shoreline preservation will depend in part on whether coastal scenic preservation system also should be
the individual commissions give this a high priority; considered.
their attention may be preempted by problems more The Council urges full consideration of the natural
directly associated with rivers. To be effective in this beauty values of ocean and lake shoreline by river basin
field the commissions will have to represent the many commissions, and by other Federal, interstate, and State
public and private interests concerned with protection institutions, and urges State and local governments
of shoreline natural beauty and recreation values. Some to protect shoreline values through regulation, tax
may decide to set up advisory units and task forces incentives, and purchase.
for this purpose. In T967, the Water Resources Council Regardless of which institutions take the lead, there
adopted a policy urging river basin commissions to fully is an urgent need for up-to-date knowledge upon which
consider shoreline resources and approved the use of comprehensive and systematic efforts can be based.
funds available under Title III of the Water Resources The federally sponsored nationwide study of islands
Planning Act for such planning. is scheduled for completion in 1968. And the Congress
At the Federal level, the Administration has asked is considering legislation calling for an inventory and
the Congress. to authorize two new national lakeshores: study of the Nation's estuarine resources.. (See page
Sleeping Bear Dunes, Mich., and Apostle Islands, Wis. 170
Where shoreline conservation is not effective the es- There also is need for a comprehensive nationwide
tablishment of special State and interstate shoreline inventory and survey of the best remaining opportuni-
commissions should be considered. Such innovative ties for conservation of natural beauty and recreatidn
State-sponsored efforts as the San Francisco Bay Con- resources of ocean and lake shoreline-in addition to
servation and Development Commission and New those directly associated with island and estuarine areas.
York's Hudson River Valley Commission, and such new Such a study would be a logical followup to the National

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Planting dune grass helps to control the erosion oJ beaches by natural
processes.

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Park Service inventories of a decade ago; it should - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
determine current status of shoreline preservation The Council recommends that increased public and
efforts, identify conservation opportunities for the vari- private efforts be made to develop comprehensive plans
ous levels of government, and- focus renewed public and balanced, programs for use of the Nation's ocean
attention on.this vanishing resource. and la@e shorelines, islands, estuaries, and adjoining
A national shoreline conservation survey would pro- wetlands that include appropriate provis*on for pro-
vide an informed basis for action to protect not only tection and enh *ancement of their natural, scenic,
the water's edge but the total shoreline setting. It could recreation, and economic values through:
do this by develo (i) full consideration of shoreline problems and po-
.ping model protective standards for
State and local land-use controls, and guides for coordi- tentials in comprehensive studies by appropriate govern-
mental -institutions tvith responsibilities for planning
nation of planning for public acquisition and appropri-
ate development of critical areas; for .coordination of for shoreline resources;
programs of technical and financial assistance through (2) State, county, and local zoning or other land use
the concerned States; and -for technical assistance and regulation; and
incentives to private landowners to conserve remaining (3) establishment of State or interstate management
natural shoreline environments along lines consistent commissions, where appropriate.
with today's natural beamy goals. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

179

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Recreation and Wild Lands

BEYOND THE COUNTRYSIDE lie the lands largely uninhab- Several alternatives are open to the managers of rec-
ited or undisturbed by man. These remote mountains, reation and wild lands to provide increased public
forests, and deserts include the remnants of primeval accommodations:
America. People can be encouraged to spread out within the
Here, the more expansive forest and park lands offer present areas-and use the back country.
opportunities for memorable outdoor experiences in
surroundings of superlative natural beauty. *Greater use can be made of all public lands for
But here, too, population growth and technological recreation.
change are combining to destroy these opportunities. 0 Private lands can be better developed for recreation
use.
PARKS AND RECREATION AREAS 0 More land can be placed in public ownership for
The Fede .ral lands available for outdoor recreation use recreation use.
are located predominantly in the West. The more popu- For most prospective public recreation areas, escalat-
lous East and Midwest depend heavily upon State and ing land prices pose a threat. Between the time estab-
locally owned park and forest areas for outdoor recrea- lishment of a recreation area is authorized and its actual
tion. Many of these areas originally were donated or purchase, often a period of years, prices often skyrocket.
purchased from private holdings to protect some signifi- On the average, purchase prices of such Federal lands
cant feature rather than to afford recreation opportuni- are doubling each io years. Some of this rise is due to
ties. Normally small, and often scattered and remote speculation, based on the added value of land being
from the centers of population, these lands can meet dedicated for public purposes and on the certainty that
but part of the public need for outdoor recreation. In eventual public purchase will at the very worst "bail
the eastern portion of the Nation, various Federal proj- out" the investors. For example, the cost of land acquisi-
ects, such as water resources developments, are now tion for the Point Reyes National Seashore in California
meeting some of this outdoor recreation demand. has ballooned from an estimate Of $14 million in 1961
However, their capabilities are limited in this aspect. to over $57 million in 1967.
Overcrowding and overuse on park, forest, and other One means of reducing these costs is to acquire
recreation lands pose a serious problem. People are promptly all lands authorized for park and other Tec-
thronging to many outstanding scenic areas in ever- reation purposes. To help accomplish this, the Federal
increasing numbers. In doing this, they threaten the Government's Land and Water Conservation Fund
very purposes for which the lands are managed. On needs additional sources of income as soon as possible.
summer weekends, the floor of Yosemite Valley nor- This Fund finances purchase of most Federal parks and
mally is jammed with as many as 50,00o people. In Yel- other recreation land and pays half of the cost of many
lowstone National Park (Wyoming), and in the Angeles State and local areas. Additional funds also are needed
(California) and Wasatch (Utah) or Arapaho (Colo- by the Greenspan Program of the Department of Agri-
rado) National Forests, traffic congests the roads, and culture (see Part 1, page 131), and the Open Space Land
frustrated fishermen struggle to find a place in line on Program of the Department of Housing and Urban
the lakes. Many State parks and forests face comparable Development (see page 3 1)
if not greater pressures, and no letup is in sight.

181

The Rio Grande borderr the Nation and its southernmost National Par@
at Big Bend in Texas.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
The Council recommends that the Congress expand
fund sources for acqui .si.ti.on of scenic and'recreation
lands under the Land and Water Conservation Fund
Program, and make increased appropriations for
the Open Space Land Program, and the Greenspan
Program.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
In addition to meeting much of the Nation's need
for conventional outdoor recreation op
1 portunities, prop-
erly managed public lands protect outstanding scenic,
historic, and wilderness resources. The National Park
Service and the Forest Service traditionally have played
a principal role in managing and interpreting their
ireas for visitors from throughout the world. In recent
years visitor pressures have expanded and proliferated
01
in so many directions, that it is no longer possible for
these two agencies to meet the needs. To meet the de-
mand not only should the Park Service and Forest Serv-
ice expand their existing capacities but other Federal
agencies should be given authority and be encouraged
to develop additional recreational facilities and
interpretive programs.
The opportunities to take effective action on such
programs are indicated by the Bureau of Land Manage-
ment's dedication of the Red Rock Recreation Lands
for recreation and the protection of scenic, natural, and
historic values. This 7o,ooo-acre project, some '15 miles
West of Las Vegas, Nev., offers attractions to both
natural scientists and outdoor enthusiasts.
24@
Multidisciplinary planning is needed for parks and
recreation areas. Beginning in i966, the National Park
z
Service recognized this need by establishing three plan-
lung centers across the country. To these centers were iALA
assigned not only landscape architects, ecologists, re-
source managers, and planners. but also additional engi-
neers,whose viewpoint often had been found missing.
Planning projects were assigned to team ca tains in he
p
centers and multidisciplinary teams organized around
these captains based on the nature of the problem.

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182
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Bryce Canyon in Utah, along with National Par@s and other preserved
areas countrywide, oflers fields for study as well as enjoyment to scientists
and students, photographers and tourists.

Greater recreational use of Federal lands, now com- legislative authorities, policies, and procedures for
prising one-third of the Nation's area, is receiving in- disposition of surplus Federal lands.
creased attention. Some Federal agencies now provide Overuse of public recreation areas often may be pre-
recreational opportunities on lands they administer. vented by developing new areas closer to centers of
More Federal agencies could do the same, even though population, by providing better transportation, and by
their lands are suitable only for intermittent recreational encouraging the private sector to develop visitor accom-
use by the public because of their primary need for modations adjacent to the public areas. Coordination
military or other activities. Although some Federal lands of all planning which affects both public and private
disposed of as surplus to Federal needs offer tremendous lands near maJor recreation centers is needed if the
recreational opportunities, existing disposal procedures Nation is to expect the orderly development of public
do not always result in the transfer of such lands for a recreation facilities and services.
use giving the greatest public benefit. Improved public transportation within national parks
The potential for better use of surplus Federal prop- and other recreation areas offers alternatives to too many
erty for public recreation was emphasized by President cars and too many roads. What is needed is frequent,
Johnson in 1965 in addressing the White House Con- safe, comfortable, and convenient public transportation.
ference on Natural Beauty. He again stressed the im- Specially constructed narrow roadways for electrically
portance of preserving the natural beauty and public driven and rubber-tired trains have proven effective
use possibilities of these lands when he established the solutions to similar problems on a smaller scale at
President's Council on Recreation and Natural Beauty. Colonial Williamsburg and at Disneyland.
In response, the Council has in preparation a report to In recent years the Nation has seen substantial prog-
the President which (i) evaluates the recreation and ress in dealing with the many problems relating to parks
natural beauty potential of both surplus Federal lands and recreation areas.
and Federal lands retained primarily for nonrecrea- 0 Since 1965, two new national parks have been estab-
tional purposes,'and (2) reviews and evaluates current lished: Canyonlands Nat Iional Park in Utah, and Guada-

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41:

Montana's Bighorn Canyon obFers water sports in addition to its spectacular
views.

lupe Mountains National Park in Texas. They include
outstanding examples of geologic erosion, fossil reefs,
and archeological evidence, including prehistoric human
inscriptions and -pictographs. Administration proposals
'S
for other national parks before, Congress in 1968 in-
tic-
clude a Redwoods National Park in California, North
Cascades National Park in Washington, and a Potomac
Valley Park in Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia.
The national parks attracted nearly i5o million visitors
in 1967. This is 14 million more than in 1966 and four
times as many as in ig5o.
U
rider provisions of the Wilderness Act of 1964, nine
million acres within the national forests were auto-
matically placed in the National Wilderness Preserva-
tion System. Other outstanding areas within the
National Park, National Forest, and National Wildlife
Refuges systems are being reviewed for possible i clu.-
in
Sion in the wilderness system. (See discussion of
Wilderness, page 196.)
A new system of National Recreation Areas is being
established by Congress under administration of the
4 National Park Service, Forest Service, other Federal
agencies, or the States. Areas already established include
Lake Mead in Nevada and Arizona, Whiskeytown-
WK
Shasta-Trinity in California, Delaware Water Gap in
Pennsylvania and New Jersey, Spruce Knob-Seneca
74' -
Rocks in West Virginia, Mt. Rogers in Virginia, and Big-
horn Canyon in Montana. Administration proposals for
other recreation areas before Congress in 1968, include
Ross Lake National Recreation Area in Washington and
Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, in Arizona and
Utah. National Lakeshores and National Seashores pre-
viously mentioned, are developed and managed as
National Recreation Areas.
In 1967, the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation began
working on two pilot projects in an attempt to improve
regional outdoor recreation planning processes: These
A010

are in the Denver-Rocky Mountain area in Colorado
A
and Wyoming and in the Connecticut River Basin in
gy
New England.

Shasta Reservoir is one of foro- Federal reclamation impoundments in a
National Recreation Area of over 280,000 acres. These areas oger facilities
for camping and picnic@ing as well as all water sports-including s@in and
scuba diving.

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Improved park and recreation facilities are resulting oping a $75o,ooo recreation area at Markham Springs
from the efforts of young men in training at some of the on the Black River. Included are ioo picnic areas, 62
91 Job Corps Conservation Centers across the Nation. camping sites, boat ramps, and an information center
Sponsored by the Office of Economic Opportunity and and museum.
administered through several other Federal agencies, THE LAND BETWEEN THE LAKES
these centers combine elementary schooling with on
rhe-job training. Near Poplar Bluff, Mo., the Job Corps- The Tennessee Valley Authority is demonstrating bow
men combine their schooling and training while (level- it is possible to restore natural beauty to a misused land-

185

Wildlife management throughout the 170,000 acres of Land Between the
Lakes makes flights of northern geese a common spectacle there.

scape and, at the same time, create diverse opportunities
for recreation and nature study. TVA's Land Between
the Lakes project in western Kentucky and Tennessee
consists of land whose agricultural and timber
productivity is marginal or submarginal.
A long narrow isthmus with 300 miles of shoreline,
the project lies,between Kentucky Lake, a TVA reser-
v6ir, and Barkley Lake, a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers'
reservoir. The area lies within 500 miles of the homes
of approximately one-third of the Nation's population.
The land has suffered from generations of iron pro-
duction-an industry that consumed vast amounts of
timber and stripped ore from the rolling hills. This, fol-
lowed by years of improper farming, has left it able to
support only meager forests and wildlife.
d- Today, only four years after development began, the
natural beauty of the landscape is again apparent. Several
miles of eroded roadsides have been revegetated; many
more miles.will be. Gullied fields have been planted in
pine seedlings, acres of woods openings have been pro-
vided for wildlife, lakes have been built for migratory
ducks and geese, and shoreline is being cleared to
provide public access to the water.
,Sit- TVA also is building a Conservation Education Cen-
A- ter. Already, a small outdoor education school center
is open; children from the surrounding States come
with their teachers to study and learn about the out-of-
a. si@ doors and wise use of natural resources.
A In 1966, Alaska voters approved a $goo,ooo bond is-
V.
sue for parks and recreation; a $2oo million bond issue
for park and recreation development was ratified by
New York State voters; the Massachusetts Legislature
i authorized issuance Of $5 million in bonds to finance
development of outdoor recreation areas; the Mississippi
Legislature passed a bond bill authorizing investment
of $i million for State park system development; the
North Dakota Park Service was authorized to issue $2
million worth of revenue bonds for improvement of
a
State pirks, and Rhode Island voters approved a $5 mil-

186

Demand for recreation both near and far from home brings people in
ever increasing numbers to the out-of-doors.

lion bond issue for use by the State's Recreational reau of Outdoor Recreation. Federal agencies acquired
Building Authority. an additional 81o,ooo acres that same year.
In 1967, Alabama voters approved a $43 million bond Of primary importance are State bond issues of recent
issue for State park acquisition and development, and years which- are financing improvement of park and
Texas voters approved a $75 million bond issue for the recreation systems. Recent actions include:
same purposes. 0 In 1965, Maine voters authorized issuance of $10 mil-
State and local agencies also are accelerating expan- lion in bonds for State guaranteed mortgage loans for
sion and development of their park systems. In 1967 privately. operated recreational projecti. In 1965, also,
alone, the States, counties, and cities acquired an esti- issuance Of $4-5 million in bonds for land acquisition
mated 905,00o acres of land for parks, open space, and and development at State parks was approved by
other recreation areas, according to a survey by the Bu- Kentucky voters.
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Because the natural vegetation has not been destroyed or replaced, animals
thrive without special protection in habitats provided by National and
State Parks, Forests, and other preserves.

WILDLIFE are seldom planned to enhance wildlife for the
enjoyment of people.
The history of man is marked by his close association Most of the current effort on behalf of wildlife is ex-
with animals-both wild and domestic. Wildlife have pended in rural areas and then generally for those species
strong links to the American cultural and recreational which are pursued for sport. The hunter's license dollar
heritage. Millions of people enjoy observing the few is spent on game species, even though he may be a "bird-
wildlife species around their homes, and indications are watcher" also; and there are few opportunities for the
that the role of wildlife is increasingly appreciated. In nonhunter to support public wildlife programs. Little
recent years public concern has increased for those thought is given to mani s responsibility for the
species threatened by extinction. continued existence of all other species on earth.
Contemporary patternsof development constantly de- Both rural and urban efforts are needed to maintain
crease opportunities to enjoy wildlife. Housing, high- and increase wildlife. Preservation of species threatened
way, and agricultural developments often disturb the with extinction such as the grizzly bear, California
fields, woods, and wetlands which provide wildlife condor, and whooping crane calls for the preservation
habitat. The open spaces and parks that are available of particular combinations of widely separated wild

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one whooping crane exercises his 7 loot wingspread to protect his territory
from invasion by another at the Aransas National Wildlife Refuge, one of
the major havens of this near-extinct species.

The grizzly bear is another of the endangered species.

areas of food and cover. The enhancement of game 7
species, which should continue for the benefit of sports- Y
men, in many instances requires similar conservation
efforts.
In urban areas, the prime need is for adequate habitat
for desirable and compatible wildlife species so that
more people can enjoy observing them. The White
House Conference on Natural Beauty recognized this
in recommending natural areas within walking distance TI-
of city dwellers. Such habitat can be provided, in many
ways. Home landscaping, park development, nature 7
centers, and the cr eation of migratory waterfowl resting
areas in conjunction with waterfronts, city reservoirs,
and the like can attract and maintain wildlife. Persons
with professional training in management can serve
these ends by working closely with park planners, de
4
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signers, architects, landscape architects, and community
developers to help create opportunities for people. to
enjoy wildlife.
Wildlife refuges provide special opportunities for
people to get acquainted with wildlife. Frequently, such.
refuges also offer opportunities for hiking, boating,
swimming, fishing, and hunting. Wildlife protection
V
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77-
is also served by the many forests and parks and
other public lands dedicated to nature preservation or
7 7
resource management.
@41 'Rl'm
The Cropland Adjustment Program and Agricultural
Conservation Program of the Department of Agriculture
X,
make substantial contributions to the preservation and
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propagation of wildlife in rural areas. Over four million
acres of cropland in 48 States have been diverted from
the growing crops to a production of protective cover of
trees, shrubs'or grass-much of which provides habitat 47 A,
for wildlife.
The National Audubon Society's Nature Centers Divi-
sion has helped more than 300 communities plan nature 5,
centers. Through those efforts, some 20,Ooo acres of
land, mostly urban, have been set aside for outdoor
education programs.
The Endangered Species Preservation Act of 1966 has

189

A sea of ducks covers the surface of a rice field at the Sacramento National
Wildlife Refuge.

stimulated action on behalf of some 78 threatened varie- work in, that State for the first time-to supplement
ties of wildlife. The Department of the Interior has revenues from huntina and fishina licenses. Arizona in
established an Endangered Species Research Station at 1967 hired a trained man to work on the enhancement of
Patuxent Wildlife Research Center in Maryland, pub- all species of wildlife.
lished a compilation of data on rare and endangered fish - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
and wildlife of the United States, and placed biologists The Council recommends that State agencies with
in the field to work out life histories and ecological re- responsibilities for wildlife conservation place a share
quirements of endangered species-not limited to game of their emphasis on , the maintenance of nongame
species. species, and on the management of desirable species of
Some of the States are broadening their wildlife con- wildlife in urban areas. Federal "agencies should en-
cepts, too. For example, the California Wildlife Plan of courage and assist these egorts, exercise greater coordina-
1966 gives broad recognition to'the whole spectrum of tion; and exert more eUort to manage and protect wild-
animals appealing to the public-not game species alone. life and its habitat particularly that of endangered
In 1967, general funds were appropriated for wildlife species. ,
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

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NATURAL AREAS also have given protection to areas containing unique
Society will benefit if natural environments wh .ere nat- natural features or forms of life.
ural processes predominate are preserved. Needed pri- In 1966, a ,n interagency Federal Committee on Re-
search Natural Areas developed objectives, definitions a
inarily to serve research and education needs, natural
areas often are places of rare natural beauty. Many of classification system, and minimum criteria for the se-
. I lection, management, and protection of natural aieas on
them are small, sufficient only to preserve representative
samples of specific plant, animal, geologic, or .aquatic Federal lands. In 1968, the Departments of Agriculture
processes. Sometimes they are too small or fragile to sup- and the Interior jointly published a Directory of Federal
port extensive use by the general public. Yet, as links be- Natural Areas. Federal agencies expect to cooperate
tween man and nature, as bench marks or scientific with State and private groups to identify additional
geological and ecological types of natural areas needed
laboratories, they can be invaluable. for research and education.
If of national significance, natural areas qualify for - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
registration and recognition under the Natural Land- The Council proposes that Federal land-managing
marks Program of the National Park Service, regardless agencies accelerate the rounding out of a coordinated
of ownership. The National Parks themselves preserve nationwide system of natural areas on lands they man-
certain natural systems. age, through designation and through acquisition where
Within some States, interested people have joined authorized, to the extent necessary to meet national
together to preserve natural areas through local and research and education needs for such areas.
legislative action. By 1967, some 14 States had enacted - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
either statewide or special area legislation to protect ALLISON WOODS AND MURPHEY'S POND
natural areas. Similar action was pending in several
other States. Allison Woods is a story of failure. In Sullivan County,
Private organizations like The Nature Conservancy, Tenn., a stately forest of oak, hickory, sweetgum, and
the National Audubon Society, and the Natural Area yellow* poplars formed the last unprotected primeval
Council help save outstanding remnants of particularly hardwood stand on land in east Tennessee. Local resi-
outstanding natural areas@ in both urban and rural loca- dents long had enjoyed the beauty of Allison Woods,
tions. A number of colleges and universities have estab- but knew that timber -companies wanted to cut the trees
lished areas for research in natural history and ecology. for commercial purposes.
Some natural areas are preserved by concerned indi- In 1965, citi*zens of Johnson City set up an informal
vidual landowners. Others, like the Lac LaCroix Nat- committee for preservation of the woods. Supported by
ural Area within the Boundary Water Canoe Area of the County Court of Sullivan County, the City Council
Minnesota, have been set aside through cooperative of Johnson City, and the Junior Chamber of Commerce,
action; in this case, the Forest Service and the Izaak they asked the State Department of Conservation to
Walton League of America. preserve the tract for nature study and recreation use.
In addition to protection provided by the National At about the same time, the landowners sold the
Parks, as long as 50 years ago, examples of various Dat- timber, but not the land, to a veneer company. Through-
ural forest species in the National Forests were set aside out the succeeding year and a half, discussions' were held
for preservation. Since then, the Bureau of Land Man- between I -
representatives of the local public agencies, the
agement, and Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Department of Conservation, the. National Wildlife

191

The maintenance of special values in unique natural areas, already a major
element of Federal preservation programs, i.s an increasing target of local
preservation programs.

Federation, the American Forestry Association, the
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, the University of Ten-
nessee, and The Nature Conservancy, all of whom
desired to save Allison Woods.
The veneer company did not cut the trees during this
period, but proposed a deadline in the autumn of 1966,
at which time it would either sell the timber rights for
several hundred thousand dollars or harvest the timber.
The project to save the trees failed when the deadline
was reached. None of the concerned agencies individ-
ually could meet the price. Throughout their discussions
they were unable to find a way to pool their resources.
Compounding the problem was the attitude of the two
owners of the land on which the trees grew. Both
refused to sell their land to a public agency. Able to buy
only timber rights, the State Department of Conserva-
tion could not obtain Federal grants, available only
when full title to the land acquired. The requirement
for full title purchase is intended to insure suitable public
access and other amenities at areas purchased.
Allison Woods lives now only in the memory of
p
eople who knew and loved the area.
MURPHEY'S POND
Murphey's Pond is a story of success. In the western
art of Kentucky, this pond area supports an outstand-
p
ing primeval cypress swamp which harbors a rich
variety of wildlife-beaver, raccoon, mink, a heron and
egret rookery, and a great variety of amphibian and
reptile life. Within it also stand some 2o acres of virgin
cypress. Colleges in Kentucky and surrounding States
7,
have used Murphey's Pond for scientific research and
field study for many years.
Scientists who visited the swamp on field trips be-
came increasingly concerned about its preservation. The i
A
State park and wildlife agencies proved unable to help I
them, because the area would not serve general recrea-
@, t7

tion purposes and utstandinLy
it was not an o game bird
area. The swamp also was too small and too distant from
urban centers for most Federal assistance.

192
7

Murphey's Pond is one of many natural wetland areas-ponds, swamps,
marshes, bogs-saved by private action.

The owners, while sympathetic to the scientists' aims, The difference between success and failure in preserv-
could not afford to maintain the swamp in its undis- Ing natural areas often is a case of adequate money
turbed natural state. In March 1966, one owner informed being available at the right time.
the scientists that unless they could arrange to buy his - - - - - - - - --- - - - - - - - - - - -
portion of the swamp, he would sell to a lumber com- The Council recommends that:
pany which planned to drain the swamp and cut the (a) those States which have not done so desi *gnate, ac-
giant cypresses for lumber. qui.re, or otherwi .se arrange for protecti .on of natural
A zoologist at the University of Kentucky promptly areas as parts of a system rePresentative of each State's
contacted The Nature Conservancy. This organiza- natural landscape types 'and natural vegetation and
tion was willing to advance the funds to purchase geologic history.
Murphey's Pond if local citizens would repay them by (b) the Federal Government be'authorized to provide
public subscription. By November 1966, the main por- technical and financial assistance to States, and via the,.
tion of the swamp had been purchased and a scientific States to educational and research institutions, for the
inventory of the plant and animal life was under-way. establishment of coordinated statewide, natural area
Local citizens promptly organized to pay off the loan. systems.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

:nF

4N
4r

193

High mountain trails oger the hi@er recreation experiences of rare quality.

T
TRAILS
W
Walking, hiking, and bicycling are simple yet reward
ing pleasures. Nearly everyone who participates gains,
healthful exercise and appreciation of the physical en-
vironment. Increasing numbers of citizens also ride
horseback and many enjoy using small motorbikes.
People like to walk. Some 77 million persons talr@
e
pleasure walks each year. Between a 196o survey of the
Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission and
a 1965 survey by the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, the
number of persons who walk for pleasure increased 58
percent, the number of pleasure walks 71 percent. In
1:965, Americans went for nearly iV2 billion walks, a
wa
1k being defined as a pleasure stroll of at least 30
minutes' duration.
American society severely restricts opportunities for
walking and cycling. City streets and rural highways
serve automobiles primarily. Fumes, noise, and traffic
-make other uses unattractive or even dangerous. Recrea-
@Z ails for foot travelers, cyclists, and horsemen are
tion tr
4 adequate to the demand, even on public lands. All are
in 1
in woefully short supply in urban areas; few are suitable
for the elderly or handicapped.
The National Park System, for example, until 1967
had but 232 miles of bicycle trails, and more than 185
miles of this was on the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal
!%
towpath along the Potomac River above Washington,
D.C. In 1967, three bicycle trails totaling some io
additional miles were opened at Cape Cod National
Seashore. Many more such trails are planned.
Private trail clubs for more than 40 years have sought
to
fill the gap. Since 1925, volunteers from 65 member
kt
It, @t_gMl
"Of _X@
clubs of I
the Appalachian Trail Conference have built
and maintained the 2,ooo-mile Appalachian Trail across
14 States from Maine to Georgia. Similar efforts have
created the Long Trail in Vermont, the Finger Lakes
_6
Trail in New York, and many more.
Presidential recognition of the need for trails came
in President Johnson's Natural Beauty Message of 1965

194

.4 nature trail in an old park deep in a densely urban area allows city Historic trails, once transportation routes for a young nation, today attract
dwellers a chance to enjoy nature. travelers seeking still visible traces of the Nation's heritage.

Georgia; the Continental Divide Trail in the Rocky
Mountains from the Canadian border to the Mexican
border; the Pacific Crest Trail through all the West
Coast States, and the Potomac Heritage Trail, extending
825 miles from the mouth to the sources of the Potomac
River. Other scenic trails of national significance could
be added to the system later, and the development of
shorter trails on public lands and adjacent to large cities
would be encouraged.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
The Council recommends that:
(a) the Administration's legislation to authorize a
nati.onwide sy@tem of trails be enacted, and
(b States and local governments establish and expand
statewide and metropolitan area trail systems to. com-
ide ils.
plement the proposed nationul' system of tra
- - - - - - - -- - - -- - - - - - - - - - -
when he called for establishment of a nationwide system '7 77=-
of trails.
In 1966, the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, Depart-
V.;
ment. of the Interior, published Trails for America, the
findings of a two-year study of nationwide trail needs
conducted with the Department of A riculture and 4 -A
9
other organizations. The report urges systematic devel-
opment of three basic types of trails 'through coopera-
tive efforts by all levels of government. It recommends -Z,
establishment of National Scenic Trails which would _T'
provide opportunity for extended outdoor recreation
P
experiences; Federal and State park and forest trails, to 1i'I"
-.0
lead visitors from their cars to sites of scenic historic,
and cultural interest, and metropolitan area trails,
to provide opportunities for walking, cycling, and
horseback riding near where most people live.
Based upon this report, the Administration proposed
to the Congress in 1967 that such a nationwide system
of trails be established. The immediate effect of the bill
gi@
would be to set up a Nationwide System of Trails with
four initial units. These would be the Appalachian Trail,
3-
following mountain ridges and slopes from Maine to

195

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4 Y,

X,
ir

WILDERNESS perience" of self-reliant living and traveling in wild areas
under primitive conditions.
Preservation of wilderness, whether eroded desert, Wilderness is undeveloped land which retains its
rocky island,.or majestic forests and mountains, is pres- primeval characteristics. The National Forests and Na-
ervation of natural beauty in its forms least altered by tional Parks contain many examples of true wilderness.
man. Wilderness often contains vivid displays of geologic
The values the American people attach to wilderness forces, scientifically important examples of little-altered
have steadily changed from the days when their ancestors ecological communities, and high scenic values. Wilder-
first cleared the eastern forests. -Wilderness in over- ness can, of course, mean different things to different
whelming abundance is an entirely different matter people. To some, wilderness denotes unknown danger.
from wilderness grown scarce. That which is scarce is To others, wilderness offers a place of inspiration. As
valued highly. As wilderness makes its last stand, defined by Congress in the Wilderness Act, it is an area
Americans have come to appreciate the solitude, nat- "where the earth and its community of life are un-
uralness, and grandeur of wilderness, and a small but trammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who
growing minority actively pursue the "wilderness ex- does not remain."

196

The wilderness experience is a great reward for those who pack their food
and sleeping gear and venture beyond roads and other evidences of man.

Certain principles apply to wilderness preservation. aside as the.initial Wilderness System, and procedures
The physical boundaries of a wilderness area are gen- were established for additions. Within io years after
erally best set on a watershed or other recognizable passage of the Act, the Secretary of Agriculture must.
feature, though artificial boundaries are sometimes evaluate the suitability of National Forest lands desig-
necess.ary to include protection of -desirable areas. In nated as Primitive Areas for inclusion in the Wilderness
general, wilderness areas must be large, since size itself System. Also by 1974, the Secretary of the Interior must
helps reduce the impact of outside intrusion on the total evaluate the wilderness potential of every roadless area
area. However, this does not necessarily preclude the of 5,ooo acres or more within the National Park system
*lderness under and every roadless area of 5,ooo acres and every roadless
designation of smaller, suitable areas as wi
the Wilderness Act or in State or local reservations. island within National Wildlife Refuges and Game
For instance, small isolated islands often have important Ranges within his jurisdiction, and report his recom-
wilderness qualities, irrespective of their size. Archeo- mendations to the President.
logical and historical remains generally are compatible The requirement.for review of every roadless area of
with wilderness areas, even though they are evidence 5,ooo acres or more is not a mandatory minimum;
of the hand of man. Wilderness Areas can be smaller. The Wilderness Act'
Wilderness areas require unity and integrity largely describes a Wilderness' Area as having "at least five
thousand acres of land" or being of sufficient siz 'e as to
unaffected by human activity in surrounding areas. "make practicable its preservation and use in an unim--
However, boundaries of wilderness areas of necessity paired condition."'
must sometimes be close to roads and other develop- Under the Wilderness Act, Federal agencies were to
ments, particularly in the populated East. Public access
to Federal wilderness areas, by def@nition of the 1964 review one-third Of 34 National Forest primitive areas,
Wilderness Act, is permitted by foot, pack animal, or roadless areas in 57 National Park System units, and 82
other nonmotorized means. Scenic vista outlooks and roadless areas for National Wildlife Refuge Systems by
access thresholds located outside of wilderness areas September 3, 1967. As of that date, hearings had been
sometimes can provide motorists and nonhikers with held on 12 National Forest areas, io National Park
a glimpse of wilderness which does not intrude upon areas, and 3o National Wildlife Refuges and Ranges. If
the wild setting. approved, these areas could add some four million acres
to the Wilderness System. A recommendation of the
Passage of the Wilderness Act in 1964 capped a long White House Conference on Natural Beauty that the
history of effort to earmark and to protect permanently provisions of the Act be made effective as rapidly as
a vestige of American wilderness. These efforts have possible is being carried out.
included Federal action establishing various National By early 1968, Congress passed and the President ap-
Parks, Wilderness, Wild, and Primitive Areas in the proved legislation to establish the San Rafael Wilderness
National Forest System, and action in various States Area, Los Padres National Forest; and the San Gabriel
reserving large and small areas in their natural cond'*- Wilderness Area, Angeles National Forest, both in
tion. The Wilderness Act established a unified national California. The President had recommended to Con-
policy for the establishment, protection and administra- gress legislation to designate five National Park Service,
tion of Wilderness. Areas within the National Forest, fourteen Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, and
National Park, and National Wildlife Refuge systems- eleven National Forest areas for addition to the Wilder-
Under the Act, nine million acres of land were set ne,ss System.

197

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516

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'41

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4%,

TRANSPORTATION

T11

TRANSPORTATION LINKS. ALL OF MAN'S ENVIRONMENTS, his
house and neighborhood with his city and country. The
-horizon of man keeps expanding as his mobility in-
creases with technological adVances and prosperity. The
lifelong residence in the family h
I I I Ouse has given way,
within'a generation, to a five-'year average stay in a tract
house; the walk to the corner grocery store is now- a
drive to the shopping center; the trolley ride to work,'an
hour long commuting trip. Rather than. confining a.
vacation to the summer cottage, many plan a trip abroad,.
yesterday's pioneering exploration of Central Africa has
been replaced in the headlines by tomorrow's impending
landing on the moon.
Transportation-this essential element of a highly
developed economy-by its extent. and its rigid physical
requirement has a strong effect on most environments.
...... ..... Cutting its way through cityscape and countryside, the
automobile has an impact on n@an's life never approached
in the past by any other form of transportation. Air-
planes, catching up with the automobile as an environ-
mental problem, spread deafening noise 'around air
ports and across the country.
Transportation facilities should now be planned so
that they respond to the increasing demands both for
economic, efficient service, and for enhancement of the
quality of the environment. With new technology- and
a better understanding of ecological factors, the near
@future offers man .y opportunities for creative planning of
ew transportation facilities and rehabilitation of old
ones to produce favorable effects on the environment.
This chapter first reviews the routing and design of
the
highways. The review is then broadened'to include
N entire highway corridor, with roadside development,
billboards, junkyards, and litter as specific topics. Finally,
the environmental implications of three distinct forms
of transportation are reviewed: Pleasure driving, public
transit, and air transportation.

199

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17
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.40,

Transportation

HIGHWAY ROUTING AND DESIGN transportation facility itself; the other is the land use
pattern adjacent to the right-of-way.
The principal objective of the Highway Beautification
Act of 1965 is to improve the quality of the environment
In the past, location and design of transportation facili- by preserving and enhancing the highway corridor
ties have focused on speed and economy rather than on
their integration with the physical environment, or the through the reasonable control of outdoor advertising
pleasure, comfort and relaxation of their users. Efforts to and junkyards, and to increase the safety and pleasure
improve this situation are needed in all present modes of the motorist by providing scenic overlooks and safety
of transportation: Road transportation, rail transit, avia- rest areas with provision for tourist information centers,
tion, and, to a lesser degree, water transportation. The comfort stations, and limited recreational accommoda-
more critical highway developments are specifically tions. Since 1965, for example, a total Of 5og rest areas
covered in this section on routing and design, but man have been authorized and 5,4o6 scenic easements have
y been approved. Since March 1965, an additional 64o
highway problems and solutions also can apply to the rest areas have been approved for financing with regular
other modes of transportation. The concluding sections highway trust fund money. These amenities are on the
of this chapter treat some aspects more particular to mass increase because of the Highway Beautification Act and
transit and air transportation. will add greatly to more pleasurable driving for many.
President Johnson set goals for this effort in his Americans.
Natural Beauty Message of 1965: The Historic Sites Act helps protect buildings
and areas of historical significance from needless
Our task is ... to ensure that roads themselves are not encroachments.
destructive of nature and natural beauty ... to make our
roads ways to recreation and pleasure ... The roads them- The Department of Transportation Act, which
selves must reflect in location and design, increased respect elevates responsibility for transportation in the Federal
for the natural and social integrity and unity of the land- Government to Cabinet level, directs that special efforts
scape and communities through which they pass. be made to preserve the natural beauty of the country-
side, public parks and other recreation lands, wildlife
Since then, the Congress has incorporated this philoso- and waterfowl refuges, and historic sites. The Act also
phy into national policy as expressed in the Historic specifies:
Sites Act of 1966, the Department of Transportation
Act of 1966, the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1966, and The Secretary (of Transportation) shall cooperate and consult
with the Secretaries of the Interior, Housing and Urban
the Highway Beautification Act of 1965. Development, and Agriculture, and with the States in devel-
The highway corridor is all important. It makes little oping transportation plans and programs that include measures
sense to talk about pleasing design of the road and to maintain or enhance the natural beauty of the lands
appurtenant structures, if the adjacent land use elements traversed. The Secretary shall not approve any program or
are blighting. projectiwhich requires the use of any land from a public park,
The highway corridor is a band of variable width recreation area, wildlife and waterfowl refuge, or historic site
within and without the highway right-of-way which is unless (i) there is no feasible and prudent alternative to the
use of such land, and (2) such program includes all possible
most likely to come within the cone of vision of the planning to minimize harm to such park, recreational area,
motorist. wildlife and waterfowl refuge, or historic site resulting from
It consists of two elements: One is the roadway or such use.

201

Land transportation routes have traditionally followed the relatively level
valleys@ of streams and rivers.

The 1966 Federal Aid Highway Act includes similar ih 1965, in the U.S. Bureau of Public Roads., That year, I
provisions specifically aimed at the interstate and the Federal Highway Administrator also appointed a
Federal-aid primary and secondary highway systems. committee of architects, landscape architects, city
The Highway Beautification Act provides incentives planners, and structural designers @to develop a set of
for control of outdoor advertising and junkyards, and principles for urban freeway planning. A standing Bu-
for landscaping and scenic enhancement along the reau of Public Roads policy specifies that highway
corridors of Federal-aid highways. design' and location should give full consideration to the
. As part of the efforts to carry out goals expressed by impact of highways on recreation, esthetics, conserva-
the,President in his Natural Beauty Message, an Office tion, residences, churches and schools, and other social
Of Highway Beautification Coordinator was established aspects. The Highway Trust Fund and the Highway

7 7

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77 @A

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,04

T-F-

40-

Attractively planted and well maintained roadsides, grade level separations
between lanes, and median strips that. vary in width contribute to both
beauty and safety.

Beautification Fund help pay for landscaping and other
roadside development, including safety rest areas within
the right-of-way.
Other Federal agencies are participating in the na-
tional effort toward better roads. The Department of
the Interior's Bureau of Land Management and the
Department of Agriculture's Forest Service have issued
criteria designed to insure that new roads blend with
the environment, that buffer strips are left and scenic
overlooks provided on areas under their administration.
All these efforts are based on the principles that
planning for the location and design of transportation
facilities should from the initial stages,, fully consider
land use, open space, conservation, esthetics, and human
social needs, and that experts in these fields should be
ith engineers in transportation planning. Steps
partners w
in this direction have been taken. Highways, the major
element of present transportation systems, are increas- kA 1"
ingly being planned under a "complete highway" con
cept. This calls for incorporation of esthetic and socia
benefits with utility, safety and economy factors. Fund-
ing, qualified personnel, and legal authority still are in-
sufficient tocarry out this concept fully. But.the critical
gap is the lack of a method to systematically account for
intangible esthetic and social considerations, and assess
4LAL
.them against traditional cost-benefit analyses in other
than emotional and political terms. Such a gap exists
W
in feasibility analyses of other development projects,
besides highways; this is discussed in Part 11. The com
plete highway concept involves the roadway, the right-
of-way, the visual corridor, and-beyond this, much of
the community or the watershed affected by the high-
way. Many highway location and design controversies
involvelhistoric preservation, -and waterfront access. just
as critical are the extensive and long-range effects of
highway policies on urban development and the natural
h

environment, including outstanding, examples of rural
America.
One of many examples of highway impact on the
quality of the environment occurred in Philadelphia,

203

The need for more streets, throughways and parking space competes with
other increasing land use demands in the city.

where a planned Delaware Expressway would have Commerce (before the creation of a Department of
separated venerable Independence Hall, Independence Transportation) and Interior, and of the Bureau of the
National Historical Park, and adjoining historic areas Budget was established to review the- alternatives. As
between Independence Hall and Penn's Landing and the a result' the importance of preserving the integrity of
Delaware River. The Pennsylvania Department of this significant urban historic area prevailed over strictly
Highways proposed an open, depressed expressway cut- economic considerations, and covering the expressway
ting off Independence Hall from the river. Two groups won approval.
Of interested citizens, the Philadelphia Architects Com- The threat of a multi-lane superhighway through
mittee and the Committee to Preserve Philadelphia's some of the oldest and most picturesque areas of the
Historic Gateway, proposed covering the roadway, add- Vieux Carre', New Orleans' French quarter, has in-
ing $25 million to the project's cost; the difference was duced a campaign by citizen groups of the city to pro-
to come in part from Federal funds. A Federal inter- tect this historic area from encroachment by Interstate
agency task force, composed of representatives of the Highway io and to secure a less damaging route.
Departments of Housing and Urban Development, A double-decked high-standing freeway, along San

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7
7
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204

The trees and lawns of Golden Gate Park are among San Francisco's notable
attractions.

Francisco's waterfront, the Embarcadero, blocks views
of the Bay and cuts across the face of the Ferry Build-
ing, a venerable city landmark. Ever since citizens of
San Francisco realized the impact of this project on the
beauty of their city, many of them have been particularly
sensitive about the damage highways can do to their
environment. In 1958, a "freeway revolt," characterized
by acrimonious civic battles which included a mass rally,
began against the location and design of a system of
freeways proposed by the California State Division of N
Highways through the city. Opponents contended that
the -routes would seriously damage Golden Gate Park,
the waterfront, and other community values; propo-
nents argued that the damage had to be accepted to
r
get nearly $300 million in Federal aid funds. Since then, M_
the city's Board of Supervisors has consistently rejecte
y,
various State highway agency proposals, and endorsed
the citizen groups' concern for their environment. W@
i-4
Until satisfactory solutions can be worked out, freeway
A-
links and rapid bridge connections will be missing in
San Fr
ancisco. Meantime, the city of. San Francisco also
opposed a proposed 'route for the remaining seven miles
of uncompleted. Junipero Serra Freeway, Interstate
Highway 28o, as approved by the California Highway
Commission. North of this area in San Mateo County the
Junipero Serra Freeway is an example of an interstate
70.@, 4,
highway which complements the land it traverses and 7
L
the design of its interchanges, overpasses, and bridges
A_
set a fine example of structures that blend into the land-
-to-be-completed
scape. However, the portion of the yet
route along the shoreline of Upper Crystal Springs Res- A
ervoir, on city-owned watershed land, was selected
.principally because of lower costs. The city asked that
the route be relocated away from the reservoir to re-
duce water pollution and preserve scenic values and
potential for lakeshore recreation benefits. The city
r -7-
claimed that damage caused by the shoreline route
would make the actual costs of this route higher than
the estimates of the &ate Highway agency. The Secre-
iA
tary of the Interior supported the city's alternative, and

Striking combinations of engineering and esthetic qualities can be achieved
in a structure.

A
74
S

3,
't WFF 7

16C
in 1967 the Secretary of Transportation, who administers highways across the Nation. it is a pioneering effort
Federal-aid highway funds, agreed, subject to a financial toward a systematic approach by public agencies to
contribution by the city toward the new route. mesh the social, economic, historic, esthetic and other
In 1967, the Department of Transportation approved community considerations with highway engineering
a contract between the Federal Highway Administra- requirements. The Mayor of Baltimore in speaking of
tion, the Maryland State Roads Commission, and the the concept team stated, "it . . . is not a negative pro-
City of Baltimore calling for a Federal contribution of gram designed to minimize dislocation and disruption,
$4.8 million toward the work of a team of environmental rather it is a positive, bold program to make maximum
specialists from various disciplines on the precise routing use of opportunity afforded by the highway construc-
and design of sections. of the Interstate Highway System tion, to rebuild the total physical and social environment
through_ Baltimore. in the entire area."
The study, expected to be completed in 1970, may The design team is made up of four private firms
help set a: new pattern of cooperation for designing urban specializing in architecture, city planning, highway and

206

A Colorado mining town is able to retain its look of the past, bypassed by
a carefully designed segment of Interstate highway.

traffic engineering, complemented by specialists in eco- $2.3 million Federal grant. The Chicago designers have
nomics, sociology, psychology, political science, and more flexibility than those in Baltimore where highway
acoustical, electrical, lighting and mechanical engineer- corridor limits or general location of the route were
ing. Both the Maryland State Roads Commission and fixed before the team approach was adopted. Such an
the Federal Bureau of Public Roads have full-time approach to highway planning can provide many op-
representatives on the project. portunities for overall community design involvement-
The team's assignment is to design the highway as an for example, the acquisition of land needed for other
integral part of the city's life. The studies are encom- public purposes at the same time as, and often for little
passing the entire - Baltimore regional traffic pattern, more cost than, the land for highway use alone.
1 To implement the,provisions of the Department of
mass transit, commercial transportation, neighborhood 1 1 1
characteristics, and other aspects influencing the design Transportation Act relative to interagency cooperation,
of a highway. The project gives the city an opportunity a Federal interdepartmental committee was established
to formulate a highway program conforming to its in 1967- It will advise the Secretary of -Transportation
overall developmental goals. . on environmental criteria for Federal-aid highways and
A similar approach is underway in Chicago where a other transportation facilities, and on. individual
similar design concept team will be used to develop projects involving major environmental policy issues.
the proposed Crosstown Expressway, with the aid of a - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --- - - - - -
The Council recommends that States.which have not
already done so establish an interagency committee to
advise State transportation agenci .es on envi .ronmental
quality criteria for highways and other transportation
it i i id I
facil'ies, and on *nd*v' ud pro'ects 'nvolving major
environmental policy issues.
The Council proposes that Federal and federally as-
sisted transportati.on projects i.n met
ropolitan areas be
required to conform to comprehensive regional plans
that involve all relevant modes of transportation, geared
to meet varied transport needs, and g've due regard. to
natural beauty. It further proposes that Federal agencies
increase technical and financial support to regional
agencies for the preparation of such plans through
existing authorities.
The Council recommends that State and local trans-
n and planning agenc *es f ollow the Department
@4' portatio
of Transportation Act policy designed to protect parks
and other public recreation areas against needless
encroachment by transportation facilities. Public agen-
cies are urged to extend this policy to the protection of
other outstanding scenic areas.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
J7, 207

The approach to many a city large and small across the country gives little
indication of the distinctive character of the place.

ROADSIDE DEVELOPMENT

Strip development of the land adjoining highways is
perhaps the most obvious example of man's disregard
of urban and rural beauty. In and around many Amer-
SEAT c
ican cities, gas stations, truck stops, motels garages, used AWE i@l P_@
W5"
car lots, snack bars, signs, blinking lights, flying banners
and colored displays distract travelers, offend the senses,
and injure community pride. Uso
Stop-and-go shoppers who must drive short distances W, q,
to reach various specialty shops add to the congestion,
compete for driving space with through travelers, and 74W
increase the likelihood of accidents.
Commercial establishments dependent upon motor- ,4p_@
ized shoppers outdo each other for attention, stretch
out over long highway frontages, and devote much of
their land to duplicating customer parking areas. High-
way oriented industry moves to such strips.and competes ?4,
for the available space.
There is an alternative. Typical strip development is
as unnecessary as it is undesirable. It is often the main
ve and digni-
entrance to the city, where a more attracti
fied welcome would be in order. Business wares can be 7'17@@.
better displayed and shoppers better served by off-the-
highway shopping malls surrounded by ample parking
space. Designed, laid out, and landscaped as a unit, a
mail can be both efficient and attractive. A well-designed
sign system, rather than a garish display, can both
inform customers more effectively and preserve good
taste.
Northland Shopping Center in Detroit, for example,
offers tree-lined pedestrian approaches through parking
areas, limited automobile access from highways, re-
strained advertising, and.well-designed landscape plant-
ing. Passers-by avoid traffic congestion and there are no
flashing signs or flying banners to distract travelers.
Similarly, industries of all types, from manufacturing
,to research and office headquarters, have found the value
of congregating in industrial parks off the highway. The
easy access, parking, and quiet, natural surroundings are

208

Well planned industrial parks, shopping centers, or business complexes can
be accessible to high speed highways in such a way as to reduce the hazards
which slow moving traffic can cause.

4-
0

appreciated by management, employees, and customers A comprehensive approach is needed to insure attract-
alike. ive roadsides. As a basic element of the complete high-
The construction of limited access highways bypass- way concept, highway corridors require thorough State
ing commercial strips which have lost their capacity and local study, leading to specific measures enhancing
to accommodate through traffic efficiently helps elimi- and protecting their visual attractiveness to motorists.
nate the strips. Unfortunately many new superhighways Scenic enhancement represents the major portion of
also are rapidly lined by commercial developments along the cost of the Federal Highway Beautification Program
frontage roads constructed by State and,local agencies. and is producing the most noticeable results. The High-
Tax assessment rates based on the commercial poten- way Beautification Act of 1965 authorizes the use of
tial speeds up this process. Local planning, and control an amount equal to three percent of the funds appor-
of roadside development can limit such development, for tioned to a State for Federal-aid highways for the ac-
commerce, industry, and real estate interests of the quisition of scenic easements for the development and
community work together. In California, an unusual protection of outstanding scenic areas, for the construc-
State law has Made protective land use zoning man- tion of rest areas and picnic areas, for acquisition of
datory for cities and counties along a new major State scenic overlooks, and for landscaping of the roadside of
.freeway planned on the west side of the San Joaquin Federal interstate, primary and urban highways. Since
Valley. the Act was passed th rough 1967, some 4,ooo highway

209

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beautificat ion projects costing $135 million have been patible roadside businesses and encourages all rdadside
authorized, and many. are already completed. State businesses to use discretion in advertising.
highway departments have constructed or improved Throughout the Nation, soil and water conservation
i,6oo rest and recreation areas on interstate and primary districts have cooperated with local and State highway
highways. Plans call for more than 6,ooo additional authorities. Often they have enlisted the active coopera-
areas by 1975. tion of adjoining private landowners in correcting road-
Statewide voluntary roadside councils have been suc- side erosion problems and providing suitable plantings
cessful in improving communication between highway with technical help from the Soil Conservation Service.
agencies, local governments, and interested citizen For example, assistance was provided by the St.
groups in the 17 States where they are active. Charles Soil and Water Conservation District of Mis-
The Route ioo Association in the Green Mountains souri for roadside plantings along Highway I-7o near
of Vermont was organized to save nearby roads from the O'Fallon. Boy Scouts did the planting. In the Broad
proliferation of "Indian" trading posts, animal "parks, 15 River Soil and Water Conservation District in Georgia,
and similar establishments which degrade the natural the Comer Women's Club has planted daylilies on
environment and increase traffic hazards caused by auto- shaped and sodded roadside banks. The New Mexico
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mobiles entering and leaving the highway. In an effort State Highway Commission, under an agreement with
to preserve the pastoral scene characteristic of Vermont, the Soil Conservation Service, has established a$25,000
the association discourages the establishment of incom-. a year trust fund to pay for technical assistance on road-

210

A State park obFers overnight rest for campers as well as the usual roadside
rest facilities.

Signs present a continuing problem-how to inform the motorists of diverse
choices as to necessities and comforts along his route without unduly clut-
tering the countryside.

side stabilization and planting. Similar action has taken Two particularly objectionable aspects of corridor
place in other States, but the rapid rate of development development, billboards and Junkyards, are discussed
of the countryside will require greater citizen par- in the sections which follow.
ticipation if roadsides are to retain or regain their
attractiveness. OUTDOOR ADVERTISING
The Clarke-McNary program of Federal-State as- National efforts to control outdoor advertising date from
sistance to rural landowners for tree planting could be 1958, when Congress offered each State a bonus for limit-:
of greater use in carrying out today's natural beauty ing outdoor advertising along federally assisted Inter-
policies if amended to allow planting for esthetic Pur- state highways. When this bonus offer expired on June
poses as well as for farm windbreaks and timber produc- 30, 1965, only 25 States had agreed to control advertis-
tion. Increased emphasis is needed on roadside stabiliza- ing. At best, only i8,ooo miles of the 41,000-mile
tion, erosion control, and landscaping in Federal and Interstate System would have been protected.
State programs. Private action to improve landscaping The Highway Beautification Act of 1965, the principa I
along public highways could be stimulated by strategi- Federal legislation now affecting outdoor advertising,
cally located demonstration projects. These could in- provides that "outdoor advertising signs should .be con .-
corporate both wild flowers and native flowering trees trolled to protect the public investment in our highways,
and shrubs. There is a need for high *way grading and to promote the safety and recreational value of public
planting to blend with natural vegetation and land travel, and to preserve natural beauty." States which the
forms, and to furnish a buffer for noise and sight in Secretary of Transportation determines have not acted
urbanized areas. Similarly, there is a need for highway effectively to control the erection of outdoor signs, dis-
planning and construction to minimize the destruction plays, and devices within 66o feet of the right-of-way
of native plant and animal communities; and of out- along the Interstate and Primary system, may have their
standing natural and historical settings. More roadside highway construction funds reduced by io percent. Ad-
stopping areas which give motorists opportunities to vertising on the premises of the business advertised is
enjoy these resources need to be provided. exempt'from control, and signs are permitted in com-

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Some major highways employ a standard format for commercial signs.

mercial or industrial zones and areas subject to size,
lighting and spacing controls.
By May 1, 1968, some 31 States had enacted legislation LOD-GING-NEXT RIG:k&
to put the outdoor advertising control provisions of the
Act into effect, and the Federal Government had entered &m...
into agreements covering size, lighting and spacing, and
th e definition of unzoned commercial or industrial areas S E
with Rhode Island, Vermont, Hawaii, Virginia, New F*11@ LODGIING
York, Connecticut, Kentucky, Minnesota, Maine, Utah, MARTI N'
California, Maryland, Alaska, Pennsylvania, Puerto MOTEL
Rico, and the District of Columbia. Negotiations are --1 -1 1 -
un
derway with 32 other States. Specifit provisions of
the agreements signed to date vary widely from State
to State.
In early 1968, Vermont joined Hawaii in banning all
off-premise outdoor advertising signs. Conscious of the
State's natural beauty and its attraction to tourists, the sonable, and unconstitutional because it was based
Legislature enacted a law banning billboards and provid- exclusively on esthetic considerations and therefore out-
ing for State-erected information signs along the high- side the scope of the city's police power. The court
ways and in information centers. The tourist industry denied the appeal and, referring to a provision of the
in Vermont backed the legislation. State's Constitution designed to protect natural beauty,
In many places cities have taken the lead ahead of the said, ". . . the natural beauty of the Hawaiian Islands
States in billboard control. In z963, Aspen, Colo., is not confined to mountain areas and beaches." The
installed a sign mall to replace billboards along State court added that "the terms 'sightliness and good order'
Highway 82 between Aspen and Glenwood Springs. do not refer only to junkyards, slaughter houses, sanita-
Aspen businesses volunteered to remove their billboards tion, cleanliness or incongruous business activities in
or to let their billboard contracts expire. Built at a cost residential areas . . . we accept beauty as a property
of about $io,ooo on county-clonated land near Aspen's community objective, attainable through the use of the
airport, the mall provides io-square foot signs or 20 police power."
square feet for combined businesses with indirect light- As recently as March 26, 1968, the Supreme Court of
ing but no neon flashing or moving lights. The mall the State of Washington upheld the constitutionality of
space is so popular that it has drawn 64. paid-up the State's outdoor advertising control law. The State
subscribers and there is a waiting list. Supreme Court determined that Congress had not in-
In 1967, the Hawaii Supreme Court reaffirmed voked the Supremacy Clause of the Federal Constitution
esthetics as a legally enforceable community objective. by preempting the field of regulation covered by the
The test case involved a'40-fOOt-high advertising sign State act and that the Federal law does not interfere
which violated a Honolulu ordinance Jimiting the with the State act as written.
height and size of outdoor signs. The violators were In referring to the esthetic issue, the court noted that
fined. An appeal was made to the Supreme Court on outdoor advertising is not conducted completely on
the grounds that the ordinance was arbitrary and unrea- private property; both the sign and viewer are essential

212

Clutter can obscure the injormation the signs w-e intended to provide.

to the operation of the business. The court indicated that other Federal agencies have reviewed their policies on
the use of the public highway for advertising purposes outdoor advertising signs. The Bureau of Reclamation,
is a business clearly involving a substantial public interest among other Federal agencies, now prohibits cornmer-
which the State may appropriately regulate under the cial signs on land it controls. The Bureau of Land
police power. Management has inventoried commercial signs along
The court further stated in this regard that: the roads through public lands in Arizona and is remov-
We may take judicial notice of the fact that this State is ing some 6oo of these signs which it found illegally
richly endowed with scenic beauty and that one of the common placed.
purposes of travel along our highways is to enjoy that beauty. High standards for protecting natural beauty can pay
The public welfare embraces healthful recreation and the tourist dividends. Along the Blue Ridge Parkway, which'
protection of our natural resources. stretches for 469 miles in Virginia and North Carolina,
Concern over detrimental effects of highway signs on the National Park Service has resisted pressures from
environmental quality has led the Department of Trans- businesses in adjacent towns to place signs along the
portation to examine the broad question of transporta- roadside to direct motorists to their places. Instead, com-
tion communications, graphics and controls. In '1967, mercial literature is placed at regular stopping places on
the Secretary of Transportation directed the Assistant the parkway. Some eight million tourists each year
Secretary for Research and Technology to begin a study experience little difficulty in finding attractions and
of the various media for communicating information services, and tourist-related business has prospered. The
and safety factors on streets and highways in rail and beautiful countryside along the way can be enjoyed
air terminals, as part of transit systems and elsewhere without the -intrusion of signs and billboards.
throughout the transportation network. The objective Although an imposing current of public opinion has
of this study is to improve transportation signs and developed against the blighting effect of billboards on
informational techniques with particular emphasis on the landscape, powerful efforts of billboard proponents
effectiveness, esthetic quality, and environmental com-
patibility. The study group includes specialists in graphic
design, conservation, urban design and plannin
9, engi-
neering, psychology and safety and traffic operations.
In addition, the Department of Transportation's Fed-
eral Highway Administration has est5blished a Task
Force to study the problem of Transportation Graphics
and Communications. The Task Force held a seminar DKILU,
during April 1968 and published the findings of its
participants who represented Federal, State, and local
ANS
agencies, universities and industry. Subsequent meetings MELONS ALMONDS
of the Task Force will give in-depth consideration to
various problem areas relating to highway graphics and iL HE U
communications and will seek to involve both industry
and academic specialists in the resolution of problems
in the area.
Following the President's Natural Beauty Message,

213

Discarded cars cover the landscape in an evergrowing permanent par@ing All @inds of vehicles come eventually to the end of their usefulness.
lot.

directed at all levels of government have managed so tion and national concern, By 1966, about seven million
far to render control measures largely ineffectual. The vehicles a year were retired from the road; this rate is
intent of the Highway Beautification Act to achieve expected to double or triple in the next 30 years. Many
effective billboard control in large part remains. to be cars are abandoned by their last owners. New York and
implemented. Philadelphia, each report about 27,000 cars abandoned
each year.
AUTOMOBILE DISPOSAL Whether abandoned along the roads or accumulated
- in auto graveyards, these vehicles are particularly un-
The tremendous increase in the production of autos slightly; if burned, they pollute the'air with heavy
since World War 11, their greater use and shorter life smoke and objectionable smell. They often invite litter-
expectancy, have in the past decade created a disposal ing, harbor rodents and other pests, and create danger-
problem and environmental pollution of major propor- ous attractions for children.

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Two nationwide reports were published in 1967 on RECOVERY
different aspects of the junked, automobile problem: Valuable parts often can be recovered from newer
"Motor Vehicle Abandonment in U.S. Urban Areas," cars damaged in accidents, and the trade-in system pro-
by the Business and Defense Services Administration of vides for easy disposal of an old car upon purchase of a
the Department of Commerce, and "Automobile Dis- newer one. But at the end of their useful life, typically
posal, A National Problem," by the Bureau of Mines after eight years, cars depreciate to the point of having
of the Department of the Interior. These two agencies no trade-in value, run poorly if at all, and become lia-
and the Institute of Scrap Iron and Steel, the National bilities to their owners. Lacking incentives or convenient
Auto,and Truck Wreckers Association, and other orga- alternativeg, many irresponsible owners abandon them.
nizations, private firms, and public agencies are Abandoned auto laws along the lines of model legis-
conducting further research into the problem. lation drafted by the Council of State Governments can
The problems of handling discarded cars exist at all help halt indiscriminate abandonment of vehicles and
three steps of recovery, storage, and disposal, and involve provide for the owners to defray disposal costs. In 1967,
legislation and law enforcement, technology and the Guam Legislature earmarked a portion of automo-
economics: bile license fees for removal of wrecked or abandoned

215

In a recovery operation metal in an old automobile is rendered usable as
scrap and transported to a factory for reuse.

cars. Improved auto title laws and methods of tracing DISPOSAL
ownership would help. In some jurisdictions authority
of public agencies to remove abandoned vehicles from The most effective solution to the junk- auto problem
public and private properties need to be clarified and lies in improving the disposal process. More rapid con-
followed by more active collection programs. Well ad- version or recycling of junk cars to useful materials
vertised and planned disposal areas, easily accessible in would, for one thing, reduce the size of junk and wreck-
all communities can help solve the problem. ing yards. Recycling involves salvaging of reusable auto
parts, and processing of the remaining automotive scrap
STORAGE for remelting by steel mills and other industries.
In recent years spectacular new "crushers," "shred-
Junkyards can be located away from public view, or ders," "cutters," and "fragmentizers," have been develop-
effectively screened if within sight of roads or other oped to improve the scrapping process, decrease
public places. Many local jurisdictions control the.loca- transportation costs, and to eventually reduce the ac-
tion, activities, and appearance of junkyards. The High- cumulation of cast-off cars. In 1967, for example, the
way Beautification Act of 1965 provides cost-sharing Ford Motor Company and Luria Brothers, a processor
grants for the screening or removal of junkyards, scrap of scrap vehicles, built two plants for rendering old cars
metal processing, automobile wrecking, and similar into usable forms of scrap metal. Each plant can process
activities located within i,ooo feet of the right-of-way about 300,000 vehicles a year into scrap to be reprocessed
of Interstate and Federal-aid Primary highways, except and used by Ford in new car production. Other shred-
in industrial areas. Forty States and Puerto Rico have en- ding plants have been built with several more under
acted legislation in compliance with the Act; the re- construction or in the planning stage.
mainder are expected to do so at their next legislative
sessions. Those States which fail to enact appropriate
legislation face possible withholding of Federal-aid
highway funds.
At this early stage of the Act's existence, progress can
be observed. All 75 junkyards along the 4,000 miles of
the North Dakota State primary road system, for in-
stance, have been eliminated or screened. In all, over
i,5oo junkyards have thus far been screened or removed
from view from the Interstate and Federal-aid primary
system.
Many junkyard and wrecking yard owners and trade
groups are voluntarily screening and improving their
operations. Their awareness of public opinion regarding
the impact of their activities, and their cooperation, are
essential for large-scale improvement. (See page 251
for activities of the National Auto and Truck Wreckers
Association and the Institute of Scrap Iron and Steel i
in
these areas.)

216

Roadside litter accumulates from trash thrown at random from passing
cars, and from the dumping of household or business waste by people
wishing to avoid the trouble or expense of proper disposal.

Although some 61,/2 million tons of processed automo-
tive scrap are Sold yearly, much more of this mineral
resource could be recovered. The economics of process- c
ing and marketing scrap metals involves complex fac-
tors such as ore pricing, transportation rates, technology
k
and taxation. Government involvement at some step
in this process may be necessary to make reuse of junked
automobiles feasible. The Office of Metals and Minerals
in the Business and Defense Services Administration of
the Department of Commerce is now engaged in a
broad review of the automobile and truck wrecking in-
dustry to determine the causes of major problems and
barriers to more efficient marketing of automobile and
truck scrap metal. That report is expected to provide
feasible suggestions for remedial action by government
and industry.

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ROADSIDE LITTER

Rural roadsides and city highways are despoiled by
thoughtless, careless motorists who toss from their cars
a remarkable range of waste products.
It costs the American taxpayers an estimated $ioo $i to $i,ooo. Georgia has a $i,ooo maximum fine; Mis-
million a year to pay for picking up highway litter. souri and Ohio, $5oo; Kentucky, $300; and California,
State highway agencies alone spent $25 million in 1966. $25o. Enforcement of severe penalties for such a
Litter costs even more in indirect costs; littered country- common offense is difficult. Realistic laws with reason-
side reduces the pleasure of recreational outings and able penalties strictly enforced all along the Nation's
traveling, and nails and glass puncture automobile tires. highways would help control litter.
One obvious way to limit highway litter is for every A concerted attack upon the problem by many orga-
motorist to have and use a litter bag, and for every road nizations has long been underway. Keep America Beau-
to provide convenient receptacles for the bags. The tiful, Inc., has been a leader since 1953- In 1966, more
Bureau of Land Management helps by distributing than 6o Illinois chapters of the National Campers and
thousands of litter bags to hunters and others using the Hikers Association conducted a highway litter clean-up
public lands of the West. program which helped to call attention to the State's
State and local authorities, gas stations and other litter problem. In 1966 the Mississippi Forestry Asso-
roadside establishments have many opportunities to pro- ciation acted to remove the accumulation of litter on
mote the use of receptacles; many provide sufficient at- forest land owned by its members. At the request of the
tractive, convenient and frequently serviced containers. association, the Governor issued a proclamation declar-
All States forbid littering. Fines range widely-from ing spring 1966 as "The Beautiful Spring." Association

217

Well tended agricultural lands provide pleasant vistas for passersby.

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members cleaned up and screened roadside dumps, and might play in providing interpretation and promoting
sought public cooperation in carrying out the program. appreciation of cultural and historic attractions and the
It paid off in more attractive roadsides. natural environment which they traverse. In fact, road
The reduction of roadside litter requires a combina- planning often has discouraged travelers from enjoying
tion of law enforcement, individual citizen responsibil- nature or reliving history, taking them unaware past
ity, and support from business and industry for programs historic or scenic areas.
of education, research, and action. Increasingly in recent years, however, efforts have
been made to provide opportunities to drive for pleasure,
DRIVING FOR PLEASURE and to make driving more pleasant as well as safer.
Automobile and tourism associations, chambers of
It has been estimated that at least one-half of all auto- commerce, oil companies, and the press promote the
mobile travel in the United States is for social or recrea- recreation benefits of automobile travel.
tional purposes. Tourists, it is estimated, spend $3o bil- Electric utilities have helped develop recreation drives
lion annually in the United States, and half of the States along the scenic. lakes their power dams often create.
consider tourism a major source of revenue. The recreation plans required in license applications to
Though the present Interstate and State highways the Federal Power Commission for hydroelectric devel-
and local roads offer many miles of enjoyable motoring, opment projects often provide for such roads and com-
roads designed primarily for pleasure driving are scarce, plementary facilities. Selective clearance of trees and
particularly in the urban regions. Road planning in the shrubs to open attractive vistas is a desirable feature of
past has given little recognition to the part which roads these plans,

218

Roadside rest areas provide oases o/ shade, and room to stretch the legs or
places to picnic.

Many routes have been designated by States, localities, agency committee assist the State Director of Public
and citizen groups along existing roads to stimulate Works in setting planning and design standards for the
appreciation of historic and natural resources. Signs, scenic system and in approving highways which con-
plaques, and brochures help guide the public along such form to these standards and have an adequately pro-
routes as a Revolutionary War "heritage trail" in the tected scenic corridor. The first such highway, desig-
Boston area and Civil War points of interest near nated in 1966 and posted with distinctive signs, is
Gettysburg, Pa. dramatically located along the cliffs of the Big Sur
State interest in scenic roads is growing. The Tennes, coastal area in Monterey County. Under a 1965 Cali-
see Department of Highways, for example, is landscap- fornia Parkway Act, the State also is developing a master
ing and otherwise enhancing scenic areas along 400 plan for pleasure drives in metropolitan and scenic
miles of Interstate and Primary highways in that State. areas; these drives would become part of the State park
U.S. Highway 41 from Guild, Tenn., to Chattanooga is system rather than of the State highway system.
being developed as a scenic road, with plans for wayside The route of the Lewis and Clark Expedition from
parks and scenic easement acquisitions. Washin Igton the mouth of the Missouri River to the mouth of Colum-
State ha's established a scenic and recreation highway bia River is typical of opportunities for development
system, including. 25 segments of State highways. of historic and scenic recreation ribbons. In 1964, Con-
California has a master plan which designates portions gress established the Lewis and Clark Trail Commis-
of the State and Interstate Highway System as State sion. In 1965, the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation pub-
Scenic Highways. An Advisory Committee on Scenic lished "The Lewis and Clark Trail, A proposal for
Highways, established by the Legislature, and an inter- Development," which was accepted by the Commission.

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Back roads o9er quiet beauty at a pace slow enough to enjoy it.

The report recommended that a motor route follow
closely the historic trail, using existing roads as much as
possible. It also suggested a uniform symbol to mark the
route; development of complementary hiking and
horseback trails; public acquisition, development and
interpretation of the important historic wildlife, and
scenic resources along the route; the establishment of
State committees to coordinate the program; control of
water pollution, and the creation of local associations to
promote the Trail and private enterprises providing
visitors services along the Trail.
The Great River Road, traversing the ten Mississippi
River States, eventually will provide an interstate route
with nationwide appeal. Initiated by the States along
the river, and the subject of a joint study by the De-
partments. of Commerce and Interior, the project is
being carried out by the States, with Federal financial
assistance, following existing roads wherever possible.
11A
The Forest Service builds some 500 miles of new roads,
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and reconstructs 6oo miles of existing roads each year L
in the National Forests. In addition, purchasers of gov- new program of Federal cost-sharing grants to States
ernment timber construct around 3,500 miles of log- was recommended to help build such recreation roads.
ging roads annually. Many provide valuable access to The Council published the report to provide opportunity
various recreation opportunities. for public discussion of the policy questions involved.
The National Park Service has developed a number These include: Should there be a national program of
of outstanding recreational roads, among them the Co- scenic roads and parkways? If so, what should be its
lonial National Parkway, Natchez Trace Parkway and scope, orientation and priorities? How should such a
the Blue Ridge Parkway. program be administered and funded? The Citizens'
Auto nature trails, now being developed in several Committee on Recreation and Natural Beauty, in its
National Parks, National Forests, and State parks and 1967 annual report, recommended that the Council rap-
forests, will provide *interpretative services for visitors. idly resolve these issues so that a program could be
In 1967 the President's Council on Recreation and adopted. In the meantime, the Committee urged prompt
Natural Beauty released a nationwide report of scenic action to protect existing scenic roads using the means
roads and parkways opportunities. The report was pre- already available to State and local governments. In 1967
pared by the Bureau of Public Roads, Department of the Committee sponsored a scenic roads conference to
Commerce, and entitled, "A Proposed. Program for discuss next steps for scenic roads programs. An analysis
Scenic Roads and Parkways." It reviewed needs for de- of the Scenic Roads and Parkways report will be made
veloping facilities for recreation driving and suggested by the Council, and recommendations will be presented
criteria by which a national system could be established in the context of the Nation's total highway and
and scenic roads and parkways selected and designed. A recreation needs.

220

Overlooks provide places to stop and enjoy views not readily visible from
the moving car.

Pending decisions on these questions and following parkways would be on existing roads, the rest on new,
the suggestions of the Committee: locations.
National, State, and regional systems of scenic roads
The Council recommends that the States make a and parkways, complemented by, or giving access to
vi.gorous egort with the tools and programs now avail- trails, vista points, picnic areas and other facilities can
provide expanded opportunities for leisure driving, en-
able, particularly the Highway Beautification Act, .
Joyment of scenic beauty, appreciation of historical
to inventory, protect, and enhance the scenic and heritage. and wildlife, as well as compatible recreation
recreational values of existing and proposed roads. activities. Development of these systems of recreation
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - roads will require concerted action to unify fragmented
This opportunity was emphasized by the Scenic Roads Federal, State, and local programs, and close collabora-
and Parkways report: About 8o percent of the mileage tion between natural resource, recreation, and highway
it proposed for a national system of scenic roads and agencies.

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PUBLIC TRANSIT cohesion of the city and reduce its fitness for other
human activities. The great number of cars and support-
Transportation of people within the city and especially ing facilities substantially contribute to the visual as well
between the core of the city and its ever-expanding as social disruption of the city, anclto its noise and air
suburbs, is heavily dependent on private cars. Their ad- pollution.
vAntages over public conveyances-their comfort, con- Trees along the street and flowers in the parking lot,
venience and the sense of independence and privacy they a better looking garage, a less disrupting freeway-all
give-have, in their owner's judgment, outweighed their lessen the impact of the auto on the city. But these fea-
additional public and private costs. As a result, cities tures will not affect the disproportion between the space
have devoted to the automobile each year increasing pro- required for cars-more than 50 percent in many down-
portions of valuable land without noticeably reducing town areas-and that devoted to all other urban uses.
traffic congestion. Once, trolleys were extensively used to move people in
Multi-lane expressways, vast interchanges, entire urban areas before they could afford to have their.own
blocks cleared and paved or multi-story garages to store cars. Today, while the majority of Americans can af-
cars at.their destination make commercial and employ- ford cars, their cities increasingly are unable to cope
ment centers more easily accessible. But at the same time with the burden cars impose on them.
great single-use vacuums are. created which break up the If this trend is to be reversed; a new version of the

222

Many lanes are necessary to carry rush hour trafficin and out of big cities, Commuters, residents and visitors all have cars to be parked.
and still there are delays.

trolley is required. But it must be new; public transit and Urban Development to make loans and grants to
must be adapted to modern conditions if it is to offer an help States and local agencies develop and coordinate
acceptable alternative to the car. Whether train, subway mass tr .ansportation I ser.vice. The Act also authorizes
or elevated, bus, monorail or air-cushioned vehicle, or a research, development, and demonstration projects.
new product of future technical development, success- These authorities are to be transferred to the Department
ful mass- transit will have to be rapid, frequent, com- of Transportation pursuant to Reorganization Plan
fortable, safe, cheap, and able to connect widespread No. 2 Of 1968. Among the test projects are downtown
origin and destination points. In addition, every pas- minibuses, new rapid transit equipment and controls,
senger wants to be assured of a seat and a minimum of and less expensive methods of tunneling. The Urban
standing in line. Mass Transportation Program already has shown that
The Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964 estab- consideration for the quality of the environment can
lished a national policy of aiding public urban transpor- accom pany the development of better transit facilities.
tation. This Act authorizin the Department of Housing A grant to Minneapolis is enabling the city to develop a

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Existing transit systems are often not capable of handling their increasing Construction of the Bay Area Rapid Transit system will afFord fast and
loads and providing, for the comfort and convenience of the passengers. comfortable commuter transit for citizens of the San Francisco metro-
politan area.

7 incomes, with nine regional hospitals. The service will
be scheduled for employees, patients, and visitors, and
two of these hospitals will give prenatal care programs
geared to the new bus service.
Five U.S. cities operate rail transit systems: New York,
Chicago, Philadelphia, Boston, and Cleveland; all have
modernization and expansion programs underway. San
Francisco, Seattle, Atlanta, and Washington, D.C., are
well advanced in planning new rapid transit systems.
Baltimore, Detroit, Pittsburgh, Minneapolis-St. Paul,
and St. Louis are considering them.
A $35,ooo research contract was awarded in 1967 by
the Department of Transportation to study the prospects
for free transit service in cities, and the financial, social,
S, and environmenta 1 1 1
I implications of the idea in the Boston
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area.
While,r6ducing the impact of the automobile on the
ur6a@q'ehvironment, transit systems in themselves often
landscaped mall, which includes an exclusive bus lane, are less than objects of beauty. The Urban Transporta-
shelters, and benches.
During 1966,27 cities and the transit authorities of 16
States participated in the Urban Mass Transportation
capital grant program. Grants totaled nearly $113 mil-
lion and helped pay for 1,037 new buses, 35 rail com-
muter cars, the rehabilitation Of 26 buses, and other
transit equipment and facility improvements.
Several grants have emphasized transit improvements
in underprivileged neighborhoods, particularly those
where jobs, recreational opportunities, and health and
social services are not available in the core area.. Rela-
ices are needed
tively light volume crosstown transit serv
in such situations. A$2-7 million rapid transit demon-
stration project in Watts and East Los Angeles built a
weekday volume of over2,300 passengers in less than a
-third of the passengers have in-
year. More than one
dicated that the demonstration bus route enabled them
to obtain or to hold their jobs.
In Nashville a $723,000 two-year demonstration proj-
ect is testing the merits of an express bus service
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connecting residential areas, particularly those with low

224

Buses must compete tvith the door to door service and convenient schedule
of private cars.

'164

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tion Administration of the Department of Housing and Development convened a Conference on Desig n* in
Urban Development initiated in 1967 a program of Urban Transportation, at which transit and other urban
design awards for new and rehabilitated transit systems, specialists investigated ways to give mass transit systems
including rolling stock, stations and rights-of-way, their the quality needed to attract users and to integrate these
planning and influence on the urban environment. systems with community life and environment.
The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority, The first grant'awarded under theUrban Beautifica-
coaxed by the Civic Design Committee of the Boston tion. Demonstration Program., of the Department . of
Society of Architects, has sele 'cted a well-known local Housing and Urban Development was made in 1967 to
design firm to change the shape of its dark, dirty, noisy, the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. The
smelly, and confus 'ing subterranean stations and cars, grant of almost $450,000, representing go percent of total
as part of a $400-million expansion program. In 1967, project cost, i.s being used to develop a linear park alo'ng
the Boston Institute of Contemporary Art staged an a new elevated transit expressway. The project putsthe
exhibit, "Design in Transit," which focused. on the right-bf-way into attractive and productive use, and
graphic design for the Massachusetts Bay Transportation includes landscaping, play areas, benches and shuffle-
Authority transit stations and material relating to the board--courts. Located in a highly urbanized section, the
use of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority project is expected to set an example for design. of the
system, the overall subway environment for Boston's rest of the system@ and.perhaps for other rapid transit
subway, built in 1897, is the Nation 's oldest. systems.
In 1967 the Department of Housing and Urban In the..Chicago area the'Cliicago and Northwestern

225

Innovative improvements in equipment, scheduling, and location of ter- John F. Kennedy airport in New York faces-on a massive scale--problems
minal points will be necessary to attract people og crowded highways and common to most mal.or as.rports today as a result of constant increases in
onto public transit. air tragic.

Railway is providing profitable public transportation AIR TRANSPORTATION
by considering its passengers' convenience at both ends
of the line. Its "commuter cruises" take passengers by
boat from the downtown rail terminal up the Chicago Since aviation has become a principal means for long-
River to the east side of the Loop. A planned "North- distance intercity movement, its impact onthe environ-
west Passage" will provide an enclosed, block-long ment has increased. Aircraft, airports, and transportation
passage served by escalators between the railroad's to and from airports create separate but interrelated
downtown passenger terminal and the "El" station at problems affecting environmental quality.
Clinton Str .eet. Chicago's example suggests that better Public demand for air transportation already exceeds
connections between modes of transportation, and the capacity of many terminals and leads to the intro-
greater.use of the waterways available in many large duction of larger aircraft before necessary facilities are
citieswould improve public acceptance of public transit. ready to serve them. Every day more than ii,ooo sched-
Federal assistance to States and communities in fiscal uled flights land and take off at the-more than 500 com-
year 1967 totaled $142. million for transit and $44 billion inercial airports in the coterminous United States. More
for highways. The availability of modern public transit than ioo million passengers flew over domestic routes
as an alternative to the highway system 'can have decided in 1966. By ig7o, 187 million passengers are expected,
esthetic, as well as social and economic benefits. and by 1975, 300 million. To meet this demand, the
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - airline industry expects to spend $3o billion for new
The Council recommends that modern public transit planes and ground facilities in the next decade. To
i.n i.ts van.ous forms be integrated into the transporta- handle present loads, planes frequently must circle near
tion plans of all large urban regions, and be eligible for crowded airports, waiting to land. Aircraft noise, once
substantially increased Federal financial assistance. limited largely to the immediate vicinity of airports,
- - - --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - now covers large urban areas and even takes the form
of jarring sonic booms. Public events, outings, radio
and television broadcasts, even conversations in the
home, are repeatedly affected. Anguished public com-
plaints, measurable lowering of housing values, and mil-
'7 lions of dollars of noise litigation suits are among the
results. The prospect of supersonic transport planes
threatens to aggravate the problem immeasurably. The
various types now on the drawing boards have.one
thing in common: No matter how high they fly, the
son c boom that follows in their wake will be heard
-at ground level. Sonic boom damage to prehistoric cliff
dwellings at Mesa Verde National Park, Colo., con-
tributed to the Secretary of the Interior's appointment
in 1967 of a panel to investigate the sonic boom problem.
Unlike some kinds of noise, control of aircraft noise
calls for direct Federal action. In 1965, the President's
6,
Office of Science and Technology appointed an inter-
pa"

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agency Jet Aircraft Noise Panel. At the panel's recom- which are not seriously affected by aircraft noises and
mendation, a "qualitative systems analysis" of jet air- static interferences.
craft noise was begun, and the potential contribution of In 1967 the President directed all Federal departments
the Federal Government investigated. and agencies to take explicit account of aircraft noise
In his 1966 Transportation Message, the President whenever relevant to any of their programs or to ac-
directed his Science Advisor to work with the Ad- tion in which they may participate, and to cooperate
ministrators of the National Aeronautics and Space Ad- with the Secretaries of Transportation and of Housing
ministration and of the Federal Aviation Agency, and and Urban Development in efforts to control and re-
the Secretaries of Commerce and of Housing and Urban duce the problems of aircraft noise. The Department of
Development toward alleviating aircraft noise near jet Transportation in 1967 established an Office of Noise
airports. This interagency effort, now led by the Secre- Abatement.
tary of Transportation, is directed primarily at finding The Congress is considering an amendment to the
out how noise problems can be minimized through air- Federal Aviation Act to give the Secretary of Trans-
craft engine and airframe design, flight operating pro- portation authority to prescribe standards for noise
cedures and techniques, land use restrictions near air- caused by aircraft, including sonic boom, as part of the
ports, and encouragement near airports of activities certification of aircraft.

227

Los Angeles "sky-lounges" are unique, though many cities -are experiment-
@ing with more conventional helicopter service between the airport and
downtown centers.

- - - - - - --- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
The Council recommends that the Federal Govern- Urban Development, Los Angeles is studying a proposal
ment be authorized to establish and enforce noise stand- to use "sky-lounges" to pick up passengers in the city,
ards in the certification of aircraft. transifer them to helicopters and fly them to the airport
- - - --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - terminal. An expansion plan for the Los Angeles air-
Increasing use of air transportation creates other port proposes an underground terminal with bubble
environmental problems. Aircraft contribute to air pol- projections above the surface for access to airplanes.
lution. Transportation of passengers and baggage from By pre-empting safe landing and take-off space near
cities to air terminals, and from terminals to aircraft population centers, airports consume vast acreages of
often is slow, inadequate, and expensive on land- valuable land, and their access roads and utility lines
consuming highways; no United States city yet has a invite the sprawl of housing tracts, industry, motels and
direct rail connection between downtown and its air shopping centers, sometimes in conflict with the land
terminal, and huge airport parking lots are needed. use plans for the region. With notable exceptions, such
In Cleveland, however, as a part of its comprehensive as the Dulles Airport serving Washington, D.C., the
transportation program, a rapid-rail transit facility is larger airports have had a strong negative impact on
being built to connect the city with its airport. With fi- the landscape. Airports should be located so. as to be as
nancial assistance from the Department of Housing and compatible with their immediate environment as pos-

228

The carefully planned and developed facilities of Dulles International Air-
port are located well out in the northern Virginia countryside.

sible. Some of the means available to protect airports certain measures be taken to avoid encroachment on
and the public include purchase of development rights scenic or recreation lands by transportation projects.
over abutting properties, purchase of excess.land and This requirement applies to airports and air routes as
resale or lease for compatible use with restricting cove- well as highways, and in 1968 the Federal Aviation Ad-
nants, buffer zone planning, and public land use con- ministration issued procedures to comply with the Act.
trols. They are most effective when used at the time of There is a need for improved airport planning, con-
development or expansion of an airport. forming to- national transportation policies -as well as
The Department of Transportation Act requires that to regionat, State, and local comprehensive plans.

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RESPONSIBILITIES
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EVERYWHERE IN AMERICAN LIFE opportunities to improve
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the quality of the environment abound. The responsi-
bilities for action belong to everyone, especially to those
who can most influence environmental change for better
or for worse: Public officials, manufacturers and other
businessmen, landowners, environmental professionals,
writers, broadcasters, publishers, researchers, teachers,
and citizens who care.
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Government Action

ON THE NATION'S LANDS under direct Federal adminis- And Pennsylvania's conference said
tration. the FedeialGovernment bears full responsibility
. . . Planning provides the basis for orderly and efficient- -
for maintaining of natural beauty and utilization of resources on which all concepts of natural beauty
9
related a'spec Its.. of environmental quality. Elsewhere, must rest In-depth comprehensive planning is the spring-
wherever the'Federal Government builds or maintains board from which natural beauty, action takes off.
buildings, dams, highways, power lines, and other facil-
ities, it has a responsi.bility to do so in ways that enhance A city, county, regional, or State comprehensive area-
wide Plan, often called a general plan, expresses goals.
and protect environmental quality.
When the Federal Government provides grants-in- and objectives regarding public and private land use,
aid loans, credit, loan insurance, or other forms of population distribution, and public services and facili-
financial assistance to,State@ or local governments or ties. It also provides an overview-a guide for coordina-
private interests, high standards of environmental tion of many kinds of actions toward the objectives and
quality-equivalent to those which should govern Fed- goals-and a fund of knowledge and perspective to help
eral lands and facilities,-Should be made a condition of officials and citizens decide the merit 'of specific
Federal assistance., proposals and projects.
The Fe"deral Government will pay two-thirds of the
cost of such community and State comprehensive plan-
THE'.'CENTRAL ROLE. OF PLANNING ning. Grants are available through a "Section 701" pro-
gram administered by the Department of Housing and
The first imperative of an environmental quality pro- Urban Development. Recent expansion of State and lo-
gram at any level is a clear vision of the future, a specific cal planning as a result of this financial assistance has
statement of environmental goals. The initial questions been striking. At the beginning of 1965, only 29 States
must be:. What kind of a neighborhood do we want? had active statewide planning programs; at the close
What kind of a city, State and Nation do we want? of 1967 there were 44- In 1965, comprehensive planning
What constitutes a good environment for each area? was underway in 192 metropolitan areas; at the close of
Too often government officials are so immersed in 1967, in 247- In 1965 the number of city, county, and
day-to-day problems that they have little time or energy other local governments doing comprehensive planning
left for the consideration of long-range goals. The result- totaled 4,714; three years later there were 6,iio. The
ing drift can lead only to environmental deteriora- Federal investment in this program for the 1968 fiscal
tion. The alternative is to decide goals for each area year is $45 million.
and embody them in a plan for action to which Some of these plans define long-term goals, schedule
commitments of men and money are made. fixed-term objectives and actions, define responsibilities,
The White House Natural Beauty'Co *nference and a and translate these into annual budget proposals for
number of subsequent State conferences emphasized restoring, enhancing, and protecting natural beauty and
the central role of planning in achieving a better related aspects of environmental quality; others do not.
environment. New York State's conference, for example, In addition to plans for geographic areas, functional
found that: and program plans also provide vehicles for expressing
Sound comprehensive community, regional, and State-level environmental quality objectives and goals. State
planning is the essential groundwork for natural beauty outdoor recreation plans, required to qualify for grants
programs. from the Land and Water Conservation Fund, are an

233

example. Following the President's 1965 Natural Beauty tional operating programs as well as to land-use and
Message, the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, which development planning for lands under Federal
reviews these plans, revised its -requirements for them. management;
As a result,they now must take into account the natural (b) Federal agencies Which provide financial assistance
beauty values of the State's landscape generally as well to State, local, and regional agencies for planning en-
as in and near designated recreation areas. Planning per- courage and assist them in incorporating into their plans
formance to date has.varied widely among the States, natural beauty and environmental quality goals together
but by 1967 at least a beginning had been made in every with action programs to achieve the goals; and
State to establish environmental quality goals on a sys- (c) Federal and federally assisted projects be planned
tematic basis. An example of pioneering work along and carried out to the maximum extent practicable in
these lines is a 1966 report, "Environmental Quality and accord with local and State comprehensive plans and
Amenity in California," which is a part of California's environmental quality goals, and on the basis of the
outdoor recreation plan and of the State's comprehensive fullest possible participation of local and State officials.
development planning program. The Council recommends that State and local govern-
W ,ith all the various kinds of plans at different levels ments and regional agencies set goals for protection and
Of government, there are obvious dangers of conflicts enhancement of natural beauty and related aspects of
among them. A State plan might provide for a highway environmental quality, and incorporate into their com-
through an area reserved for recreation on a city plan. prehensive planning programs and budgets measures
A Federal reservoir might be planned for an area des- for achieving their envi .ronmental goals.
ignated for urban expansion by a county plan. Such - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
conflicts can be avoided by developing working partner-
ships among all levels of government, with each level THE NEED FOR CONSIDERATION OF ALL
participating within its competence in the preparation BENEFITS AND LOSSES
of each plan. What is the value of a stretch of river in its free-flowm'g
In his Natural Beauty Message the President called condition as opposed to the value of a reservoir which
on Federal agencies to incorporate into all their plan- '
ning programs "a conscious and active concern for inundates it?
natural. beauty." What is the value of a silent grove of trees or of a
The Federal Government's new Planning, Program- natural beach as compared with the value of a freeway
ming, and Budgeting System offers Federal agencies a that might be built there?
specific vehicle for defining goals and setting objectives These are the kinds of baffling questions confronted
for improving environmental quality. by public works officials in deciding whether and where
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - to build a dam or a highway. The same kinds of ques-
The Council proposes that:' tions are posed by most development projects, both
(a) Federal age'ncies concerned with the physical en- public and private.
vi.ronment adopt plans, which include long-term goals, The major difficulty in making such evaluations is
fixed-term objectives, acti .on schedules and budget al- that while detailed criteria and procedures have been
locations, to translate into action a conscious and active developed to estimate the economic value of proposed
concern for natural beauty and related aspects of en- projects, few or none have been worked out to measure
vi.ronmental quality; this applies to planning for func- the value of the natural or manmade features destroyed

234

or affected by the projects. The value of a highway, for The values that we put on water cannot be expressed entirely
example, can be measured in terms of the savings to the in dollars. We value water for the life it sustains, for its role
motorist in time and in the costs of operating his vehicle. in our economy, and for the lift it may give our spirits. We
look upon it differently at different times and in different
The value of a reservoir can be measured in terms of
places. It has both tangible and intangible, both market and
the water stored, or the electric power produced. These nonmarket values. If we are to be good stewards of the
benefits can be estimated in dollars and compared with Nation's water resources, we must search for ways of realizing
costs of land acquisition and construction. Under con- values held in varying esteem by different people in different
ventional cost-benefit analysis, if the economic benefits places. As these values increasingly reflect a concern for
estimated in this fashion exceed these immediate eco- improving the quality of our environment, the process of
nomic costs, the proposed project usually is considered evaluation and of incorporating them into water-use decisions.
becomes more difficult.
to be justified. The development of criteria and methods to evaluate
However, little attention has been given to the prob- 1 '
lem of measuring the environmental values that may be the impact of public works projects on the environment
affected or destroyed-the scenic beauty of rivers or can be considered in terms of the various systems which
forests or parks-and comparing their benefits with are involved. A community of any size consists of a
those of the proposed projects. number of systems, a residential system, a park system,
The result is that natural beauty or other environ- an educational system, and industrial, agricultural, com-
mental values usually have been considered, if at all, mercial, communication and transportation systems, as
only as an afterthought-only after the project has been well as certain natural resource systems. The problem
determined to be feasible by conventional cost-benefit is to consider the effects of proposed projects within each
calculation. Pro'ect planners have seldom rejected an system on all the other systems, the effect of a highway.
4C I for example, not only on a community's transportation
economically feasible" project on grounds that it would system but on the other elements or systerris making up
destroy natural beauty. the community's total environment.
Many of the recent violent and socially disruptive There are two general methods of accounting for the
controversies over the location of freeways, reservoirs, impact of particular projects on the environmental sys-
powerplants and other public works projects might tems; they may be used separately or in combination.
have been avoided if satisfactory criteria and procedures One is the assignment of dollar values to environ-
had existed to weigh environmental values along with mental costs and benefits.
the customary economic values. It is clear that the pro- The other is consideration of the informed judgments
tection of the natural beauty of the American landscape of environmental professionals, such as landscape archi-
requires the development of criteria and methods to tects, ecologists, park and recreation experts, as well as
evaluate the impact of development projects on the total experts on water resources or transportation, for exam-
environment. ple. This can be done by using teams of such specialists
Dr. Gilbert F. White, chairman of the National to participate in project feasibility studies and planning
Academy of Sciences' committee on water, has summed from the beginning.
up the problem concisely. Although his subject is water Since 1965 the dollar-value @approach has been used
resource development, his observations apply equally by Federal agencies in estimating anticipated recrea-
to all types of public works projects and many kinds of tion benefits of proposed water development projects.
natural resources development: A day of fishing at a crowded reservoir, for example,

235

might be assigned a value of $i per fisherman; a day effort should be made to preserve the n 'atural beauty of
of salmon fishing in a scenic wilderness area might be the countryside and public park and recreation lands,
assigned as much as $6. The approach takes into account wildlife refuges, and historic sites." The Act specifies
the quality of the available recreation experience, the that the Department shall not approve Federal-aid high-
setting, the relative scarcity of the opportunity, and the way projects which take land from these kinds of areas
demand as indicated by what people have actually paid unless there is no feasible and prudent alternative. The
elsewhere for similar opportunities. Act also calls on the Department to develop measures
Another possible way of using assigned dollar-values to maintain or enhance the natural beauty of the lands
is to calculate replacement costs. What would be the traversed by highways.
cost of duplicating elsewhere a park area that would be As a consequence, in 1967 the Department began
occupied by a proposed highway, for example? Such developing new criteria and methods that will go be-
replacement costs Would be considered part of the total yond conventional benefit-cost analysis for measuring
costs of the highway. the resource values specified in the Act. The Department
In addition to the use of improved methods for ascer- expects to use the new approach to help resolve conflicts
taining the, dollar values of a project's environmen- in transportation routes.
tal impact, the design team and expert-)udgment At the State level a series of laws passed by the Cali-
approaches can be useful. - fornia Legislature in 1965 illustrates how environmental
In Baltimore in 1967, for example, the Department factors are being increasingly considered. A previous
of Transportation h elped finance a Maryland State high- requirement that all State highways belaid out on the
way agency experiment in use of a design team to most "direct and practicable" locations was repealed and
develop a major highway through a city. .(This the State Highway Commission was directed to report
experiment is described in the Transportation Chapter, its reasons for adopting each particular route. These
page 2o6.) reports detail the consideration given to community,
Also in 1967, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers recreational, esthetic, park and historical values, and the
adopted a regulation calling for full consideration of route's relation to a comprehensive transportation
natural beauty and other esthetic factors in planning system, as well as to driver benefits and costs.
water development projects. The policy calls for the Attempts need to be made to determine and evaluate
Corps to recommend a development only when "con- in advance the total environmental impact of all pro-
vinced that the sum of the prospective economic and posed development projects, both public and private. It
esthetic gains would exceed the sum of- the economic is desirable to grant government construction permits
costs and esthetic losses." (See page 164-)_ The policy required for major private development projects only
states that decisions on esthetic values must, in the last after an objective assessment of all the environmental
analysis, be based on judgment. It directs,Corps planners losses or costs. Such an assessment would, for example,
to seek the advice of "individuals whose accomplish- measure the wildlife and recreational value of a marsh-
ments in art, architecture, and landscape architecture land proposed to be filled for a subdivision, or the scenic
give their opinions weight with the general public." and scientific value of shoreline area proposed for the
In some cases public policies for environmental qual- site of a powerplant. Conceivably such analysis might
ity are established through legislative action. In 1966 indicate denial of a permit, public purchase of the area
the Congress included in the Act establishing the De- in question, or approval of the proposed development
partment of Transportation a requirement that "special with modifications to protect environmental values.

236

In his 1965 Natural Beauty Message, President purposes," "undoubtedly encompasses the conservation
Johnson declared: of natural resources, the maintenance of natural beauty,
Beauty is not an easy thing to measure. It does not show up and the preservation of historic shrines."
in the gross national product, in a weekly paycheck, or in * In 1967, the U.S. Supreme Court remanded another
profit and loss statements . . . (However) it is one of the powerplant. licensing case to the Federal Power Com-
most important components of our true national income, not mission for further hearings and reconsideration. This
to be left out simply because statisticians cannot calculate its
worth. case involved a license granted to Pacific Northwest
Power Company to build a $200-Million dam and gen-
The Council recognizes that there are important en- erating plant, known as the High Mountain Sheep pro-
vironmental values which may never be precisely meas- ject, on the Snake River in Idaho and Oregon. The dam
urable in economic or any other terms. However, a would back water many.miles into scenic Hells Canyon.
much greater effort needs to be made to define, analyze In its decision the court noted that "a river is more than
and evaluate, in a systematic and comprehensive an amenity, it is a treasure," and added:
manner, human environmental values and the qualita-
tive environmental benefits and costs of proposed The need to destroy the river, as a waterway, the desirability
development projects. of its demise, the choices available to satisfy future demands
In recent years the courts increasingly have recognized for energy-7these are all relevant . . . but they are largely
untouched by the Commission. On our remand there should
environmental values. For example: be an exploration of these neglected phases of the case ...
9 In 1965, the U.S. Second Circuit Court of Appeals (including) the public interest in preserving reaches of wild
remanded to the Federal Power Commission for further rivers and wilderness areas, and the preservation of fish ...
hearing the Cornwall Project licensed for construction and wildlife. - - - - - - - - - - -
by Consolidated Edison Company of.New York City of - - - - - - - - - -
The Council propos;s that Federal agencies develop
a $i67-million hydroelectric Plant and related transmis- I-mproved criteria, procedures and standards for evaluat-
sion structures at Storm King Mountain on the west I-ng benefits and losses to all measurable -aspects of en-
shore of the Hudson River near Cornwall, N.Y. Scenic vi.ronmental quality at federally aided or authorized
Hudson, a group of conservationists and residents of the projects and incorporate them into project planning, and
nearby towns, had appealed the FPC orders. In consider- encourage and assist State and local agencies to follow
ing the case, the court directed the Commission to hold si.milar procedures.
new hearings which must ... include asa. basic concern - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
the preservation of natural beauty and of historic shrines,
keeping in mind that, in our affluent society, the cost of a BETTER ORGANIZATION FOR THE
project is only one of several factors to be considered. TASKS AHEAD
The decision hinged on Section io(a) of the Federal
Power Act, which provides that the Commission: shall The White House Conference on Natural Beauty recom-
license a project only if the Commission finds that it is mended that State governments set up central units to
best adapted to a comprehensive plan for improving or develop and coordinate policy among all State programs
developing a waterway, for water power development affecting natural beauty. Since, similar recommenda-
and other beneficial public uses including "recreational tions have been made at a number of the natural beauty
purposes." The court held that the phrase ".recreational conferences held in some 35 1States. Natural beauty com-

237

missions or advisory committees already have been Beauty. In addition to citizen members, it includes the
established in several States. For example: county planning director, park commissioner, and a soil
0 In Iowa, Governor Harold F. Hughes has appointed and water conservation district representative. There are
a 27-member State Natural Beauty Committee subcommittees on waterways, trees, education, the town-
consisting of representatives of State agencies, local scaPe, roadways, parks and open spaces, and air pollu-
governments, and a wide range of private interests. tion. The committee reviews county public works proj-
In New Hampshire, Governor John W. King's Gov- ects for the Board of Supervisors and is helping prepare
ernor's Committee on Natural Beauty has stimulated a natural beauty plan as a part of the county's
formation of companion units in all io of the State's comprehensive plan.
counties. In Wisconsin, county natural beauty councils author-
In Wisconsin, the Legislature established the Wiscon- ized by the Legislature are beginning to function. They
sin Council on Natural Beauty at the request of are ap .pointed by county supervisors to advise county
Governor Warren P. Knowles. It consists of State leg's- officials and to encourage coordination.
lators, heads of State agencies, and citizen members- 9 In New England, town conservation commissions
appointed by the Governor. The Council has a charter have progressed beyond the experimental stage. These
to "plan, coordinate, educate and motivate public and commissions support other local agencies by providing
private agencies and persons to preserve and enhance an overall view of the local environment, unhampered
Wisconsin's natural beauty." by such day-to-day demands as refereeing zoning dis-
0 In New York, at Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller's putes. On the basis of resource inventories, commissions
request, the Legislature established a State Natural can buy conservation and scenic lands, acquire scenic
Beauty Commission. It coordinates State agency activ- easements, and accept gifts of land in the name of the
ities affecting natural and manmade beauty, advises local town. They also advise local governing boards on a broad
governments, inventories resources, and promotes range of environmental matters. The movement, started
esthetic considerations 'in State construction projects. io years ago by citizens who wanted to save a tidal
The Commission consists of heads of eight State marsh in one Massachusetts town, has spread across the
agencies. region. In Massachusetts conservation commissions now
In some States, comprehensive planning agencies and cover two-thirds of the State. In Rhode Island and
outdoor recreation planning and interagency coordinat- Connecticut half the local governments have established,
ing units are beginning to broaden the scope of their conservation commissions. Since 1965 the idea has taken
environmental quality concerns. Valuable as such State root in New Hampshire and Vermont. Maine has a dif-
coordinating and advisory units may prove to be, pri- ferent approach; there, the towns may establish park
mary responsibility for environmental quality still rests and conservation commissions which both manage lands
with the elected legislators and the Governors. - and function as advisory commissions on the use of all
Some States also are experimenting with local coordi- land in the town.
nating and advisory units. 11 In Iowa, Tennessee, and Illinois county conservation
The New York Natural Beauty Commission is en- boards provide services to local government similar
couraging counties to establish counterpart units. In to those supplied by New England's conservation
Rockland County, for example, the Board of Super- commissions.
visors has appointed a County Committee on Natural At the Federal level, the President in r966 by Execu-

238

tive Order directed all Federal officials and agencies to responsibility for considering enin'ronmental quality
'.'take such measures as will assist in protecting and aspects of program and policy proposals, and to promote
enhancing the outdoor recreation resources and natural coordination of policies, plans and programs so as to
beauty of the Nation." To help carry out this directive, enhance environmental quality.
he established two advisory units: The Council recommends that State and local govern-
* The President's Council on Recreation and Natural ments establish. or designate within their governments
Beauty con .sists of seven members of the Cabinet and focal points for environmental quality overview and
heads of three other Federal agencies. The Vice Presi- ach on.
dent serves as chairman. The Council reviews plans and - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
programs of Federal agencies affecting environmental In addition to establishment of the President's Council
quality and outdoor recreation, encourages and assists on Recreation and Natural Beauty, a number of other
coordination among Federal programs, and makes recent actions have been designed to assist coordination
policy recommendations to the President. of Federal programs affecting the environment. Since
* The Citizens' Advisory Committee on Recreation and 1964 these have included establishment of the Water
Natural Beauty advises both the President and the Resources Council, consisting of Federal officials with
Council on Federal agency coordination, and on local, principal responsibilities in that field; establishment of
State, and private activities. It evaluates progress made the Department of Housing and Urban Development
by the Council in carrying out its function and, as and, of the Department of Transportation, transfer to
necessary, recommends actions to accelerate progress. the Department of the Interior of Federal programs for
The Committee consists of 12citizens appointed by the water pollution control, and establishment by the Office
President. In 1967, in its first annual report to the Presi- of Science and Technology of an interdepartmental
dent and the Council, the Committee called for reforms Committee on Environmental Quality. Each of these
in highway route selection criteria and procedures, actions has carried with it broad authority for coordina-
greater use of available tools for making roads more tion of environmental programs that previously had
scenic, and. improvements in Federal interagency been fragmented. These, and similar actions taken
recently by some States, are only beginning, to realize
recreation planning. their potential. 0
At all levels of government there is need for public Potentiall .y more significant proposals intended to
officials to give greater attention to natural beauty and further equip the Government to cope with environ-
other aspects of environmental quality in both their mental roblems are being considered by the Congress
long-term goals and day-to-day operations. p
To facilitate this, many Federal agencies are finding and the Administration. These include proposals to
it advisable to establish or designate an official or unit create a new institution analogous to the Council of
to examine program operations for their implications Economic Advisors. The suggested names vary-a
for environmen .tal quality. Such units should be staffed Council of Environmental Advisors, or of Ecological
with professionals and a diversity of arrangements Advisors, or a Council on Environmental Quality.
should be tried. One bill before the Congress calls for a nine-man
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - council which would report periodically to the Presi-
The Council proposes that Federal departments and dent on the overall state of the Nation's environment.
agencies concerned with the environment establish or It would advise the President on 'national policies
designate within their organization a focal point with needed for long-range improvement of the national

239

environment, including esthetic as well as economic water development projects. The Corps policy also per-
and health aspects. It would assist the President in mak- mits recommendation of a potential development only
ing a similar report to the Congress every two years. when the Corps is "convinced that the sum of the pro-
The proposals reflect a concern that there is no focal spective economic and esthetic gains would exceed the
point in the national Government where the quality sum of the economic costs and esthetic losses." One ex-
of the national environment and environmental trends ample of a project where this policy is being applied is
are reported, analyzed, and evaluated comprehensively the Libby Dam and Reservoir in Montana. The external
for the guidance of those who make the decisions that form of the dam and powerhouse are designed to blend
affect the environment. the structures into their natural surrounding. Special
efforts also are being made to assure that highway re@
THE NEED FOR BETTER DESIGN locations, public recreation areas and other manmade
features of the project harmonize with the natural en-
Public agencies have an enormous opportunity to in- vironment. Construction specifications for the project
fluence the environment favorably by incorporating emphasize prevention of water and air pollution and
.quality design into public buildings and other construc- keeping site despoilment to a minimum.
tion and development projects they carry out or finance. The General Services Administration has adopted
In recent years, the obligation of 'governments at al principles for design of new Federal buildings which
@levels to make the most of this opportunity has been emphasize the finest contemporary American architec-
widely @asserted in legislation, policy directives, and tural thought, reflection of regional architectural tradi-
requirements of'various kinds. Still, too many public tions, and incorporation of fine art in building design.
projects are characterized by-stolid architectural design, (See page 57.)
incompatibility with the natural surroundings, inade- 0 The-tBureau of Public Roads has specified that design
quate landscape treatment, and little or no provision of and location of Federal-aid highways should give con-
physical amenities or use of art. And too many public side.ration to.-esthetic and other social and natural values,
projects still create new sources of environmental pollu- including . 'recreation,, conser-vatlion and. residential
tion, add to transportation problems, encourage urban character -'and, location. (See page 201.)
sprawl, and destroy recreational, and scenic or other 0 The' New York State Council oh the Arts .,in, 1()67
natural values. Similar problems result from poor design prepared legislation to promote esthetic standard@s -on'
and unwise site selection of private construction and matters as diverse as burying of telephone wires, build-
development projects benefitting from I governmental ing codes, and design of State signs and other graphics.
financial assistance or franchise.
PROFESSIONAL STAFFS
ESTHETIC OBJECTIVES
Another means of improving design is greater involve-
One method of achievinggood design is -to insist thiat ment of design professionals in planning, public projects,
esthetic objectives be considered from the beginning in including use of design teams composed of professionals
construction and development plans. trained in several disciplines. Public agencies can
In 1967, for example, the U.S. Army Corps of En- encourage. this by establishing a design advisory office.
gineers took an important first step when it adopted a In 1966, the Secretary of Housing and Urban Devel-
regulation calling for full consideration of -natural opment e .stablished a, staff unit headed, by an architect.
beauty and other esthetic factors in planning 'Potential to advise him on how to improve the quality of design

240

and planning of projects assisted by all the Department's velopment and military construction projects. The
programs. The Commissioner of the Public Buildings winners are determined by juries composed of private
Service, General Services Administration, has appointed architects, engineers, landscape architects, and'other pro-
an architect to serve as his special assistant fof design, fessional designers. In 1968 the Corps will initiate new
and the Director of the National Park Service has categories of awards for achievement in family housing
appointed an Assistant Director for Design. and urban landscape design.
CONFERENCES ON DESIGN The Department of Housing and Urban Develop,
Conferences -which bring together government officials ment sponsors biennial award programs for excellence
of design in all HUD-assisted local programs and proj-
and professional designers can promote higher design ects. A separate program for urban mass transportation
standards. projects was conducted early in 1968, and the general
0 In 1965, a symposium on Environmental Design and
Productivity was held by the General Services Adminis- biennial program was again announced in the spring.
Winners are recommended by juries of distinguished
tration for Federal officials involved in building pro- professionals in the fields of planning, urban design,
grams. The one-week conference, led by private archi- architecture, engineering, and sociology.
tects, engineers, architectural historians and anthropol- 0 Awards programs for grounds improvement are
ogists, studied relationships between public buildings conducted by. both the Postmaster General and the
and the total environment. Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration.
0 In 1966, at a conference sponsored by the Department
of Housing and Urban Development and the Ameri- DESIGN REVIEW BOARDS
can Institute of Architects, the Secretary and other senior One effective way for public agencies to improve the
officials of the Department met with members of the quality of the structures they build is to obtain review
design and planning professions to discuss how high of proposed design concepts by boards of private
quality design and planning could be reflected in all professionals 'in design and related fields.
Department programs.'In 1967, the Department brought A number of Federal agencies have created such
together some 8oo designers, transit officials, and manu- boards in recent years. Ordinarily, their function is to
facturers to discuss design and planning quality in urban review d .esign of structures to be built by the agency.
mass transportation. Siting, orientation, relation to environment, landscape
0 In 1964 the State of California held a Governor's Con- planting and accessories are often included, as well as
ference on Good Design which brought together key design of the principal structure. Some boards also con-
State officials and many of the State's outstanding cern themselves with agency procedures for design and
practitioners in the design professions. planning of projects.
DESIGN AWARDS PROGRAMS Forms that the design review units have taken in the
I
Higher design standards also can be stimulated through Federal Government vary.
awards programs. *_ In 1965 the Federal Highway Administrator ap-m
pointed a committee of,architects, landscape architects,
The Army Chief'of Engineers, for example, in 1967
established an awards program to promote improvement city planners, and structural engineers to help develop
in architectural and engineering design and conservation new criteria for urban freeway planning.
of natural beauty in conjunction with Corps water de- 0 In 1965 a Public Advisory Panel on Architectural

241

Services, composed of private architects, was established THE NEED FOR INNOVATION
by the General Services Administrator to advise on
selection of architects for Federal buildings, accepta- There are no final answers to the questions raised in this
bility of proposed designs, and standards and procedures. report. Like democracy itself, environmental improve-
ment efforts must operate on a trial-and-error basis. The
In 1966 the Department of Housing and Urban Federal system is ideally suited to encourage ma ny ap-
Development created seven regional advisory commit- proaches and to test the value of new ideas on a local
tees on design and planning. Each Regional Office has basis. The Federal Government can encourage a diver-
the advisory services of an architect, landscape architect, sity of local initiatives without committing itself
planner, and engineer. The committees are helping to
improve the design and planning capability of t ,he field prematurely to any one solution on a large scale.
offices, which have major operating responsibility for To aid local activities that may be useful to the Nation
Department programs. as pilot projects, to try out new ways,of solving common
* In 1966 the Army Corps of Engineers established Problems, Congress has authorized special demonstra-
architectural advisory panels to review major military lon grants, providing up to go percent of the cost in
such fields as urban renewal, urban planning and some
building projects. areas of pollution control. Such projects must give
0 In 1967 the Department of the Interior's Bureau of promise of demonstrating a new idea that, if it works,
Reclamation appointed a board of consultants on design, would be useful to other communities across the
site planning, architecture, landscape treatment, and use country. A basic requirement is that the lessons learned
of art in its dams and other facilities in conjunction With must be fully reported. Extension of the demonstration
water development projects.
grant principle to other environmental fields, such as
Federal agencies have a responsibility to take every outdoor recreation and all aspects of pollution control,
practicable measure to insure the enhancement of the could be valuable.
environment affected by Federal and federally assisted Federal agencies can take the lead on multiple-pur-
construction projects. This responsibility includes pose projects, perhaps involving a number of Federal
achievement of high standards of design. grant programs. Some beginning efforts to do this are
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - underway. The Department of Health, Education, and
The Council proposes that Federal departments or Welfare, for example, is experimenting with a Partner-
agencies with responsibilities for Federal and federally ship for Health program. This permits local officials to
assisted construction projects establish advisory design combine a number of the Department's assistance pro-
review boards to help achieve and apply higher stand- grams in more flexible ways for a coordinated attack on
ards of design which will enhance the environment environmental health problems. In addition, the De-
afiFected by such projects. partment of Health, Education, and Welfare has joined
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - with the Departments of Labor and Housing and Urban
Some local governments have established design re- Developme 'n*t to support creation of neighborhood
view boards or commissions. Their progress is discussed centers in cities.
in The City chapter. The Model Cities Program of the Department of
Housing and Urban Development provides another
guide for innovation. The Department is joining with
some 63 cities to test a new strategy for nourishing the,

242

Representatives of various levels of government and citizens meet to plan
for Model Cities.

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seeds of cooperation and quality in decaying neighbor- In 1966, the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation established
hoods. Rather than trying to fit the pieces of problem an information clearinghouse service for outdoor recrea-
neighborhoods to single-purpose Federal-aid projects, tion and natural beauty; the service includes a quarterly
the Model Cities approach is to marshal all applicable periodical, Outdoor Recreation Action.
Federal and local aids and techniques and concentrate - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
them on a whole neighborhood. The incentive to the The Council proposes that Federal agencies take the-
cities is total Federal financing of the planning and 8o lead in demonstrating improved methods to enhance
percent of the project cost. natural beauty on Federal lands, encourage and assist
The same total-attack approach might well be ex- such demonstration prolects elseu)here, and'apply to
tended to natural beauty problems anywhere-in ceri- many types of environmental quality problems the
tral-city neighborhoods, on the sprawling metropolitan Model Cities Program strategy of marshaling all appli-
fringes, in the countryside. The Model Cities Program cable Federal and local resources and techniques and
strategy more widely calls for local interest and a concentrating them on specific geographic areas.
Federal agency to act as the catalyst. The Council recommends that authority to make
Federal land-managing agencies could directly test demonstration grants, with higher than normal Federal
new techniques by carrying out and reporting demon- cost-share, be extended to all Federal grant programs
stration projects on their own lands. More case histories that directly agect environmental quality, including
of successful demonstration of new ideas that work faster Programs for outdoor recreation and environmental
and more widespread reporting of instructive State and pollution control.
local laws are needed. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

243

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Education

ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY While this has not been done, some progress has been
EDUCATION made:
0 The Office of Education has made nearly ioo grants
Governments in themselves cannot achieve a high- to school districts for innovative conservation education
quality environment; they can only provide mechanisms projects under Title III of the Elementary and Secondary.
and opportunities. The basic need is for informed and Education Act of 1965. Assisted projects include one at
active citizens who understand their environment and High Rock Conservation Center, which invblves 35,000
how it works. New York City students and emphasizes relations
Few of the Nation's schools are adequately preparing between natural resources and - planned community
growth. Another pro' ect involves a regional -center at
students to deal with environmental problems. Most
schools give students courses in appreciation of litera- Perry, Fla., which helps students and teachers to under-
ture, music and art. Science and social studies programs stand interrelationships between man and natural
have been given a vast thrust forward in recent year Is resources.
through Federal aid from the National Defense Educa- 0 In some areas school grounds are used as outdoor
tion Act. But few schools provide sufficient instruc- classrooms. For example, some new elementary and
tion in appreciation and understanding of overall bio- junior high schools in Washington's King and Sno-
physical environment. There is a considerable lack of homish counties are located on sizable wooded areas,
well-conceived instructional material, adequate college thus providing opportunities for nature study as well
training for .teachers, and of a continuing system to as enhancing community appearance. The idea was
provide information,in this field to the schools. proposed by, the King County Conservation Education
Committee, a citizen-group which sponsors workshops
Because most Americans live in cities, education in to train teachers.
urban en ivironmental -problems as well as in traditional
conservation matters is particularly important. A city 0 Some Federal agencies provide education opportuni-
child must rely largely upon the manmade world ties on lands which they manage. For example, in 1966
around him for what he learns to value. at Land Between the Lakes-a recreation area between
Much -of the Nation's environmental deterioration two reservoirs in Tennessee and Kentucky-the Tennes-
can be attributed to the fact that most Americans are see Valley Authority 'opened a conservation education
ill-equipped by their education to understand and center. Teachers brinichildren from the fourth through
influence the forces acting on the immediate world ninth grades for week-long sessions.
around them. Most children growing up in cities have * As as followup to the 1966 National Youth Conference
little firsthand knowledge of the natural environment on Natural Beauty and Conservation (see page 257),
and its processes. Science Research Associates, a branch of International
The White House Conference on Natural Beauty Business Machines Corporation, is preparing a report
emphasized the need for education; it rec .ornmended on the experiences of thousands of young people in com-
appointment of a study committee on conservation' and munity, improvement projects. The enthusiasm with
natural beauty composed of leading educators to survey which conference delegates went to work upon their
school curriculums, and other educational efforts, and return home indicates that many young people will
to make recommendations to the Office of Education, in respond to exposure to significant environmental
the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. problems. It is hoped that these experiences will

245

suggest better ways for involving school children *in leges and universities in traini .ng specialists.to work
environmental problems. with State and local school systems in developing en-
0 In 1967 the Secretary of the Interior appointed a task vironmental education programs, and (b) that Federal
force to study feasibility of creation of a National En- agencies which manage lands or provide assistance in
vironmental Education Center as a cooperative venture the management of other natural resources work with
by several departments. school systems to provide improved opportunities- for
* In 1967 The Citizens' Advisory Committee on Recrea- firsthand environmental conservation education.
tion and Natural Beauty urged that "environmental The Council recommends that State and local school
education be made a basic component of our school sys- systems establish environmental education programs.
tems." Toward this end it recommended establishment - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --- - - - -
of an environmental education unit within the Depart- ADULT EDUCATION
ment of Health, Education, and Welfare, supported by
a qualified staff representing the social, biological, and The Higher Education Act of 1965 provides a highly
physical sciences. This unit, the Committee said, should useful new opportunity for adult environmental educa-
work with States on Teacher training and materials for tion. Under Title I of the Act the Secretary of Health,
classroom use, assist in integrating environmental edu- Education, and Welfare makes matching grant's to
cation into all areas of school curricula, and provide university and college extension programs for adult
national information clearinghouse services. Early in education projects which emphasize community prob-
1968, as an initial response to the Committee's recom- lem-solving. A number of projects assisted by this pro-
mendation, the Department created the position of Co- gram have dealt with environmental quality problems.
ordinator for Environmental Education, in the Office of For example:
Education. This official has responsibility for coordiinat- 0 Bowdoin College held a three-day symposium on how
ing the Department's environmental education projects, to halt despoilment of Maine's coastline. The published
and works with universities and organizations to proceedings were distributed and a striking collection
develop programs for training teachers. of photographs, "As Maine Goes," was exhibited . around
0 In 1967 The Citizens' Advisory Committee also rec- the State.
ommended that the Federal land-managing agencies 0 Fairleigh Dickinson University sponsored discussions
provide greater environmental education opportunities in 5o communities on "The New Jersey Citizen's Role
for young people on such Federal lands as national for- in Pollution Control."
ests, parks, wildlife refuges, and military reservations- 0 The University of New Hampshire. provided tech-
particularly near metropolitan centers-by establishing 1
nical training to new members of town conservation
additional education centers, outdoors laboratories, and commissions including field demonstrations of how to
outdoor education programs. inventory a community's natural resources.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
The Council proposes (a) that Federal agencies con- 0 The University of Missouri held seminars for officials
cerned with research and education and with urban and of local governments on land use planning in the urban
rural environments exercise national leadership to im- fringe and Western Washington State College held
prove communication and coordination in the field workshops for public officials and citizens in four
of environmental education, help advance curriculum counties who are considering forming a regional
development and research in this field, and assist col- planning council in northwest Washington.

246

The University of Wisconsin Department of Land- talked about "high development costs, waste of land,
scape Architecture helped citizens of the city of Bayfield monotony of housing, and conservation of natural
plan for orderly growth near the proposed Apostle resources in the path of metropolitan sprawl."
Island National Seashore, and the University of Iowa 0 In 1966, the American Association for the Advance-
Department of Landscape Architecture held symPO- ment of Science held a special interdisciplinary session
slums on community planning for local officials and on environmental quality.
citizens. 10 The American Institute of Planners brought together
0 The University of Maryland worked with citizens of some 2,000 members of several dozen professions in
the town of Mt. Savage to prepare a natural beautY Washington, D.C., in 1967 to explore the subject, "En-
handbook for small communities. vironment for Man: the Next Fifty Years." Regional
EDUCATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL conferences are being held throughout 1968.
PROFESSIONALS " In 1967, the National Association of Home Builders
joined with the American Institute of Architects, Ameri-
The broad scope of environmental problems and the can Institute of Planners, and the American Society of
increasing impact of technology require more profes- Landscape Architects in sponsoring a seminar with edu-
sionals who are not narrow specialists but who are cators on "Educating to Design and Build a Better
trained in a wide range of disciplines and understand Environment."
the complex interrelationships of environmental forces. * In 1967, the American Bar Association sponsored an
Specialists will, of course, be needed, but in the future institute on the law and esthetics-"Jun*sprudence,
there Will be a decreasing demand for the engineer who Junkyards. and Geraniums."
is qualified to build roads, for example, but is not There is a need for Federal programs of assistance
equipped to understand and evaluate their social, eco- to higher education to encourage interdisciplinary
logical, and esthetic impacts. Fortunately, many pro- education of professionals whose work will affect
,f.essional schools recognize the new demands of an environmental quality.
'in terrelated society and are beginning to require exten. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
sive multidisciplinary training for enginee Irs, planners, The Council will encourage, in cooperation with the
.and designers. Department of Labor, other Federal agencies, and uni-
The interdisciplinary approach is also increasingly versities and Professional societies, a study to determine
advocated and used by professional organizations: the professional and technical, skilled and unskilled,
To prepare its 1967 report on protection of the natural manpower and education requi .rements necessary to
beauty.of the Potomac River Basin, the American Insti- meet future needs for environmental quality programs,
tute of Architects assembled a task force'that included and to recommend ways to meet the requirements.
professionals in geography, landscape architecture, and - - - - 7 - - - - - - - - - - --- - - - -
.water resources engineering. As future manpower requirements for environmental
Six nat .lonal professional organizations sponsored a improvement are examined, the needs and opportunities
meeting near Baltimore in 1967 on "Land, People and for involving disadvantaged youth and other low-income
Hom,es-the Urban Development Challenge." Realtors, or relatively unskilled groups should be fully con-
homebuilders, planners, architects, landscape architects, sidered-particularly for work in their own immediate
and civil engineers as well as local and State officials environment.

@247

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248

Research

SOUND RESEARCH IS BASICto environmental, improvement. lake in the world to be rehabilitated after serious dete-
Some 15 years ago, Dr. W. T. Edmondson of the Uni- rioration. It also demonstrates that community action
versity of Washington began investigating biological based on the basis of fundamental research can come
activity in Seattle's24-mile-long Lake Washington. The to grips with problems of a deteriorating environment.
biologist wanted to find out how the increasing supply There is, a need to consider the human factors in en-
of nutrient materials from sewage was changing the vironmental improvement, as well as the biophysical
lake's character. He obtained financial support from the factors. At the 1967 conference of the American Institute
National Science Foundation, a Federal agency. of Planners, it was suggested that current.research in the
In 1955 Dr. Edmondson discovered that the pollution social sciences would need to be expanded from io to
had increased to the point that planktonic algae were 20 times if some basic urban problems are to be solved.
increasing, water clarity and concentration of oxygen Little is known about the long-term effects of pollu-
decreasing, and dissolved oxygen disappearing from the tion, noise, crowding, and motion upon individuals.
deepest water. He knew that when this had happened Much basic ecological information is needed. (See page
in other lakes of comparable size, they were soon con- I ig.)
verted. to sludge-filled, stagnant, and darkened wateks Federal environmental research efforts, both direct
sustainin g only very limited lower forms of life. and through grants to States, universities, and founda-
Dr. Edmondson reported his findings and pub .lic of- tions recently have been expanded:
ficials and citizen groups decided to act. Swimming in
the lake was discouraged. After two. elections-the first 0 The National Science Foundation, the principal
one was unsuccessful-the people of io cities voted to Federal agency which supports basic research, is the
form a new kind of regional government under which coordinating Federal agency for the International
the people of the region could act on various regional Biological Program, a new study concerned with the
problems, including water pollution control problems. biological basis of productivity and human welfare.
The Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle, '.'Metro," now 0 In 1967 the Federal Council for Science and Tech-
includes 27 cities and sewer districts. 'Metro's $100- nology,. composed of Federal agency science administra-
million construction program for sewage disposal has tors, established an Interagency Committee on Environ-
resulted in more thorough treatment and in diversion mental Quality. Initial emphasis is being given to air and
of effluent from Lake Washington. a water pollution problems.
In 1966 when Metro's last sizable treatment. plant was 0 In i96@ the National Academy of Sc Iiences and, the
'dedicated, James R. Ellis, one of the leaders of the National Academy of Engineering established an En-
campaign to save the-lake, said: vironmental Studies Board to coordinate interdiscipli-
The clearest satisfaction lies in proving the compatibility nary efforts toward reducing or controlling pollution
of an urban corrimunity with its natural setting. We are tran.- and other environmental problems.
sients on these hills and shores and the waters are not ours
to spend. Here we mark some proof that urban man can live * In I 1967 the Smithsonian Institution sponsored a
and work, in a beautiful land without destroying beauty. symposium, "The Quality of Man's Environment," as
part of a year-long program emphasizing "what man
Today, the beaches are open on Lake Washington. knows about shaping and maintaining the environment
-Dr. Edmondson predicts that improvement will con- which in turn shapes man and society."
tinue and that even more significant changes will be
noted by 1970. Lake Washington today is the largest Compared with what is needed, however, environ-

249

The leaf of an ozone sensitive tobacco variety shows white spots char-
acteristic of air pollution damage.

mental research is in its infancy. Areas requiring viding more adequate family planning information, and
intensive study include these: exploring the possibilities of encouraging population
Methods of measuring and evaluating such aspects of dispersion.
environmental quality as the individual need for open - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
space, the physiological and psychological effects of The Council will encourage research to include identi-
pollution, the results of varying population densities. fication of research need@ and determination of research
0 Methods of conveying the results of environmental re- feasibilities and potential impacts of the research.
search to children and adults. Purpose of the research should include the following:
The implications of the principles of ecology for such (a) to examine human envi .ronmental needs,
professional fields as law, engineering, architecture, (b) .to help provide a basis for determination of national
urban and regional planning, medicine, and public and environmental quality goals and formulation of a com-
business administration. prehensive national environmental policy in accordance
0 The use of the law as an instrument for environmental with those needs, and
quality, including exploration of needs for establishment (c) to assist Federal and other agencies 'n developing
by law of new public rights and new concepts of the improved criteria, procedures and standards for cost-
public interest. benefit analyses and other aspects of their programs con-
The motivation for effective citizen action at the sistent with national environmental quality goals and
policy. The study would encompass both the impact
community level with respect to environmental issues. of environmental quality on man and the impact of man
0 The relevance of human population growth to en- on environmental quality, including the efifects of
vironmental quality, with a view to developing greater population growth.
knowledge of motivation for varying family sizes, pro - L - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

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Private Action

Private action-by businessmen, industrialists, profes- Americans are becoming convinced that the quality of the
sionals and individual citizens-is the major force in environment we are creating for our children and grand-
determining the quality of the American environment. children may be just as important as the quantity of our
gross national product . . . that America need not be ugly
and that we need not despoil it in the interest of short-term
BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY gains.
This concern for the environment cuts across. and includes
a number of traditional fields--conservation, outdoor recrea-
Most Americans are experiencing the highest standard tion, urban renewal, highway design, water and air pollu-
of living known to man. In November, 1967, as -the Na- tion control, and simple good taste. President Johnson has
tion's population passed the 200 million mark, the gross dramatized them all by using the term 'natural beauty.'
national product was nearly $8oo billion a year. Produc- It is within the province of the business community
tivity was growing more than twice as fast as the popu- to seek better balances between economic and social
lation. New products, improved materials, and the benefits of resource development and manufacturing
comforts provided by the ingenuity of American indus- processes, and to advance frontiers of knowledge. Pri-
try apparently are unlimited, but often some of the un- vate enterprise can make plants and installations sources
foreseen side effects of technological progress have been of community pride, and make products and processes
damaging -to the environment: Unsightly industrial more compatible with goals for a more beautiful coun-
facilities, dumps, automobile exhausts and factory try. Many members of the Nation's business community
smokestacks fouling the air, and discharge pipes have adopted the goal of a better environment as a ma-
pouring noxious effluents into streams, rivers and bays. )or policy concern. Replies from 441 companies in a
In 1967 a panel of the Chamber of Commerce of the 966 National Industrial Conference Board survey, for
United States observed in a report on "The Need to example, showed that most of those whose operations
Manage Our Environment": tend to contribute to air or water pollution consider
Not all industry has carried out its citizenship respon- its abatement as one of their top community
sibility. This responsibility must be accepted'and the initiative responsibilities.
taken in developing the new concepts, methods and technol ,ogy Some key areas for leadership and action by private
needed for managing our environment. enterprise are outlined below, along with examples of
Every action and decision has its benefits and costs in terms what has been done to meet the challenge:
of jobs, beauty, health, money, and other values. As a society
and as individuals, we must consider the alternatives and Places of business and industry can be made more
make the commitments that will produce the greatest net attractive and compatible with the environment.
benefit in managing our environment. The National Auto and Truck Wreckers Association
Businessman-conservationist Laurance S. Rockefeller urges auto wreckers to screen their yards, and provides
has emphasized that in solving natural beauty problems information on various techniques of screening with
business and industry will benefit not only the public, vegetation and attractive fences. "Project Green Screen,"
but their own interests as well. Like provision of proper a program of the Institute of Scrap Iron and Steel, en-
working conditions for employees, improvement of the courages scrap processors to screen their yards. The Insti-
environment, he has said, "will turn out in the end to tute reports that some 36 scrap processors have done so.
be just plain good business." He told members of the Heavy manufacturing plants and surface mining
Congress of American Industry: operations present more difficult problems. However,

251

A park open to the public tops the five story parking garage of a privately
built office building complex.

near Tucson, Ariz., the Anaconda Company is trying in setting up a fund for this purpose, and began by
to minimize -adverse impact of waste dumps from its rehabilitating a rundown apartment building.
Twin Buttes Copper Mine; desert grasses, shrubs, and Publishing and broadcasting companies have a par-
trees are being planted on the sides of the dumps with ticular opportunity and responsibility. In 1966 an
technical assistance from the University of Arizona, the extended campaign by the Milwaukee Journal played
Soil Conservation Service, and the Agricultural a key role in enactment of one of the strongest State
Extension Service. water pollution control laws: The Wisconsin Water
On the outskirts of Spartanburg, S.C., Deering Milli- Quality Act of 1966. And the Louisville Courier-
ken, Inc., has enhanced both sides of U.S. Highway- 85 Journal's hard-hitting campaign for regulation of strip
with trees, shrubs, and fountains as part of a new textile mining and strip-mine restoration led to enactment by
mill, research center, and computer facility. And south the Kentucky Legislature in 1966 of a greatly improved
of Miami, the Florida Power and Light Company is surface mining law. The two newspapers shared the
developing a wildlife sanctuary and recreation area x967 Pulitzer Prize for public service for these
around a new nuclear plant. accomplishments.
More builders and manufacturers can improve Industry's philanthropic role can make the difference
the appearance of their products. Such improve- .between success and'failure in many causes. For one
ments could range from buildings, power lines, and example, the r966 National Youth Conference on
signs to food and drink containers. Toward this end, Natural Beauty and Conservation was made possible
in 1967 construction industry leaders and design pro- by financial support from a dozen business firms and
fessionals gave major attention to "The Visual Com- business-supported foundations.
munity" at a Building Research Institute conference. . Busi .nessiphilanthropy can be particularly important
Leaders of the packaging industry have called for it in projects involving disadvantaged youth andchildren.
The Reliance Insurance Company of Philadelphia, for
to take an "all-encompassing approach" to the problem example, has given 150,000 trees for planting on school
of litter caused by its products after use by consumers. rounds in central-city neighborhoods across the
Formation of a packaging materials research council g
representing all facets of the industry has been proposed. country.
Businessmen can become leaders in public s .erv- Improvements in many operations can decrease or
ice for environmental beauty. In 1966, the Lo eliminate pollutants. The success of Los Angeles in
ng drastically reducing industrial air pollution is evidence
Beach, Calif., Chamber of Commerce sponsored a that American industry as a whole can control pollution
clean-up, paint-up, fix-up week which stimulated the and still operate profitably. Many new plants include
planting of gooo trees and replacement of abandoned .pollution control devices. For example, a new foundry
streetcar tracks with planted center strips. The campaign built by the Chr sler Corporation in Detroit is notable
was followed by a regional Congress of Beauty attended I y
by -representatives of 6o communities. for special devices that reduce physical impurities from
In Cleveland, Ohio, the Warner and Swasey Com- escaping gases. The Ford Motor Company has also in-
pany, a manufacturer of machine tools, has taken the stalled collectors that trap dust and smoke from
lead in supporting homeowners trying to halt neighbor- foundries.
hood deterioration in its industrial neighborhood. The Air.pollution is a major problem in primary alumi-
company is encouraging other business concerns to join num production. The Aluminum Company of America,

252

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for example, expects to-spend in excess Of $22 Million are progressively raised, further action will be required.
for air pollution control for its facilities over the 5-year Water pollution from steel production also is a major
period beginning in 1968. Other producers have similar problem. In Mishawaka, Ind., the Wheelabrator Cor-
programs. Plants built recently have incorporated poration is manufacturing rolled steel by a new process
controls in the initial construction. which eliminates the need for "acid pickling,"a major
Industrial water pollution can be significantly dimin- cause of water contamination. The new process costs
ished by private action. For example, a survey of ioi less to operate than the old.
ma)or chemical firms with 716 plants shows a capital In another industry, glass manufacturing, some plants
expenditure Of $233 million for waste control treatment, in Michigan and Tennessee have converted to a more
$36 million annual operating expenses, and about $5 efficient process, which will reduce pollution by eliminat-
million annually on waste treatment research. Ninety- ing waste materials formerly generated by grinding and
five percent of the effluent now meets established stand- polishing. ,
ards for chemical products. As water quality standards Reduction of water pollution by the lumber industry

253

A coal mining company built an airstrip on land reclaimed from its surface
mining operations, and donated it to the county.

is expected to result from a program set up by the
Weyerhaeuser Company, which has established a "water
laboratory in the woods" at Longview, Wash. Its goals
are the discovery and investigation of basic scientific
principles governing growth of aquatic plants, animals,
and fish in fresh water streams. The results of this re-
search are expected to have a bearing on future water
pollution control measures in general, as well as the
specific problems of the lumber industry.
The detergents industry has developed a biodegrad-
able detergent which has minimized detergent-caused
foam in domestic water supplies. However, biological
studies of Lake Erie and other lakes reveal that phos-
p
hates which are still contained in the new detergents
also are objectionable. Phosphates act as nutrients to
algae, causing accelerated degradation of water quality.
In order to cope with these continuing difficulties of
detergent disposal the industry i tends to develop
in
detergents that are fully compatible with acceptable
standards of water pollution control.
Crude.oil and petroleum products constitute a water
pollution threat from the producing fields through stor-
tat' n and refining to consumption.
age, transpor io
Through technological progress,. newer refining
processes have been developed which make improved
products, require less chemical treatment, and produce
smaller waste loads.
7, 'A Emphasis on pollution abatement has stimulated
t4l
reements for joint industry-community waste treat-
ag
ment facilities. For example, Xerox Corporation has

7,1
agreed to pay $3.5 million toward financing a $15 Mil-
lion sewage disposal system for its headquarters town
41
of Webster, N.Y. The Corporation utilizes 2o percent
of the capacity of the town's existing sewage disposal
s
ystem.
The cost of pollution control is a major item of ex-
pense in
many industries. It has been estimated that in-
dustry now spends from $100 to $200 million annually
for water waste treatment facilities, but this figure will
have to be raised to about $i billion annually for the next

T,-

five years to achieve reasonable goals. small car powered by a combination of electric batteries
and a gasoline engine. In congested areas it would
Profit Opportunities: One of the single greatest op operate on its nonpolluting electric power.
por 1
tunities for private enterprise to contribute to environ- Another opportunity for profit lies in the growing
mental quality lies in the development of automobile need for outdoor recreation in natural surroundings.
engines that do not pollute the air. Present control de- Demand for outdoor recreation facilities is increasing
vices are capable only of reducing, not eliminating, the several times faster than the population. This gap can be
pollution from individual vehicles. Even if the best con- filled in part by private enterprise. Golf courses, ski
trol devices available were to be universally applied, facilities, hunting preserves, resorts and guest ranches
automotive pollutants would continue to befoul the are examples of profitable enterprises that rely on pres-
atmosphere in increasing quantity as the total number ervation of natural beauty. There is a special need for
of cars on the road becomes steadily greater. attractive recreational areas in or near large centers of
In 1967 an advisory panel working with the Depart- population. Some private properties near big cities have
ment of Commerce reported that while advances may be been converted in whole or part to profit-making recrea-
expected in electrically powered vehicles, the time re- tion enterprises, including large acreages of lawn, trees,
quired for their development and commercialization in playing fields, flower beds, picnic areas, playgrounds,
the normal course of events probably will not allow their swimming pools, and well planted open spaces, supple-
use on a large enough scale to significantly reduce air mented with attractive and profitable restaurants and
pollution for at least io years. The panel emphasized that snack bars.
the seriousness of automobile-caused pollution and the A r967 Bureau of Outdoor Recreation survey found a
magnitude of future need for urban-suburban personal need to make more credit available for financing out-
transportation require development of virtually non- door recreation enterprises. Lending institutions lack in-
polluting transportation systems as promptly as possible. formation about outdoor recreation economics, and
The panel's report, "The Automobile and Air Pollution-: potential developers need technical assistance in plan-
A Program for Progress," recommended increased Fed- ning recreational enterprises. There is a need for govern-
eral support for public transit research, development and ment encouragement of private recreational areas for
demonstration programs in the interest of reducing air public use in surroundings of natural beauty. One means
pollution, and called for a $6o-million, five-year Federal of such encouragement is to offer tax advantages. Cali-
program to support innovative developments in auto- fornia, for example, has recognized that golf courses
mobile energy sources and propulsion systems, emission provide open space amenities for all residents of an area,
control devices, and special-purpose urban cars. The even for those who don't play golf. Assessors are in-
Council agrees that Federal agencies should encourage structed by law-approved by the voters in a statewide
and assist financially the development by industry of election-to give a tax advantage to golf course owners
improved models of internal combustion engines and of by assessing the land on the basis of its current use rather
electric batteries, fuel cells, or other low or nonpolluting than its potential for residential or commercial devel-
power sources for automobiles, and also urges industry opment. Another opportunity for developing recreation
to expedite such programs. In 1967 the Department of facilities stems from insurance requirements placed on
Housing and Urban Development made a grant for a new plant construction, in locations remote from ade-
cooperative project of the University of Pennsylvania quat .e water sources. In most cases the construction of a
and General Motors Corporation aimed at developing a nearby water reservoir enables the new plant to, enjoy

255

lower fire insurance rates. Some firms created small example is New York City's Seagram Building.'Owing
lakes near at hand that serve not only this important in- to its high construction costs, this building----@With its
surance requirement but a recreation advantage as well. handsome fountained plaza and bronze sh@ath-was_
. Other tools for encouraging private recreational de- assessed by the city tax commission at several -million
velopment include the supplying of technical informa- dollars more than others of equal size but less distin-
tion to lending institutions and businessmen, govern- guished architecture. The fact that much of the addi-
ment insurance of loans, and other tax or loan benefits tional cost was due to the quest for beauty appears to
contingent upon creation or preservation of natural have been lost upon the tax assessor.
beauty. The Seagram Building is not a unique case; most
The Need f& Research: A powerful spur to pollution property tax assessment policies put such a penalty on
abatement and other environmental improvements by beauty. In Providence, R.I., however, a first.step has
business and industry often is Federal or federally spon- been taken in another direction. The city council has
sbred research on new methods that are economically, passed an ordinance which provides that' homeowners
as well as technically, feasible. The Air Quality Act of may be exempt for five years from any tax:incr"ease on
1967, for example, authorizes a substantially expanded improvements they make to their property. The pr *in-
cipal obstacle in the way of giving tax 'alto wii.nces* for
research program on the technology of industry'S air beauty is the fact that doing so reduces revenues of local
pollution problems.
Another field in which new knowledge is needed is governments that depend heavily onthe property tax.
market research to find new markets for metal scrap, There is an urgent need for research to develop new
sources of local tax revenue.
and development of means to maintain and expand In certain sit .uations Federal income tax policies also
present markets for junk car remains. Another area in penalize beauty and reward blight. For example, no
which. research is needed is the problem of transporting
iron and steel scrap, particularly means by which scrap matter how much a rental property is allowed to run
down, no matter how many local building code viola-
transportation costs could be lowered by improved
methods of transport. tions have been lodged against it, a landlord can stil .I
There is generally a need for Federal agencies to make claim full income tax depreciation.
better use of private enterprise's resources of technology There is a need for comprehensive study and action
and management to help develop better methods and dire.cted toward reconciling tax policies with today's
better tools to control the unwanted effects of environmental quality goals.
technology. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
The Council will encourage, in cooperation with ap-
The Relevance of Tax Policies: Private action for propriate intergovern mental bodies, a study of the ebFects
environmental quality can be encouraged by taxation of Federal, State, and local tax policies on environ-
policies that make such action profitable. -Too often mental quality with a view to recommending more
taxes penalize beauty and reward ugliness. Valuable efiFective incentives to pri.vate interests for environmental
orchards and agricultural fields that could serve as green- improvement.
belts around metropolitan areas are taxed out of existence - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
when assessed for their value as urban rather than farm
land. In downtown areas beautiful buildings are often
taxed more highly than their neighbors. A notorious

256

THE FOUNDATIONS Its Community Improvement Program-cosponsored
with the General Federation of Women's Clubs-
Many of America's foundations are making an invalu- encourages community self-help projects.
able contribution to the Nation's future. Large and small, * Urban America, Inc., announced its formation in 1966
national and local, they plant seed money to test new with a conference on Our People and Their Cities, de-
ideas and generally do things that ought to be done
that no one else is doing. signed as a private response to the White House Confer-
The scope of their research, education, and service ence on Natural Beauty. Urban America's operations
devoted to environmental quality is wide-ranging: include a Business and Development Center concerned
with new ways in which private enterprise can help
The American Conservation Association in 1967 solve urban problems.
joined with a group of utility companies in financing a One of the most valuable services foundations can
study of ways the utility industry might contribute to provide is critical review of both public and commercial
natural beauty. The study is being conducted for the activities affecting environmental quality. One founda-
Citizens' Advisory Committee on Recreation and Nat- tion providing this service on a statewide scale is Califor-
ural Beauty by a task force composed of representatives nia Tomorrow, dedicated to "achieving greater public
of the utility industry, government regulatory agencies, awareness of the problems we face in maintaining a
and the Committee. beautiful and productive California." In a series of re-
* The Conservation Foundation in 1966 published a ports it has reviewed the impact on the landscape of
book, "Future Environments of North America," based government programs.
on a week-long seminar of experts in many environ-
mental disciplines assembled by the foundation. In 1967, CITIZEN GROUPS
the foundation held a national conference on The
Comiliunity, the College, and Conservation to encour- Even the best private or government efforts to achieve a
age college and university leadership in helping quality environment cannot be effective without strong
communities solve environmental problems. citizen support. In recent years the unprecedented
0 The Ford Foundation's program imludes grants to growth .of volunteer citizens groups dedicated to a bet-
strengthen applied ecology and promotion of sound ter environment has made possible the current wave of
policies of resource use. In 1967, for example, it made a action.
grant to the Chester County Water Resources Authority THE YOUTH CONFERENCE AND FOLLOW-UP YEAR
to test new methods of controlling land use at the fringe In 1966 organizations representing 2o million young
of Philadelphia's metropolitan area. Scenic easements people joined in sponsoring a National Youth Confer-
will be purchased to help regulate development of a ence on Natural Beauty- and Conservation. The 5oo
watershed to preserve both clean water and open space. young men and women who met in the National Capital
0 Resources for the Future in 1966 sponsored a forum were Boy Scouts, Camp Fire Girls, Future Farmers,
and produced a book on "Environmental Quality in a Future Homemakers, Girl Scouts, and members of
Growing Economy." Boys' Clubs of America@, 47-H Clubs, Girls' Clubs of
0 The Sears-Roebuck Foundation, in 1965, began a Con- America, Red Cross Youth, YMCA and YWCA.
servation Awards Program which recognizes outstand- At their opening session Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson told
ing achievements for conservation and natural beauty. the young people:

257

Beautification, natural beauty, conservation-we are searching in Bremerton how to make windowsill greenhouses to
for a word that will convey the enormity of the task. What we propagate new plants from cuttings. His aim, he said,
are really talking about is the life pattern of your generation, was to give each child "something tangible that he
and of those to follow. What will your environment be? Will could do."
you live in communities that free the mind or imprison it?
Will your cities be places to thrive in or merely to escape from? An evaluation of the. year-to learn what kinds of
And what places will there be left to escape to? projects and techniques are 'most successful and how
The delegates drew up a program for action on parks young people want to handle them-is to be published
and open space, roadside control, water and waterfronts, in 1968.
air pollution abatement, antilitter -activities, urban NEW PATTERNS OF COOPERATION
beauty, and conservation education, with emphasis on Their joint sponsorship of the Youth Conference on.
follow-up projects in communities. Natural Beauty and Conservation marked the first time
As A result of the conference, young people have been the Nation's major youth organizations had joined - 'in
active throughout the Nation in such projects as these: this kind of cooperative effort on any subject. Similarly,
0 In Greeley, Colo., Eddie Benavidez, 17, led fellow adult citizen groups that have not previously made com-
members of his Boys' Club in repairing and repainting mon cause also are forming new patterns of cooperation.
underpasses and signs damaged by vandals. The project For example:
was supported by law enforcement agencies and the 0 The Colorado Open Space Coordinating Council
Chamber of Commerce. illustrates the trend. Formed in 1965, the Council now
In Bridgeton, N.J., Don LaRue, a z7-year-old Future includes 21 groups ranging from the Cutthroat Chapter
Farmer, led a project to redevelop a downtown alley as of Trout Unlimited and the Colorado Mountain Club to
a pedestrian entrance to a shopping area. The project units of the American Institute of Architects and
was , assisted by the City. Council and Chamber of Planned Parenthood.
Commerce. In 1967 the Colorado Council helped 14 groups in
I In New Bedford, Mass., Patricia Jane Whitaker, 16, neighboring Wyoming establish the Wyoming Outdoor
and other YWCA members worked with Girl Scouts Coordinating Council, and is assisting efforts to form
and students from New Bedford Vocational School to comparable councils in New Mexico, Utah, and Nevada.
improve a park site overlooking the New Bedford- * In 1966 a statewide Planning and Con servation League
Fairhaven waterfront. The City Council and Exchange of Califormia was formed by members of a dozen citizens
Club helped finance the effort. groups in that State, to work with the Legislature to
* In Mellen,@ Wis., I6-year-old Arthur Anderson and implement their programs. A League representative is
other members of his 4-H Club worked with the Neigh- registered with the Legislature as a lobby. In 1967,
borhood Youth Corps to restore a run-down park in the the League reported, the Legislature enacted 14
center of town. Eight adult community groups helped. League-supported measures.
For years, adult groups had considered restoring the 0 In Washington State in 1967 some 3o organizations,
park but lacked a catalyst including the Washington Education Association and
9 In Bremerton, Wash., Stephen McCombs, a-i7-year- the Seattle junior Chamber of Commerce as well as con-
old Red Cross Youth, persuaded school officials to intro- servation and planning groups, established the Wash-
duce a new emphasis on conservation in the elementary migton Environmental Council. Its founders said they
schools. He began by showing every fourth-grade class were inspired by the example of the Planning and

258

Conservation League of California. out and facilitate citizen understanding of and participa-
* Private groups in Virginia, Maryland, and West Vir- tion in public plans, programs, and projects that affect
ginia in 1967 organized a Potomac Basin Center dedi- the, environment.
cated to "citizen involvement in decisions determining - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
the destiny of the Potomac River Basin, and to the The Council proposes that Federal agencies.concerned
citizen's right to full knowledge about the issues in with the environment encourage and facilitate public
question." participation at all stages of planning and development,
The Ins .titute of Scrap Iron and Steel has joined with including the formulation of environmental quality
the Men's Garden Clubs -of America in a joint program, goals and objectives, and that Federal agencies which
called Project Green Screen, to screen junkyards. administer grants-in-aid and other assistance programs
Citizens for Clean Air, -started by a group of -citizens encourage State and local governments to take com-
in New York City who wanted to do something about parable actions.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
the air they breathe, has grown to national stature be- The 1965 White House Conference on Natural Beauty
cause of the success of their public information tech- brought stimulation and encouragement to the Federal
niques in stimulating citizen .support for - loc .al .a "I Government, to other levels of government, to business
pollution controls. and industry,. to youth organizati. .ons, and to a host of
Across the land other citizen groups have employed citizen groups. The 8oo private citizens who attended
many devices to dramatize their causes. Petitions, rallies, the-Conference supplied new ideas, new directions, and
contests, festivals, parades, benefit dinners and dances, new enthusiasm to the total effort to improve the Amer-
specially-proclaimed "weeks" and "days" all have been ican environment. The White House Conference on
used along with. intensive educational programs, and Natural Beauty provides a sound base for an expanded
tours of blighted areas all leading to direct action by public and private effort to cope with fundamental en-
concerned citizens to carry out sp ecific projects. vironmental problems. There is a great need to commit
These have ranged from the clean.@up of thousands of national resources on a coordinated basis to this task. The
yards, streets, and vacant lots to expression of support first step should be to win agreement on* broad goals and
for new measures of conservation, urban renewal, and the establishment of policies that lead to those goals.
pollution control. - --- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Citizen groups have demanded and obtained regula- The Council recommends that specific environmental
tion of noise,.signs, and litter and stronger enforcement go.als and comprehensive national environmental qual-
of existing regulations. In community after community, ity policy be formulated by a White House Convention
citizens have planted trees and flowers at city, entrances, on Environmental Issues. .The members of the Conven-
on school grounds, along the streets-. Concerned citizens tion should be policy-level representati .ves of major pub-
have led the way in bringing new parks, malls and lic and private groups whose activities significantly
plazas, fountains and sculpture,. botanical gardens, natu- influence the quality of the environment. The Conven-
ral areas, and roadside rest areas. Programs of historic tion should consider and adopt by formal vote recom-
preservation have been strengthened remarkably. Some mendations on key environmental quality policy issues.
community groups are beginning to ev ,ince great inter- These should be useful guides for public authorities,
est in architectural quality, urban design, and regional corpo Irate i.nstitutions, and other appropriate associations
planning. and groups.,
Fo .r its part, Government has.a responsibility to seek - - - - 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
259

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Part III
SUMMARY
tqn

IT IS EVIDENT FROM THE SCOPE OF Tms REPORT that the
increasing concern of Americans about their environ-
ment has profound historic significance. Since the
beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the people of the
United States have achieved progressively higher stand-
ards of living through the increasing division of labor
and the continuing development of a mechanical tech-
F- nology. By specializing in the performance of a partic-
ular task an individual was able to achieve a high degree
of proficiency. The jack-of-all-trades gave way to the
highly skilled technician.
The overall result is a system of large-scale industries
organized for the production of specialized goods, and
government agencies organized to perform specialized
services or construct specialized public works. The con-
sequence is a cornucopia of goods and services raising
the standard of living for most Americans to hitherto
undreamed levels of material abundance. Yet, the sum
of all these specialized activities of the specialized ind,lus-
tries and public agencies fails to satisfy certain basic
human needs-particularly the need for an orderly, bal-
anced, attractive environment. As the specialist-tech-
nician, industrialist, or administrator-increasingly nar

A A
A A
rows the focus of his work to achieve greater efficiency,
he tends to a certain narrowness of vision. In concen-
trating on the immediate purposes of his own work, he
gives insufficient attention to the fact that certain by
pr uct
S of his activities are having a harmful effect on
the common environment. The industrialist, for ex-
ample, is so intent on turning out increasing quantities
of goods that he neglects the fact that his factory also is
fouling the public air and waters. The government offi-
cial charged with building roads is so concerned with
developing safe, efficient means of moving traffic that
he -fails to calculate the damaging impact of highways
on neighborhoods or farms or scenic lands.
On a small scale and in a largely rural society, these
unintended side effects of specialized activities may have
been tolerable. But as the United States h.as:become in-
creasingly urbanized, their cumulative results have be-

261

come steadily more damaging, despoiling the air that ment projects-consistent with the strategy of the Model
men breathe, the water they drink, the cities in which Cities Program.
they live, the land and the natural resources they need In the new developing neighborhoods in the suburbs,
for physical and spiritual siiste n*ance. And with all these natural beauty is too often the victim of the bulldozer.
labors has come a din that jeopardizes the environment.. The need for parks and open space is frequently ignored
Almost on a par "With fouled air and water, we are now while look-alike houses are crowded together in sub-
also plagued with noise pollution. divisions. The Council recommends that local and State
The effort to enhance and maintain 'the beauty of governments require that subdivision developers provide
America arose as a reaction to this deterioration of the for adequate open space and preserve natural features
American environment. A'cardinal purpose of the . effort such as streams and trees. A comparable requirement as
is to induce specialists in all areas to broaden their fields a condition of Federal financial assistance to developers
of vision. Its goal is to enable them to recognize I the is adopted as Council'policy. The Council also. calls
supremacy of broad humanpurposes over the immediate for Federal and local regulations which encourage
purpose of a particular project or process, and to assume innovations in siting and design of buildings and streets.
responsibility for the effects of their specialized
DOWNTOWN
activities on the -total environment. The downtown districts"of American cities also are
In calling for a new role for the specialist, the quest
for environmental quality represents a departure from experiencing the blighting effects of obsolescence, con-
the historic trend toward narrowing fields of concern. gestion and ugliness. The Council reviews the variety of
It also calls for a similar broadening of vision by the steps being taken across the country to combat down-.
individual as citizen and his participation in a national town decay, and calls for Federal buildings and grounds
effort to create a high quality environment. to set standards of excellence for architectural and land-
This report describes some of the progress in this scape design in their communities. Parking lots, in par-
direction. However, in most areas environmental deteri- dcular, are viewed as frequently detrimental features in
oration continues under the impact of unprecedented. the downtown environment, and the Council agrees
population growth and uncoordinated technology. The that its agencies shall demonstrate ways of improving
Council therefore has adopted and recommended a the appearance of parking lots related to federally
number of measures to reverse the deterioration and owned facilities.
The Council finds that too little is known about the
raise environmental quality.
specific ways 'in which. downtown blight affects the
THE NEIGHBORHOOD commercial health of downtown areas'and will encour-
The Nation's environmental problems are both most age a study -to determine the importance of, esthetic
serious and most visible in the old, blighted neighbor- quality to the business stability of the downtown district.
hoods- in central cities where r6sidences are deteriorat- In many American cities that front on a river or other
ing and where recreation areas and other open spaces large body of water, the deteriorating waterfront is often
are in critically short supply., On the basis that the. the least appealing part of the city instead of the major
quality of any neighborhood depends, ultimately, on attraction that it could be. The Council reports a wave
the pride that the residents take in their neighborhood of interest in urban waterfront rehabilitation and recom-
and their involvement in it, the Council adopts a policy. mends authorization for a cooperative Federal-State-
for the expansion of resident participation in all fed- local program of urban waterfront restoration that
erally assisted neighborhood improvement and develop- emphasizes scenic and recreational opportunities.

262

THE CITY including air and water pollution control and solid waste
Turning to the city as a whole, the city's political, eco- disposal, and in coordination with J.and-use planning.
The Council emphasizes the i p
nomic, and social institutions, and its public powers, help im ortance of esthetic bene-
shape its physical appearance and resolve environmental fits as a basic objective of all pollution. control programs.
issues -limited to its confines. The Council proposes that Federal agencies utilize
erosion control techniques, standards and requirements
These issues. include: such aIs those developed by the Federal Water Pollution
Public and private signs and, lighting, which. should Control Administration and the Soil Conservation
be viewed as a coordinated. system blending their func- Service when conducting or supporting development
tional requirements with architectural balance and projects that involve. disturbance of the so .I The States
visual appeal of the cityscape; are urged to set, Iintrastate water quality standards at
0 Litter, a common sign of urban blight, which com- least comparable to those established on.interstate and
munity pride could largely prevent, through public edu- coastal waters under the Water Quality Act of 1965-
cation, private owners' sense of responsibility, higher The Council recommends 'a. new program of Federal
maintenance standards and better provision of disposal the establishment of re ional solid
grants to stimulate , 1 . 9
facilities, as well as enforcement of reasonable laws; and waste disposal systems that emphasize reuse of waste
Noise, which seriously affects the quality of urban materials, and that are integrated with air and water
life, and requires more determined efforts on the part.of pollution control and planning for recreation areas and
manufacturers and builders, designers and planners, other uses of land.
public administrators and legislators, to. reduce its The.alarming disappearance of potential park and
impact. other, recreation lands in* and around metropolitan areas
The quality of the city as a whole also can be enhanced and the continual escalation of land costs make it impera-
bythe inventory and protection of natural and historic tive to-secure promptly the open space land that will be
features, and their integration with design of the city. required for the. future. To this end the. Council rec-
Community tree planting programs should be expanded, ornmends that available open space and recreation funds
and antiquated building codes and zoning ordinances be devoted primarily to acquisition or reservation of new
th'proughly overhauled; the Council calls for expanded areas rather than immediate development of. existing
Federal a:ssistance. for these purposes. areas.
To assist local and State agencies to acquire land for
THE METROPOLITAN REGION future environmental development needs, the Council
As cities coalesce into a metropolis and the, metropolis will encourage a national study of the.feasibili.ty of a
merges with others to become a megalopolis, many en- revolving fund from.which interest-free advances could
vironmental problems, become unmanageable within be made to public agencies.
political boundaries drawn up in another age. Some The Council also directs its member agencies to con-
environmental problems can only be approached on a sider techniques to secure the public benefits of open
regional basis. space at less thin the cost of full acquisition, and to use
Among these problems are the 'steadily mounting them.w.here they promise success, and to encourage and
wastes that are poured into the air, into the water and assist local and State experimentation with use'6f options
onto the land. The Council urges that all pollution abate- and other methods for securing lands needed for future
ment efforts be operated as integral parts of compre- public purposes.
hensive regional environmental management programs Recognizing the possibility that the development of

263

new and well-planned communities may help alleviate The land will carry the blemishes of soil erosion and
urban problems, the Council recommends several kinds become less fertile until conservation measures are more
of Federal incentives to encourage new towns and cities widely practiced. Despite increasing understanding of
that.are properly located and designed. The impact of the side effects of pesticides, the improper use of agricul-
major new Federal installations on the areas where they tural chemicals still pose threats to humans as well as
locate has led the Council to call for the creation of a to fish and wildlife; but better monitoring of food and
Federal interdepartmental unit to work with local gov- water supplies is improving protection.
ernments to help assure development of high quality Opportunities for urban people to enjoy outdoor recre-
urban environments in areas affected by these installa- ation can be increased through the multiple use of agri-
tions, and to enco- urage the development of planned new cultural lands for recreational purposes-especially near
communities in connection with them. cities. The Council recommends incentives to encourage
Some of urban America's most critical environmental private recreation facilities that preserve natural beauty,
functions encompass entire metropolitan regions. Yet and to encourage the owners of scenic farmlands to
effective coordination and decisionmaking for such maintain them.
regions as a whole remains to be demonstrated. Many Few private landowners of small acreages have either
"councils of government" have, however, emerged 11-1 the kn!ow-how or the incentive to manage timberlands
recent years, and in spite of their limited functions to so as to present esthetically pleasing views to the travel-
date, they are encouraged as a step toward agencies with ing public. Federally assisted cooperative programs to
powers to cope with the environmental quality of whole provide incentives and assistance are recommended.
metropolitan regions. The Council urges the States to The surface-mining scars which pockmark the conti-
foster creation of such agencies. The Federal Govern- nent have become symbolic of the need for better land
ment, too, has a responsibility in preventing or limiting reclamation. Federal agencies need new authorities to
further environmental deterioration of metropolitan help the States restore past damage, and to prevent future
regions through insistence on conformance to metro- surface mining damage through the establishment of
politan planning when approving federally assisted reclamation criteria and standards.
projects. To meet the growing dissatisfaction with the environ-
The functions performed by land and water, air, mental intrusions of utility lines, the Council recom-
plants and other organisms in the natural environment mends enactment 6f legislation to require certiffication
need to be better understood and incorporated in the of high-voltage transmission line routes by the Federal
urban development process. Demonstration of the appli- Power Commission, public hearings for proposed utility
cation of ecological analysis to regional planning and rights-of-way, and combined use by utilities of common
development decisions should be encouraged by Federal corridors.
agencies. Orderly rural development in the face.of rural popu-
THE COUNTRYSIDE lation depletions, coupled with increasing demands for
natural resources, requires planning. To help rural coun-
The greater part of the scenic beauty of America still ties do this, the Council recommends Federal financial
lies beyond the urban limits-in the countryside, in the assistance for increased multi-county planning in rural
hills and forests and wildlands of rural America. Even areas.
here, however, the quality of the environment is
jeopardized by population pressures and expanding WATER AND WATERWAYS
development. To prevent needless destruction of valuable resources as

264

a result of Federal water development projects, the Coun- systems on Federal lands also should be @ strengthened.
cil proposes that Federal agencies protect or restore the Opportunities for recreational walking and cycling
natural channels of streams, together with plant and are becoming increasingly restricted for most Ameri-
animal habitats, wherever possible. cans. The Council recommends enactment of legisla-
Few American rivers remain undeveloped, but they tion to establish a nationwide system of trails, and
offer unparalleled scenic and recreational values. The recommends that States and cities develop compatible
Council recommends authorization of a national systern systems of park and forest trails and metropolitan area
of wild and scenic rivers and urges the States to establish trails.
complementary river protection systems. Wilderness areas are necessary to satisfy human needs
Superfertilization from agricultural land runoffs and for solitude, naturalness, and wildness. The Council sup-
accelerated aquatic plant growth threaten the life of ports protection of the Wilderness Preservation System
many small lakes. Council agencies are urged to expand and meaningful additions to it.
coordination efforts toward protecting scenic and
recreational values of both natural and artificial lakes. TRANSPORTATION
The Nation's wetlands and estuaries are being lost to The impact of new highways on the landscape in recent
drainage or filling, even though they afford distinct years has called public attention to the special role
beauty and act as the home for a myriad of wildlife, a of transportation in affecting the quality of the
buffer strip between land and sea, and a hydrological' environment.
sponge. Systematic review and permit procedures by To help make transportation systems compatible with
State natural resource and recreation agencies can best the landscape, all federally assisted highways and other
protect valuable wetlands and estuaries from destruction. transportation projects should conform to compre-
Much of the Nation's ocean and Great Lakes coastlines hensive transportation Plans that give due regard. to
are being locked up to public access and enjoyment environmental quality considerations.
through rapid housing and commercial development. In addition, the Council recommends that inter-
The Council calls for focusing of public attention upon agency committees be set up by State governments
the threats to natural beauty values of shorelines. to advise on location and design of transportation facil-
ities, that highway routes avoid encroaching upon out-
RECREATION AND WILDLANDS standing scenic areas wherever possible, that increased
Parks and other public outdoor recreation areas are Federal aid be available for public transit, and that, as a
strained to accommodate today's demands. Acquisition means to better recognize local environmental values,
of more recreation lands closer to where most Americans the public be involved in the route selection through
live is needed. The sources of financing for the Land early and impartial hearings.
and Water Conservation Fund need prompt expansion.
State agencies responsible for wildlife management SHARING RESPONSIBILITIES FOR ACTION
are urged to place more emphasis on nongame species All types of public works and government-aided devel-
of wildlife, especially in and near urban areas. opment projects have a significant impact on the land-
Study of natural environments can lead to better scape, and the Council proposes special procedures to
understanding of man's needs, and representative ex- insure, that environmental considerations are a part of
amples of natural areas should be protected for this pur- all planning for these projects.
pose. The Council recommends grants-in-aid to help For example, analysis of the feasibility of all public
the States establish natural area systems. Natural area and publicly authorized development projects should

265

include.systematic means of accounting for the benefits mental improvement.
and losses to natural beauty and other aspects of environ- Citizen understanding and participation in public
mental quality. These projects should be located and plans, programs, and projects that affect the environ-
developed in accordance with comprehensive planning ment is another kind of private action that government
for the area inVolved. has an obligation to stimulate. The Council determines
The Council also proposes that each governmental that encouragement of public participation at all stages
agency concerned with the environment &velop en- of environmental planning and development, including
vironmental quality goals and procedures, and establish the formulation of environmental quality goals and
special overview units to be concerned with their objectives, will be a policy of its member agencies.
formulation and application. Finally,, the Council proposes the convening of a
Education.can help citizens understand how their White House Convention on Environmental Issues to
environment is formed, how it works and the possibil- develop recommendations for comprehensive national
ities and problems involved in environmental change. environmental quality goals and a comprehensive na-
Few schools, however, prepare their students to under- tional environmental quality policy.
stand the physical environment. The Council recom- The Council is under no illusion that such measures
mends authorization for environmental - conservation as these will be easy to attain or will offer any, final solu-
education and research programs within the Federal tions. They are merely further steps on a long road
Government, to stimulate new levels of environmental that stretches beyond the foreseeable future. These steps
education. State and local school systems also are urged cannot be even partially successful without the whole-
to establish such units. hearted backing of concerned Americans willing to
L
1 ific local projects. This re-
ittle is known about the manpower requirements devote their energies to speci
needed to fulfill future environmental quality programs. Port contains scores of examples of recent successful
The Council, therefore, will encourage studies to deter- citizen action all across the Nation.
mine future professional and technical manpower needs, During the last few years new tools for action have
in environmental fields and to recommend ways to meet been created. Techniques of success have been tested.
these requirements. Obstacles have been identified. As a result of these basic
Great voids exist in social and scientific knowledge -advances there is now an opportunity for a vast expan-
about the relationships of man and his environment. The sion of the natural beauty effort.
Council will encourage research to help determine hu- It is the Council's hope that this report, by reviewing
man environmental needs, provide bases for environ- the progress that has already been made and indicating
m ental . quality goals and policies, and recommend an agenda for action, will stimulate further activities by
criteria for Federal standards in environmental quality increasing numbers of Americans until the day-to-day
programs. surroundings of every American have been improved-
Private actions that improve environmental quality until the impact of the renewal of the American environ-
can be encouraged by tax policies that make such actions ment has been felt in every part of the land.
profitable. Too often, however, taxes penalize beauty
and reward ugliness. The Council agrees to encourage,
in cooperation' with appropriate intergovernmental
bodies, a study of the effects of Federal, State, and local
tax policies on, environmental quality with a view to
recommending more effective incentives -for environ-

266

A high school conservation group works at sfreambank improvement.

.ij,
;o

267

AlIC

TI-

Part IV

KEYS TO ACTION

A'@

THE KEYS TO ACTION offered here are grouped into two
categories: A. Publications and Films Which Can Help;
1 1 e
B. Agencies and Organizations.Which Can Help.. Th
keys of the first section are in
readily obtai able from
libraries, stores or by mail from listed sources, for use at
home by individuals or groups. With today's problems
Ae
as complex and interwoven as they are, the citizen needs
'A'
el 'If some basic information just to ask questions. The titles
41 on these lists can provide initial help in choosing which
problems to face and determining what goals to set.
They also provide facts and figures to buttress action
efforts and win public support. The bibliographies in-
7 cluded in many of the volumes listed, and the agencies
whose publications and films are represented will pro
vide leads to further helps.
The second set of keys-agencies and organizations
that can help-starts with public agencies: First, repre-
sentative suggestions at local levels; second, contacts- of
the State agencies either designated by the Governor or
P 40 , officially recognized as responsible for natural beauty
matters; and third, listings of those Federal depart-
ments and agencies which have major programs or func-
tions directly applicable to the problems outlined in the
Report. Private organizations make up the final cate-
gory, (i) those with individual members; (2) those with
private or industry support, or group but not individual
M
ZA memberships; and (3) a sample of those professional
V1
organizations whose individuals or local chapters may
be able to help.
Inclusion of organizations, publications and films
4tT
other than those of the Federal Government does not

rMly-
10 indicate official endorsement, nor are the listings in-
tended to be exhaustive. Only agencies and organizations
a
171U. which provide services having a direct effect on the
environment are included.
The keys offered here are by no means the only ones.
They were selected not only for their own particular
U__
qualifications for helping, but also to S aggest similar
kinds of agencies, organizations and groups which may
be close to your areas of action. Space precludes listing

269

the countless service clubs, social clubs, youth clubs, WETLANDS AND ESTUARIES page 275
church groups and others at local arid national levels SHORELINES. AND ISLANDS page 275
who can join in helping. WATER RESOURCESpage 275
These, then, are the keys. WILDLIFEpage 276
MINED-LAND RECLAMATIONpage 276
TRAILS page276
OUTDOOR RECREATIONpage 276
BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS WHICH CAN HELP NATIONAL PARICS, FORESTS AND WILDERNESSpage 276

Grouped alphabetically by title under the following- headings: Transportation page 276
Community Action page 271 URBAN TRANSPORTATION, GENERALpage 276
HIGRWAYSpage 276
CITIZEN GROUPSpage 271 AIRPORTS page 276
YOUTH GROUPSpage 271
13USINESS AND INDUSTRYpage 271 The View page 277.
LOCAL GOVERNMENTpage 271 .SCENIC PRESERVATIONpage 277
The Environment page 271 LANDSCAPE DESIGN AND PLANTINGpage 277
UTILITY WIRES AND FACILITIESpage 277
The Urban Environment page 272 JUNKYARD CONTROL AND.SCREE .NINGpage 277
SIGN CONTROLpage 277
HOUSING AND NEIGHBORHOODS page272
DOWNTOWNpage 272 1Edu.cation page 277
OPEN SPACE page 273 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS page 277
WATERFRONTSpage 273 HIGHER EDUCATION AND CONTINUING EDUCATIONpage 277
HISTORIC PRESERVATIONpage 273
NOISEpage 273
COMMUNITY AS A WHOLEpage 273
PLANNING-URBANpage 273
PLANNING-REGIONALpage 273
METROPOLITAN REGION page 273
NEW COMMUNITIES page 274

Pollution page 274
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION, GENERAL page 274
AIR POLLUTION page 274
WATER POLLUTION page 274
SOLID WASTE page 274
LITTER page 275
PESTICIDES page 275

The Rural Environment page 275
RURAL COMMUNITIES page 275
FARMS AND RANCHES page 275
FORESTS page 275

270

For further suggestions, most Federal A unique service is The Conservation National Youth Conference on Natural Beauty and
Departments publish lists of their publica- Library Center, housed in the Denver Conservation, based on experience of teenagers.
tions, as well as selective bibliographies on Public Library (Denver, Colo. 80202). It Available for sale, Science Research Associates,
Inc., 259 E. Eric Street, Chicago, 111.
particular subjects-one issued by the was started in z962 with the support of
Department of Housing and Urban De- the American Conservation Association, to BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY
velopment, for example: 6o Books on collect and make available books, periodi- Keeping America Beautiful. Series of papers on
Housing and Urban Planning. (Available cals and other publications; motion * beauty and economics of the business community.
PC- General Electric Forum. Oct.-Dec. 1965. 34 P29cs-
from the Superintendent of Documents, tures; and drawings and paintings On $I. The General Electric Company, Bldg. 23, Room
Washington, D.C. 20402, 2"o cents.) natural resource subjects. 233, Schenectady, N.Y. 12305.
Many private organs .zati.ons also have simi- LOCAL GOVERNMENT
lar lists. Guidelines for Town Conservation Commissions.
Connecticut experience, useful elsewhere. 1966. 11
pages. Single copy free. Cooperative Extension
BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS WHICH CAN HELP Service, College of Agriculture, University of
Community Action Connecticut, Storrs, Conn. o6268.
Local Planning Administration. Basic principles of
CITIZEN GROUPS urban planning with suggestions for acting on
Citizen Manual for Community Action. This prac- More Attractive Communities for California. Prac- them. Edited by Mary McLean for the Institute for
tical handbook covers action, for open space and tical handbook for more attractive communities Training in Municipal Administration. 1959. 467
recreation, townsc2pe and landscape, clean air and everywhere. ig6o. 72 pages. $i. California Road- pages. $7.50. International City Managers' Asso-
water, and training of young people, and includes side Council, 2636 Ocean Ave., San Francisco, ciation, 1140 Connecticut Ave. -N.W., Washing-
plain-talk advice on solving problems-from Calif. 94132. ton, D.C. 20035.
scenic casements to bond issues. Prepared by the This - Land of Ours. Community and conserva- The Environment
Citizens' Advisory Committee on Recreation and tion projects for citizens. By Alice Harvey Hubbard.
Natural Beauty. 1968. 36 pages. 40 cents. Super- 196o. 272 pages. $4.95. Macmillan Co., 6o Fifth Beauty for America. Proceedings of the 1965 White
intendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. 20402. Ave., New York, N.Y. I Do i x. House Conference on Natural Beauty. Panel topics
Single copy free from the Committee, 1700 Penn- included: Parks and Open Spaces, Water and
sylvania Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 2ooo6. (b) YOUTH GROUPS Waterfronts, The New Suburbia, TheTarrin Land-
Community Action for Outdoor Recreation and The x966 National Youth Conference on Natural scape, and four on highways and related problems.
Conservation. Groundwork, action, and follow Beauty and Conservation resulted in publication 1966. 782 pages. $2.75. Superintendent of Docu-
through-how to go about it. By William H. of the following; ments, Washington, D.C. 20402.
Whyte for Young Women's Christian Association Suggestions for Involving Young People in Com- A Digerent Kind of Country. The effects of
in cooperation with American Conservation Foun- munity Improvement Projects-As Young People man's influence on nature. By R. F. Dasmann.
dation. 1965. 36 pages. $I. National Board, See It. Guidelines for action developed by Youth 1968. 276 pages. $5.95. Macmillan Co., 6o Fifth
YWCA, 6oo Lexington Ave., New York, N.Y. Conference delegates. 1967. io pages. Ave., New York, N.Y. iooii.
10022. Report to the Nation. Report on the Conference Environmental Quality in A Growing Economy.
Community Improvement Through Beautification. itself, and on delegates' follow-up. activities. Pub- Papers from a 1966 forum sponsored by Resources
A primer for action. By Federal Extension Service, lished by Xerox Corp. 1967. 36 pages. for the Future. Edited by Henry Jarrett. 1967. 173
Department of Agriculture. 1965. 6 pages. 5 cents. Youth Power. An evaluation of the National pages. $5- Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, Md.
Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. Youth Conference an Natural Beauty and Con- 21218.
20402- servation and its follow-up activities by Science Federal Threats to the California Landscape. 1967.
It's Your Communityl A guide to a more attrac- Research Associates, Inc., a subsidiary of IBM 66 pages. $2. California Tomorrow, Forum,Build-
tive community, including planning and zoning Corp. x968. 6o pages. ing, Sacramento, Calif. 95814.
tools. By Henry B. Raymore and H. Stuart Ortloff. (Each ofthe above publications is available free The Fitness of Man's Environment: Smithsonian
x965. 240 pages. M. Barrows and CO., 425 Park from the National Youth Conference's Coordina- Annual 11. Twelve contributions on the theme that
Ave. South, New York, N.Y. xoo16. tors Office, 83o Third Avenue, New York, New man can no longerafford to alter his environment
Land and Water for Tomorrow. Handbook for York 10022. without recognizing that environment is the
training community leaders. 1967. 44 Pages- Sin- Youth Ta@es the Lead. Guidelines to assist teen- dynamic sum of its interrelated parts. Robert McC.
gle copy free. League of, Women Voters Educa- agers in community improvement projects devel- Adams and others, introd. by Rt. Hon. Jennie
tion Fund, i2oo 17th St., N.W., Washington, D.C. oped by Science Research Associates, Inc., a sub- Lee. 1968. 250 pages. $5.95. Smithsonian Press,
20036. sidiary of IBM Corp., in cooperation with the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 2056o.

271

Future Environtnews of North America. Thirty ence Advisory Committee. Published by the White Improving the Quality of Urban Life. A program
ecologists, planners, economists, lawyers and con- House. November 1965. 317 pages. $1.25. Super- guide to model neighborhoods. By Department of
servationists explore the decisionmaking process as intendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. 20402. Housing and Urban Development. 1967. 51 Pages.
it affects man's relation to his enviro 'nment. Edited A Sand County Almanac. Reflections and observa- 55 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washing-
by F. Fraser Darling and John P. Milton for The tions on man's belief in the unity between man ton, D.C. 20402.
Conservation Foundation. 1966. 790 pages. $12.50. and the land. By Aldo Leopold, 1966 edition. Know the Soils You Build On. Guidelines to help
Doubleday, 277 Park Ave., New York, N.Y- 10017- @69 pages. $6.50. Oxford University Press, 417 planners, builders, and homeowners avoid waste,
A Guide to Natural Beauty. Suggestions for build- Fifth Ave., New York, N.Y. iooi6. loss and ugliness. Department of Agriculture.
ing and preserving natural beauty in the home, Soil, Water and Suburbia. A report of the proceed- 1967. 13 pages. 15 cents. Superintendent, of Docu-
community and countryside. Department of Agri- ings of the conference sponsored by the U.S. De- ments, Washington, D.C. 20402.
culture. 32 pages, 55 cents. Superintendent of partments of Agriculture and Housing and Urban Legal Aspects of Planned-Unit Residential De-
Documents, Washington, D.C. 20402. Development, June 15-16, 11)67, Washington, velopment. Recommendations for State and local
The Living Landscape, A naturalist's introduction D.C. 16o pages. $1.25. Superintendent of Docu- regulation of cluster subdivisions and similar de-
to ecology-the interplay of the living landscape. ments, Washington, D.C. 20402. velopments. By Jan Krasnowiecki, Richard F.
By Paul B. Sears. 1966. igg pages. $4.95. Basic A Strategy for a Livable Environment. Report to Babcock and David McBride. 1965. 96 pages. $6.
Books, New York, N.Y. I Do 16. the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare Urban Land Institute, 1200 i8th St., NW.,
Man-made America: Chaos or Control. Planning by his Task Force on Environmental Health and Washington, D.C. 20036.
and design of the landscape for housing, industry, Related Problems. 1967. 90 pages. 6o cents. Super- Open Space Communities in the Marketplace,
commerce, highways, parks and other forms of intendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. 20402. Survey of public acceptance. By Carl Norcross.
open space. Includes chapter on historic preserva- Wastes in Relation to Agriculture and Forestry. 1966. 98 pages. $6. Urban Land Institute, 1200
tion. By Christopher Tunnard and Boris Push- Sorts out the sources and effects of ten major i8th St., NW., Washington, D.C. 20036.
karev. 1963. 479 pages. S15. Yale University types of pollution including chemicals, sedim .ent, Planned-Unit Development With a Homes As-
Press, New Haven, Conn. o6520. organic wastes, and airborne dust, and tells how sociation. Guidelines for preparing s ite plans,
Outdoors USA. Authors of varied backgrounds agriculture and forestry both suffer from PO1lu- building designs, legal documents, and sales pro-
offers a variety of comment, reminiscence and tion and contribute to it. 112 pages. 6o cents. grams for cluster subdivisions. Federal Housing
practical how-to from personal experience on The For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Administration, Department of Housing and Urban
Big Woods, Water, Beautification and The Coun- Washington, D.C. 20402. Development. Revised 1964. 64 pages. 65 cents.
tryside. Sample chapters: "Forest Patterns '" The Urban Environment Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C.
"Land Management for City Water ... .. Conserva- 20402.
tion Solutions to the Town Dump Mess," "Hcal- HOUSING AND NEIGHBORHOODS Planning, Development and Manageme .tit of New
ing Strip Mine Scars," "Reserving Open Space Cluster Development. To structure living space Urban Areas. Treats common open space in cluster
So Cities May Breathe." 1967 Yearbook, Depart- so the outdoors is a part of daily life. By William developments. By Byron R. Hanke. 1967. 24 pages.
ment of Agriculture. 408 pages. $2.75. Superin- H. Whyte. j964. 130 pages. $3. American Con- Free. Department of Housing and Urban Develop-
tendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. 20402- servation Association, 3o Rockefeller Plaza, New ment, Washington, D.C. 20411 -
The Ouiet Crisis. History of the relationship of York, N.Y. 10020.
the American people to the land; Covers the ex- Design of the Housing Site, A Critique of Ameri-
ploitation period, the conservation movement, and can Practice. Suggestions for improvement of DOWNTOWN
Cities. A landscape architect looks at elements of
today's need for good stewardship. By Stewart design and site planning. By Robert D. Katz. 1967. design, texture and form in the details that c6n-
L. Udall. 1963. 209 pages. $5. Holt Rinehart 223 pages. Single copy free. Small Homes Council, tit te the visual appeal of cities. By Lawrence
Winston,, 383 Madison Ave., New York, N.Y. Building Research, University of Illinois, Urbana, s u
10017- 1 111. 6 1 8o I. Halprin. 1966. 224 pages. $15. Reinhold Publish-
Readings in Resource Management. Collection and Dilemma of Urban America. Views on building ing Corp., 430 Park Ave., New "York N.Y. 10022.
analysis of wideranging viewpoints 'on natural new communities, renewing older ones and the The Heart of Our Cities; the Urban Crisis: Diag-
resource conservation. By Ian Burton and Robert resolution of paradoxes caused by urban issues. .nosis and Cure. Human health, comfort, conven-
ience a
.50. University of By Robert C. Weaver. 1965. 138 pages. S3.50. ized city core. By Victor Gruen. 1964. 368 pages.
W. Kates. 1965. 6oc) pages. $8 nd enjoyment can be enhanced by a revital-
Chicago Press, Chicago, 111. 6o6oi. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
Restoring Surface-Mined Lands (Misc. Publica- 02138, 38-50. Simon and Schuster, 63o Fifth Ave., New
tion io82). Principles for a national surface- The Future of Old Neighborhoods; Rebuilding York, N.Y. iao2o.
minded land conservation effort. ig pages. Illus- for a Changing Population. Aspects of the gradual Lessons from Experience in Downtown Develop-
trated. 15 cents. Superintendent of Documents, replacement Pf older areas of cities with sugges- ment. Case history of downtown Denver as a guide
Washington, D.C. 20402. tion& for public action, By Bernard J. Fr en. to central city development. 1965, 64 pages. $5.
Restoring the Quality of Our Environment. Report 1964. 209 pages. $7.50. M.I.T. Press, Cambri ge, IUrban Land Institute, 1200 i8th St., N.W., Wash-
of the Environmental Panel of the President's Sci- Mass. 02139. ington, D.C. 20036.

272

OPEN SPACES restoration projects assisted by programs of the PLANNING-URBAN
The Last Landscape. Survey of conservation prob- Departments of Housing and Urban Development ABC's of Community Planning. Basic handbook
lems and opportunities in urban areas. Explains and of the Interior (National Park Service), and for community betterment. 1962. 34 pages. 25
techniques and tools such as open space zoning, National Trust for Historic Preservation. i966. cents. Community Planning Division, Sears, Roe-
easements, and land trusts. By William H. Whyte. 78 pages. $I. Superintendent of Documents, Wash- buck and Co., Chicago, 111. 6o6O7.
1968- 375 pages. $6.5o. Doubleday, 277 Park Ave., ington, D.C. 20402. Land-use Intensity, Guide for measurement and
New York, N.Y. 10017- Sites. Eligible for the Registry of National Land- application of land-use intensity. Revised 1966. io
Open Space Action. Study Report No. 15 of.tbe mar@s. Explains program to promote conserva- Pages. Free at local offices, Federal Housing Ad-
Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission. tion of sites of historical and scientific significance. ministration, Department of Housing and Urban
By William H. Whyte. 1962. iig pages. 65 cents. By National Park Service. 1965. 28 pages. Super- Development. Also, Washington, D.C. 20411 -
Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. intendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. 20zjO2. The Place of the ideal Community in Urban Plan@
20402. With Heritage So Rich. A Report of the U.S. Con- ning. Physical aspects of past "utopian" designs
Open Space for Urban America. Comprehensive ferencc of Mayors, Special Committee on Historic are discussed. By Thomas A. Reiner. 1963. 194
information on open space planning, land acquisi- Preservation. 1966. 230 pages. $io. Random pages. $8.50. University of Pennsylvania Press,
tion, financing and administration. Department of House, 457 Madison Ave., New York, N.Y. 10022. Philadelphia, Pa. 19104.
Housing and Urban Development study. 1966. 154 Planning for a Nation of Cities. Sam B. Warner.
pages. $1,50. Superintendent of Documents, Wash- NOISE 1967. 310 pages. $2.95. Massachusetts Institute of
ington, D.C. 20402. Alleviation of let Aircraft Noise Near Airports. Technology Press, Cambridge, Mass. 02139.
Open Space Land, Planning and Taxation; A Se- Report of Jet Aircraft Noise Panel, Office of Science Urban Land Use Planning. Points to be encom-
lected Bibliography. By John E. Rickert, Urban and Technology. 1966. 167 pages. Executive Of- passed in a city plan. By Stuart Chapin, Jr. 1965.
Land Institute. 1965. 58 pages, 40 cents. Superin- fice of the President, Washington, D.C. 20500. 498 pages. $7.95. University of Illinois Press, Ur-
tendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. 20402. Community and Privacy, Toward a New Archi- bana, 111. 618oI.
Stewardship. Although addressed to owners of open tecture of Humanism, Cars and noise as they af- PLAN N I NG-REGIONAL
land in the New York City area, this will be useful fect the human habitat. By Serge Chermayeff and The American Landscape, A Critical Review. By
to private landowners anywhere who want to pro- Christopher Alexander. 1963. 236 pages, $5.95. Ian Nairn. 1965. 152 pages. $5.95. Random House,
tect the natural beauty of their land. 1965. 82 Doubleday, 277 Park Ave., New York, N.Y. 10017. 457 Madison Ave., New York, N.Y. 10022.
pages. $3, Open Space Action Committee, 205 E. COMMUNITY Man and Land in the United States. By Marion
42nd St., New York, N.Y. 10017- The Death and Life of Great American Cities. Clawson, 1964. 178 pages. $4.50. University of
Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebr. 68503.
WATERFRONTS A diagnosis of the ills of New York City, with The Potomac. Report of the Potomac Planning
Planning and Developing Waterfront Property. unothodox prescriptions for treatment, eniphasiz- Task Force, an interdisciplinary group appointed'
Appraisal of waterfront planning and development ing concern for the people who live there. By Jane by the American Institute of Architects to propose
as they affect developers and investors. Case his- Jacobs. ig6i. 458 pages. $7.5o. Random House,
tories. By William B. Rick. 24 pages. $3. Urban 457 Madison Ave., New York, N.Y. jo022. means of enhancing the Potomac Valley including
Land Institute, 1200 18th St., N.W., Washington, Communities of Tomorrow. A policy statement the Washington, D.C., waterfront. j967. ioi pages.
D.C. 20036. prepared by the U.S. Department of Agriculture $5. Superintendent of Documents, Washington,
Principles of Waterfront Renewal. Summary of which suggests a course for long-range community D.C. 20402.
experiences in 5o American cities. Article by R. A. planning and development. 34 pages. Available METROPOLITAN REGION
Lehmann in Landscape Architecture Quarterly. free from Office of Information, U.S. Department The Challenge of Megalopolis. A graphic presenta-
July 1966. of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 20250. tion of problems of the urbanized northeastern sea-
Waterfront Renewal. Recommendations - for ac. Urban Design: The Architecture of Towns and board of the United States. Based on a Study by
tion to restore city waterfronts. Case histories. Cities. A nontechnical discussion. By Paul D. Jean Gottman. By Wolf Von Eckardt. 1964. 126
Wisconsin Department of Resource Development. Spreiregen for the American Institute of Architects. pages. $3.95. Macmillan Co., 6o Fifth Ave., New
1966. 68 pages. Single copies free. State of Wis- 1965. 243 pages. $12.50. McGraw-Hill, 330 W. York, N.Y. iooii.
consin, Department of Resource Development, 42nd St., New York, N.Y. 10036. The City Is the Frontier. Colorful critique of the
Madison, Wis. 53702. Urban L4ndscape Design, Comprehensive treat_ city, with special attention to urban renewal. By
HISTORIC PRESERVATION ment of landscape design problems in urban areas: Charles Abrams. 1965. 394 pages. $6.5o. Harper
Patios and other enclosed spaces; school, campus, and Row, 49 E. 33rd St., New York, N.Y. iooi6.
Planning for Preservation. R. L. Montague and shopping center, and other functionally related Metropolis Against Itself. Analysis of issues where
T. P. Wrenn. 1964. 42 pages. $2.5o. American buildings; parks and playgrounds; marinas; streets local governments have to deal with new kinds of
Society of Planning Officials, 1313 E. 6oth St., and highways. By Garrett Eckbo. 1964. 248 pages. problems. 1959. 54 pages. $I. Committee for
Chicago, 111. 6o637. $16-50- McGraw-Hill, 330 W. 42nd Street, New Economic Development, 71l Fifth Ave., New
Preserving Historic America. Examples of local York, N.Y. 10036. York, N.Y, iooio.

273

The Metropolis: Its People, Politics, and Economic prevents pollution, how agricultural scientists Community Action Program for ;Valer Pollution
Life. Problems of metropolitan areas, and various protect the food we eat, the water we drink, and Control. 8 pamphlet guides. j965. Free. National
approaches to governing them. By John C. Bollens the air we breathe. Agricultural Research Service, Association of Counties, iooi Connecticut Ave.,
and Henry J. Schmandt. 1965. 643 pages. $8-Q5. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036.
Harper and ROw, 49 E. 33rd St., New York, N.Y. 20250. Consideration of Federal Financial Incentives to
icoi6. lVaste Management and Control. Report to the Industry for Abating Water- Pollution. Proposed
The Urban Condition: People and Policy in the Federal Council for Science and Technology. By types of tax incentives and other aid; pros and
Metropolis. Insights into problems caused or National Academy of Sciences Committee on cons. 1966. 20 pages. 50 cents. League of Women
intensified by urban environments. Papers by Pollution, Athelstan Spilhaus, Chairman. 1966. 257 Voters, 1200 17th St., N.W., Washington, D.C.
psychologists, educators, biologists, lawyers, pages. $4. National Academy of Sciences, 2101 20036.
economists, architects, sociologists, welfare work- Constitution Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20418. The Crce@, and the City. A natural Stream sys-
ers, social planners. Edited by Leonard J. Duhl. AIR POLLUTION tem under urban pressures, including pollution.
1963. 410 Pages. $to. Basic Books, 404 Park Community Actiov Program for Air Pollution Case history of Rock Creek Park in metropolitan
Ave. South, New York, N.Y. iooi6. Control. 8 pamphlet guides. 1966. Free. National Washington, D.C., with action suggestions. For
NEW COMMUNITIES Association of Counties, xoox Connecticut Ave., Department of the Interior. 1967. 52 pages. 50
The Community Builders. By Edward P. Eichler N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036. cents. Superintendent of Documents, Washington,
D.C. 20402.
@and Marshall Kaplin. 1967- 196 pages. $5.50. Crisis in Our Cities, By L. Herber. 1965. 239 pages.
Universitv of California Press, Berkeley, Calif. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 07632. Focus on Clean lVater. Suggested program for
94720. The Economics of Air Pollution. Papers, edited by communIty organizations. 1966. 32 pages. Free.
Water Pollution Control Administration, Wash-
Toward New Towns for America. By Clarence S. H: Wolozin. 1968. 318 pages. $5. W. W. Norton, ington, D,C. 20203.
Stein. Revised 1965. 26o pages. $io. Massachusetts 55 Fifth Ave.,' New York, N.Y. 10003.
Institute of Technology Press, Cambridge, Mass. The Federal Air Pollution Program, Summarizes SOLID WA5TE
02139. Federal assistance available to communities and Automobile Disposal: A National Problem. Case
- States. 1966. 52 Pages. Free. National Cent'er for studies in selected areas of factors influencing ac-
Pollution Air Pollution Control, Department of Health, Edu- cumulation of junked autos. Bureau of Mines,
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION, GENERAL cation, and Welfare, Washington, D.C. 243201. Department of the Interior. 1967. 569 pages. $4,50.
The Adequacy of Technology for Pollution Abate- Other Center publications include: Clean Air 101. Superintendent of Documents, Washington@ D.C.
ment. Report for Subcommittee on Science, Re- You)- Com m unity. 1966, 4 pages; Take Three Giant 20402.
search, and Development of Committee on Science Steps to Clean Air, 1966, 10 pages; Today and Disposal of Automobile Scrap in Connecticut. An
.and Astronautics. 1966. 17 pages. 89th Congress, Tomorrow in Air Pollution, 1966, 28 pages; The evaluation of marketing and technology. February
2nd Session. U.S. House of Representatives, Wash- Effects, Of Air Pollution, 1966, 18 pages; The 1967. Prepared by The Connecticut Development
ington, D.C. 20515. Sources of Air Pollution, x966, 16 pages; A Digest Commission, State Office Building, Hartford, Conn.
Environmental Improvement. Lectures (by Rene of State Air Pollution Laws, r966, 292 pages. o61 15. Single copies are available on request.
J. Dubos, John A. Baker, Sen. Edmund S. Muskic, Freedom to Breathe. Report of the Mayor's Task Disposal ol lun@ed Vehicles on Private Property.
John T. Middleton, and S. Dillon Ripley) on con- Force on Air Pollution in the City of New York. Vehicle removal procedures and selected laws in
trol of air, water and soil pollution. Edited by jo66. 175 pages. the Rochester, N.Y., area. 1966. 42 pages. Eastern
Ralph W. Marquis. 1966, io5 pages. $i.5o. Dc- Special Report to Mayor John V. Lindsay. 1967. States Building Officials Federation, City Public
partment.of Agriculture Graduate School, Wash- 15 pages. Two examples of plain 'talk reports of a Safety Building, Civic Center Plaza, Rochester,
ington, D.C. 20250. local citizens' advisory group. May be requested N.Y. 14614.
Environmental Pollution: A Challenge to Science from the Office of the Mayor, New York, N.Y. Final Report on the Removal and Utilization of
and Technology. Report of Subcommittee on 10007. lun@ed Automobiles in Southeastern Florida. By
Science, Research, and Development to Commit- WATER POLLUTION M. G. Roth, E. J. Jablonowski, and R. W. Hale of
tee on Science and Astronautics. 1966. 6o pages. Citizen Action for Clean Water. Story of success- the Battelle Memorial Institute for the Economic
89tb Congress, 2nd Session. U.S. I-louse of Repre- ful campaign for New York State's $I billion bond Development Administration, U.S. Department of
sentativcs, Washington, D.C. 20515. issuc to finance clean water. 1966. 15 pages. Single Commerce, x967. 6o pages. $3. Superintendent Of
Restoring the Quality of Our Environment. Report cop), free. Citizens' Committee for Clean Water, Documents, Washington, D.C. 20402.
of the President's Science Advisory Committee's 105 E. 22nd St., New York, N.Y. loolo. Legal Aspects of lun@ Auto Disposal. 1967. 39
Panel on Environmental Pollution, John W. Tukey, Citizen Guide to Action for Clean Water. Ex- pages. $I. Northern Virginia Regional Planning
Chairman. 1965. 319 pages. $1.25. Superintendent planation of the Water Quality Act of 1965. HOW Commission, 6316 Castle Pl., Fatts Church, Va.
of Documents, Washington, D.C. 20402. citizens can assist in achieving its purposes. 1966. 22044.
Science and Improving Our Environment. A com- 32 pages. Free. Izaak Walton League of America, Iron and Steel Scrap Consumption Problems. Na-
prehensive report on how agricultural research 1326 Waukegan Rd., Glenview, Ill. 6oO25. ture of scrap and scrap-use practices; the junk car

274

problem. By Gardner F. Derrickson for Depart- The Rural Environment Agriculture including the quality of the environ-
ment of Commerce. 1966. 52 pages. 40 cents. ment, and widening public awareness and involve-
Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. RURAL CONMUNITIES ment in conservation of resources. 1967. 6o pages.
20402. 30,000 Communities Without Wale). 1965. 17 Free. Department of Agriculture, Washington,
Motor Vehicle Abandonment in U.S. Urban Areas. pages. Free. Farmers Home Administration, Dc- D.C. 20250.
Nature and extent of the problem and adequacy partment of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 20250. FORESTS
of present methods of handling it. By Gardner F. Loans. for Resource Conservation & Development. Forest Patterns, Beauty and Use. By Edward P.
Derrickson for the Department of Commerce. 1967. io67. Free. Farmers Home Administration, De- Cliff. 1965. 6 pages. Department of Agriculture,
51 pages. 35 cents. Superintendent of Documents, partment of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 20250. Washington, D.C. 20250.
Washington, D.C. 20402. Rental and Co-op Housing in Rural Areas. 1967. Timber Harvesting and Forest Aesthetics. Describes
Municipal Refuse Disposal. 1966. 528 pages. 51o. 4' pages. 5 cents. Superintendent of Documents, ways, means, and costs of cutting up tops of felled
American Public Works Association, Public Ad- Washington, D.C. 20402. trees and other practices such as pruning and thin-
ministration Service, Chicago, 111. Revitalizing Raral America-Liftle River County, ning. Includes contract procedures to assure proper
Ar@ansas. r967. 23 pages. Free. Office of Jnforma-
LITTER tion, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. clean-up after logging operations. 1966. 20 pages.
Keep America Beautiful Manual for Business and College of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts,
Industry. Suggests antilitter activities for businesses. 20250. Amherst, Mass. 01002.
24 pages. Keep American Beautiful, 99 Park Ave., Rural Areas Development at Wor@. 1966-31 pagc@.
New York, N.Y. iooi6. Free. Department of Agriculture, Washington, WETLANDS AND ESTUARIES
D.C. 20250. Estuarine Areas: Hearings on bills to authorize
PESTICIDES The Why and How of Rural Zoning. Agriculture Federal-State action to protect, develop, and make
Safe Use of Agricultural and Household Pesticides. information bulletin. Revised August 1967. 58 accessible. Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wild-
Information on pesticide use and safety precautions. pages. Free. Department of Agriculture, Washing- life Conservation, Committee on Merchant Marine
Department of Agriculture. 65 pages. 50 cents. ton, D.C. 20250. and Fisheries, House of Representatives, goth Con-
Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. Zoning-An Aid to Community Resource Develop- gress, ist S ession. March 6, 8, 9, 1967. May be
20402. ment. Federal Extension Service, Department of requested from the Committee, Washington, D.C.
-Sale Use of Pesticides . . . in the Home . . . in Agriculture. 1967. 13 pages. 15 cents. Superintend- 20515.
the Garden. Emphasizes need to read and. follow cnt of Documents, Washington, D.C. 20402. Wetlands of the United States. A report on exist-
labels, and. :1 i#@' precautions. Agricultural Research Zoning jor Rural Areas. Revised August 1965. ing wetlands as of 1954-55. 1956. 67 pages. $I.
Servic@,.I,Pejjartment of Agriculture. Washington, Free. Department of Agriculture, Washington, Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
D.C.20250. D.C.20250. 20240.
Saving 'the Forests. How foresters and scientists Zoning for Small Towns and Rural Counties. SHORELINES AND ISLANDS
team up with public and private landowners to Prepared by Economic Development Administra- The Maine Coast: Prospects and Perspectives.
protect forest lands and wildlife resources against tion, Department of Commerce. 1966. 96 pages. Proceedings of a symposium examining this shore-
insects and disease. 1965., 12 pages. Free. Depart- 50 cents. Superintendent of Documents, Washing- line as a system of endangered scenic and recrea.
ment of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 20250. ton, D.C. 20402. tional resources. Will be useful in other areas.
Silent Spring. Popular account and analysis of FARMS AND RANCHES 1967. ioo pages. Free. Center for Resource Studies,
effects of pesticides on the natural world. By Farmers Home Administration Strengthens Family Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me. 04011.
Rachael Carson. 1962. 30 pages. 75 cents. Fawcett Farms Strengthens Rural Communities, Reduces Our Vanishing Shoreline. Survey and report on
World Library, 67 W. 44th St., New York, N.Y. Rural'Poverly. 1967. Free. Farmers Home Ad- Atlantic and Gulf shoreline. 36 pages. Free. Na-
10036. ministration, Department of Agriculture, Wash- tionat Park Service. 1956. Department of the
That We May Live. Facts about the effects of . Interio , Washington, D.C. 20240.
pesticides on our national health based on a ington, D.C. 20250. r
Food and Fiber for the Future. Agricultural and Shore Protection, Planning and Design. With
scientific report made in behalf of Congress. Jamie foreign trade policies and their effects on the bibliography. 1966. 401 pages. $3. Army Corps
L. Whitten. 1966. 251 pages. $6.95. D . Van economy. National Advisory Commission on Food of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Resources Cen-
Nostrand Company, Inc., 24 West 4oth Street, New and Fiber. 1967. 361 .pages. $1.25. Superintendent ter, Washington, D.C.
York, N.Y. iooi8. of Documents, Washington, D.C. 20402. WATER RESOURCES
The War That Never Ends . . . Facts About Pest Our American Land. Overview of the land as The Big Water Fight. Nationwide citizen action
Control. Reviews the need for pesticides, USDA's
policy on pesticides, the extent of pesticide usage, base for bounty and beauty. 1967. 29 pages. 20 on water supply, pollution, floods, and planning.
and the work being done to discover alternate cents. Superintendent of Documents, Washington, The League of Women Voters Education Fund.
methods of pest control. 1966. 1.2 pages. Free, D.C.20402. 1966.25 6 pages. 36.95. Stephen Greene Press, i2o
Office of Information, Department of Agriculture, Resources in Action-Agriculture12000. Con- Main St., Brattleboro, Vt- 05301.
Washington, D.C. 20250. servation policies and goals of the Department of Nature's Constant Gift. A report on the conserva-

275

tion of the water resources of the Tennessee Valley, County Parks and Recreation: a Basis for Action. Partain, and J. R. Champlin. 1966. 304 pages.
1966. 72 pages. Free. Tennessee Valley Authority, Papers by county officials and others. Edited by $6.95. Interstate Printers and Publishers, Danville,
Knoxville, Term. 37902. Philip Warren. 1964. 326 pages. $3.50. National Ill. 6T832.
Science and Saving Water and Soil. Research find- Association of Counties, iooi Connecticut Ave., NATIONAL PARKS, FORESTS AND WILDERNESS
ings with regard to saving water, and proper uses N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036. The Americ 'an Outdoors' Management for Beauty
of water. 1967. 6 pages. 20 cents. Department of EcolMnlic`S Of Outdoor Recreation. By Marion and Use. Forest Service, Department of Agricul-
Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 20250. Clawson and Jack L. KrIctsch. 1966. 317 pages. ture, 1965. 76 pages. 55 cents. Superintendent of
WILDLIFE $8.5o. Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, Md. 21218. Documents, Washington, D.C. 20402.
Birds in Our Lives. Contributions from many peo- Handbook of Outdoor Recreation Enterprises in Outdoor Recreation in the National Forests. 1965.
ple of varied backgrounds on a common subject. Rural Areas. 1966. 122 pages. 65 cents. Superin- io6 pages. Free. Forest Service, Department of
Department of the Interior. 1966. 576 @.ges. $9. tendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. 20402. Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 20250.
Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. Loans for Recreational Enterprises. 1966. Tree. .4 Wilderness Bill of Rights. By William 0. Doug-
20402. Farmers Home Administration, Department of las. 1965. 192 pages. $6. Little Brown & CO., 34
Wildlife Habitat Improvement. What groups and Agri@ulturc, Washington, D.C. 20250. Beacon St., Boston, Mass. 02108.
individuals can do to help attract and support Open Space and the Law. Edited by Frances Transportation
wildlife. 1966. 56 pages. 32.5o. National Audubon Herring. 1965. 16o pages. $3. Institute of Gov- URBAN TRANSPORTATION, GENERAL
Society, Nature Center Division, 113o Fifth Ave., ernmental Studies, University of California,
New York, N.Y. 10028. Berkeley, Calif. 94720. Urban Public Transportation, Selected References.
NIINED-LAND RECLAMATION Outdoor Recreation for America. The landmark .Background, analysis, tried or proposed solutions
report of the Outdoor Recreation Resources Re- in public transportation of people. 1965. 20 Pages.
Strip and Surface Mining in Appalachia. Study b y view Commission. 1962. 243 Pages. Out-of-print Free. Department of Housing and Urban Develop-
Office of the Secretary,. Department of the Interior. but available at many public libraries. A 4o-page nient, Washington, D.C. 20410.
Report of field appraisal team which examined digest of the ORRRC report, "Action for Outdoor HIGHWAYS
reclamation work at 56 sites. 1965. 78 pages. St. Recreation for America," may be requested from Art and Science of Roadside Development, . Re-
Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. regional offices of the Bureau of Outdoor Recrea- port of the Highway Research Board. 1966. 81
20402. tion, or from the Conservation Foundation, 1250 pages. $4. National Research Council, Washing-
Surface Mining and Our Environment. Identifies 2 Connecticut Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036. ton, D.C. 20418.
million acres of surface-mined area which should
have reclamation treatment. Acid mine drainage Outdoor Recreation Space Standards. Reports area Proposed Program for Scenic Roads and Park-
and other water quality factors are considered. In- 2nd facility standards used by man), organiza- ways. Prepare(] by Department of Commerce for
cludes action recommendations. 1967. 124 pages. tions for park and recreation areas, and space needs the President's Council on Recreation and Natural
$2. Department of the Interior. Superintendent for sport and other outdoor activities. 1967. 70 Beauty. j966. 254 pages. 52-75. Superintendent
of Documents, Washington, D.C. 20402. pages. 45 cents. Superintendent of Documents, of Documents, Washington, D.C. 20402.
TRAILS Washington, D.C. 20402. Public Participation in Highway Beautification.
Developing the Sell-Guiding Trail in the National Parks for America. A survey of potential park Short case histories of projects reported by State
Forest. 1964. 20 pages. 20 cents. Superintendent of and relatcd resources in all 50 States and a prelim- highway departments. 1966. 14 pages. Free. Bu-
Documents, Washington, D.C. 20402. inary plan. By Department of the Interior (Na- reau of Public Roads, Department of Transporta-
Trail Planning and Layout, By B. L. Ashbaugh. tionat Park Service). 1964. 485 pages. $5.25. Su- tion, Washington, D.C. 20590.
I n formation -ed ucation bulletin. 1965. 104 pages. perintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. The Scenic Route. Guide for the designation of
$2.50. Nature Center Division, National Aud ubon -0402. an official scenic highway in California. Useful
Society, I13o Fifth Ave., Now York, N.Y. ioo28. Policy Issues in Outdoor Recreation. Proceedings elsewhere. x965. 55 pages. Free. State of Califor-
of a conference cosponsored by Utah State Uni- nia Transportation Agency, Department of Public
Trails for America. Report on a study proposing versity College of Natural Resources, and De- Works, Sacramento, Calif. 95814.
a nationwide trails system. By the Departments partment of the Interior Bureau of Outdoor The View from the Road. The esthetics of high-
of the Interior and Agriculture. 1966. 155 Pages. Recreation. 1966. 120 pages, Single copy free. ways: How they look to the driver and what this
$2. Superintendent of Documents, Washington, Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. implies for design. By Donald Appleyard, Kevin
D.C. 20402. 20402. Lynch, and John R. Myer. 1963. 64 pages. $15.
OUTDOOR RECREATION Recreation Land Price Escalation. Means of con- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, Cam-
County Action for Outdoor Recreation. How-to- trolling or allowing for spiraling costs of recreation bridge, Mass, 02139.
do-it, with case histories illustrating factors of lands and waters for public purposes, present and AIRPORTS
success. 1964. 50 pages. 25 cents. National Asso- future. 1967. 33 pages. Single copy free. Depart- Airport Land Needs, 1966. 85 pages. $3. Arthur D.
ciation of Counties, iooi Connecticut Ave., N.W., merit of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 20402. Little, 35/202 Acorn Park, Cambridge, Mass.
Washington, D.C. 20036. Rural Recreation for Profit. By C. R. Smith, L. E. 02140.

276

National Airport Plan. Identifies existing and new Better Homes and Gardens Landscape Planning. SIGN CONTROL
airports recommended for development during the Site planning of homes and planting in relation to Signs Out of Control. Case histories of various
period 1968-72. Intragovernmental coordination the landscape. By Eugene R. Martini. 1963. 192 kinds of billboard and other sign control efforts
and the airport environment are among subjects pages. $3.95. Meredith Press, 1716 Locust St., Des in communities of different sizes. 1964. 31 P29cs.
for comment. 1968. 2x8 pages. $I. Superintendent Moines, Iowa 50309. $1. California Roadside Council, 2626 Ocean Ave.,
of Documents, Washington, D.C. 20402. Growing Your Trees. How to do it for homeown- San Francisco, Calif. 94132.
ers. By Wilbur H. Youngman and Charles E. Ran-
dall. 1967. 72 pages. $2. The American Forestry Education
The View Association, gig 17th St., N.W., Washington, PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS
SCENIC PRESERVATION D.C. 2ooo6. Guidelines to Conservation Education Action. By
P)ivate Approaches to the Preservation oi Open Landscape Architecture. Covers relation of sites to Izaak Walton League of America in cooperation
Land. Various legal methods through which a stru.ctures and views, .and the shaping of man's with Conservation Education Association and Na-
private owner may regulate use of his land to pre- environment on a regional as well as a-citywide tional Audubon Society, Nature Center Division,
serve its natural values, including outright trans- basis. By John 0. Simonds. ig6i. 244 pages. 113o Fifth Ave., New York, N.Y. ioo28.
fer, casement, leasehold, trust and controls by $12.75, F. W. Dodge, 330 W. 42nd St., New HIGHER EDUCATION AND CONTINUING EDUCATION
condition and covenant. By'Russell L. Brennan. York, N.Y. 10036. Conservation-in the People's Hands. Study of the
1966. i5o pages. $io. Conservation and Research Science and America's Beauty.. Agricultural re- conservation field emphasizing importance of edu-
Foundation, 13 Woodsea PI., Waterford, Conn. search contribution to beauty-ptant exploration,
plant bre ding, and plant protection. Agricultural cation to deal with natural resource uses. Prob-
o6385. Research c Service, Departmdnt of Agriculture, lems of communities are identified and proce-
Scenic Easements in Action. 2 volumes: I) Manual Washington, D.C. 20250- dures are suggested for dealing with them. 1964.
for Conference Workshops on Planning, Adminis- 330 pages. $6. American Association of School
tration, Nongovernmental Program and Legal UTILITY WIRES AND FACILITIES Administrators, National Education Association,
Aspects, 85 pages; 2) Proceedings of a Confer- Overhead and Underground Transmission Lines. 1201 16th St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036.
ence on Scenic Easements in Action, 70 pages. Hearings on bills S. 2507 and S. 25o8 to authorize The College, The Community and Conservation.
j966. $7 for both volumes. Extension Law Depart- research and development. May 1966. 393 pages. Summary of a conference on application of college
ment, 236 Law School, University of Wisconsin, Committee on Commerce, U.S. Senate, Washing- and university resources to land use planning,
Madison, Wis- 537o6. ton, D.C. 20510. and conservation of land, air, and water through
Vermont Scenery Preservation. Emphasis on the Program for Advancing Underground Electric continuing education programs, with particular
view from highways. Strong, specific recommen- Power Transmission Technology. Report to the reference to Title I of the Higher Education Act
dations for legislation and enforcement. Approaches President from the Secretary of the Interior. April of 1965. 1967. 40-50 pages. $I. The Conservation
and methods could be useful elsewhere. Prepared 1966. 33 pages. Department of the Interior, Wash- Foundation, 1250 Connecticut Ave., N.W., Wash-
under grant from the American Conservation As- ington, D.C. 20240. ington, D.C. 20036.
sociation. 1966. 72 pages. $I. Central Planning Underground Power Transmission. A report to
Office, State of Vermont, I 18 Staie St., Montpelier, the Federal Power Commission by the Commis-
Vt- 05602. sion's Committee on LInderground Transmission.
LANDSCAPE DESIGN AND PLANTING April 1966. 170 pages. Federal Power Commis-
Department of Agriculture produces many bulle- sion, Washington, D.C. 20426.
tins on selecting and caring for plant materials, Report on Cost and Practices on Underground
each on specific problems. Recent representative Residential Distribution. 1966. 32 pages. $6. Na-
ones of most common concern are: Better Lawns- tional Association of Home Builders, 1625 L St.,
Establishment, Maintenance, Renovation, Lawn N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036.
Problems, Grasses. 4 pages. 15 cents; Color It JUNKYARD CONTROL AND SCREENING
Green with Trees, 16 pages. 20 cents; Growing GreenlScreen. Case histories of screening eye-
I'lowering Perennials, 4 pages. 15 cents; Trees for sores, with photographs, diagrams and layouts.
Shade and Beauty, 8 pages. to cents. Available 1967. io pages. Free. Institute of Scrap Iron and
from Superintendent of Documents, Washington, Steel, 1729 H St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 2ooo6.
D.C. :20402. Living Screens Jor America. Guide to suitable
America's Garden Boo@. Comprehensive, practi- plantings for various parts of the country to screen
cal treatise on garden design and planting. By objectionable sights. 1966. 6 pages. Free. Local
James and Louise Bush-Brown. 1965. 752 pages- nurserymen or American Association of Nursery-
58-95. Charles Scribner's Sons, 597-599 Fifth Ave., men, 835 Southern Bldg., Washington, D.C.
New York, N.Y. 100 17. 20005.

277

PERIODICALS WHICH CAN HELP about bettering urban environments. io issues Reports, Inc., 332 Pennsylvania Bldg., 425 13th
a year. $i o. Urban America, I I I W- 57th St., New St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20004.
This brief listing includes the journals York, N.Y. iooig. Ranger Rick's Nature Magazine. Monthly. Illus-
of some specialized trades and professions City. Bi-monthly. Review of urban America. $5- trated nature magazine for children and people
which frequently contain articles useful (Free to members and contributors.) Urban who work with children. Includes many ideas for
to the layman interested in the quality of America, 1717 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Wash- activities related to the natural environment. $6
his environment. These journals are usually mgton, D-C- 20036. for io issues per year. National Wildlife Federa-
available in libraries, or,.t .n some cases, by Health-Physical Education-Recreation, journal. tion, 1412 16th St., Washington, D.C. 20036.
Monthly except July, August, December. $io. Soil Conservation. Monthly magazine of Soil Con-
subscription. The purpose is 10 suggest American Association for Health, Physical Educa- servation Service, Department of Agriculture.
such sources with a few examples, rather tion and Recreation, 1201 16th St., N.W., Wash- $1.75- Superintendent of Documents, Washington,
than to provide a complete list. Prices in, ington, D.C. 20036. D.C. 20402.
dicaied throughout are for yearly subscrip- Homebuilding, journal. Monthly. Contains articles Soil and Water Conservation, journal. Monthly.
tion. on planning, land use, community development, Articles on various phases of soil and water con-
including such specifics as varieties of cluster de- servation. $7.50. Soil Conservation Society of
velopments, traffic patterns, open space plans and America, 7515 N.E. Ankeny Road, Ankeny, Iowa
Aging. Monthly. Sharing information about pro- uses, zoning requirements and how to meet them. 500211.
grams, activities, and publications among inter- Reprints available at cost. National Association of Water Pollution Control Federation, journal.
ested individuals, agencies, and organizations, in- Home Builders, 1625 L St., N.W., Washington, Monthly. $18.5o. Water Pollution Control Fcdera-
cluding such topics as recreation,- housing, and D.C. 20036. tion, 3900 Wisconsin Ave., N.W., Washington,
volunteer community service. Administration on journal of Forestry. Monthly. Articles on Forest D.C. 2oox6.
Aging, Social and Rehabilitation Service, Depart- Resources and related subjects. $1z. Society of
ment of Health, Education, and Welfare. '$I. American Foresters, ioio 16th St., N.W., Wash-
Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. ington, D.C. 20036.
20402- Landscdpe Architecture. Quarterly. International
Agronomy journal. Monthly. Articles on research coverage of regional and land planning, design
pertaining to soils, turfgrass, crops, and land man- and construction for 'professional landscape archi-
agement. $14. American Society of Agronomy, 677 tects, architects and planners, landscape contrac-
South Segoe Road, Madison, Wis. 537". tors and developers, and conservationists. $6.
American City. Monthly. $7. Buttenheim Publish- American Society of Landscape Architects, 344 SO.
ing Corp., 757 Third Ave., New York, N.Y. iooi7. Peterson.Ave., Louisville, KY. 402o6.
American County Government. Monthly. $io. Na- National Parks Magazine. Monthly. Covers parks,
tional Association of Counties, iooi Connecticut and wilderness, outdoor recreation, the protection
Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036. and restoration of the outdoor environment gen-
American Forests. Monthly. Articles on all re- erally. $6.5o. National Parks Association, 1300
sources, and parks and recreation subjects. $6. New Hampshire Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C.
American Forestry Association, gig 17th St., N.W., 20036.
Washington, D.C. 2ooo6. National Wildlile. Monthly. $5 for six issues. Na-
American Highways. Quarterly. Highway con- tional Wildlife Federation, 1412 16th St., Wash-
struction. 50 cents. American Association of State ington, D.C. 20036.
Highway Officials, 917 National Press Bldg., Nation's Cities. Monthly. $6. National League of
Washington, D.C. 20004. Cities, x 612 K St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 2ooo6.
American Institute ot Architects, journal. Monthly. Outdoor Recreation Action. Quarterly. Forum for
Wide and well -illustrated coverage of environ- reporting of private, local, State and Federal ac-
mental subjects, including international. projects, tions in the areas of outdoor recreation and nat-
legislative reports. American Institute of Archi- ural beauty. Started in 1966. Approx. 45 Pages.
tects, 1735 New York Ave., N.W., Washington, Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, Departinent of the
D.C. 2ooo6. - Interior, Washington, D.C. 20240.
American Institute of Planners, Journal. Monthly. Parks and Recreation. Monthly. National Recrea-
$5. American Institute of Planners, 9x7 15th St., tion and Park Association, 1700 Pennsylvania
N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 2ooo6.
Architectural Forum. Review of events and ideas Public Utilities Fortnightly. $ig. Public Utilities

278

FILMS WHICH CAN HELP Community Action
Community Action for Beauty. Community nat-
Grouped alphabetically by title under the following headings: ural beauty projects are covered live or reenacted
in various communities across the country to
illustrate success. Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson appears.
Community Action page 279 1967. 30 min. Color. Free loan. National Council
of State Garden Clubs, 4401 Magnolia Ave., St.
Youth Involvement Page 279 Louis, Mo. 6311o. Also sale. Walter J. Klein Co.,
1214 Elizabeth Ave., Charlotte, N.C. 28204.
The Environment page 279 Community Action for Recreation.' Education
HOUSING AND NEIGHBORHOODS page 280 Services Division, Public Relations Department,
DOWNTOWN page 280 Montgomery Ward and Co., 6 19 W. Chicago Ave.,
OPEN SPACE page 280 Chicago, 111. 6o6O7.
WATERFRONTS page 280 She Planteth a Vineyard. Documents State Garden
NoisE page 280 Clubs' activities and service in landscape design
COMMUNITY AS A WHOLE page 280 and flower-arranging schools, judging, community
PLANNING-URBAN Page 281 enhancement, publica -tions, garden therapy among
PLANNING-REGIONAL Page 281 the blind, sick and imprisoned, and outstanding
METROPOLITAN REGION page 281 garden club projects. Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson ap-
pears as an enthusiastic supporter. 1967. 30 min.
Pollution page 281 Color. Sale. Walter J. Klein Co., 1214 Elizabeth
Ave., Charlotte, N.C. 28204.
SOLID WASTE page 281 24th and Tomorrow. Local action against prob-
LITTER page 281 lems of litter, refuse disposal, housing violations;
The Rural Environment page 281 citizen enlightenment. Original jazz score. 1966.
22 min. Black and white. Rental. Fredric Martin
WATER RESOURCES page 281 Productions, 15A W. 64th St., New York, N.Y.
OUTDOOR RECREATION Page 282 10023.
Transportation page 282 Youth Involvement
Discovery! Follows a group of elementary school
The View page 282 pupils and their teachers as they observe- plant and
animal life, erosion, and reforestation in TVA's
Conservation Education Center, Land Between the
Lakes. 1967. 21 min. Color. Free loan. Tennessee
Valley Authority, Knoxville, Tenn. 37902.
Down the Road. Young people show concern about
Federal Departments issue lists of their Additional directories Useful in locating pollution and other problems, to an original folk-
agencies' films. films: , I rock ballad background. 1967. 2o min. Color.
Other sources of films, most of which A Critical Index of Films and Film- Produced by Allan Kitchel, Jr., Rental or sale.
have descriptive listings available on re- strips in Coniervation, 1967 edition, 1 .s Text-Film Division, McGraw-Hill, 330 W. 42.nd
quest, are State universities, State conserva- available from the Conservation Fou Inda- St., New York, N.Y. 10036.
We're On Our Way. Dramatizes for young people
lion and other departments, film libraries, lion, 1256 Connecticut Ave. N.W., Wash- some of the things they can do to advance natural
and, film distributors (commercial firms ington, D.C. 20036. beauty and conservation. Includes on-site scenes
which distribute public service and special -NET Film Service Sales Catalogue. Lists of local projects which followed the 1966 National
I.nterest films for private and organization 16mm sound films available for purchase Youth Conference on Natural Beauty and Conser-
showings often without cost to the bor- or, through rent-to-own plan. Indiana Uni_ vation, 1967. 26 min. Color. Free loan. jam Handy
rower). versity Audio-Visual Center, Bloomington, Organization, 2821 E. Grand Blvd., Detroit, Mich.
Ind- 47401- 482ZZ.
All films listed are in z6mm with sound. The Environment
The Lost Frontier. Fate of earlier frontiers-

279

assaulted by urban sprawl, pollution, smog- munity Improvement Program, Centennial Com- Films (Distributors), 25358 Cypress Ave., Hay-
demonstrates need for wise choices in manage- mission, P.O. Box 1967, Ottawa, Canada. ward, Calif. 94544.
ment of remaining open lands. 1967. 28 min. The Neighborhoods. Appeal by a city-wide citi- WATERFRONTS
Color. Free loan. Bureau of Land Management, zens' organization for neighborhood groups to The Rising Tide. The economic comeback of the
Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. work toward conserving and improving their own town of New Bedford, ,Mass., using Area Rede-
20240. localities. Successful examples shown. 1964. 18 velopment Administration programs. Narrated by
The Myths and the Parallels. Forceful and dramatic min. Black and white. Rental. San Francisco Plan- Chet Huntley. 1964. 28 min. Black and white.
conservation message with original modern, popu- ning and Urban Renewal Association (SPUR), Free loan. Princeton Television Center, Princeton,
lar music background. Silvermine Films, 49 W. 125 Post St., San Francisco, Calif. 941o8. N.J. o8541. And from Department of Housing
45th St., New York, N.Y. 10036. DOWNTOWN and Urban Development, Washington, D.C. 20410.
Time to Begin. Scenes of magnificent Virginia A City Reborn. Chronological view of the Malt in NOISE
countryside and metropolitan elegance contrast Fresno, Calif-past, present and future. 1966. Noise: The New Pollutant. Reports on research
with evidences of neglect and indifference-trash, 21 min. Color. Victor Gruen & Associates (Archi- into harmful effects of noise on-human beings.
air and water pollution, auto graveyards, urban tects), 6330 San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, Calif. Produced for National Educational Television with
blight. Urges decision and action on desired en- 90048. a grant from Acoustical Materials Association.
vironment. Produced by Colonial Williamsburg. Deci ion for a City: Renewing the Central Busi- 1967. 30 min. Black and white. Rental or sale.
1965. 28 min. Color. Free loan. Department o ness District. Explains urban renewal process in NET Film Service, Indiana University, Audio-
Conservation and Economic Development, gii E. nontechnical terms, showing businesses before Visual Center, Bloomington, Ind. 47401.
Broad St., Richmond, Va. 23219. and after rehabilitation, or clearance and re-
Wayfarer. Wanderer along rough, rocky shore of COMMUNITY AS A WHOLE
the Pacific finds a chapel of glass in an oasis of development. 1963. 30 min. Color. Free loan. Battleground, U.S.A. A hypothetical community
Director of Community Organization, City Plan-
beauty with colorful flowers, flowering shrubs, rung Associates, Inc., 524 E. McKinley Highway, goes downhill-slums, crime and juvenile delin-
trees and evergreens. 22 min. Color. Rental or sale. Mishawaka, Ind. 46544. quency mount until awakening citizen action
New Church Book Center, 2129 Chestnut St., Rebirth of a Nation: Story of Urban Renewal. starts to take hold. Produced by Department of
Philadelphia, Pa. 19103. Explains urban renewal process in small and Community Development, Southern Illinois Uni-
HOUSING AND NEIGHBORHOODS medium sized cities in non-technical terms. Scenes versity. ig6i. 27 min. Black and white. Preview
Bulldozed America. Documentary on methods of of actual residential areas show housing conditions rental, sale. Audio-Visual Department, Southern
land use for housing developments and freeways, and public facilities before and after urban renewal. Illinois. University, Carbondale, Ill. 62901.
with concern for future "livability." Produced by 1963. Free loan. Director of Community Organiza- Design for a City. Successful planning and execu-
CBS Reports. 1965. 27 min. Black and white. Con- tion, City Planning Associates, Inc., 524 E. Mc- tion of a comprehensive urban renewal program
tact CBS, 51 W. 52nd St., New York, N.Y. iooig. Kinley Highway, Mishawaka, Ind. 46544. in Philadelphia, emphasizing teamwork by gov-
Mud. Urban erosion and sedimentation problems. ernment, planners, architects, citizens' organiza-
1967. 20 min. Color. Free loan. Department of OPEN SPACE tions and the public. In cooperation with Ameri-
Agriculture. Washington, D.C. 20250. The Green City. Preserving nature's greenery in can Institute of Architects. 1963. 27 min. Color.
Open Space Communities-A New Environment the crowded city and congested suburbs through Free loan. Reynolds Metal Co., Public Relations
for America. Planning and developing urban areas HUD's Open Space Land Program. Produced Department, Richmond, Va. 23210.
for a more interesting, attractive and beneficial by Stuart Finley. 1963. 22 min. Color. Available Give and Go. Three communities fiDd that each
environment. 1965. 28 min. Color. Free loan. Land for rental at some film distributors. Sale. Stuart of them has problems related to the others, and
Use and Development, National Association of Finley, Inc., 3428 Mansfield Rd., Falls Church, that local governments can help each other. Pro-
Home Builders, 1625 L St. N.W., Washington, Va. 22041. duced by WQED, Pittsburgh, Pa. 1963. 28 min.
D.C. 20036. Islands of Green. Small islands near urban com- Color. Department of Internal Affairs, Common-
To Build a Better City. Redevelopment projects in munities are needed. National Audubon Society wealth of Pennsylvania, Harrisburg, Pa. 17101:
Canadian cities. Emphasizes problems that blighted can help, as shown here. Produced by Stuart Housing and Nature. Relates urban problems in
areas pose to city administrators. Shows citizen Finley with cooperation of the National Audubon Helsinki. 1966. 29 min. Color. Free loan. Finnish
participation in renewal and relocation. Produced Society, and the Forest Service of the Department Embassy, 1900 24th St., N.W., Washington, D.C.
by Pageant Production, Ltd. 1964. 16 min. Color. of Agriculture. 1965. 24 min. Color. Free loan. 20008.
Central Mortgage and Housing Corp., Audio- Motion Picture Service, Department of Agricul- Land of Hawaii. Resource development projects.
Visual Aids, Ottawa 7, Canada. ture, Washington, D.C. :2o25o. 1967- 15 min. Color. Free loan. Soil Conserva-
Townscape Rediscovered. Program of urban Nature Next Door. Importance to city dweller tion Service offices or Department of Agriculture
renewal accomplishments in , Victoria, British of natural beauty near at hand as urban centers Motion Picture Service, Washington, D.C. 20250.
Columbia, a city of 6o,ooo, from inception to grow. Produced by Dr. Robert Stebbins for Sierra No Time for Ugliness. Sets forth problems and
completion. 1967. 29 min. Color. Free loan. Com- Club. 1959. 27 min. Color. Free loan. Association some alternatives inherent in many communities.

280

1965. 26 min. Color. Free loan. American In- cation for Public Responsibility. x963. 30 min. by Alfred Higgins Productions, assisted by Na-
stitute of Architects, 1735 New York Ave., N.W., each. Black and white. Rental, sale. Audio-Visual tional Park Service, Department of the Interior,
Washington, D.C. 2ooo6. Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, Ind. and Keep America Beautiful, Inc. 1965. 11 min.
PLANNING--URBAN 47405- Color. Sale, Alfred Higgins Productions,. gioo
Community Growth. Crisis and Challenge. New Tomorrow's Government Today. Deals With the Sunset Blvd., Hollywood, Calif. goo6g.
methods for achieving improved residential land rapid changes taking place in urban living, and
use patterns, such as cluster zoning, planned-unit resulting complex problems facing municipal The Rural Environment
development and imaginative use of townhouses. government. 1964. 27 min. Color. Rental or sale. WATER RESOURCES
1962. 17 min. Color. Free loan. National Asso- International City Managers Association, 1140 From the Ridge to the River. A community works
ciation of Home Builders, 1625 L St., N.W., Wash- Connecticut Ave., NN., Washington, D.C. 20035. as a team to solve its flood problems. 1955. 26
ington, D.C. 20036. Pollution min. Free loan. Local Soil Conservation Service
PLANNING-REGIONAL offices, or Department of Agriculture, Washington,
Potomac Concept. Follows the ugliness, pollution SOLID WASTE D.C. 20250.
and blight along the watershed from sources high The 3rd Pollution. Solid waste problem, manage- Headwaters. Small, clear, fast-flowing streams, the
in the mountains of four States to Chesapeake Bay. ment and technology. Produced by Stuart Finley upper reaches of larger, more famous streams, are
Relates importance of the President's Plan for with American Public Works Association and valuable to the increasingly urbanized environ-
securing local, State and national government and Office of Solid Waste. 1966. 20 min. Color. Free ment, but are threatened by thoughtless use of the
private cooperation to assure a model river basin, loan. Office of Solid Waste, Public Health Service, land. Produced by Charles and Elizabeth Schwartz
supplying pure water for human, industrial, recre- Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, for the Missouri Department of Conservation.
ational and wildlife uses. Produced for the Na- Washington, D.C. 20201. 1966. 30 min. Color. Sale; free loan in Missouri.
tional Park Service, Department of the Interior, LITTER Missouri Department of Conservation, Box i8o,
by Stuart Finley. 1964. 29 min. Color. Free loan. Let's Keep America Beautiful. Litterbug problem Jefferson City, Mo. 65iol.
National Park Servi 'ce, Department of the Interior, presented against backdrop bf beautiful mountains, Marshland Is Not Wasteland. Focuses attention on
Washington, D.C. 20240. lakes, beaches and streams. Developed by Rich- fast disappearing wildlife area. Clarifies the role
METROPOLITAN REGION field Oil Corp. ig6i. 14 min. Color. Free loan from of coastal marshes in the preservation and enhance-
The Changing City. Metropolitan growth and its film distributors. Sale. Keep America Beautiful, ment of many important species of fish, 1962. 14
effect on the lives of people. Shows suburban land Inc., 99 Park Ave., New York, N.Y. xoo16. min. Color. New York State Conservation Depart-
use, transportation, and core city problems. Ex- Litterbug. Cartoon urging old and young to keep ment, Albany, N.Y. 12226.
plores metropolitan planning and coordination. highways., parks, beaches and natural resource Pipeh .ne to the Clouds. Importance of safe com-
1963. 16 min. Color. Churchill Films, 6671 Sun- areas everywhere clean and free of refuse. Pro- munity water supply is stressed. Examines water
set Blvd., Los Angeles, Calif. goo28. duced by Walt Disney. 196o. 8 min. Color. New sources, techniques of water treatment, causes of
Lewis Mumford on the City. Series of 6 half-hour York State Department of Conservation, Albany, water shortages, and measures citizens can take.
films study the city as it was, as we know it now N.Y. 12.2110. 1966. 25 min. Color. Rental, sale. General Electric
and as it may be. Based on Mr. Mumford, s book, Litterly Speaking. Primarily for high school stu Co., 6o Washington Ave., Schenectady, N.Y.
"The City in History." Produced by National Film dents, but good for anybody, to make them aware 12305.
Board of Canada. 1963. Black and white. Rental. of problems and dangers arising from littering. Water resource related films produced by Stuart
Contemporary Films, Sterling Educational Films, Promotes organized antilitter efforts. Produced by Finley on particular problems:
William M. Dennis Film Libraries, other distribu- John Campbell, Inc. 1967. 24 min. Color. New Teainwork on the Potomac-how to clean up
tors and libraries. York State Department of Conservation, Albany, a polluted river;
Man-made Chaos or Beauty. Contrasts good civic N.Y. 12210. Water-Resourcefulness-how to devise a State
design with ugliness, squalor, monotony in our Heritage of Splendor. Citizen's responsibility in water resources program;
cities and suburbs. Shows possibilities of shopping keeping forests, mountains, parks and beaches Crisis on the Kanawha-how to control indus-
centers, new street furniture, signs, and enhance- from harm done by careless litterers, with hu- trial wastes;
ment of natural landscape and terrain. 1964. 21 morous litterbug sequence. Narrated by Ronald
min. Color. Rental. University of Chicago, In- Reagan. Developed by Richfield Oil Corp. 1963- A Horseshoe Nail-how to form an interstate
dustrial Relations Center, 1225 E. 6oth St., Chi- x8 min. Color. Free loan. Modern Talking Picture river compact;
cago, Ill. 6o637. Service regional offices. Also sale, Alfred Higgins Coal and,Water-how to cope with acid mine
Productions, gioo Sunset Blvd., Hollywood, Calif. drainage;
Metropolis-creator or Destroyer? 8 films on Renaissance of a River-how to understand your
character of cities and suburbs. Based on book goo6g.
"Metropolis: Values in Conflict" by C. E. Elias, A Nation of Spoilers. Litter spoils famous natural river valley;
Jr., and others. Sponsored by National Educational beauty spots, vandalism scars monuments, destroys Beargrass Creek-how to control municipal wa-
Television and the University Council on Edu_ highway and other information signs. Produced ter pollution;

281

To the Century River-how to evaluate a river Shade Tree Conference. ig6i. 29 min. Color. LOCAL AGENCIES VVHICH CAN
valley's resources. Rental. International Film Bureau, 332 S. Michigan HELP
Free loan at film libraries. Sale. Stuart Finley, Inc., Blvd., Chicago, 111. 6o6O4.
3428 Mansfield Rd., Falls Church, Va. 22041. What's Happening -to Our Landscape? Clutter In addition to the associations of local
Wild Rivers. Dramatizes challenge to preserve, problem in Wisconsin in contrast with some of governments listed here, municipal, com-
restore, and use scenic and historic rivers. Produced its most inviting scenery, with some specific solu- munity or other local agencies which can
by Larry Madison, for the Department of the In- tions: Screening auto graveyards with trees, install- be of service to individuals or groups seek-
terior and the Humble Oil and Refining CompanX. ing electrical services. underground, sanitary land I-ng action are parks and recreation depart-
1966. 28 min. Color. Sound. Free loan. Modern fill dumping systems. 1965. 20min. Color. Rental.
Talking Picture Service, 1212Avenue of the Amer- Bureau of Audio-Visual Instruction, University of menis, water -boards, planning boards and
icas, New York, N.Y. 10036. Wisconsin, 1312W. Johnson St., Madison, Wis. public utilities.
OUTDOOR RECREATrON 537o6.
Rural Holidays. Rural outdoor recreation enter- Council of State Governments, 1755 Massachusetts
prises. 1964. 25 min. Color. Free loan. Local Soil Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20003. joint
Conservation Service *offices or Department of agency of all the States' governments, created,
Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 20250. supported and directed by them to serve the govr
ernments' progress within the States, among the
Land Between.the La@es. Wooded area with '300 States together, and by the States in their relations
miles of shoreline between two manmade reser- with the Federal Government.
voirs being developed by TVA as a "multipurpose National Association of Counties, iooi Connecti-
outdoor recreation area, including conservation edu-
cut Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036.
cation facilities. 1966. 13 min. Color. Free loan. Membership organization representing county gov-
Tennessee Valley Authority, Knoxville, Tenn.
37902. er.nments and elected county officials. Purpose is to
Stimulate and contribute to continuing improve-
Transportation ment of county government through increased ef-
Guideposts for Growth. Hartford, Conn. Area ficiency' and higher standards of public service.
Traffic Study portrays tools and techniques devel- Publishes monthly magazine containing a section
oped to compute effects of land use on transporta- on parks and recreation. Research Foundation pro-
tion movement and transportation facilities on duces reports in depth on such subjects for county
land use. Shows how plann 'ing should use these action as water pollution and outdoor recreation.
findings. 1963. 28 min. Color. Free loan. Public National League of Cities, 1612 K Street N.W.,
Relations Director, Connecticut Highway Depart- Washington, D.C. 2ooo6. Association of city and
ment, Hartford, Conn. o6103. town governments in State leagues, supported by
The View their public funds, to aid municipal leaders in
The Lawns of America. Outstanding lawns of day-to-day problems. Offers research services.
the United States, public and private, at homes and U.S. Conference of Mayors, 1707 H Street N.W.,
at public buildings. Mrs. Lyndon B' Johnson shown Washington, D.C. 2ooo6. Agency of elected execu-
on a national tour. 1967. Produced for the Na- tives of Nation's major cities, supported from pub-
tional Council of State Garden Clubs. 30 min. lic budgets of those municipalities, to serve as a
Color. Sale. Walter J. Klein Co., 1214 Elizabeth forum and clearinghouse for solutions to urban
Ave., Charlotte, N.C. 28204. problems. Encourages municipal cooperation, pro-
motes improved municipal administration, fosters
New Guidelines for the Well-Landscaped Home. proper and adequate relations between the Federal
Outlines what one should know' before undertak- Government and the cities.
ing any landscaping project. Examples of success-
ful landscapes, uses for trees and plantings, ideas
for incorporating stone, fencing, and outdoor
furnishings. Produced by Sun Dial Films. r966.
13 min. Color. Free loan. American Association
of Nurserymen, 835 Southern Bldg., Washington,
D.C. 20005.
Trees 'and Their Care. Covers principal phases of
shade tree care. Produced for the International

282

STATE AGENCIES WHICH CAN Alabama ference, Boise, 1966. Office of the Governor, Boise
HELP Administrator; Alabama Planning and Industrial 83707.
Development Board, Administrative Bldg., Mont- Illinois
President Johnson, iii hi's closing remarks gomerY 36104. Director; Department of Conserva- Keep Illinois Beautiful conference, Springfield,
to the White House Conferen'ce on Nat- tion, Administrative Bldg., Montgomery 36104. 1965. Illinois Outdoor Recreation Conference, Zion,
ural Beauty in May 1965, asked the dele- Alaska 1965. Coordinator; Keep Illinois Beautiful Pro-
gates to suggest to their Governors that Commissioner; Department of Natural Resources, gram, Department of Public Works and Buildings,
similar conferences be held In the States. Division of Agriculture, Box 8oo, Palmer 99645. Room 602, State Office Bldg., Springfield 627o6.
Arizona Director; Department of Business and Economic
Thc following list reports conferences Development, Springfield 627o6.
Governor's -Conferences on Arizona Beauty,
held in 39 States since Ma 'v 1965 on nat- Phoenix, 1965 and 1967. Chairman; Governor's Indiana
ural beauty and related concerns. Although Commission on Arizona Beauty, 2o6 S. 17th Ave., Governor's Conference on Natural Resources and
most of the Conferences listed were stimu- Phoenix 85007. Natural Beauty, Indianapolis, 1965. Director; De-
lated by the White House Conference, Arkansas partment of Natural Resources, Indianapolis
some were not-for instance, there are ex- Governor's Conference on Arkansas Beauty, Little 46204.
amples included which are in a series of Rock, 1965. Beautification Coordinator; Planning Iowa
Commission, Capitol Hall, Little Rock, 72201. Iowa Conference on Natural Beauty, Des Moines,
annual 'Governors Conlerences reflecting Chairman; State Beautification -Advisory Council, 1966 (sponsored by Iowa Committee on Natural
broad environmental quality concerns, and 222 National Old Line Bldg., Little Rock 72201. Beauty). Director; Conservation Commission, East
are therefore reported here to present as California 7th and Court Ave., Des Moines 50308.
complete an outline as possible of States' Conference on California Beauty, Los Angeles, Kansas
activities. In most cases reports oi- proceed- j966. Director; Department of Parks and Rec.rea- Director; State Park and Resources Authority, 8oi
I.ngs of these statewide conferences have tion, P.O. BOX 2390, Sacramento 98511. Harrison St., Topeka 66612.
been published. Colorado Kentucky
The list also provides a point of contact Annual Governor's Conferences on Parks and Kentucky Clean-up and Beautification Conferences,
Recreation, 1965, 1966, and 1967. Director; Game, 1965, 1966, and 1967. Director; Division of Clean-
in each State to which inquiries relating Fish and Parks Department, 6o6o N. Broadway, up and Beautification, Department of Natural
to natural beauty action may be addressed. Denver 80216. Resources, Frankfort 4o6oi.
In addition, the Executive Office of the Connecticut Louisiana
G overno)- in each, State can help Interested GovcrnoCs Conference on Natural and Environ- Executive Director; Commission on Intergovern-
citizens contact appropriate State agencies. mental Beauty, Hartford, 1966. Commissioner; mental Relations, P.O. BOX 44316, State Capitol,
Fach Governor has appointed a liaison of- Highway Department, 24 Wolcott Rd., P.O. Baton Rouge 7o8O4. Coordinator of Special Proj-
ficer as the State's official representan .ve to Drawer A, Wethersfield o61og. ects; Department of Highways, Highway Bldg.,
the Department of the Interior's Bureau Delaware Baton Rouge 7o804-
Outdoor Recreation. of Director; Planning Office, 45 The Green, Dover Maine
'?got. Governor's Conference on Natural Beauty, Augusta,
State universities and community col- Florida 1966. Director; State Park and Recreation Com-
leges are often able to provide not only ed- Governor's Conference on Natural Beauty, Talla- mission, State House, Augusta 04330.
ucational but advisory services on com- hassee, 1967. Director; Outdoor Recreational De- Maryland
munity and regional problems. State agri- velopment Council, 1543 Thomasville Rd., Talla- Governor's Conference on Rec 'reation and Parks,
cultural experiment stations, land-grant hassee 32303. Gaithersburg, 1966; Wheaton, 1967. Director; De-
Georgia partment of Fqrests and Parks, State Office Bldg.,
L olleges and schools of forestry conduct re- Director; Department of State Parks, Seven Hunter Annapolis 2140r. Director; Planning Department,
search on environmental quality and spe- St., S.W., Atlanta 30334. Room 1103, State Office Bldg., Annapolis 21401.
cific human environmental needs and Hawaii Massachusetts
values. Stag specialists provide consulta- Governor's Conference on Natural Beauty and Governor's Conference on Natural Be auty, Boston,
tion and advice for problem solving and Community Appearance, Honolulu, 1966. Di- 1967. Commissioner; Department of Natural Re-
action programs. rector; Department of Planning and Economic sources, State Office Bldg., Government Center,
State historical commissions, libraries, Development, 426 Queen St., Honolulu 96813. ioo Cambridge St., Boston 02202. Chairman;
committees on the arts and humanities all Idaho Governor's Committee on Natural Beauty, State
Governor's Antilittering and Beautification Con- House, Boston 02133.
can be helpful.

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Michigan Planning, Albuquerque, 1966; Santa Fe, 1967- ni unity Development, University of South Carolina,
Governor's Conference on Natural Beauty for Mich - Planning Officer; Planning Office, New Capitol and Sears, Roebuck Foundation). Governor's
igan, Lansing, 1965. Director; Department of Bldg., Room -4o6, Santa Fe 87501. Chairman; Beautification Conference, Columbia, 1967. Di-
Conservation, Mason Bldg., Lansing 48926. Governor's Committee to Keep New Mexico Beau- rector; Department of Parks, Recreation and
Minnesota tiful, 417 Carlisle Blvd., S.E., Albuquerque 871o6. Tourism, Box 1358, Cofumbia 29202. Chairman;
Governor's Conference on Keeping Minnesota New York Governor's Beautification and Community Ini-
Green and Scenic, 1965. Governor's Conference on Governor's Conference on Natural Beauty, New provement Board, 1813 Main St., Columbia 29201.
Natural Beauty, j968. Supervisor; Bureau of In7 York, 1966. Director; Natural Beauty Programs, South Dakota
formation, Department of Conservation, 301 Natural Beauty Commission, Office for Local Gov- Director; Department of Game, Fish and Parks,
Centennial Bldg., 658 Cedar St., St. Paul 55101. ernment, Albany 12224. State Office Building, Pierre 57501.
Mississippi North Carolina Tennessee
Executive Director; Park System, 1104 Wc'OlfOtk Governor's Conference on Beautification, Raleigh, Executive Director; State Planning Commission,
Bldg., jacksOrl 39201. 1966. Chain-nan; Advisory Commission on Beauti- C2-2o8 Central Services Bldg., Nashville 37219.
Missouri fication, Department of Conservation and Devel- Texas
Governor's Conference on Natural Beauty, Kansas opment, Raleigh 776oi. Our Environmental Crisis Conference, Austin, x965
City, x967. Executive Secretary; Inter-agency North Dakota (sponsored by the University of Texas School of
Council for Outdoor Recreation, 1203 Jefferson North Dakota State Beautification Conference, Architecture). Beautiful Texas-Invitation to Ac-
Bldg., Box 564, Jefferson City 65101. Bismarck, 1965. Secretary; Economic Development tion Conference, Dallas, 1966 (sponsored by South-
Montana Commission, State Capitol, Bismarck 58501. Co- ern Methodist University). Director; Parks and
Chief; Recreation and Parks Division, Department ordinator; Outdoor Recreation Agency, 107 S. Wildlife Department, Regan State Bldg., I Austin
of Fish and Game, Mitchell Bldg., Helena 596oi. Fifth St., Bismarck 58501.' 78701-'
Nebraska Ohio Utah
Governor's Conference on Natural Beauty, Lincoln, Workshop Conference on Natural Beauty, Colurn- Executive Director; Department of Natural Re-
1966. (Sponsored by Governor's Council to Keep I)LIN, 1,,)60. (Sponsored by Ohio State University sources, 435 State Capitol, Salt Lake City 84114.
Nebraska Beautiful). Director; Game and Parks Natural Resources Institute). Director; Depart- Vermont
Commission, Capitol Bldg., Lincoln 68509. nient of Natural Resources, 907 Ohio Departments Governor's Conference on Natural Beauty, Mont-
Nevada Bldg., Columbus 43215. pelier, 1966. Director; Central Planning Office,
Five conferences on various phases of beautifica- Oklahoma i 18 State St., Montpelier 05602.
tion, 1965 and 1966 (two sponsored by the Gov- Oklahoma Conference on Community Beauty, Virginia
emor's Office through the Department of Con- Norman, 1967. (Sponsored by University of Okla- Governor's Conference on Natural Beauty, Rich-
servation and Natural Resources; three sponsored homa, Sears, Roebuck Foundation, and Keep mond, 1965. Chairman; Commission of Outdoor
by the Governor's Beautify Nevada Committee). Oklahoma Beautiful). Director; Industrial Devel- Recreation, Ninth St. Office Bldg., Ninth and
Director; Department of Conservation and Na- opment and Park Department, Oklahoma City Grace Sts., Richmond 2321g. Director; Depart-
tural Resources, Nye Bldg., Carson City 89701. 73105. ment of Conservation and Economic Development,
Chairman; Beautify Nevada Committee, Coop- Oregon 911 E. Broad St., Richmond 23219.
crative Extension Service, Max C. Fleischmann, Governor's Conference on Beautiful Oregon, Washington
College of Agriculture, University of Nevada, Reno Salem, 1965. Executive Secretary; Natural Re- Design for Washington Conference, Seattle, 1965.
89507. sources Committee, Room 1:24, State Capitol, Decisions for Progress Conference, Seattle, 1966.
New Hampshire Salem 97310. Executive Director; Design for Washington, 312
Governor's Conference on Natural Beauty, Con- Pennsylvania First Ave. N., Seattle 98iog. Administrator; Inter-
cord, 1966. Commissioner; Department of Re- Governor's Conference on Natural Beauty, Her- agency Committee for Outdoor Recreation,
114
sources and Economic Development, 318 State shey, 1966. Secretary; Department of Forests and N. Columbia St., Olympia 98502.
Office Bldg., Concord 03301. Chairman; Gover- Waters, Education Bldg., P.O. Box 1467, Harris- West Virginia
nor's Committee on Natural Beauty, 4 Webster burg 17105. Keep West Virginia Beautiful Conference, Charles-
Tern, Hanover 03755, Rhode Island ton, 1967. Governor's Conference on Beautification
New Jersey Governor's Conference on Natural Beauty, Provi- and Planning, Charleston, 1967, Commissioner;
Governor's Conference on Natural Beauty, Atlan- dence, 1965. Program Coordinator; Governor'@ Department of Commerce, State Capitol, Charles-
tic City, 1966. Commissioner; Department of'Con- Program to Keep Rhode Island Beautiful, Roger ton 25305. Special Programs Coordinator, Clean-
servatidn & Economic Development, P,O. Box Williams Bldg., Providence 029o8. up and Beautification Program, Charleston 23511.
139o, Trenton o8625, South Carolina Wisconsin
New Mexico Seminar on Natural Beauty, Columbia, 1965 (spon- Governor's Conference on Natural Beauty, 1965;
Governor's Conferences on Environmental Health ored by Committee on Beautification and Com- 1966. Quest for Quality in Wisconsin-Conserva-

284.

tion Centennial Symposium, Madison, 1967. FEDERAL AGENCIES WHICH CAN Federal Assistance for Recreation and Parks. De-
Administrator; Council on Natural Beauty, Depart- HELP scribes more than 6o Federal programs of aid to
ryient of Natural Resources, Box 450, Madison local and State agencies and nonprofit private or-
53701. Secretary; Governor's Committee to Keep Federal departments and independent ganizations for projects related to parks, recrea-
Wisconsin Green and Beautiful, c/o State High- agencies are listed alphabetically, ivith tion, cultural programs, conservation, natural
i way Commission, State Office Bldg., i W. Wilson individual Bureaus and Offices listed uh- beauty, historic preservation, and fish and wild-
St., Madison 53702. der their respective departments. life. Lists regional offices of Federal agencies.
Loose-leaf format in binder. 1966. 178 pages. $20
Wyoming Only those agencies obqering services are to members of National Recreation and Park As-
Governor's Conference on Outdoor Recreation and .
Natural Beauty,.Casper, 1966. Executive Director; Included, and only those programs and sociation, $35 to nonmembers. National Recreation
Recreation Commission, State Office Bldg., Box functions of the agencies directly related and Park Association, 700 Pennsylvania Avenue,
309, Cheyenne 82001. to the problems outlined in the report. N.W., Washington, D.C. 2ooo6.
District of Columbia Some directories and catalogues wi .th Federal Outdoor Recreation Programs. Federal ef-
Chairman; District of Columbia Interagency Com- comprehensive descriptions of Federal forts directly or indirectly affecting outdoor recrea-
mittee on Beautification Programs, 3o6 District services are listed below with their sources, tion. By the Department of the Interior. 1968.
224 Pages- $1.75. Superintendent of Documents,
Bldg., 14th and E Sts., N.W., Washington 20004. private. Washington, D.C. 20402.
Executive Director; The First Lady's Committle both government and
for a More Beautiful Capital, 1229 19th St., N.W., Catalog of Federal Assistance Programs. Describes National Association of Counties Federal Aid Serv-
Washington 20036. programs of financial and technical assistance to ice. County governments may subscribe to this
Guam local and State governments, private organizations, service and receive regular mailings describing
Seminar on Natural Beauty, Agana, 1966. Office and -individuals. Purposes, eligibility and other re- Federal aid programs. In addition they are eligible
quirements, authority, and related publications are for an inquiry answering service. National Asso-
of the Governor, Agana, Guam 9691o.
Puerto Rico covered. 1967. 700 pages. Available for reference ciation of Counties, iooi Connecticut Avenue,
Administrator; Puerto Rico Parks and Recreation at libraries, from local Community Action Pro- Washington, D.C. 20036.
Administration, P.O. Box 3207, San Juan 00904. gram, offices or from the information Center, Office Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental
of Economic Opportunity, i2oo 19th St., N.W., Relations
Virgin Islands Washington, D.C. 205o6.
Eastern Caribbean Conservation Conference, Can- Catalog and Other Information Sources on Federal Washington, D.C. 20575
eel Bay, 1965 (sponsored by Virgin Islands Gov- and State Aid Programs: A Selected Bibliography. Provides advisory services to State and local offi-
ernment, College of Virgin Islands, and American 6
1907. z6 pages. Free. Advisory Commission on In- cials and public interest groups on problems of
Conservation Association). Commissioner; Virgin tergovernmental Relations, 18oo G St., N.W., intergovernmental relations within the framework
Islands Department of Agriculture, Christiansted, Washington, D.C. 20402. of the Commission's studies and recommenda-
St. Croix oo82o. Federal Aids to Local Governments Service. Sub- tions-for example, advice on orderly growth in
scription service published in loose-leaf format, metropolitan areas. Publishes studies containing
sold by the year. Describes and lists regional con- recommendations, including yearly State Legisla-
tacts of more than ioo Federal programs desigued tive Program. Maintains library.
to help local governments solve physical and social Department of Agriculture
problems of urban areas. New programs and Washington, D.C. 20250
changesin existing programs are reported to sub-
scribers on new pages for insertion into loose- Agricultural Research Service provides informa-
leaf binder. Service began in 1966, currently about tion and progress reports on its work in soil and
200 pages. $2o yearly to members of National water conservation and other environmental im-
League of Cities, $40 to nonmembers. National provement efforts. One specific area of research
League of Cities Information Service, 1612 K St., aims to develop improved varieties of ornamental
N.W., Washington, D.C. 2ooo6. plant materials, varieties more tolerant of urban
Federal Assistance in Outdoor Recreation. Describes growing conditions, for example. Work may be
briefly more than 6o agencies' financial and tec@._ carried on cooperatively with State universities.
nical aids to State and local governments, private Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Serv-
organizations and individuals. Many programs are ice administers Cropland Adjustment Program
directly related to natural beauty. Regional office which provides financial assistance to farmers to
contacts are listed. 1966. 83 pages. 35 cents. Bureau convert cropland to open space, wildlife habitat,
of Outdoor Recreation, Department of the Interior, natural beauty and outdoor recreation uses, in-
Washington, D.C. 20240. cluding provision for public access. Its Greenspan

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Program helps States and local governments buy for windbreaks, sheltcrbelts, and forests; and im- States. Project funding and administration may be
and improve cropland for preservation of open proved practices in harvesting, processing arid assigned to other Federal agencies. Areas of con-
space, natural beauty, wildlife development, recrea- marketing forest products. Offices in 16 cities. In cern include highway location and construction,
tion, or prevention of air or water pollution. Agri- addition, field offices of forest super-visors, ranger land stabilization and conservation, mine area
cultural Conservation Program can share with districts, research projects and Cooperative Pro- reclamation, and water resources control.
farmers the cost of tree planting, pond building, grams throughout the United States. Citizens' Advisory Committee on Recreation
sediment control, natural beauty enhancement, Reiral Community Development Service provides
wildlife habitat development and other soil, water stimulation and coordination of Federal activities- and Natural Beauty
and wildlife conservation practices. including progr .ams for outdoor recreation and 1700 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C.
Cooperative State Research Service makes grants open space-to help people in rural communities zooo6
to State agricultural experiment stations, land-grant achieve social and economic improvement. Consists of 12 members appointed by the Presi-
colleges, schools of forestry and other qualified Rural Electrification Administration makes loans dent to advise the President and the President's
institutions for research related to environmental for financing electrical systems and telephone Council on Recreation and Natural Beauty on co-
quality and'specific human environmental needs service in rural areas to cooperatives and other ordination, progress and possibilities relating to
and values. public bodies. Technical assistance is available to natural beauty and outdoor recreation-including
Farmers Home Administration provides credit and borrowers on engineering, legal and other aspects Federal, State and local government and private
technical management assistance to farm families of underground utilities. Planning, management, activities.
and association's for conservation and development credit-financing and similar kinds of assistance also Department of Commerce
of rural lands, including outdoor recreation facili- are available to borrowers. Washington, D.C. 20230
ties such as golf courses, trails, ponds, lakes and soil conservation Service provides technical as-
shooting preserves. Watershed projects May provide sistance through local soil and water conservation Business and Defense Services Administration of
municipal water supply, flood protection, and districts in land use and conservation treatment. fers a consulting service to business on industrial
recreation. Makes loans and grants to public and Its Small Watershed Program offers planning, problems including those relating to air pollution,
water pollution, and to scrap and other waste
nonprofit organizations for construction of rural technical, and financial assistance on 4 Federa -
community water and waste disposal systems. Also local share basis for public and nonprofit proicc:s disposal. The service includes locating government
aIssists individuals in purchase and improvement to provide flood control, water storage an Mai - agencies capable of dealing with a particular
of farm, and housing for rural residents. Rural agement, public recreation, and fish and wilt - problem. Encourages and assists industries to
Renewal Program provides planning, technical life protection and production; SCS provides open private lands for recreation use, and to
assistance, and loans for projects for conservation leadership in Resource Conservation and Devel- manage commercial forest land so as to enhance
and land utilization in area.s where agriculture, opment Projects as a base for economic develop- their appearance from the road. Makes available
or forestry contribute substantially to the economy ment by providing technical and financial assist- reports of studies on such subjects as recycling
and where there is chronic unemployment. Offices ance to local sponsors. SCS also conducts soil Sur- junk motor vehicles, use of high sulfur fuels, in-
in each State and in many counties. veys for both agricultural and nonagricultural ustrial uses of water resources, and outdoor
Federal Extension Service offers continuing educa- uses, water supply forecasting. Publishes basic data lighting for playgrounds and parks. Publishes both
tion programs in agriculture, resource develop- relating to water conservation needs, land use and periodical and special reports, including cco-
ment, recreation, and related subjects, including related subjects. nomic, marketing and statistical reports.
Economic Development Administration provides
counsel on natural beauty efforts-from suitable Technical Action Panels are composed of heads assistance in regions of high unemployment or low
plant materials to land use planning, Extension of Department of Agriculture and other Federal family income. Direct technical assistance may be
agents also can suggest sources for further tech- and State agencies whose programs benefit rural provided by staff or consultants. Grants may be
nical information. Offices at State land-grant col- people to assist rural individuals and groups to made for planning; grants and loans may be made
leges and universities, and in most counties. identify the services they need for economic, so- for public works and other development such 2S
Forest Service manages the National Forests and cial, and cultural growth and to locate and secure water systems, industrial parks, roads to scenic
Grasslands to ensure multiple-use and sustained needed services. Technical assistance also with and recreation areas, parks and recreation areas,
yield of renewable natural resources. Conducts economic plans, community development projects, marinas, historic restorations, and State park rec-
research in forest and other wild land manage- inventories, and surveys. Available in all States reation areas. EDA has published reports on eco-
ment, forest fire control, forest insect and disease and counties through Department offices. nomical ways of removing and processing junk
control, forest products utilization and forest ractical methods of tannery waste disposal,
economics. Through Cooperative Forestry Pro- Appalachian Regional Conunission cars, p
I and test methods of controlling special kinds of air
grams provides technical and financial aid to 1666 Connecticut Ave., Washington, D.C. 20235 pollution. Seven field offices.
State, local, and private forest landowners in co- Coordinates regional development programs au-
operation with State agencies to encourage better thorized in the Appalachian Act. Establishes policy Environmental Science Services Administration
fire, insect, and disease protection; better multiple- guidelines, sets fund allocations and procedures, serves public agencies and the public in efforts to
use management practices; increased tree planting and approves project recommendations from the protect woodlands, ranges, waterways and coastal

286

areas against fire, flood, and storm. Has six serv- Delaware River Basin Commission trol, establishing control agencies, and improve-
ices: Fire Weather, Agricultural Weather, River Trenton, N.J. o8628 ment of existing programs, local, regional or State
a.nd Flood, Continental Shelf, Environmental Data, Coordinates, and carries out plans, policies and agencies. Federal funds match those agency funds
and Air Pollution.. The Air Pollution Service is projects for water conservation, control, use, and which exceed the previous year's expenditures on
developing methods to forecast those atmospheric management throughout the Basin. Encourages a two-for-one basis (three-for-one to regional or-
conditions which favor hazardous pollution con- planning, development, and financing of . water ganizations). Grants also are available to public
centrations as a basis for control at industrial and resources projects including features for protection bodies surveying community air pollution control
rvation of soil and water, requireme
other sourcm and is conducting studies of the of fish and wildlife, conse nts. Technical assistance on specific air
natural transport; dilution and removal of air and recreation. pollution problems, and in the planning of air
pollutants. resource management programs is available to
Department of Defense Federal Power Commission air pollution control agencies and other public
441 G St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20426 or private agencies or organizations. Personnel
The Pentagon, Washington, D.C. 2030 1 Licenses and regulates jurisdictional non-Federal training courses also are available.
The Department's military installations have a total proi.ects involving hydroelectric power. Such proj- The Office of Education administers programs to
acreage of 27.6 million on American territory. In- ects must be in accord with a compr5bensive plan support and improve primary, secondary, voca-
dividual installations constitute planned commu- for beneficial uses of the waterway, including rec- tional, adult and higher education and library
nities equivalent to comparable sized cities and reation. Licenses for such projects may include services. Work in conservation education includes
towns. Efforts in soil and water conservation, dust
provisions for water quality control, requirements curriculum development in conjunction with local
control, pest control, sound abatement, landscape for minimum releases from reservoirs, erosion and and State school systems, assistance to conserva-.
design, "pride of ownership" programs among siltation controls, restoration of landscape dis- tion and education organizations, and support
housing occupants, forest management, fish and turbed during construction, protection and devel- of research. innovative centers grants are made
wildlife conservation, recreational uses of land,. and opment of scenic vistas and areas of natural beauty, to local school systems for conservation education
air and water pollution abatement are admin- and measures for protecting and enhancing fish, projects to teach children about wildlife, weather,
istered by professionals trained in agronomy, achi- wildlife, and recreation 'resources affected by a horticulture, agriculture, and other aspects of
tecture, biology, entomology, forestry, landscap .e proiIect. FPC offers technical advice' and services natural resources. Teacher institutes in geography
architecture, master planning and sanitary cngi- to State and local governments and individuals often include conservation as a component. Grants
neering. Many military installations now have in connection with projects either under license or are available for adult education under Title I
Conservation and Beautification Committees which at any stage of application for license; encourages of the Higher Education Act of 1965 for-projects
coordinate these activities with local civilian in which college or univ'ersi are di-
research on construction of future power transmis- ity resources
groups. sion lines with emphasis on new technologies of rectly applied through continuing education pro-
Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army, con- both underground and overhead bigh-voltage grams to community problems-including land-
ducts a Civil Works Program to construct multiple- transmission and appearance of facilities. Five use planning, and conservation of air, land, and
purpose water resource development projects. Its regional offices. water.
Water Resources Development Program provides
financial assistance for multi-purpose dams, and General Services' Administration The National Center for Urban and Industrial
canalization and dredging projects. individuals Washington, D.C. 20405 Health, Office of Solid Waste, conducts research
may request a survey of project need through their Administers Programs to use or dispose of surplus in methods of, and controls over, waste disposal
U.S. Senator or -Representative. The Corps is au- Federal property. May convey real property suit- and makes grants to State and local agencies for
solid waste disposal. The Environmental Sanita-
thorized to construct, maintain and operate public able for public park or recreation purposes to local
park and recreational facilities at its project areas, governments at 5o perc .ent of market value, and tion Program conducts a national program of tech-
nical assistance and standards development on
and to permit local interests to do so. The Corps property suitable for historic monuments at no environmental health activities relating to recrea-
constructs beach erosion control projects in park cost. May also convey certain surplus lands to tion, including parks, swimming pools and natural
and recreation areas owned by non-Federat agen- State or local governments for wildlife conserva- bathing places, camping areas, recreation vehicle
cies, and develops small boat refuge harbors for tion purposes at no cost. GSA is responsible for parking areas, tourist accommodations, highway
recreational craft. Efforts are made during all con- design, construction, and maintenance of most
struction to preserve fish and wildlife, woodlands, Federal buildings and their grounds. rest stops, general recreation sanitation problems,
historic, archaeological, and scenic resources, and and on housing hygiene, urban noise and crowd-
to restore landscape features disturbed during con- Department of Health, Education, ing, food protection; conducts and supports re-
struction. Hearings are held during project plan- and Welfare search and training.
ning stages to permit expression of public views. Washington, D.C. 20201 The Office of Surplus Property Utilization makes
District and Division offices now have staff The National Center for Air Pollution Control (a surplus real property available for development as
specialists assigned full-time to planning and de- part of the Public Health Service) makes grants arboretums and nature study areas, for forestry
velopment for environmental beauty. for developing programs for air pollution con- and agricultural demonstration and study projects,

287

all as a part of school, college or university The Office of Urban Studies and Clearinghouse search and other programs for conservation and
curriculums, and for oceanographic and other Services conducts and sponsors research and management of commercially important fishery
marine research as a part of educational programs. studies on housing and other urban problems. Ad- resources on the high seas, coastal and estuarine
Surplus land is also conveyed for sanitary land ministers demonstration projects to test new tech- areas, Great Lakes and other interstate waters, and
fills under health programs. niques in comprehensive planning, zoning, use of at water projects of Federal agencies. Provides
tax policies, public works surveys, open space grants, loans and technical assistance.
Department of Housing and Urban land, and other urban beautification and improve- The Bureau of I-and Management administers 500
Development ment possibilities. Provides clearinghouse for tech- million acres of federally-owned lands, mostly in
Washington, D.C. 20411 nical information and program results. the West, on multiple-use principles. Uses include
The Federal Housing Administration operates loan The Renewal Assistance Administration administers grazing, fish and wildlife, recreation, timber, water,
insurance programs for housing improvement, and coordinates urban improvement programs in range and wilderness protection, and mineral pro-
FHA's mortgage insurance may cover individual developed areas. Its Code Enforcement Program duction. Public domain lands may be made avail-
homeownership and home improvement, rental offers financial assistance for local planning and able for lease or purchase for such environmental
housing projects, housing for the elderly, nursing administering programs to arrest deterioration and improvement purposes as public parks, sanitary
homes, and improvement of land as sites for build- aid restoration of both properties and environ- land-fills and rights-of-way for highways ' with
ings and for new communities. ments; eligible costs include landscape design, extra width for scenic purposes. Technical and
The Housing Assistance Administration makes planting and lighting. Community Renewal Pro- financial assistance, confined to agency-adminis-
loans and annual contributions to local public gram provides financial assistance in preparing, tered lands may be applied to regional environ-
housing authorities for low-income family hous- completing or revising renewal programs, includ- mental problems in cooperation with local gov-
ing. Coordinates with other agencies' programs ing costs of studies. Demolition Grant Program ernments. Subjects of recent Bureau of Land Man-
dealing with recreation, health, education, welfare, helps pay for demolition of legally unsound struc- agement studies include open space planning for
and natural beauty in efforts to improve living tures in or out of urban renewal areas. The Urban towns, esthetically pleasing routes for power lines,
environments. Beautification Program makes grants for local highway planning techniques, fire and litter pre-
The Land and Facilities Development Administra- beautification and improvement work such as de- vention, historical and archeological inventories of
fion administers a number of public facility grant velopment of parks, upgrading of public areas significant sites. Publishes quarterly magazine,
and loan programs in accord with local compre- such as malls and waterfronts, provisions of "street Public Lands.
hensive plans to public agencies in urban areas. furniture" and planting. Urban Planning Assist- The Bureau of Mines is responsible for conserva-
Its Program for Advance Acquisition of Land pro- ance grants supplement State and local funds for a tion, research and development of mineral re-
vides financial assistance to reserve land for future wide range of comprehensive planning activities sources, and promotion of health and safety in
public works and facilities. The Open Space Land ranging from producing a Workable Plan for Com- mineral industries. It studies air and water pollu-
Program shares costs of acquiring, developing and munity Improvement to studying regional trans- tion related to mineral development and use, and
preserving open space land for permanent public portation needs. Urban Renewal Program helps develops model control regulations in cooperation
uses, including recreation, conservation and nat- communities in acquiring and clearing land for with industry; personnel serve as advisors to local
ural beauty; it may also cover costs of buying redevelopment; rehabilitation of existing struc- and State air groups. Makes grants for research in
developed land to be cleared and used for open tures; enforcement of housing codes; and com- solid waste disposal. Some subjects of recent Bu-
space, and some costs of demolition and develop- binations of these. Grants, planning advances, and reau study: sulfur compounds in fuel coal and oil;
ment of land acquired under the program. Public temporary loans and guarantees are available. The control of dusts and fumes from metallurgical and
Works Planning Program offers financial interest- Urban Renewal Demonstration Program helps pay chemical processes; acid mine drainage; control of
free advances for surveys and studies necessary to costs of projects which demonstrate, develop or pollution from back-filling strip mined areas; dis-
public works projects such as sanitation and water test new or improved methods of preventing or posal of solid wastes from open pit and under-
facilities, roads and streets, parks and recreation eliminating urban blight, and/or to report such a ground mining operations.
facilities, non-Federal river and harbor improve- project. The Bureau of Outdoor Recreation promotes co-
ments. Sewer and Water Facilities Program shares The Urban Transportation Administration ad- ordination on Federal plans and programs in this
costs of construction of these facilities. ministers research and development projects in field and identifies and plans actions needed to
The Office of Planning Standards and Coordina- many aspects of urban mass transportation. Makes protect, develop, and improve the Nation's out-
tion develops policies, standards and procedures, grants to public bodies for capital improvements door environment and recreation resources. Offers
and administers the comprehensive planning re- to transit systems, demonstrations of new ideas technical assistance to State and local government
quirements of the Department's programs as well and techniques, transit system studies, and ad- and private interests in planning, acquisition and
as those of other Federal agencies as assigned. vanced training. development of outdoor recreation resources. The
Urban Renewal Service offers technical assistance Department of the Interior Land and Water Conservation Fund Grant Pro-
for preparation of plans and programs, which may gram provides financial assistance for planning,
include plans for rehabilitation projects which do Washington, D.C. 20240 acquisition and development of State and local pub-
not require Federal financial aid. The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries conducts re- lic outdoor recreation areas in accord with State

288

outdoor recreation plans. The Fund also finances The Geological Survey conducts research to deter- Department of Labor
acquisition of recreation lands and waters by the mine and appraise the mineral and mineral-fuel Washington, D.C. 20210
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Forest Serv- resources and geologic structure of the United The Manpower Administration administers the
ice, and National Park Service. Bureau publications States; conducts investigations to provide techni- Manpower Development and Training Act which
include a periodical, Outdoor Recreation Action, cal information required for economic develop- provides funds for occupational training and re-
and reports on such subjects as recreation trends, ment and best use of water resources; surveys flow training for unemployed and underemployed work-
land price escalation, trails, and private and Fed- and sediment discharge, reservoir contents, loca- ers, for experimental and developmental projects,
eral aids to recreation. tion and safe yields of underground waters. Carries and for research. In cooperation with the U.S. Em-
out surveys, mapping, and water resources inves-
The Bureau of Reclamation plans, constructs and ployment Service, local employment offices can
operates water storage, diversion and development tigations in cooperation with State and local help develop job opportunities in recreation and
projects in Western States for domestic and in- governments, financed on a 50-5o basis. Pubhca- natural beauty work. Other Manpower Adminis-
dustrial use. Its Reclamation Projects Program pro- tions include water supply reports and topo- tration activities include the Concentrated Em-
vides cost-sharing and loans to reclamation districts, graphic, geologic, and hydrographic maps. ployment Program, Neighborhood Pilot Centers,
and other public agencies-for agricultural irrigation, The National Park Service plans, develops and and the Cooperative Area Manpower Planning
hydro-clectric power, municipal and industrial administers the natural, historic, and recreation System. The Bureau of Work Programs adminis-
water supply, flood control, and recreation facili- areas comprising the National Park System, and ters the following four work-training and job
ties. Financial assistance also may be provided to provides for preservation, interpretation and en- creation programs authorized under the Economic
States, counties, or municipalities to develop rec- J'yment of other properties of scenic, natural, Opportunity Act: The Neighborhood Youth
reation facilities in conjunction with Bureau proj- historic and archeological significance. Its Registry Corps provides disadvantaged youth with full or
ects. The Bureau consults with State and local of Natural Landmarks and Registry of National part-time work experience, basic education, coun-
agencies on natural beauty aspects of project loca- Historic Landmarks provide for evaluation and seling and other assistance. Unemployed youth
tion and construction such as location of roads near recording of unique properties. A Historic Pres- earn wages by performing a variety of public
sites; standards of water quality; and tools and ervation Grants Program provides financial assist- service tasks that would not otherwise have been
techniques available to test for, control and abate ance to State or local public agencies, or to certain done, in such locations as schools, city depart-
pollution; protection of fish and wildlife. Publishes private organizations or individuals, for up to 50 ments, hospitals, public housing projects, conserva-
brochures on recreation facilities at reclamation percent of the cost of acquiring and developing tion and recreation areas, and in social, welfare
projects. historically significant properties. Through a Park and other private nonprofit organizations. En-
Practice Program provides technical assistance to rollees may work in private commercial establish-
The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife man- State and local agencies and citizen groups for ments under certain conditions. Operation Main-
ages fish and wildlife resources in conjunction with planning and other technical services on park and stream projects provide conservation, natural
State agencies. Operates national wildlife refuges, recreation matters. Publishes periodicals on park beauty and community betterment work for per-
national fish hatcheries, and has special responsi- practice and allied subjects. Information and inter- sons whose employment prospects are poor because
bilities for migratory birds and rare and endan- pretive se .rvices are available at National Park Sys- of age or other reasons, with reasonable assurance
gered species. Administers. grant programs-Fed- tern locations. of future full-time employment, independent of
eral Aid in Wildlife Restoration (known as The Office of Water Resources Research adminis- further financial support. Projects include air or
Pittman-Robertson), and Federal Aid in Fish Res- ters financial aid programs for research'and train- water pollution abatement, improving parks, pro-
toration (Dingell-Johnson) -providing funds for ing; allotments and matching grants to educational tecting wildlife, rehabilitating housing or extend-
States to increase wildlife and fish populations. institutions, private foundations, public agencies, ing education, health or social services. The Green
Eligible projects include acquisition, development, and private firms or individuals with competence Thumb Program, administered under Operation
restoration, and maintenance and management of -
wildlife areas and resources. Conducts research, in water research. Coordinates research in the Mainstream, in cooperation with the National
provides technical assistance and information on field, and promotes exchange of information. Farmers Union, provides employment for elderly
fish and wildlife management. Lewis and Clark Trail Commission men in tree planting and other scenic enhance-
ment jobs, especially along roads and highways.
The Federal Water Pollution Control Administra- c/o Central National Bank and Trust Co., Des New Careers Program-work-training projects en-
tion reviews water quality standards., proposed by Moines, Iowa 50304 courage employment in necessary community
the States for interstate waters, carries out inter- Advances public awareness of the historical s i g- service jobs.
state enforcement actions, makes grants for con- nificance of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, and
struction of municipal waste treatment systems, appreciation and conservation of the natural re- Special Impact Program projects develop and co-
carries out a research and development program, sources of the region by promoting suitable out- ordinate community resources to reduce chronic
provides assistance for training fellowships and re- door recreation developments along the expedition's unemployment, eliminate tensions, and generally
search, makes river basin planning grants and pro- route; and establishment, designation and mark- improve the overall environment of a particular
gram grants to State and interstate pollution con- ing of related roads and other travel routes so community or neighborhood. Includes renovating
trol agencies. travelers may follow the historic trail. houses or apartments, improving health facilities,

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developing vest-pocket parks, and developing rec- wildlife habitat, and national, State and local park plain lands. Operates Land Between the Lakes,
reational facilities. facilities. OEO programs may be administered in several thousand acres of land between two man-
conjunction with other Federal agencies, and under made lakes in Kentucky and Tennessee with facili-
National Foundation on the Arts and the contract with or through State agencies. (For ex- ties for recreation and conservation education. Pub-
Humanities ample, the Neighborhood Youth Corps, Operation lications are available reporting various TVA
i8oo G St., N.W., Washington, D.C. :zo5o6 Mainstream, Green Thumb, New Careers and programs which could be of interest elsewhere.
The Foundation administers grants-in-aid to de- Special Impact programs, listed under Department Department of Transportation
velop and promote a broadly conceived national of Labor.) Washington, D.C. 20590
policy of support for the humanities and.the arts. The job Corps provides basic education and work
Grants may be made to State arts and humanities skills to prepare young men and women for jobs The Bureau of Public Roads administers the
agencies, other public bodies, and private organi- in which they can earn a decent living. Conserva- Fcderal-aid Highway Program of grants to States
zations or individuals. Studies underway include tion Centers provide work and training under for primary, secondary, and interstate highway
a proposal for a National Institute of Architecture, supervision of the Departments of Agriculture systems and their extensions. States choose routes,
Planning and Design. and the interior in environmental fields such as plan individual projects, acquire rights-of-way,
forest protection, development and enhancement and enter into construction contracts; the Bureau
National Referral Center for Science and of wildlife habitat, landscape design and recrea- provides technical assistance and project approval.
Technology tional facility layout and construction, erosion BPR administers the Highway Beautification Act,
Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 control, and park water supply and waste disposal. which provides financial assistance to the States
Provides advice on how and where to obtain in- The Community Action Program provides financial for billboard control, junkyard control and screen-
formation on specific topics in the broad areas of assistance for development, conduct and admin- ing, and acquisition of lands and casements for
science and technology: The physical, biological, istration of community development programs, and scenic.enhancement. Cooperates with other Federal
social and engineering sciences. Provides informa- for research and demonstration projects, training, agencies in road construction in Federal areas such
tion on where to go or whom to contact for such and technical assistance to help both urban and as national forests. Conducts programs of planning
services as bibliographies, reproducing journal rural communities mobilize their resources against and research on many phases of highway improve-
articles, translating foreign scientific information, poverty. Public or private nonprofit agencies may ment.
writing documents, compiling scientific data, con- apply. The Federal Aviation Administration is responsible
ducting literature searches, and for other tec - for controlling use of navigable airspace, insuring
nical advice. The Center is supported by the, Small Business Administration air safety, promoting air commerce. It establishes
National Science Foundation. Washington, D.C. 2006 and operates air navigation facilities, carries out
National Science Foundation Advises and assists small firms in obtaining financ- research and development programs, promotes and
Washington, D.C. 20550 ing; makes loans, either directly or with banks. encourages civil aviation through technical as-
Promotes basic scientific research and programs participating, to small, independently' owned busi- sistance. The FAA's Airport Development Program
to strengthen scientific research potential, and nesses for construction, expansion, conversion, and provides financial assistance for projects considered
other purposes. Makes special loans available for essential to operation and safety of public airports,
fosters the development of science and education businesses displaced by certain Federal projects. including buffer land acquisition and development.
through fellowships and other programs. Re- Offers management and other technical assistance FAA also offers technical guidance in design and
search activities contribute to the base of the to small businessmen, members of community construction of airport projects not funded entirely
country's science. and technology so that, among groups, and development companies. with Government funds. Information on runway
other results, solutions to environmental problems design, lighting, building architecture, access
do not produce new and unexpected problems that Tennessee Valley Authority highway design, planting, land utilization and
can waste funds and resources. The Foundation Knoxville, Tenn. 37902 soil conservation principles are made available
also supports other scientific objectives' including through publications and staff consultation.
construction and modernization of major resource TVA provides technical and limited financial as-
facilities, dissemination of scientific information, sistance to government and citizen organizations The United States Coast Guard is responsible for
and scienoe policy studies. in the Tennessee Valley on comprehensive re- the enforcement of Federal law on the territorial
source development programs. These include rec- waters under the jurisdiction of the United States
Office of Economic Opportunity reation studies; reforestation experiments; water- and on the high seas where the United States , has
Washington, D.C. 205o6 shed and wildlife habitat protection; strip mine jurisdiction, establishment and operation of aids
Administers programs designed to help eliminate reclamation, including demonstration areas; air to navigation, establishment and operation of
poverty, including grant programs with environ- pollution studies, specifically on coal-fired electric search and rescue facilities and the operation of a
mental concerns. These include improvement of generating plants and sulfur recovery; water pol- significant marine sciences and oceanographic pro-
parks and open spaces in low-income neighbor- lution abatement; and solid waste disposal. Pre- gram. The Coast Guard performs research and de-
hoods, community service centers and recreation pares flood information reports for communities velopment and can offer technical expertise in
facilities, streets and roadside areas, forests and and assists them in determining best use of flood many areas associated with the problems of the

290

marine environment. Its numerous facilities, in@ PIUVATE ORGANIZATIONS ganizations. Emphasizes education, cooperation
eluding shore stations, ships and aircraft, are en- WHICH CAN HELP and exchange of technical inforination on at-
gaged in the accomplishment of its many missions. mosphefic pollution control and improved air
Water Resources Council The organizations listed are primarily na- sanitation. Publishes monthly Journal and
tional ones, many with State, regional or abstracts.
1025 Vermont Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. American Association for Conservation Informa-
20005 local chapters or affiliates which could be it.On, 106 Ninth St., Sacramento, Calif. 95814.
Composed of the Secretaries of the Departments of contacted directly to be of service in home Promotes understanding of conservation principles
Agriculture, the Army, Health, Education, and communities. All of the organizations listed by assisting State efforts in conservation informa-
Welfare, the Interior, and Transportation, and the are nonprofit. tion and education.
Chairman of the Federal Power Commission. Several organizations are listed which American Forestry Association, gig 17th St., N.W.,
Establishes River Basin Commissions for relatively are statewide or regional in scope. This is Washington, D.C. 2ooo6. Membership organiza-
large areas to coordinate Federal, State, interstate, to serve two purposes. First, the organiza- tion supported by private citizens and businesses
local and nongovernmental plans for the develop- it kind of organization to be to promote conservation education and conserva-
ment of water and related land resources. Commis- t'on '11 s1rates a tion of forest and related resources of water, soil
sions established to date: The Pacific-Northwest found in other States and regions as well and wildlife. Sponsors annual conferences on
River Basins Commission, the Great Lakes Basin as for similar services. Second, the orga- -source topics, and wilderness trips. Publishes
Commission, the Souris-Red -Rainy River Basins nizations listed-insofar as funds and stag_ monthly magazine, American Forests.
Commission, and the New England River Basins I-ng allow-are able to obler help to those American Society of Planning Officials, 1313 E.
Commission. The Council makes financial grants i.n other States or regions wishing to 6oth St., Chicago, 111. 6o637. Membership organi-
to the States for development of comprehensive ation of planners, public officials, and others
water and related land resources plans. establish organizations with similar interested in planned development of communities
functions. and regions. Provides research and consulting serv-
A resource not to be overlookedin see4- ices, conducts meetings and workshops. Publications
ing help for community action are the include a monthly newsletter and technical assist-
ance bulletins on a broad range of environmental
countless kinds of national and local scrv- problems.
ice organizations, social clubs, church and Appalachian Trail Conference, 1718 N St., N.W.,
business groups actively concerned with Washington, D.C. 20036. Coordinates volunteer
environmental problems. maintenance of the 2,ooo-mile Appalachian Trail
from Maine to Georgia. Can provide publica-
Local private industry, private utility
companies, and local divisions of national tions and other guidance to other groups inter-
ested in establishing and maintaining trail sys-
corporations are possible sources of help t,,n,.
i.n the community. Many already have ac- California Roadside Council, 2626 Ocean Ave.,
tive community improvement and incen- San Francisco, Calif. 94132. Example of a state-
tive programs. wide citizen organization which works to protect
natural beauty in corridors of roads and high-
The directory below will be of further ways, and encourage good design and wise loca-
help in locating private organizations with tion of highways. Interests include scenic con-
a variety of related interests. servation zoning, billboard and sign control, and
undergrounding utilities. Instigates local action;
Conservation Directory. Lists national, regional and supports local, State, and national legislation. Dis-
State citizen and professional organizations and tributes publications and reprints at nominal cost.
officials in natural resource and related fields. California Tomorrow, Monadnock Building, 681
Issued annually. 122 pages. $i. National Wildlife Market Street, San Francisco, Calif. 94105. Exam-
Federation, 102 x6th Street, Washington, D.C. ple of educational organization to bring greater
20036. public awareness of problems that must be faced in
CITIZEN MEMBERSHIP ORGANIZATIONS order to maintain a beautiful and productive State.
Air Pollution Control Association, 44oo Fifth Ave., Quarterly journal Cry California for membership.
Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213. Membership represents in- Citizens for Clean Air, 40 W. 57th St., New York,
dustry, government, education and health or- N.Y. iooig. An example of a citizen group work-

291

ing for public education on health, esthetic and segments of the community. Publishes program sion provides technical assistance in planning and
economic effects of air pollution. Pioneere& an materials for members. operation of community nature centers. Offers
all-media educational advertising campaign which International Shade Tree Conference, 1827 Neil field staff assistance on cost-share basis. The So-
resulted in citizen support for enactment of a local Ave., Columbus, Ohio 4321o. An organization of ciety publishes monthly magazine, manuals, bul-
air pollution control ordinance. commercial, municipal and utility arborists, public letins and teaching aids, publications list. Offers
Colorado Open Space Coordinating Council, 585o officials, and scientists which promotes improved films and speaker services.
E. Jewell Ave., Denver, Colo. 80222. Example practices in the planting and preservation of shade National Conference on State Parks, 1700 Pennsyl-
of a statewide federation of citizen organizations and ornamental trees. Offers film and slide pres- vania Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20oo6. Pro-
which provides a focal point for citizen action for entations. Publications include monthly Arborist motes and encourages State parks and related types
the preservation, wise use and appreciation of News, proceedings of annual conference, and pa- of recreation resources. In cooperation with the
scenic, historic, open space, wilderness and out- pers on specific problems such as "Industrial National Park Service and the National Recrea-
door recreation resources as related to the total Landscaping" and "Highway Beautification." tion and Park Association, provides publications
environment. Affiliates include 25 organizations Izaak Walton League of America, 1326 Waukegan on park planning, design, operation and philosophy.
with total memberships Of Some 25,000, Rd., Glenview, Ill. 6oo25. Membership organiza- Publishes newsletter, proceedings, and reports of
Conservation Education Association, c/o Dr. W. F. tion with local chapters and State divisions. Pro- studies and surveys.
Clark, Eastern Montana College, Billings, Mont. motes conservation of natural resources, and de- National Council of State Garden Clubs, 4401 Mag-
59ioi. Encourages conservation education pro- velopment, protection and enjoyment of high nolia Ave., St. Louis, Mo. 631'0. Organization of
grams in public schools and teacher-training. Spon- quality outdoor recreation and natural beauty local clubs in every State concerned with commu-
sors annual conference. Publishes newsletter, resources, and public education in these concern@. nity improvement. Sponsors, with Sears, Roebuck
bibliography, reports and other education mate- Can furnish speakers and literature. Publishes Foundation, a Community Beautification Program.
rials. monthly magazine. Cosponsors books and other Films, filmstrips available.
Desert Protective Co 'uncil, P.O. Box 33, Banning, educational materials, National Parks Association, 13oo New Hampshire
Calif. 922.20. Works to safeguard desert areas of League of Women Voters of the United States, Ave., N.W., Washington,'D.C. 20036. Encourages
scientific, scenic, historical, and recreational value, 1200 17th St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036. public support for the protection of the national
and to promote understanding of desert resources. Nonpartisan membership organization of local park system and of the natural environment gen-
Ducks, Unlimited, P.O. Box 8923, Chicago, Ill. and State Leagues. Promotes political responsibil- erally. Interests include river basin planning, re-
6o666. Membership organization to perpetuate ity through informed and active citizen participa- gional recreation planning, and wilderness and
wild waterfowl principally by preservation and tion in government. Concerns include open space, wildlife protection. Publishes monthly National
parks and outdoor recreation facilities, with special Parks Magazine, conservation leaflets for use in
rehabilitation of wetlands in U.S. and Canada. I
Establishes, promotes, assists, contributes to, and stuoy and effort devoted to water resource pro- schools, and studies on conservation issues.
otherwise encourages conservation, restoration and grams at all government levels. Publishes books National Recreation and Park Association, 1700
and pamphlets. Pennsylvania Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 2ooo6.
good management of waterfowl habitat. Men's Garden Clubs of America, Morrisville, N.Y. Dedicated to advancement of recreation and park
Garden Club of America, 598 Madison Ave., New 13408. Supports conservation of natural resources, activities and the conservation of natural and hu-
York, N.Y. ioo22. Organization of local member parks and open spaces, abatement of water and man resources. Provides public information pro-
clubs which promotes knowledge and apprecia- air pollution, undergrounding of utility wires, en- grams, research services, workshops and other
tion of horticulture, landscape design, and natural couragement of youth gardening. An awards pro- training through nine regional offices. Publishes
resource conservation. Provides information on gram recognizes service in various environmental monthly Parks and Recreation magazine and news-
pending legislation, maintains library, holds forums fields. Joins in community and industry projects letters on specialized subjects.
and lectures, sponsors flower shows. Supports such as the Institute of Scrap Iron and Steel's National Trust for Historic Preservation, Decatur
scholarships in horticulture and conservation. Dis- Green/Screen program. House, 748 Jackson PI., N.W., Washington, D.C.
tributes packet on conservation practices to teachers National Association of Soil and Water Conserva- 2ooo6. Membership organization made up of
and children. tion Districts, 1025 Vermont Ave., N.W., Wash- individuals and groups. Provides advice and tech-
General Federation of Women's Clubs, 11734 N ington, D.C. 20005. Membership organization of nical assistance on preservation and restoration of
St. NW., Washington, D.C. 20036. An- organiza- 3,000 local districts and 50 State associations work- buildings or sites significant in American history
tion Of 51 State federations of local women's clubs. ing to conserve and develop land, water and re- and culture. Cooperates with National Park Serv-
Supports study and action. programs for com- lated natural resources. Its Recreation and Wildlife ice and other agencies on Historic American Build-
munity betterment. Departments include Con- Committee can advise private landowners. ings Survey, National Register of Landmarks and
servation, Education, Home Life, Public Affairs, National Audubon Society, 11130 5th Ave., New, similar projects. Administers endowed properties
International Affairs, and Fine Arts. With Sears, York, N.Y. 10028. Membership organization with for public enjoyment. Publishes leaflets on such
Roebuck Foundation sponsors Community Im- State chapters. Works for conservation of all nat- subjects as preservation law and restoration tech-
provement Program to encourage clubwomen to ural resources and conservation education. Special niqucs, a quarterly journal and a monthly
improve their communities, by involving many programs for junior groups. Nature Centers Divi- newspaper.

292

National Wildlife Federation, 1412 16th St., N.W., Young Men's Christian Association Roadside Council (which see) serves as a national
Washington, D.C. 20036. Membership organiza- 291 Broadway clearinghouse for other State Councils.
tion, with affiliated State organizations. Dedicated New York, N.Y. 10007 Save-the-Redwoods League, 114 Sansome St., San
to encourage wise use and management of nat- Young Women's Christian Association Francisco, Calif. 94104. Membership organization
ural resources. Sponsors annual National Wildlife 6oo Lexington Ave. which cooperates with California State Park Com-
Week. Makes grants to graduate students. Pub- New York, N.Y. 10022 mission, the National Park Service, and other
lishes booklets, newsletters, bimonthly magazine The Nature Conservancy, 1522 K Street, N.W., agencies in establishing and preserving redwood
of general interest, monthly nature magazine for Washington, D.C. 2ooo6. Membership organiza- parks, and other parks and reservations, and in
children. Distributes television and radio materia s. tion with primary purpose of acquiring land to rescuing from destruction representative areas of
National Youth Conference on Natural Beauty help preserve the country's natural heritage. A primeval forests.
and Conservation, c/o Girl Scouts of the U.S.A., revolving loan fund permits purchase of natural Sierra Club, io5o Mills Tower, 22o Bush St., San
83o Third Ave., New York, N.Y. 10022. coopera- areas threatened with destruction. Accepts gifts Francisco, Calif. 94104. Membership organization
tive effort of ii national youth organizations to of land for conservation purposes, manages a sys- devoted to exploring, enjoying, and protecting
work toward goals of their 1966 conference. En- tem of reserves, provides technical and financial natural scenic resources. Active in conservation
courages involvement of young people not affiliated assistance to landowners, groups, and government administration, litigation, and legislation. Sponsors
with these groups. A Youth Project Assistance agencies. Assists universities in acquisition of land wilderness outings, mountaineering, skiing, and
Grants Program sponsored by the Coca-Cola Co., for biological study. Publishes quarterly News, river touring. Produces conservation films, exhibits,
helps young people to further worthy natural and pamphlets on scientific, educational and legal and manuals; sponsors conferences on wilderness
beauty and conservation projects already under- aspects of natural area and open space preserva- and natural science; and publishes books on wilder-
way. Participating youth organizations may be tion. ness and other scenic resources, guide books, a
addressed directly: The Open Lands Project, 123 W. Madison St., monthly Bulletin, and other conservation-educa-
Boy Scouts of America Chicago, Ill. 6o6o2. Example of a metropolitan tion materials.
New Brunswick, N.J. 08903 area effort to examine area . conservation and rec- Society of American Foresters, ioio 16th Street,
Boys' Club of America reation needs, and press for action to meet them. N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036. Membership of
771 First Ave. Affiliated with Welfare Council of Metropolitan professional foresters to represent, advance, and
New York, N.Y. 10017 Chicago, coordinating body of 263 Chicago area protect the interests and standards of the profes-
Camp Fire Girls, Inc. health, welfare and recreation agencies. The proj- sion. Publishes monthly magazi Ine.
65 Worth St. ect is administered by staff and a committee of Sport Fishing Institute, 719 r3th Street, N.W.,
New York, N.Y. 10013 conservationists, businessmen and scientists. Washington, D.C. 20005. Works through research,
education, and serves to enhance fishery resources.
4-H and Youth Development The Outdoor Circle, 13ig Kalakua Avenue,
Federal Extension Service Honolulu, Hawaii 96814. Example of member@ Urban America, 1717 Massachusetts Ave., N.W.,
U.S. Department of Agriculture ship organization (formed in 1911) supported by Washington, D.C. 20036. Educational organiza-
Washington, D.C. 20250 annual dues, to preserve the natural beauty of the tion seeking to improve total quality of life in
Future Farmers of America State. Works with public officials and business- cities. Purposes include fostering of planning for
U.S. Office of Education men on such problems as outdoor signs, public the best use of land and natural resources, con-
Department of Health, Educatign, and Welfare landscaping projects, proper garbage and sewage servation of natural scenery, and encouragement
Washington, D.C. 20202 disposal, and the planting and preservation of of good environmental design. Publications in-
trees. clude a bimonthly, City; and brochures and other
Future Homemakers of Amer .ica Regional Plan Association, 230 W. 41st St., New materials.
U.S. Office of Education York, N.Y. 10036. An example of a citizens' orga- Western Pennsylvania Conservancy, 204 Fifth Ave.,
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare nizati6n dedicated to development of an efficient, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15222. Example of active State,
Washington, D.C. 20202 attractive and varied metropolitan region-in this citizen membership organization. Work includes
Girls' Clubs of America, Inc. case the three-State metropolitan region surround- comprehensive planning and acquisition of land
ioi Park Ave. ing New York City. Membership is open to individ- for State parks, nature centers, and other open
New York, N.Y. 10017 uals, businesses and organizations. Holds an annual space, and acquisition and restoration of historic
Girl Scouts of the U.S.A. Regional Plan Conference. Publishes research landmarks. Conducts educational programs, main-
83o Third Ave. bulletins and periodicals, including Regional Plan tains speakers bureau.
New York, N.Y. 10022 News. The Wilderness Society, 729 1 5th St., N.W., Wash-
Red Cross Youth Roadside Councils. In some 17 States Roadside ington, D.C. 20005. Membership organization
The American National Red Cross Councils work for scenic highways, billboard con- dedicated to increase knowledge and appreciation
17th and E Sts., N.W. trol, roadside rests, and related concerns. There of wilderness, and to see established policies and
Washington, D.C. 20013 is no national organization but the California programs for its protection and use. Encourages

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members to work for preservation of wilderness counsel on a fee basis in administrative and court National Association of Home Builders, 1625 L
areas near home communities in cooperation with proceedings on selected cases of nationwide Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036. Encourages
other groups. Publishes quarterly magazine, The significance. better housing and community planning and de-
Living Wilderness. Design for Washington, 312 First Ave. North, sign. Through its Institute of Environmental De-
NONMEMBERSHIP ORGANIZATIONS Seattle, Wash. 98iog. Example of a statewide or- sign, Land Use and Development Department, and
American Association of Nurserymen, 835 South- ganization which encourages citizens to involve member committees, studies political, legal, con-
ern Bldg., Washington, D.C. 20005. Promotes re- , themselves in community environment. Suggests servation, esthetic and social aspects of land use
planting of forests and unproductive farmlands, how to get and use professional assistance to rally and housing; holds conferences of builders and
and park, street and highway planting. A business, public and other elements of the com- leaders in other disciplines including planning,
Landscape Awards Program recognizes achieve- munity, how to coordinate private enterprise and sociology, education, Publishes monthly journal.
ment in industrial, institutional, municipal and public works, and what people have done else- National Auto and Truck Wreckers Association,
commercial planting. Members participate in public where that worked. Developed from 1965 Gov- 18 Second Ave., San Mateo, Calif. 94401. Trade
service programs such as New Roots for Young ernor's Design for Washington Conference, fi- association. Makes available information on tech-
America (sponsored by Reliance Insurance Co,), nanced by private contributions. niques of screening wrecking yards.
to provide plantings for schoolyards. Provides Ims Ford Foundation, 477 Madison Ave., New York, National Clean Up-Paint Up-Fix Up Bureau, i5oo
and pamphlets. N.Y. 10022. Privately funded institution to serve Rhode Island Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C.
American Conservation Association, 3o Rockefeller the public welfare including support of research, 20005. Industry supported foundation helps towns
Plaza, New York, N.Y., 10020. Privately sup- training, and demonstration projects relevant to develop "clean-up, paint-up, fix-up" campaigns of
ported nonmembership educational and scientific the quality of man's environment. Operates only short duration, year-round civic action programs
organization dedicated to the advancement of through grants to private nonprofit agencies, involving city governments and volunteer orga-
knowledge and understanding of conservation and State and local bodies, and educational institutions. nizations. Provides action kits, publishes newsletter,
Concerns include strengthening applied ecology,
to the preservation and development of natural improving training of resource administrators, pre- both free. Provides posters, films and other mate-
resources for public use. serving open space, encouraging good environ- rials at cost.
American Forest Products Industries, 1835 K St., mental design, assisting in elimination of pollu- National Sand and Gravel Association, goo Spring
N.W., Washington, D.C. 2ooo6. Encourages man- tion, and promotion of sound policies of resource St., Silver Spring, Md. 20gIo. Trade membership
agement of forest lands on the multiple-use prin- Use. organization. Prepares publications, including Site
ciple, including regard for natural beauty. Provides Industrial Gas Cleaning Institute, Box 448, Rye, Utilization and Rehabilitation Practices for Land
free materials including booklets, charts, packets N.Y. I058o. Trade association. Disseminates in- and Gravel Operations, Case Histories, Rehabilita-
for organization programs, and films. formation on air pollution control, the effects of tion, Land Use Planning and other materials and
Conservation Associates, Mills Tower, 22o Bush industrial gas cleaning on public health, and other guidelines capable of more general application.
St., San Francisco, Calif. 94104. Provides assistance industry matters. Cosponsors a nationwide Clean Resources for the Future, 1755 Massachusetts Ave.,
in land planning and land acquisition to private Air Community Action Program with U.S. N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036. Conducts pro-
and public conservation interests. Jaycees. grams of research and education in development,
The Conservation Foundation, 1250 Connecticut Institute of Scrap Iron and Steel, 1729 H St., N.W., conservation and use of natural resources, through
Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036. Privately Washington, D.C. 2ooo6. Encourages scrap proces- its own staff and through grants to other institu-
supported organization for research, education, sors to screen yards through Project Green/Screen. tions.
and information to help protect and enhance the Keep America Beautiful, 99 Park Ave., New York, Sears, Roebuck Foundation, 925 So. Homan Ave.,
quality of the environment. Conducts an inter- N.Y. iooi6. Industry-financed clearinghouse and Chicago, 111. 6o6O7- Supports community better-
disciplinary program of environmental studies, coordinating agency for antilitter activities. Pro- ment programs in conjunction with nonprofit or-
conservation services, and a research grant pro- vides for public education services, largely through ganIzations such as the General Federation of
gram. Seeks to encourage recognition of ecological national publicity and advertising campaigns. Car- Women's Clubs (Community Improvement Pro-
principles and natural resource values in planning ries out research, provides litter prevention advice gram) and the National Council of State Garden
and decisionmaking, and to increase effectiveness and materials, holds workshops and meetings with Clubs (Community Beautification Program). Fi-
of social action for accomplishing conservation leaders of interested organizations. Publishes book- nancial aid, booklets, filmstrips available to par-
goals. Publications include a periodic newsletter lets, brochures, sponsors films. ticipating clubs.
on environmental issues, a quarterly education Mined-Land Conservation Conference, 1130 X7th Urban Land Institute, 12oo I 8th St., N.W., Wash-
bulletin, and booklets. St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036. Membership ington, D.C. :20036. Independent research orga-
Conservation Law Society of America, Mills Tower, from mining and allied industries who recog- nization supported by membership, publication
22o Bush St., San Francisco, Calif. 94104. Helps nize need for reclamation and conservation plan- sales, and sponsored research. Works to promote
defend the public interest in protection and ap- ning in mined-land areas, and greater public better urban planning and development through
propriate uses of parks and comparable reserved awareness of such efforts. Publishes monthly news- study and analysis and reporting of trends in de-
areas through application of law. Can provide letter. velopment and use of land. Publishes monthly

294

newsletter, technical bulletins, and special reports American Society of Landscape Architects, 2ooo K
from research projects and from Panel Studies. Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 2ooo6. Profes-
Wildlife Management Institute, 709 Wire Build- s. ional membership organization to promote educa-
ing, Washington, D.C. 2ooo5. Supported by in- tion and skill in landscape architecture. Publishes
dividuals, groups and industries to promote restora- policies on public-interest aspects of landscape con-
tion and improved 'management of wildlife and servation, and supports their implementation at
related natural resources. Field representatives pro- all levels of government. Local chapters are avail-
vide technical services to landowners and work a.ble for consultation. Makes awards to organiza-
with State and Federal agencies. Publishes books, tions contributing to landscape improvement, and
newsletter. cooperates with other design professions in enhance-
ment of man's environment. Publishes a magazine,
PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Landscape Architecture, and special reports.
American Association for the Advancement of National Education Association, i2oi Sixteenth St.,
Science, 1515 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Wash- N.W.,, Washington, D.C. 20036. Professional
-ington, D.C. 2ooo5. Members are scientists and organization of educators which, with regard to
scientific societies representing all fields of science. education in conservation and natural beauty, as-
Purposes include increasing public understanding sists schools in teaching future citizens to appreciate
of science. Fosters broad interdisciplinary programs their natural heritage, recognize forces which en-
on environmental subjects. Publishes weekly maga- danger it, and be prepared to help maintain a
zine Science, quarterly review, science books, and desirable environment. Affiliated departments in-
clude the American Association of School Admin-
symposium volumes including such titles as Air .
Conservation, and Estuaries. istrators, American Association for Health, Physical
American Institute of Architects, 1735 New York Education and Recreation, and Department of Rural
Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 2ooo6. Profes- Education. Publications include a journal and a
sional membership organization to promote excel- list of references on conservation education.
lence in architecture and urban design, and public National Recreation and Park Society, 1700 Penn-
action for irnprovement of environment. Local sylvania Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 200o6.
chapters implement programs developed by na- Professional branch of National Recreation and
tional committees. These include the War on Park Association.
Community Ugliness program to stimulate public Society of American Foresters, ioio 16th Street,
interest and action to improve urban environment; N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036. Professional or-
urban design assistance teams, and citations for ganization of foresters to promote the science, prac-
excellence in community architecture. AIA sup- tice and standards of forestry. Local chapters are.
ports legislation and works with public agencies available for consultation. Publishes journal of
to improve urban design, transportation, and pres- Forestry.
ervation of historic architecture. Publishes monthly Soil Conservation Society of America, 75 15- N.E.
magazine; produces books and visual aids. Ankeny Rd., Ankeny, Iowa. 50021. A professional
American Institute of Planners, 917 Fifteenth St., membership organization comprised of soil con-
N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Professional mem- servationists, scientists, educators and administra-
bership of individuals on State, metropolitan and tors. Local chapters available for consultation. Pub-
local professional planning staffs and consultants lishes a journal.
concerned with comprehensive planning. Issues The Wildlife Society, 3900 Wisconsin Ave., N.W.,
background papers and policy statements; under- Washington, D.C. 2oo16. Professional membership
takes studies. Sponsors conferences and interdis- organization of wildlife biologists, educators and
ciplinary programs. Publishes bimonthly journal, administrators. Local chapters can provide tech-
monthly newsletter, and annual conference nical assistance in planning to include considera-
.proceedings. tion of overall ecological relationhsips affecting
American Society of Agronomy, 677 Segoe Rd., natural beauty programs. Publishes journal of
Madison, Wis. 53711. Professional membership or- Wildlife Management.
ganization of soil, crop, turf-grass and land man-
agement scientists. Publishes a journal, scientific
magazines, monographs and newsletters.

295

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Appalachian Trail, 194 Canadian Government, 166
INDEX Appalachian Trail Conference, 194 Canton, Ohio, 54
Approaches to water pollution problems, 97 Canyonlands National Park, Utah, 183
Arapaho National Forest, overcrowding, 181 Cape Cod, 169
Area-wide planning agencies, 118 Cape Cod National Seashore, Mass., 176
Areas requiring intensive study, environmental Cape Cod National Seashore, bicycle trails, 194
research, 250 Cape Hatteras National Seashore, N.C., 175
Arizona wild life program, 1967, 190 Cape Lookout National Seashore, N.C., 176
Arkansas River, 164 Cape May, N.J., 55
Army Chief of Engineers, 241 Cars, space required by, 222
Artists, 11, 57 Cenla Community Action Committee, 138
Art school, Baltimore, Maryland, 62, 63 Census, Bureau of, 104
Asheville, N.C., 48 Centralia, Wash., 140-141
Aspen, Colo., 212 Central Park, New York City, 58
Assateague Island National Seashore, 176 Chairman, Federal Power Commission, 154
A Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology, Chamber of Commerce of the U.S., 251
Absentee ownership, forest lands, 135 Department of Transportation, 213 Chamber of Commerce, Long Beach, Calif., 252
Acid mine drainage, 99 Association of Bay Area Governments, 102, 118 Change, man induced, 15 ,
Acquisition of open space land, 108 Atlanta, Georgia, 39, 89, 224 Change, technological, 15, 17
Action, government, 2 3 1, 2 3 3 * Atlantic Highlands, N.J., 59 Charles Center Theater, Baltimore, Md., 62
Sharing responsibilities for, 231 Atomic Energy Commission, 97, 143, 145 Charleston, Mass., 39
Action Housing, Inc., 35 Austin Texas, 57 Chesapeake Bay, 175
Administration on Aging, Social and AutoWobile disposal, 214 Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Towpath, 194
Rehabilitation Service, 68 Automobile Disposal: A National Problem, 215 Chester County Pa. Water Resources Authority,
Adult environmental education, 246 Automobiles, junked, 101 123, 257
Advertising Council, 73 Automobile pollution controls, 91 Chicago and Northwestern Railway, 226
Agricultural Conservation Program, 127, 165, Automotive air pollution, 255 Chicago, Ill., 31, 46, 55, 57, 79,112, 207, 224,
172, 189 Auto parts recovery, 215 225,226
Agricultural greenbelts, 133 Chippewa Indians, conserve marshland, Minn.,
Agricultural Research Service, 129, 130, 13 1, B 172
151,156 Baltimore, Maryland, 62, 63, 67, 74, 75, 112, Cincinnati, Ohio, 49
Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation 206,207,224,236,247 Cities with rail transit, 224
Service, 125, 127, 131, 162, 165 Beer can disposal through industrial Citizen action, 47
Agricultural use zoning, 107 cooperation, 73-74 Citizen groups, 257-258
Agricultural water pollutants, 99, 264 Benavidez, Eddie, 258 Citizen participation, 266
Agriculture, 17 Benefits and losses, consideration of, 234, 2135 Citizens' Advisory Committee on Recreation
Agriculture, Department of, 93, 99, 122, 127, Berman v. Parker, 80 and Natural Beauty, 46, 220, 239, 246, 257
128,129,130,131,133,f36,137,143, Berkeley, Calif., 60 Citizens for Clean Air, 259
151,154,156,181,189,191,203 Bethlehem, Pa., 55 City, environmental issues of, 263
Aircraft air pollution, 90, 228 Bicycle trails, 194 City noise, HUD study, 77
Aircraft noise, alleviation of, 227 Biloxi, Miss., 83 City plans, 78
Air pollution, 89 Biodegradable detergents, 254 Civic centers, 62
Air pollution control, aluminum industry, 253 Birmingham, Ala., 58 Clarke-McNary Program, 211
Air pollution control, Los Angeles, 89-PO Blake, Peter (quote), 19 Clean Air Act, 1967, 94
Air pollution control, state and local, 93 Blighted neighborhoods, 262 Clean Water Restoration Act, 1966, 97, 171
Air pollution criteria, 91 Blight, neighborhood, 31, 262 Clean waters bond issue, New York State, 99
Air pollution deaths, New York City, 90 Blight, urban, 70, 72 Clear cutting (forests), 135-136
Air pollution from solid wastes, 100 Blue Ridge Parkway, 213, 220 Cleveland, Ohio, 224,228, 252
Air Quality Act of 1967, 91, 93, 94, 256 Board of Education, Washington, D.C., 84 Cluster developments, 42
Air quality criteria and research, 92, 93 Bonneville Power Administration, 143 Cluster zoning, 106
Air transportation, 226 Boston Institute of Contemporary Art, 225 Coast Guard, U.S., 61
Akron, Ohio, 63 Boston, Mass., 57, 69, 75, 79, 82, 89, 224 Coastal oil pollution, 96
Albuquerque, New Mexico, 48 Boston Society of Architects, 225 Coastal wetlands, filling of, 169
Alexandria, Virginia, 69 Boundary Water Canoe Area, Minn., 191 Coastal wetland zoning, Rhode Island, 171
Allagash Wilderness Waterway (Maine), 160, Bowdoin, College, 246 Collection system management, solid wastes, 10 1
161 Boy Scouts, 257 Collier County (Fla.) Conservancy, 173
Allegheny River, 67 Boys'Clubs of America, 257 Colonial National Parkway, 220
Allison Woods, Tenn., 191 Break-through to the Hudson River, 61 Colorado Open Space Coordinating Council,
Aluminum scrap salvage study; Los Angeles, 74 Bremerton, Wash., 258 258
American Association for the Advancement Bridgeton, N.J., 258 Colorado River, 163
of Science, 247 Brooklyn, N.Y., 57 Columbia, Md., 106, 115
American Bar Association, 247 Budget, Bureau of, 122, 154, 204 Columbia River, 15 3, 164
American Conservation Association, 257 Building Research Institute, 252 Columbia University School of Architecture, 61
American Forestry Association, 192 Bulldozers (and bulldozing), 11, 40, 119, 173, Columbus, Ind., 58
American Institute of Architects, 63, 82 174,262 Commerce, Department of, 31, 93, 97, 115,
American Institute of Architects, task force on Bureau of Mines, 215 122,154,204,215,217,220,255
- Potomac River Basin, 123, 158, 247 Business and Defense Services Administration, Commercial and industrial property, recreational
American Institute of Planners, 247, 249 215,217 use of, 34
American Public Health Association, 79
American Society of Landscape Architects, 247 Commercial malls and plazas, 53-54
Anacostia River, city park, 85 C Committee for a More Beautiful Capital, 84,
Anchorage, Alaska, 58 Cabin John Regional Park, Montgomery 85,86
Anderson, Arthur, 258 County, Md., 73 Committee on Environmental Quality, 239
Angeles National Forest, overcrowding, 181 California, new towns in, 113 Committee on the Hygiene of Housing, APHA,
Animal waste control, 129 California, open space tax law, 1965, 108 79
Annapolis, Maryland, 69 California, proposed State Wild Rivers Committee to Preserve Philadelphia's Historic
Anti-billboard legislation, 212 System, 159-160 Gateway, 204
Anti-litter laws, 72 California, State Advisory Commission on Community design review boards, 80
'Apostle Islands, Wisconsin, 178 Marine and Coastal Resources, 177 Community efforts, 77
Appalachia and new towns, 114 California State Division of Highways, 82, 205 Compensation for deafness decision, 1948, 77
Appalachian Regional Commission, 148 California Tomorrow, 257 Complex wastes in water, 95-96
Appalachian Regional Development Act, 1965, California Wildlife Plan of 1966, 190 Composting, 100, 103
138 Camp Fire Girls, 257, Composting plant,TVA, 103

297

Conferences on design, 241 Ecological knowledge of forests, 135 Federal installations, air pollution control, 92
Congress of American Industry, 2 5 1 Ecology, 21, 23 Federal Interdepartmental Task Force for
Connecticut River, 156 Ecology and environment, 120 Potomac River Valley, 157
Conservation Foundation, The, 123, 257 Ecology and land use permits, 121 Federal-interstate water monitoring system, 97
Conservation Education Center, 245 Ecology as a guide to planning, 119 Federal lands, recreational use, 183
"Conservation Showcase" projects, 133 Ecology, implications of, 250 Federal Power Commission, 142, 144, 145, 162,
Control of noise, 76 Ecology grants, Ford Foundation, 257 164, 218
Cooperation, new patterns of, 258 Ecology, Office of, Dept. of Interior, 122 Federal programs for environmental
Cooperative Extension Service, 125 Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, 83 improvement, 83
Coordinator for environmental education, 246 Economic Opportunity, Office of, 35, 138, 185 Federal Water Pollution Control
Cornwall, N.Y., 237 Edmondson, W.T., 249 1Administration, 98, 168, 263
Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, 61, 162, 164, Education, 245 Ferry Building, San Francisco, 71, 205
165,169,171,236,240,242 Education, Office of, 246 Financing, outdoor recreation enterprises, 255
Cost, industrial pollution control, 254 Eiffel Tower, 70 Fine Arts Commission, 81
Council for Science and Technology, 249 Eighteenth Century seaports, 69 Finger Lakes Trail, 194
Council of Economic Advisors, 239 Electric Power Reliability Act, proposed, 144 Fire Island National Seashore, N.Y., 176
Councils of Governments, 117 Electric vehicles, development lag, 255 Fish and Wildlife Service, 125
Criteria for design boards, 81 Elementary and Secondary Education Act, 1965, Flight to the suburbs, 77
Cropland Adjustment Program, 188 245 Floods, 17
Crosstown Expressway, Chicago, 207 Elementary Education, 245 Flood plains, encroachments upon, 156
Croton-on-Hudson, N.Y., 121 Eleven Point River, Mo., 159 Flood plains, property losses, 156
Elimination of litter, 72-75 Flood plain zoning, 107-108
D Embarcadero, San Francisco, 205 Flowers in cities, 68
Dallas, Texas, 37, 63 Endangered Species Preservation Act, 1966, Focal points (urban), 70, 71
Dasman, Raymond F. (quote), 25 189-190 Ford Foundation, 257
Defense, Department of, 116, 129 Endangered Species Research Station, Patuxent, Forest and Range Experiment Station, Calif.,
Deforestation, 17, 40 Md., 190 151
Delaware Expressway, 204 Environmental conferences, 247 Forest lands, 135
Delaware River, 204 Environmental corridors, 122 Forest management, 135
Delmarva Peninsula ecological studies, 123 Environmental crisis, 21 Forest Service, 125, 136, 137, 138, 151, 182,
Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Environmental design, 81 184,191,197,203,220
Development Act ( 1966), 69, 115, 118 Environmental deterioration, 66 Formative experiences, 31
Denver, Colo., 31-32, 57, 66 Environmental pollution, 89 Fosberg, F. Raymond (quote), 2 3
Department of Conservation, Tennessee, 19 1 Environmental professionals, education of, 247 Foundations and environmental quality, 2 5 7
Department of Highways and Traffic, Environmental Protection Administration, 103 4-H Clubs, 73, 131, 257
Washington, D.C., 84,85 Environmental quality, 236 Free transit service study, 224
Department of Landscape Architecture, Environmental Qvality and Amenity in Freeway revolt, San Francisco, 205
Harvard University, 123 California, report, (1966), 232 Fremont, Calif., 48, 79
Department of Transportation Act, 1966, Environmental Sciences Services Fresno, Calif., 53
201,207,229,236 Administration, 122 Freud, Sigmund (quote), 15
Design Awards Program, 241 Environmental Studies Board, 249 Future Farmers, 257
Design boards, criteria for, 81 Environmental values, 235
Design competitions, 58 Erosion, 99,'127 G
Design in Transit, exhibit, 225 Escalating land prices, 112 Galveston, Texas, 56
Des 'n in Urban Transportation, conference, Esthetics, 80 Garbage, 11
'g Esthetic objectives, 240
1967,225 Garbage and solid waste, collection and
Design, need for better, 240 Esthetic sense, 25, 27 disposal, 100
Design Review Boards, 5 8, 241 Estuaries, 168 Garbage trucks and noise, 77
Design team evaluation, 236 Eutrophication, 166 Gateway Arch, St. Louis, 71
Des Moines, Iowa, 59 Existing-use tax rates, 108 General Federation of Women's Clubs, 257
Detergent industry, 254 F General Services Administration, 57, 58, 240,
Detroit, 'Mich., 79,208,224,252 241,242
Diesel and gas turbine bus tests, New York F Street demonstration project, Washington, Generator plant siting, 142
City, 92 D.C., 85 Geological Survey, 41
Diesel pollution problem, 91-92 Fairleigh Dickinson University, 246 Georgia Department of Industry and Trade, 13 1
Disneyland, litter control in, 73 Farb, Peter (quote), 19 Georgetown, D.C., 69
Directly elected metropolitan government, 119 Far Northeast Beautification Committee, Georgetown waterfront, 87
Director, Bureau of the Budget, 154 Washington, D.C., 86 Gettysburg, Pa., 219
Directory of Federal Natural Areas, 19 1 Farms and ranches, 127 Ghirardelli Square, San Francisco, 54
Disposal, junked autos, 216 Farmers Home Administration, 128, 146 Girl Scouts, 257
Dollar-value approach, 235-236 Federal Advisory Committee on Intergovern- Girls Clubs of America, 2 5 7
Downtown, 51 mental Relations, 119 Glass manufacturing, pollution reduction, 253
Downtown as a whole, 62 Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act, 171 Golden Gate Park, 67, 205
Downtown blight, elimination of, 63 Federal Aviation Administration, 90, 241 Golden triangle, 67
Downtown decay, 262 Federal Aviation Agency, 227, 229 Gonzaga University, 67
Doxiados, Constantinos A. (quote), 21 Federal Buildings, historic preservation of, 56 Grand junction, Colorado, 54
Draining and filling of estuaries, 265 Federal Buildings, improvement of grounds, 58 Grand Rapids, Mich., 58
Driving for pleasure, 217 Federal Bureau of Public Roads, 207, 220 Graphs, 66
Dual-power car, HUD grant, 2 5 5 Federal Committee on Pest Control, 129 Great Falls, Mont., 59
Dubos, Rene J. (quote), 21 Federal Committee on Research Natural Areas, Great River Road project, 220
Dulles Airport, 228 191 Greely, Colo., 258
Dumping vs; recycling (solid wastes), 100-101 Federal efforts and new communities, 115 Greenbelts, 107
Du Page County, Ill., 112 Federal Extension Service, Dept. Agriculture, 131 Greenspan program, 131-132, 181
Dustbowls, 12 5 Federal Highway Administration, 206,213 Green Thumb demonstration project, 131
Federal Highway Administrator, 202, 241 Greenville, S.C., 58
E Federal Highway Aid Act, 1966, 2 01, 2 02 Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas,
Easements, use of, I I I Federal Highway Beautification Program, 183-184
.Eastland Gardens Park, Washington, D.C., 37 209,210 Guam Legislature, 215
Ecological analysis, 120-121, 122 Federal Housing Administration, 43,45,46,
Ecological analysis, need for, 264 58, 106, 115 H
Ecological information, 249 Federal Impact Opportunities for New Towns, Hackensack River, new town site, 113
Ecological inventory, Potomac River, 158 116 Harrisburg, Pa., 66

298

Hastings, Neb., 62 Institute of Scrap Iron and Steel, 215, 251, 259 Local Agency Formation Commissions (Calif.),
Hawaii, anti-billboard law, 212 Inventory, inland and offshore islands, 177 105
Hawaii Natural Beauty Conference) 79, 80 Iowa, scenic rivers plan, 160 Local individuality, 67
Hawaii open space tax law, 1965, 108 Iowa State Natural Beauty Committee, 2 3 8 London, Ky., 73
Hawaii, state zoning, 107 Iowa Tech, 151 Long Island Sound, 175
Hawaii, subdivision law, 42 Islands, 174 Long Island Wetlands Act, N.Y. State, 171
Health, Education and Welfare, Department of, Izaak Walton League of America, 191 Long Trail (Vermont), 194
91,92,93,94,115,129,154,242,245,246 Longview, Wash., 254
Henderson Creek (Fla.), 173 Los Angeles, Calif., 35, 48, 57, 66, 74, 89, 224,
HEW study, "Strategy for a Liveable 228,252
Environment", 77 James River, 153 Louisburg Square, Boston, 69
High Mountain Sheep Project decision, 2 @3 7 Jefferson, Thomas, 11 Louisville Courier-lournal, 252
High rise apartments, 42 Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, 60 Louisville, Ky., 69, 252
Higher Education Act, 1945, 246 Jeremiah 2:-7 (quote), 17 Low income housing, 37
Highway Beautification Act, 1965, 201, 202, jet aircraft noise, 77 Lower Manhattan Plan, 60
209,210,211,214,215,221 Jet Aircraft Noise Panel, 227 Lumber industry, reduction of pollution, 2 5 3,
Highway Beautification. Fund, 203 Job Corps Conservation Centers, O.E.O., 185 254
Highway routing and design, 201, 206 John F. Kennedy Cultural Center, 87
Highway Trust Fund, 202 Johnson City, Tenn., 103, 191 N1
Hillside building, 41 Johnson, Lyndon B. (quote), 11
Historic districts, preservation of, 68 Johnson, Mrs. Lyndon B., 65, 84, 257, 258 Macon, Ga., 57
Historical preservation, 55, 56, 68 (quote), 65 Marblehead, Mass., 69
Historic Sites Act, 1966, 201 Jones Beach, 175 Marin County, Calif., 89,151
Historic sites, state surveys of, 70 Juneau, Alaska, 57 Marina City, Chicago, Ill., 46
Hobbs N.M., 26 Junipero Serra Freeway, 205 Marine Resources and Engineering Develop-
Homemakers Clubs, 73 jurijprudence, Junkyards and Geraniums, 247 ment Act, 1966, 177
Markham Springs, Mo. Recreation Area, 185
Homewood, Ill., 43 Market Street East, Philadelphia, Pa., 63
Honolulu, Hawaii, 79 K Maryland State Roads Commission, 206, 207
Housing and Urban Development, Department Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority,
of, 23, 31, 32, 37, 43, 59, 61, 62, 67, 68:, 69, Kalamazoo, Mich., 54 225
75,76,77,80,83,85,92,93,99,108,112 Keep America Beautiful, Inc., 73, 217 Massachusetts, historic site recognition and
115,116,118,122,123,154,181,204 ,223, Kennedy, John F. (quote) , 11
225, 228, 233, 239,241, 242, 243, 255 Kentucky, proposed wild rivers program, 160 preservation, 70
Houston, Texas, 58, 103 King County (Wash.) Educational Committee, Massachusetts wetland laws, 171
Howard County, Md., 106 245 Megalopolis areas, 89
Howard County, Md. open space trust fund, 42 Kisatchie National Forest, La., 138 Mellen, Wis., 258
HUD Grant, sign improvement, Boston, Mass., Knoxville, Tenn., 53 Memphis, Tenn., 77
75 Mesa Verde National Park, sonic boom damage,
Hudson River, 153, 154, 178 226
Hudson River, pollution problems, 95, 99 L Metropolitan Area Planning Council, Boston,
Mass., 79
Hudson River Valley Commission, 178 Labor Department of, 35, 83, 131, 138, 242 Metropolitan area-wide zoning, 107
Hudson River Waterfront, 61 Lac Ka Croix Natural Area, Minn., 191 Metropolitan region, 263
.Hull House, Chicago, 5 5 Lake Erie, 166 Metropolitan regional problems, 89
Humphrey, Hubert H., 7 disappearance of fish in, 168 Metropolitan Review and Coordinating Council,
Huxley, Sir Julian (quote), 2 7 phosphates in, 254 Minn., 118-119
Hydraulic mining, 125 pollution of, 166-168 Model Cities Legislation, 37, 38
Lake Forest, Ill., 82 Model Cities Program, HUD, 39, 242-243
Lake Heights, Wash., 44-45 Monongahela River, 67
Illinois Prairie Path, 112 Lake Washington, pollution research, 249 Montana, Recreational Waterway System, 160
Illinois, strip mining laws, 140 Lakes, disappearing, 166 Monticello, 69
Improved signs and lighting, 75 Lakes and reservoirs, pollution of, 162 Montgomery County, Md., 7 3, 99
Independence Hall, Philadelphia, 71, 204 Land and Water Conservation Fund, Dept. Montgomery County, Pa., 43
Independence National Historical Park, 204 Interior, 31, 108, 143, 181, 233, 265 Motor Vehicle Abandonment in U.S. Urban
Indiana Danes National Lakeshore, Ind. 176 Land Between the Lakes Project, 185-186, 245 Areas, report, 215
Indiana, strip mining laws, 140 Land Management, Bureau of, 138, 191, 203, Motor vehicle air pollution, 90
Indianapolis, Ind., 34, 48 213,217 Motor vehicle noise, 77,
Industrial air pollution, 90 Land prices, escalating, 181 Mount Vernon, 69
Industrial improvement of landscape, 2 52 Land rehabilitation, strip-mined areas, 138 Miami, Fla., 252
Industrial Revolution, 261 Land use, Potomac River Valley, 157 Michigan Great Lake Shoreline and Island
Industrial wastes, 17, 95, 98, 99 Landfill planning, 101 Inventory, 177
Industry and business, financial support of, 2 52 Landscape, improvement by industry, 252 Middle Foik of the Clearwater River, Idaho,
Industry Advisory Committee on Underground La Rue, Don, 2 5 8 159
Transmission, FPC, 144 Las Vegas, Nev., 182 Milwaukee Journal, 252
Inequable assessment, improved property, 256, Latham, Richard S. (quote), 21 Milwaukee, Wis., 48, 77, 252
266 Laurel County, Ky., 73 Mineral lands, 138
Inequable income tax policies, Federal, 256, 266 Laurel County Soil Conservation District, Ky., Minerals and Metals, Office of, 217
Inner city decay, 51 130 Mines, Bureau of, 215
Inner Harbor Project, Baltimore, Md., 67 Law and Esthetics, 247 Minibus system, Columbia, Md., 115
Innovation, need for, 242 Leopold, Aldo (quote), 17 Minneapolis, Minn., 51, 115, 223, 224
Interagency Aircraft Noise Abatement Program, The Lewis and Clark Trail: A Proposal For Minnesota, campsite program, 160
77 Development, 219-220 Mishawaka, Ind., 253
Interagency Committee on Beautification Lewis and Clark Trail Commission, 2 19 Mississippi Forestry Association, 217
Programs, D.C., 85 Lexington, Ky., 73 Mississippi River, 153, 164
Interagency Committee on Environmental Libby Dam and Reservoir, Mont., 240 Missis@ippi River, pollution problems, 95, 128
Quality, 249 Lincoln, Neb., 68 Missouri River, 153, 163
Intergovernmental Council on Urban Growth Lindsay, John V., 102 Muir, John, 25
(Calif.), 105 Litter, 25, 72-75, 263 Multi-county community approach, 148, 151
Interior, Department of, 31, 93, 108, 122 129 Litter bags, 217 Mumford, Lewis (quote), 17
143,154,162,164,168,171,172,196 ,l9j, Litter control, Cabin John Regional Park, Md-, 7 3 Municipal code provisions, 80
203,204,215,220,242 Litter laws, 217 Municipal policies and environment, 79
Interstate air pollution control, 93 "Litter Letter" sponsored by industries, 73 Murphey's Pond, Ky., 192
Interstate shoreline problems, 175 Litter prevention, 72 Music Center, Los Angeles, 62

299

N New Mexico, wild river system, 160 Pelham Bay, as dumping site, 102
New neighborhoods, design of, 46 Penn's Landing, 204
Namekegon River, Wis., 159 New neighborhoods, development of, 40 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, D.C., 87
Nantucket, Mass., 69 New Orleans, La., 5 6, 8 2, 2 04 Pennsylvania Department of Highways, 204
Nashville, Tenn., 224 New parks, creation of, 32, 5 9 Personal safety, 35
Natchez Trace Parkway, 220 New town development, Potomac River, 158 Pesticides, 128
National Academy of Engineering, 249 New town research and development grants, Pesticide residue, 128, 129
National Academy of Sciences, 92, 235, 249 115 Petroleum pollution, 254
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, New York City, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37,48, 58, 59, Philadelphia Architects' Committee, 204
227 60,'73,75,76,77,82,90,92,93,102,224, Philadelphia Metropolitan Region, 123
National Arboretum, 130 256,259 Philadelphia, Pa., 57, 63, 71, 203, 204, 224,
National Association of Counties, HUD grant, New York Metropolitan Area Regional Plan 252,257
118 Association, 104 Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore, Mich., 176
National Association of Homebuilders, 247 New York State, new towns in, 113 Pilot projects, Bureau of Outdoor Recreation,
National Audubon Society, 173, 189, 191 New York State Council on the Arts, 240 184
National Auto and Truck Wreckers Association, New York State, clean waters bond issue, 99 Pinchot, Gifford, 25
215,251 New York State Natural Beauty Commission, Pittsburgh, Pa., 31,34,35,60, 67, 93,115,224
National Campers and Hikers Association, 217 238 Planned unit development, 106
National Capital Housing Authority, New towns, 264 Planning and Conservation League of
Washington, D.C., 84 New towns and regional plans, 113, 114 California, 258
National Center for Air Pollution Control, 93 Newark, Del., 68 Planning, central role of, 233
National Cleanest Town Conference, 73 Newhall, Nancy (quote), 15 Planning commission, 81
National Clean Up--Paint Up--Fix Up Noise, 75-76, 263 Planning, Programming, Budgeting System,
Bureau, 73 Noise Abatement, Office of (Dept. Transporta- 234
National Cooperative Soil Survey, 133 tion), 227 Poets, 11
National Council of State Garden Clubs, 73 Noise Abatement Commission, New York City, Point Reyes National Seashore, Calif., 18 1
National Council on the Arts, 82 1929,77 Pollution, 25, 254
National Crime Commission Report. 17 Noise, aircraft, 226 Pollution abatement, 263
National Defense Education Act, 245 Noise control, U.S. Public Health Service, 77 Pollution control by industry, 252
National Endowment for the Arts, 58 Noise insulation, building code, New York Pomona, Calif., 54
National Environmental Education Center City, 76 Poplar Bluff, Mo., 185
(projected), 246 Noise, jet aircraft, 77 Population growth, 51
National Farmers'Union, 131 Noise preventive planning standards, HUD, 76 Portland, Ore., 140
National Forests, 137 Non-reusable containers, 99-100 Portsmouth, N.H., 55, 56
National Grasslands, 137 Norfolk, Va., 56 Postmaster General, 58, 241
National Industrial Conference Board Survey, North Dakota, historic sites law, 70 The Potomac, A.I.A. task force report, 158
251 North Platte River, 163 Potomac Basin Center, 259
National League of Cities, HUD grant, 118 Northland Shopping Center, Detroit, 208 Potomac River, 87, 154, 157, 178, 247, 259
National Park Service, 35, 37, 70, 84, 86, 125, Potomac River Basin, ecological study, 123
175,178,179,192,184,191,194,213, 0 Potomac River Basin Report, A.I.A., 247, 2 59
220,241
National Recreation Areas, 184 Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO), 35, Potomac River, pollution problems, 95
National seashores and lakeshores, 176 138,185 Power plant siting, 145
National Science Foundation, 249 Office of Education, 245 President's Council on Recreation and
National Training School site, plans for, 87 Office of Highway Beautification Coordinator, Natural Beauty, 12, 220, 239
National Trust for Historic Preservation, 69 202 President's Science Advisory Committee, 19
National Visitors' Center, 63 Official signs, uncontrolled, 74 Preservation, historical, 55-56, 68
National Wild and Scenic Rivers System, Ohio River, 164 Preservation of natural areas (urban), 67
proposed, 159 Oklahoma City, Okla., 48 Prince George's County, Md., 68
National Wilderness Preservation System, 184, Old fire stations, uses for, 68 Private action, 251
265 Olympic Peninsula Beach, 175 Private enterprise, 37
National Wildlife Federation, 191-192 Open space, acquisition of, 263 Private signs in cities, misuse of, 74
National Youth Conference on Natural Beauty Open space development, 32 Problems of urban growth, 65
and Conservation, 252, 257, 258 Open space Grants, HUD, 43, 59 Professional staffs (design teams), 240-241
National Youth Conference on Natural Beauty Open Space Land Program, HUD, 31 32 Professional manpower needs, 266
and Education, 1966, 245 1965 amendment, 32, 69, 108, 191- Profit opportunities, environmental improve-
Natural Areas, 191, 265 Open space, reservation of, 41, 42, 43 ment,.255
Natural Area Council, 191. Open space systems, ecological selection 121 Programs for amenities, 78
Natural area systems, 265 Operation Main Stream, 138 Project Green Screen, 251, 259
Natural beauty, 2.7, 31 Osborn, Fairfield (quote), 17 Project Pride, Washington, D.C., 84
Natural Beauty Citations of Merit, 5 8 Outdoor advertising, 211-214 Projections for year 2000, 146
Natural Beauty movement, 2 7 Outdoor advertising control law, Washington Property losses, flood plain, 156
Natural gas lines, 142-143 State, 212 Proposed legislation, power plant siting, 145
Natural Landmarks Program, 191 Outdoor advertising, control of, 2 10, 2 11 Proposed National Parks, 184
Natural setting, 66 Outdoor Recreation, Bureau of, I 11, 143, 177, Proposed rail transit systems, 224
Naturally disintegrating containers 100 184,187,192,194,195,219,234,243,255 Protective land use zoning (Calif.), 209
Nature Conservancy, The, 173, 191" 192, 193 Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Com- Public Advisory Panel on Architectural
Neighborhood conservation, 37 mission, 176, 194 Services, 57
Neighborhood Facilities Program, HUD, 37 Overcrowding, National Parks and Forests, 181 Public acquisition of land for development,
Neighborhood Youth Corps, 35, 83 Overland Park, Kans., 80 115,263
verpopulation, 21 Public buildings and grounds, 57
Neighborhood Youth Corps, Washington, D.C., 0
86 Ozark Wild Rivers Preservation System, Public Roads, Bureau of, 202, 240
Neighborhoods, 31, 40, 46 proposed, 160 Public transit, 222
New Bedford, Mass., 258 P Q
New cities, 114 Quality of environment, 65
New concepts of zoning, 106 Padre Island National Seashore, Texas, 176 Quality of life, and noise, 76
New Hampshire, Governor's Committee on Parks and open spaces, 31, 41, 58, 59 Quality of the city, 263
Natural Beauty, 238 Parks anti recreation areas, wild, 181
New Haven, Conn., 31, 60,69 Park, in a borrow pit, 140 R
New Jersey, new towns in, 113 Park renovation, 31, 32 Racial upheaval, 51
New Jersey State Federation of Shade Tree Parking lots, 52 Radburn, N.J., 44
Commissions, 68 Participation in planning, 37-38, 39@ Radburn design, 44
New Mexico State Highway Commission, 2 10 Peekskill, N.Y., 61 Rail transit systems, 1224 `226

300

Rapid transit, Cleveland airport, 228 San Francisco, Calif., 54, 59, 66, 68, 71, 75, 79, Study of signs, Baltimore, Md., 74-7 5
Reclamation, Bureau of, 12 5, 143, 162, 164, 89,204,205,224 Subdividing, 105, 119, 121
213,242 San Gabriel Wilderness Area (Calif.), 197 Suburban monotony, 119
Recovery studies, litter material, 74 San Rafael Wilderness Area (Calif.), 197 Sulfur oxides, air pollutants, 93
Recreation and wild lands, 181, 265 Santa F6, N. Mex., 69, 81, 82 Sunshine State Parkway, cable burial in, 143
Recreation bond issues, 186, 187 Save San Fr 'ancisco Bay Association, 172 Superblocks, 63
Recreation Land Price Escalation, report, 111 Sears-Roebuck Foundation, 257 Superfertilization from run offs, 265
Recreation programs, 34 Seattle, Wash., 58, 62, 66, 67, 82, 140, 2 24, 249 Surface mining, 138
Recreation programs, New York City, 34 Secondary education, 245 Surface mining scars, 264
Recycling junked autos, 216 Secretary of Agriculture, 133, 154, 159, 197, Summary, 261
Red Cross Youth, 257 201 Systems analysis, 23
Red Rock Recreation Lands, 182 Secretary of the Army, 154, 17 1
Regional governments, emerging, 116-117 Secretary of Commerce 154, 227 T
Regional Planning Council, Baltimore, Md., Secretary of HEW, 154 Tacoma, Wash., 6.7
112 Secretary of HUD, 154, 201, 227, 240 Tampa, Fla., 57
Relationship between types of environmental Secretary of the Interior, 7 0, 97, 111, 140,154, Tax assessments and sprawl, 108
pollution, 102 157,159,171,172,177,197,201,205,226, Tax incentives, 108
Renewal programs, 31 246 Tax relief for historic and scenic purposes,
Research and testing, landscape plants, 130 Secretary of Transportation, 154, 201, 206, 207, 68-69
Research, environmental, 249, 250 211,213,227 Tax structure and amenity standards, 79
Research, need for, 256 Section 701 programs, 233 Taxation, new forms of, 79
Reservation of open space, 41-43 Selective logging, 135-136 Technological changes, 15
Resident involvement, 35 Scarsdale, N.Y., 81 Technological specialization, 15
Resources for the future, 257 Scenic easements, 111 "Tenco" Iowa ten county program, 148
Responsibilities for action, sharing, 231, 265- Scenic roads and parkways, analysis, 220 Tennessee, Department of Conservation, 191
266 Science and Technology, Office of, 122, 226, Tennessee, Department of Highways, 219
Reston, Va., 115 239 Tennessee, first scenic river system legislation,
Restraint of urban advertising by corporations, Science and The City, Report of HUD, 2 3 160
75 Scope, design boards, 81 Tennessee River, 163
Reuse of inorganic materials, 100 Scrap problems, need for research, 256 Tennessee Valley Authority, 99, 103, 12 5, 138,
Reversal of population shift, 146 Shale oil deposits, 140 156, 162, 164, 185-186, 245
Revolving fund land bank, 112 S'hape of the city, 65 Thermal pollution of water, 96
Richland, Wash., 45 Sheboygan, Wisc., 51 Thompson, Benjamin (quote), 13
Richmond, Calif., 35 Shorelines and islands, 174 Threatened wildlife species, 188-189
Richmond, Va., 32, 34 Shoreline inventories 1934-1950's NPS, 175, Timber harvesting, 135
Riis Houses, New York City, 32 178-179 Timberland management, 264
River Walk, San Antonio, Texas, 60 Shoreline inventory conservation and survey, Toledo, Ohio, 32
Rivers and flood plains, 153 proposed, 179, 265 Total environment solution of urban problems,
Rivers and streams, 11 Shreveport, La., 48 ill
Rivers, Central Valley of California, 164 Sign improvement, Boston, Mass., 75 Town conservation commissions, New England,
Roads and highways, 19 Sign mall, Aspen, Colo., 212 238
Roadside development, 208 Signs, 74 Trail Blazers project, 86
Roadside litter, costs of, 217 Signs, public and private, coordination of, 263 Trails' 194,265
Rochester, N.Y. 53 Sleeping Bear Dunes, Mich., 17 8 Trails for America, report, 195
Rock Creek Park, Washington, D.C., 86 Slums, 11, 17 Trail system, nationwide, proposed, 195, 265
Rockefeller, Laurance S., 11, 2 5 1 (quote) ,251 Small car grant, HUD, 255 Trail systems, 111
Rocky River, Ohio, 48 Smithsonian Institution, 249 Train, Russell E. (quote), 25
Rogers, Ark., 80 Smog, 11, 29 Transportation, 199
Rooftops, recreational use, 33 Soil conservation, 127 Transportation and environment, 265
Rookery Bay, Fla., 173-174 Soil Conservation Districts, 128, 210 Transportation and Land Use Program, Detroit,
Roosevelt, Franklin D., I I Soil Conservation Service, 41, 125, 127, 130, Mich., 79
Roosevelt, Theodore, 11, 2 5 (quote), 11 162,210,252,263 Transportation, Department of, 77, 154, 206,
Roswell, N.M., 56 Soil, destruction of, 17, 40 213,223,239
Route 100. Association, Vermont, 2 10 Solid waste, 99 Transportation system criteria, 23
@Row houses, 42 Solid waste crisis, 103 Trenton, N.J., 35
on common greens, 42 Solid Waste Disposal Act 1965, 103 Trees in cities, 67-68
Runoff from city streets, 96 Solid Waste, Office of, Bur. Mines, 103 Trolley, new version of, 222
,Rural areas, 125 . Solid Wastes Program, PHs, 103 Truck mufflers, defective, 77
Rural area as a community, 146 Sonic boom, 226, 227 Tucson, Arizona, 66, 252
Rural credit, 128 Sonic boom damage, 226
Rural'Electrification Administration, 143 U
Spartanburg, S.C., 252 Underground power lines, 142, 143
'qutgers Colle'ge of Agriculture, 68 Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Bureau of, 172, Underground utilities, 44-45, 51
is 191 California, 45
Sag Harbor, N.Y., 81 "Spread City" 104 Lake Heights, Wash., 44-45
St. Augustine, Fla., 56 Springfield, Ili., 56, 80 Maryland Puc, 45
St. James, Mo., 51 Standards (esthetic), 81 Montgomery County, Md., 45
St. John River (Maine), 160 State agencies for community affairs, 82 Richland, Wash. 45
State Capitol Park, Des Moines, La., 59 Salem, Ore., 45 '
St. Louis, Mo., 60, 62, 71, 89, 95, 224 State Natural Beauty Committees, 238 Union Station, Washington, D.C., 87
,3t. Petersburg, Fla., 103 State Participation, 82 University of Arizona, 252
jalem, Mass., 55-56 State seashore legislation, 177 University of Arkansas, HUD grant, 80
3alem, Ore., 45 State Scenic Highways (Calif.), 219 University of California, 151
. underground utilities, 45
;alvage industries, 100 State zoning, 107 University of Illinois, School of Architecture,
;an Antonio, Texas, 60 Stein, Clarence, 21 116
;an Bernadino, Calif., 32 Storage, junked motor vehicles, 216 University of Iowa, 247
:an Francisco Bay, 172 Storm King Mountain decision, 237 University of Maryland, 247
conservation of, 172 Streets, 44 University of Minnesota, planning grant, 115
an. Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District, Streets as open space, 34 University of Missouri, 246
225 Streets, downtown, 51 University of New Hampshire, 246
Strip mined areas, land rehabilitation, 138 University of Pennsylvania, Institute for
an Francisco Bay Conservation and Develop- Strip mined areas, restoration of, 131 Environmental Studies, 123
ment Commission, 172, 178
an Francisco Bay region, waste disposal, 102 Strip mining, 11, 138 University of Tennessee, 192

301

University of Washington, 249 Washington (state) existing use assessment White, Gilbert, F. (quote), 235
University of Wisconsin, 247 1967, 108 White House Conference on Natural Beauty,
Urban amenities, 67 Washington State Highway Dept., 140 137, 143, 176, 189, 197, 233, 237, 245, 259
Urban America, Inc., 257 Washington (state) historic preservation act, White House Convention on Environmental
Urban areas, 29 70 issues, proposed, 266
Urban Beautification Program, HUD, 31, 83 Washington State Seashore Conservation Area, Whitman, Walt (quote), 27
Urban Beautification Demonstration Program, 177 Who is to be the judge (esthetics), 80
225 Washington, State Supreme Court, 212 Whyte, William H. (quote), 19
Urban Beautification Demonstration Study, 80 Washita River Basin, Okla., 156 Wild and Scenic Rivers, 159
Urban design policy, Chicago, 79 Waste recycling, 100 Wilderness Act of 1964, 184, 196, 197
Urban ecology, HUD program, 122 Waste treatment plants (water) 97 Wilderness areas, 197
Urban Land Institute, 89 Wastes in water, complex, 95-96 Wilderness, preservation of, 196
Urban Mass Transportation Act, 1964, 2 2 3 Water and waterways, 153, 264 Wilderness Society, 137
Urban Mass Transportation Program, 223 Water pollution, 9.4 Wildlife, 188-190
Urban planning, 65 Water pollution, Executive order of 1966, 97 Wildlife refuges, 189
Urban-rural balance, 146 Water pollution, industrial, control of, 253 Williamsburg, Va., 69, 183
Urban size, 65 Water pollution, steel industry, control of, 2 5 3 Wilmington, N.C., 55
Urban soil erosion, 99 Water Quality Act 1965, 97, 153, 154 Winfield, Kans. 43
Urban sprawl, 104 Water quality standards, 97 Open Space grant, 43
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 61, 162.,164, Water quality standards, lakes, 166 Wisconsin Council on Natural Beauty, 238
165,169,171,236,240,242 Water Resources Council, 145, 154, 162, 178, Wisconsin outdoor recreation and ecology, 122
U.S. Bureau of Public Roads, 202, 240 239 Wisconsin, state shore and zoning, 107
U.S. Geological Survey, 123 Water Resources Planning Act 1965, 154, 162, Wisconsin, state wild rivers, 160
U.S. Mint, New Orleans, La., 56 178 Wisconsin, use of scenic easements, 111
U.S. Public Health Service, 77, 90, 93, 103 Water Resources Research Act of 1964, 15 3 Wisconsin water pollution control, 99,
U.S. Supreme Court, 80 Waterfront rehabilitation, 262 Wisconsin Water Quality Act of 1966, 2 52
Utah, 48 Waterfronts, 60 Woodbridge, N.J., 48
Utility lines, 264 Waterfronts, access to, 61 Woodside, Calif., 143
Utility lines, burial of, 44-46, 51 Waterfronts and city plans, 62 Wooster Square, New Haven, 69
Utility transmission routes, 142 Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Work Experience Program, 35
Program, 128 Work Programs, Bureau of (Dept. Labor), 83
V Watershed Research, 156 Writers, 11
Vermont, anti-billboard law, 212 Watertown, N.Y., 51, 7 5 Wyoming Outdoor Coordinating Council, 258
Vest pocket parks, 33, 59 Watts Labor Community Action Committee, 3 5
Vieux Carr6, New Orleans, La., 204 Webster, N.Y., 254 V
West End Urban Renewal Project, 39 Yellowstone National Park, overcrowding, 181
W West Virginia, strip mining laws, 140
Western Washington State College, 246 YMCA, 257
"War on Community Ugliness", AIA, 82 Weston, Illinois, 116 Yonkers, New York, 61
Wasatch National Forest, overcrowding, 181 Wetlands, 168, 169 Yosemite Valley, overcrowding, 181
Washington, D.C., 35, 37, 51, 52, 55, 57, 63, shrinkage of, 169 YWCA, 2 5 7
69,82,84,85,95,122,130,158,224,228, drainage for agriculture, 169
247 coastal wetlands, filling of, 169 Z
Washington, D.C. Waterfront, 158 Wetlands and estuaries, pollution of, 165 Zoning and land controls, 105
Washington Environmental Council, 258 Wetland laws, Maine, 171 Zoning, coastal wetlands, Rhode Island, 171
Washington Monument, 70 Whitaker, Patricia Jane, 258 Zoning weaknesses, 108

PHOTO CREDITS

(Cover) Seattle, Wash. HOWARD SOCHUREK, 26 Seattle, Wash. HOWARD SOCHUREK, LIFE SCHICK, Redevelopment Authority, Phila-
LIFE Magazine C Time Inc., New York, NX. Magazine @ Time Inc., New York, N.Y. delphia, Pa.
(Title page) Montana, Standard Oil Company 28 New York City, N.Y. CLAUS MEYER 39 Philadelphia, Pa. Department of Housing
(New Jersey), New York, N.Y. and Urban Development, Washington, D.C.
Black Star, New York, N.Y.
PAGE 40 Montebello, Calif. AMERICAN STOCK
30 Washington, D.C. ROBERT C. LAUTMAN, PHOTOS, Black Star, New York, N.Y.
5 Laurance Rockefeller. ARNOLD NEWMAN, Washington, D.C.
New York, N.Y. 41 Hollin Hills, Alexandria, Va. ROBERT C.
6 Maine. KOSTI RUOHOMAA, Black Star, 32 New York City, N.Y. Bureau of Outdoor LAUTMAN, Washington, D.C.
New York, N.Y. Recreation, Department of the Interior, 42 Central Court, River Park Townhouses, k
8 Pennsylvania. GRANT HEILMAN, Lititz, Pa. Washington, D.C. S.W., Washington, D.C. ROBERT C. LAUT-
10 San Francirco, Calif. Photos by WILLINGER, 33 Philadelphia, Pa., Vest Pocket Park Pro- MAN, Washington, D.C.
Freelance Photographers Guild, New York, gram. City Department of Licenses and 43 St, Francis Square, San Francisco, Calif.
N.Y. Inspection, Land Utilization Section, Department of Housing and Urban Dt-
13 ROBERT C. LAUTMAN, Washington, D.C. Philadelphia, Pa. velopment, Washington, D.C.
14 National Aeronautics and Space Adminis- 34 New York City, N.Y. WAYNE MILLER, 44 Virginia. GLENN B. ANDERSON, Soil Con-
tration, Washington, D.C. Magnum Photos, New York, N.Y. servation Service, Department of Agricul-
16 GRANT HEILMAN, Lititz, Pa.' 35 Washington, D.C. GEORGE DE VINCENT, ture, Washington, D.C.
18 Houston, Tex, ELLIOTT ERWITT, Magnum Washington, D.C. 45 Seattle, Wash. Seattle City Light Co.,
Photos, New York, N.Y. 36 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Mass. Seattle, Wash.
20 WERNER STOY, Freelance Photographers ROBERT C. LAUTMAN, Washington, D.C. 46 Murphy, Missouri. LLOYD A. WAKEMAN,
Guild, New York, N.Y. 36 Fredella Village, Vicksburg, Miss. Depart- Soil Conservation Service, Department of
22 Kansas City, Mo. Soil Conservation Service, ment of Housing and Urban Development, Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
Department of Agriculture, Washington, Washington, D.C. 47 Marina City, Chicago, 111. Reprint from
D.C. 36 New York City, N.Y. Department of Freeways by Lawrence Halprin, Reinhold
24 White House from Lafayette Square, Housing and Urban Developmenr, Wash- Publishing Co., New York, N.Y.
Washington, D.C., ROBERT C. LAUTMAN, ington, D.C. 48 Marlow Heights, Maryland. MURRAY
Washington, D.C. 38 Society Hill, Philadelphia, Pa. JULES LEMMON, Soil Conservation Service, De-

302

partment of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. waterfront, Washington, D.C. Bureau of Department of the Interior,
49 J. F. Kennedy Playground, Washington, Public Roads, Department of Transporta- Washington, D.C.
D.C. GEORGE DE VINCENT, Washington, tion, Washington, D.C. 124 Templeton, Iowa. ERWIN W. COLE, Depart-
D.C. 86 14th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. ment of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
50 New York City, N.Y. PETER GRIDLEY, Downtown Progress, Washington, D.C. 126 Kansas. GRANT HEILMAN, Lititz, Pa.
Freelance Photographers Guild, New York, 87. Meridian and 14th St., N. W., Washington, 128 Utica, Miss. Department of ,Agriculture,
N.Y. D.C. National Capitol Region, National Washington, D.C.
52 Fresno, Calif. TIDYMAN STUDIOS, Amer- Park Service, Department of the Interior, 129 Colorado. GRANT HEILMAN, Lititz, Pa.
ican Institute of Architects, Washington, Washington, D.C.
D.C. 87 Pennsylvania and M St., N.W., Washing- 130 Agricultural Research Service, Department
53 Charles Center, Baltimore, Md. Depart- ton, D.C. MURRAY LEMMON, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
ment of Housing and Urban Development, of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 131 New Jersey. F. C. EDMINSTER, Department
Washington, D.C. 88 Pasadena Freeway, Los Angeles, Calif. De- of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
54 Ghirardelli Square, San Francisco, Calif. partment of Housing and Urban Develop- 132 Red Oak, Iowa, Department of Agriculture,
ERNEST BRAUN, San Francisco, Calif. ment, Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C.
55 Municipal Services Building, Philadelphia, 90 Jacksonville, Fla. Public Health Service, 134 Santa Fe National Forest, N.M. HAROLD
Pa. LAWRENCE WILLIAMS, American Department of Health, Education and WALTER, Forest Service, Department of
Institute of Architects, Washington, D.C. Welfare, Washington, D.C. Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
56 Federal Office Building, Portsmouth, N.H. 91 GENE DANIELS, Black Star, New York, N.Y. 135 Job Corps workers. Department of
General Services Administration, Wash- 92 Johnstown, Pa. GRANT HEILMAN, Lititz,Pa. Agriculture, Washington, D.C,
ington, D.C. 93 State Health Department, Albany, N.Y. 136 Olympic National Forest, Wash. LELAND J.
57 Eugene, Ore. HUGH STRATPoRD, American PRATER, Forest Service, Department of
94. New York City, N.Y. Litton Industries, Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
Institute of Architects, Washington, D.C. Aero Service Div., Philadelphia, Pa. 137 Lassen National Forest, Calif. Forest
58 Farragut Square, Washington, D.C. De- 95 Public Health Service, Department- of Service, Department of Agriculture,
partment of Housing and Urban Develop- Health, Education and Welfare, Washington, D.C.
ment, Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C. 139 Courier-journal and Louisville Times,
59 Lever House from Seagram Building 95 TED JONES-STUART FINLEY, Falls Louisville, Ky.
Plaza, New York City, N.Y. CHARLES Church, Va.
MAY, Black Star, New York, N.Y. 96 CHARLES SCHULTZ, Milwaukee journal, 140 Appalachia, GRANT HEILMAN, Lititz, Pa.
59 Paley Park, Now York City, N.Y. ROBERT Milwaukee, Wis. 141 Jasonville, Ind. INDIANA COAL PRODUCERS
C. LAUTMAN, Washington, D.C. ASS'N, Department of Agriculture,
98. Rochester, N.Y. Wahl's Photographic Washington D.C.
60 Memphis, Tenn. RALPH KRUBNER, Black Service, Pittsford, N.Y. "@o. Land. ERWIN W. COLE,
Star, New York, N.Y. 141 Ohio Power
100 Cleveland, Ohio. Water Pollution Con- Department of Agriculture,
61 River Walk, San Antonio, Tex, ZINTGRAF trol Administration, Department of the Washington, D.C.
PHOTOGRAPHERS, San Antonio, Tex. Interior, Washington, D.C. 142 Glen Canyon project, Utah and Ariz. MEL
61 Chicago, 111. Freelance Photographers 101 New Jersey Meadows, N.J. BRUCE DAVIS, Bureau of Reclamation, Department
Guild, New York, N.Y. DAVIDSON, Magnum Photos, New York, of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
62 EastRiver, New York City, N.Y. Bureau N.Y. 143 Florida Power and Light Co., Miami, Fla.
Of Outdoor Recreation, Department of the 101 Florida Power and Light Co., Miami, Fla.
Interior, Washington, D.C. 144 Kentucky. Rural Electrification Magazine,
102 San Francisco Bay, Calif. TED JONES-- Washington, D.C.
63 Houston, Tex. BERT BRANDT, American STUART FINLEY, Falls Church, Va.
Institute of Architects, Washington, D.C. 145 Turkey Point, So. Dade County, Fla.
104 San Francisco, Calif. GRANT M. KENNEDY, Florida Power and Light Co., Miami, Fla.
64 Denver, Colo. ROACH PHOTOS, Colorado Department of Agriculture, Washington,
Visitors Bureau, Denver, Colo. D.C. 147 Pennsylvania. GRANT HEILMAN, Lititz, Pa.
66 Pittsburgh, Pa. JAY BEE STUDIOS, Alle- 106 Wheaton, Md. DELAND, Department of 148 Kansas. GRANT HEILMAN, Lititz, Pa.
gheny Conference on Community Devel- Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 148 White Plains, Ga. DICK DARCY, Depart-
opment, Pittsburgh, Pa. 107 Hawaii. TED HILL, Freelance Photog- ment of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
67 The Common, Boston, Mass. COMMON- raphers Guild, New York, N.Y. 149 Duncan, Okla. Department of Agriculture,
WEALTI-f PHOTOGRAPHERS, Greater Bos- 109 Kearns, Utah. STAN RASMUSSEN, Bureau Washington, D.C.
ton Chamber of Commerce, Boston, Mass. of Reclamation, Department of the 150 Sheboygan, Wis. ERWIN W. COLE, Soil
69 Old South Meeting House, Boston. Mass, Interior, Washington, D.C. Conservation Service, Department of
ROBERT C. LAUTMAN, Washington, D.C. 110 Pennypack Park, Philadelphia, Pa, GORDON Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
70 Indianapolis, Ind. EJAY, Freelance Photog- S; SMITH, Soil Conservation Service, De- 151 Columbia, Wash. GRANT HEILMAN,
raphers Guild, New York, N.Y. partment of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. Lititz, Pa.
71 Alexandria, Va. ROBERT C. LAUTMAN, 112 Arlington, Va. Bureau of Outdoor 152 ROBERT C. LAUTMAN, Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C. Recreation, Department of the Interior, 154 Delaware Water Gap, National Park
72 Washington, D.C. ROBERT C. LAUTMAN, Washington, D.C. Service, Department of the Interior,
Washington, D.C. 113 Reston, Va. Department of Housing and Washington, D.C.
74 Paris, 111. EJAY, Freelance Photographers Urban Development, Washington, D.C. 155 Washita River, Okla. Soil Conservation
Guild, New York, N.Y. 114 Reston, Va. BLUE RIDGE AERIAL SURVEYS, Service, Department of Agriculture,
75. Chicago, 111. HUBERT W. LECKIE, Department of Housing and Urban Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C. Development, Washington, D.C. 157 Tennessee River, Tenn. Chattanooga
,76 New York City, N.Y. General Motors 117 Columbia, Md. ROBERT C. LAUTMAN, Convention and Visitor's Bureau,
Corp., Detroit, Mich. Washington, D.C. Chattanooga, Tenn.
,78 Annapolis, Md. M. E. WARREN, 120 Sarasota, Fla. Soil Conservation Service, 158 Virginia. National Park Service,
Annapolis, Md. Department of Agriculture, Department of the Interior.
82 Eugene, Ore. TOM BURNS, JR., American Washington, D.C. 159 White River, Ozark National Forest, Ark.
Institute of Architects, Washington, D.C. 121 Fergus Falls, Minn. ERWIN W. COLE, DAN TODD, Forest Service, Department of
Soil Conservation Service, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
,483 Job Corps Workers. Office of Economic Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 160 Allagash River, Af4dne. M. WOODBRIDGE
Opportunity, Washington, D.C. 122 Freehold, N.J. GEORGE CLARK, Depart- WILLIANAs, Na@ional Park Service, Depart-
84 Pennsylvania Ave., Washington, D.C. ment of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. ment of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
District of Columbia Government, 123 Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge, 161 Allagasb River, Maine. JACK E. BOUCHER,
Washington, D.C. Willows, Calif. VERNON EKEDAHL, National Park Service, Department of the
85 Whitehurst Freeway and Georgetown Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Interior, Washington, D.C.

303

1612 163 Pawnee City, Nebr. B. C. McLEAN, 189 Aransas National Wildlife Refuge, Tex. 219 Artois, Calif. Bureau of Public Roads,
Soil Conservation Service, Department of LUTHER GOLDMAN, Bureau of Sport Department of Transportation,
Agriculture, Washington, D.C. Fisheries and Wildlife, Departmentof the Washington, D.C.
163 Scottsburg, Ind. ERWIN W. COLE, Soil Interior, Washington, D.C. 220 Colorado.GRANT HEILMAN, Lititz, Pa.
Conservation Service,.Department of the 190 Sacram ento National Wild Life Refuge, 221 Trail Ridge Road, Rocky Mountain
Interior, Washington, D.C. Willows, Calif. RAY GLAHN, Bureau of National Park, Colo. m. WOODRIDGE
164 Huntington Lake, Calif. Southern Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Department WILLIAMS, National Park Service, De-
California Edison Co., Los Angeles, Calif. of the Interior, Washington, D.C. partment of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
165 Hiwassee Dam, No. Car. Tennessee Valley 192 White Sands National Monument, N.M. 222 Chicago, 111. Federal Highway Adminis-
Authority, Knoxville, Tenn. National Park Servicej Department of the tration, Department of Transportation,
166 Michigan. Soil Conservation Service, De- Interior, Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C.
partment of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 193 Murphey's Pond, Ky. The'Nature 223 Minneapolis, Minn. PAUL DEPAOLA,
167 Genesee River at Lake Ontario@ WAHL'S Conservancy, Washington, D.C. Freelance Photographers Guild,
Photographic Service, Freelance Photog- 194 ERNIE DAY, The Wilderness Society, New York, N.Y.
raphers Guild, New York, N.Y. - Washington, D.C. 224. San Francisco, Calif. HERBERT JACK,
168 Okefenokee. Swamp, Ga. REX GARY Department of Housing and Urban
195 Inwood Park, New York City, N,Y. Bureau Development, Washington, D.C.
SCHMIDT, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and of Outdoor Recreation, Department of
Wildlife, Department of the Interior, the Interior, Washington, D.C. 224 New York City, N.Y. CLAUS MEYER,
Washington, D.C. 195 San Miguel on Pecos, Santa Fe Trail, Tex, Black Star, New York, N.Y.
169 Louisiana. HERMANN POSTLETHWAITE, FRED MANG, JR., National Park Service, 225 Washington, D.C. DENNIS BRACK,
Soil Conservation Service, Department of Black Star, New York, N.Y.
Agriculture, Washington, D.C. Department of the Interior, Washington,
D.C. 226 Merrick, N.Y. PETER GRIDLEY,
170 Minnesota. G. A. SIMPSON, Soil Conserva- Black Star, New York, N.Y.
tion Service, Department of Agriculture, 196 Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness Area, Ida.
Washington, D.C. ERNEST PETERSON, The Wilderness 227 New York, N.Y. Port of New York
Society, Washington, D.C. Authority, New York, N.Y.
171 Edgeley, N. Dak, B. C. MCLEAN, Soil 228 Los Angeles, Calif. Department of Housing
Conservation Service, Department of 198 Los Angeles, Calif. Department of
Agriculture, Washington, D.C. Housing and Urban Development, and Urban Development, Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C. 229 Virginia. Federal Aviation Administration,
173 Everglades, Fla. M. WOODBRIDGE Department of Transportation,
WILLIAMS, National Park Service, De- 200 ELLI01T ERWITT, Magnum Photos,
partment of the Interior, Washington, D.C. New York, N.Y. Washington, D.C.
174 Olympic N ational Park, Wash. GRANT 202 Rogue River, Ore. GENE KINNEY, State 230 Hartford, Conn. Department of Housing
HEILMAN, Lititz, PA. Highway Dept., Portland, Ore. and Urban Development, Washington, D.C.
232 Washington, b.C. ROBERT C. LAUTMAN,
175 Isle Royale, Mich. JACK E. BOUCHER, 203 Maine. Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C.
National Park Service, Department of the Department of Transportation,
Interior, Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C. 243 Denver, Colo. Department of Housing
176 Cape Cod National Seashore, Mass. EARL 203. Texas. State Highway Department, Austin, and Urban Development, Washington, D.C.
W. ESTES, National Park Service, Depart- Tex. 244 Land Between the Lakes. Tennessee
ment of the Interior,'Washington, D.C. 204 San Francisco, Calif. Reprint from Free- Valley Authority, Knoxville, Tenn.
177 Cape Cod National Seashore, Mass. FARL ways by Lawrence Halprin, Reinhold 248 Connally Tech, Waco, Tex. Department of
W. ESTES, National Park Service, Depart- Publishing Co., New York, N.Y. Housing and Urban Development,
ment of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 205 San Francisco, Calif. Department of Public Washington, D.C.
177 Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, Depart- 250 Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville,
Works, Division of Highways, Sacramento, Md. MURRAY LEMMON, Department of
ment of the Interior, Washington, D.C. Calif. . Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
178 Indiana Dunes, Ind. National Park Service, 206 Cold Creek Canyon Bridge, Calif. Bureau
Department of the Interior, Washington, of Public Roads, Department of 253 Kaiser Corporation, Oakland, Calif.
D.C. Transportation, Washington, D.C. 254 Ohio. HANNA COAL CO., NATIONAL COAL
179 GRANT HEILMAN, Lititz, Pa. 207 Idaho Springs, Colo. Bureau of Public ASS'N, Department of Agriculture,
180. Yosemite' National Park, Calif. RALPH Roads, Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C.
ANDERSON, National Park Service, Depart- Washington, D.C. 260 Pennsylvania. GRANT HEILMAN, Lititz, Pa.
ment of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 208 Baltimore, Md. KERWIN ROCHE, Freelance 267 Sumaico, Wis. FREDERICK M. STONE, Soil
182 Big Bend National Park, Tex. National Photographers Guild, New York, N.Y. Conservation Service, Department of
Park Service, Department of the Interior,, 209 Wilmington, Mass. AERIAL PHOTOS OF Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C. NEW ENGLAND, Freelance Photographers 268 Gateway Arch, Je9erson National Expan-
sion Memorial, St. Louis, Mo. M. WOOD-
183 Bryce Canyon, Utah. GEORGE A. GRANT, Guild, New York, N.Y. BRIDGE WILLIAMS, National Park Service,
National Park Service, Department of the 210 Oregon. State Highway Department, Department of the Interior, Washington,
Interior, Washington, D.C. Portland, Ore. D.C.
184. Bighorn Canyon National Recreation 211 California. PIRKLE JONES, San Francisco, 296 Portland, Ore. ACKROYD PHOTOGRAPHY,
.Area, Mont. WILLIAM S. KELLER, National Calif. Black Star, New York, N.Y.
Park Service, Department of the Interior, 212 Bureau of Public Roads, Department of
Washingon, D.C. Transportation, Washington, D.C.
185 Whiskeytown-Shasta-Trinity National 213. California. California Anti-Litter League,
Recreation Area, Calif. Forest Service, De- San Francisco, Calif.
partment of Agriculture, Washiugton, D.C. 214. GRANT HEILMAN, Lititz, Pa.
186 Land Between the Lakes, Tenn. and Ky. 215 New York City, N.Y. ED NOWAY, Free-
Tennessee *Valley Authority, Knoxville, lance Photographers Guild, New York,
Tenn. N.Y.
187 Yellowstone National Park, Wyo. JACK 216 ALPERT PRODUCTIONS, Institute of Scrap
E. BOUCHER, National Park Service, De- Iron and Steel, Washington, D.C.
partment of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
.188 Yosemite National Park, Calif. RALPH H. 217 Texas. HUGO BRYAN, Soil Conservation
Service, Department of Agriculture,
ANDERSON, National Park Service, Depart- Washington, D.C.
ment of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 218 Maryland. ROBERT B. BRANSTEAD, Soil
189 Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, De- Conservation Service, Department of
partment of the Interior, Washington, D.C. Agriculture, Washington, D.C.

304 U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1968 0 - 296-927

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