[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]
                                                                                                                     Task 5.3 FY 90
                                                                                                                     Final Work Product































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   Geographically-

   Referencing Natural

   Resource Inventory

   Data for

   York River State Park



                    U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
                    COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
                    2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
                    CHARLESTON, SC 29405-2413
                     Property of CSC Library

q  This report was published in part throughfundsfurnished by the Virginia Council on the
  Environment pursuant to the Coastal Zone Resources Management Grant #NA90AAHCZ796
           from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
C s
                     January 1992








                            TABLE OF CONTENTS




List of Tables ........................................................ii

List of Figures ...............................................0........iii



II. Documentation of Data Layers ..1..................................... 

      1. Base Map Development........................................                 1
      2. Forest Inventory and Database..................................              3
      3. Historical and Cultural Sites .....................................4
      4. Land Classification............................................              5
      5. Management Units............................................                 6
      6. National Wetlands Inventory - Rectification with Bass Map Datalayers ....8

Ill. Summary of Problems ..............................................9

IV. Estimate of Staffing Time to Develop GIS Data Layers for Coastal Parks ......      9

V. Utility of GIS to the Department                                                   .......................................1 0

VI. Summary                                                                            ........................................................1 1

Literature Cited ......................................................13

Appendix A: Plotfile Cove rages..........................................14

Appendix B: Time Estimates for Data Entry.................................15








                                              LIST OF TABLES

                                                                                                                     Page
Table  1  - Base  Map  Data  Layers...............................................................................2

Table  2  - Final  Base  Map  Data  Layers.....................................................................                                          2

Table 3 - Database Design for Forest Management Data Layer...............................                                                                4

Table 4 - Historic Information York River State Park.................................................5

Table  5  - Land  Classification  Data  File......................................................................6








                                   LIST OF FIGURES
                                                                                        Following
                                                                                             EPgi
Figure 1: Base Map of York River State Park ........................................................... 2

Figure 2: Forest Management Data Layer ............................................................ 3

Figure 3: Historic and Cultural Sites ......................................................................... 4

Figure 4: Land Classification at York River State Park .............................................. 5

Figure 5: Resource Management Units ............................................................ 6

Figure 6: Comparison of Scanned versus Digitized Datalayer Development ........... 7

Figure 7: Comparison of Wetland and Streams Datalayers .....................................  8


























                                                     lii~~
















I. PURPOSE

      The Department of Conservation and Recreation applied for this grant to integrate existing
      data layers with additional park specific natural resource information (forest type, watershed
      boundaries, etc.) to demonstrate the applicability of DCR's Arc/lnfo database as a coastal
      resource management tool for York River State Park. The development of resource
      management plans are part of the Division of State Parks' Strategic Plan and the use of
      geographically referenced data will help meet the goals of this plan.

      In addition, a comparison of two methods of data entry was proposed which would evaluate
      the efficiency of each method. Originally, the grant was to include a feasibility study of view
      shed analysis on Arc/Info. However, time constraints and initial investigations into this
      revealed that this could not be covered in the scope of this work.


II. DOCUMENTATION OF DATA LAYERS:

      1) Base Map Development

      The layers that composed the Base Map were collected from various sources (See Table
       1). Road networks, streams and shoreline data layers were available from the Council on
      the Environment in digital form (taken from USGS Digital Line Graph files). National
      Wetlands Inventory datawas available on Arc/Info through the Department of Conservation
      and Recreation, Division of Soil and Water Conservation. This information was originally
      created as an overlay for 7.5-minute USGS topoquads using 1:80000 panchromatic aerial
      photography. Digital information had been purchased from the USFWS at an earlier date
      by DGIF and was available on Prime Arc/lnfo. Park boundaries were taken directly from the
      Gressitt Topoquad and were already in Arc/lnfo, while watershed boundaries were initially
      delineated by the State Water Control Board, based on topographic relief, on the Gressitt
      Topo.

      The watershed boundary was a useful and ecologically valid tool in selecting information
      to include in the coverage. The boundary was digitized and used to "CLIP" data from
      anothercoverage for inclusion. This information was digitized at 1:24000 using a Numonics
      digitizing tablet purchased as a partial match for this grant.






                           Table I - Base Map Data Layers



      Roads                    USGS DLG Files                        1:100000
      Streams                  USGS DLG Files                        1:100000
      Shoreline                USGS DLG Files                        1:100000
      Wetland                  USFWS Natl Wetlands Inventory         1:24000
      Park Boundary            Gressitt Quadrangle                   1:24000
      Watershed Boundary       Gressitt Quadrangle                   1:24000


Upon completion of the first Base Map on May 13, 1991, it was revealed that the Digital Line
Graph File containing the streams information was incomplete. It appears that the smaller
scale (1:100000) resulted in the loss of several stream segments. To rectify this, it was
decided that the streams should be redigitized from the topoquad. Since this work was
being done directly off the topoquad and ephemeral/perennial streams are included in the
USGS topoquads, it was decided that the "streams" data layerwould be subdivided into two
subsets (YRSP/STRMEPH and YRSP/STRMPER). The "streams" coverages were
created (YRSP/STRMEPH and YRSP/STRMPER), digitized directly from the topoquad,
edited, built, and transformed. The final basemap consisted of the data layers in Table 2
and was completed on June 7, 1991 (Figure 1).

Final coverages and plotfiles are listed in Appendix A. Estimates of time expenditures are
listed in Appendix B.


                   Table 2 - Final Base Map Data Layers




      Roads                    USGS DLG                              1:100000
      Wetlands                 USFWS NWI Maps                        1:24000
      Streams                  USGS Topoquad                         1:24000
             Ephemeral
             Perennial
      Park Boundary            USGS Topoquad                         1:24000
      Watershed                USGS Topoquad                         1:24000


The "shoreline" data layer was omitted from the final base map because it duplicated much
of the NWI coverage (adding no additional information) and in several places, large
omissions were made, which make this data layer of little value to site-specific manage-
ment.
                     ......... ....  ....... ..........2.





                                                            Figure 1: Base Map of York River State Park.
                            -'\~~~~~~~~~ ~(scale 130000)

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2) Forest Inventory and Database

Forest resource information was available for York River State Park in a crudely-mapped
format from a recent forest inventory (Gaston, 1989). Gaston (1989) produced a composite
map from two frames of panchromatic aerial photography at a scale of 1:25200 (1" equals
2100'); seventeen forest types were identified using standard photointerpretation methods.

Although the map could be photographically enlarged to approximately the base map scale
parallax would most likely result in some distortion of the unrectified image and was believed
to make transfer to a standard map scale (i.e., 1:24000) difficult. However, if adequate
control points were available with known coordinates, then vectors could be fit by the GIS
alleviating the need to locally fit and transferthis data. Control points were taken from road
intersections that were identifiable on both the USGS topo-quad and the forest inventory
map, entered into Arc/lnfo and the map was directly digitized. Due to the clustering of most
control points in the northwestern portion of the map, the digitized product would not
accurately register on the base map (which was anticipated by both Sylvia Terziotti, COE,
and Comfort Miller). Therefore, unless evenly distributed control points are available, direct
digitization of un-rectified data layers will not result in a usable product.

Ultimately, the forest inventory information was locally-fit and delineated onto the Gressitt
topoquad. In addition to problems caused by parallax and edge-matching two aerial photos,
forest boundaries with other land uses (i.e., wetlands, open water and open areas) were
inconsistent in configuration with known boundaries. In an effort to correct this, a recent
(1989) high altitude aerial photo (NAPP) was enlarged to approximately 1:24000, acetate
film overlaid and forest/non-forest boundaries were delineated. This overlay was then
locally-fit on the topoquad and forest boundaries were digitized into the forest data layer.

The data base design was patterned after the forest inventory datasheet of Gaston (1989)
and is presented in Table 3. Forest management coverage is contained in one file
(MGMT.UTM) and took approximately four weeks to complete. It is estimated that this can
be decreased substantially since several products were digitized priorto selection of a final
method. If the final desired product is simply forest cover, and species composition is not
important, this estimate could be reduced even further by direct digitization of ground-
truthed USGS topoquads (taking approximately 7-10 days to ground-truth and digitize
information).

Forest coverage was organized by "TYPE". That is, whether the community consisted of
upland hardwoods, bottomland hardwoods, pine and pine-hardwood. Other distinctions
were made within the upland hardwood type, but for general management of the park,
"upland hardwood" is sufficient. Figure 2 shows an overlay of the forest datalayer
(MGMT. UTM) on the basemap with upland hardwood, pine - hardwood mix and bottom land
hardwood types selected and shaded.





                                        3





          Figure 2 -Forest Management Datalayer

                     (scale 1:-30000)


                                  upliand har dwoods


                                  botiomland hardwoods







is~~~~~






         Table 3 - Database Design for Forest Management Data Layer


            .FOEST            _     _  AT YORKvi.| RIVER.STATE P.


                Area #:                                        (2)
                Type:                                          (17)
                # of Acres:                                    ( 3)
                Species:                                       (40)
                                                               (40)
                                                               (40)
                Age:                                           (10)
                Size:                                          (20)
                Quality:                                       (30)
                Basal Area:                                    (3)
                Density (trees/acre):            -             (20)
                Growth Rate (inches/yr):         -             (42)
                Site Index:                      -             (42)


NOTE: The numbers indicate the number of spaces allocated for the responses.



   3) Historical and Cultural Sites

   There are fifteen sites located in or around York River State Park, based on a survey of
   existing files atthe Department of Historic Resources. UTM coordinates were used to enter
   data points into Arc/Info, using a keypad. The GENERATE command was used to create
   the coverage. (Figure 3).

   The database for this coverage was developed (Table 4) as a draft and submitted to the
   DHR for review and comment. DHR is currently revising an existing datasheet and has also
   informed us that current classifications of archeological data have changed since the mid-
   70's (when this data was originally collected) and that the reports would need to be revised
   prior to entering data into Arc/lnfo. As a result of this, this coverage hasn't been completed.











                                          4







    /   A    -                             Figure 3: Historic and Cultural Sites
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                                      Table 4



                          Site Number:              _  (10)
                          Name of Site:             -(35)
                          Type of Site:             -  (35)
                          Cultural Affiliation:     -(35)
                          Quad Sheet:               -(15)
                          Location:
                                UTM Zone:           _(2)
                                Easting:            -  (8)
                                Northing:           -  (9)
                          Surveyed:                 _  (3)
                          Date Surveyed:            _  (8)
                          Surveyed by:              _  (35)



4) Land Classification

Land Classification maps were created bythe Departmental Land Classification Task Force
using a classification system which broadly classifies State lands into three zones (non-
sensitive, sensitive and preservation) within a major classification (DCR 1990). Land
classifications ultimately drive the development of management units and prescriptions and
are derived from environmental, biological and cultural features of each site. Future
revisions of these classifications may be refined using a geographic information system,
comparing existing classifications with geographically-referenced information to fine tune
classifications.

The Land Classification Map (scale = 1:12000) was photo-reduced onto vellum at a scale
of 1:24000 and land classification boundaries were transferred to a 7.5-minute USGS
topoquad. Boundaries were double-checked for errors and the coverage (LNDCLS) was
created, digitized, edited and built. (See Figure 4)

Labels were created for the coverage. In order to assign the same USER_ID to more than
one polygon, the SELECT commands were used and the ID's were calculated/applied to
the desired values. The data file was created, following the format in Table 5.









                                       5






Figure 4:- Land Classification at York River State Park

                         (scale 1:,30000)                           - In ons5e n sltve
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                  Table 5 - Land Classification Data File


LU-Q..G4e       =        MLU -Zn.

1                        Non-Sensitive
ld                       Non-Sensitive (Existing Development)
1 m                      Non-Sensitive (Management Agreement)
2                         Sensitive
2d                        Sensitive (Existing Development)
2m                        Sensitive (Management Agreement)
3B                        Preservation Zone (Cultural)



The final coverage is LNDCLS.CL. (See Appendix A.)


5) Management Units

Management Units were developed as part ofthe Resource Management Planning process
(DCR 1991) on a scale of 1:12000. Photo reductions were made onto vellum and unit
boundaries were transferred; coverage (MGTUNIT) was created as described above (see
Figure 5).

Based on field data, Natural Heritage staff scientists developed two sets of boundaries for
this project: Ecological Boundaries and a larger Conservation Planning Boundary. The
Ecological Boundary encompasses the locations of the rare species and the adjacent
habitat for them. The Conservation Planning Boundary delineates the larger area within
which changes in land use could adversely affect the rare species.

Since the Botanical Unit overlapped with several of the other units' boundaries which were
based on use priorto receipt of this information, it was decided that the Botanical Unit would
be created as a separate layer. Two different methods were used to create this coverage:
manual transfer and optically scanned digitization.

Manual transfer:

MGTBOUNIT was created, edited and built using methods described in earlier sections.
Each coverage was edited and built. Unit names (AREANAME) and Codes (LU-CODE)
were added to each coverage's Polygon Attribute Table file.






                                      6










                                                                                                                                                                                     Figure 5 - Resource Management Units


                                                                                                                                                                                                                               (scale 1:30000)





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ODticallv scanned:

The first step in bringing these boundaries into the GIS was to trace them from the original
map onto acetate using a technical pen and india ink. In addition to the boundaries,
geographic control points were traced onto the acetate. These included tic-marks and
identifiable landmarks (e.g. road intersections).

The acetates were then scanned [PREPARE \ SCAN] into MIPS (Map and Image
Processing System, vers. 2.90) as binary (black or white) rasters with the raster displayed
as white lines on a black background. After some initial experimentation, the selected
settings for scanning were 150 dots per inch and a threshold of 125.
                                        0
The resulting rasters were then edited [PREPARE \ RASTER \ EDIT-RASTER] to fill in pen
skips and to remove specks, stray pen marks and other undesirable marks. The two primary
tools used for this purpose were PAINT and SMARTFILL. SMARTFILL works in two steps,
first delineating the polygon surrounding the cursorand then FLOODFILLing it. If no polygon
is found in the first step nothing can be filled. For this reason, SMARTFILL is of particular
utility for ensuring that polygons are indeed closed. The next step in editing was to THIN the
lines to a single pixel in width. After the lines had been THINned, the raster was checked
for extra line segments and other errors, which were corrected with PAINT.

The raster was then converted to a vector using the automatic raster-to-vector conversion
facility in MIPS [PREPARE \ RASTER->VECTOR \ AUTO-LINES]. Polygons and lines were
then labeled [PREPARE \ VECTOR \ EDIT\ CLASS+TEXT]. The resulting vector was then
registered to the original 7.5' topographic map with a GITICO digitizer [PREPARE \
VECTOR \ MAP PROJ \ MANUAL\ CREATE+EDIT]. The registration of the vectorwas then
converted from latitude\longitude to UTM zone 18 [PREPARE \ VECTOR \ MAP PROJ \
CHANGE PROJ]. Finally, the vector was exported [PREPARE \ EXPORT \ VECTOR \
EXPORT VECTOR] in DLG optional format, in MOSS format, and in ARC-generate format.
While all three of these formats were workable, DLG was easiestto bring into ARC. (An initial
export in latitude \ longitude proved to be more difficult to work with.)

In Figure 6, it is apparent that, while the configuration of both coverages is similar, there is
a significant error in location. Differences in line locations vary as much as 700 feet, but
appear to average 100 feet. Unfortunately, at this time it is not possible to determine which
of the two methods is most accurate due to the methods of transferring and digitizing
datalayers.

The digitized coverage was hand-transferred from color photocopy to a 7.5' topoquad,
which may have introduced some operator error. Likewise, the scanned image was taken
from an acetate sheet on which the original image had been traced, again potentially
introducing error. Differences in scale (the manually transferred coverage was digitized at
1:24,000 while the scanned image was fitted to a scanned 7.5' topoquad) - may have
introduced additional error.

Since scanning appears to be the least time-consuming of the two methods it would be
advantageous if this method is accurate. We are hoping to follow up on this possibility
                                       7





Figure 6: Comparison of Scanned versus Digitized Datalayer Development
                     (scale 1:30000)




                            /N   scanned  boundary

                            N   dig i t i zed boundary






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sometime in 1992, using an acetate sheet original overlaid on a map from which both
scanned and manually digitized coverages can be developed.

The final coverages are MGTUN IT.CL (forthe general Management Units) and MGTBOUNIT
(for the Botanical Mgt Units). (See Appendix A.)


6) National Wetlands Inventory - Rectification with Base Map Datalayers.


Upon reviewing base map and product overlays, it was noted that significant discrepancies
existed between digitized streams data and NWI wetland polygon and line locations. (See
Figure 7.) Intuitively, NWI line data and streams should conjointly occur. Firsthand
knowledge of the area supports the assumption that these linear features are closely-
associated and should overlap in most instances. The error is due to problems associated
with aerial photo-interpretation, parallax and image displacement. The closer an object is
to the edge of the frame (i.e., the farther it is from photo center) the more displaced is its
apparent location. To correct this problem, it was decided that the digitized 'streams' data
would be accepted asthe controlling data, and an effortwas made to editthe NWI coverage.

The 'Streams' coverage was copied into a 'Wetland' coverage. The new Wetland coverage
was edited with the original Streams coverage used as an overlay. Some lines were
deleted, copied, split and merged with shorter lines, and edited to line up with the streams.
(Figure 7.)

During the process, it was also noted that polygon locations appeared inconsistent as well
(based on an examination of stream locations and marsh symbols on the USGS topoquad).
However, editing this coverage would not be easy, since moving the polygons would be
arbitrary (based on what appears to be the proper location) and possibly influenced by
polygon morphology, image displacement and the number and placement of nodes within
polygons. To approximate locations of polygons without substantive documentation to
support relocation was not believed to be useful and the editing was not completed.

If a vector image could be created (overlaid) on a raster image, using MIPS, it may be
possible to move this data to appropriate locations. Alternatively, it may be worthwhile to
investigate the potential for overlaying and rubber-sheeting vector data on a raster image
and then converting that file into Arc/Info format and projections. (This would require rubber-
sheeting data twice and may unacceptably distort the data.)









                                        8









                                        Figure 7: Comparison of  tiand and Streams Datalayers

                                                                                 (scale 1:24000)











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1II. SUMMARY OF PROBLEMS

      -DLG data does not include all pertinent information for individual datalayers. Specifically,
      some stream segments were absent. In addition, DLG road data may not coincide with
      roads drawn on topoquads which may introduce error.

      For site-specific management, it may be best to choose a smaller scale from which to work
      and digitize all information in at that scale, or a smaller one.

      -Wetlands datalayer does not agree with digitized stream configurations or empirical
      knowledge of on-site associations.
                                 0
      Wetlands informations is a usefultool in properly managing individual sites. However, there
      are limitations in using existing datalayers as more than an indication of potential wetlands
      locations/configuration. When using this information, uncorrected, care must be taken to
      insure that it is not overlain on contradictory information or, if it is that the limitations of its
      use are acknowledged.

      -Forest datalayer development is difficult using current mapping methods.

      Initially, the problem has been transferring information from a crudely drawn forest inventory
      map to the base map. This is compounded by the distinction of several different forest
      community types. Several alternatives are possible here which may be of value.

             -Require that all future forest inventories be mapped on USGS topoquads. Again,
             some operator error is associated with this, but individuals mapping this information
             should be better suited to transfer field information to a standard base map than
             individuals operating the GIS.

             -Map forest type using an acetate overlay on one photograph, and scanned imagery
             to fit the image to a USGS.

             - Ground-truth existing forest cover on USGS topoquad, noting changes; use aerial
             photos to distinguish major types (i.e. evergreen, deciduous). This would produce
             good scale maps, but the level of information would decrease substantially.
IV. ESTIMATE OF STAFFING TIME TO DEVELOP GIS DATA LAYERS FOR COASTAL PARKS

       Part of the purpose of the grant was to estimate the amount of time and money necessary
      to expand this process to the other coastal parks (and subsequently, other regions of the
      state). Time commitments for each datalayer were estimated, since in many instances
      several datalayers would be in different stages of development at the same time, making
      direct measurement of time expenditures difficult. Time estimates, source and coverage
      scales and method of digitization are found in Appendix B.

      Approximately twenty-six full days were necessary to digitize coverages, transfer existing
      coverages into the appropriate Arc/lnfo files and develop databases for those coverages

                                              9






      (Appendix B). This was based on one person working full time on just GIS development.
      Coordination of the work load and trouble-shooting would take additional time. Therefore,
      a more realistic estimate may be 35 days.

      Given these estimates, approximately seven parks (the remainder of the coastal parks)
      could be completed in a year's time, with one employee dedicated to work on the GIS. If
      a P-14 were used, then approximately 1500 hours a year could be devoted to GIS
      development. This would allow, five parks to be added to the GIS annually.

      Assuming a salary of $10.00 per hour, this translates to a financial commitment of $15,000
      to 26,000 on an annual basis, for salary and fringe benefits. Costs of overhead and supplies
      would add some to this cost.                                                      ï¿½

      Expanding this to all parks, the Department would need to make an annual commitment,
      or seek outside funding, at this level for three to four years to complete the entry of data on
      all parks into the Arc/lnfo system, using full time employees. If P-1 4 staff were used, then
      the estimate increases to over five years.

V. UTILITY OF GIS TO THE DEPARTMENT

      The utility of GIS to this department is apparent in that the Council on Information
      Management has recognized DCR as "major provider and user of" GIS technology. The
      Department currently makes use of GIS in three modes: ARC/INFO on a minicomputer,
      ARC/INFO on personal computers, and VirGIS. Each of these access a wealth of
      information that is currently in electronic form.

      Although there is a great deal of information available, current GIS capabilities within DCR
      are used to the greatest extent by the Division of Soil and Water Conservation, with four
      people working on a regular basis with Arc/Info. These people have current commitments
      that essentially limit their ability to work on departmental efforts. Other people have been
      trained and there are PC Arc/Info and graphic terminal connections to the Prime within the
       Department. However, existing job responsibilities limit the ability of others to devote the
       necessary blocks of time to become proficient with the software package. Therefore, GIS
       must be integrated into the existing work programs and used as a mechanism to accomplish
      these work efforts, to realize its potential as a planning tool.

      The coverages that have been added to the GIS in this grant (watershed, land classification,
       management units, forest type) will make site management easier in that comparisons can
       be made in the office (and then substantiated in the field). Additionally, information on forest
      cover types, open areas, land classification, streams and wetlands can be used as a base
       upon which to build other data layers. Complex relationships between physical and
       biological variables may be more readily apparent when graphically displayed, and
       subsequently managed more effectively. For example, with the addition of soils informa-
      tion, rare species or forest types might be correlated to this and other information, serving
      to pinpoint other potential locations within the park. Likewise, soils and land use information
       may lead to changes in existing use. Overlaying management units on these coverages can
      fine-tune management prescriptions or objectives to effectively protect sensitive areas
      within the park.                      10






      Ultimately, GIS will be used to evaluate existing land classifications and assist in site
      assessments for future development and habitat management.

      Suaaestions for Future Work

      In working with biological and physical features in GIS, a knowledge of biological sciences,
      planning and cartographic techniques would be especially valuable in the development of
      coverages in the future and should be a consideration in employment of GIS technicians on
      future projects. Although an understanding of GIS is imperative, it is felt that an appreciation
      of the inter-relationship between the individual coverages being developed is almost as
      important and should not be overlooked.

      This grant effort showed the use of a MIPS - Arc/lnfo transfer to be a potentially valuable
      and powerful tool in the development of new coverages. The amount of time devoted to
      scanning is about half that of manual digitization of the coverage and may prove to be
      valuable in transferring coverages to Arc/lnfo. Current concerns with accuracy need to be
      more fully evaluated at this point.

      Efforts should be made to investigate the use of MIPS' ability to overlay raster and vector
      information to create rectified or "photo-corrected" vector sets.

      Satellite imagery is currently available in a rectified form which may serve as a small scale
      base from which rectified products (such as wetlands maps) may be developed. This should
      be investigated, along with the possibility of using satellite imagery and aerial photography
      to create higher resolution basemaps.

      Work should be done to develop an appropriate scale for all base map development.
      Although the 7.5' USGS topoquad is relatively standard, for site-specific workthis scale may
      be too small. Additionally, the use of same-scale maps would be required in future work and
      digitization should be done at a larger scale than the one intended for standard use to
      improve the appearance of the final product. (For example, digitization should be done at
      1:12000) if the standard scale is 1:24000.)

      Coverages should be developed for areas outside park boundaries within the watershed
      which include land use, soils, water features, etc.

VI. SUMMARY

      The development of GIS datalayers for the Division of State Parks is possible using
      information that is available as part of its resource management planning process. A great
      deal of information already exists in Arc/lnfo (soils, roads, wetlands) that is useful in
      managing our resources. Some of the information to be digitized may need to be modified
      or evaluated more closely than is currently done (e.g. forestry datalayers) to insure that the
      level of accuracy is maintained.






Scanning technology appears to be a very useful tool which may make the process flow
more quickly and one of the things learned from this grant is that this should be more
effectively evaluated in the future.

As mentioned earlier, all of this work will require a substantial commitment of time and
resources if information on all parks is to be entered into Arc/Info within a reasonable time
period (i.e. three to four years) and may best be accomplished using staff dedicated to GIS
development.









































                                       12






Literature Cited

Gaston, Dennis. 1989. Forest Inventory of York River State Park. Virginia Department of Forestry,
            unpublished report.

DCR. 1990. Land Classification System: Land Classification Committee unpublished report.

DCR. 1991. York River State Park Resource Management Plan, Division of State Parks,
            unpublished report.






Appendix A: Plotfile Coverages




   1. Base Map                      #BASE
        YRH20 SHED.UTM18
        ROADS
        YRSP/STRMEPH.UTM1 8
        YRSP/STRMPER.UTM1 8
        PARKBND

   2. Streams                       #STREAM
        YRSP/STRMEPH.UTM1 8
        YRSP/STRMPER.UTM1 8

   3. Forest
        MGMT.UTM                    #FOREST
        FORMGT2.UTM1 8              #FORMGT
                                     #FORMGMT

   4. Watershed Boundary
        YRH20 SHED.UTM18            #WATERSHED

   S. National Wetlands Inventory
        W095 E
        WETLAND. UTM1 8             #WETLAND

   6. Management Units
        MGTU NIT. CL                #MGTU NIT
                                     #MANAGEMENT
        MGTBOUNIT                   #MGTBOUNIT
                                     #BOTAN ICAL

   7. Historical/Cultural Sites
        HISTORIC                    #HISTORIC

   8. Land Classification
        LN DCLS.CL                  #LNDCLS
                                     #LAND






                          14






Appendix B: Time Estimates for Data Entry






   Roads                    1:100000            1:100000           DT'          2 hours

   Wetlands                  1:24000            1:24000            DT           2 hours

   Streams                  1:24000             1:24000            DD           2 days

   Park Boundary            1:24000             1:24000            DD           2 hours

   Watershed                 1:24000            1:24000            DD           2 days

   Forest Cover             1:25200             1:24000            PE/MT        10 days

   Land Classification      1:12000             1:24000            PR/MT        5 days

   Management Units         1:12000             1:24000            PR/MT        5 days

   Botanical Management         -               1:24000            MT2          1 day
         Units                                                     OS           4 hours



     DT - Digital transfer
     DD - Direct digitization from topoquad
     PE - Photo-enlargement
     PR- Photo-reduction
     MT - Manual transfer of locally fit source and digitized
     OS - Optically scanned and fit to a scanned image of the Gressit topoquad converted to
         DLG, Arc Generate and MOSS formats using MIPS

   2 This data layer was an enlarged color photocopy of the topoquad at an unknown scale
     which allowed manual transfer based on contour lines. Photo-reduction was not used.