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Coastal Zone Information Center the impac ts -of urban studies institute out'er'cont'inental shelf university of new orleans 07, DGT 2 7 1976 --.-.d.evelopment on I :a Q rc J u he par' sh J-1 4 At @z I N Kr 'M V, po P, v@ AN M�-, P.A The Impacts of Outer Continental Shelf Development on Lafourche Parish by Anthony J@. Mumphrey, Jr., Ph.D., P.E., A.I.P. Associate Professor of Urban and Regional Planning Project Director Fredrick W. Wagner, Ph.D., Associate A.I.P., N.R.P.A. Assistant Professor of Urban and Regional Planning Associate Project Director Gino D. Carlucci, Jr. Martha J. Landry John C. Miller, Jr. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COkIVEPCE NOAA COASTAL. SERvICES F N TE,9 Graduate Research Assistants2234 SOUTH HOP.S, CHARLESTON, Urban Studies Institute University of New Orleans The preparation of this report was financed in part through a grant from the U. S. Department of Commerce through the provisions of the Coastal Zone Management---,,, Act of 1972. This study was completed under Louisiana-State Office Contract Number SPO-76-14. NOTICE This document is disseminated underthe sponsorshl@_P-of. ------ the Louisiana State Planning Office in the interest of--,,: information exchange. The State of Louisiana assumes-- no liability for its contents or the use thereof. AUGUST 1976 e-- VzvVerty of CSC ABSTRACT Lafourche Parish is one of the areas along the Louisiana coast which is heavily affected by Outer Conti- nental Shelf oil and gas development. This study attempts to survey the impacts of.OCS mining activity on Lafourche Jn terms of employment, income, job types, environmental effects, and required supporting facilities and services. In Ch apter 1, information on population, employment, and income in Lafourche Parish is presented. A sketch of mining resource development and detailed statistics on mining-related employment by sector for Lafourche are also provided. There are at least two impressions that one derives from:the information in Chapter 1. The first is that oil and gas activity, in terms of-employment, has declined'from the highs of the,1960's and is now leveling off. The other is th .at the impacts of oil and gas/OCS activity are mainly on the southern portion of the parish (below Highway 90--es pecially Ward 10). An elaboration and description of the various job types involved in mining--exploration, drilling, production, and pipe laying--and in related industries--water trans- portation, boat building and heavy construction--are given in Chapter 2. The educational. and vocational requirements for each of the job types are also presented, along with statistics on the number of people per job type required in exploration, drilling, etc. The mining industry has had uneven impacts, both positive and negative, on seafood, fur, and recreation in Lafourche Parish. A discussion of these industries and the ecological effects of oil and gas activity on them is given in Chapter 3. The tax base of Lafourche Parish, which is heavily based on the oil and gas industry, is discussed in Chapter 4. About 50 percent of the assessed valuation and property taxes for Lafourche Parish are provided by oil and gas related industries. Ward 10 alone provide s over 25 percent of the parish's assessed valuation and property taxes. Chapter 5 discusses the infrastructure of Lafourche Parish, both existing and planne d--highways, canals, airports, electrical power facilities, pipelines, vocational schools, and port facilities. One dominant impression derived from Chapter 5 is that for all facilities except electrical power and pipelines, supply has not caught up with demand generated over time by oil and gas activity. In many areas, however, plans to close the supply-demand gap are underway. Hopefully, the information presented in this study will be useful in planning so that full advantage may be taken of the benefits associated with OCS activity, while mitigating the related costs. PREFACE This study was undertaken to identify various impacts of outer continental shelf oil and gas mining activity on Lafourche Parish, a heavily affected area. It is presented as a step toward complete impact identification and measurement, and comprehensive planning to take fullest advantage of OCS activity. Persons who assisted in this study are presented in the references throughout the text. They include various publ ic officials in Lafourche Parish; employees of the Louisiana Department of Employment Security; other state and local officials; and mining, water transportation, utilities, and boat building industries' personnel. James Renner of the State Planning Office provided technical and administrative coordination between the SPO and the Urban Studies Institute. For all of this valuable help, the authors wish to express their appreciation., A.J.M., Jr. Urban,Studies Institute 'University of New Orleans August, 1976' (iv) TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE 1. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF LAFOURCHE PARISH .......... 1 INTRODUCTION ............... .................... 1 RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT IN LAFOURCHE,PARISH ....... 8 MINING AND RELATED INDUSTRY IN LAFOURCHE ....... 8 APPENDIX--SELECTED SIC CATEGORY DI'SCRIPTIONS... 129 Primary Industries.... ..... ** .... 29 Secondary Industries ....................... 39 OCS OIL AND GAS RELATED EMPLOYMENT ............. 56 INTRODUCTION ................................... 56 PRIMARY INDUSTRIES ............................. 57 Exploration ................................. 51 Exploration Job@Types with Educational and Vocational Requirements ................ 60 Drilling Platforms., .................. ....... 73 Drilling Job Types with Educational and Vocational Requirements ............... 76 Production Platforms ......................... 88 Production Job Types with Educational, and Vocational Requirements ............... 94 Pipelaying .......... ................. 103 Offshore Pipe Laying ....................... 103 Marsh Pipe Laying ............................ 105 Conventional-Pipe Laying ................. 106 Pipeline Job Types with Educational and Vocational Requirements ...........1 108 Water 'Transportation ............... ...... 120 'Water Transportation Job Types with Educational and Vocational Requirements...120 SECONDARY INDUSTRIES .............................. 141 Heavy Construction.. .... 141 Sample of Heavy onstruction Job Types with,Educational and Vocational Requirements ............... 144 Ship and Boat Building and Repairing ......... 148 Educational and Vocational Requirements.. 149 3. THE IMPACT OF OCS DEVELOPMENT ON SEAFOOD, FUR, AND RECREATION IN LAFOURCHE PARISH ........ 162 LIVING WETLAND RESOURCES ......................... 162 The Shrimp Industry ...................... 165 The Oyster Industry .................... 1'..@- .... 173 The Menhaden.Industry ..................... ... 180 The Fur Industry ..................... ....... 187 (v) CHAPTER PAGE RECREATIONAL RESOURCES ...................... ..... 191 Boating ............ ................. "'@206 Hunting ...................................... 209 Fishing ....................................... 211 Potential Recreational Development ............ 212 Camping and Camps ................. **''* .... 215 Hunting and Fishing ....................... 218 Role of'Oil Rigs in Sports Fishing ........... 219 4. TAX BASE OF LAFOURCHE PARISH .................... 226 Assessed Value and Taxes Paid in Lafourche Parish ............................. 226 Actual Value of the Oil and Gas Industry in Lafourche Parish ............ I ...... 236 5. LAFOURCHE PARISH INFRASTRUCTURE AND OCS DEVELOPMENT .................. I ............... 246 INTRODUCTION. 246 PORT FAGILITIES ................................. 246 General Description .......................... 246 Projected Impact of Part Fourchon Development ................................... 258 Impact of the Superport on Port Fourchon ..... 264 WATERWAYS ............................ ........... 266 Existing Waterways ............... ............ 266 270 Future Waterways ................... Impact of OCS Development on Lafourche Parish Waterways ............................. 272 Freight Traffic on Bayou Lafourche ........... 274 HIGHWAYS ........................................ 283 The-Present Lafourche Parish Highway System.. 283 -Highway Improvements 1956-1975 ............... 310 Future Highways .................................. 316 VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS .............. 319 Needs in Lafourche Parish .................... 319 Current-and Planned Vocational-Technical Programs and Facilities.... 322 Vocational Programs at Nicholls State University... I .... ...I.......I .................... 324 AIRPORTS, HELIPORTS, AND SEAPLANE BASES ......... 328 Introduction ......... :.@ ....................... 328 Airports .......... *............................ 330 Seaplane Bases ................................. 340 Helicopter Operations...' Future Aviation Needs ......................... 342 ELECTRICAL POWER FACILITIES ............. ......... 351 Present Electrical Situation@ .......... z....... 351 Future Electrical Needs ....................... 3.55 (Vi') CHAPTER PAGE PIPELINES .............. ......................... 357 Introduction ................................. 357 Future Pipelines ............................. 361 APPENDIX--SELECTED SIC CATEGORY DESCRIPTIONS .... 369 (Vii) THE IMPACTS OF OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF DEVELOPMENT ON LAFOURCHE PARISH CHAPTER 1 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF LAFOURCHE PARIISH INTRODUCTION Settlers- were first attracted to Lafourche (which originally included what are, now Assumption and Terrebonne ;Parishes)- in the early 18th century by the fertility of the soil (Figure 1. 1). Most of thesefirst settlers were French and Spanish from New Orleans. They were joined by many Acadians in the middle of the century (Louisiana Almanac, 1969: 127). Lafourche, which means fork, was named after Bayou. Lafourche a f ork of the Mississippi-River) (Louisiana Almanac, 1969: 127). It was among the, original twelve counties organized in Louisiana in 1805. In 1807, the state legislature abolished the twelve counties and established nineteen parishes in their place. It was at this time that Assumption Parish separated from Lafourche. In 1822, Terre- bonne Parish was also formed from Lafourche (Fortier, 1914: 25). In this chapter, information on poulation, employment, and income in Lafourche Parish is presented. A sketch of mining resource development and detailed statistics on mining-related employment by sector for Lafourche is also provided. FIGURL 1.1 LOCATION, LAFOURCHE PARISH, LOUISIANA S14REV PORT 'wim"I will list *11sits LINCOW cvfponr MONROE I . 4 LEGEND st "to Ras silts 0i places of 100.000 at Mae* inhilbitAnIs 0 Placn of 50,000 to 100,000 inflabdarts tans" 0 Places of 2%.000 to 50.000 ifthabdifitt outside SYSA'S Standard MettOpOiltall St abiliCall Artis (SMSA's) LA SALLS, "AM A1111AMNIA0. 66 AVOICLUS 7' wrist cast 119L.C.OAA r1clCia" 0 RUM BATON ROVGE ALLCA St. LANDRY Pool count *CST SATON 10M all tA-VLNV &.loft 1.1viusfox aul2c 114,olia, JACI CHAIN a sgrram s L41A It r St. NOVA 61411ift"C clicAsllu 9"Is" :LAKE CHARLES (Fit at A"" Ut 84plisy FAYETT #4w Alf IA S144195 filf I f m(w V 14" CA1110018 Assup #4111 at C.Aut IC4864#0 U111114" THIB. Ic- NEW R AN 61 UA*V "CUMA 0 LAF A I Ito Is&oo "I Z 444" to So 141 INIRAODASTAL WATMWAY J@ BAYOU LAFOEMM PORT FOURCHON p 0 rc(" jui u hoWsu". )197101, tO 41W, owl do Today, the area on both sides of Bayou Lafourche from Thibodaux, the parish seat, to Leeville (a distance of 75 miles) is one of the most densely settled rural areas in the United States (Louisiana Almanac, 1969: 128). Lafourche Parish has an area, of 1399 square miles of which water covers 640 square miles. Major towns and their 1970 populations are Thibodaux (14,925), Raceland (4,880), Larose (4267), Golden Meadow (2,681), and Lockport (1,995). The total 1970 Population of Lafourche was 68,941, an increase of 24.5% from the 1960 population (see Table 1.1) (Bureau of the Census, 1971a: 39-40, 94). Of this 1970 population, 11.5% was nonwhite, 38.8% was, urban, 54.6% was nonfarm rural, and 6.3% was farm rural (Bobo and Charlton, 1974: 18-21). The preliminary population estimate for the parish in 1975 was 72,028 (Jones and Denton, 1976: 4). Table 1.1 shows historic and projected population for Lafourche. In the 30 years between 1940 and 1970, population This table lists the population of Lafourche for the years 1940-1970 and then lists the projections of the population at 5 year intervals from 1975-2000. The projections presented here are considered the most realistic ones of a set of 3 projections done by Segal, et al. (1976). Of the other two, one was based on a constant migration rate-and the other assumed a zero migration rate. The projection presented here is based on subjectively determined migration rate's with the following underlying assumptions: The nation shall be moving into periods of continuing high priced fuel. Rural-to-urban and inner-urban-tosuburban migrations will continue, but at reduced rates. Slowing rural-to-urban 3 TABLE 1. 1 POPULATION OF LAFOURCHE PARISH 1940-1970 AND PROJECTED FOR THE YEARS 1975-2000 2 Year Population 1940 38,615 1950 43.,209 1960 55,381 1970. .68,941. 1975 72,715 1980 76,527 1985 80,731. 1990 1995 .87,751 2000 89,859 Sources: IBureau ofthe Census, 1943, 1953, -1963, 1973. 2Segal et al., 1976: 138-139. 4 increased by 79%. However, between 1970 and 2000 an increase of.only 30% is expected. This, of course, correlates rather well with the growth of the mining industry*in Lafourche in those periods. In the last 80 years,@social conditions in Lafourche Parish have improved considerably. In 1949, the median family income in the parish was $2,067-and 48'.6% of the' far@ilies had incomes below $2,000. In addition, in 1950 only 11.3% of Lafourche residents 25 years and older had (cont'd)is the fact that--large-scale mechanization of agriculture has already occurred; slowing inner-urban-.. to suburban is the increasing cost of travel. Net outmigration rates of blacks will be lowered, as they look more closely at nearby locations rather than rush-out of 'the state. Stabilizing is expected to occur in most university enrollments, with an increase in the percentage in graiduateschool'. More@students are expected to register n earet to.,-their homes. The trend of growth of medium-sized towns will continue. A superport will be.buil.t and in operation some time in the 1980s.- With the exception of 1-410, planned interstates are, expected to be completed and open.by 1980. In addition, a major north-south roadway will be built by the early 1980s, connecting.Shreveport and Monroe with,Alexandria and Lafayette. It was not assumed that any of 1-410 will be built. The federal flood insurance regulations will be relaxed inrtho 'short rqn,'but will-then grow,stronger over'time (Segal et al., 1976). 5 graduated from high school and 527o.had fewer than 5 years of formal education. Also, only 17.5% of the housing.was classified in.the category "with hot running water, private toilet an d bath, and not dilapidated" (Bureau of the Census, 19521). By 1959, the median family income had risen-to ,$4,330 and only.31.1% had incomes below $3,000. Also, 20.3% had graduated from high school, with 37.3% having fewer than 5 yearseducation (Persons 25 and older). And the housing classified as ."sound, with all plumbing" had risen to 61.3% (Bureau of the Census, 1062). The 1970 median family income was $7,852 with 13.1% below $3000. Also, of persons.25 and older' 31.3% had graduated from high school and 22.3% had fewer than5 years education. And, 9.3% of the housing was classified as..",lacking some or all plumbing facilities", (Bureau,of the Census, 1972). Table 1.2 presents data.for Lafourche. Between-1940 and 1970 employment, personal income, and per capita personal income increased respectively by 2.1, 21.5, and 12 times (Table 1.2). Population during this time period increased by 148 times. Again, this.improvement in social conditions correlates very well with the growth of mining and the.. secondary industries associated with mining. Economically, Lafourche Parish can be divided into two parts with the crude dividing line being U.S..Highway 90. 6 TABLE 1. 2 POPULATION, EMPLOYMENT, PERSONAL INCOME, A ND PER CAPITA INCOME. FOR SELECTED YEARS 1929-1974 IN LAFOURCHE PARISH Personal Per Capita Population Income Personal Income Year (1000s) Employment (millions) 1929 32.2 197 2 1940 38.7 11,086 8.6 223 1950 42 .4 12,492 3 34. 6 81 4 1959 54.5 82.7 1,516 1960 -- .16,598 4 1962 56.6 93.5 1,652 1965 63'.4 119.4 '1,884 1966 64.5 133.6 2,070 1967 65.8- 147.3 2,239 1968 67.5 162.4 2,407 1969 68.1 170.2 21498 1970 69.1 23,125 5 184.8 2,674. 19711., 70.8 23,650 5 203.4 2,871 1972' 72.0 24,125 5 227.5 3,159 .19,73 71.5 24,725 5 252.6 3,531 1974 .711.4 26,550 5 293.19 .4,114 Sour ces: Bureau of Economic Analysis, n. d. (1976?). 2Bureau o f the Census, 1943: 382. 3 Bureau of the Census, 1953: 85. 4Bureau o*f the Census, 1963: 195. 5Thomas, 1976. Does not in clude self-employed persons. By place of residence. 7 The northern part is agriculturally'based with a specific orientation toward-sugar-cane. The southern economy of the parish is primarily based on petroleum extraction and fishing activities which occur offshore in-the Gulf of Mexico (Brubacher and Strasser, 1976). In the southern part, about 75 percent of employment is petroleum based, .25 percent fishing based, and less than I percent based on .tourism (Melancon, 1976). Table 1.3 is a listing of manufacturing by Stand ard Industrial Classification (SIC) and reflects the economic division. RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT IN LAFOURCHE PARISH The landmarks of resource development are shown in Table 1.4. Outer continental shelf development had its.first impact on Lafourche in 1947 and 1949 for oil, 1948 for gas, and 1960. for sulphur. MINING AND RELATED INDUSTRY IN LAFOURCHE Mining activity in Lafourche Parish has consisted of virtually'"only oil and gas operations. Both the primary and secondary industries related to mining have had a signifi- cant effect on employment in the parish. For the purposes of this study, the P. imary industries have been defined as those activities typically conducted by the oil companies and their vendors in order to discover, produce, and bring crude oil and gas to processing locations (Division of Advanced Environmental Research and Technology, 1976: 5). 8 TABLE 1. 3 MANUFACTURERS IN LAFOURCHE PARISH (1972) sic Number of Code Location Product Description Employees 2036 Leeville fresh and frozen shrimp 20-49 2036 Golden Meadow fresh and frozen shrimp 90-197 2042 Golden Meadow animal foods 40-98 2051 Golden Meadow bread and pastries 20-49 2499 Golden Meadow travel boats 1-7 3599 Golden Meadow machine shop, jobbi ng !20-49 and repair 3732 Golden Meadow boat repairs 8-19 3711 Cut Off amphibious tractors 20-49 3731 Larose steel tugs, barges, push' 40-98 boats, shrimp boat - building and repair 2061 Lockport, sugar I andmolasses .50-99 2086 Lockport soft drinks 8-19 2621 -Lockport plup and,paper 250-499 3731 Lockport tugs, push boats, barges, 200-498 offshore support vessels, marine repair 2061,2 Matthews & raw sugar, refined sugar 200-498 Raceland black strAp molasses 23291@ Matthews sports clothing 50-99 Raceland,-. 2013 Thibodaux slaughtering plant, 50-99 ''sausages 2026 Thibodaux milk products, 20-49 2061 Thibodaux raw sugar, molasses 200-447 2071 Thibodaux @.c'andy 50.-9.9: 2086 ."Thibodaux soft-drinks .50-99 2751 Thibodaux commercial printing '.20-49 3443 Thibodaux pressure vessles, storage.100-249 tank 3522, Thibodaux tractors, side. hoe 200-498 ditches 3599 Thibodaux machine shop service for 50-99 oil and sugar industries 3711 Thibodaux draglines, personnel 50-99 carriers, drill rigs 20-49 3732 Thibodaux small boats Source: Gulf South Research Institute, 1974: 32. 9 TABLE 1. 4 LANDMARKS OF RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT IN LAFOURCHE PARISH OIL 1902 First oil.field in Louisian a began production at .Jennings salt dome in Acadia Parish'. 1922 First permit for exploratory drilling in Lafourche .Parish issued by Minerals-Division, Louisiana .Department of Conservation2 1928 Leeville Dome discovered by seismograph 3 1931 First commercial production of oil in Lafourche Parish at Leeville Dome began in February when Texas Company completed their first producing well. It produced 157,675 barrels for the year3. 1932 A second well (by Pop Oil Company) began producing 90 barrels daily, for a total production by the Leeville field of 267,962 barrels for the year4. 1933 Eight producing wells were completed at Leeville a total production of 361,000 barrels4.. 1934 Fifty-two,(52) producing wells were completed at Leeville-Field. Total production was 4,329,572 barrels4. 1935, Nine (6) new producing wells were completed at Leeville, increasing yearly production to 4,820,093 barrels4. 1936 Oil production-declined somewhat to 4,596,027 .barrels5. 1937 Producing wells were, established at Harang Field and Lake Long Field. Total production: Harang 977,862 barrels Lake Long 83,231 barrels Leeville 2,651,187 barrels TOTAL 3,712,280 barrels 10 TABLE.1.4 CONTINUED 1940 Lafourche Parish,produced a.total of 7,926,467 barrels (including condensate)6. 6 1941 Lafourche.,Parish prod,uce.d.8,958,,,960 barrels 1947 First offshore well in Louisiana started and completed by Kerr-McGee Oil Company in Ship Shoal Area off Terrebonne Parish7. 1949@ First-offshore,well off Lafourche Parish, discovered by-the California Company in Bay Marchand Field, 'was completed on March 3rd7. 1970 Production of oil in Lafourche and offshore 8 Lafourche was 117,674,244 barrels 1971* Production in Lafourche and s maller offshore area was 89,676,024 barrels8. 1972* Production in Lafourche and still smaller offshore area was 58,548,420 barrels8. 1973* Production decreased in same area.as 1972 to 53,-@022,060 barrels8.- *Offshore area decreased because of increasing Federal jurisdiction offshore ' These statistics were collected by the Louisiana Department of Conservation in.its jurisdictional area. NATURAL GAS 1909 Gas was discovered at the Monroe Gas Field in Ouachita, Morehouse, and Union Parishes, but the 3 -'first,commerc-ial gas was not produced until 1916 1916 The 1914-1916 Report o f the Department of Conser- -vat4on-states that, "The total production of gas, for the year 1915, as nearly as can be estimated, is 27,261,260,000 cubic feet . . . Formerly, no accurate records have been kept on the gas produc- tion and it is impossible to obtain positive information, except from the producers who have kept records of their production." In light of this, the earliest record of gas production in Louisiana that could be found was in 1912 from the Bull Bayou Field in DeSoto Parish9. TABLE 1.4 CONTINUED 1938 First natural gas to be produced in Lafourche Parish was at LeevilielO-@ 1939 Ga's was also pro'duced'from fields at Raceland and Valentine (Harang) for a total production as follows: Leeville 131,290 M.C.F. Raceland 351,022 M.C.F. Valentine 92,794 M.C.F. TOTAL, 575,105 M.C..F. 1940- Production fluctuated, averaging approximately 1950 16,600,000 M.C.F. for the periodll. 1948 First offshore gas discovered in the Grand Isle area. 12 1951-' Production increased steadily 1968 1969 Production of natural gas reached its peak of 318,800,130 M.C.F. for the year8. 1970- Production dropped to 275,434,479. M.C.F. as, 1973 offshore area for which data was provided gradually decreased*. *For the same,reason as above for oil SULPHUR 1927 Sulphur discovered at Chaeahoula Salt Dome by Gul f Refining@Companyl4.. 1955 First commercial sulphur production in Lafourche, began on March 10 by the Freeport Sulphur Company. 1960 The world's first offshore sulphur minebegan pr oduction in the Grand Isle area. 1962 Commercial production at.chacahoula ended in September.: 1967 Sulphur production began again,at.Chaeahoula. 1968 Product.ionbegan,atBul,ly Camp Dome by Texas Gulf Sulphur Company. 12 TABLE 1.4 CONTI.NUED. 1970 Production stopped at Chacahoula, but continues at Bully Camp. 1973, Natual gas shortage and oversupply of sulphur results in reduced production at Bully Camp. Sources: 1Landes, 1970: 188. 2 Louisiana Department of Conservation, 1930: @166. Louisiana Department of Conservation, 1932: 416, 422. 4 Louisiana Department of Conservation, 1936: 445,'464. 5 Louisiana Department of Conservation', 1938: 288-289. 6 Louisiana Department of Conservation, 1942: 232. 7Louisiana-Department of Conservation,.1952: @8 Louilsiana@Department of Conservation, 1970-1974. 9 Conservation:Commission ol'Louisiana@, 1917: 74. 10 Louisiana Department of Conservation, 1940: 195. Louisiana Department of Conservation, 19421 1944, 1.946., 1948, 1950, 1952., 12 Louisiana Department.of Conservation, 1952,. 1954, 1955-1969.@ U. S. Department of the'Interior, 1956-1972. 14 L6uisiana.Department of Conservation, 1934. 13 This includes activities such as exploration, drilling, mud service, ot her oil and gas fiel d serv ices, and water trans- portation (see Table 1. 5 and Appendix for specific lists). Secondary, or induced, activities are those that provide general support to the oil companies and-their vendors,.-but not necessarily specialized to the petroleum industry, as well as,those that further process or distribute oil and gas, such as boat and platform building, refining, and petrochemical processing (Division of Advanced Environmental Research and Technology, 1976: 5). Table 1.5 presents employment in primary and secondary mining industries in Lafourebe Parish by place of residence. In 1973, approximately 17% of total employment in Lafourche was in primary and secondary mining employment, up from 15% in 1970. Other primary and secondary activities needed by the mining industry and not shown in Table 1.5 are supplied from outside of Lafourche.Parish. For instance, food catering is handled mainly in,Houma (Terrebonne Parish). As can be seen from this table,.mining activity reached its peak, in, terms of employment, in@1966 when over 2,200 workers were directly employed in oil and gAs operations. Mining employ- ment then declined through 1971.. However, it increased substantially (.by 21.77o) in 1972, then declined somewhat in 1973. The bulkof this employment was in Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) category 138, "Oil and Gas Field Services," which includes exploration activities, drilling, a cidizing 14 TABLE 1. 5 EMPLOYMENT IN OIL AND GAS RELATED PRIMARY AND SECONDARY INDUSTRIES IN LAFOURCHt PARISH sic Code Industry 1953 1956 1959 1964 1965 1966 1968 1969 197 PRIMARY INDUSTRIES Mining (total) Employees., 1602 1206 784 2149 1916 2207 1630 1146 118 Payroll ($1000) 1664 1672 1277 3208 3128 3505 3384 2314 260 Establishments 36 34 18 51 41 50 44 37 3 13 Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Employees 1206 D2 2149 1916 2207 D D 118 Payroll ($1000) 1672 D 3208 3128 3505 D D 260 Establishments 34 16 51 41 50 3 131 Crude Petr'oleum and Natural Gas Employees 467 447 D D D D D Payroll ($1000) 713 806 D D D D Establishments 10 10 16 12 20 10 132 Natural Gas Liquids Employees D D D D D Payroll ($1000) D AD D D D Establishments 2 1 1 2 2 TABLE 1.5 CONTINUED sic Code Industry 1953 1956 1959 1964 1965 1966 1968 1969 1970 138 Oil and Gas Field Services Employees 739 D 1545 1354 1635 1116. 621 678 Payroll ($1000) 959 D 1990 2035 2311 2211 1068 1346 Establishments 24 6 33 28 29 31 26 26 1381 Drilling Oil and Gas Wells Employees D 765 D 871 750 312 307 Payroll ($1000) D 1346 D 1354 1618 559 566 Establishments 5 16 12 14 11 9 7 1382 Oil and Gas Exploration Services Employees D Payroll ($1000) D Establishments 2 1389 Oil and Gas Field Services, n.e.c. .(not elsewhere covered) Employees D 647 D 290 264 297 .Payroll ($1000) D 861 D 522 461 708 Establishments 15 14 13 15 13 14 44 Water Transportation Employees 672 655 933 1100 1455 1557 1585 1869 Payroll ($1000) 507 587 971 1175- 1707 2155 2271 2759 Establishments 98 123 130 132 152 146 141 157 4M M"@ IM 90) TABLE 1.5 CONTINUED sic Code Industry 1953 1956 1959 1964 1965 1966 1968 1969 197 445 Weal Water Transportation Employees 524 844 992 1335 1395 1412 170 Payroll ($1000) 484 871 1049 1556 1935 2060 252 Establishments 117 112 115 ll@ 130 126 14 446, Water Transportation Services Employees 74 D D D D Payroll ($1000) 84 D D D D Establishments 14 14 17 14 14 1 4469 Water Transportation Services, n.e.c. (not elsewhere covered) Employees 74 D D D Payroll ($1000) 84 D D D Establishments 14 14 14 14 1 SECONDARY INDUSTRIES 162 Heavy Construction, n.e.c. (not elsewhere covered) Employees D D 221 226 463 108 19 .Payroll ($1000) D D 248 290 688 158 30 Establishments 9 14 13 12 18 11 1 TABLE 1.5 CONTINUED sic Code Industry 1953 1956 1959 1964 1965 1966 1968 1969 1970 35 Machinery, Except Electrical (Manufacturing) 'Employ,ees 137 154 D D D 259 231 Payroll ($1000) 135 150 D D D 399 366 Establishments 3 5 2 4 4 5 6 37 Transportation Equipment Employees 254 311 268 258 233 220 Payroll ($1000) 338 403 402 399 367 Go Establishments 14 12 10 11 12 9 373 Ships and Boats Employees D D D D D D Payroll ($1000) D D D D D D Establishments 13 11 9 10 11 8 3731 Ship Building and Repairing Employees 108 169 D Payroll ($1000) 136, 298 D Establishments 4 5 3 40 4W M N TABLE 1.5 CONTINUED sic Code Industry 1953 1956, 1959 '1964 1965 1966 1968 1969@ 1970 3732 Boat Building and Repairin .g Employees 156 193 191 D Payroll ($1000) 177 218 262'- D Establishments 10 8 7 508 Machinery, Equipment and Supplies (Wholesale Trade) Employees Payroll ($1060) Establishments (D NOTE: These data are taken from County Business Patterns for the years indicated. The employmen publication does not include government employees, self-employed persons, farm workers, An workers. Also, railroad employment subject to the Railroad Retirement Act and employment vessels are not included (Bureau of the Census, 1973: 1). While these exclusions are not seriously affect the figures for the industries, the exclusion of slelf-employed persons_ma figures to be slight understatement of the actual employment. Also the exclusion of gove has resulted in a failure to note the effect of OCS development on @elevant government age the U.S. Geological Survey and the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. 2Figures withheld to avoid disclosure of.operationb of individual units. Source: Bureau of the Census, 1954, 1957, 1965-1967, 1969-1974. and chemically treating wells, impounding and storing salt water, mud servicei and ot her services performed on a contract or fee basis (see Appendix for descriptions of SIC codes). At the peak of mining in 1966, this category accounted for 74% of the total mining employment in Lafourche. By 1973, this percentage had dropped to 61%. The secondary mining industries include SIC category 37, "Transportation Equipment" (in Lafourche in 1973, 80% of thiscategory was concerned with ship an d boat building and repairing) and "Heavy Construction, except highway and street construction" (SIC 162). 2 The employment pattern of these two industries closely approximates that of the oil and gas industries. That is, they also reached their peak in the mid-sixties, then declined through 1971 (see Table 1.5). However, transportation equipment increased in 1972 and continued its increase in 1973. The "Heavy Construction" pattern is interesting in that it increased substantially to 463 employees in 1968, then:abruptly dropped to 108 in 1969. It, too, rose in 1972, but fell in 1973. While an outside factor may be influencing all these industries, the fortunes of the secondary industries seem to be dependent on the fortunes of oil and gas industries. 2Heavy construction is included as a secondary industry in support of mining, even though it includes pipeline construc- tion which would fall under primary industry by the definition presented here., Data on persons working in pipeline construe- tion are unavailable. 20 Table 1.6 presents recent mining related primary and secondary employment data. Data on some of these categories are not included in County Business Patterns (the source of Table 1.5). Descriptions of SIC numbers are found in the Appendix to this chapter. Althoug h statistics 'showing 'the exact percentages of oil and gas employment in Lafourche that is due to offshore operations are not available statistics have been compiled showing the percentage of offshore production for 195 18 and 1959 in the South Louisiana region and for the years 1964- 1970 in the Houma district (of which Lafourche is a part) of the Louisiana Department of Conservation. While it is acknowledged that these statistics may not provide a completely accurate picture of theoffshoreemployment. since the Lafourche production may vary from the Houma district average and the number of employees per unit of production may differ between onshore and.offshbre operations, they provide a good indication of the rising importance of offshore operations. For example, in 1958, 21% of the crude 3 4 oil and condensate and 10% of the casinghead and, natural 3Condensate ispetr oleum that is dissolved in natural gas in the reservoir. Upon a reduction of pressure, but not of temperature, it, condenses into hydrocarbon liquids (Levorsen, 1967: 485). 4 Casinghead gas is gas produced during the normal operation of oil fields. It is.dissolved in the oil, but expands into free gas when the reservoir pressure-declines. Upon reaching the surface, it is separated from the oil in a separator and then processed for 'recovery of its natural gasoline content or for production of liquefied gas products such as propane, butane, and pentane (Levorsen, 1967: 484). 21 TABLE 1. 6. EMPLOYMENT IN OIL AND GAS RELATED PRIMARY AND SECONDARY INDUSTRIES IN LAFOURCHE PARISH FOR 1975 and 1976 (FIRST QUARTER ONLY)* sic 1975 Code Industry 1st qtr. 2nd qtr.. 3rd qtr. PRIMARY INDUSTRIES 1310** Crude petroleum and Natural Gas 52 50 50 1830** Oil and Gas Field Services 869 825 781 1381 Drilling Oil and Gas Wells '7 6 6 1382 Oil and Gas, Exploration Services 1 2 3 1389 Oil and Gas Field Services, n.e.c. (not elsewhere covered) 45 58 18 4450** Local Water Transportation 1321 1318 1244 -4453 Lighterage, 60 25 24 4454 Towing,and Tugboat Service 233 288 260 4460** Water Transportation Services 226 246 249 4463 Marine Cargo Handling 2 2 2 4469 Water Transportation Services, n.e.c. (not elsewhere covered) 309 437 469 SECONDARY INDUSTRIES- 1620** Heavy Construction, n.e.c. (not elsewhere covered) 44 42 68 1621 Heavy Construction, Except Highway or, Street Construction 49 45 40 2911 Petroleum Refining 0 0 2 3441 Fabricated Structural Steel 15 16 17 3533 Oil Field Machinery and Equipment 0 0 1 3599 Miscellaneous Machinery, Except Electrical 455 446 530 TABLE 1.6 C014TINUED sic 1975 Code -Industry lst qtr. 2nd qtr. 3rd qtr. 4 3731 Ship Building and Repairing 245 255 277 3732, Boat Building and Repairing 319 309 322 5084 Industrial Machinery and Equipment 163 176 194 *Because of disclosure problems relating to sifigle-firm-industriesi Table 1.6 should not be further without the permission of its source. **These fout-digit categories are not strictly comparable with the three-digit SIC Codes that appea For example, 1310 and 131 are not equivalent. SIC 13i is the total of all fout-digit codes that whereas'SIC 1310 is'not.. The same is true for the other designated SICs. Source: Louisiaha Department of Employment Securityj n.d. gas in South Louisiana were produced offshore.compared to 54.4% and 30.5% in the Houma district in 1970 (s ee Table 1.7). Probably the most noticeable indication and the signi- ficant effect (in terms of employment) of this rising importance of offshore operations is seen in the rise of employment in the SIC 44 "Water Transportation" category (Table 1.5). While mining employment has declined, employ- ment in water transportation has increase d steadily. There were 672 employed in this category in Lafourche Parish in 1956, and this figure rose steadily to 2,401 in 1973. It seems that the major portion of this-rise is due to the increasing oil and gas activity offshore. Table 1.8 presents employment data for SIC codes 13, 131, and 138. It is noted that there seems to be a discrepancy between the figures in Table 1.5 (from County Business Patterns) and those in Table 1.8 (from the Census of Mineral Industries). More specifically, even though the Census of Mineral Industries seems to indicate the same pattern of growth and decline of the oil and gas industries, its figures for number of establishments are subs tantially larger than those in County Business Patterns and its figures for number of employees are substantially lower. This can be accounted for,.first, by.the fact that in determining the number of establishments, County Business Patterns counts each firm once in each county for each indu stry in which it operates, regardless of the number 24 An -M 'M no M M "M am an so 'M TABLE 1. 7 PERCENT OF OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION IN THE HOUMA DISTRICT 1958 1959 1964 1965 1966 1967 Crude Oil and Condensate 21.0% 18.6% 37.6% 39.1% 42.9% 44.1% Casinghead and Natural Gas 10.0% 13.1% 12.6% 14.1% 17.3% 18.8% 1 This table indicates the increasing importance of offshore production. The percentages were comp production statistics.of the Louisiana Department of Conservation. The 1958 and 1959 figures ref production in the South Louisiana area, while the 1964-1970 figures are for the offshore producti LQ district, which includes theparishes of Terrebonne, Lafourche, Assumption, St. Charles, St. John 01 James, and parts of St. Martin, Iberia, Iberville, and Ascension parishes. It also includes the of Ship Shoal, South Pelto, South Timbalier, Bay Marchand, and Grand Isle. After 1970, the federal government assumed jurisdiction for a portion of the Houma District. of Conservation figures for offshore production after 1970 include only a portion of the total of and it was decided not to include them in this table. Source: Louisiana Department of Conservation, 1959, 1960, 1965-1971. TABLE 1. 8 MINERAL INDUSTRIES EMPLOYMENT IN LAFOURCHE PARISH sic Code Industry 1954 1958 1963 1 13 oil and Gas Extraction Employees 817 1695 Payroll ($1000) NA 11877 Establishments 38 153 131 Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Emplo' yees 1445 698 Payroll,($1000) 9070 5583 Establishments 38 56 138 Oil -and Gas Field Services Employees, 997 Payroll,($1000) 6294 7 Establishments @97 14 Non-metallic Minerals (except fuels) Employees Payroll ($1000) Establishments D Figures withhold to avoid disclosure of operations of individual reporting units. FF 500-999 employees GG 1.000-2499 employees NA Source: Bureau of the Census, 1958, 1961, 1967, 1971b, 1974. of establishments the firm operat-es. In the Census of Mine ral Industries, a mineral "establishment" is defined as a single physical location where mineral operations are conducted. Therefore, a firm with,three locations would be counted once for County Business Patterns and three times for Census of.Mineral Industries. Also, the difference in number of employees and part of the difference in number of establishments can be accounted for by the fact that the Census of Mineral Industries has a distinct category for the total Louisiana "Offshore" employ- ment in addition to the parishes. Since County-Busines-s Patterns has no such distinct -category for "Offshore," it apparently distributes this employment to the respective parishes of worker residence, thus accounting for its higher employment figures. Assuming this to be the case, it would appear that one could subtract the employment figures of the Census of Mineral Industries from that of County Business Patterns for the same year, to determine the number of oil and gas employees that I ive -in Laf ourche and work of f shore. Applying this to the year .1972 (which is the only year the two publications have in common), it can be seen that approximately 202 out of a total of 1,302 work offshore. Since this represents only 15.5% of the total oil and gas employment, while offshore production accounts for over 50% of total production, it appears that offshore production is much more capital intensive than 27 onshore production or that many offshore-employees are supplied from outside of Lafourche Parish. One final observ ation to be noted in Table 1. 8 -is that the Census of Mineral Industries accounts for the. sulphur production, in Lafourche Parish (under the heading "Non-Metallic minerals (except,fuels County Business Patterns does not have this category for Lafourche Parish. 28 APPENDIX SELECTED SIC CATEGORY DESCRIPTIONS The following is a description of the primary and secondary industries identified in Table 4. Each SIC. category is explained with a list of the activities included under each one (Bureau of the Budget, 1967). PRIMARY INDUSTRIES MAJOR GROUP 13 -- CRUDE PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS The Major Group as a Whole This major group includes establishments primarily engaged in: (1) producing crude petroleum and natural gas, (2) recovering oil from oil sands and oil shale, and (3) producing natural gasoline and cycle condensate. Types of activities included are exploration, drilling, oil and gas well operation and maintenance, the operation of natural gasoline and cycle plants, and the mining and oxt raction of oil from oil sands and oil shale. This major group also includes such basic activities as emulsion breaking and desilting of crude petroleum to render the oil. marketable. Pipe line transportation of petroleum, gasoline, and other petroleum products (except gathering lines) is classified in Major Group 46 -- Pipe Line Transportation, 29 and of natural gas in Major Group 49 Electric, Gas, and Sanitary Services., (In Lafourche Parish, no resident employees work in SICs 46 and 49.) Establishments engaged in petroleum refining and in the production of lubric ating oils and greases are classified in Major Group 29. GROUP INDUSTRY NO. NO. 131 CRUDE PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS 1311 Crude, Petroleum and Natural Gas Establishments, primarily engaged i n operating oil and gas field properties..,,. Suchlactivities include exploration for crude petroleum and natural.gas.; drilling, completing, and equipping wells; operation of separators, emul,sion breakers, desilting equipment; and all other activities incident to making oil and gas,marketable up to the,. point of shipment from the producing property. This industry also. includes the production of oil through the mining and extraction of oil from oil shale, and oil sands. Establishments primarily engaged 30 GROUP INDUSTRY NO. NO. in performing oil field services for operators on a con-tract, fee, or other basis are classified in Group 138. Crude oil production Crude petroleum production Natural gas production Oil sand mining Oil shale mining Sulfur extraction from sour natural gas 132 NATURAL GAS LIQUIDS @1321 Natural Gas Liquids .Establishments primarily engaged in producing liquid hydrocarbons from oil and gas field gases. -Establishments recovering liquefied petroleum gases incident to petroleum refining or to the manufacturing of chemicals are classified in Major Groups 28 or 29. Butane (natural) production Casing-head butane and propane production Cycle condensate production Isobutane production Liquefied petroleum gases (natural) production Natural gasoline production Propane (natural) production 138 OIL AND GAS FIELD SERVICES 1381 Drilling Oil and Gas Wells Establishments primarily engaged in drilling wells for oil or gas for others on a contract, fee, or other basis. This 31 GROUP INDUSTRY NO. NO. industry includes contractors that specialize in "spudding in," "drilling in,",redrill.ing, and directional drilling. Directional drilling,of oil and gas wells: on a contract, fee, or other basis Dry holedrilling:, on a contract, fee, or other basis Redrilling oil and gas wells: on a contract, fee, or other basis "Spudding in" oil and gas wells: on a contract, fee, or other basis Well drilling--gas, oil, service, and water intake: on a contract', fee, or other basis 1382 Oil and Gas Field Exploration Services Establishments primarily engaged in geophysical, geological, and other explora- tion work for oil and gas on a contract, fee, or other basis. Aerial geophysical exploration, oil and gas field: on a contract, fee, or other basis Exploration, oil@and gas field: on a contract, fee, or other basis Geological exploration, oil and gas field: on a contract,,fee, or other basis Geophysical exploration, oil and gas field: on a contract, fee,, or other basis Seismograph surveys 1389 Oil and Gas. Field Services, Not Elsewhere Classified Establishments primarily engaged in performing, for others on a contract, fee, or o,,ther basis, oil and gas field services, not elsewhere.classified, such as exca- 32' GROUP INDUSTRY NO. NO. vating slush pits and cellars; grading, and building of foundations at well locations; well surveying; running, cutting, and pulling casings, tubes, and rod; cementing wells'; shooting wells; perforating well casing; acidizing and chemically treating wells; and cleaning out, bailing, and swabb ing wells. Acidizing wells: on a contract, fee, or other basis Bailing wells: on a contract, fee, or other basis Building well foundations at well locations: on a contract, fee, or other basis Cementing well casings: on a contract, fee, or other basis Chemically treating wells: on,a contract, fee, or other basis Cleaning wells: on a contract, fee, or, other basis Derrick building, repairing, and dismantling: oil well and gas well: on a contract, fee, or other basis Excavating slush pits and cellars: on a contract, fee, or other basis Gas compressing (natural gas) at the fields: on a contract, fee, or other basis Impounding and storing'sailt water in connection with petroleum production: on a contract, fee, 'or other basis Lease tanks, oil field: erecting, cleaning, and repairing: on a contract, fee, or other basis Logging wells: on a contract, fee, or other basis Mud servi,ce, oil field'drilling: on a contract, fee, or other basis Oil sampling service for oil companies: on a contract'L fee, or other basis Perforating well cas@ings: on a contract, fee, or other basis Pipe testing--oil field service 33 GROUP INDUSTRY NO. NO. Plugging and abandoning wells Pumping of wells: on a contract, fee, or other basis Removal of condensate gasoline from pipe- lines, on a contract or fee basis Rig building, repairing, and dismantling: oil well and gas well: on a contract, fee, or other basis tubes, and rods: oil well and gas Running, cutting, and pulling casings, well: on a contract, fee, or other basis Shooting wells: on a contract, fee, or other basis Shot-hole drilling service (oil field): on a contract, fee, or other basis Surveying wells: on a contract, fee, or other basis Swabbing wells: on a contract, fee, or other basis Well foundation grading: on a contract, fee, or other basis Well-servicing: on a con tract, fee, or other basis.. MAJOR GROUP 44 WATER TRANSPORTATION 444 TRANSPORTATION ON RIVERS AND CANALS 4441 Transportation on Rivers and Canals Companies primarily engaged in transporting freight or passengers on all inland waterways, including the intracoastal waterway on the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts. Transportation on the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway is classified in Industry 4431; local water transportation including intrap.prt transportation in Group 445; and the maintenance and operation of canals 34 GROUP INDUSTRY NO. NO. primarily for use by the vessels of others in Industry.4464. Canal barge operation Canal transportation Intracoastal transportation Lake transportation, other Log rafting and towing River transportation, other than on the St. Lawrence Seaway Transportation on bays and sounds of the ocean 445 LOCAL WATER TRANSPORTATION 4452 Ferries Companies primarily engaged in operating ferries across rivers or within harbors. Companie-s operating ferries across the Great Lakes are classified in Industry 4431. Car lighters (ferries), separately incor- porated or oganized Ferries operating across rivers or within harbors Intraport transportation Railroad ferries, separately incorporated or organized 4453 Lighterage Companies primarily engaged in operating lighters and other harbor vessels, for transferring goods and passengers between ship and shore or fromone ship to another. Lighterage 35 GROUP INDUSTRY NO. NO. 4454 Towing and Tugboat Service Companies primarily engaged in furnishing marine towing and tugboat services in the performance of auxiliary or-terminal services in harbor areas. The vessels used in performing these services do not carry cargo or passengers. Docking of ocean vessels Shifting of floating equipment within harbors , Towing, marine Tugboat service Undocking of ocean vessels 4459 Local Water Transportation, Not Elsewhere Classified Companies prima rily engaged in furnishing local water transportation, not elsewhere classified, such as excursion boats, sight-seeing boats, and water taxis. Airboats (swamp buggy rides) Excursion boats Sight-seeing boats Water taxis I I I 446 SERVICES INCIDENTAL TO WATER TRANSPORTATION 4463 Marine Cargo-Handling Establishments primarily engaged in activities directly related to marine cargo handling from the time cargo, for or from a vessel, arrives at shipside, .36 GROUP INDUSTRY NO. NO. dock, pier, terminal, staging area, or intransit area until cargo loading or un loading operations are completed. Cargo handling operations carried on by transportation companies and separately reported are classified here. This industry includes the operation and maintenance of piers,,docks, and associated buildings and facilities; but lessors of such facilities.are classified in Industry 6512. Docks, including buildings and facilities: operation and maintenance Loading vessels Marine cargo handling Piers,.including buildings, and facilities: operation and maintenance Ship hold cleaning Stevedoring Terminal operation, waterfront Unloading vessels Waterfront terminal,operation 4469 Water Transportation Services, Not Elsewhere Classified Companies primarily.engaged in furnishing miscellaneous services inci- dental to water transportation, not else- where classified, such as boat hiring, except for pleasure; chartering of ..vessels; ship cleaning, except hold cleaning (Industry 4463); and steamship 37 GROUP INDUSTRY NO. NO.. leasing. Boat hiring, except pleasure Boat livery, except pleasure Boat yards, storage and incidental repair Boathouses Dismantling ships Ship registers: survey and classification of ships, engines, and marine equipment; and publication of a register Marinas Marine basins, renting and operating Marine salvaging Marine surveyors Marine wrecking: salvaging from sunken craft, removal of underwater hazards by divers, wrecking ships for scrap Piloting vessels in and out of harbors Rental or charter of commercial boats Salvaging of distressed vessels and their cargoes Ship cleaning, except hold cleaning Steamship leasing Yacht basins SECONDARY INDUSTRIES MAJOR GROUP 16 -- CONSTRUCTION OTHER THAN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION -- GENERAL CONTRACTORS 162 HEAVY CONSTRUCTION, EXCEPT HIGHWAY AND STREET CONSTRUCTION 1621 Heavy Construction,' Except Highway and Street Construction General contractors primarily engaged in the construction of heavy projects, such as, railroad construction, heavy -construction sewers and'water mains, heavy foundations (except for*buildings), 39 GROUP INDUSTRY NO. NO. abutments, tunnels, subways, elevated highways, viaducts, dams, reservoirs'' drainage projects, sanitation projects, gas mains,.hydroelectric projects, pipe- lines, water power projee ts, transmission lines, telephone lines, radio towers, mining appurtenances such as tipples and washeries), and ovens, furnaces, kilns, silos, and similar appurtenances of industrial plants which are constructed at the site. This industry also includes general contractors primarily engaged in marine construction operations, such as dredging, underwater rock removal, pile driving, land reclamation; and harbor and waterways construe tion, such as breakwaters, channels, co fferdams, dikes, docks, jetties, levees, locks, piers, watermarks, and wharves. Abutments,,construction*: general contractors Aqueduct construction: general contractors Blasting contractors, except building demolition. Breakwater construction: general contractors Bridge construction, heavy: general contractors Brush clearing or cutting: general contractors Cable laying construction Caisson drilling: general contractors 40 'GROUP INDUSTRY NO. NO. Canal construction Channel construction: general contractors Channel cutoff construction: general contractors Cofferdam construction: general contractors Conduit construction: general contractors Construction, heavy (except highway and street construction): general contractors Cutting right-of"way: general contractors Dam construction: general contractors Dike construction: general contractors Distribution lines (oil and gas field) construction Dock construction: general contractors Drainage project construction: general contractors Dredging: general contractors Driving piling: general contractors Earthmoving, not connected with building construction: general contractors Electric powerline construction: general contractors Flood control project construction: general contractors Furnace construction for industrial plants: general contractors Gas main construction:, general contractors Harbor construction: general contractors Highway (elevated) construction: general contractors Hydroelectric plant construction: general contractors Industrial incinerator construction: general contractors Industrial plant appurtenances construc- tion: bakers' ovens, silos, tipples, washeries, coke ovens, etc.: general contractors Installation and maintenance of electrical and electronic equipment at missile and aircraft command sites: contractors Irrigation projects construction: general contractors Jetty construction: general contractors Kiln construction: general contractors Land clearing: general contractors Land leveling (irrigation): general contractors 41 GROUP INDUSTRY NO. NO. Land reclamation: general contractors Levee construction: general contractors Locks, waterways, construction: general contractors Marine construction: general contractors Mine loading and discharging station .construction: general contractors Mining appurtenance construction: general contractors Missile facilities construction and/or maintenance: general contractors Oven construction, for industrial plants: steel and iron: general contractors Pier construction: general contractors Pile driving: general contractors Pipe laying: general contractors Pipe line construction: general contractors Pipe line wrapping: general contractors Pole line construction: general contractors Pond construction: general contractors Power line construction: general contractors Radio transmitting tower construction: general contractors Railroad construction: general contractors Railway roadbed construction: general contractors Reclamation projects construction: general contractors Reservoir construction: general contractors Revetment construction: general contractors Rock removal, underwater: general contractors Sanitation system construction: general contractors Sewer construction: general contractors Silo construction except farm silos: general contractors Soil,compacting services: general contractors Submarine rock removal: general contractors Subway construction: general contractors Telephone line construction: general contractors Television transmitting tower construction Timber removal underwater: general contractors Transmission line construction: general contractors Trenching: general contractors Tunnel construction: -general contractors Viaduct construction: general contractors 42 GROUP INDUSTRY NO. NO. Water main construction: general contrac- tors Water power projects construction: general contractors Water supply systems construction:.general contractors Watermark construction: general contractors Waterways construction: general contractors Wharf construction: general contractors 291 PETROLEUM REFINING 2911 Petroleum Refining Establishments primarily engaged in producing gasoli ne, kerosene, distillate fuel oils, residual fuel oils, lubricants andother products from crude petroleum and its fractionation products, through straight distillation'of crude oil, redistillation of unfinished petroleum derivatives, cracking or.other processes. Establishments primarily-engaged in producing natural gasoline from natural gas are classifi ed inmining industries. Those manufacturing lubricating oils and, greases by blending and compounding purchased materials are included in Industry 2992. Acid oil Alkylates Aromatic chemicals, made in petroleum refineries 43 GROUP INDUSTRY NO. NO. Asphalt and asphaltic materials: liquid, semisolid and solid--produced in petroleum refineries Benzene, produced in Petroleum refineries Benzol, produced in petroleum refineries Butadiene, from petroleum Coke, petroleum: produced in petroleum refineries Fractionation productions of crude petro- leum produced in petroleum refineries Gas, refinery or still oil: produced in petroleum refineries. Gases, liquefied petroleum Gasoline blending plants Gasoline, except natural gasoline Greases: petrolatum, mineral jelly, lubricating, etc.--produced in petro- leum refineries Hydrocarbon fluid, made in petroleum refineries Illuminating oil, produced in petroleum refineries Jet fuels Kerosene Mineral oils, natural Mineral waxes, natural Naphtha, produced in petroleum refineries 'Naphthenic acids Oils, partly refined: sold for rerunning-- produced in petroleum refineries Paraffin wax, produced in petroleum refineries Petrolatums, nonmedicinal Petroleum refining Petroleum re-refining Road materials, bituminous: produced in petroleum refineries Road oils, produced in petroleum refineries Solvents, produced in petroleum refineries Tar or residium,-produced in petroleum refineries 344 FABRICATED STRUCTURAL METAL PRODUCTS 3441 Fabricated Structural Steel Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing.fabricated iron and steel or other metal for structural purposes, for bridges, buildings; and sections for 44 GROUP, INDUSTRY NO. NO. ships, boats and barges., Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing metal doors, sash, frames, molding and trim are classified in Industry 3442; and fabrica- tion work done by construction contrac- tors at the site of construction is classified in construction industries. Barge sections, prefabricated metal: not made in rolling mills Bridge sections, railway and highway: prefabricated/not made in rolling mills Expansion joints: iron, steel, and monel Floor jacks, metal: not,made in rolling mills Highway bridge sectionis.,-prefabricated: not made in rolling mills Joists, open web steel-- long-span series-- not made in rolling mills Radio and television towers Railway bridge sections, prefabricated: not made in rolling mills Ship sections, prefabricated metal Steel joists, open web: long-span series-- not made in rolling mills Steel tri-level railroad ear.racks (for .transporting motor vehicles, etc.) Structural steel, fabricated: not made in rolling mills Television towers,.not made in rolling mills Towers, transmission MAJOR GROUP 35 -- MACHINERY, EXCEPT ELECTRICAL 3533 Oil Field Machinery and Equipment Establishme nt.s primarily engaged in manufacturing machinery and equipment for use in oil and gas fields or for drilling 45 GROUP INDUSTRY NO. NO. water wells. Bits, rock: oil field tools Derricks, oil and gas field Drill rigs, all types Drilling tools for gas, oil, or water wells Gas well machinery and equipment Oil field machinery and equipment Water well drilling machinery Wellpoint systems 359 MISCELLANEOUS MACHINERY, EXCEPT ELECTRICAL 3599 Miscellaneous Machinery., Except Electrical Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing machinery and parts except electrical, not elsewhere'classified, such as pistons and piston rings, carbueretors, metallic packing, and amusement park equipment.. This industry also includes establishments primarily engaged in producing or repairing machine.and equipment parts,. not elsewhere classified, on a job or order basis for others. Amusement machines and equipment for carnivals, etc.--ferris wheels, merry- go-rounds, whips,,etc. Automobile machine shops Bellows, industrial: metal Boiler tube cleaners' Carburetors, all types Carousels (merry-go-rounds) Catapults Check valves, motor vehicles Chemical milling job shops Cleaners, boiler tube Column clamps and shores 46 GROUP INDUSTRY NO. NO. Control.systems, hydraulic and air Crankshafts and camshafts, machining Cups, oil and grease: metal Cylinders, hydraulic Fan forges Ferris wheels Filters, internal combusion engine: oil, gasoline, air intake Flasks, iron Grinding castings for the trade Hose, flexible metallic Leak detectors, water Machine shops, jobbing and repair Packing, metallic Pistons and piston rings Pump,governors, for gas machines Riddles, sand (hand sifting or screening aparatus) Sludge tables Swage blocks Ties, form: metal Tubing: flexible metallic Valve housings, internal combustion engine Valve lifters, 'internal combustion engine Valves, aircraft Valves, engine Valves, motor vehicle Weather vanes MAJOR GROUP 37 -- MANUFACTURING 373 SHIP AND BOAT BUILDING AND REPAIRING 3731 Ship Building and Repairing Establishments primarily engaged in building and repairing all types of ships, barges, and lighters', whether propelled by sail or motor power or towed by'other craft. This industry also includes the conversion and alt.era'tion of ships. Establishments primarily engaged in fabri- 47 GROUP INDUSTRY NO. NO. cating structural assemblies or components for ships, or subcontractors engaged in ship painting, joinery, carpentry work, electrical wiring inst allation, etc. are not'classified in this industry Barges, building and repairing Cargo vessels, building:and repairing Combat ships, building and repairing Destroyer tenders, building and repairing Dredges, building and repairing Drydocks, floating Ferryboats, building and repairing Fireboats, building and repairing Fishing vessels, large: such as seiners and trawlers--building and repairing Hydrofoil vessels Landing ships, building and repairing Lighters, marine: I building and repairing Lighthouse tenders, building and repairing Marine'rigging Naval ships, building and repairing Passenger-cargo vessels, building and repairing Radar towers, floating Sailing vessles, commercial: building and repairing Scows, building and repairing Seiners, building and repairing Ship building and repairing Submarine tenders, building and repairing Tankers (large craft.), building and repairing Tenders: large craft, such as lighthouse, destroyers, and submarine tenders-- building and repairing Towboats, building and repairing Transport vessels, passenger and troop: building and repairing Trawlers, building and repairing Tugboats, building and repairing 3732 Boat-Building and Repairing Establishments primarily engaged in building and repairing all types of boats, 48 GROUP INDUSTRY NO. NO. except rubber boats (Industry 3069). Establishments primarily engaged in cleaning and storing boats and in the rental of dock space, and yacht clubs are classified in nonmanufacturing industries. Boat kits, wooden (not a,model) Boats, fiber glass, building and repairing Boats: motorboats, sailboats, rowboats, and canoes--building and repairing Boats, rigid: plastic Dinghies, building and repairing Dories, building and repairing Fishing boats, small: such as lobster boats, crab boats, and'oyster boats-- building and repairing Houseboats, building and repairing Kayaks, building and repairing Life rafts, except inflatable (rubber and plastic) Lifeboats, building and repairing Motorboats, inboard and outboard: building and repairing Pontoons, except aircraft and inflatable (rubber and plastic) Skiffs, building and repairing Tenders (small motor craft), building and repairing MAJOR,GROUP 50.-- WHOLE TRADE--DURABLE GOODS 508 MACHINERY, EQUIPMENT, AND SUPPLIES 5084 Industrial Machinery and Equipment Establishments primarily engaged in marketing industrial machinery and equipment such as metal,working tools, food industries machinery, oil well and oil refining machinery,.industrial trucks and tractors .49 GROUP INDUSTRY NO. NO (except over-the-road types), printing machinery, and machinery and equipment for other manufacturing industries. Cement making machinery--wholesale Chainsaws--wholesale Citrus processing machinery--wholesale Compressors,'except air-conditioning-- wholesale Controlling instruments and accessories-- wholesale Conveyor systems--wholesale Cranes, industrial--wholesale Cream separators, except farm--wholesale Crushing machinery and equipment--wholesale Dairy products manufacturing machinery -wholesale Derricks--wholesale Diesel engines and parts--wholesale Drilling bit.s--wholesale Elevators,,including repair--wholesale Fans, industrial--wholesale Food product manufacturing machinery-- -wholesale Heat exchange equipment,'industrial-- wholesale Hoists--wholesale Indicating instruments and accessories-- -wholesale Ladders--wholesale Lift trucks--wholesale Machine tool accessories--wholesale Machine too.ls--wholesale Machini-sts' precision tools--wholesale Materials handling equipment--wholesale Metal refining machinery and-equipment-- wholesale Metalworking machinery--wholesale Metalworking tools: drills, reamers, taps, dies, grinding wheels, files--wholesale Milk products manufacturing machinery and equipment--wholesale Oil refining machinery, equipment, and supplies--wholesale Oil well machinery, equipment, and supplies-- wholesale 50 GROUP INDUSTRY NO. NO. Oil well supply houses--wholesale Paint spray equipment--wholesale Paper manufacturing machinery--wholesale Power plant machinery, except electrical-- wholesale Printing trades machinery equipment and supplies--wholesale Pulp (wood) manufacturing machinery-- wholesale Pulverizing machinery,and equipment-- wholesale Pumps and pumping equipment--wholesale Rebuilding and sale of oil field tool joints--wholesale Recapping, tire, machinery--wholesale Recordinginstruments a nd accessories-- wholesale Rental of industrial machinery and equip- ment, through sales offices of manufaC7 turing companies Screening machinery and equipment--wholesale Sewing machines, industrial--wholesale Shoe manufacturing and repairing machinery-- ...wholesale .,Smelting machineryand equipment--wholesale Stackers, industrial-- wholesale Tapping attachments--wholesale Textile machinery and.equipment--wholesale Tractors, industrial-wholesale Trailers, industrial--wholesale Trucks, industrial--wholesale Water pumps--wholesale Welding machinery and equipment--wholesale Well points (drilling equipment)--wholesale Wihches--wholesale Woodworking machinery--wholesale Source:,..Bureau of the audget, 1967. 51 REFERENCES Bobo-, J. R. and J. M. Charlton,(1974) Statist-ical Abstract of Louisiana. New Orleans, Louisiana: University of@New Orleans, Division of Business and Economic Research. Brubacher, B. and Strasser, M. (May, 1976) Planners for South.Central Regional Planning Commission, private interview in-Th.ibodaux, Louisiana. Conservation Commission of Louisiana (1917) Report of the Conservation Commission of.Louisiana. New.Orlea.ns: [email protected] of Louisiana. Division of Advanced Environmental Research and technology (1976) "Onshore Impacts of Offshore Oil and Gas: .Methodology Development and Test, Work Statement and Requirements," Washington, D.C.: National.Science Foundation. Fortier, A. (1914) Louisiana Vol. II. New Orleans, Louisiana: Century Historical Association. Gulf South Research Institute (1974) "Port Fourchon Develop- ment Program.." A report.to.the Ozark Regional-..",, Commission, the Louisiana Department of-.,Public'Works, and the Greater Lafourche Port Commission. Baton Rouge: Gulf South Research Institute. Jones, K. 0. and Denton, B. (1976) "Estimates of the Population of Louisiana Parishes," The Louisiana Econom X,1 3--(February) 1-5. Landes,.K. K. (1970) Petroleum Geology of the United States. New York: Wiley interscience. Levo'rsen, A 1. (1067) Geology 6f'Pet-roleum. San Fr .ancisc.o: W. H. Freeman and.Company. Louisiana Almanac,1969. New Orleans: -Pelican Publishing House. Louisiana Department of Conservation, (1930) Ninth Biennial Report of the Department of Conservation. New 5rleans, Louisiana: Department of Conservation. (1932) Tenth Biennial Report of the Depart- ment of Conservati5n. -New Orleans, Louisiana:, partment of Conservation.. 52 (1934) Eleventh Biennial Report of the Depart- ment of Conservation. New Orleans, Louisiana: Department of Conservation. (1936) Twelfth Biennial Report of the Department of Conservation. New Orleans, Louisiana: Department of Conservation. (1938) Thirteenth Biennial Report of the Department of Conservation. New Orleans, Louisiana: Department of Conservation. (1940) Fourteenth Biennial Report of the Department of Conservation. New Orleans, Louisiana: Department of Conservation. (1942) Fifteenth Biennial Report of the Department of Conservation. New Orleans, Louisiana: Department of Conservation. (1944) Sixteenth Biennial Report of the Department of Cons'@_r_vation. New Orleans, Louisiana: Department of Conservation. (1946) Seventeenth Biennial Report of the Department of Conservation. New Orleans, Louisiana: Department -of Conservation. (1948) Eighteenth Biennial Report of the Department of Conservation. New Orleans, Louisiana: Department of Conservation. (1950) Nineteenth Biennial Report of the Department of Cons'j-rvation. New Orleans, Louisiana: Department of Conservation. (1952) Twentieth Biennial Report of the Department of Conservation. New Orleans, Louisiana: Department of Conservation. (1954) Twenty-First Biennial Report of the Department of Conservation. New Orleans, Louisiana: Department of Conservation. (Annually, 1955-1974) Annual Oil and Gas Report. New Orleans, Louisiana: Department of Conservation. Louisiana Department of Employment Security (1976) unpublished data, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.- 53 neral Manager, Greater Melancon, I Jr. (May, 1976 Ge in -Lafourche Port Commission, private interview Galliano, Louisiana. Segal, H-. et al. (1976) Projections to the Year 2000 of Louisiana Population and Households. New Orleans, .-Louisiana: University of New Orleans, Division of Business and Economic Research@. Thomas, F.-(May 1976) Department of Employment Security, private interview in Baton Rouge,.Louisiana (by telephone). U. S. Bureau of.t,he Budget (1967) Standard In -dustrIal Classification Manual. Washington, D. C.:- U.:S. Government Printing-,Office. U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census (1943) Characteristics-of the Population 1940--Louisiana. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office. (1953) Characteristics of the Population 1950--Louisiana. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Govern- ment Printing Office. (1963) Characteristics of the Population 1960--Louisiana. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Govern- ment Printing Office. (1971a) General Population Characteristics--- Louisiana. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office. (1973) Characteristics of the Population 1970-- Louisiana. Washington, D. C.: U., S. Government Printing Office. (1952) County and City Data Book 1952. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office. (1962) County and City Data Book 1962. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office. (1972) County and City Data Book 1972. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office. (1958) 1954 Census of Mineral Industries. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office. (1961) 1958 Census of Mineral Industries. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office 54 (1967) 1963 Census of Mineral Industries. -Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office. (1971b) 1967 Census of Mineral Industries. Washington, D.-C.: U. S. Government Printing Office. (1974) 1972 Census of Mineral Industries. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office. (1954, 1957, 1960, annually 1965-1974) County Business Patterns. Washington,. D..C. U.S. Government Printing Office. U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis (n. d., 1976?) unpublished data, obtained from Division of Business and Economic Research, Univer- sity of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana. U. S. Department of the Interior (annually 1956-1973) Minerals Yearbook. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Govern- ment Printing Office. 55 CHAPTER 2 OCS OIL AND GAS RELATED EMPLOYMENT INTRODUCTION Th is chapter focuses on the primary and secondary industries that are located in Lafourche Parish as a result of petroleum extraction activities occurring on the Outer Continental Shelf. The primary industries are those activities relating to oil companies and their vendors to discover, produce, and transport crude oil and natural gas to processing locations. Secondary indus- tries are defined as those activities which provide general support to oil companies or their vendors, but not necessarily specialized to the petroleum industry, as well as those that further process or distribute oil and gas (Division of Advanced Environmental Research and Technology, 1976: 5). See Chapter 1. The chapter is divided into two major sectors dealing with the employment in primary industries and secondary industries. The primary section is further subdivided into five subsections--exploration, drilling, production, pipe laying, and water transportation; while the secondary section focuses on boat building and heavy construction. Each subdivision is broadly described; a brief descrip- tion, along with the educational and vocational requirements for each of the job types. in each subsection is given; and 56 finally, the number of employees per job type per crew, platform, etc. is presented. Unless specifically noted, all the information concerning the job type descriptions, educational require- ments, and vocational requirements was obtained from The Dictionary of Occupational Titles, Third Edition, Volumes I and 11, 1965 and Supplement (1966) by the U.S. Employment Service of the Department of Labor. PRIMARY INDUSTRIES Exploration The exploration segment. of the oil and gas industry can be broken down into.three distinct-phases: 1. regional surveys to identify1promising geological. formations;. 2. detailed surveys upon which to base the,evaluation of specific tracts;-and 3.. exploratory drilling todetermine whether oil or gas are actually present (Kash, 1973: 26). Phase I of exploration is generally-passive in nature and includes looking for natural oil seeps, local variations in the earth's gravity, and various methods of detecting changes in the earth's magnetic.field, all of whicli may indicate the presence of oil. Salt domes, a'prime location 1Due to alack of total employment data for each specific job type (Laplace, 1976: S1, p. 10), it was necessary to compile an average number of employment types per platform, crew, etc. 57- for oil deposits along Louisiana's Gulf Coast, are located- primarily by detecting variations of gravity readings (Kash, 1973: 27). Phase 2 involves a more detailed analysis of specific tracts of land, primarily by two techniques: seismic surveying, and direct hydrocarbon detection. Basically, seismic detection, as shown in Figure 2.1,'involve .s the transmission of pulses to the ocean,floor and then recording them on a seismograph as they bounce back to the surface. The time it takes (intervals) for thelwaves togo down and come back reveals whether the formation is hard or soft (soft being a crude indication of thelresence of oil or gas) and the actual depth of the formation,(Shell, 1975: 8). Direct hydrocarbon detection...,ig the latest, technological advance in the effort to locate more oil and gas reserves (Offshore, January 1976a.: 100). It is act ually a,series of new and different techniques which measure physico-cheffiical phenomena (generation of an electric current),in rocks associated with the presence of underground pooled hydro- carbons (Pirson, 1973: 63-66). Recent gains,in successfully pinpointing probable deposits have been indirectly attributed to these new techniques. Phase 3 is centered around the drilling of exploratory wells by one of the four basic types of mobile platforms: drill ships, jack-ups, semi-submersibles, or barges. Each type is designated for and limited by the depth of the 2 A more detailed description of each type will be given in the upcoming analysis of d rilling platforms. _:,58 FIGURE 2. 1 SEISMIC SURVEYING V\A Source,: Council on Environmental Quality,, 1974-1:, 57'. 59: water in which it will be operating and the average adverse weather conditions that can be expected to be encountered (Councilon Environmental Quality, 1974-111: A-3). Due to the similarity of exploration drilling personnel and dril ling platform personnel, those job types which are normally associated with either kind of drilling will be described and their requirements given in the subsection concerning platform employment. Exploration employment focuses on the job types associated with seismic crews and their support personnel. Exploration Job Types with Educational and Vocational Requirements Job types listed in this subsection are included in the SIC Classification Codes under Major Group 13--Crude Petroleum' and Natural Gas. They are found under two different industry numbers; 1311--Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas, and 1382--Oil and Gas Field Exploration Services, which are described.in Cbapter,-I., -Industry Number 1311 represents,--those oil,companies'which,do their own exploratory workwhile-Industry Number 1382 represents those companies engaged in exploration work for oil and gas@on a contract, fee. or other basis. Computer Chief, Seismograph. Supervises Computers, Seis- mograph in computation of depths of subsurface rock strata i from seismograph recordings. 60 Educational Requirements: Bachelor's degree in occupational specialty. Vocational Requirements: 2 to 4 years experience. Computer, Electrical Prospecting. Computes and interprets data on varia tions in gravity pull, resistivity to electrical charges, or magnetic attraction of different earth formations for use in determining location of petroleum deposits. Educational Requirements: Bachelor's degree in occupational specialty. Vocational Requirements: Survey technical training.* Computer, Seism ograph (seismic coordinator). Analyzes seismograph recordings to provide data for delineating .contours of subsurface stratigraphy which may,reveal earth fo rmations favorable to petroleum deposition. Same Educational and Vocational Requirements as listed for Computer, Electrical Prospecting- Core Analyst (core analyst, engineer). Analyzes cores taken from subsurface earth formations for porosity, permeability, oi.1 or.water saturation, combustible gas content, and amount of gas by volume to determine productivity of oil or gas bearing formations. Educational Requirements: Bachelor's degree in Geology. Vocational Requirement s: 1 to 2 yearsexperience. @61 Draftsman,I,Directional Survey. Specializes in plotting oil-or-gas-well boreholes-from photographic subsurface survey recordings and other data. Educational Requirements: High school diploma with some course work in mathe matics. Vocational Requirements: Course work in drafting methods and procedures. -Draftsman, Geological. Specializes in.making maps, diagrams, profiles, and cross-sections to represent geological stratigraphy and locations of oil and gas deposits by correlating and interpreting data obtained from topographical surveys, from well logs, and from geophysical prospecting. requirements as found under Draftsman,. Directional .,-Survey with some-experience in specialization helpful. Draftsman, Geophysical. Specializes in drawing subsurface contours in rock formations from data obtained by geophysical prospecting party., Same,requirements as found under Draftsman, Directional Survey with,some experience -in specialization helpful. Electrical-Line Splicer (cable splicer). Splices conductor cables used to lower electrical testing or surveying instruments into oil or gas wells or boreholes, using hand- tools. 62. Vocational Requirements: Graduate of an approved apprenticeship program or sufficient on-the-job training. Electrical-Prospecting Engineer (electrical engineer, geophysical prospecting). Designs and develops electrical and electronic instruments and equipment used in petroleum pros- pect ing with the seismograph, magnetometer, and other instruments which detect and measure various physical prop6rties-of the earth's crust. Educational Requirements: Bachelor's degree in engineering with many employers now,requiring% advanced graduate degrees when there is a lack of significant work experience. Vocational Requirements: Minimum of 4 years experience. Electrical Prospector (geophysical prospector).. Studies .structure of subsurface rock formations to locate petroleum deposits, using such physical and electrical'testing instruments as seismograph, gravimeter, torsion balance, magnetometer, pendulum devices, and electrical-resistivity appartus to measure various char acteristics of the earth. Educational Requirements: Bachelor's degree in Electrical Engineering. Vocational Requirements: Minimum of 4 years experience. 63 File Clerk, Geological Records. Files,geological records, 4 performs clerical work in searching and investigating information contained in files. Educational Requirements: High school diploma. Vocational Requiremen ts: Some training in elementary clerical skills. Geologist, Petroleum.. Explores and charts stratigraphic arrangement and composition of earth to locate gas and oil deposits: studies well logs, analyzes cores and cuttings from well drillings, and interprets data,obtained by electrical or radioactive well logging and other subsurface surveys to identify each strata. Educational Requirements: Bachelor's degree in.geology with specialization in petroleum field. Vocational Requirements: Minimum of 4 years.experience. Geophysical-Labotatory Supervisor-(directo,7\11 geophysical. laboratory; engineer, chief, geophysical laboratory; research engineer, geophysical laboratory; superintendent, geophysical laboratory), Plans and coordinates research activities of geophysical laboratory to develop new or improved instruments and methods for measuring physical characteristics of earth's crust which provide'data for petroleum exploration. Educational Requirements: Most employers require a Master's degree in Geology. Vocational Requirements: Mini-mum of 10 years work experience. Gravity-Meter Observer (gravity-prospecting operator;, recorder, gravity prospecting). Records readings of gravity meter, torsion balance, and other gravity-measuring instruments at various points in terrain to obtain data regarding gravity characteristics indicating potential source of petroleum deposits. Educational Requirements: High school diploma. Vocational Requirements: Course work in surveying at technica@l or vocational school. Gravity Prospector (geophysical prospector). Studies struc- ture of subsurface rock formations to locate petroleum deposits, using such physical and electrical testing ents as seismograph, gravimeter, torsion balance, instrum magnetometer, pendulum devices, and electrical-resistivity apparatus to measure various characteristics.of the earth,. Educational Requirements: Bachelor's degree in Geology. Vo cational Requirements: Minimum of 4 years experience. Instrument-Maker-and-Repairman. Sets up and operates variety of machines to remodel electrical and electronic instruments used in electrical logging, gun perforating, sub-surface surveying, and other oil well, gas well, or borehole prospecting, testing, and servicing operations. 65 Educational Requirements:, High school-diploma.-,' Vocational.Requirements: Basic electronic course @work. Manager, Field Party, Geophysical Prospecting'. Directs.@ activities in petroleumicompany concerned with providing- transportation, supplies, housing, and other requirements. for field party prospecting for petroleum reserves. Educational Requirements: Master's degree in-GOology. Also,-extensive experience in field work. Observer, Electrical Prospecting (electrical-logging engineer; electrical-prospecting operator). -Measures resistance of earth formations to electrical.charges, using,electrical apparatus, to obtain,data for locating rock strata favorable to further petroleum exploration. activities. Educational Requirements: High school diploma. Vocational Requirements: Basic electronic course work. Observer Helper, Gravity Prospecting (gravity-prospecting- operator he lper; recorder helper, gravity prospecting). Assists Observer, Electrical Prospecting in measuring the resistance of earth formations to electrical charges, using electrical apparatus, to obtain data for locating rock strata favorable to further petroleum exploration activities. 66 Entry is usually by interest'and.possession of necessary physical abilities.' Proficiency is acquired through on-the-job training methods. Observer Helper, Seismic Prospecting (observer. helper; recorder helper, seismograph; seismograph-operator helper). Performs any routine tasks in seismic prospecting for petroleum-bearing rock strata. Entry is usually by interest and possession of necessary physical abilities. Proficiency is acquired through on-the-job training methods. Observer, Seismic Prospecting (field seismologist; geophysical operator; section-plotter operator). Supervises and coordinates activities of workers en gaged in setting'up, operating,'and maintaining electrical', photographic, and sound apparatus to produce seismic waves by regulated explosions and to record waves as they are reflected or refracted from subsurface strata, to obtain data for subsequent analysis of rock formations. Educational Requirements:. Bachelor's degree in. either Petroleum Egnineering, Electrical Engineering, or Geology. Vocational Requirements: Minimum of 2 to 4 years experience. 67 Paleontological Helper laboratory assistant II). Performs duties associated with analyzing-and classifying rock and fossil specimens. Educatio nal Requirements: High school.diploma.plus some geology courses.,- providing laboratory- pxper ience. Vocational Requirements: 3 to 6 months experience. Permit Agent, Geophysical Prospecting. Negotiates permit with property owne Irs to allow prospecting, surveying, and testing for petroleum deposits. Educational Requirements: Law degree with extensive undergraduate.course work in geology. Vocational Requirements: I to 2,years experience. Prospecting Driller' (core dtiller;'driller; rotary driller, prospecting; shothole driller). Operate's portable rotary,dr'illing rig to drill shallow boreholes to obtain sampleslof earth formations, for placement of explosives in seismic prospectingi or for other prospecting tests to discover petroleum... Vocational Requirements: 1, to 2 years experience. Prospect-Driller Helper. Performs same tasks as described under Observer Helper, Seismic Prospecting. 6@ Vocational Requirements: 3 to 6 mo,nths experience.. Radioactivity-Instrument-Maintenance Technician (radio- activity technician). Repairs and services electrical radioactivity-detecting instruments used to locate radio- active formations in oi 1 'or gas well boreholes, using special testing apparatus. - . I I Vocational Requirements: Training in basic electronic courses. Military elec- tronics training and experience considered-an .asset., Scout. Investigates and collects information concerning oil well drilling'opervitions, geological and geophysical prospecting, and land and lease contracts from other oilfields, the press, lease brokers, individuals, and organizations leading to possible discovery of new oilfields. Educational.Requirements: Bachelor's degree in Geology with some legal training. Vocational Requirements: Minimum of 2 to 4 years experience. Scout, Chief (scout, senior). Coordinates activi ties of Scouts in obtaining data concerning exploration for and development of oil and gas fields by competitive petroleum companies or individuals. Educational Requirements: Bachelor's degree in Geology ,.,69 with some legal training. Vocational Requirements: .2 to 4 years,experience. Section-Plotter Operator I. Operates electronically controlled sound reproducing and photographic equipment (section plotter) to record seismic waves from magnetic tape recordings of explosions reflected or refracted from subsurface strata. Educational Requirements:, High.school diploma. Vocational Requirements: Training in basic electronic courses. Shooter, Seismograph (shot-hole.shooter). Detonates dynamite or other explosive charges in shallow boreholes to set up.se.ismic waves that are recorded by.seismic instruments and interpreted to reveal subsurface-rock formations likely to contain petroleum deposits.. Vocational Requirements: Working knowledge of,elec- t.ronics and explosives. Must be licensed by Federal Government to handle explosives. Shop Foreman@(electronics supervisor; research-shop foreman). Supervises and coordinates activities of Instrument-Maker- *and Repairman in constructing, maintaining, and repairing mechanical and electronic instruments and equipment used in petroleum prospecting and oil and gas well surveying and servicing. 70 Educational Requirements: High school. diploma. Vocational Requirements: Basic electronic course .,work. Extensive experience in directly related field. Surveyor, Geophysical Prospecting. Locates and marks sites selected for conducting-geophysical prospecting activities concerned with locating subsurface earth formations likely to contain petroleum deposits. Educational Requirements: High school diploma. Vocational Requirement s: Graduate of a comprehensive program in surveying. Too! Pusher, Shallow-Exploratory* Drilling. Supervises Prospecting Drillers drilling shallow borehole's for use in seismic prospecting or"to obtain core samples., Educational Requirements: High school diploma. Vocational Requirements: Minimum of 4 to 10 years experience. Table 2.1 is a list of.exploratory job types which can be found at any given time operating in the Gulf of Mexico as a seismic crew. In order to include all the types, it was necessary to compile a comprehensive listing rather than an average crew make-up which may contain only some of these persons. 71 TABLE 2.1, T COMPREHENSIVE LISTING OF CJOB TYPES AND.AVERAGE NUMBER PERTYPE., FOUND,ON ONE EXPLORATORY SEISMIC VESSEL Job Type Number Computer Chief, Seismograph Computer, Electrical Prospecting Computer, Seismograph Core Analyst Electrical-Prospecting Engineer 1 Electrical Prospector Geologist,-Petroleum Gravity-Meter.Observer Gravity Prospector Manager, Field Party, Geophysical Prospecting Obs6rver,-Electrical Prospecting Observer-Helper, Gravity Prospecting Observer Helper, Seismic Prospecting 1 Observer, Seismic Prospecting Sectiori-Plotter Operator I I Shooter, Seismograph Surveyor, Geophysical Prospecting Does not include personnel who are involved with the operation and maintenance of vessel. There is one crew per vessel. Source: Cate, 1976. 72 Drilling Platforms There are five basic type's of drilling Platforms found on Louisiana's Outer Continental Shelf. They are: barges, semi-subbersibles, drill-ships, jack-ups, and fixed. Four of these types--barges, semi-submersibles, drill-ships, and jack-ups--are primarily used in'the'explo- ration facet of the oil industry, but may also be used, after oil or gas discovery, when drilling production wells. Barges are used to drill in water depths of up to 600 feet. This depth limitation is primarily imposed by the anchor and chain systems used for maintaining position. Other disadvantages are that they are easily affected by adverse weather conditions and a lack of-self-propulsion (Kash,'1973: 37). Serhi-submersibles are self-contained and supported by either lower displacement type hulls or by large caissons (Figure 2.2). After towing to the drilling site, the caissons are then flooded, causing a portion of the rig to be below the sea level. This procedure causes the rig to be virtually unaffected by wave act-ion and generally more'stable than a drill ship. Another advantage is that they act as fixed platforms when drilling in shallow water (Jenner et al.,, 1973: 127). Jack-ups are platforms with legs that, can be extended up or down, depending upon the desired depth of water at which the drilling will take place (Figure 2.3). With the 73 FIGURE 2.2 sEmi-suBMERSIBLE DRILLING PLATFORM d ma W 0!14, m2 Xvp WU, So.uIree: Council on. Environra.enta1Qualijy, 1974.-1. 59.. 74 FIGURE 2.3 A JACK-UP DRILLING PLATFORM kz' I OM Source: Fortune, February 1965: 133. 17 M legs retracted, it becomes.a floating platform, thus allowing it to be moved to other sections of the field. It can be used either for exploratory drilling when only one well is desired or for multiwell production platform drilling. Its advantages are its economy of operation, stability, and the speed with which it can begin operation after arrival upon the drilling site (Jenner et al., 1973 121-125). Drill ships (Figure 2.4) are self-propelled and there- fore capable of moving from one drilling location to another without the assistance of ocean tugs or other propulsion units. Two methods, a mooring system with anchors and chains or a dynamic positioning system, are used to keep the vessel stable during drilling-operations (Kash, 1973: 39). Fixed platforms (Figure'2.'.5) Are employ.ed after the initial discovery, normally by one of the other four types of rigs. They are used in the developmental stage of a field when it becomes necessary to drill from 10 to 40 individual wells directionally for production (Jenner, et al., 1973: 121). Drilling Job Typesw ith Educational and Vocational Require- ments Job types listed in this subsection are included in the SIC classification codes,under Major Group 13--Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas. They are found under two different industry numbers: 1311--Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas, 76 FIGURE 2.4 DRILL SHIP MIN -- - - ------- In" Source: Fortune, February 19C5: 134. 77 FIGURE 2.5 FIXED DRILLING PLATFORM . . .... ------ la x@4"o or 1@' TIT 1vwl Source: Fortune, February 1965: 132. 78 and 1381--Drilling Oil. and Gas Wells. (described in Chapter 1). Number 1311 represents those oil companies which do their own drilling while Industry Number 1381 represents those companies engaged in drilling wells for oil or gas for others on a contract, fee, or other basis. Caser (casing-crew man). Installs steel casing in oil and gas wells to prevent collapse of wells during dii1ling operations. Vocational Requirements: 3 to 6 months experience. Cementer, Oil Well (oil-well-tool-operator). Controls cement mixing and pumping equipment to calk openings in walls or casings of gas or oil.wellsand in permeable rock formations. Educational Requirements: High school diploma. Vocational Requirements: Minimum of 4 to'6 years on-the-job training. Cementer Helper, Oil Well. Assists Oil Well Cementer in the mixing of cement and the operation of''pumping equipment to calk openings in walls or casings of gas or oil wells and in permeable rockfoimations Vocational Requirements: 6 months to I year experience. Derrickman (rotary derric'kman). Rigs derrick equipment and operates pumps to circulate mud through drill hole: sets and bolts down block to posts at top of derrick. 79 Vocational Requirements:- 6;month s to 1 year experience. Derrickman Helper. Assists Derrickman in the rigging of derrick equi pment and operating pumps to circulate mud through drill holes. Vocational Requirements: to 19 months experience. Directional, Drilling Engineer (drilling engineer).. Plans use of specialoil well drilling techniques and tools to_ control direction of drilling and thereby overcomes certain production pr oblems. Educational Requirements: Master's degree in Petroleum Engineering or a bache.lor's degree with a significant amount of experience. Vocat-ional Requirements: Minimum of 4 years experience. Dispatcher, Oil Well. Dispatches oil well servicing crews to service assignments and re lays communications to crew and other field personnel, using teleph one and radio communi- .cation'equipment. Educational-Requirements- High school diploma. Vocational Requirements: 6"ffionths@;to 1 years work experience. District Supervisor, Mud Analys is Well Logging (mud-analysis- well-logging supervisor, district; mud-engineer; mud- logging superintendent). 'Plans mud-sample testing operations and interprets mud analysis'logs% 80 Educational Requirements: Bachelor',s degree in Petroleum Engineering. Vocational Requirements: Minimum of 4 to 10 years work experience. Draftsman, Oil and Gas. Drafts plans and drawings for layout, construction, and operation of oil fields, refineries, and pipeline systems from field notes, rough or detailed sketches, and specifications. Educational Requirements: Preferably a gr adu ate of a technical or trade school with a two-year drafting program. Vocational Requirements: 2 to 4 years experience. Dumper-Bailer Operator. Dumps sand and cement.over shot of nitroglycerine in oil or gas wells to provide tap and bridge over area to be sh ing special bailer and hoist.. ot, us No specific educational or vocational requirements. Electrical Foreman. Supervises and coordinates activities of workers installing, repairing, and inspecting oilfield electrical equipment; such as primary and secondary power- lines, transformers, submarine cables to offshore well sites, and electric motors. Vocational Requirements: Journeyman Electrician status. Field Engineer. Oversees civil,-el6etrical, and mechanical engineering activities concerned with production and trans- 81 mission of natural gas and oil, and with provision of utilities at oil or gas field,'or in pipeline system. Educational Requirements: Bachelor's degree in Petro I eum Eng in eering. Vocational Requirements: Minimum of 4 to 10 years experience. Foreman, Rig Building. Supervises and coordinates activities of rig.building crews engaged in constructing, repairing, and dismantling steel rigs used for drilling oil or gas wells. Educational Requirements: High school diploma. 'Vocational,Requirements: Minimum of 2 to 4 years experience. Lead-Tong-Man '(driller helper; floorman; rotary helper; roughn6ck.).: Assists Rotary Driller in operating machinery to drill oil or gas well, using handtools and power tongs and wrenches. Vocational Requiremen-ts:. 3 to 6 months experience. Mining Investigator. Investigates earth subsidence in oil fields, caused by mining,. to formulate drilling procedures; analyzes maps and'records of -mining companies to determine location and extent of mines and mining veins. Educational Requirements: Mast-er's degree in Petroleum Engineering or Geology. Vocational Requirements: 2 to 4 years experience. 82 Mud-Cleaning-Machine Ope.rator,-,-Tends mud-cleaning machine that sep arates drillings from:-mud,(slush circulat ed through well to cool drill bit, to wash up drillings, and to sea]. walls of borehole). Vocational Requirements: Some machine shop courses in high school or trade school. Mud Plant Operator (mud-mixing-plant operator). Tends machine that mixes mud for use in drilling oil and gas wells. Vocational Requirements: Some machine shop courses in-high school or trade school. Petroleum Engineer. Devises methods to improve oil or gas well production and determines need for new or modified tool'Apsigns. Educational Requirements: Bachelor's degree in Petroleum Engineering. Vocational Requirements: Minimum of 4 years experience. Pipe Racker. Performs specific task of pipe racking and'.., other duties as previously.l.isted under Rotary-Driller Helper. Vocational Requirements: 3 to 6 months experience. Pneumatic-Jack Operator (DeLong jack operator). Operates pneumatic jack on offshore oil drilling rigs. Vocational Requirements: Some machine shop courses 83 @in high school or trade @school. Rotary Driller (core driller; driller; well driller) Operates gasoline, diesel, electric, or steam draw works to drill oil or gas wells. Vocational Requirements: 1 to 2 years work experience. Rotary-Driller Helper (driller helper; floorman; rotary he.lper; roughneck). Assists Rotary Drillerin operating machinery to drill oil or gas well, using handtools, power tongs, and wrenches. Vocational Requirements: 3 to 6 months experie,n ce. .Rotary-R.ig Engineman (diesel- or gas-engine engineer; engineman; gas- or diesel-engine engineer). Operates gasoline, natural gas,.or diesel engines to supp ly power for rotary oil well drilling machinery. Vocational Requirements: Diesel and/or gasoline engine courses in high school or trade school. Roustabout (connection man; gang man; roughneck). Assembles and repairs oilfield equipment, using handtools and power tools. Vocational Requ irements: Minimum of 3 months experience. 84 Serviceman, Oil Well,(oil-well-electrical-wall-sampling- device operator; rigman, electric well-services; sample- taker operator). Obtains sample of earth formations in side walls of oil well boreholes, using electrically exploding device. Vocational Requirements: Basic electronic courses in trade or vocational school. -May be required.to have license for the handling of explosives. Steward. Supervises and coordinates activities of Steward Helpers in the preparation of meals for various crews and personnel and the general maintenance of a1l.the quarters on ,the platform. Vocational Requirements: .2 to 4 years work experience. Steward Helper. Prepares meals for various crews and personnel and responsible for general maintenance of crew's quarters on the platform. No specific educational or vocational requirements. Superintendent, Oilfield Drilling (district superintendent; division superintendent). Directs activities concerned with exploratory drilling, and in drilling oil wells and producing oil and gas from wells within one or more oilfields: plans erection of drilling rigs, and installation and maintenance of equipment, such as pumping units and compressors stations. 85 Educational Requirements: Master's degree in Petroleum Engineering. Vocational Requirements: Minimum of 4 to 10 years experience. Sup erintendent, Oil Well Services (manager, oil-well services). Directs activities. concerned with providing technical services, such as electrical well logging, gun perforating, and directional or caliper surveying, to assist in solving special oil well drilling and production problems. Educational Requirements: Master's degree in Petroleum Engineering. Vocational Requirements: Minimum of 4 to 10 years experience. Tool Pusher (drilling foreman; drilling-tool.foreman;,,lease foreman; superintendent, drilling). Supervises and coordi- nates activities of workers engaged in drilling oil.and gas wells in area consisting of one or more well sites. Vocational Requirements: Minimum of 4 to 10 years experience Table 2.2 shows a comprehensive listing of the various job types and numbers which can be found on a drilling platform. A comprehensive list was compiled because of the fluctuations in .-actual numbers as a result of the various services being pr ovided At any given moment by numerous contractors. The listing is for one crew, while there are normally two crews 86 TABLE 2.2 COMPREHENSIVE LISTING OF JOB TYPES AND AVERAGE NUMBER PER TYPE FOUND PER CREW ON ONE DRILLING PLATFORM* Job Type Number Caser Cementer Cementer Helper Derrickman Derrickman Helper 1 Directional Drilling Engineer I Dispatcher, Oil Well 1 District Supervisor, Mud-Analysis Well Logging 1 Draftsman, Oil and Gas 1 Dumper-Bailer Operator Electrical Foreman Field Engineer Fishing-Tool Technician 1 Foreman, Rig Building I Lead-Tong Man. .1 Mining Investigator 1 Mud-Cleaning Machine Operator 1 Mud Plant Operator Petroleum Engineer 1 Pipe Racker 1 Pneumatic-Jack Operator 1 Rotary Driller 1 Rotary-Driller Helper, -1 Rotary-Rig Engineman 1 Roustabout 36 Serviceman, Oil Well I Steward I Steward Helper I Superintendent, Oilfield Drilling 1 Superintendent, Oil Well Services I Toolpusher 6 Welder 1 TOTAL 80 *Normally two crews'per platform, each serving a shift of 7 days off-7 days on. Source: Henry and Perlander, 1976. per rig.3 The figures compiled in Table 2.2 compare favorably with those tabulated for the environmental assessment studies concerning petroleum development off the Atlantic and Gulf of Alaska Outer Continental Shelves (Counil on Environmental Quality, 1974-IV: 1-11). The estimates.,were 175 average employment per rig in the Atlantic and 150 persons per rig in Alaska, while the average employment per rig off the coast of Lafourche Parish is 160 Persons. Table 2.3 gives the number of fixed and mobile drilling rigs operating off the coast of Louisiana as of January, 1976. The term "mobile" is used to refer to va.rious,mobile drilling vessels or rigs such as barges, semi-submersibles, drill-ships, and jack-ups. Production Platforms Once exploratory drilling has located sufficie nt quantities of oil or natural gas, efforts must then be made to develop the field for production. Due to the complexity of the entire operation, many exploration and field development activities may overlap. Figure 2.6 gives a general breakdown of the overlapping which can occur, beginning before the lease sale and carrying through: 3 Each crew is responsible for the work load during its respective 7-day period (7 days on, 7 days off). Division, of the crew is normally necessary to sustain round-the- clock operations (Sykes, 1976). 88 TABLE 2.3 ACTIVE PLATFORM RIGS, LOUISIANA 1976, BY AREA AND NUMBER Area Fixed Rigs Mobile Rig's Bay Marchand 2 0 Bayou Boeuf 1, 0, Chandeleur Sound 0 1 East Cameron 7 3 Eugene Island 14 5 Grand Isle 5 1 High Island 4 0 Main Pass 7 2 Mobile South 0 4 St. Mary Parish, 1. 0 Ship Shoal 6 3 South Marsh Island 6 4 South Pass 5 5 South Pelto 1 0 South Timbalier 3 5 Vermilion 5 7 West Cameron 4 8 West Delta 10 1 TOTAL 81 49 Source: Offshore, January 1976b: 119-122; April, 1976:. 170-175. IN 89 FIGURE 2.6 A HYPOTHETICAL FOUR-YEAR OFFSHORE PLANNING AND FIELD DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM rm, I*.*. gal. +.Jy fqa@f- a-;$. Lr"ff SAM Zd' IZ W-o-ftry 01 f ".j bt 40. SALf bd@ pl.tf- 0816d (11. (q-) Source: Kash, 1973: 49..' 90 the installation of permanent production facilities (Kash, 1973: 49-50). If the field is considered ready for development, a fixed platform is then installed. From this platform as many as twenty to thirty wells may be drilled. When the drilling phase has.ceased, the drilling rig is disassembled and production equipment is installed on the platform (Council on Environmental Quality, 1974-1: 60). Directional drilling, as shown in Figure 2.7, is a.drilling procedure used by many companies to reach remote areas of a reservoir, from a single fixed platform. If the quantity ofoil found in a reservoir is consi- dered sufficient for commercial development, production results only after completion of the well: Completion can include setting and cementing casing, perforating (cutting holes in,the casing which will @permit oil or gas to flow from the formation into the well hole), fracturing (applying pressure or using explosives to increase permeability), acidizing (using acid to,enlarge openings in the formation), consoli- dating sand (to keep sand from entering the well bore), setting.tubing (conduit for routing the oil or gas to the surface), and installing -downhole safety devices (values installed to prevent blowouts during production). Several of these completion activities are aimed at increasing production rate. If performed after initial completion, they are considered servicing or workover operations (Kash, 1973: 59-60). Equipment on production platforms is used in a variety of ways to alter the crude oil and make it ready for shipment to onshore facilities for refining. Figure 2.8 shows the equipment used on altypicalproduction platform to separate 91 FIGURE 2.7 TYPICAL DIRECTIONALLY DRILLED WELLS 4000'- 6000' SEA LEVEL OCEAN ILOOR DIRECTIONALLY DRILLED WELLS 00 'HYDROCARBON HYDROCARBON RESERVOIR RESERVOIR Source: Council on Environmental Quality, 1974-1: 64. 92 FIGURE 2.8 A TYPICAL PRODUCTION FACILITY WITH SAFETY EQUIPMENT SALES ............... 4 COMPRESSOR . ...... -SCRUBBER GAS ......... ......... ...................... . .......... OIL GLYCOL CONTACTOR 6 . ..... 2 SCRUBK-fl LIQUID J CD FOL OIL MANIFOL OIL WELL SEPARATOR 3 TANK FREE WATER OIL TREATER SAFETY DEVICES KNOCKOUT 1. SUBSURFACE SAFETY DEVICE 2. 01GH/LOW PRESSURE SENSORS 3. HIGH/LOW LEVEL SENSORS WATER SHORE 4. PRESSURE RELIEF VALVES ------- PUMPS 5. FLOW CHECK VALVES 6. AUTOMATIC VALVES 7. COMBUSTIBLE GAS SENSORS 8. MANUAL EMERGENCY SHUTDOWNS OIL OIL 3 3 @ WATER iWATER SKIM TANK WATERTREATING #DISPOSAL (D 0 SH Source: Council on Environmental Quality, 1974-1: 66. *a, go As law, low the crude into oil,'gas, water, and solid impurities (Council on Environmental Quality, 1974-1: 65). Production Job Types with Educational and Vocational Require- ments Job types list ed in this subsection are included in the SIC classification codes under Major Group 13--Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas. They are found under two diffe rent industry numbers (which are described in Chapter 1), 1311--Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas, and 1389--Oil and Gas Field Services, Not Elsewher e Classified. Industry Number 1311 represents those oil companies which do their own production work while Industry Number 1389 represents those companies engaged in production services for others on a contract, fee, or other basis). Acidizer (acid treater, oil well; oill-well-acidizing treater; oil-well-service operator). Controls blending and pumping equipment to treat oil or gas wells with acid to increase their production. Vocational Requirements: 1 to 2 years work experience. Acidizer Helper (acid-treater assistant, oil well; oil-well acidizing-treater assistant; oil-well-service operator helper). Assists acidizer in controllingblending,and pumping equipment totrpat oil or gas wells with acid. No.specific educational or vocational requirements. 94 Bottom-Hole-Pressure-Recording Operator. Sets up recording equipment at well site for use in.determing pressure in oil or gas wells. Vocational Requirements: Basic electronic courses in trade or vocational school. Crude Oil Treater (dehydrator operator; dehydrator-plant operator; production operator; pumper; treater). Operates chemical, electrical, and centrifugal oil-treatment units to remove sediment and water from.crude oil before it moves by pipeline to refineries.. Vocational Requirements: 6 months to 1 year work experience. Fishing-Tool Technician,.Oil Well. Analyzes conditions of .unserviceable oil or gas wells and directs the use of special well-fishing tools and,techniques to recover lost. equipment and other obstacles@from bore-holes of wells. Vocational Requirements: Minimum of 2 to 4 years experience. Foreman,, Production (lease'foreman; production foreman). Supervises and coordinates activities of workers engaged in pumping, gaging, and treating oil from wells within specified oilfield.areas. Educational Requirements: High school diploma. Vocational Requirements: 4 to 10 years work experience. 95 Formation-Fracturing Operator (hydrafrac operator; oil-well- service operator). Operateshigh pressure hydraulic equip- ment to pump gel into wells to fracture gas- or oil-beating rock formations. Vocational Requirements: I to 2 years work experience. Formation-Testing Operator (oil-well formation tester; testing-tool operator). Analyzes samples of fluids from specified formations in oil 'well to determine productivity of strata, using special testing equipment. Vocational Requirements:. .1 to 2 years work experience. Formation-Fracturing-Ope rator Helper (hydrafrac-operator helper; oil-w.ell service-operator helper). Assists Forma- tion-Fracturing Operator in the pumping of gel into wells. No specific educational or vocational requirements. Gas Engineer. Devises methods to improve gas well produc- tion and determines need for new or modified tool designs. Educational Requirements: Bachelor's degree i n Petroleum Engineering. Vocational Requirements: 4 to 10.years work experience. Gun-Perforator-Loader. Loads explosive powder.or chemicals into gun perforators and carriers used in shooting or burning holes through tubing, casings, and earth formations. Vocational Requirements: 61months to I year of, experience in the handling of explosives. '96 Or Hoist Operator (winch operator). Operates hoist to lower and raise instruments and tools into and out of oil or gas wells on electric conductor table used to perform well services and surveys, such as directional drilling, electric .well logging, perforating, side-wall sample taking, and free-point shooting. Vocational Requirements: 6 months to I year experience. Hydraulic Oil-Tool Operator (wall puller; casing puller; clutchman; pipe puller; pulling-machine operator; rig operator; rodman; tube puller; work-over-rig operator). Controls power hoisting equipment to pull casing,tubing, and pumping rods from oil and gas wells for repair and to lowerrepaired equipment, testing devices, and servicing tools into well. Vocatio na I Requirements: 6 months to I year experience. Nuclear Logging Engineer (surveyor, oil-well directional; oil-well-logging engineer). Measures sonar, electrical, or radioactive characteristics of earth formations in oil- or gas-bearing reservoirs, using sonic, electronic, or nuclear measuring instruments. Educational Requirements: Bachelor's degree in either Geology or Petroleum Engineering. Vocational Requirements: 2 to 4 years work experience.. 97 Oil Pumper (oil-well pumper; pumper). Operates steam, gas, gasoline, electrical, or diesel pumps and auxiliary equip- ment to restore and control flow of oil from wells. Vocational Requirements.:, 1 to 2 years work experience. Perforation Operator, Oil Well (gun perforator; oil-well gun- perforator operator). Operates hoisting equipment and elec- trical control panel to position and explode charges in oil or gas wells to pierce drill pipes, casings, tubings.' and fracture earth formations. Vocational Requirements: 1 to 2 years work experience. Pipe Tester. Operates hydraulic pump and auxiliary equip- ment,to test oilwell tubing or casing for high-pressure leaks. Vocational Requirements: 6 months to 1 year work ,experience'. Service-Unit Operator, Oil Well (electric-well-service rigma n; oil-well-sounding device operator). Operates equip- ment to increase oil flow from producing wells, or to remove stuck pipe, casing, tools, or ot her obstructions from drilling wells, using specialized subsurface tools and instruments. Vocational Requirements: 2-to 4 years work experience.. Shooter (nitro man; oil-well shooter; torpedo shooter;' well-shooter). Detonates torpedoes in bored oil wells to start or renew flow of oil in wells. 98 Am Uff Vocational Requirements: Extensive experience with and licensed for the handling of explosives.,. Superintendent, Oil Well Services (manager, oil-well services). Directs activi ties concerned with providing technical services, such as electrica-l-we-11-logging, gun, perforating, and directional or caliper surveying, to as-s-ist,in solving special oil well drilling and production. problems. Educ-ation.al.Requirements:. Master's degree inPetroleum Engineering. Vocational Requirements: Minimum of 4 to 10 years work experience. Tank SetterAtank builder). Erects metal tanks for storing crude'oil on production rigs. Vocational Requirements: 1 to 2 years work experience. Tank Setter Relper (tank-builder helper). Assists Tank t Setter in the erection of metal tanks used to store crude oil. No specific educational or vocational requirements. Technic,a.1 Ope rator (directional man; drilling inspector). ..Charts pressure, temperature, and other characteristics of oil and gas well boreholes or producing wells, using special subsurface instruments, and-interprets findings for use in determining further drilling or producing procedures, Vocational Requirements: Basic electronic course work in vocational or trade school helpful. Well Puller (casing puller; clutchman; pipe puller; pulling- machine operator; rig operator, rodman; tube puller; work- over rig operator). Controls power hoisting equipment to pull casing tubing,..and pumping rods from oil and gas wells for"repair and to lower repaired equipment, testing devices, and servicing tools into well. Vocational Requirements: 6 months to 1 year work experiencei. Well Puller, Head. Supervises*an'd coordinates activities.of Well Puller in cleaning and servicing producing. o*il and gas wells, and in pulling pumping rods, casingi and tubing from wells, for repair or replacement. Vocational Requirements: 2.to 4 ybars work.experience. Table 2.4 shows a comprehensive listing of the various job-types and numbers which can be found on one production plitform. A comprehensive listing was compiled because of the fluctuations in actual numbers as a result of the'.various services being provided at any given moment by numerous' contractors. Figure 2.9.-shows the major oil-and gas production. fields located within forty miles of the southern tip of 100 TABLE 2.4 COMPREHENSIVE LISTING OF JOB TYPES AND AVERAGE NUMBER PER TYPE FOUND ON ONE PRODUCTION PLATFORM* Job Type Number Acidizer 1 Acidizer Helper 1 Bottom-Hole-Pressure-Recording.,Operator Crude Oil Treater Electrician Fishing-Tool Technician i Foreman, Production 1 Formation-Fracturing Operator 1 Formation-Testing Operator 1 Formation-Fracturing Operator Helper 1 Gas Engineer I Gun Perforator-Loader 1 Hoist Operator I Hydraulic Oil-Tool Operator -1 Lease Operator 1 Nuclear Logging Engineer 1 Oil Pumper I Perforation.Operator, Oil Well 1 Pipe Tester 1 Roustabouts 12 Service-Unit Operator 1 Shooter I Steward 1 Steward Helper 1, Superi ntendent, Oil Well Services 1 Tank Setter 11 Tank Setter Helper .1 Technical Operator 1 Too1pusher 2 Well Puller Well Puller, Head TOTAL 45 *Normally two crews per platform, each serving a shift of 7 days off-7 days on. See-f,ootnote 3. Source: Henry and.Perlander, 1976. 101 owl pq A W Ir ENif", - ------ PARISH RAC st ... fflf@AAI /Ir /K .11 51 ELAAE I'LLQ. d 3o LA. LIE- Z/1 BAY @j jj MAR12HAND AREA MLK 6 7, ,111111m! K I BLK .1 79 0 -4 ig- WM DELTA AREA SOUM PELIO AREA LK 6 eLK r2 13@ GRAND ISLE AREA M]E@ALIER 'AREA SOUTH TI SOUTH ADDITI -7-@ JAL;, FIGURE 2.9 OIL FIELDS MAJOR OIL AND GAS FIELDS WITHIN FORTY MILES GAS FIELDS OF THE MOUTH OF BAYOU LAFOURCHE 1 i Source:, Transcontinental Gas Pipe Line Corporation, 1.974. Lafourche Parish. Conccentrations of fields can be seen in the following areas: Bay Marchand, South Timbalier, Grand Isle, West Delta, and South Addition. Pipe1aying The construction of pipelines for the collection or transmission of oil and natural gas f rom platforms on Lafourche's portiion of the outer continental shelf entails laying pipe in offshore areas, marsh areas, and on firm ground. Each locale dictates the different methods, equip- ment, and personnel necessary to execute the operation, and in many cases, all are necessary f or the construction of one continuous pipeline through the parish. Offshore Pipe Laying There are four basic methods of constructing a pipeline on the OCS. They are: lay-barge method, reel barge method, bottom pull method, and f1oating string method. Lay-Barge Method A typical lay-barge is in Figure 2.10. Here, sections of pipe, usual1y coasted with concrete, are welded together and then lowered into the water as the barge pulls itself forward against its own anchors. This is the most common method used, primarily because of its ability to handle sizes of pipe ranging in diameter from four inches to fifty-six inches (U.S. Coast Guard, 1976: 1.3-46). 103 FIGURE 2.10 A LAY BARGE WITH CURVED PONTOON TENSIONERS ANCHOR LINE ANCHOR LINES CURVED PONTOON ANCHOR LINE Source: Council on Environmental Quality, 1 974-1: 67. -104 Reel Barge Method The second method, reel barge, is similar to the lay-barge, except that the welding stations are replaced by a reel. It involves welding the sections of pipe onshore and then winding the completed string onto a large reel on the barge. This method is more economical than the lay- barge method, but its biggest drawback is that it cannot handle pipe with a diameter larger than twelve inches (Council on Environmental Quality, 1974-1: 67). Bottom Pull.,and.Floating String Methods The last two methods,,bottom pull and floating string, are similar in that they are both welded onshore as completed units. With the bottom pull method, the unit is then towed into the water supported by rollers onshore. With the floating string method, floats are attached to the string of pipe to provide buoyancy. It is then floated to its predetermined position and the floats systematically released to sink the pipe (Small, 1970: 1-736). Marsh Pipe Laying There are two basic methods--pusb or shove:and flotation--for laying pipe in marshland areas. Push Method The push method can be used only where the marsh area is firm enough to support heavy equipment. Small canals, usually no more than six feet deep and'ten feet wide, are dredged. The pipe is welded together on the canal side as a single unit, sometimes as long As fifteen miles; floats are attache&to give it temporary buoyancy; and then it is simply shoved.into the canal where the floats are cut loose and the pipe is allowed to sLnk to the bottom (McGinnis et al., 1972: 2.3). Flotation Method The flotation.,method utilizes the lay barge (Figure 2..10). It requires dredging of a much wider canal, from forty to fifty feet, than.the push method to accomodate pipelaying equipment., The depth is normally six to eight feet with an, additional four foot trench for the pipe (McGinnis et al.,. 1972: 2.3). Conventional PiRe Laying Conventional pipe laying is only suitable when the earth is firm and solid. Large amounts of heavy equipment are necessary to complete the project. With large diameter pipe, twelve inches and up, there will normally be eight major steps from the time the right-of-way is bought until the line is suitable for use. These steps are: clearing and grading stringing, bending, ditching, welding, coating and wrapping, backfilling, and clean-up. See Jenner et al., 1973: 921-923. Clearing and Grading These entail the removal of debris, trees and undergrowth, and preparation of the conto ur of the land for eventual digging. 106 Stringing This consists of placing the individual:sections of pipe in a-continuous line approximately in the position it will eventually occupy. Bending Once the sections of pipe have been strung, it becomes necessary to bend the'pipe to-fit the contour of the land. For this particular job, a structurally large piece of bending equipment is reqU ired. The natural f lexi@- bility of the pipe is used to accommodate for.the gentle curvature of the land. Ditching The size and depth of the ditch will logically depend upon the size of the pipe being installed. Also, in areas of unstable soil, to lessen the possibility of cave-ins, the ditching segment of construction may be delayed until the sections have been welded. Welding The welding segment of construction is divided into two phases. The first phase involves the initial welding of pipe sections. The second phase consists of a crew of welders applying subsequent layers of welds. Coating and Wrapping Steel pipe that is buried in the earth is subj ect to rapid corrosion. To prevent this, a protective coating of coal tar is applied followed by a wrapping of paper. Small 107 diameter pipe is normally wrapped at at coating yard while the larger pipe is coated and wrapped by line-traveling machines at the construction site. For those sections of pipe which are used offshore, a coating of reinforced concrete is applied onshore, instead of tar and paper. The concrete wrapping increases the weight-of a*standard@forty feet section, weighing 8,000 pounds to about 34,000 pounds (McGinnis et al., 1972! 2.3. Backfill ing Once the pipe has been welded, coated, and wrapped, it is then lowered into the ditch by a series of side-boom tractors'. Excavated earth is then used as covering. Cleanup This involves returning the right-of-way to as close to its-natural condition as possible by rebuilding fences,-- planting cover, and redevelopment of natural drainage patterns. Pipeline Jo b Types with Educational and Vocational.,Require- ments Job types listed in this subsection include the SIC, classification Major Group 16--Construction,Other,Than Building and Construction--General Contractors. They are found under Industry*Number 1621--Heavy Construction, Except Highway and Street Construction--which includes all aspects o.f pipeline construction (Chapter 1). 108 Chief Clerk,.Measurement Department. Supervises and coordinates activities of workers engaged in compiling and recording reports concerning quality and quantity of oil or natural gas produced, purchased,,transport*ed,,and sold. Educational Requirements: High school diploma. Vocational Requirements: 2 to 4 years work experience. Coating Inspector, Pipe Line (dope inspector). Inspects cleaning, coating, and wrapping of pipeline for conformity to contract specifications. Educational Requirements: High school diploma. Vocational Requirements: 2 to 4 years work experience. Dispatcher, Chief I. Plans schedules andprepares operating procedures to direct movement of.gas, crude oil, or petroleum products through pipelines from point of origin to distri- bution points or destinations. Educational Requirements: Bachelor's degree in Petroleum Engineering. Vocational Requirements: 4 to 10 years work experience. Dopeman (dope pourer; mastic man; pipe tarman). Coats joints of yard-wrapped (pre-wrapped) sections of oil and gas pipelines with tar or other corrosion-resisting material (dope) and wraps joints with glass cloth and felt paper to form protective coating to prevent electrolytic decompo- sition of metal. No special educational or vocational requirements. 109 Dope Foreman (joint foreman)., Supervises and coordinates activities of workers engaged in coating,pipeline with protective covering. Educational Requirements: High school diploma. Vocational Requirements: 2 to 4 years work experience. Dredge Pipeman. Installs and removes length of pipe through which material dug from river or harbor bottom by suction dredge is discharged on-shore.. No specific educational or vocational requirements. Fitter (spacer). Aligns pipeline sections preparatory to welding. When concerned with holding and aligning far end of pipe sect-ions, is-designated Stabber. Vocational Requirements: Journeyman status'as & Fitter. Foreman, Pipe Lines (gang supervisor, pipe lines; roustabout,. head). Supervises and coordinates activities of crews of workers engaged in operating digging and pipe laying machines and in the installation of pipe, pumps, valves,.and meters to construct and maintain pipelines. Vocational Requirements: Journeyman status as a Pipe Line Foreman plus 4 to 10 years work experience. Gager (field gager; pipe-line gag0r; tank-farm gager; terminal gager). Gages amount of and tests oil in storage tanks, and 110 regulates flow of oil into pipelines at 'wells, tank farms, refineries, and marine and rail terminals, following prescribed standards and regulations. Educational. Requirements: High school diploma. Vocationa 1 Requirements: 2,to 4 years work experience. Gager, Chief (district gager). Supervises and coordinates activities of-Gagers controlling flow of oil into pipe lines and gaging amount of oil stored in tanks or railroad cars. Educational Requirements: High school diploma. Vocational Requirements: 2 to 4 years experience. Gas Dispatcher (load dispatcher). Coordinates flow of gas throughoutnatural gas.pipeline or distribution system to insure adequate volume and,pressure ofIgas entering dispersing systems. Educational Requirements: High school diploma. Vocational Requirements: 4 to 10 years work experience. Gasman. Operates automatically controlled natural gas treating unit in oilfield to render gas suitable for fuel and for pipeline transportation. Educational Requirements: High school diploma. Vocational..Requirements: 1 to 2 years work experience. ..Gasman, Head. Supervises@and coordinates activities of ,-workers engaged in sampling and testing natural.gas, and controlling processing equipment at oilfield installations. Educational Requirements: High school diploma. Vocati onal Requirements: 2 to 4 years work experience. Holiday-Detector Operator (elec tric-detector operator; jeeper operator; pipe jeeper). Tests coating and wrapping of pipelines for holidays (inadequately coated areas), using electric detecting machine. No specific educational or vocational requirements. Horizontal-Earth-Boring-Machine Operator (boring-machine operator; tunneling-machine operator). Sets up and operates boring machine to drill horizontal holes through earth banks for installation of pipelines under highways, railroads, canals, and other obstructions. Vocational Requirements: Heavy equipment operator's license normally required plus some experience. Horizontal-Earth-Boring-Macliine Operator Helper (boring- machine-operatorh .elper). Assists Horizontal-Earth-Boring- Machine Operator in the drilling of horizontal holes,for the installation of pipelines under highways, railroads, canals, and other obstructions. No specific educational or vocational requirements. Kettleman (burner man; dope fireman; dope heater; furnaceman; heater man; hot man; pot man). Tends portable kettle that heats tar, asphalt, lead, or sealing compound for use as protective coating for pipelines. .112 No specific educational or vocational requirements. Labor-Crew Foreman. Supervises and coordinates activities of workers engaged in the. construction of gas and oil.lines. -Educational Requirements: High school diploma.. Vocational Requirements: 4 to 10 years work experience., Laborer, Pipe Lines. Assists Pipe Line Worker in laying oil and gas pipelines and maintains area around pump stations and pipelines. No specific educational or vocationalrequirements. Line Walker (line rider; troubleshooter). Patrols oil and gas pipelines and communication systems to locate and repair leaks, breaks, washouts, and damaged utility wires and poles. Vocat ional Requirements: Brief period of on-the-job training. Manager, Contracts (supply representative; petroleum products). Engages in negotiations inv"@Olving representatives of oil" producers, refineries, and'pipeline carriers to draw up contracts for purchase, sale, or delivery of crude oil, petroleum distillates, and natural gas. Educational Requirements: Bachelor's degree in Business Administration. Vocatio nal' Requirements: 4 to-10-years directly related work-experience. 113 Paperhanger, Pipe. Wraps strips of tar paper around sections of oil or gas pipelines that are ready to be laid in ditch, after application of hot tar or some corrosion-resisting material (dope). No specific educational or vocational requirements. Pipe-and-Test Foreman. Directs activities of workers engaged in inspecting pipe for deficiencies by use of X-ray equipment or by means of high pressure air tests, of workers engaged in removing rust and applying protective coating to pipe, of workers engaged in performing dredging, underwater blasting and backfilling activities, and of workers engaged in digging up and removing pipelines.. Educati onal Requirements: High school diploma.. Vocational Requirements: 4 to 10 years work experience. Pipe-Bending-Machine Operator. Sets up and operates machine*to bend metal pipes to angle or contour specified by layout, Vocational Requirements: Must possess heavy equipment operator's license. Pipe Calker (joint man; joint runner; leak repairman; pipe- joiner sealer; pipe-leak repairman; pipeman, calking; slip- joint pourer)-. Water-proofs pipe joints by pouring melted, calking material and hammering lead sealer into them: wraps concrete, vitrified clay, or cast iron pipe joint with joint runner (asbestos strip). No specific educational or vocational requirements. 114 Pipe-Cleaning-And-Priming-Machine Operator. Operates.pipe cleaning and priming machine to clean rust, scale, and dirt from pipelines, and to apply prime coating of hot asphalt. Vocational Requi rements: 2 to 4 years directly related work experience. Pipe-Cleaning-Machine Operator. Operates machine equipped with cleaning head to remove deposits of scale, rust, or other foreign matter from heavily encrusted used or, weathered steel pipe. Vocational Requirements: 2 to 4 years directly related work experience. Pipe Fitter, Welding. Assembles and installs piping.and fittings, and fuse joints, using acetylene, arc, atomic, and oxyhydrogen welding equipment. May be required to pass performance test for welding on pressure pipe, in accordance with American Standard Code for Pressure Piping. May be designed according to type of welding equipment used as Pipe Fitter, Acetylene, Welding; Pipe Fitter, Electric Arc Welding. Vocational Requirements: Normally required by employer to pass rigid welding test. Pipe-Line-Construction Inspector. Inspects materials and workmanship of pipeline.construction for conformity to: specifications of plans and contract. Vocational Requirements: 4 to 10 years work experience. 115 Pipe-Wrapping Machine Operator. Operates pipe-wrapping machine to coat pipelines with asphalt or other corrosion- resisting compounds and wrap them spirally with fabrics, such as glass cloth and felt paper, to form protective coating that prevents electrolytic decomposition of oil and gas pipelines. Vocational Requirements: Heavy equipment operator's license plus 6 months to 1 year work experience. Superintendent, Measurement. Directs activities of departments concerned with design, construction, maintenance- and operation of control stations and installations used to regulate, measure, and direct flow of crude oil and natural gas. Educational Requirements: Master's degree in Petroleum Engineering. Vocational Requirements: 4 to 10 years work experience. Superintendent, Pipe-Line Construction. Directs activities of workers concerned with the construction of pipelines. Educational Requiremen ts: Master's.degree in Civil Engineering or related degree. Vocational Requirements: 4 to 10 years work experience. Trench-Digging-Machine Operator (ditch-machine operator; rotary-trencher operator; trencher operator; trenching- machine operator). Operates machine, consisting of an endless 116 chain or wheel of buckets mounted on tractor chassis, that digs trenches for pipelines. Vocational Requirements: Heavy equipment operator's license plus 2 to 4 years experience. Welder Foreman, Pipe Line. Supervises and coordinates activities of workers engaged in welding sections of pipe to form gas and oil pipelines systems. Examines X-rays to detect defects in welds. Vocational Requirements: Must be able to pass rigid welding test plus 4 to 10 years work experience. Table 2.5 lists those barges which are associated with one.or morelof the phase's of pipeline construction operating in the Gulf of Mexico.as of November, 1975. The last two columns of the table show the purpose of the barge and the maximum number of personnel for which it has quarters. The number of personnel needed to complete the construc- tion of a pipeline in the conventional manner can vary according to the size of the pipe (diameter) being installed and the amount of work taking place at the pipe yard (coating and wrapping). Table 2.6 provides a comprehensive listing of the job types and number per type necessary to construct one of the larger diameter (36 inches) pipelines. .117 TABLE 2.5 BARGES ASSOCIATED W ITH PIPELIN .E CONSTRUCTION OPERATING IN THE GULF OF MEXICO AS OF NOVEMBER, 1975 BargeNo. Owner or Lesee Purpose Personnel BAR-159 Brown & Root, Inc. Bury BAR-211 Brown & Root, Inc. Lay 168 BAR-228 Brown & Root, Inc. Bury 61 BAR-263 Brown & Root, Inc. Bury 8 BAR-266 Brown & Root, Inc. Bury 61, BAR-278 Brown & Root, Inc. Lay/Bury 120 BAR-282 Brown & Root, Inc. Lay @168 BAR-289 Brown & Root,-Inc. - .,Lay .168 CEE BEE 20. .,!Cobb Off shore Const. Lay/Derrick/ Salvage 20 CHICKASAW Santa Fe Lay (Reel Type) 72 HCC-101 Brown & Root, Inc. Lay 20o HCC 103 Brown & Root, Inc. Bury 44 JET BARGE 2_ J. Ray McDermott Bury .50 JIRAFA J. Ray McDermott Bury 45 LAY BARGE 20 J. Ray McDermott Lay .52 LAY BARGE 2.1 J. Ray McDermott Lay 96 LAY BARGE 22, J. Ray, McDermott., Lay, PIPELINER 7 Norman Industries, Inc. Jett ing/Derrick PIPELINER 3 Norman Industries, Inc. Jett,ing/Lay 3@ SEA RIGGER .,Lay/Derrick/, 1 Cobb Offshore Const. 11 Salvage 33 Sioux Santa Fe Bury TONKAWA Santa Fe Bury/Derrick Source: Offshore, November, 1975: 69-70. TABLE 2. 6. COMPREHENSIVE LISTING OF JOB TYPES AND AVERAGE NUMBER PER TYPE NECESSARY FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF A CONVENTIONAL PIPELINE Job Type Number Coating Inspector I Dopeman 5 Dope Foreman 1 Dredge Pipeman I Fitter 2 Stabber 2 Foreman, Pipe Lines 3 Holiday Detector Operator 1 Horizontal-Earth-Boring-Machine Operator 1 Horizontal-Earth-Boring-Machine Operator Helper I Kettleman Labor Crew -Foreman Laborer, Pipe Lines 45 Paperhanger, Pipe I Pipe-and-Test Foreman I Pipe Bending Machine Operator 1. Pipe Calker Pipe-Cleaning-And-Prirriing-Machine Operator 1 Pipe'Pitter, Welding 20 Pipe-Line Construction Inspector I Pipe-Machine Operator 1 Pipe-Wrapping-Machine Operator I Superintendent, Pipe-Line Construction I Trench-Digging Machine Operator 1 Welder Foreman, Pipe Line 1 Source: authors. 119 Water Transportat16n- The water transportation industry is a vital element in the offshore oil and gas industry. Virtually n o activity of any kind relating to the industry on the outer continental shelf occurs without either direct or indirect support from the many and varied types of vessels used. These vessels are utilized throughout the oil and gas spectrum, from those which are used for exploration acti vity to the ones which supply the pipe-laying barges., In between'can be found ocean-going tugs pulling platforms to remove-production areas, crew and supply boats shuttling men and equipment from supply bases to the rigs, and barges being used for activities such as building rigs... There are three,major types of,vessels--tugs, supply, and crew--used in support of OCS oil and gas development. Tugs account for more than fifty percent.of the total number of vessels in operation while supply anderew boats'each account for approximately fifteen percent. The remaining twenty percent are-,classified either as dual or specialized purposes.(Offshore, March, 1976: 70-71). Water Transportation'.Job Types with Educational and Vocational Requirements Job types listed in this subsection are included in the SIC classification codes under Major Group 44--Water Trans- portation. They are found under three different Industry 120 Numbers (which are described in Chapter 1): 4453--Lighterage; 4454--Towing and Tugboat Service; and 4469--Water Trans- portation Services, Not Elsewhere Classified. Industry Number 4453 represents those companies primarily engaged in operating crew and supply boats transferring material and workmenbetween shore terminals and offshore platforms. Industry Number 4454 represents those companies engaged in furnishing marine towing and tugboat services, primarily in the movement of barges and rigs. Industry Number 4469 represents those companies engaged in furnishing miscellaneous services incidental to water transportation such as boat hiring and cleaning. Able Seaman (able-bodied). Performs various tasks on board ship such as standing watch, steers vessel as directed by mate., and breaks out rigs, overhauls, and stows cargo-handling gear, stationary rigging, and running gear. Vocational Requirements: Passage of Coast Guard (CG) examination plus 12 to 18 months experience (CG 191, Subchapter B; 1972: 52). Scullion (galley man; scullery man). Performs any combination of tasks involved in cleaning ship's galley.. No specific educational or vocational requirements. 121 Barge Captain (scow captain). Supervises and coordinates activities on towed barge that transports cargo on lakes, bays, sounds, and rivers. Educational Requirements: High school diploma. Vocational Requirements: License issued by Coast Guard plus 1 to 2 years experience (CG 191,' Subehapter B; 1972: 11-18). Barge Engineer (marine engineer; mechanic, marine engine). Supervises and coordinates activities of crewmen engaged in operating and maintaining propulsion engines and other engines, boilers, deck machinery, and electrical, refrigeration, and j sanitary equipment aboard ship. Educational Requirements: High school diploma. Vocational Requirements: License issued by Coast Guard plus minimum of 4 years experience (CG 191, Subehapter B; 1972: 23-29). Barge Loader (dock hand; dockman; pierman; whaifman; wharf operator;*wharf tender). Transfers liquid cargo, such as petroleum, gasoline, heating oil, sulfuric acid, from and onto barges and tankers. Vocational Requirements: Minimum of 30 days to 3 months experience. 1 22 Barge Loader Helper (dock helper; dockman helper; wharf helper; wharf-tender helper). Connects hoses to transfer liquid cargo, such as petroleum, gasoline, heating oil, sulfuric acid, from and into barges and tankers. No specific educational or vocational requirements. Bargeman. Performs,duties such as handling lines during docking of vessel, stands steering watches, washes deck, and,the loading and unloading of material. Vocational Requirements: Minimum of 3 to 6 months experience. Boatswain. Supervises Able Seamen and Deckhands engaged in I cleaning decks, chipping, scraping,.wirebrushing, and painting decks, sides and superstructure. Educational Requirements: High school diploma. Vocational Requirements: License issued by Coast Guard plus minimum of 2 years experience. Booking Clerk. Books out-bound freight shipments on company's ships to insure capacity cargo for each ship. Vocational Requirements: 6 months to I year experience. Cadet, Deck. Learns and performs all deck and navigational duties aboard ship under supervision of deck officer to become eligible for position of Mate, Ship. Educational Requirements: High school diploma. 23 Vocational Requirements: Possession of merchant mariner's document or an approved appropriate certificate (CG 191., *Subehapter B; 1972: 58). Cadet, Engineer. Trains as Engineer by performingall duties concerned with operating and repairing propulsion plant and auxiliary equipment in engine room of ship. Educational Requirements: High school diploma. Vocational Requirements: Possession of merchant mariner's document or an appropriate certificate (CG 191, Subchapter'B; 1972: 58). Checker (cargo checker; freight checker; marine clerk). Compiles records of amount, kind, and conditi on of cargo loaded on or unloaded from ship. Vocational Requirements: 3 to 6 months experience. Clerk and Dispatcher, Pilot Station. Dispatches Pilot,. Ship to ships entering or leaving port; writes up order. showing name of ship, berth, tugboat company, and time of arrival or departure, and notifies Pilot, Ship and pilot boat operator of assignment. Vocational Requirements: 3 to 6 months experience. 124 Cook, Chief. Supervises and coordinates activities of kitchen personnel and participates in preparation of meals aboard ship. Vocational Requirements: Minimum of 2 to 4 years experience. Cook, Mess. Cooks and serves meals to crew aboard ship. Vocational Requirements: Minimum of 2 to 4 years experience. Deck Engineer. Repairs and maintains deck machinery, such as cargo winches and anchor windlasses; operates machinery to determine causes of malfunctioning. Educational Requirements: High school diploma. Vocational Requirements: License issued by Coast Guard plus 2 to 4 years experience (CG 191, Subehapter B; 1972: 26). Deckhand. Performans any combination.of the following duties: handling lines to moo r vessels to wharves, washing decks, standing steering watches, and loading or'unloading material from barges, scows, and dredges. Vocational Requirements: 3 to 6 months experience. Derrick-Boat Captain (derrick-boat runner). Supervises and coordinates activities of crew operating a derrick mounted on.a barge. 125 Educational Requirements: High school diploma. Vocational Requirements: License issued by Coast Guard plus 2 to 4 years experience (CG 191, Sub- chapter B; 1972: 11-18). Dredge,Captain (dredge operator; dredge runner). Commands vessel equipped with machinery for excavating under water to facilitate building structures in harbors, estuaries, straits, sounds, rivers, lakes, bays, and oceans. Educational Requirements: High school diploma'. Vocational Requirements: License issued by Coast Guard plus 2 to 4 years experience (CG 191, Subchapter B; 1972: 11-18). Dredge Deckhand. Performs any combination of the following duties such as handling lines to moor vessels to wharves, washing decks, standing steering watches, and loading or unloading material. Vocational Requirements: 3 to 6 months experience. Dredge Mate. Supervises and coordinates activities of crewmen aboard dredge (vessel equipped with machinery to excavate under water) used in building of structures in harbors, estuaries, straits, sounds, rivers, lakes, bays, and oceans. Educational Requirements: High school,diploma. 126 Vocational Requirements: License issued by Coast Guard plus 2 to 4 years experience (CG 191, Subchapter B; 1972: 14-23). Engineer (marine engineer; mechanic, marine engine). Supervises and coordinates activities of crewmen engaged in operating and maintaining propulsion engines and other engines, boilers, deck machinery, and electrical, refri- geration, and sanitary equipment aboard ship. When more than one Engineer is required, may be designated Engineer, Chief; Engineerj First Assistant; Engineer, Second Assis- tant;,Bngineer, Third Assistant. May be designated according to ship assigned as Barge Engineer; Engineer, Fishing Vessel; Tugboat Engineer. Educational Requirements: High school diploma. Vocational Requirements: License issued by Coast Guard plus minimum of 4 years experience (CG 191-, Subehapter B; 1972: 23-29). Float Master(boat dispatcher). Coordinates movement of freight by barge or-lighter to provide the most efficient service to shippers consist ent with available equipment and facilities. Educational Requirements: High school diploma. Vocational Requirements: 2 to 4 years experience. 127 Junior Engineer (maintenance man, engine). Repairs and maintains propulsion engines and other engines and engine parts aboard ship. Educational Requirements: High school diploma. Vocational Requirements: License issued by Coast Guard plus 2 to 4 years experience (CG 191, Subehapter B; 1972: 23-29). Manager, Marine Service. Directs activities of boat-repair service, according to knowledge of maintenance needs of small-craft and marine safety requirements. Educational Requirements: High school diploma. Vocational Requirements: Minimum of 2 to 4 years experience. Master, Passenger Barge (barge captain). Commands barge to transport passengers,on inland waterways, such as estuaries, lakes, bays, sounds, and rivers. Educational Requirements: High school diploma. Vocational Requirements: License issued by Coast Guard plus a minimum of 2 to 4 years.experience (CG 191, Subchapter B; 1972: 11-18). Mate, Ship (ship officer). Supervises and coordinates activities of crewmen.on board ship: inspects ship during loading to ensure that cargo is stowed according to 128 specifications. When more than one Mate, Ship is required, may be designated Mate, Chief (usually on vessels inspected by U.S. Coast Guard); Mate, First (usually on uninspected vessels); or Mate, Fourth; Mate, Second; Mate, Third. Educational Requirements: High school diploma. Vocational Requirements: License issued by Coast Guard plus a minimum of 2 to 4 years experience (CG 191, Subehapter B; 1972: 14-23). Ordinary Seaman. Stands deck department watches and performs a variety of tasks to preserve painted surfaces of,ship and to maintain lines, running gear, and cargo handling gear in safe operating condition. Vocational Requirements: License issued by Coast Guard plus 3 to'6 months experience (CG 268, Subchapter P; 1973: 5). Pilot, Ship. Commands, ships to steer them into and out of harbors, estuaries,.straits, and sounds, and on rivers, lakes, and bays. May be designated according to vessel commanded as Pilot, Tank Vessel. Educational Requirements: High school diploma. Vocational Requirements: License issued by Coast Guard plus a minimum of2 to 4 years experience CG 129 268, Subchapter P; 1973: 5). Superintendent, Marine. Manages on-shore activities for company vessels: reads radio message from Master, Ship to determine services requested. Requisitions ship's stores or equipment to be delivered on dock at vessel's arrival. Places orders for fuel oil and arranges for time of delivery. When licensed to command ship, may be designated as Port Captain. Educational Requirements: High school diploma. Vocational Requirement,s: Minimum of 4 to 10 years experience. Tugboat Captain. Commands tugboat to tow barges and ships into and out of harbors, estuaries, straits,, and sounds, and on rivers, lakes, and bays. Required to bold license issued-by U.S. Coast Guard. Educational Requirements: High school diploma. Vocational Requirements: License issued by Coast Guard plus 2 to 4 years experience (CG 191, Subchapter B; 1972: 11-18). Tugboat Mate. Supervises and coordinates activities,of crewmen aboard tugboat. Required to hold license issued by U.S. Coast Guard. Educational Requirements: High school diploma. Vocational Requirements: License issued by Coast Guard plus 2 to 4 years experience 130 (CG 191, Subsection B; 1972: 14-23). Requirements for jobs in water transportation are, in many cases, more stringent than for those connected with other facets of the offshore oil and gas industry. More specific requirements for the job types master (captain), mate, engineer, able seaman, and cadet are given in the following excerpts from the U.S. Coast Guard publication CG-191 entitled, Rules and Regulations for Licensing and Certificating of Merchant Marine Personnel. Master. 10.05-5(b) The minimum service required to qualify an applicant for a license as master of steam or motor vessels of not more than 500 gross tons, operated in connec- tion with the offshore mineral and oil industries, limited toa stated distance offshore on the continental shelf of the Atlantic, Gulf, or Pacific Coast of the United States, as determined by the Commander of the District in which the license is issu ed, is: 10.05-5(b) (1) 1 year as a licensed mate of mineral or oil industry. vessels; or, 10.05-5(b) (2) 1 year as a licensed master of first- class pilot of inland steam or motor vessels, plus I year in the deck department of coastwise vessels or mineral or oil industry vessels; or, 131 10.05-5(b) (3) 2 years service as a licensed master of ocean or coastwise uninspected vessels; or, 10.05.-5(b) (4) 3 years' service in the deck department of ocean or coastwise vessels of which at least 1 year shall have been as master of person in charge of vessels of at least 50 gross tons. If the required service as master or person in charge has been on vessels of more than 15 and less than.50 gross tons, the service may be accepted as qualifying experience for a license as master of vessels of not more than 100 gross tons. Mate of Steam or Motor Vessels Engaged in Offshore Mineral and Oil Industries. 10.05-28(a) The minimum service required to qualify an applicatant for a license as mate,of steam or motor vesselsof not more than 500 gross tons, operated in connec- tion with the offshore mineral and oil industries, limited to a stated distance offshore on the continental,shelf of the Atlantic, Gulf, or Pacific Coast of the United States, as determined by the Commander of the District in which the license is issued, is: 10.05-28(a) (1) Two years' service as a licensed officer in charge of a deck watch on mineral or oil industry vessels; or 10.05-28(a) (2) One year's service as master or first-class pilot of inland steam or motor vessels plus 6 months in the deck department of coastwise vessels or mineral or oil industry vessels; or 132 10.05-28(a) (3) One year's service as alicensed master or 2 years"service as a licensed mate of'ocean or coastwise uninspected vessel's; or 10.05-28(a) (4) Three years' service in'the deck department of ocean 'or coastwise steam or motor vessels, including mineral and oil industry vessels. Chief Engineer. 10.10-11(a) The minimum service required to qualify an applicant for license as chief engineer of motor vessels is: 10.10-11(a) (1) 1 year's service as first assistant engineer of motor vessels; or, 10.10-11(a) (2) 2 years' service as second assistant or junior first assistant engineer in charge of a watch on.motor vessels while holding a license as first assistant engineer of motor vessels; or, 10.10-11(a) (3) While holding a license as chief engineer of steam vessels, either: 10.10-11(a) (3)(i) 3 monthsl@ service as first assistant engi neer of motor vessels; 10.10-11(a) (3)(ii) 3 months' service as observer chief engineer on.motor vessels; or, 10.10-11(a) (3)(iii) 6 months' service as oiler or junior engineer of motor vessels. 133 First Assistant Engineer. 10.10-15(a) The minimum service required to qualify an applicant for license as first assistant engineer of, motor vessels is: 10.10-15(a) (1) 1 year's service as second assistant engineer of motor vessels; or, 10.10-15(a) (2) 2 years' service as third assistant engineer or junior second assistant engineer in charge of a watch on motor vessels, while holding a license as second assistant engineer of motor vessels; or, 10.10-15(a) (3), While holding a license as first assistant engineer of steam vessels, either: 10.10-15(a) (3)(i) 3 months' service as second assistant engineer of motor vessels; 10.10-15(a) (3) (ii) 3 monthsservice as observer first assistant engineer on motor ves sels; or, 10.10-15(a) (3) (iii) 6 months' service as oiler or junior engineer of motor vessels; or 10.10-15(a) (4) 3 years' service as oiler or fireman' on motor vessels for a license as first assistant engineer of motor towing or ferry vessels of not more than 2,000 horsepower; or 10.10-15(a) (5) While holding a license as third assistant engineer of motor vessels of any horsepower, 3 months' service as third.assistant engineer or observer first assistant engineer on motor vessls for a licens e as first assistant engineer of motor towing or ferry vessels of not over 2,000 horsepower; or, 134 10.10-15(a) (6) 3 years' service as oiler or fireman on motor vessels for a license as first-assistant engineer of motor vessels of not more than 1,000 horsepower. Second Assistant Engineer. 10.10-19(a) The minimum service required to qualify an applicant for license as second assistant engineer of motor vessels is: 10.110-19(a) (1) 1 year's service as engineer in charge of a watch, while holding a license as third assistant engineer of motor vessels; or, 10.10-19(a) (2) 2 years' service as assistant engineer to the engineer in charge of a watch, while holding a license as third assistant engineer of motor vessels; or, iO.10-19(a) (3) 5 years' service in the engine depart- ment of motor or steam vessels, 1 year of this required service may have been on steam vessels; 4 years and 6 months of which must have been as a qualified member of the engine department, 2 years and 6 months of which must have been as oiler or junior engineer on motor vessels; or, 10.10-19(a) (4) While holding a license as second assis- tant engineer of steam vessels, either: 10.10-19(a) (4) (i) 3 months' service as third assis- tant engineer of motor vessels; 10.10-19(a) (4) (ii) 3 months' servic. e as observer second assistant engineer on motor vessels; or, 10.10-19(a) (4) (iii) 6 months' service as oiler or junior engineer of motor vessels. 135 Third Assistant Engineer. '10.10-23(a) The minimum service required to qualify an applicant for license as third assistant engineer of motor vessels is: 10.10-23(a) (1) 3 years' service in the engine depart- ment of motor or steam vessels, one-third of thi-s required service may have been on steam vessels; 2 years and 6 months of which must have been as a qualified member of the engine department,1 year and 6 months of which must have been as oiler or junior engineer on motor vessels; or, 10.10-23(a) (2) 3 years' service as an apprentice to the machinist tradle engaged in the construction or repair of, marine, locomotive, or stationary engines together with I year's service in the engine department of motor vessels as oiler or junior engineer, one-third of, such service may have been on steam vessels; or, 10.10-23(a) (3) Graduation fr om: 10.10-23(a) (3) (i) The U.S.Merchant Marine Academy (engineering); 10.10-23(a) (3) (ii) The engineering class of a nautical schoolship approved by and conducted under rules prescribed by the Commandant and listed in Part 166 of Subehapter R (Nautical Schools) of this chapter; 10.10-23(a) (3) (iii) The U.S. Naval Academy; or 10.10-23(a) (3) (iv) The U.S. Coast Guard Academy; or, 136 10.10-23(a) (4) Satisfactory completion of the prescribed course (engineering) at a,U.S. Government operated training school or at a recognized maritime union or nonprofit organization training school approved by the Commandant, may be accepted as the equivalent of sea service up to 4 months, provided the applicant has obtained the additional qualifying expprience prior to enrollment; or, 10.10-23(a) (5) Graduation from the marine engineering course of a duly recognized school of technology'together with 3 mon ths' service in the engine department of motor vessels, one-third of such service may have been on steam vessels; or, 10.10-23(a) (6) Graduation from the mechanical-or electrical engineering course of a duly recognized school of technology together with 6 months' service in the engine department of motor vessels, one-third of such service may have been on steam vessels; or, , 10.10-23(a) (7) 6 months' service as oiler or junior engineer on motor vessels Aile holding a license as third assistant engineer of steam vessels. Able Seaman. 12.05-7(a) The minimum service or training required to qualify an applicant for certification and the various endorse- ments as able seaman is listed in this paragraph: 12.05-7(a) (1) High seas and inland waters. 12.05-7(a) (1) (i) "Any waters--unlimited." 3 years' 137 service on deck.in vessels of 100 gross tons or over operating on ocean or coastwise routes or on the Great Lakes. 12.05-7(a) (1) (ii) "Any waters--unlimited." '@The period of time spent by the applicant successfully completing a course of able seaman's training in a training school approved by.the Commandant may be accepted as the equivalent of sea service:up to a maximum of 1 year@of the 3 years@ required in Subdivision.(i) of this subparagraph.' 12.05-7(a) (1) (iii)- "Any waters--unlimited." Satisfac- tory completion of 18 months' training in a seagoing training ship approved by the:Commandant. 121.05-7(a) (1) (iv) "Any waters--12 mont hs." 12 months' service on deck in vessels of 100 gross tons or over o,perating on ocean or coastwise,routes or on the Great Lakes. (Holders of certification under this provision are limited to one-fourth of.the number of able seamen required by law to.b.e employed.on a vessel.) 12.05-7(a) (J).(v) "Any waters--12 months." Satis- facto ry completion of a,course of training at a U.S. Maritime Service Training Station of at least 9 months,' 6 months of which shall have-been served aboard a seagoing training vessel. (Holders of certification,under this provision are limited,to one-fourth of the number of able seamen required by law-to'be employed on a vessel.) 12. 05-7(a) (2) Great Lakes and inland waters.. 138 12.05-7(a) (2) (i) "Great Lakes--18 months' service." 18 months' service on deck in vessels of 100 gross tons or over operating on ocean or coastwise routes, or on the Great Lakes, smaller lakes, bays, or sounds. (Holders of certi- fication under this provision may comprise the required number of able seamen on vessels on the Great Lakes and on the smaller lakes, bays, and sounds.). If the seaman possesses the requisite service for-certification under Subparagraph (1) (iv) of this paragraph, there shall be added "any waters-- 12 months." 12.05-7(a) (3) Tugs and towboats. 12.05-7(a) (3) (i) "Tugs and towboats--any waters." 18 months.' service on deck in vessels operating on ocean or coastwise.routes,'or on the Great Lakes, or on the bays and sounds connected directly with the seas. 12.05-7(a) (4) Bays.and sounds. 12.05-7(a) (4) (i) "Bays and Sounds--12 months, vessels 500,gross tons or under not carrying passengers." 12 months' service on deck in vessels operating on ocean or coastwi�e akes, or on the bays and sounds routes, or on the Great L connected directly with the seas. .12.05-7(a) (5) Barges. 12.05-7(a).(5) (i) "Seagoing barges--12 months." 12 months' service on deck in vessels operating on ocean or coastwise routes, or on the Great Lakes, or on the bays and sounds connected directly with the seas. 139 Cadet. 12.25-1(a) Every person employed in a rating other than able seaman or qualified member of the engine depart- ment of United States merchant vessels requiring such certificated persons shall produce an appropriate certifi- cate of service or merchant mariner's document to the shipping commissioner, United States Collector or Deputy Collector of of Customs, or.master, before signing articles of agreement. @12.25-1(b) No certificate of service shall be required of any person employed on any unrigged vessel, except seagoing barges, or on any sail vessel of less than 500 net tons while not carrying passengers for hire and while not operating outside the line dividing inland waters from the bigh seas, as defined in Section 2 of the Act of February 19, 1895, as amended (33 U.S.C. 15 1) and in 33 CFR.Part 82.. No ratings other than cadet (deck) or cadet (engine) as appropriate, and lifeboatman shall be shown on a merchant mariner's -document issued to a member of the U.S. Merchant Marine Cadet,Corps Themerchant mariner's document shall also be stamped "Valid only while cadet in U.S. Maritime Administration training program." The merchant mariner's document thus prepared shall be surrendered upon the holder being certified in any other rating or being issued a license and the rating of cadet (deck) or cadet (engine) shall be omitted from any.new-merchant mariner's document issued (U.S. Coast Guard, 1972). .140 NOW Table 2.7 shows an average listing of the job types found on tugboats, crewboats, and supply boats operating in connection with OCS oil and gas industry. The require- ments regarding the manning of inspected vessels are set forth in various statutes with many qualifications as to their applications (CG 268: 3). In most cases, it is the responsibility of the Officer-in-charge, Marine Inspections, or the owner, master, or person in charge or command of the vessel to determine the minimum number of officers and members of the crew to be carried on board a vessel (CG 268: 4). SECONDARY INDUSTRIES, Heavy Construction According to the Louisiana Department of Employment Security (1976), there were 17 firms in Lafourche Parish which were included in Industry Group 1621--Heavy Construe- tion, Except Highway and Street Construction (Chapter 1), with a total of 34 employees. These data concerning the number of firms correlate with those obtained from the Louisiana State Licensing Board for Contractors, Louisiana Roster of Contractors, 197 , which shows 18 firms (Table 2.8) 4 as falling into this SIC category. 4 These 18 are licensed and qualify for heavy construction work and do not include bight other firms which are licensed and qualified to do Municipal and Public Works construction. 141 TABLE 2.7 LISTING OF JOB TYPES AND AVERAGE NUMBER' PER TYPE FOUND ON TUGBOATS, CREW BOATS, AND SUPPLY BOATS 1Tugboat s2 1Crew Boats 2 1Supply Boats 2 Job Type Captain (Master)*. 1 1 1 1 1 Mate 2 Engineer 1 1 Assistant Engineer I Able Seaman I Cook 1 Deckhand 2 1 2 1 2 1 Length greater than 100 feet. 2Length less than 100 feet. *If' vessel operates for morethan 12 hours per day, two captains are required; otherwise, one crew per boat. Source: Black, 1976. 142 TABLE 2.8 HEAVY CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTORS LICENSED IN LAFOURCHE PARISH, 1976 Name of Contract or Location Adams, Ronald, Contractor, Inc. Thibodaux Blair, A. F., Co., Inc. Thibodaux Coastal Dragline Works, Inc. Lockport Dantin, Joe, Contractors Thibodaux Gideon Industries, Inc. Golden Meadow Hebert, Clyde J., Jr. Thibodaux House Engineering and Moving Co. Thibodaux Jeffers Construction Co., Inc. Thibodaux Lafourche Construction Co., Inc. Thibodaux Lafourche Gas Corporation Thibodaux Low Land Construction Co. Thibodaux Matco Construction Co. Thibodaux Pertuit,' J. J., Contractors, Inc. Raceland Shell Enterprises, Inc. Larose South Lafourche Construction Co., Inc. Cut-Off TBW Offshore Welders, Inc. Thibodaux Plaisance Dragline and Dredging Co., Inc. Golden Meadow Plaisance, Kip, Contractors,,Inc. Golden Meadow Source: Louisiana State Licensing Board for Contractors,. 1976. 143 Sample of Heavy Construction Job Types with Educational And Vocational Requirements Due to the small number of persons in Lafourche Parish actually employed in this category, only a sample of job types and descriptions is given. If more information .concerning job type descriptions and requirements relating to heavy construction is needed, it can be obtained from the U.S. Employment Service, The Dictionary of Occupational Titles, Volumes I and II, Third-Edition, 1965; plus its associated Supplement, 1966. Carpenter Rough (bracer.; timberman). Builds rough wooden structures, such as concrete forms, scaffolds, tunnel and sewer supports, and temporary frame shelters. Vocational Requirements: 2 to.4 years directly related work experience. Cement-Gun Nozzleman (cement sprayer; insulator; nozzleman). Sprays mortar, through a hose, over exposed surfaces of. structures. Vocational Requirements: 6 months to 1 year directly related work experience.. Conerete-Batching-And-Mixing-Plant Foreman (batch-plant foreman). Supervises and coordinates activities of workers engaged in transporting and mixing ingredients to make concrete: Directs workers engaged in transferring sand and 144 gravel. aggregates by crane or other conveyor from barges and trucks to storage piles or bins. Vocational Requirements: Minimum of 4 years directly related work exper ience. Cherry-Picker Operator. Operates cherry picker (pneumatic hoist attached to structural framework) which moves on rails along tunnel side to hoist loader dinkey cars from mucking machine to front of train. Vocational Requirements: 6 months to 1 year work experience. Concrete-Mixing-Truck Driver (batch-mixing-truck driver; moto-mix operator; ready-mix-truck driver; transit-mix operator). Drives truck equipped with auxiliary concrete mixer. Vocational Requirements: 6 months to 1 year work experience. Construction Worker II. Performs any combination of the following duties concerned with erecting, repairing, and wrecking buildings and bridges, installing waterworks, loc-ks, and dams; grading and maintaining railroad right-of-ways and laying ties and rails; and widening, deepening, and improving rivers, canals, and harbors, requiring little or no independent judgement. No specific educational or'vocational requirements. 145 Diesel-Pile-Driver Operator (hammerman; hoisting engineer, pile driving). Operates pile driver mounted on skids, barge, crawler treads, or locomotive crane to drive piling as foundations for structures, such as buildings, bridges, and piers. Vocational Requirements: Normally required to possess 'heavy equipment operator Is license. Dredge Pipeman. Installs and removes lengths of pipe through which material dug from river or harbor bottom by suction dredge is discharged on shore. No specific educational or vocational requirements. Form Builder (carpenter form; wood-form builder). Constructs built-in-place or prefabricated wooden forms for molding concrete structures, following blueprints. Vocational Requirements: Minimum of 2 to 4 years directly related work experience. Grading Foreman (dirt-working foreman; excavating foreman; rough-grading foreman). S upervises and coordinates activities of workers engaged in excavating and grading right-of-way for construction of projects, such as highways, streets,, drainage ditches, and dams. Educational Requirements:. High school diploma. Vocational Requirements: -Mi.nimum of 4 to 10 years directly related work expe rience. 146 Laborer, Pile Driving, Ground Work (cant-hook man,, pile driving; ground-man; line man, pile driving; lumber handler, pile driving). Assists Leadsman, Pile Driving to erect piles and sheet piling for use in building structural foundations, retaining walls, and cofferdams. No specific educational or vocational requirements. Operating Engineer (heavy-equipment operator). Operates several types of power construction equipment, such as compressors, pumps,.hoists, derricks, cranes, shovels, tractors, scrapers, or motor graders, to excavate and grade earth, erect structural and reinforcing steel, and pour concrete. Vocational Requirements: Normally must possess heavy equipment operato r's license plus a significant amount of work experience. Painter, Structural Steel (painter, bridge; painter, steel). Paints structural steel framework of buildings, griders, cables of bridges,and other structural steel. Vocational Requirements: 3 to 6 months work experience. Shorer (bracer; carpenter, shoring; carpenter, trench bracing; cribber; cribbing setter; sheeting setter; shore setter;, trench bracer; trench sho rer). Erects timbers, cross braces, and sheeting for tempo rary retainingwalls. 147 Superintendent, Construction (superintendent, job). Directs activities of workers concerned with construction of buildings, dams, highways, pipelines, or other-construc- tion projects. Educational Requirements: Bachelor's degree in Construction Technology. or a related degree. Vocational Requirements: Minimum of 4 to 10 years directly related work experience. Ship and Boat Building and Repairing The ship and boatbuilding and repair industry in Lafourche.Parish is concentrated along the major,waterway, Bayou Lafourche. Along each side of its banks from Thibodaux to Leeville can be found numerous facilities employing as. few as ten personnel and as many as several hundred. The products that they manufacture or repair are as diversified as the quantity of personnel employed, ranging from amphi- bious vehicles built by Quality Boiler and Machine Works, Inc. at Thibodaux (Webre, 1976: 11) to inland waterways push boats built by Halter-Marine Services, Inc. at Lockport (Work Boat, 1975: 58). The major emphasis, however, is on the manufacture and repair of vessels such as crew, tug, and supply boats which are used to serve the offshore oil and gas industry. 148 The Department of Employment Security (1976) lists under the SIC classification code number 3731-8hiip Building and Repairing, twelve manufacturing firms employing 259 personnel. Under code number 3732--Boat Building and Repairing, there were five firms listed, employing 319. Table 2.9 shows a comprehensive listing of the job types and number per type which would be utilized in the design and construction of one ocean tugboat. Ship and Boat Building and__Repairing--Educational and Vocational Requirements Job types listed in this subsection are included in the SIC classification code under Major Group 37--Manufac- turing. They are fo und under two different industry numbers: 3731--Ship Building and Repairing, and 3732"-BoAt Building' and Repairing (Chapter 1). Architect, Marin e (architect, naval; naval designer). Designs and ove rsees construction and repair of marine craft and floating structures, such as ships, barges, tugs, dredges, submarines, floats, and buoys. Educational Requirements: Bachelor's degree in Marine Architecture., Vocational Requirements: Minimum of 4 to 10 years work experience. 149 TABLE 2.9 JOB TYPES AND PERSONNEL PER TYPE NECESSARY FOR CONSTRUCTION OF ONE OCEAN TUGBOAT Job Type Number Architect, Marine 4 Cantilever-Crane Operator 3 Draftsman, Hull-Stress Calculation 6 Electrician 22 Electrician Foreman 1 Electrician Helper 10 Hull Inspector 2 Laborer, Shipyard 20 Loftsman 6 Loftsman, Head 1 Machinery Erector 6 Machinist Foreman, Outside 1 Machinist Helper, Outside 15 Machinist, Marine Engine 15 Machinist, Outside 10 Painter, ShiPyard 10 Painter Foreman, Shipyard 'i Pipe..Coverer and Insulator 3 Pipe Fitter 20 Pipe Fitter Foreman 1 Pipe Fitter Helper' '15 Rigger 4 Shipfitter 40 Shipfitter Foreman 2 Shipfitter Helper 30 Welder 35 Welder Foreman 1 Yardman 1 Source: Morgan, 1976. 150 Cantilever-Crane Operator (rig operator). Operates elec- trically powered rig (tower) equipped with cantilevers (horizontally extended structural-steel framework) which supports hoists used to move heavy objects in shipyards. Vocational Requirements: 3 to 6 months work experience. Dockman (dock hand; docking man). Per forms essential duties concerned with drydocking and cleaning exteriors of ships and maintenance of drydock and piers. No specific educational or vocational requirements. Dockmaster (dock foreman; docking master). Supervises and coordinates activities of workers engaged in drydocking vessels for painting, cleaning, and repair. Educational Requirements: High school diploma. Vocational Requirements: 2 to 4 years directly related work experience. Draftsman, Hull-Stress Calculation. Specializes in calcu- lating stresses to which ship members will be subjected in preparation for specification of size, weight, and material for each member. Educational Requirements: Bachelor's degree in Marine Engineering.- Vocational Requirements: 2 to 4 years work experience. 151 Cutter, Aluminum Sheet. Cuts boat hulls and decks to specified sh ape from sheet aluminum, using portable saw. No specific educational or vocational requirements. Electrician (electrician, marine; electrician, outside). Installs and repairs wiring, fixt,ures, and equipment of all electrical services aboard ship and in shipyard facilities, following blueprints and wiring diagrams. Vocational Requirements: Minimum of 4 to 10 years directly related work experience. Electrician Foreman. Supervises And coordinates activities of workers engaged in installation and repair of wiring and electrical equipment aboard ship and in shipyard facilities. Educational Requirements: High school diploma. Vocational Requirements: Minimum of 4 to 10 ye ars work.experience. Electrician Helper. Assists -Electrician in the installation and repair of wiring, fixtures, and equipment aboard ship and in shipyard facilities. Vocational Requirements: 6-months to 1 year work experience. Hu 11 Inspector. Inspects construction of hulls, compartments, tanks, and decks of ships for conformance to plans and specifications. 152 41 Vocational,Requirements,: Minimum of 4,.to 10 years work experience. Laborer, Shipyard. Performs any one or more of the following tasks in a shipyard: loads vehicles,-washes trucks, cleans boats, piers, drydocks, sorts lumber and metals, mixes and pours cement on bottom of boats, removes paint and scale from boat's metal surfaces, or assists.., journeymen workers, by gathering and supplying materials. No specific educational or vocational requirements. Loftsman (mold loftsman). Lays out lines of boats to full scale on a mold-loft floor and constructs templa tes and .molds to be used as patterns and guides for layout and fabrication of various,structural parts of the boat., Vocational Requirements: 2 to 4 years work.experience and graduate of an approved apprenticeship program. Loftsman, Head. Supervises and coordinates activities of, workers engaged in laying out and constructing templates and molds used as patterns and guides for fabrication of structural parts of boats.. Vocational Requirements: Journeyman status plus a minimum of 4 to 10 years work experience. 153 Machinery Erector (craneman; crane rigger; groundsman; hook- and chain man; hook tender; slinger; yard rigger). Assembles rigging to lift and move equipment or material in boatyard. Vocational Requirements: 1 to 2 years work experience. Machinist Foreman, Outside. Supervises andcoordinates activities of workers engaged in installation of boat's machinery, such as propelling machinery, auxiliary-motolrs and pumps, and steering gear. Educational Requirements: High school diploma. Vocat ional Requirements: Minimum of 4 to 10 years direct work experience. Machinist Helper, Outside (machinist helper, marine),. Assists Machinist, Outside by performing such routine duties .as:. furnishing needed materials, tools,, and supplies; cleaning work area, machines, and equipment, feeding or offbearing machine;.holding materials or,tools. No specific educational or vocational requirements. Machinist,.-Marine Engine (marine-engine mechanic). Installs or repairs diesel engines in boats, tugs,.and trawlers. Vocational Requirements: 2 to 4 years work.experience. Machinist, Outside (engineer, steam; machinist, installation; machinist, marine; marine erector; marine machinist, outfitter; outside-installation man).. Installs boat's machinery, such as propelling maebiner y, auxiliary motors, pumps, ventilating 154 equipment, and steering-gears, working from blueprints and using handtools, calipers,, and micrometers. Vocational Requirements: Minimum of 4 to 10@years work-experience. Manager, Marine Service. Directs act.ivities:of boat repair service, according to knowledge of maintenance needs of small craft.and marine safety requirements. Vocational Requirements: Minimum-of 2,t.o 4 years work experience. Marine Engineer. Designs and oversees installation and repair of marine powerplants, propulsion systems, heating and ventilating.systems, and,other mechanical and electrical equipment in ships, docks, and,marine facilities. Educational Requirements: Bachelor's degree in Marine Engineering. Vocational Requirements: Minimum of,2 to 4 years work experience. I. 11 .Painter, Shipyard. Responsible for the preparation and' painting of parts, equipment,' interiors, and'exteriors of boats and trawlers. Vocational Requirements: Minimum of 2 years work experience. Painter Foreman, Shipyard,.....Supervises and coordinates activities of workers,:e-ngaged'in painting part,s, equipment, interiors, and exteriors of boats and trawlers. Vocational Requirements: Minimum of 4 to 10 years 155 work experience.. Pipe Coverer and Insulator. Covers boilers, pipes, and tanks with insulating materials to reduce loss or absorp- tion of heat, prevent mositure condensation, and to deaden sound. Vocational Requirements: Minimum of 4 years work experience. Pipe Fitter (pipe fitter, marine). Lays out, installs, and maintains ships' piping systems, such as steam heat and power, hot water, hydraulic ' air pressure, and oil lines, following blueprints and using handtools and shop machines. Voc ational Requirements: Must be able to pass rigid test concerning pipe fitting. Pipe Fitter Foreman. Supervises and coordinates activities of workers engaged in installing and maintaining piping systems of boats. Vocational Requirements: Must be able to pass rigid te.st plus 4 tP, 10, years work experience. Pipe Fitter Helper (fitter helper). Assist's Pipe Fitter' with, the installation and maintenance of piping systems of boats. Vocational Requirements: Normally required to pass 156 simple welding test. Rigger (erector; loft rigger; outs ide rigger). Installs and repairs rigging and weight-handling gear on boats and attaches hoists and pulling gear to rigging to lift, move, and position machinery. Vocational Requirements: Minimum of 2 to 4 years work experience.. Rigger Foreman (ri gger, chief). Supervises and coordinates activities of workers engaged in installation and repair of rigging, and in hoisting and positioning machinery, equipment, and structural parts aboard boats. Vocational Requirements: Minimum of 4 to 10 years work experience. Rigger Helper. Assists Rigger in moving, lifting, and positioning machinery and structural members of boats under repair or construction. No specific educational or vocational requirements. Shipfitter (fitter). Lays out and fabricates metal structural parts, such as plates, bulkheads, and frames, and braces them into position within hull of boat for tacking.or welding. Vocational Requirements: Minimum of 4 to 10 years work experience, 157 Shipfitter Foreman (steel constru ction foreman; steel installation foreman). Supervises and coordinates activities of workers engaged in fabricating and installing metal structural parts, such as bulkheads, plates, and frames on boats. Vocational Requirements: Minimum of 4 to 10 years work experience. Shipfitter Helper. Assists Shipfitter in fabricating, assembling, and installing bulkheads, plates, frames, stanchions,. and other heavy steel structural parts within hull of boat. Vocational Requirements: 6 months to 1 year work experience. Welder, Arc. Welds.metal parts together, as specified by layout, diagram, work order, or oral instructions, using electric are welding equipment. Vocational Requirements: Normally required to pass test plus 1 to 2 years work experience. Welder, Foreman. Described in section on Pipelaying. Yardman. Moves towboats or other vessels from shop to yard, and launches vessels, using winch. Vocational Requirements: 3 to months work experience. 158 REFERENCES Black, C L. (May, 1976) Captain--100 Ton Ocean Operator, Offshore Logistics. Lafayette, Louisiana, private interview. Cate, J. (June, 1976) Supervisor, Geophysical Services, Inc. New Orleans, Louisiana, telephone interview. Council on Environmental Quality 1974) OCS Oil and Gas-- An Environmental Assessment, Volumes I, III, and IV, A Report to the President. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Division of Advanced Environmental Research and Technology (1-9 76) "Onshore Impacts of Offshore Oil and Gas: Methodology Development and Test, Work Statement and Requirements." Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation. Fortune (February, 1965) "Plumbing the.Seas for Oil," Volume 71, Number.2. Henry, M. (May, 1976) Chief Dispatcher on Shell Drilling Rig Number 11, telephone interview, and Perlander, L. (May, 1976) Chief Dispatcher, Shell Terminal, private.interview in Leeville, Louisiana. Jenner, J. W.' et al. (1973) Modern Petroleum Technology. New York: Halsted Press. Kash, D. et al. (1973) Energy Under the Oceans. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. Laplace, J. (1976) "Coastal Parishes Set Income Pace," The'Times--:Picayune,(New.0 rleans), June 15, 19-76, section 1, p. 10. Louisiana.Department ofErLiployment Security (1976) unpublished data. Baton Rouge., Louisiana. - Louisiana State Licensing-Board for Contractors (1976) 1976 Roster of Contractors. Baton Rouge, Louisiana. McGinnis, J. T., et al. (1972) Environmenta:l Aspects of Gas Pipeline Operations in the Louisiana Coastal Marshes. Columbus, Ohio: Battelle-Columbus Laboratories. Morgan, L. (July, 1976) Personnel Manager, Halter Marine Services, Inc. New Orleans, Louisiana, private interview. 159 Offshore (November, 1975) "Workbargb Vessels Continue to Advance Marine Construction," Volume 35, Number 12. (January, 1976a) "Seismic Boats Debut in .Open Water," Volume 36, Number 1. (January, 1976b) "Platform Rigs," Volume 36, Number 1. (March, 1976) "1975 Worldwide Supply and Transportation Survey," Volume 36, Number 3. siana," (April, 1976) "Mobile Units--Loui, Volume 36, Number 4. Pirson, S. J. (1973) "Advantages and Limitations of Direct Oil-Finding Methods," World Oil, Volume 176, Number 5 (April). Shell Oil Company (no date) The Story of Petroleum. Houston, Texas. Small, S..W. (1970) "The Submarine Pipeline as a Structure," Offshore Technology Conference Paper Number 1223, 1969 Offshore Technology Conference Preprints, Volume 1, May 18-21, Houston, Texas. Sykes, H. (July, 1976) Production Superintendent, Shell Oil Company, New Orleans, Louisiana, telephone interview. Transcontinental Gas Pipe Line Corporation (1.974) Map of South Louisiana and Louisiana Continental Shelf Showing Natural Gas Pipe Lines. U.S. Coast Guard (1972) Departme nt of Transportation, Rules and Regulations for Licensing and Certificating-of Merchant Marine Personnel, Subchapter B,_ CG 191. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. (1973) Department of Transportation, Rules and Regulations for Manning of Vessels, Subchapter P, CG 268. Washington, D,C,: U.S. Government Printing Office. (1976) Department of Transportation, Office of Marine Environment and Systems, Draft 'Environmental Impact/4(f) Statement, LOOP Deep@@ater Port License Application; Volume 1. Washington, D.C.: U.S.. Government Printing Office. 160 U.S. Employment Service (1965) Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security, Dictionary of Occupational Titles, Third Edition, Volumes I and II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. (1966) Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security. 'A Supplement to The Dictionary of Occupational Titles. Washington, D,C,: U.S. Government Printing Office. U.S. Bureau of the Budget (1967) Standard Industrial Clas- sification Manual. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Webre, G.T. (1976) "Quality in Swim of Things with Vehicles That Don't Bog Down," The Times-Picayune (New Orleans), July 15, Section 4, p. 11. Work Boat (October, 1975) "The Halter Story," Volume 32, Number 10. 161 CHAPTER 3 THE IMPACT OF OCS DEVELOPMENT ON SEAF OOD, FUR, AND RECREATION IN LAFOURCHE PARISH In this chapter, a bri ef description of the shrimp, oyster, menhaden, fur, and recreation industries in Lafourche Parish is presented, along with a discussion of OCS related impacts on these industries. LIVING WETLAND RESOURCES Wetlands serve as a nursery, habitat, and source of nutrients for many seafood and fur animals. Destruction of wetlands leads to diminished production from these organisms. Natural and man-made phenomena cause stresses and destruc- tionof the wetland environment. Natural stresses result from wave erosion, hurricanes, natural sedimentation from. rivers and streams, natural pollution (such as oil seeps and natural phosphorus), certain marine organisms, geologic subsidence and other factors. Man-made changes in the wetlands which have caused environmental stress include pollution from urban runoff, industry, and pesticides; channelization and drainage and filling of wetlands for urbanization, agriculture and mining, which cause loss of..habitat and productive capabi lities. Channeling and dredging in the marsh and estuary areas are necessary for access to offshore and onshore oil facilities, laying pipelines, and construe- ting oil wells. As a consequence, various ecological changes 162 occur along with oil industry development (Mumphrey et al., 1975: 41-95). Mumphrey et al. (1975: 86) list the following ecological changes in coastal zones caused by channelization and dredging by the petroleum industry: 1. interfering with sheet water flow through the marsh; 2. allowing rapid salinity changes with the resultant death of vegetation and erosion of the marsh; 3. allowing destruction of marsh by wave action; 4. decreasing pr oductivity by the presence of straight vs. sinuous channels that accelerate removal of freshwater and also confine water movement; 5. destruction of barrier islands with resultant increased destruction of marsh. The flushing rate (movement of fresh water from wetlands into bayous and to the Gulf) increases when north-souih bayous are straightened and deepened. This results because the water does not have time to unload sediment and nutrients in the wetland area. The faster movement of water in the bayous and canals also causes erosion along the unstable banks of the streams. Other channels that are dug east-west across the marsh create spoil banks that interrupt the normal north-south sheet-like flow of water. This flow of water is important because it disperses nutrients and 163 detritus over the wetlands. Additionally, man-made channels disrupt nur,sery areas of many commercially important marine animals (e.g., shrimp and menhaden). Dredging and channeling for the building of oil wells and pipelines can often destroy vegetation and habitats of marsh animals,. (See 'Mumphrey et al. (19-75: 86-89) for a more complete discussion.) Burying pipelines and the revegetation of their paths through t'he marshes-mitigates, but doesmot eliminate the effects of the associated channels (Willingham et al., 1974). Also., creative dispersal of spoil banks can mitigate some of the effects of channelization. Where deep, straight canals are cut, salt wedges can 'result and extend far inland, causing the death of vegetation which results in the loss of nutrients, habitat, and erosion in the wetlands. These large, straight canals.carrybigh velocity seawater (waves) during hurricanesand destroy vegetation. After a hurricane, the :spoil banks tend to trap the-saline seawater in thewet'lan:ds and prohibit it from draining. The result isthe destruct-ion of morevegeta tion and erosion. Also, the dredging of canals-near barrier islands helps -speed their destruction.- Normally, these i-slands-protect the plantand animal life of .the wetlands from de-struction by storm-generated tidal surges and -diminish wetland-erosion ('Mumphrey et al., '1975: 89-9-3). The seafood and fur industries in Lafourdhe Parish are rather large. Therefore, pre-servation of wetlands 164 productivity is important.to the parish economy. The. average employment in fishing for 1975-1976 is 250 (from Table 3.1). Commercial seafood landings in Lafourche, Parish are shown in Table 3.2. Table 3.8 presents employ- ment.data on the fur industry. The Shrimp Industry Louisiana's most important fishery in dollar terms is shrimp. The catch for the years 1940 to 1974 are shown in Table 3.3. Since trawling is performed over extensive acres of water, oil platforms do not affect the size of the shrimp catch. Of the several species caught in state waters, brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) and white shrimp (Penaeus setiferus) are the most important. During the 1958 to 1971 seasons, brown shrimp totaled.41% of the total Louisiana shrimp production. White shrimp, at one.time, contributed 95% of the total offshore Louisiana catch. However, because of increased amounts of fresh water into estuary nursery grounds, where shrimp spend considerable time, there has been,a decline in the catch since 1952 (Barrett and Gillespie, 1973). Figure 3.1 shows that white shrimp spawn in the open Gulf during May through July. After that, the larvae return to bays and estuaries and mature to adults in the safety of -nursery grounds.. The adults then return to the Gulf in the early spring and live in waters less than 100 feet deep (Viosca., 1957: 8-9). 165 'Sol IM, so, '40! IM" so 40 '40, IM" 'aw, AW so VW go, as am TABLE 3.1 EMPLOYMENT IN SEAFOOD INDUSTRIES IN LAFOURCHE PARISH FOR 1975-1976 BY QUARTER* SIC Number Description 1975-1 1975-2 1975-3 1975-4 1976-1 0910 Commercial fisheries 86 109 120 118 79 0912 Finfish 5 5 10 7 10 0913 Shellfish 90 129 154@ 139 126 0989 Fish hatcheries, farms, and 8 13 15 18 10 preserves TOTAL 189 256 299' 282 225 *Because of disclosure problems relating to single-firm industries, Table 3.1 should not be further reproduced without the permission of its source. Source: Louisiana Department of Employment Securityi n.d. TABLE 3.2 COMMERCIAL SEAFOOD LANDINGS FOR GOLDEN MEADOW-LEEVILLE PORT Size Value Year (1000 lbs.) 1972 37,900 9,100,000 1973 32,565 8,626,000 1974 26,819 8,,000,000 1975 23,395 11,260,000 Source: National Marine Fisheries Service, 1973-1976. 167 TABLE 3.3 LOUISIANA SHRIMP CATCH, 1940-1974 Quantity Value Year (1000 lbs.) (1000 $) 1940 90,82 0 .3,645 1941* 1942* 1943* 1944* 1945 103,352, 12,402 1946* 1947* 1948 79 966 16,827 1949 77 046 17,662 1950 70,630 14*696 1951 78,164 17:587 1952 75,854 15,722 1953. 81,589 16,427 1954 77,709 15,451 1955 68,9186 131,745 1956 56@'886 15,316 1957 31,917 1958 39,760 13,,080 1959 57,036 12,803 1960 61,758 15,'881 1961 31,027 8,913 1962 43,585 14,985 1963 80,809 19,789 1964 59,382 -18,794 1965 62,593 19,584 1966 62,276 24*;-390 1967 75,325 24,,575 1968 67,768 1969 82,888 33,358 1970 90,948 34,614 1971 92,481 43,285 1972 83,035 1973 58,653 44,513 1974 59,591 32,206** * Data not available for these years **As it appears in source. Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1955-1969 and National Marine Fisheries Service, 1970-74; 1975. 168 FIGURE 3.1 SEASONAL MOVEMENTS OF SHRIMP White Shrimp ................... Brown ........ Shrimp ............. ..................... jjan.jFeb.jMar.jApr. May June July Aug. Sept Oct. Nov. Dec.. tEGEND: Shrimp ....... I Spawn--Gulf of Mexico Larvae_-Bays and.tstuaries Post Larvae--Nur.@ery Grounds (Bays and Estuaries) Adult--Gulf of Mexico Source-: Dames and Moore,. 1975: 2-396. 169 Since fishermen have extended their trawling grounds into deeper Gulf waters, the brown shrimp has become more important, than the white. Brown shrimp are associated with muddy substrates of peat and sandy mud. They bury them- selves during the day and at night they feed in the*Gulf's surface waters. Trawlers bring in their greatest catches during.summer nights. Brown shrimp spawn in the open, Gulf @waters during fall and early winter. Larvae reaching the -estuary.nursery grounds remain until maturity when adults return to the open water in June (Figure 3.1). Brown shrimp are more t'olerant of high salinities than white, 19 ppt (parts per thousand) being an optimum salinity (Barrett and Gi-llespie,.1973). Growth of the brown shrimp 0 is.dependent.on.moderate temperatures, 20 C or greater, and salinity near 19 ppt (White, 1975). .Estuarin'e nursery grounds provide shrimp with safety until they reach maturity. Plants,-animals, and inorganic and organic detritus in the nurseries provide food for the shrimp. The estuarine nurs ery grounds are affected in two major ways by man's activities. First, changes in salinity and chemical composition of water are the results of channeling. Secondly, loss of vegetated marsh areas by channeling and dredging reduces'the'shrimp supporting capacity of the estuaries (McGinnis et al. , 1972': 3-24). Another problem which may affect the shri .mp catch is the laying of pipelines. Pipelines laid in bays and offshore 170 waters are either buried in the seabed or are eventually covered by the substrate (ocean floor material that supports plant or animal life). Occasionally, before pipelines are covered, or when they become uncovered by water current action, trawlers face navigational h azards. Nets become caught and snagged on exposed lines. For the same naviga- tional reasons, trawling is not performed near oil platforms'. However, many people believe the pipelines do not interfere with overall yields. Willingham et al. (1974: 135) concluded "offshore pipelines ... didn't appear to,diminish yields of aquatic organisms." Many shrimpers say the best trawling areas are along underwater pipelines. Shrimp and other smaller fish hide from predAtors and feed in the abundant growths of seaweed found on,both sides.of a pipeline.(LaPlace, 1976). The largest shrimp production areas are in Terrebonne and Lafourche Parishes with Barataria-and Caminada Bays being the traditional center of brown shrimp production in Louisiana (Dames and Moore, 1975; White, 1975). Only slightly less important are Timbalier and Terrebonne Bays. The average inshore production of,brown and white shrimp for 1959 to 19,72 in,the Barataria and Caminada Bay areas was approximately 28% of the annual inshore brown-shrimp catch in Louisiana (White, 1975). Table 3.4 shows the brown shrimp catch in Barataria and Caminada Bays for 1959 to 1972 (Barrett and Gillespie, 1973). 1970 yielded the largest TABLE 3.4 BARATARIA AND CAMINADA BAYS, BROWN SHRIMP CATCH, 1959-1972 Year Catch (millions of pounds) 1959 2.75 1960 2.99 1961 1.03. 1962 1.50 1964 1.05 196 5 2.59 1966 2.88 1967 3.55 1968 3.69 1969 4.37 1970 4.95 19-71 4.68 1972 4.21 Source: Barrett and Gillespie, 1973: 26. 172 catch with 4.95 million pounds. At the 1974 per pound value of $0.54 computed from Table 3.3, a catch of about 4 million pounds is valued at about $2 million. While shrimp catches are important, processing is a necessity to distribute the various shrimp products. Shrimp producers sell shrimp in several forms including-fresh headless, fresh peeled, fresh heads-on, frozen peeled, frozen heads-on, frozen heads-off, canned and dried. Four seafood companies in Lafourche Parish provide fresh and frozen shrimp (Department of Commerce and Industry, 1975). The Louisiana Advisory Commission (1973: 187-188) recommends that the dockside value of commercial catches be multiplied by a factor of between 2.5 and 3.5 to obtain the total worth of production after value added in processing. Using a factor of 3, a catch of 4 million pounds is valued, after- processing, at $6 million. The Oyster Industry The Eastern'or Atlantic oyster, Crassostrea virginica Gmelin, is the only commercially valuable oyster taken in Louisiana waters"(Pollard, 1973). Although Crassostrea virginica may live in a salinity range of 10 to 30 ppt, it is usually found in salinities of 10 to 15 ppt. The reason for greater populations in a lower salinity range is the low salinity intolerance of oyster predators, such as the fungus Dermocystidium marinum and the conch (commonly called oyster drill), Thais haemastoma. 173 Dermocystidium marinum infects oysters usually during high.temperature periods and in salinities above 10 ppt. Infection is usually lethal to the host oyster, but also may cause loss of weight, castration, and failure to grow normally. A change to a lower salinity achieved by fresh water flushing of the estuary is believed to be the best way to rid the oyster bed of the fungus (Mackin, 1962). The conch Thais haemastoma hayse is common in the northern Gulf waters. T. haemastoma feeds on oysters and other mollusks by drilling holes in the shell or penetrating the shell from the. edge by secreting enzymes that soften the mollusks I shells. The conch has a high reproductive rate and high survival rat.e of larvae. A salinity of 10 ppt or lower will prevent the conch from entering waters and exposure to a salinity of 7 ppt or lower for. one or twoweeks is known tokill it . T. haemastoma breeds in Louisiana during a period beginning no later than-the end of.March and ending in,July. The conch's tende.ncy:to climb on rocks or structures-above ground to attach its eggcases has led many oystergrowers to erect stakes in the oyster grounds to trap the animal (Galtsoff, 1964: 433). Louisiana's oyster production depends on "seed" oysters taken from state-managed seed grounds east of the Mississippi River and transported to private grounds for cultivation. Cultivating oysters has become more important in Louisiana with the depletion of natural oyster reefs. Some believe that the decline in productivity in the natural oyster reefs 174 is due to overfishing more than the effects of salinity changes. Mackin and Hopkins (1962) define an oyster reef as "an area of not less than 500 square yards of the bottom of any body of water upon which oysters are found or-have been found within a term,of five years-in quantit ies which would warrant taking them for profit by means of tongs." The largest natural oyster reef is the Point au Fer reef in the Atchafalaya Bay (Mackin and Hopkins, 1962). The first seed plantings, were tried in 1886 near the end of the Mississippi River delta with the Garden Island Bay oyster culture. Plantings were later begun below Quaran- tine Bay in an area known'as the "Salt Works" (Mackin and Hopkins, 1962). Natural reefs were used to provide seed oysters. Oysters are dredged from the seed areas and transported to public -and private leases for cultivation. Since 1904, an individual may obtain in his name up to one thousand acres in total of oyster lease cultivation grounds from the state (Mackin and Hopki ns, 1962). Corporations may hold in total more than one thousand acres by having each of its various stockholders hold one thousand acres. Individuals or corporations who own factories are allowed to hold five hundred oyster lease acres for the first factory, two hundred and fifty acres for the second factory, and none for other factories. This is in addition to acres held as oyster cultivators. Leases are valid for fifteen .175 years (Lay, 1976). Figure 3.2 shows the principal lease and seed grounds in southeast Louisiana. Louisiana oysters tend to grow faster, spawn more abundantly, and have a larger population in salinities up to 30 ppt. The abundance of natural predators in higher salinities forces the oyster to keep to lower salinity waters. Mackin and Hopkins (1962) believe the best oyster producing areas are high salinity waters where freshets (fresh water intrusions) drive out or kill predators. Oysters can withstand freshets by shutting their shells for long periods. The oil industry has had two main effects on the oyster populations of Louisiana, one direct and anotber indirect. Oil pollution directly affects the commercial value of the oyster. Oysters are sessile (attached to the substrate) filter feeders. Oysters ingest crude oil in feeding and concentrate it in their systems. The ingestion of oil does not affect their feeding process; however, an oily taste is imparted making them undesirable in markets. Over time, however, if the oil is dispersed, the oysters will eventually lose the oily taste. In a study done on the effects of an oil spill from a Mecom Oil Company well, Mackin and Sparks (1962) found that after two months, the oil taste had "probably disappeared" from a great number of the population in the most contaminated area (located in Grand Isle Block, Freeport Sulphur vicinity), because of the breakdown of the oil. 176 .FIGURE 3.2 PRINCIPAL OYSTER' PRODUCING: AREAS IN SOUTHEAST LOUISIANA LtASCO OPOWDS Mississippi mO OftoulleRESIOVATOW 139901jeltoullos Pon 336 'Ust use LANE --XTONOLOOW UNIT 11WRIDANY LAKE POPITCHANTRAN AMC *A, OAL[AN2 WS CHANDCLEUR Ell SOUNO % L VL OAT" . ./ I L# -S Area ;v ETON 7 0 SOUND 4:0 e, Line Lf m:T L&OG T L 1 01 CA" VRLOCITV % a& CAM& VIWOALa AAR. ow 3220000 *Amoco POLAND AV av dULF OF MEXICO too 680000-f Source: Dames and Moore,- 1975: 2-407. 177 Salinity changes have been caused indirectly by the oil industry through channeling a nd dredging for access to offshore oil facilities. The increases in salt water allows the oyster predators to enter oyster grounds and often cause serious damage. Also, dredging that covers oyster beds or dislocates oysters from the substrate can cause destruction of the oyster reef. Table 3.5 shows the catch and-value of oysters*in Louisiana for the years 1940 through 1974. In 1940,. 12,412.2 thousand pounds of oysters were taken at a value of $694,875. In 1963, 11,5.63.2 thousand pounds of oyste rs we're valued at $3,720,113 and in 1974, 9,971 thousand pounds-were valued at $6,347,912. The 1968 catch was the Largest catch at 13,122 pound s and was valued at $5,305,000. In Lafourche Parish, 15,157 acres were leased for oyster .cultivation in 1976 (Louisiana'Wildlife'and Fisheries CommissioR 1976d). Barataria Bay produces 357 pounds of oyster per acre leased. This is second only to Lake Borgne (539 pounds per leased acre). In terms of production.,alone, Barataria Bay is valued first. An approximate 49% of' the oyster meat produced in Louisiana during the 1963-67 period was.from Barataria Bay (U.S. Coast Guard, 1976: 2.4-2.0). If-this proportion still holds, then Barataria Bay in 1974 produced 4.9 million pounds of oysters with a value of $9.3 million after processing. 178 TABLE 3.5 LOUISIANA OYSTER CATCH 1940-.1974 Pounds Unprocessed Year (in thousands) Value 1940 12,412.2 $ 694,875 1941* 1942* 1943* 1944* 1945 9,884.1 2,829,007 1946* 1947* 1948 9,016.3 3,157,393 1949 9,687.5 3,459,341 1950 8,715.4 2,842,603 1951 8,163.7 1,902,647 1952 11,401.6 3,075,141 :1953 9,435.3 2,672,664 1954 8,361.1 2,350,270 1955 9,394.9 2,753,177 1956 10,056.1 2,238,034 1957 10,489.3 2,756,098 1958 8,264.8 2,425,917 1959 9,667.5 2,645,124 1960 8,310.8 2,303,997 1961. 10J39.2 2,849- 090 1962 10,160.3 3,316,554 1963 11,563.2 3,720,113 1964 11,401.1 2,976,152 @-1965 8,342.7 2,401,607 1966 4,764.0 2,156,000 1967 7,743.0 3,414,000 1968 13,122.0 5,305,000 1969, 9j178.0 3,969,000 1970 8,639.0 3,631,000 1971 10,528.0 4,638,000 1972 8,805.0 4,457,000 1973 8,953.8 5,545,022 1974 9,971.2 6,347,912 *NOTE: Data not available for these years. Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1955-1969 and National Marine Fisheries Service, 1970-1974; 1975. 179 The Menhaden Industry Since its beginning in Louisiana, in 1948, the menhaden fishery has been an important commercial fishery in the state and recently is second only to shrimp. The two major species caught are Brevoortialpatronus and-Brevoortia gunteri. In 1974, 524,363,440 pounds of menhaden were caught in the four-parish area, including St. Mary, Assumption, Terrebonne, and Lafourche. Value of the catch was $19,027,142 (National Marine Fisheries Service, 1975). After processing, the value was approximately $57 million. Table 3.6 shows that the entire state's menhaden catch has greatly increased since 1948, based on the market.for the fish and unrelat ed to the oil industry. Because extensive areas of the Gulf are trawled for menhaden, the size of their catch is unrelated to the oil and gas platforms. The 'industrial fish industry is relatively new in the Gulf of Mexico. Bottom fish or "trash-fish" are used for feeding a variety of agriculturaland domestic animals. In 1952, a pet food plant opened in Pascagoula, Mississippi, starting the bottom fish industry in the Gulf. At least 65 bottom fish species are caught f or processing, most of which are of the Sciaenid fIami.ly (Dunham, 1972')., Industries use menhaden oil for manufacturing margarine and in a wide variety of industrial products and processes. Fish meal and solubles from menhaden are used for agricultural purposes. 180 TABLE 3.6 MENHADEN CATCH FOR LOUISIANA Catch Value Year (1,000 pounds) (in thousands 1948 88,110 1949 165,914 1950 207,755 1951 209,574 1952 283,373 2,765 1953 307,492 3,690 1954 270,094 3,727 1955 298,309 4,594 1956 320,521 4,840 1957 162,817 2,459 1958 241,813 3,627 1959 442,740 1960 470,108 1961 581,682 6,748 1962 689,157 7,994 1963 633,484 7,862 1964 599,538 9,046 1965 682,435 11,790 1966 555,852 9,558 1967 510,414 6,134- 1968 622,291 7,740 1969 856,251 12,764 1970 959,810 18,931 1971 1,2317,093 20,015 1972 928,252 15,279 1973 894,931 37,221 1974 1,079,304 39,539 *NOTE: Data not available for these years. Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1955-1969 and National Marine Fisheries Service, 1970-1974 and 1975. 181 Most of the commercial fish important to Louisiana industry rely on estuaries for food or live part of their lives in the estuaries. Table 3.7 shows the migratory behavior of selected coastal organisms. Fish are subjected to two stresses from the oil industry' pollution from oil spills and destruction of estuary nursery and feeding grounds. -Cha nneling and dredgi ng have increase d salinity in most of the estuary and marsh areas of Louisiana. Changes in salinity cause changes in flora, plankton, and overall habitat. Levee building for'drainage and flood protection decreases the amount of freshwater runoff from land. This, in turn, leads to a depletion in nutrients necessary for plankton life (mienhaden food). Straightening channels and bayous increases the flushing rate and turbidity of the stream or stops sheetwater flow, resulting in diminished wetland nutrients. Increased turbidity affects ability of many plankton:species to float (Patrick, 1967). Fish populations can be damaged in five major ways by oil spills:' 1. coating and exposure to hydrocarbon concentrations in excess of 0.1 ppm caus e eggs and larvae to die; 2. adult fish, especially anadromous fish, die or fail to reach spawning grounds if spill occurs in a 6ritical, narrow, or shallow waterway; 3. contaminated spawning of nursery grounds causes loss of a local breeding population; TABLE 3.7 MIGRATORY BEHAVIOR OF COASTAL ORGANISMS ..Movement into Estuaries Movement Month (or nearshore zone) from Estuaries Jan. Southern Hake, Red Drum (peak) Menhaden, Spadefish Feb. Stingray, Brown Shrimp Post- larvae, Menhaden, Spadefish Mar. Gulf Killifish, Spot, Cutlass- Blue Catfish, fish, Hogehoker, Butterfish, Sheepshead Rough Silverside, Flounder, Minnow, Long- Tonguefish nose Killi- fish Apr. Gafftopsail Catfish, Sea Bighead Searo- Catfish, Bluefish, Bumper, bin Sand Seatrout, Southern King- fish, Shipjack Herring,(in and out same month), Adult Croaker, Black Drum (peak), Pinfish, Atlantic Threadfin, Toadfish, ,Midshipman May Striped Anchovy, Lizardfish, Menhaden, Sardine, Spanish Mackerel, Southern Hake White Shrimp Postlarvae June Needlefish, Pompano, Crevalle Butterfish Jack, Leatherjacket, Atlantic Moonfish July Ladyfish, Lookdown Aug. Ladyfish, Atlantic Threadfin Sept. Adult Croaker, Rough Silver- side 183 TABLE 3.7 CONTINUED@ Movement into Estuaries Movement Month. (or nearshore zone) 'from Estuaries Oct. Menhaden, Sheepshead Minnow, Sardine, Blue- Bighead Searobin fish, Leather- jacket, Atlantic Moonfish, Sand Seatrout, Cutlassfish, Spanish Mackerel Nov.. Blue Catfish, Juvenile Striped Anchovy, Croaker Gafftopsail, Sea Catfish, Needle,- fish, Pompano, Crevalle Jack, Bumper, Look- down, Pinfish, Tonguefish, Toad- fish, Midshipman, White Shrimp Juveniles Dec. Longnose Killifish Stingray, Lizard fish, Gulf Killi- fish, Spot, Southern King- fish,,Flounder, Hogchoker Source: Dames and Moore,,1975: 2-373. 184 4. productivity and spawning patterns are changed; 5. local food species of adults, juveniles, fry, or larvae are affected .(Council on Environmental Quality, 1974: 107, 109). Moore and Dwyer (1974: 819-827) describe five ways individual organisms respond to the effects of oil pollution. The first is direct lethal toxicity, resulting in death. Cellular and sub-cellular processes, especially membrane activity, are interfered with by the hydrocarbon s released by crude oil. The most toxic of the hydrocarbons (the chemical components of petroleum) are the lower boiling point aromatics. These stay in the environment the longest. Thelarvae and juveniles of species are more sensitive to toxic matter than the adults. Adult marine organisms respond to lethal toxic levels from concentrations of soluble hydrocarbons in the 1-100.parts per million ppm) range. Larvae stages may be affected by levels as low as 0.1 ppm.- The second response is sub-lethal-disruption of physio- logical or behavioral activities. Disruption of cellular and physiological processes does not include immediate death, though it may occur in the long-run. Feeding and reproduction of species are possibly affected. Direct coating of oil is the third response. This can cause smothering of the species and/or interference with feeding and movement. Oil can also destroy the water proofing and insulating properties of animals with feathers and fur. 185 Oil can be ingested as animals try to clean themselves. Bird mortality, as a result of direct oil coating, has been well documented along the California coast. The fourth response is the incorporation of hydro- carbons in food chains. This includes tainting of edible organisms such as oysters and clams. Accumulation and concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is a major concern, especially since this includes carcinogens. The final response li sted is changes in biological habitats, especially alteration of substrate characteristics. the substrate is the ocean floor material that supports plant or animal life. Species living passively on the substrate (not depending heavily on the substrate for support) may have little or no interference with their habitat. Flora and fauna living in the substrate or actively dependent on it may have adverse effects (Council on Environmental Quality, 1974: 106). Although the quantity and types of oil that may prevent a species from utilizing a substrate are unknown, data indicate concentrations of 10 to 100 parts per billion (ppb) of low to medium boiling point aromatic hydrocarbons may interfere with the species' relationship to the substrate. Chemical sensing and communi- cations upon which anadromous fish depend will be interfered with by the presence of aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives in such concentrations (Council on Environmental Quality, 1974: 106-107). 186 The Fur Industry O'Neil and Linscombe (undated) studied the fur industry of Louisiana and found that the state leads the United States in fur productions, amounting, to 40 to 65 percent of the total catch per year. Furtrapping began in Louisiana in the 18th century with the founding of New Orleans. Furs were transported to the city and shipped to all parts of the world. Mink, raccoon, otter and alligator were hunted in Louisiana coastal marshes during the 1800s. Burning of the marsh to make alligator habitats more accessible to hunters and other factors such as salinity changes caused changes in the marsh vegetation. These man-induced changes to the marsh produced a favorable environment for the muskrat. During the early 1900s, efforts were begun to trap muskrat in large numbers. Nutria were first brought to Avery Island, Louisiana, in 1938 from Argentina by Mr. E. A. McIlhenny. During captivity, some nutria escaped and others were intentionally released. This res ulted in the establishment of a sizeable population in south Louisiana by 1943. The presence of nutria has offset changes in marsh veg etation and has consequently caused the muskrat population to decline (O'Neil and Linscombe, undated: 23). The nutria is now Louisiana's most valuable fur animal. Table 3.8 gives an indication of the importance of fur trapping to employment in Lafourche Parish. Table 3.9 shows the Louisiana fur catch for the 1974-1975 season. After processing, its value is greater 187 TABLE 3.8 17URLICENSES SOLD IN LAFOURCHE PARISH DURING THE'@1973-1974, 1974-1915,- and,1975-1976@SEASONS Fur Dealers Fur Buyer Fur Trapper 2 Year ($150/year) ($25/year) ($2/season) 1973- 2 12 432 1974 1974- 2 12 517 -1975 197,5- 2 13 496.* 1976 Fur dealers must also deposit.$500 to insure.payment, of severence tax (O'Neill and Linscombe, no date). 2 May be employed part-time in trapping in addition to' other wo'rk.'- *Chauvin,.' 1976. Source:_,'Louisiana Wildlife and-Fisherie8 Commission, no .date', b. 188 TABLE 3.9 LOUISIANA FUR CATCH, 1974-1975 SEASON Nuin-ber 3f Approximate Price. Category Pelts to Trapper Muskrat (Eastern) 240P214 $ 3.25 Muskrat (Western 60,000 4.50 Mink 32,319 4.50 Nutria (Eastern). 1,000,000 4.50 4 Nutria (Western) 502,617 5.50 Raccoon (Coastal) 70,000 4.W Raccoon (Upland) .90,863 7.00 Opossum 30,447 1.50 Otter 6,118 25.00 Skunk 298 1.00 00 Fox 3,471 16.00 Bobcat 775 25.00. Beaver 276 5.00 Coyote 342 10.00 TOTAL PELTS 2),038,379 Nutria Meat 9,000,000 lbs- .09 Muskrat Meat 250,000 lbs. .09 Raccoon Meat 930,000 lbs. .30 Opossum Meat 250,000 lbs. ..25. TOTAL MEAT 10,430,000 lbs. TOTAL PELTS AND MEAT ....................................................... $1( Source: Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Commission, no date, a. low im than $30 million (Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Commission, no date, a). Assuming that the proportion of fur. taken in. Lafourche Parish is equal to its proportion of the area of the coastal parishes--6% (Mumphrey et al., 1975: 100)--the processed value of fur animals-to Lafourche Parish is over $1.8 million. Muskrat and nutria live in coastal marsh areas and have a diet consisting of three-cornered grass, salt meadow cord- grass, cattail bullwhip, alligator weed and other grasses., (Muskrat may also eat small amounts of fish, mussels, insects, and snails). Three-cornered grass (Scirpus oeneyi).is found in brackish marshes in dense, uniform stands often covering large areas. -Marshes of three-c6rnered grass produce.more, than eighty percent of the muskrat catch and many of the nutria (McGinnis et-al., 1972: 2.20). Fur bearing animals are affected in several ways by man's activities in the coastal zone. Habitat land loss for fur animals consists of land disturbed by dredging and channeling.-operations and the resulting spoil banks. An indirect effect. on habitat is the increased salinity in the -marsh resulting from channeling., Salinity changes affect vegetation important to the animals, such as three-cornered grass (McGinnis, et al., 1972: 3.17-3.18). Channeling may also create migrational and home range barriers.for animals. 'Crossing spoilbanks will,subject many animals to increased predatory vulnerability (McGinnis,-et al., 1972: 3.18). 190 Temporary displacement and interruption of animal activities may accompany pipeline construction and surveill ance in back- filled canals. Multipurpose canals may result in animals being periodically subjected to noise and sight of moving objects-which may effect the behavior of local populations. Animals avoid areas where aircraft and vehicular traffic occur. The presence and noise.from vehicular traffic in canals may affect the survival of some-animal populations (McGinnis,,et al., 1972: 3.19). Two positive side-effects of dredging and channeling .can be found in the marsh lands. First, trappers and hunters make use of open canals to reach unaccessable trapping and hunting grounds. -Secondly, stable spoil banks will become ,revegetated with shrubbery, creating new habitats for a diversified population.(MeGinnis, et al., 1972: 3.18). RECREATIONAL RESOURCES Thedeveloped recreation resources.in Lafourche Parish are outlined in a-study entitled the State Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan (SCORP) by the Louisiana State.Parks and Recreation Commission (a and,b). The study includes an inventory of facilities and the ir locations. Table 3.10 shows the SCORP listing of these recreational facilities. The SCORP list shows two,wildlife management areas, with no facilities offering.boating,hunting and fishing,in Lafourche Parish (Figure 3.3)@ The Pointe-au-Chien Wildlife,Tifanagement Area was acquired by the Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries 191 TABLE 3.10 RECREATIONAL AREAS IN LAFOURCHE PARISH, 1976 Location Acreage Facilities NON-PROFIT AREAS Levert's Bayou Side.Park, West of 2 Playground play Thibodaux picnic tables (6), p (I acre), boat ramps Bayou Country Club, Thibodaux 90 Playground (1), play swimming pool (2500 b3 9-hole golf course VFW Playground, Thibodaux 1 Playground (1) First Baptist Church, Thibodaux 3 Basketball court (1) Tidelands Golf and Country Club, 65 Playground (1), swi. between Cut-Off and Galliano (800 square feet), 9 course (1) Lions Club Park, Thibodaux 10 Playground (1), play picnic tables (10), (10 acres), informal acres), archery rang TABLE 3.10 CONTINUED Location Acreage Facilities- COMMERCIAL AREAS Harvey Cypress Inn Boat Launch, 1 Boat ramp (1), fishin ,Chackbay (75 feet) jog Romes Boat Ramp, south of 2 Boat ramp (1), rental Golden Meadow fishing pier (50 feet Melancon Boat Launch, north of 2 Boat ramp (1), fishin Leeville (100 feet) Leeville Playground, Leeville 1 Pcuddy, Boat Launch, west of Raceland 1 Boat ramp (1) South Louisiana Recreation Resort, 1287 Playground (1), playf Inc., Des Allemands. swimming pool (800 sq boat ramp (1), rental trailer camping spaCE trailer camping area hunting (1035 acres) TABLE 3.10 CONTINUED Location Acreage Facilities Sam Foret, between St. Charles 1 Boat ramp (1) and Raceland Pleasure Ponds, Des Allemands Boat ramp (1), renta fishing pier (20 fee LOCAL AREAS City Pool Municipal, Thibodaux 5 Swimming pool (15, 00 feet), grandstand se Stark Field, Thibodaux 10 Baseball field (1), field (1), grandstar (2,500) Peltier Park, Thibodaux 42 Baseball fields (5), court (1), playgrour picnic tables (18), (3 acres), grandstar (2,000) TABLE 3.10 CONTINUED Location Acreage Facilities St. Genevieve, Thibodaux 10 Baseball fields (3), courts (2), football tennis court (1), gr seats (500) Acadia Park, Thibodaux 22 Baseball fields (2), court (1), football tennis court (1), vo court (1), playgroun fields.(3), swimming (6,000 square feet), tables (20), picnic acres) Lockport Boat Ramp, Lockport Boat ramp (1) Jakridge Community Park,, Golden 30 Baseball fields (2), Meadow courts (2),, tennis c volleyball court (1) Dominique Park, north of Lake Fields .3 Picnic tables (8), p (1 acre), boat ramps TABLE 3.10 CONTINUED Location Acreage Facilities Thibodaux Civic Center, Thibodaux 5 Grandstand seats (5, St. Charles Street, Thibodaux 2 Baseball field (1), field (1) ,Cameco, Thibodaux 10 Baseball fields (2), court. (1),,football grandstand-seats (25 Bayouside, Thibodaux 1 Playfield (1), picni (10), picnic area (0 boat ramp (1) Municipal Pool, Thibodaux 2 Swimming pool (6,000 feet), grandstand se Greco Park, North Thibodaux* Baseball field (1), court (1), tennis co playground TABLE 3.10 CONTINUED Location Acreage Facilities PARISH AREAS Cut-Off 5 Baseball field (1), j field (1), tennis cot playgrounds (2), swi (6,000-square feet), seats (300) Parish Landing, Raceland 5 Boat ramp (1) Fourchon Boat Launch, Port Fourchon. 2 Boat ramps (2) Chackbay 3 Baseball field (1), field (1), playgroun stand seats (500) Bayou Boeuf, Kraemer 4 Baseball field 1), field (1), playgroun( grandstand seats (40 Choctaw 3 Baseball field (1), field (1), playgroun ramp (1) WO M M M M TABLE 3.10 CONTINUED Location Acreage Facilities St. Charles 5 Baseball field (1), courts (2), football volleyball courts (2 ground (1), grandsta (350) Alidor, west of Raceland 4, Baseball field (1), (1) Raceland 6 Baseball fields (2), courts (4), football 00 playgrounds (4), pla boat ramps (3), gran seats (400) Mathews 1 Playrounds (2) Lockport 18 Baseball fields (3), field (1), tennis co playgrounds (4)., swi (3,200 square feet), (6), grandstand seat fishing pier (60 fee Lake Fields Wildlife Community 1,000 Hunting (1,00O.acres Ward, Lake Fields TABLE 3.10 CONTINUED Locat ion Acreage Facilities Larose 4 Baseball field (1), field (1), playgroun ramps (2), grandstan Galliano 3 Baseball field (1), field (1), playgroun grandstand seats (20 Golden Meadow 5 Baseball field (1). field (1), playgroun swimming pool (6,000 X Settlement, south of Golden 4 Baseball field (1), Meadow (2) Des Allemands 0.2 Playground (1) Bayou Blue 4 Baseball field (1), courts (2), football playground (1), gran (250) TABLE 3.10 CONTINUED Location Acreage Facilities STATE AREAS Pointe-au-Chien Wildlife Manage- 22,595 Hunting (22,595 acre ment Area, west of Golden Meadow Wisner Game Management Area 26,310 Hunting (26,310 acre E. D. White Memorial 0 FEDERAL AREAS East Timbalier National Widlife 337 Refuge *Brown, 1976. Source: Louisiana State Parks and Recreation Commission, 1974, b. FIGURE 3.3 LAFOURCHE PARISH WARD J@LAR 41't WAR ARD. BOEUF @ARD7 Z D A' V TO IAKE FIBEaLDS WARD 8 LONG IME 'WARDG (WITISH! T-A-IKE @;`IWAMU RAV :@@-.@HACKBERRY BAY .......... .......... 1@ IN T CAMINADA ................. P oki@ ... ....... . X@- ....... Vs ----------------- To ait@ OLE X -KIX.: K li '@i**.@%'i.:-_- -GINY CF .. : NMCO@ WM@lt . . ... .... .03 . ........... . ..... . ............ ........ ....... .. .% ..... ......... .. ... ........ . ............ Source: Tbiboda-ux Chamber of Commerce, 1976. Commission in 1968, and consists of 22,595 acres, located in both Lafourche and Terrebonne Parishes. Wisner Game Management Area (26,310 acres) was leased to the State of Louisiana in 1968 by the Edward Wisner Donation Advisory Committee (Louisiana State Parks and Recreation Commission, 1974b). A third wildlife management area,,Salvador, is located within St. Charles Parish and forms the Parish boundary line with Lafourche. The area was purchased in 1968 by the Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Commission and consists of 27,499 acres (Louisiana Advisory Commission on Coastal and Marine Resources, September, 1973). One National Wildlife Refuge, East Timbalier, is a barrier island located off the Lafourche Parish coastline. The refuge- contains 337 acres (Louisiana State Parks and Recreation Commission 1974b). Four distinct types of terrain can be found in coastal parishes like Lafourche; these include water marsh, swamp, and highlands. Of course, most of these areas are undeveloped for recreation. However, many recreational activities take place on each type of land form, including picnicking, and camping in the highlands; fishing, boating, water-skiing, and swimming in the water areas; and hunting in areas depending on the game sought. Table 3.11 lists the outdoor recreation supply and needs for a region including Lafourche Parish and Table 3.12 presents employment in recreation data for Lafourche Parish. 202 TABLE 3.11 SUPPLY AND NEEDS OF OUTDOOR RECREATION IN THE REGION INCLUDING ASSUMPTION, LAFOURCHE, ST. JAMES, ST. JOHN, ST. CHARLES, AND TERREBONNE PARIS HES Number Category SUPPLY, 1974 33, swimming pools with 143,655 square feet, 0 swimming beaches 104 baseball fields 27 football fields 25 basketball courts 15 tennis courts 62 playgrounds with equipment on 74 acres 17 playgrounds with equipment on 36 acres 9 volleyball courts 23,210 grandstand seats for attending outdoor events 243 picnic tables on 76 acres 118,357 bunting acres 51 tent camping sites 116 trailer camping sites with 45 hook-@ups 60 total camping acres 11 cabins 0 camp buildings 0 -miniature golf courses 8 nine-hole golf courses on 485 acres 70 boat ramps on 70 land acres 172 rental boats 515@ feet of-fishing pier I horse trail of one mile 0 motorcycle trails 203 TABLE 3.11 CONTINUED Number Category 1 nature trail of one mile 0 hiking trails 0 bicycle trails 1 scenic vista point 2 historic exhibits ADDITIONAL FACILITY NEEDS, 1975 419 boat ramps for freshwater fishing with 43,576 acres of suitable water 202 boat ramps for motor boating with 52,520 acres of suitable water 331 football fields 323 baseball fields 2,478 picnic tables 274 nature trails 344 basketball courts 6 swimming beaches 11 swimming pools 357 tennis courts 85 horseback riding trails 2,527 tent camping sites 249,829 acres of big game hunting land 110 boat ramps for saltwater fishing with 11,440 acres of suitable water 25 nine-hole golf courses 2,140 trailer camp sites 54 hiking trails 13 boat ramps for water skiing with 6,760 acres of suitable water 184 miles of stream suitable for canoeing Source: Louisiana State Parks and Recreation Commission, 1974, a: 6.7 and 6.12. 204 TABLE 3.12 EMPLOYMENT IN RECREATION IN LAFOURCHE PARISH FOR 1975 AND 1976, BY QUA -sic YEARLY QUARTERS Number Description 75-1 75-2 75-3 7 Y 7010 Hotels, Motels, and Tourist Courts 55 54 61, 7011 Hotels, Motels, and Tourist Courts 62 72 73 7031 Trailer Parks 2 2 2 7032 Sports and Recreational Camps 2 5 7 7930 Bowling Alleys, Billiard and Pool 24 24 20 Establishments N) 0 7932 Billiard and Pool Establishments 2 2 2 .7940.. Commercial Sports 28 36 44 TOTAL EMPLOYED 175 195 209 2 *Because of disclosure problems relating to single-firm industries, Table 3.1 not be further reproduced without the permission of its source. Source: Department of Employment Security, 1976. Boating Lafourche Parish is ideally situated for most boating activities. Bayous, lakes and bays allow boating for pleasure, sight-seeing, fishing, hunting, sailing, skiing, and canoeing. Easy access to the Gulf of Mexico for deep- sea fishing, skin-diving and pleasure boating is available. According to the SCORP, there.are 70 boat ramps on 70 acres of land and 172 rental boats available in a region including Assumption, Lafourche, St. Charles, St. James, St. John, and Terrebonne Parishes (Louisiana State Parks and Recreation Commission, 1974a). The SCORP inventory (Table 3.10) shows a total of 27 boat ramps in Lafourche Parish and 72 available rental boats. There are five marinas in Lafourche, four in the Leeville area, and one at Port Fourchon. For the same region, the State Plan projects boating facility needs to 1975, as shown in Table 3.11. Table 3.13 lists user days for selected recreational activities in the parish during 1970. Registration of all motorboats powered by machinery, whether the machinery is the principal source of propulsion or not, is required by Louisiana law. Table 3.14 lists the fees for motorboat registration in the State. The Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Commission recorded a total of 6,892 registered motorboats as of December 31, 1975 in Lafourche Parish (L ouisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Commission, 1976b). 206 TABLE 3.13 SELECTED RECREATIONAL.ACTIVITIES, USER DAYS, LAFOURCHE PARISH, 1970 Activity User.Days Swimming at Beach 164,688 Picnicking 138,861 Motor Boating 13.4,'590 Sailing, Canoeing .19,876 Fishing, Crabbing, Crawfishing 403,770 Camping 103,924 Horseback Riding 76,097 Nature and Pleasure Walks, Hiking 385,029 Bicycling Driving for Pleasure 473,@052 Sightseeing 226,020 Hunting 188,539 Water Skiing 37,481 Bird Watching 100,517 TOTALS 3,179,911 Source: Louisiana State Parks and Recreation Commission, 1974, a. lift" TABLE 3.14 FEES: INITIAL THREE-YEAR PERIOD MOTORBOAT REGISTRATION Category Dealer (for demonstration purposes), each certificate Livery (for rental to individual s) First three, each Addition, each All Other (personal, commercial fishing, etc.), each Transfer of Ownership for Remainder of Period. 0 Duplicate Certificate of Original Lost or Destroyed 00 Change of Address Source: Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Commission, 1976, a. Hunting Hunting is a popular sport in Lafourche Parish and includes deer, waterfowl, rabbit, dove, quail, and squirrel. Although the numberof waterfowl has decreased over the past years, it is still a favorite ga me. The types of ducks hunted in Lafourche Parish are dos gris, mallard, ring-neck, wood duck, pintail, re dheads, blue and green teal, canv as back and poule dleau. Geese are also hunted. Pointe-au-- Chien and other lake areas such as Little Lake and Lake Fields, are favorite hunting spots. Many areas, such as Pointe-au-Chien have been overhunted and now have poor takes. In the future, areas such as Po inte-au-Chien will probably be regulated as to the number of hunters per day to insure the availability of game. Wisner Game Management Area uses a reservation system to manage the amount of hunters per day (Brown, 1976).. According to Brown (1976), a rough estimate of the population for Lafourche Parish involved in hunting would be 35%. This includes licensed residents, and residents not requiring a license (those under 16 and.'over 59 years of age). Table 3.15 shows a list of hunting licenses sold in Lafourche Parish for the 1974 to 19'75 season. The total number of resident licenses sold-was 8,057. Table 3.11 shows 118,357 available hunting acres and a projected need to.1975:.of 249, 829 acres for big game hunting (deer, etc. ) in the six-parish region including 209 "W no, ev ,@rw ap Ms (to 'IM 4W ',*I TABLE 3.15 HUNTING AND FISHING LICENSES SOLD IN LAFOURCHE PARISH, 1974-19 Type of License Price Hunting License Resident Basic Season $ 5.00 Resident Big Game 5.00 Nonresident Season 25.00 Nonresident Reciprocal Season Nonresident 3-day Trip 10.00 Nonresident Trip Reciprocal 1 Nonresident Big Game 20.00 Fishing License Resident 2.00 Nonresident Season 6.00 Nonresident 7-day Trip 3.00 1 Nonresident re ciprocal license.s are sold toresidents of states such as T lower costs than regular nonresident licenses. Source: Louisiana Wildlife.and Fisheries Commission, 19763 C. Lafourche (Louisiana State Parks and Recreation Commission, 1974a). Fishing Saltwater and freshwater fishing are popular in Lafourche Parish. Although many lakes and bayous are fished, some potential areas are not because of inaccessibility. Many areas can only be reached by boat. Lakes Boeuf, Fields, and Long are popular freshwater fishing areas. The Gheens Area, Dufrene Road, Bayou Boeuf Area and Fourchon Road (Chapter 5) also offer good sports fishing (Brown, 1976). Saltwater and deep-sea fishing have developed with the advance of offshore oil discoveries. Most fishing of this type takes place in the vicinity of oil platforms., A jetty extending from the mouth of Bayou Lafourche at Belle Pass has become a popular saltwater fishing spot. Brown (1976) estimates that 60% of the Lafourche Parish population participates in fishing as a sport. Table 3.15 shows fishing licenses sold in Lafourche Parish during the 1974-1975 season. This is not an accurate count of sports fishermen because man y people who actively fish do.not and have never owned a license (Brown, 1976). Also,'people under the age of 16 or over'59 are not required to own licenses. The number of licenses purchased probably represents those active in deep-sea and,saltwater fishing. 211 Potential Recreation Development Lafourche Parish has great development potential for water spor ts, camping., fishing, and hunting. A lar ge portion of fishing, hunting, and other recreation expen- ditures are internal rather than from persons residing outside Lafourche Parish. The parish is largely uncommer- cialized and has not been tapped as a tourist attraction. Most tourism in the areas has been established at Grand Isle, Louisiana. Grand Isle, which is in Jefferson Parish, is accessible by car only on Highway 1 through Lafourch e Parish. However, many people in Lafourche benefit from Grand Isle tourists. Money is spent in Lafourche Parish on gaso line, food, and souvenir items. Numerous residents of. Lafourche also own second homes or businesses on Grand Isle (Melancon, 1976). The possibility for Grand Isle-type recreation has been enhanced by the development of the Port Fourchon area. (See Chapter 5.) The area offers sites for beaches, camps, marinas, boat launches, stores, motels, restaurants, and other tourist-oriented spo,ts. Water Sports Development of water sports such as boating, water- skiing, and swimming are related to the affluence and leisure time of the population inihe area. Per capita income and leisure time has continued to increase in Lafourche Parish 212 with the development of,the oil industry. See Chapter 1, Table 1.2. Water sports also depend on the physical aspects present in the environment such as lakes, rivers, and beach areas. Lafourche Parish has many water areas and interest should continue to increase as affluence, leisure time, and accessibility to water areas is increased and new facilities are built. Most of the navigable water bodies in Lafourche Parish available for water sports, such as Little Lake, Lake Fields, Lake Boeuf, and Long Lake, are surrounded by marsh, swamp, or woodland and are accessible only by boat. Facilities on site, such as boat launches or marinas, are limited. Lack of formal ramps or launches leads many people to launch boats wherev er feasible. Permits from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers are necessary for the construction of launch sites and the time involved in obtaining such permits 'Accessibility and hinders the building of new facilities. the number of facilities available for supporting water activities is inadequate to meet the potential need. Although the Louisiana Gulf Coast has many beaches, few are accessible by road. A study by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers inventoried the Louisiana beach zone. Table 3.16 lists the miles of beach along Caminada and Barataria Bays and Terrebonne and Timbalie r Bays. Under shore use, only 0.1 mile is listed as public recreation. This is found At Grand Isle, Louisiana,in Jefferson Parish. Lafourche Parish now has a road leading to a three-mile stretch of 213 W ,0D 0,0 TABLE 3.16 BAY, LAKE, AND ESTUARY SHORELINES, SOUTH CENTRAL LOUISIANA (IN MIL Terrebonne and Ca Timbalier Bays Ba A. Physical Characteristics Shore with Beach Zone (Sand) 111.0 Shore without Beach Zone (Mud and/or Silt) 102.0 B. Historic Shore Changes Critical Shore Erosion 0.0 Noncritical Shore Erosion 213.0 Noneroding Shore (Stable or Accreting) 0.0 C. Shore Ownership Public, Federal 0.0 Public, Nonfederal 18.5 Private 194.5 Ij. Shore Use (1970) Recreation, Public 0.0 Recreation, Private 0.0 Nonrecreation*Development 0.0 Undeveloped @213.0 TOTAL SHORELINE MILES 213.0 Source: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1973: 54-55. beach at Port Fourchon. This area is now being developed by the Greater Lafourche Port Commission. Melancon (1976) indicates that the Commission hopes to build up the Fourchon beach in a manner similar to that done along the Mississippi Gulf Coast to increase its desirability as a recreation resource. An estimated 319 acres of beach frontage is available for public use (Gulf South Research Institute, 1974) (Figure 3.4 and Table 3.17). In addition to an accessible beach area, Port Fourchon May, in the future, offer such on-site facilit ies as camping, food and lodging facilities, and a public park augmented by access to fishing jetties, commercial sportfishing, boating, swimming, and hunting. Docking space and facilities will increase access to offshore fishingareas. In short, recreation will account for ten to twenty percent of the Fourchon area, depending on demand (Gulf South Research Institute, 1974: 3-4). See Chapter 5. Camping and Camps Camping is becoming an increasingly popular sport throughout the United States.' However, in Lafourche Parish the availability of potential camp sites is limited by the amount of dry land. Few spots are available for camp sites at present. Port.Fourchon is one potential area for public and private camping areas such as K.O.A. (Kampgrounds of America). Facilities are needed to meet the two main 215 FIGURE 3.4 PROPOSED PLAN OF DEVELOPMENT FOR PORT FOURCHON*- ERCIA COMM MARIN p4p'l- .... .......... ............ L) CC EL S' . ........ 13AY PAGNE CHAM Co CO EXICO' GULF OF tu *To be used in conjunction with Table 3.17. Source: Gulf South Research Institute, 1974:'19. 216 TABLE 3.17 DESCRIPTIONOF SITES AT PORT FOURCHON* Depth of Direct Site Acreage Elevation Water Access Anticipated Use A 186.6 4.21 301 Industry B 138.9 4.2t 301 Industry C 586.0 4.21 301 Industry D 903.4 Existing 301 Future Development E 469.0 Existing None Future Development F 43.6 Existing 121 Recreation G 401.9 3.31 301 Industry H 130.1 Existing Beach Recreation 1 24.5 Existing 121 Recreation/Light Industry J 145.0 3.31 301 Industry K 220.2 3.3' 301 Industry L 191.6 3.31 301 Recreation/Light Industry M 188.9 Existing Beach Recreation N 58.7 Existing None Supporting Industry *To be used in conjunction with Figure 3.3 Source: Gulf South Research Institute, 1974: 20.1 low, MAW me 1WW1 Am to), 00 ow NO 00 camping categories: self-contained (pulled or driven campers) and tents. Table 3.10 shows one'camp site (Resort, Inc.) in Lafourche Parish with twenty-five trailer sites on eight acres at Des Allemands. Camp dwellings used as second homes or hunting and fishing lodges are plentiful throughout much of south Louisiana. These structures range from e laborate elevated homes on beach fronts as at Grand Isle, to free-standing trailers on high or low ground. Presently, camp sites are found throughout Lafourche Parish in the Lake Fields, Lake Boeuf, Lake Long, Des Allemands, Bully Camp, Little Lake, Lake Raccourci And Fourchon areas (see Figure '3..3). Potential development of new sites depends on available land space. Most land in the southern part of the parish is owned by large companies or is in private hands. See Chapter 4, Table 4.5. Many people do not actually own the land their camp is on, but lease the land from the owner. Port Fourchon is considered a prime area for future camp sites with beach frontage. Hunting and Fishing Hunting and fishing, like water sports, depends on the accessibility of the area and the average cost involved in hunting and fishing trips. Cost may include transportation by car to and from the launch site and transportation by boat to a favored area. Expenses may also involve the cost of special equipment. 218 Many areas, such as Pointe-au-Chien, need improved game mana gement to increase the possible hunting yield and to improve the quality of the eXperience. Other areas, such as Lake Boeuf, will require state cooperation to develop their potential. According to Brown (1976), Lake Boeuf has become overgrown by weeds native to Florida and will neces sitate drainage, clearance, and restockage of.,- water and fish by the state to again become a prime recrea- tional area. Role of Oil Rigs in Sports Fishing Deep-sea sports fishing in Louisiana increased dramatically with the advent of the, offshore oil industry. As a result of man's search for oil, numerous platforms were established throughout the Gulf (Chapter 2). Almost immediately after being Placed in the water, the legs and. templates of the platforms become covered with algae,- which can thrive on steel or rubber in water, near the surface, forming artificial reefs. The platforms allow algae growth in the upper layers of deep Gulf waters while it normally colo- nizes only in shallow water where it is not dispersed by currents. Growth of algae is followed by, occurrences of organisms that attach themselves to the platform structure. Barnacles, bryozoa, coral, tunica,tes, hydrozoans, mollusks and worms are found growing.on the platform frame. Many of these 219 types of animals not only need shallow, warm and sunlighted waters, but require waters of salinities less than oceanic. The surface waters of the Gulf are less saline. than the deeper waters. Small fish are attracted to the platforms for two important reasons: to initially feed on the sea life attached and to hide from larger prey. The platform offers them hiding and food among the.,attachled sea life. Largen fish follow the smaller fish in search of food. The large concentrations of fish that gather at the "artificial reef" sites also include many species that were unknown in Gulf waters before the platforms were built. This is not to say the fish were not there before, only that the presence of "artificial reefs" concentrates the fish that were before scattered over a larger area. Many of these fish.are sports fish including resident fish (living year round in the vicinity of platforms) and,seasonal migrants (coming in with warmer weather). Resident fish, include the following: grouper, red snapper,. trigger fish,.- spade fish, giant sea bass and pompano. Seasonal migrants include Spanish,and long mackerel, tarpon, lady fish and several species of jack, bluefish and cobia. Marlin, sailfish, wahoo, tuna, sharks, skates and rays are also- found (Bureau of Land Management, 1972). Conflicts arise between commercial and sports fishermen and many commercial fishermen feel that sports fishermen -220 are taking a large portion of the potential catch in such species as bass and flounder from the commercial fishermen (McHugh, 1967). A 1970 estimate of 50,443,755 pounds for the sports catch -in Louisiana is 6% of the commercial fish catch of the same period. However, this proportion is comparativelysmall. In Massachusetts, it has been estimated commercial catch (Mumphrey, that the sports catch is 14% of the et al., 1975: 108). Many researchers fear that the taking of fish concentrated around platforms will deplete: fish stocks in the Gulf (St. Amant, 1972). St. kmant, however, (Treadway, 1976) has said that there is no evidence showing that fish stocks in the Gulf are in danger or that the fish population is being depleted by either commercial or sports fishermen. Sports fish are affected in the same way as commercial fish-by the oil industry. See earlier section of this'chapter. Many sport and game fish gather around offshore platforms for feeding and protection. Their mobility allows them to escape the effects of oil spills by moving into deeper water; however, those fish whose nursery grounds are -in contaminated estuaries face greater problems. .The habitats of birds and onshore animals are affected by the oil industry as discussed earlier in this chapter. The natural areas of the wetlands are sometimes spoiled by the oil industry for the enjoyment of people in their outdoor activities. Therefore, the oil industry may impact hunting, fishing, camping, water sports, etc. both through pollution (oil spills) and disruption of the natural setting. 221 REFERENCES Barrett, B.B. and M.C. Gillespie (1973) Primary Factors Which Influence Commercial Shrimp Production in Coastal Louisiana. New Orleans, Louisiana:- Louisiana-Wildlife and Fisheries Commission; Oyst Ier, Waterbottom,.and Seafood Division, Technical Bulletin No. 9. Brown,,Earl (May, 1976) Director, Lafourche Parish.Re.creation Advisory Board, personal interview in Thibodaux, Louisiana. Bureau of Land Management (1972) U.S. Department of the Interior. Draft Environmental Statement: Proposed 1972 OCS Oil and Gas General Lease Sale Offshore Louisiana. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Chauvin, H. (July, 1976) Lafourche Parish Sheriff's Office, Thibodaux, Louisiana, telephone interview. Council on Environmental Qu ality (1974) OCS Oil and Gas: An Environmental Assessment,.A Report to the President, Volume I. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government,Printing Office. Dames and Moore, Inc. (1 975) Environmental Analysis:, Louisiana Offshore Oil Port. New Orleans, Louisiana: Louisiana Offshore Oil Port, Inc. (LOOP). Department of Commerce and Industry (1975) Louisiana Directory of Manufacturers. Baton Rouge, Louisi-ana: State of Louisiana and the Department of Commerce and Industry. Department of Employment Security.(1976) unpublished data: Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Dunh am, F. (1972) Study of Commercially Important Estuarine- Dependent Industrial Fishes. 'New Orleans, Louisiana: Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Commission; Oyster,. Waterbottom and Seafood Division, Technical Bulletin No.4. Galtsoff, Paul S. (1964-) "The American.,Oyster, Crassostrea virginica Gmelin," Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service. Volume 64, 7-457. U.S..Department of the Interior, Fish'and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office.' Gulf South Research Institute (1974) Port Fourchon Develop- ment Program. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Greater Lafourche Port Commission. Laplace, John (1976) "Will the Drip, Drip, Drip Get Us?" The Times-Picayune (New Orleans, Louisiana), June 16. 222 Lay, John (July, 1976) Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Commissi-on; oyster, Waterbottom and Seafood Division, New Orleans, Louisiana,.personal interview. Louisiana Advisory Commission on Coastal and Marine Resources (1973) Louisiana Wetlands Prospectus. 'Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State Planning Office. Louisiana State Parks and Recreation Commission (1974a) State of Louisiana Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan 1975-1980. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State Parks and Recreation Commission. (1974b) unpublished data. Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Commission (no date, a) Fur Division. Comparative Takes of Fur Animals in Louisiana, 1940-1975. New Orleans,, Louisiana: Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries commission. (no date, b) Fur Division. New Orleans, unpu5lished data on fur license. (1976a) Hunting, Fishing and Trapping Regulations, 1975-1976. New Orleans, Louisiana: Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Commission. (May, 1976b) Motorboat Registration Section, personal interview in New Orleans. (May, 1976c) License Section, personal interview in New Orleans. (1976d) "Leased Water Bottoms Acreage," unpublished data. Division of Oysters, Waterbottoms,, and Seafoods; Survey Section. New Orleans, Louisiana. Mackin, G. (1962) "Oyster Disease Caused by Dermocystidium Marinum and Other Microorganisms in Louisiana." Publications of the Institue of Marine Sciences. Austin: University of Texas, V61ume VII, 132-229. Mackin, G. and S. H. Hopkins (1962) ','Studies on Oyster Mortality in Relation to Natural Environments and to Oil fields in Louisiana." Publications of the Institute of Marine Scien*des. Austin: University of Texas, Volume VII, 1-131. 223 Mackin, G. and A. K. Sparks (1962) "A Study of the Effect on Oysters of Crude Oil Loss from a Wild Well." Publications of the Institute of Marine Sciences. Austin: University of Texas, Volume VII, 230-261. McGinnis, J. T. et al. (1972) Final Report on Environmental Aspects of Gas Pipeline.Operations in the Louisiana Coastal Marshes to Offshore Pipeline Committee, December, 1972. Columbus, Ohio: Battelle Columbus Laboratories. McHugh, J. L. (1967)."Estuarine Nekton," Conference on Estuaries. Washington, D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science, Publication No. 83. Melancon, Irving (May, 1976) Director, Greater Lafourche Port Commission, personal interview in Galliano, Louisiana. Moore,-S.F. and R. L.. Dwyer (1974) "Effects of Oil 'on Marine Organisms: A Critical Assessment of Published Data." Water Research, Volume 8, 819-827, October. Oxford, England: Pergam mon Press, Ltd. Mumphrey, A.J. et al. (1975) Louisiana Metropolitan Wetlands: A Planning Perspective. A Report to the Louisiana State Planning Office. New Orleans, Louisiana: Urban Studies Institute, University of New Orleans. National Marine Fisheries Service,(1970-1974) U.S,. Department of Commerce, NOAA. Fishery Statistics of the United States, 1968-1972. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government @@Printing Office. (1975) U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA. Louisiana Landings, Annual Summary, 1974. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. - (1973-1976) U, S. Department of Commerce, NOAA. Fisheries of the United States, 1972-1975. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. O'Neil, T. and.G. Linscombe (no date) The Fur Animals, the Alligator, and the Fur Industry in Louisiana. New Orleans: Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Commission, Wildlife Education Bulletin No. 106. Patrick, R. (1967) "Diatom Communities in Estuaries," Conference on Estuaries. Washington, D.C.: Publication No. 83, American Association for the Advancement of Science. 224 Pollard, J.F. (1973) Experiments to Re-establish Historical Oyster Seed Grounds and to Control the Southern Oyster Drill. New Orleans, Louisiana: Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Commission; Oyster, Waterbottom and Seafood Division, Technical Bulletin No. 6. St. Amant, L.S. (1972) "The Petroleum Industry as It Affects Marine and Estuarine Ecology," Journal of Petroleum Technology, (April) 385-392. Treadway, Jane (1976) "Fish Stocks Okay, St. Amant Says," The Times-Picayune (New Orleans) June 16, Section 1, p. 13. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1973) National Shoreline Study, Volume III. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. U.S. Coast Guard (1976) Department of Transportation. LOOP Deepwater Port License Application, Volume I. Washington, D.C. Deepwater Ports Project, Office of Marine Environment and Systems. U.S. Fishand Wildlife Service (1955-1969) U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Fishery Statistics of the United States. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Viosca, P., Jr. (1957) The Louisiana Shrimp Story. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: --Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Commission. Reprinted from Louisiana Conservationist, Volume IX, No. 7, July-August. White, C.J. (1975) Effects of 1973 River Flood Waters on Brown Shrimp in Louisiana Estuaries. New Orleans, Louisiana: Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Commission, Oyster, Waterbottom and Seafood Division, Technical Bulletin No. 16. Willingham, C.A. et al. (1974) Interim Report--1973--on a Study of Selecti;-d Coastal Zone Ecosystems in the Gulf of Mexico in Relation to Gas Pipelining Activities to Offshore Pipeline Committee,*Ja:nuary_, 1974.. Columbus, Ohio: Battelle Columbus Laboratories. 225 CHAPTER 4 TAX BASE OF LAFOURCHE PARISH In this ch apter, the tax base' of Lafourche Parish which is heavily based on the oil and gas industry'is discussed. The first section'deals with parish assessed value and taxes paid while the second section.presents.the actual. value of the oil and gas industry in Lafourche. Assessed Value and Taxes Paid in Lafourche Parish In 1975, the total assessed valuation for Lafourche Parish was $105,330,400 (Table 4.1), which is a $2.57 million increase over the previous year's $102,759,920 valuation (Robichaux, 1975). The sources of the increases are described in Table 4.2, with about equal amounts coming from public service.corporations (railroads, telephone companies, inter- state and intrastate pipeline companies, and utilities) and new homes and real estate covered by homestead exemption. The Tax.Collector's office collected1property taxes in the amount of $7,705,279 in 1975, a $296,534 increase over the previous year. Of the 1975 sum, $6,580,628 (8'5%) was paid' by publ ic service corporations, oil and gas companies, and otherbusiness establishments (Robichaux, 1975). Police Jury Taxes are listed in Table 4.3. The largest single sum collected was $421,321.60 for Special Parish-Wide Drainage. The rec reation and library tax each generated $210,660.80. 226 TABLE 4.1 ASSESSED VALUATIONS IN LAFOURCHE,PARISH, .BY WARDS, 1975 Total Assessed Valuation of the Parish $105,33.0,400 Ward 1 Resident $2,577P440 Merchandise 144,060 Non-Resident 1,633,360 Public Service Corporations 1,234,060 TOTAL $5,588,920 Ward 2 (Outside City of Thibodaux) Resident $1,357,180 Merchandise 142,900 Non-Resident. 56,760 Public Service Corporations 367Y30 TOTAL $1,924,140 Ward,2. (In City of Thibodaux) Resident $5,444,260 Merchandise. 3,452,660 Non-Resident 2,927,520 Public Service Corporations 1,637,180 TOTAL $13,461,620 Ward 2LB (In City of Thibodaux--North Thibodaux) Resident $425,560 Merchandise 222, 000 Non-Resident Public Service Corporations 56,380 TOTAL $707,640, Ward 3 .Resident $3,803,800 Merchandise @445p8OO Non-Resident' 4.00,,160 Public Service Corporations 1,542,420 TOTAL $6,192,180 Ward 4 Resident $3,028,100 Merchandise 572,100 Non-Resident 743.,740 Public Service Corporations 88'1)540 TOTA L $5,225,480 227 TABLE 4.1 CONTINUED Ward 5 Resident $1,045,700 Merchandise 628,080 Non-Resident 791,700 Public Service Corporations TOTAL $3,881,360 Ward 6 Resident -$1,411,520 Merchandise 37,480 Non-Resident 363,500 Public Service Corporations 1,302,500 TOTAL $3,115,000 Ward 7 Resident $1J.96Y800 Merchandise Non-Resident 4,735,320 Public'Service Corporations 3,961,440 TOTAL T10,118,120 Ward 8 Resident $490,460 Merchandise .6)760 0 Non-Resident 865,220 Public Service Corporations 427,940 TOTAL @$,11,790, 320 Ward 9 @Resident @-$646,160 Merchandise 970,000 Non-Resident. 1,385,200 Public Service Corporations 1,49,5,.360, TOTAL Ward 10 Resident $8.,422,280.- Merchandise 2,103,300 Non-Resident 23,137,940 Public Service Corporations 12,024,220 TOTAL $45,687,740 Ward 11 Resident $1,549,880 Merchandise 117,220 Non-Resident 32.8,720 Public Service Corporations 1,145,340 TOTAL $3,141,160 228 TABLE 4.1.CONTINUED MUNICIPALITIES CITY OF THIBODAUX Resident $6,121,160 Merchandise 3,674,660 Non-Resident 2,931,220 Public Service Corporations 1,693,560 TOTAL $14,420,600 TOWN OF LOCKPORT Resident $1,015,020 Merchandise 340,960 Non-Resident Public Service Corporations 313,780 TOTAL $1,669,760 TOWN OF GOLDEN MEADOW Resident $838,160 Merchandise 268,100 Non-Resident 998,000 Public Service Corporations 264,540 $2,368,800 .Source: Robichaux, 1975. 229 TABLE 4.2 SOURCES OF 1975 INCREASE IN ASSESSED VALUATION IN LAFOURCHE PARISH Source Increase Public Service Corporations -$lY097,760 New Homes and Real Estate C,overed-by @960,390 Homestead Exemption New-Improvements Which Are Not Covered by 438)880 Homestead Exemption Business Establishments 73y450 (Merchandise; Furniture and Fixtures; New Businesses, Banks; Machinery and' Equipment) TOTAL INCREASE $2Y570,480 Source: Robichaux, 1975. 230 TABLE 4,.3 POLICE JURY TAXES IN LAFOURCHE PARISH, 1975 Total Total Taxes Non-Exempt Under Taxes Homestead Exemption Parish Tax (4 and 1) $311,844.18 $66,969.64 $37 Public Buildings: Court House Imp. (Bonds) 21,628.74 4,703.86 2 Ag. & Livestock Ex. Bldg. (Bonds) 21,628.74 4,703.86 2 Maintenance & Operation 129,772.44 28,223.16 15 Publ,ic Buildings Public Health (Maintenance & 86,514.96 18,815.44 10 Operations) Library Tax 173,029.92 37,630.88 21 Drainage & Imp. (Bonds) 108,143.70 23,519.30 13 Special Parish Wide Drainge 346,059.84 75,261.76 42 Road Lighting Dist. #1 172,294.04 17 Garbage Dist. # l(Ward 10) 214,414.57 23$839.60 23 Garbage Dist. #3 (Ward 1) 19,245.80 8,14l..30 2 Recreation Tax 173,029.92 37,630.88 21 $1,777,606.85 $329,439.68 $2.,10 an increase of $122,789.52 over last year. M go w M MAW TABLE 4.3 CONTINUED Total Total Taxes Non-Exempt Under Taxes Homestead Exemption Drainage District No. 1 121,390.80 $45,567.72 $1 (Portions Ward 4, 9,,and 10) an increase of $7,998.84 over last year. Source: Robichaux, 1975. Table 4.1 shows ward level valuations for 1975 in Lafourche Parish. These valuations are on property divided into the following categories: resident, merchandise, nonresident, and public-service corporations. 1 According to Robichaux (1976a), a rough estimate of assessed valuation of oil and gas related industries (the oil and gas and supporting businesses such as transportation, communications, tools, etc.) can be obtained by adding the nonresident value and one-half of the public service corporations value. Although the nonresident value contains businesses unrelated to oil and gas, such as sugar cane as does the public service value, using one-half of the public service value compensates for this. Public service related oil and gas activity is in the form of railroad, telephone, pipeline, and utilities services. The 1975 values for each ward and three cities obtained are shown in Table 4.4. Note the high values for Ward 10 (south of the Intracoastal Waterway where most of the oil activityis located)- The average IResident property refers to all real estate, commercial and residential lands and all improvements on the lands. Non- resident property refers to stock and equipment, including oil and gas wells and gathering lines owned by oil and gas businesses, sugar cane and paper mills, banks, etc. Merchan- dise includes stock and equipment of all businesses not in the nonresident category. Oil and gas in the ground is not assessed or taxed by the parish. Oil and gas taken from the ground is subject to severance taxes collected by the state. 233 TABLE 4.4 ESTIMATES OF OIL AND GAS RELATED ASSESSED VALUATIONS AND TAXES P IN LAFOURCHE PARISH, BY WARD, 1975 Estimated Percent of Total Estimated Assessment E Ward Assessed Value (from Table 4.1) T 1 $2,250,390 40.3 2 (outside Thibodaux) 240,410 12.5 2 (inside Thibodaux) 3,746,110 27.8 w 2 LB 31,890 4.5 3 1,171,370 18.9 4 1,184,510 22.7 5 1,499,640 38.6 6 1,014,750 32.6 7 6,716,040 66.4 8 1,079,190 60.3 9i 2,132,880 47.4 -10 29,150,050 63.8 2 11 ..901 390 28.7 .TOTAL $51,118,620 $3 MUNICIPALITIES Thibodaux 3,788,000 26.3 TABLE 4.4 CONTINUED Estimated Percent of Total Estimated Assessment Es Ward Assessed Value (from Table 4.1) To Lockport $ 156,890 9.4 $ Golden Meadow 1,130,270 47.7 TOTAL $5,075,160 $4 Source: Computed by authors. See text. am,, 00) me", go" go) 8W a*,, sell So millage used for the computation of 1975 property taxes paid was 80 mills or $80/$1000 (Robichaux, 1976a). The results are also shown in Table 4.4. Note that in 1975 oil and gas related industr ies provided about 507o of the assessed valuation and property taxes for.Lafourche Parish (Table 4.4). Table 4.5 lists large land owners in Lafourche Parish. Louisiana Land and Exploration Company is the largest single owner, with 134,215 acres and an assessed valuation of $648,720. They also pay the largest property tax of $49,285. Table 4.6 shows highest assessment and taxpayers in Lafourche Parish during 1975. Eight of the ten are oil or gas corporations and the other two are public service corporations. Oil and gas property and drilling.rigs and related equipment are assessed according to a schedule promu lgated by the Louisiana Tax Commission (no date). :Actual Value of the 0 il and Gas Industry in Lafourche Parish The actual value of oil and gas land equipment ($5,082,060), drilling rigs ($618,840), oil tanks ($384,540), and gathering lines ($1,756,350) in Lafourche Parish is shown 2 in Table 4.7 As would be expected from its location 2The "actual value" referred to here is the value determined by the local assessor or the Louisiana Tax Commission.@ it is equivalent to "assessed value" discussed earlier. The flactual value" so determined is about one-tenth of the market value. For example, an actual value of $5 million represents 236 TABLE 4.5 LIST OF LARGE LAND OWNERS, LAFOURCHE PARISH, 1975 Number of Assessed' Taxes Land Owner Acres Valuation Paid La. Land & Exploration Co. 134,215 $648,720 $49,285 American Bank Building New Orleans, Louisiana Wid. Charles E. Gheens 55,356 $272,660 $17,518 c/o Golden Ranch Plantation Gheens, Louisiana Bowie Lumber Co. 45,229 $193,580 $13,195 1031 Whitney Bank Building New Orleans, Louisiana Tenneco 42,770 $195)120 $14,869 P.O. Box 2511 Houston, Texas 77001 La. Delta Farms 35,163 $183,760 $14, 348 c/o W. H. Crenshaw Lockport, RFD, Louisiana William & Robin Scully 26,924. $143,200 $11,183 P.O. Box 1610 New Orleans, Louisiana Mrs. Ly dia Harrison 22,059 $95,400 $7,322 Walter J. Harrison William H. Harrison & 3 Others 507 Decatur Street New Orleans, Louisiana Exxon Corporation 18,343 $140,640 $10,518 c/o J. L. Windlinger P.O. Box 53 Houston, Texas 77001 Lafourche Realty Co., Inc 17,300 $75,380 $5,785 c/o Alfred B. Connable 1201 American National Bank Kalamazoo 4, Michigan 237 TABLE 4.5 CONTINUED Number of Assessed Taxes Land Owner Acres Valuation Paid South Coast Corp. 15,119 $217,-760 $15,268 1420 Carondelet Building New Orleans, Louisiana TOTAL 412,478 $2,166,220 $159,281 Source: Robichaux, 1975 238 TABLE 4.6 HIGHEST ASSESSMENT AND TAXPAYERS LAFOURCHE PARISH, 1975 Assessed Taxes Taxpayer Valuation Paid Texaco, Inc. $7,046,800 $548,119 (The Texas Pipe Line Co. Included) Gulf Refining Corporation $5,110,580 $402,169 (Gulf Refining Pipe Line Co. Included) La. Power & Light Company $4,830,020 $362,952 Chevron Oil Company $3,956,160 $309,664 The California Co. Div. (Cal-Ky Pipe Line Co. Included) Exxon Corporation $3,931,600 $295,954 South Central Bell $3,729,140 $243,181 Tenneco, Inc. $3,501,040 $278,144 (Tennessee Gas Pipe Lino Co. Div) United Gas Pipe Line Company $3,052'000 $220,441 Texas Eastern Transmission $2,637,760 $203,974 Amoco Products Company $1,637,660 $119,061 TOTAL $39,432,760 $2,983,659 Source: Robichaux, 1975. 239 19M 'EM Im M, as so low", TABLE 4.7 ACTUAL VALUE OF OIL AND GAS EQUIPMENT IN LAFOURCHE PARISH, BY WARD LEVEL, 1976 OIL AND GAS LAND EQUIPMENT OIL & GAS GATHERING LINES DRILLING RIGS OIL TANKS % of % of % of % of Actual Total Actual Total Actual Total Actual Total Ward Value Value Value Value Value Value Value Value 1 $273,970 5.4 $78,420 4.5 $33,509 5.4 $21,530 5.6 2 43,200 0.8 1,300 .0.1 2,720 0.7 3 17,950 0.4 14,500 0.8 3,120 0.8 4 114,140 2.2 30,400 1.7 -- -- 2,760 0.7 5 64,450 1.3 3,330 0.2 2 8,500 4.6 8,140 2.1 6 48,830 1.0 9,700 0.6 -- -- 5,960 1.5 7 387,500 7.6 136,230 7.7 85,500 13.8 28,430 7.4 8 107,330 2.1 282,020 16.0 -- -- 5,240 1.4 9 193,230 3.8 110,260 6 .3 56,260 9.1 23,780 6.2 10 3,758,950 74.0 1,058,310 60.3 415,080 67.1 271,400 70.6 11 72,510 1.4 31,880 1.8 11,560 3.0 TOTAL $5,082,060 100.0 $1,756,350 100.0 $618,840 100.0 $384,540 100.00 Source: Lafourche Parish Tax Assessor's Office, 1976. adjacent to the Gulf, Ward 10 contains the greatest propor- tion of equipment($3,758,950; 74.0%), drilling rigs ($415,080; 67.17o), tanks ($271,400;,70.,6%), and gathering lines ($1,058,310; 60.3%). Table 4.8 presents the number and actual value of oil wells (2530; $16,640,090) and gas wells (392; $4,772,950) in the parish. Again, Ward 10 contains the greatest number of oil wells (2221) valued at $14,818,240 (89.1% of total value) and gas wells (196) valued at $2,422,000 (50.8%) Recall that the value of oil and gas wells refers to the equipment involved and not of the oil and gas in the ground. The total actual value of oil and gas land equipment,. gathering lines, drilling rigs, oil tanks, oil and gas wells for Lafourche Parish during 1972-1976 is shown in Table 4.93 The highest value for each category is in the year 1976. 2(cont'd) a market value of $50 million. It may be noted that the oil and gas companies contend that they are assessed at 15% of market value, which would reduce estimates of market value (Robichaux, 1976b). mission lines. Inter- and intra-state transmission lines Gathering lines move oil and gas from the wells to trans- are included under public service corporations. Both are assessed and taxed by local parishes (Robichaux, 1976b). 3The approximate assessed v'alue of oil and gas related industries in Lafourche Parish for 1975, $51,118,620 (Table 4.4), is greater than the actual value of oil and gas equipment, drilling rigs, oil tanks, gathering lines, and wells for 1975, $25,606,060 (Table 4.9) because assessed value for peripheral industries (mainly public service corporations) are included in the former figure, but not in the latter. The same would be true at the ward level and for other years (Robichaux, 1976b). 241 vai so low, go) 'am 'am TABLE 4.8 ACTUAL VALUE AND NUMBER OF OIL AND GAS WELLS IN LAFOURCHE PARISH, BY WARD LEVEL, 1976 OIL WELLS GAS WELLS T % of % of Actual Total Actual Total Actual Ward Value Value Value Value Value 1 74 $357,730 2.1 53 $479,070 10.0 $836,800 2 -- -- -- 7 121,220 2.5 121,220 3 1 28,.600 0.2 6 84,910 1.8 113,510 4 12 74,570 0.4 8 87,410 1.8 161,980 5 3 620 0.0 13 167,700 3.5 168,320 6 -- -- -- 14 192,310 4.0 192,310 7 45 371,620 2.2 70 923,410 19.4 1,295-,030 8 87 410,610 2.5 5 62,360 1.3 472,970 9 83, 495,910 3.0 15 175,320 671,230 10 2,221 14,818,240 89.1 196 2,422,000 50.8 17,240,240 11 4 82,190 0.5 5 56,640 1.2 138,830 TOTAL 2,530 $16,640,090 100.0 392 $4,772,350 100.0 $21,412,440 Source: Lafourche Parish Tax Assessor's Office, 1976. TABLE 4.9 TOTAL ACTUAL VALUE OF OIL AND GAS EQUIPMENT IN LAFOURCHE PARISH, 1972-1976 OIL AND GAS OIL AND GAS DRILLING OIL OIL'AND GAS LAND EQUIPMENT GATHERING RIGS TANKS Total Actual LINES Actual Actual Actual YEAR Value Actual Value Value Value Value 1972 .$4,293,510 $1,611,300 $405,600 $338,120 2,834 $20,314,280 1973 4,420,570 1,585,920 446,070 333,120 2,819 19,396,210 1974 4,430,759 1,766,890 348,560 327,930 2,863 19,316,640 1975 4,372,870 1,719,290 373,560 334,300 2,794 18,806,040 1976* 5,082,060 1,756,350 618,840 384,540 2,922 21,412,440 *from Tables 4.7 and 4.8 Source: Louisiana Tax Commission, 1974, 1976. REFERENCES Lafourche Parish Tax Assessor's Office (1976) unpublished data. Louisiana Tax Commission (no date) Instructions and Schedule for Reporting Oil and Gas Property and, Drilling Rigs and Related Equipment. Baton Rouge, Louisiana. (1974) State of Louisiana, Sixteenth Biennial Report, 1972-1973. Baton Rouge, Louisiana. (1976) State of Louisiana, Seventeenth Biennial eport, 17974-1975. Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Robichaux, H. P. (1975) 1975 Assessment Report to Lafourche Parish P6-1ice Jury. Thibodaux, Louisiana: Assessor's Office. Robichaux, R. (1976a) Assistant to the Lafourche Parish Assessor, personal interview in Thibodaux, Louisiana. (1976b) Assistant to the Lafourche Parish Assessor, Thibodaux, Louisiana, telephone interview. 244 CHAPTER 5 LAFOURCHE PARISH INFRASTRUCTURE AND OCS DEVELOPMENT INTRODUCTION As pointed out earlier, the effects of OCS develop- ment in Lafourche Parish are mainly:confined to the southern part of the parish. As a.consequence, most o f the responses to and needs generated by OCS development occur there. However, some of t%he impacts related to OCS mining such as the demand for transportation'and facilities affect the entire parish. In th is chapter a review of the responses to infrastructure needs in Lafourche Parish for facilities' such as ports, waterways, highways, vocational schools, airports, and utilities are presented. Also introduced are the unmet infrastructure needs generated by OCS development. PORT FACILITIES Goneral Description For many years there has been support in Lafourche Parish for the idea of developing the area at the mouth of Bayou Lafourche (Melancon, 1976a). This support resulted in the creation of the Greater Lafourche Port Commission by an act of the state legislature in 1960. The port commis-. sion has authority over the area included in Ward 10 of Lafourche Parish, which is all the territo ry south of the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway (Greater Lafourche Port Commission 246 FIGURE 5.1 GENERAL LOCATION, WARD 10, LAFOURCHE PARISH X X. X: XLOUISI -::':WA RD 10:.-:: WARD 10 LAROSE ...... ... . CUT OFF X ...... X-Xv. GOLDEN MEADOW PORT GALLIANO FOURCHON LEEVILLE Source: Greater Lafourche Port Commission, no date. 247 (GLPC): n.d.). See Figure 5.1. It is this area which has had the most substantial impact from OCS development. The Commission has full powers of a port, harbor, and terminal district (GLPC: n.d.). Prior to 1970, its nine members were appointed by the governor, but beginning in that .year they were elected to six-year terms by the people of the tenth ward (Barker, 1976). It is now the. only port commission in the State of Louisiana whose members are elected rather than appointed (Melancon, 1976a). The major objectives of the Port Commission focus on the mouth of Bayou Lafourche (Figure 5.2). In this area, the goals have been to improve navigation, establish a port, create industrial sites, and develop its recreational potential (Melan con, 1976a). These goals are in relation to four sectors of activity: fishing And the seafood industry, recreation, offshore'oil, and the proposed super- port. These sectors are expected to be the major factors in stimulating South Lafourche "to experience dynamic economic growth within the near future" (Gulf 'South Research Institute (GSRI), 1974: 7). This proposed multiple use of the area had a prime role in justifying the Port Fourchon project, which is discussed later. On of the first major projects of the Port Commission was the dredging of Bayou'Lafourche. In the mid-1960s, it dredged a new channel west of the Bayou from Belle Pass to the twenty foot depth contour of the Gulf and deepened the Bayou to 20 feet.from Belle Pass northward for four miles. 248 F I GURE 5. 2 WARD 10 OF LAFOURCHE PARISH --cul FF jerFERSOM PARISH 30 GA UA 0 T, 'GOLDEN MEADOW TEARESOMME PARISH LEEvILCi JEFFERSON PARISH 0 4@ 4=> BAYOU LAFOURalE 61 TVAREBONNE PARIS" - --1 0 PORT FOURCMN Source: URS/Forrest and Cotton, 1976. A It also deepened the Bayou to 12 feet from the 4 mile point to Leeville, and to 9 feet from Leeville to Gol den Meadow. The 12 foot depth to Leeville was needed primarily to serve oil company vessels that dock at Leeville., whereas-a 9 foot depth was deemed adequate td serve the fishing boats and oil company crew boats that dock at Golden Meadow. (Mel an con, 1976a). At the time this dredging was done, it was the intention of the Port Commission to deepen the Bayou further in the future, but now the 'costs of such a move (both@ economically and environmentally) make it much more feasible to develop the Port Fourchon area (Melancon, 1976b). Another project of the Port Commission was the bringing of potable water to the lower portion of Lafourche Parish (includi ng-the Port Fourchon area). Since the salinity of the water surrounding this area makes it unsuitable for drinking, it was,necessary to bring in drinking water from the northern end of the parish. At present, this water is.mainly to serve the offshore workers and the people of Grand Isle (Barker, 1976). Currently, the water line is adequate, but if the proposed development in the Port FburchOn area does occur, it may be insufficient in the future (Melancon, 1976b). As already mentioned, the major goal of the Port Commis- sion is to develop the a:rea at the mouth of Bayou Lafourche-- Port Fourchon. The Port Fourchon development area is a 3600 acre site consisting of land,'marsh, and sand beach. It is bounded on the west by Bayou Lafourche, on the north'by a 250 flotation canal, on the east by Louisiana Highway 3090, and on the south by the Gulf of Mexico (see Figure 5.3) (GSRI, 1974: 14). The total pr oposed plan of development for Port Fourchon is shown in Figure 5.4 and Table 5.1. As can be seen.in Table 5.1, the elevation of the industrial sites will be 3.3 feet and 4 .2 feet. Also, the plan provides for recrea- tional as well as industrial development. Sites D and E are now being considered for recreational development in addition to those already listed in Table 5.1-(Melancon, 1976b). This project, when completed, is to accomplish the aforementioned objectives of the Port Commission (i.e., improve navigation, establish a port, create industrial sites, and develop recreational areas). The first phase of, the project, which cost $4.2,million, included navigational improvements.such as the dredging of Belle Pass to a depth of 20 feet and a width of 300 feeti and the digging of a flotation canal connecting Bayou Lafourche with a commercial marina, providing access for large shrimp boats (Figure 5.4). Physical facilities constructed include the commercial marina (with a capacity of 68 large.shrimp boats), a docking facility and warehouse on the bayou (Site C, Figure 5.4-- now leased to Shell Oil Company and Dowell, an oil company service industry),.a water distribution system with a 300,000 gallon elevated storage tank, and a five-ramp boat launc h for sports craft (Site F, Figure 5.4).. Also, the basic 251 FIGURE 5.3 DETAILED MAP OF.PORT FOURCHON SITE COMMERCIAL.*,.:',..-@, MARI CANAL 0 ---------- ... ..... ..... LU ............ D EVE 1-0 P M E N T:::::::.*:.:::-""*"" BAY CHAMP A GNE ......... @G 4z GULF OF MEXICO Source, Gulf South Research Institute, 1974. 41 252 FIGURE 5.4 PROPOSED PLAN OF DEVELOPMENT FOR PORT FOURCHON*' @y Y COMMERC MARI NA". .1-1.:..*,, ...... .... ......... UA ........... Z ".1.i.6tvtLop ............... 0 . . ........ . ........... 0 ... ...... 13AY MpAGNE cHA co MEXICO OF GULF *To be used-in conjunction with Table 5.1. Source: Gulf South Research Institute, 1974: 19. 253 TABLE 5.1 DESCRIPTION OF SITES AT PORT FOURCHON* SITE ACREAGE AVERAGE ELEVATION DEPTH OF DIRECT WATER ACCESS ANT A 186.6 4.2 30 B 138.9, 4.2 30 IC : . 586.0 4.2 30 D 903.4 Existing 30 Futu 469.0 Existing None Futu F 43.6 Existing, 12. G 401.9. 3.3 30 H 130.1 Existing Beach R 1 24.5 Existing 12 Recreati J 145.0 3.3 30 K 220.2 3.3 30 L 191.6 3.3 30 Recreati m 188.9 Existing Beac -h R N 58.7 Existing None 'Suppo *To be used in conjunction with Figure 5.4. Source:, Gulf South Research Institute, 1974: 20. roads and utility systems within the site were constructed, as well as a bridge over Chevron Canal providing access to the beach area. Other navigational aids and flood protec- tion projects were also included in Phase I (GSRI, 1974': 15). Phase II, at a cost of just over $3 million, included jetty improvements and maintenance dredging near Belle Pass (Melancon, 1976b). More specifically, the old small jetty was replaced by a 1200 foot wide stone jetty system extending 2900 feet into the Gulf of Mexico, and the channel in Belle Pass was restored to a 20 foot depth and 300 foot width and extended out into the Gulf to the 20 foot contour (see Figure 5.5) (GSRI, 1974: 15). Figure 5.6 contains the proposed elements of the next phase. It will consist of maintenance dredging in the 20 foot by 300 foot channel in Belle Pass and Bayou Lafourche, as well as the dredging of a 20 foot deep by 400 foot wide slip (as shown). The fill from this dredging will be used as site preparation material for a 450 acre site bounded by the shell road, the proposed access road, and Louisiana Highway 3090. Also, a water and sewerage system will be installed on the site (the sewerage system will be built to allow future development to tie into it) as well as a drainage system. The access road will be 1.19 miles long and consist of a sand embankment and clam shell surface. A police and administration building is also included in this phase. The total projected costs of these proposals is approximately $3.3 million (Dames and Moore, 1975). 255 FIGURE .5.5 LOCATION AND SECTIO- N OF. PROP09F.TY CHANNEL AT BELLE PASS "00 d M A A S H O'x 3 0 0 4 CHANNEL...- SEC T,ON 5ECTtON L _j NZ VARIE S WEST F M S L. w 0 ------ 2 -OE"L E 11, 300' w z 6 TYPICA@ SECTION 0 ZO 40 so _Nonlz@ a VERT SCALE Lj -.2 C10*1 TO ZO'DEPTM 200/00 P L A N 0 500 1000 2000 SCA@E IN FEET -X@/z Source: Gulf South Research Institute, 1975: 17. 256 FIGURE 5.6 PORT FOURCHON PROPOSED IMPROVEMENTS PRMSED AUMINISTRATIOU RVIL01 NG -Q'Fouq@ -P-R-aPOSED SLOP 40 IN 'os N 20' x 300' already permitted maintenance dredging 20' x 400' slip; permit applied BELLE PASS for Source: Dames and Moore, 1975. 257 After this phase, future development (as outlined in Figure 5.4 and Table 5.1) will depend to a large extent on the demand for additional industrial and recreational land. In addition, it is the goal of the Port Commission to eventually increase the depth and width of the channel in Belle Pass and Bayou Lafourche to 30 feet deep and 400 feet wide. It is felt that the trend toward larger vessels used by the oil companies would make this action necessary and desirable. Port Fourchon would become the only deepwater port between the Mississippi River and Lake Charles (Melancon, 1976b). This is important in attracting oil and gas related support industries. For example,'while crew boats and supply vessels can use shallower waters, transporting platforms and rigs requires deeper water (GSRI, 1974: 50). Therefore, this 30 foot depth would be necessary to attract manufac- turers of platforms and rigs. Projected Impact of Port Fourchon Development It is felt that.the locational. advantages of Port Fourchon,,that is,.its proximity to the Gulf of Mexico and the deepwater channel capable of handling industry needs, will undoubtedly attract industry. Also, the dominant industries already located in Lafourche Parish will have a strong influence on the types of industry that locate in the port area (GSRI, 1974: 50). That is, the industries most likely to locate at Port Fourchon are those associated 258 with the offshore oil industry (including establishments involved in fabrication of platforms and equipment and establishments serving both the operational and maintenance needs ofthe platforms offshore) or the commerci al fishing industry (ranging from establishments providing materials such as fishing boat supplies to facilit ies for processing and distributing.seafood) (GSRI, 1974: 57). The types of businesses that might be attracted to Port Fourchon have been divided into three categories. The first category, offshore-associated activities, consists of industries engage d in building the platforms and providing tbedrilling equipment and other machinery basic to the platform operations. Table 5.2 has the related,SIC clas- sifications included.in this category and the Appendix has descriptions of these SIC classifications. The.second. category, oilfield service and associated industries, includes industries concerned with fabrication and repair of metal structures other than large offshore platforms and excluding tanks, worksheds, and similar facilities found on offshore platforms (see Table 5.2 for SIC classifications). The third category is port-associated establishments. It would consist mainly of warehouses or storage facilitie's adjacent to the waterfront (see Table 5.2) (GSRI, 1974: 52-54). A projected direct aggregate net impact of each of the three categories in terms of employment, earnings, value added, value of shipments, and capital expenditures was estimated in Table 5.3 based on the following assumptions 259 TABLE 5.2 SIC CLASSIFICATIONS INCLUDED IN THE THREE CATEGORIES OF INDUSTRY EXPECTED TO BE ATTRACTED TO PORT FOURCHON OFFSHORE-ASSOCIATED ACTIVITIES SIC 3533 Oilfield Machinery and Equipment M anufacture SIC 3731 Ship Building and Repair SIC 3732 Boat Building and Repair SIC 3599 Miscellaneous and Specialized Machinery Manufacture OILFIELD SERVICE AND ASSOCIATED INDUSTRIES SIC 3441 Fabricated Structural Steel SIC 3443 Metal Platework SIC 3444 Sheetmetal Work SIC 3449 Miscellaneous Metal Work PORT-ASSOCIATED ESTABLISHMENTS SIC 13 Oil and Gas Extraction SIC 1621 Heavy Construction SIC 1791 Structural Steel Erection SIC 2031 Can and Cured Seafood SIC 2036 Frozen Seafood SIC 42 Field Service 1 See Appendix for description of these SIC classifications. Source: Gulf South Research Institute, 1974: 52-56. 260 TABLE 5.3 DIRECT NET IMPACT OF THE PORT FOURCHON DEVELOPMENT ON LAFOURCHE P VALUE OF CATEGORY EMPLOYMENT EARNINGS VALUE ADDED SHIPMENTS Offshore Fabrication 257 $3,036,453 $4,615,342 $13,146,381 Offshore Service 48 341,600 648,285 1,395,224 Port Associated 66 510,910 1,932,312 5,660,738 TOTAL 371 $3,888,965 $7,195,859 $20Y202,343 Source: Gulf South Research Institute, 1974: 58. (GSRI, 1974: 57-58): 1. Because of the advantages offered as a result of port development, at least.one large offshore fabricator will locate in the.port area a facility for constructing deep-water platforms. 2. Accessibility of the area to the Gulf will cause the relocation of at least one offshore service facility in the area. 3. Accessibility to the Gulf, along with better protection of property, will cause shrimpers to use the.marina facilities available in the port area. 4. Port-associated facilities (such aswarehouses, branch sales offices, and'service facilities ) q will.relocate in the port area to provide better service to customers previously located along Bayou:Lafourche. These facilities would include those servicing the offshore oil industry and the commercial fishing industry. Two of these facilities and their warehouses will locate.in the new port area. 5.@, Most of the movement into the Port Fourchonarea will be the result of present trends toward expansion of the industry and will therefore not adversely@affect other port areas. This assumption is based upon the need for expansion in offshore:.oil..and the resulting requirement for facilities capable of constructing larger plat- forms. Because of channel limitations, existing areas will not adequately accomodate such construc- tion and would therefore not be adversely affected by the new port. Table 5.4 _pre@sents the projected total direct and indirect net impact.of the Port-Fourchon development on Lafourche Parish. This table is basedion data compiled by the Economic Development Council of the New Orleans Chamber of Commerce concerning the marginal effect of 100 new indus- trial jobs on the* metropolitan New Orleans'economy. The New Orleans economy was used as an indicator because it, like 262 TABLE 5.4 DIRECT AND INDIRECT NET IMPACT OF THE PORT FOURCHON DEVELOPMEN ITEM AFFECTED DIRECT INDIRECT Population 371a 1,197 Household 371 371 'Personal Income $3,633.,510 $2,6@4,100 $6 Bank Deposits 185,500 .-1,187,200 New Retail Establishments Employment 371 241 b Retail Sales $1,453,403 $1,228,010 $2 a Due to almost full employment in the parish, it is felt that all direc ment will cause workers-to,migrate into the parish., b Retail sales cover only those sales resulting froth personal spending. Source: Gulf South Research Institute, 1974: 61. the Lafourche area economy, is based largely on the'oil industry and industries supporting the needs of the oil industry (GSRI, 1974: 59-60). It is significant to note that Table 5.4 does not include impacts such as the increased ad valorem taxes, sales taxes, or income taxes that would accrue to state and local governments as a. result of the.project (GSRI, 1974: 60), nor does it include the increased services these governments would have to provide to the expa nded population. Also, since this projection of impact assumes that all of the direct employment g enerated by the project will be filled by migrants, any economic benefits to the current residents of Lafourche would come as a result of the indirect impact. It should be noted.that any net gains in Laf ourche Parish may come at the expense of other areas of the state. @'Impact of the'Superport on Port Fourchon Sihde it would be capable of handling the vessels involved in building and maintaning a deep-draft offshore oil port, Port Fourchonwould be beneficial to such a port if it'were located at the proposed site off Lafourche Parish.' In turn, this facility is expected to have the following,effects on Port Fourchon: 1. Construction of the oil terminal, its operating platforms, single-point mooring systems, and pipeline would cost approximately $180 million. Such a large construction project, along with the present and proposed channel depths of the port and its proximity to the project, would greatly increase the possibility of an offshore platform 264 fabricator's locating within the port area. 2.. Besides an offshore service facility, mai.ntenance and operations facilities would locate within the harbor area, not only because of proximity to the offshore terminal and channel depth, but also because of the more modern,facilities and land use plan. Such a facility would employ from 100 to 150 skilled personnel on a permanent. basis. 3. Port associIated facilities would supply offshore ,oil operations, and the offshore oil terminal with the necessary services and supplies used by the industry. 4.,,,The onshore facilities of the offshore oil terminal would include storage tanks, pipelines, and other, necessary monitoringand control facilities and.., would require some 1600 acres of land. Being within the Louisiana coastal.zone, the development of so large a site will have strong environmental rqpurcussions. The 3500 acre Port Four chon site is already developed, from an environmental stand- point. The area has a sound foundation for a. tank farm and therefore is a candidate along with other close sites for the location,of onshore termi nal facilities (GSRI, 1974: 94-95). However, it is not expected that there will be any refineries at Port Fourchon. If a refinery is built.anywhere in Lafourche.Parish, it will probably be in the Thibodaux area.(Melancon, 1976b). -Of the above effects, it should be noted that number 4 represents a.type of development that will occur only if a superport is built...The.other three effects merely,increase the likelihood that these types of developments wil I occur and that such developments will be more intensive at Port Fourchon than would be the,ca.se if a superport is not located.in the area.. 265 WATERWAYS Existing Waterways The principalwaterway in Lafourche Parish is Bayou Lafourche, which runs from Donaldsonville tothe Gulf of Mexico (Figure 5.7). Another major waterway, the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, passes.through Lafourche, inter- secting Bayou Lafourche at Larose (Figure 5.7). Other minor waterways include the Scully, Breton, and Yankee Canals which connect Bayou,Lafourche to the bays and inland marshes to the east but navigation on these is limited to small boats,or is nonexistent due to low-level fixed bridges and pile barrier. .Also, there is Bayou Blue and many smaller channels on both sides of Bayou Lafourche which have no water connection with it, but begin at its natural levee and traverse the adjacent marshland. In addition, the Southwestern Louisiana Canal provides access to Caminada and Barataria Bays on.the east and Timbalier and Terrebonne Bays on the west while crossing Bayou Lafourche at Leeville (U.S. ArmyEngineer District, New Orleans (USAED), 1973: 11-13). As already mentioned, Bayou Lafourche is.-the major commercial waterway in the parish. It was originally a distributary of the Mississippi River, but severe floods in 1903 led plantation owners to petition the state,to block the bayou at the Mississippi, and this was done.in.. 1004 (USAED, New Orleans, 1973:'11-12). However, since .1957, a pumping station at Donaldsonville has been diverting water from the Mississippi River to the bayou (Arthur D. 266 FIGURE 5.7 LAYOURCHE PARISH -WARD WARe I AU -"OCTA ARD 4 WAR 6 WARD7 RD WAR 3 J, To V., W ARD 8 LAKE F T LONG IAKE' :WARD GI' A SAL DELTA- FAR MIS is[ ilM-E IAKE N 0 IARD Ia., -iji RACOOMI A y y M- AM ANN g- ;,CAMINADA RAY un- 1-K .. . .. . .... .. .... IN. niv. K -rimBALiEft V Y ............. . . . . . . ............... . . . . . . . . . ...... ..... . . . . .- - - - - - - Source: Thibodaux Chambe r of Commerce, 1976. 267 Little, Inc, n.d. 4-:61). Congressional authorization for'navigational improve- ments on Bayou Lafourche was passed in the-River and Harbor Act of August 30, 1935. This act provided for a permanent closure of the head of the bayou at the Mississippi River without a lock, a channel 6 feet deep by 60 feet wide (6' x 601) from Napoleonville (Assumption Parish) to Lock- port, a channel 6 feet deep by 60 feet wide from Larose to the Gulf of Mexico with a jettied entrance at Belle Pass, and the closure of Pass Fourchon. at the Gulf 'of Mexico'(Department of the Army, 1938: 791). Dredging of the channel between Napoleonville and Thibodaux has been deauthorized under Public Law 90-149 approved November 22, 1967 (USAED, New Orleans, 1972: 3). Also, the section between Thibodaux and Lockport'is in an inactive status due to lack of rights-ot-way and spoil area'(USAED, New Orleans, 1972: 4). The channel from Larose to the Gulf@of Mexico and the jetties at Belle Pass were completed in 1939 -(Department of the Army, 1972: 11-6). In addition,the-section between Lockport and Larose was dredged to a nine feet deep by 100 feet wide channel as part of the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway'project in 1936 (USAED, New Orleans, 1972: 4).. The River and Harbor Act of 1960 provided for a'dditi onal improvements-in Bayou Lafourche. It authorized the deepening and widening of.the channel from Golden Meadow to Leeville to 9 feet deep by 100 feet wide and from Leeville 268 to the 12 foot depth contour of the Gulf to 12 feet deep by 125 feet wide. It also provided for restoring and extending the existing jetties at Belle Pass to the 12 foot dep th co ntour if found advisable to reduce maintenance (USAED, New Orleans, 1972: 3). The Golden Meadow to Leeville section was completed in August,1966,and the Leeville to the Gulf segme nt was completed in September 1963 (Depart- ment of the Army, 19.72: 11-6). As noted earlier, the Greater Lafourche Port Commission is developing the area,at the mouth of Bayou Lafourche known as Port Fourchon. The Port Fourchon project included dredging.a new 20 feet deep by 300 feet wide channel at Belle Pass,just west of the existing channel from,mile.0.76 of Bayou Lafourche to the, 20-foot depth contour of the.Gulf and dredging the existing Bayou Lafourche channel for four miles northward of Belle Pass. The existing channellwas then closed. This work was completed in March 1968 (USAED, New Orleans, 1972: 5). As discussed earlier, jetty improve- ments have also.been completed by the Port Commission. Concerning maintenance dredging of Bayou Lafourche, the last dredging,in the Larose to Golden Meadow section 'was., completed before 1949. There has been no maintenance dredging in the Golden Meadow to Leeville section due to a lack of spoil areas.I.Maintenance dredging was.performed in the Leeville to Gulf o.f Mexico segment in February 1964 in the Belle Pass Jetty Channel and the predicted frequency 269 of maintenance in this segment is every t en years (USAED, New Orleans, 1972: 5). The Greater Lafourche Port Commission has also performed maintenance, dredging in this segment. Future Waterways The River and Harbor Act of June 14, 1960 also provided for the construction of two new waterways known as the Bayou Lafourche Auxiliary Channel and the Lafourche-Jump Waterway (Figure 5. 8) The Auxiliary Channel proposal includes 30-4 miles of a 12 feet deep by 125 feet wide channel roughly parallel and to the west of Bayou Lafourche from the Intra- coastal Waterway near Larose to Bayou Lafourche just south of Leeville A stub channel (12 feet deep by 125 feet wide) will be constructed by local interests from the Auxiliary Channel near Catfish Lake to the vicinity of Meadow. The stub channel will terminate as a turning basin 1300 feet long by 600 feet wide. It is est imat ed that this Auxiliary Channel will require maintenance dredging every four years in the area of confluence with the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway and Bayou Lafourche and every six years in the rest of it (USAED, New Orleans, 1972:5-6). The Lafourcbe Parish Policy Jury has acquired all necessary rights-of-way (Department of the Army, 1972: 11-6) for the channel. The Corps of Engineers is currently conducting a study of possible alternative routes for the channel in order to avoid passing through the Pointe-Au-Chien 270 FIGURE 5.8 PROPOSED AUXILIARY CHANNEL AND LAFOURCHE-JUMP WATERWAY R ET (I (,A L 2'X!25'STU8 CHANNEL BY LOCAL INTERESTS 4 -TjQNING 00, er. p ''Iec -0 ME M, WISNER 1 -AME E 3 MAN43-.@ E oen_ */00 N 4,0! -4 '<--[@@ILIARY CHANNEL- 1'2' X 125 I AKI 4 T-@ -117 A CU X Source: U.S. Army Engineer District, New Orleans, 1972. low go MI nor so M we Game Management Area (Barton, 1976). The proposal for the Lafourche-Jump Waterway calls for a 12-foot by 125-foot channel from Bayou Lafourche, just north of Leeville, eastward along the Southwestern Louisiana Canal and then along the shoreline of Caminada Bay and the north side of Grand Isle to the existing Bayou Rigaud unit of the Barataria Bay Waterway. Maintenaance dredging is predicted to be necessary every siIx.years across marsh areas and every four years across open water areas and at the inter- section with Bayou Lafourche (USAED, New Or leans, 1972: 6-7). However, rights-of-way for this project are not available due to multiplicity and other complications of ownership (Depart- ment of the Army, 1972: 11-6). Impact.of-OCS Development on Lafourch,e Parish Waterways The waterway improvements authorized in the River and Harbor Act of July 14, 1960 are largely.a response to OCS oil and gas development. The overall project is,to provide safe navigation and more.efficient operation in the movement of materials and equipment,to and from oil, gas, and sulphur- producing areas; the movement of shell, shrimp, and oysters by fishing,vessels'; and the provision of an evacuation route and refuge from Gulf storms and hurricanes (USAED, New Orleans, 1972: 1-2). The 12-foot by 125-foot channel from Leeville to the Gulf was needed primarily to serve the increasingly larger oil company vessels that dock at Leeville. The 9- foot by 272 one hundred-foot channel from Leeville to Golden Meadow serves the fishing boats a s well as the oil company crew boats.and service vessels that dock at Golden Meadow (Melancon, 1976c). The Bayou Lafourche Auxiliary Channel is intended to alleviate navigation hazards along Bayou Lafourche. That is, expansion of both oil and fishing operations has exceeded the.ability of the bayou to accomodate the water traffic adequately. Its already narrow channel width (especially above Golden Meadow) is further reduced by overhanging buildings.and wharves. Barges cannot be loaded to capacity and a reduced speed is necessary to keepwave wash to reasonable limits in order to avoid damaging moored vessels and structures. The narrowness makes transporting large oil barges and drilling.equipment exceedingly difficult. An extra tug is necessary on windy days to hold the barge straight and.avoid' collision damage. Since there is considerable commercial and residential development on both banks of Bayou Lafourche, widening of the bayou is not a feasible alternative. Construction of the auxiliary channel will facilitate the use of larger, more modern vessels used by the fish and oil industries and thus eliminate the need to use circuitous routes by way of the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway (USAED, New. Orleans, 1972: 2-3). The Lafourche-Jump Waterway,proposal would facilitate movement of vessels carrying fish and oilfield supplies .273 between Bayou Lafourche and the highly productive areas to the east. At present, this route (the Southwestern Louisiana Canal and Caminada Bay) is navigated only by smaller boats and shallow draft barges with considerable difficulty and requiring additional time and power to negotiate. The Lafourche-Jump Waterway would enable the larger vessels currently in use by the fishing and oil-related industries to use this shorter route from Bayou Lafourche to Barataria Bay and surrounding waters (USAED, New Orleans, 1972: 2). These two proposed waterways are also expected to have an impact on the Port Fourchon development. By improving the port's access to barge traffic on inland waterways (especially the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway), its desirability as a site for industrial development will be further enhanced (Melancon, 1976c). The ecological impacts of cutting such waterways are serious and have been discussed earlier (Chapter 2). Freight Traffic on Bayou Lafourche As can be seen from Table 5.5., crude petroleum is one of the major commodities of freight traffic on Bayou Lafourche. Except for the years 1966 and 1967, it has been the leading commodity, in terms of weight, shipped on the bayou. Assuming that inbound traffic and northbound through traffic of crude petroleum is predominantly from offshore production while outbound traffic, southbound through traffic and lo cal 2 74 TABLE 5.5 SIGNIFICANT FREIGHT COMMODITIES ON BAYOU LAFOURCHE (IN SHORT TONS) 1 Year Commodity 1950 1953 1954 1962 1963 1964 Crude Petroleum 1,928,450 1,695,014 100,648 1,363,465 1)623,812 732,635. Sulphur 111,011 149,713 335,720 369,998 352,946 Water 9,197 33,955 92,345 277,529 332,270 322,965 Iron and Steel 19,244 84,415 71,561 Pipe ,Ships and Boats 4 25 51 Fish (except shellfish) '13 77 444 Shellfish 15,004 20,563 20,372 3,307 1,764 3,587 Shells 91,305 139,368 @246,697 132,207 125,471 133,795 Clay 15,040 44,649 67,065 72,6 15 74,537 56,926 Sugar 26,884 35,842 36,055 85,852 70,808 60,983 Ice 27,719 52,227 10,960 61,358 15,520 Sodium Hydroxide 11,307 14,328 15,558 As w dw on. ww'ml M as M we M M M TABLE 5.5 CONTINUED .Commodity Year 1950* 1953 1954 1962 1963 1964 Distillate Fuel 11,108 18,261 20,555 76,153 106,090 60,372 Oil Machinery (except electrical) Miscellaneous Manufactured Products Sand, Gravel, 1,149 801 17,337 9,773 16,042 Crushed Rock *Category not reported.. May be contained in other categories reported in Source: U. S. Department of the Army (1951, 1954, 1955, 1963-1967). TABLE 5.5 CONTINUED SIGNIFICANT FREIGHT COMMODITIES ON BAYOU LAFOURCHE (IN SHORT TONS) 19 Year Commodity 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 Crude Petroleum 516,047 761,755 829,395 574,939 454,494 351,088 3 Sulphur 634,355 500,297 431,545 426,117 387,956 350,757 2 Water 541,452 405,882 287,383 333,776 294,593 281,951 2 Iron and Steel 28,236 25,496 12,511 @7,617 27,179 29,960 Pipe Ships and Boats 903 1,406 560 223 Fish (except 601 shellfish) Shellfish 9,025 8,281 9,897 13,863 13,050 14,794 Shells 241,157 257,561 253,430 322,139 235,914 249,458 2 Clay 47,464 43,096 41,454 43,633 30,622 11,481 Sugar 54,393 47,945 50,451 44,249 40,466 43,664 Ice 8,592 10,668 12,989 12,425 18,250 28,332 Sodium 23,967 28,758 24,213 32,930 32,921 33,300 Hydroxide w aw 60 M so so, w M1 ow M M 19M w TABLE 5.5 CONTINUED Year Commodity 1967 1968". 1969 1970 1971 19-7 2 1973 1974 Distillate Fuell 46,649 35,043 37,087 31,302 28,373 25,045 40,478' 46,028 Oil Machinery (except 228 353 375 89 250 219 345 13,112 electrical) Miscellaneous 141,621 86,022 20,456 22,559 26,492 63,320 112,272 102,360 Manufactured Products Sand, Gravel, 12)680 4,833 8,325 .24,423 19,293 20,230 30 .Crushed Rock to 00 8ource: U. S. Department of the Army (1968-1975)., traffici is from onshore production., it can be seen in T able 5.6 that onshore production accounted for most of the volume of this commodity until 1969., In that year,.offshore produc- tion became the dominant sou rce of petroleum freight and has held the lead ever since. However, Table 5.5 shows that total petroleum freight on Bayou Lafourche has declined since 1950 when nearly two million tons of crude petroleum was shipped via Bayou Lafourche. Whi le fluctuating over the years, there was a general downward trend through 1972 when it reached 351,088 tons. In both 1973 and 1974 there were modest increases. Another significant commodity shipped on Bayou Lafourche has been sulphur (Table 5.5). There was little or no sulphur, shipped on the bayou in 1950 and 111,011 tons shipped in 1953., This volume rose steadily, reaching a peak in 1967 of 634,355 tons. In 1966 and 1967, sulphur exceeded crude petroleum as the leading commodity, in terms of weight,-shipped on Bayou Lafourche. Since 1967, sulphur tonnage has steadily declined to 134,203 tons in 1974. All of this tonnage has been in northbound through traffic, and it is reasonable to 1In-bound and out-bound Traffic moving from one waterway into another is termed "out-bound" in the case of the shipping waterway and "in-bound" with respect to the receiving waterway. Since waterways bearing tonnages neither loaded nor discharged at points thereon are entitled to that Through traffic traffic, such movements are termed "through traffic." (Depart- ment of the Army, 1950). Internal (local) -- Traffic between ports or landings wherein the entire movement takes place on inland waterways (Department of the Army, 1974). 279 TABLE 5.6 CRUDE PETROLEUM FREIGHT ON BAYOU LAVOURCHE Year Inbound1 Northbound 2 Total Outbound 1 Southbound2 L 1950 93,241 342,351 435,592 1,486,104 6 1953 41,255 470,614 511,869 1,179,027 4 1954 39,719 237 39,956 54,369 6 1962 217,378 253,383 470,761 889,096 3 ba 1963 155,230 547,826 7031056 920,756 co 0 1964 110,701 10,570 121,271 597,315 14 1965 186,548 125,573 312,331 443,610 122,823 13 1966 78,467 30,462 108,929 294,137 30,106 1967 206,456 19,572 226,028 290,019 1968 310,871 60,447 371,318 390,358 1969 280,883 324,805 605,688 223,707 79 1970 277,569 134,471 412,040 156,823 5 1971 285,587 51,871 337,458 116,479 714 1972 220,976 42,876 263,852 87,226 557 TABLE 5.6 CONTINUED 2 2 Year Inbound Northbound Total Outbound Southbound Lo 1973 231,824 35,446 267,270 108,288 1914 271,450 42 733 314,183 124,862 2, 1Traffic moving from one waterway to anoth er is termed "outbound" in the ca shipping waterway and "inbound" with respect to the receiving waterway. 2This refers to the direction of "thioug h traffic," that is,. traffic that i loaded nor discharged at points on the waterway. 3Movements of freight within the confines of a channel or port. 00 Source: U. S. Department of the Army (1951, 1954, 1955, 1963-1975). we M M conclude that the offshore'sulphu r mine near Grand Isle, which began operations in 1960, has-had a significant impact on the rise of sulphur shipments during the 1960s. The third-ranking commodity shipped on Bayou Lafourche has been water. From less than 9,200 tons in 1950, water shipments increased steadily to a high of 541,452 tons in 1967 (Table 5.5) and have declined since then to 211,241 tons. The-increase until 1967 can be accounted for by the growing demand for water caused by the increase in workers involved with offshore oil and gas development. The decline since that time can be attributed to the decrease in offshore activity as well as the extension of a water line to the South Lafourche and Grand Isle area by the Greater Lafourche Port Commission. Two other commodities related to outer continental shelf development include "iron and steel pipe" and "ships and boats"@(or "watercraft and parts" as the category was called before 1965). As Table 5.5 shows, tonnage for iron and steel pipes was under 20,000 in 1950 and rose to 84,415 tons in 1963 and declined thereafteri It can be speculated that much of this pipe in the late fifties and early sixties was used to construct -the pipeline netw.ork as well as to line the oil and gas wells being drilled. The decline in pipe tonnage after 1963 can be attributed mainly to the fact that once the pipeline network was in place, only minor additions were needed in resp. onse to new wells, and also to the decline in drilling activity. Also, Table 5.5 illustrates the risi ng importance of water transportation since ships and boats accounted for only four tons of freight in 1953, rose to 1,406 in 1968, declined, 282 and then rose,to- 1,864 tons in 1973 and 2,558 tons in 1974. Other important commodities shipped on Bayou Lafourche include fish, shellfish, and shells. Shipments of all three of these commodities have risen in recent years (except fish declined slightly in 1974)., although each of them had reached hi gh points in the 1950s, declined, and only-recently surpassed their former peaks. Table 5.5 also shows the trends for other commodities shipped on Bayou Lafourche. Sodium hydroxide used in paper and pulp manufacturing and other industrial processes increased steadily over the period. (A paper mill is located .in Lockport (Table-1.3).) Clay for drilling mud peaked in .the early sixties and fell dramatically in the early seventies. Dj4stillate fuel oil,- of course, follows the general pattern of mining activity. Sugar shipments (Table'l.3) are only remotely.related to OCS and have held rather steady while miscellaneous manufactured products have increased over the period. Table 5.7 is a listing of the freight traffic on Bayou Lafourche by.commodity type and volume for 1950, 1954, 1962, .1965, 1970, and 1974. HIGHWAYS The Present Lafourche Parish Highway System As Figure 5.9 illustrates, tb e highway system in Lafourche Parish consists primarily of LA 1, which runs along the west bank of Bayou Lafourche to the southern end of the parish 283 TABLE 5.7 DOMESTIC FREIGHT TRAFFIC ON BAYOU LAFOURCHE, VARIOUS YEARS (IN SHOR 1950 Through North Commodity Total Inbound- Outbound Local bound TOTAL 2,182,289 289,332 1,507,135 25,840 345,640 Fish,'fresh or frozen, 13 13 except shellfish Shellfish and shellfish 15,004 9,556 5,398- products 00 4 Sea:shells,'unmanufactured 91,305 91,205 -- 100 Sugar 26,884 20,273 6,611 -- Logs 3,675 -- 3,675 Posts,' poles, and piling 4,986 4,886 -- Lumber, including shingles, 671 649 22 box, crate, and cooperage materials, plywood and railroad ties Gas oil and distillate fuel oil 11,108 8,992 847 300 TABLE 5.7 CONTINUED 1950 Through North- Commodity Total Inbound Outbound Local bound Petroleum, crude 1,928,450 93,241 1,486JO4 6,754 342,351 Motor fuel and gasoline, 16,786 16,786 including blending agents or anti-knock'compounds of petroleum origin Residual fuel oil (including 7,144 6,124 bunker oil) Lubricating oils and greases 166 166 00 Building cement 1,074 1,003 Clays and earths 15,040 6,929 2,360 2,585 Nonmetallic minerals, n.e.c. 2,200 Iron and steel manufactures, 132 42 70 n.e.c. Iron and steel pipe and 19,244 13,509 223 2,016 fittings Construction, excavating, and 1,345 220 570 65 175 conveying machinery and parts TABLE 5.7 CONTINUED 1950 Thro Nor Commodity Total Inbound Outbound Local bou Mining, well, and pumping 4,030 2,808 419 20 machinery, and parts Automobiles, trucks, and 348 193 155 buses, excluding parts, accessories, and service equipment Commodities, n.e.c. 23,479 7,652 4,164 11P005 4 Water 9P197 5P264 1,741 .1 00 Government materials 8 M 8 used in waterway .improvements Total ton-miles, 45,675,309. TABLE 5.7 CONTINUED 1954 Through North- Commodity Total Inbound Outbound Local bound TOTAL 897,072 440,653 170,239 81,678 158,753 Fish and products, fresh, 444 444 Shellfish and products 20,372 744 19,628 Sea shells, crude 246,697 234,550 500 Sugar 36,055 19,694 16,361 Grocerie's@ and food, n.e.c. 172 172 00 Posts, poles, and piling 836 234 @2 Wood, nonmanufactured, n.e.c. 100 Motorfuel and gasoline 16,380 3,935 Gas oil, distillate fuel 20,555 16,805 1,042 74 oil Petroleum, crude 100,648 39,719 54,369 6,323 237 Residual fuel Oil 3,052 2,460 101 Lubricating oils and 1 1 greases Building cement 8,404 3,741 4,018 125 25 M ww'mm' MON M'W'= M M ='w mm TABLE 5.7 CONTINUED 1954 Through traffic North- South- Commodity Total Inbound Outbound Local bound bound Stone and mfrs, n.e.c. 50 50 Clays and earths 67,065 42,250 19,454 2,831 30 2,500 Brick.and tile 54 54 Sulphur 149,713 149,713 Salt 100 100 W Sand, gravel, crushed rock 801 794 7 00 00 Iro.n and steel scrap 505 140 180 100. 85 iron, steel semifinished 5,190 5,190 prod Rolled, finished stl mill 43,156 16,479 3,309 2,760 20,608 prod Tools and basic hardware 69 69 Metal mfrs And parts, n.e.c. 295 .125 170 Const., mining mach., parts 18,023 2,987 12,113 180 2,343 400 Industrial mach., parts, 649 66 568 15 n.e.c. TABLE 5.7 CONTINUED 1954 Throug North Commodity Total inbound Outbound Local bound Motor vehicles 1,648 656 992 Vehicles and parts, n.e.c. 97 71 26 Industrial chemicals, 1,374 365 979 30 n.,e. c. Commodities, n.e.c. 4,898 472 702 3,500 Water 92,345 .36,371 51,059 00 @0 Ice 52,227 97 627 51,473 30 Waterway improvement 1,120 mat. Lumber and shingle's 42 40 2 Total ton-miles, 18,697,862. TABLE 5.7 CONTINUED 1962 Throuk Nortl Commodity Total Inbound Outbound Local boun( TOTAL 2,629,495 729,930 1,154,167 20,338 697,58, Shellfish and products 3,307 3,307 -- Shells, unmanufactured 132,207 129,747 2,460 Sugar 85,852 59,707 26,145 Posts, poles, and pilings 4,734 4,334 -- Lumber and shingles 65 65 -- Wood manufactures, n.e.c. 46 3 43 Gasoline 731 729 -- 2 Gasoil, distillate fuel oil 76,153 38,278 22,340 548 1)27 Petroleum, crude 1,363,465 217,378 889,096 3,608 253,38 Residual fuel oil 11,035 11,035 -- -- - Building-cement 19,737 10,043 5,251 722 1,15 Stone and mfrs, n.e.c. 5-0 Clays and earths 722615 32,581 26,705 11,782 TABLE 5.7 CONTINUED 1962 Througl North- Commodity Total Inbound Outbound Local bound Sulphur, liquid 335,720 335,720 Limestone, crushed 175 175 Sand, gravel, crushed rock 17,337 17,037 300 Iron and steel pipe 69,786 62,614 747 128 1,166 Rolled, finished stl 55 50 5 mill prod ba Metal mfrs and parts, n.e.c 322 314 8 Const., mining macb., and 470 150 233 57 30 parts Industrial mach., parts, 431 275 156 n.e.c. Motor vehicles 1,010 535 293 182 Watercraft and parts 25 25 Sodium hydroxide, caustic 11,307 11,307 soda, TABLE 5.7 CONTINUED 1962 Throug North Commodity Total Inbound Outbound Local bound Industrial chemicals, njac. 102,161 317 9,497 272 Commodities, n.e.c. 123,510 49,288 66,271 3,004 1,251 Water 277,529 80P250 93,351 25 103,603 Ice 10,960 10,960 Waterway improvement mat. 700 700 Total ton-miles, 38,710,186. TABLE 5.7 CONTINUED 1965 Throug North Commodity Total Inbound Outbound Local bound TOTAL 2,341,886 631,427 577,789 24,178 949,615 Shellfish, except 5,827 5,827 -- prepared or preserved Marine shells, unmanufac- 182,889 167,378 -- -- -- tured Crude petroleum 892,421 186,548 443,610 13,657 125,783 Sand and gravel 20)094 20,094 -- -- Clay 41,437 26,405 12,215 2,011 Sulphur, liquid 514,893 -- 514,893 Sugar 46,134 28,616 17,518 -- Molasses, inedible 25 -- 25 Ice 9,461 9,461 Logs 1,661 1,661 Rafted logs 50 -- -- Timber, posts, poles, and 2,189 2,189 piling Sodium hydroxide 20,238 20,238 TABLE 5.7 CONTINUED 1965 Throug North Commodity Total Inbound Outbound Local bound Miscellaneous chemical prod 9,983 248 7,234 1,1694 Kerosene 1,278 -- -- -- Distillate fuel oil 41,400 30,582 .8,712 -- 165 Building cement 4,806 1,891 592 378 957 Structural clay products 1,600 1,600 -- -- N) Iron, steel shapes, exe sheet 108 108 Iron and steel pipe and tube 57,883 54,185 3,518 Metal containers 24 -- 24 Machinery, except electrical 40 -- Ships and Boats 586 586 -- Misc transportation equipment 30 -- 30 Misc manufactured products 78,797 32,976 44,181 778 @12 TABLE 5.7 CONTINUED 1965 Throug North Commodity Total Inbound Outbound Local bound Iron and steel scrap '90 90 Waste and scrap, n.e.c. 2,632 257 225 Water 410,042 50,671 28,626 5,660 307,805 Commodities, n.'e.c. 1,095 938 157 Total ton-miles, 27,729,089. TABLE 5.7 CONTINUED 1970 Throug North Commodity Total Inbound Outbound Local bound TOTAL. 2,430,512 918,305 542,635 12,627 579,736 Rice. 3,310 1,960 1,350 Shellfish, except prepared 13,863 13,863 Marine shells, unmanufactured 322,139 223,525 Crude petroleum 574,939 277,569 156,823 5,362 134,471 Sand, gravel, crushed rock 8,325 14 17 3 Clay 43,633 26,854, 8,629 7,158 127 Sulphur, liquid 426,117 426,117 Sugar 44,249 32,9348 11,901 Ice 12,425 12',425 Timber, posts, poles, piling 1,367 1,367 Wood manufactures, n.e.c. 20 20 Sodium hydroxide 32,930 32,930 -- -- Basic chemicals and prod, .1,900, 184 1,640 76 n.e.c. TABLE 5.7 CONTINUED 1970 Throug North Commodity Total Inbound Outbound Local bound Distillate fuel oil 31,302 27,871 122 3 Liquefied gas 42J85 7,757 15,434 18,994 Rubber.and mise plastics prod 8 8 Building cement 1,691 1,167 332 28 4 Mise nonmetallic mineral prod 1,423 1,423 Iron and steel pipe and tools 27,517 26,542 825 Fabricated metal products 300 300 Machinery, except electrical 89 19 50 20 Mise manufactured products 22,659 10,532 12,085 Water 333,776 58,690 10,019 Commodities, n.e.c. 484,345 173,662 310,683 Total ton-miles, 37,173,513. TABLE 5.7 CONTINUED 1974 Through traffic North- South- Commodity Total Inbound Outbound Local bound bound TOTAL .1,552,454 971,697 245,373 3,273 177,451 154,660 Fresh fish,.except shellfish 887 887 -- -- -- -- Shellfish, except prepared 24,991 24,991 Marine shellsi,unmanufactured 390,508 384,@997 3,511 Crude petroleum 441,618 271,450 124,862 2,573 42,733 @0 Sand, grave1, crushed rock -30 10 20 00 Clay 17,371 15,750 1,621 Sulphur, liquid 134,203 134,203 Nonmetallic minerals, n.e.c. 300 300 Sugar 40,815 31,454 9,361 Molasses 2,269 .2,269 Groceries 18 18 Ice 18,275 18,275 Timber, posts, poles, piling 485 485 -- TABLE 5.7 CONTINUED 1974 Through North.- Commodity Total Inbound Outbound Local bound Sodium hydroxide 33,600 33,600 Basic Chemicals and Prod, 1,576 650 926 Gasoline 30 30 Distillate fuel oil 46,028 38,967 6,103 628 Building cement, 2,673 1,475 844 13 to to Misc nonmetallic mineral prod 622 Iron, steel shapes,,exc sheet .606 606, Iron and steel pipe and tube 7,863 .7,020 438 Fabricated metal products 232 51 181 Machinery, except electrical 13,112 5,390 7,722 Ships and Boats 2,558 181 2,377 Misc manufactured products 102,360 44,293 58,040 22 Waste and scrap, n.e.c. 500 500 TABLE 5.7 CONTINUED 1974 Through North- Commodity Total Inbound Outbound Local bound Water 211,241 108,013 6,903 35 Commodities, n.e.c. 6,083 470 5,413 Waterway improvement mat, 51,600 Total ton-miles, 23,006,175. C .0 Source: U. S. Department of the Army, 1951, 195@,. 1963, 1966, 1971, 1975. FIGURE 5.9 PRINCIPAL HTGHWAYS.IN LAFOURCHE PARISH us MARI IA Z%,IA 308 LA A ILA1 ,source: Department of Highways, 1975. 301 and then to Grand Isle. Also, LA 308 parallels LA 1 on the east bank of the bayou as far south as Golden Meadow. The only other significant roads in southern Lafourche are LA 24, which connects Larose to Bourg and the Houma area, and LA 3090, which links Port@Fourchon to LA.1. In the northern end of the parish, US 90 crosses the parish from Houma to Des Allemands and intersects LA 1 at Raceland. There are also several minor highways in the northern end which connect villages like Chackbay, Kraemer, and Chacahoula (Terrebonne Parish) to the major roads. The state highway system in Lafourche, as of 1974, consisted of 269 miles of roadway divided into the categories shown in Table-5.8. The average daily traffic on the most significant road- ways is shown in Table 5.9. This table indicates the trend of traffic in the past few years. 'That is, on most segments of highway in the parish, traffic increased from its 1968 level, reaching a peak in 1972 or 1973, and then dropping off in 1974. This decrease can be attributed partly to a decline in offshore activity and partly to a nationwide decrease in automobile usage as a response to the "energy crisis." As can be seen in Table 5.9, the most traffic on any one roadway is on US 90. Also, the Raceland-Thibodaux corridor, on LA 1, is heavily travelled. Table 5.10, which presents the 1972 adequacy ratings of Lafourche Parish highways, shows that nearly all segments of 302 TABLE 5.8 HIGHWAY MILES IN LAFOURCHEPARISH, BY CATEGORY Urban Rural Total Interstate Primary 4.46 107.68 112.14 Secondary 13.32 13.32 Farm-to-Market 2.13 141.41 143.54 Total 6.59 262.41 269.00 Source: Louisiana Department of Highways, 1975. 303 TABLE 5.9 AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC ON LAFOURCHE PARISH HIGHWAYS, VARIOUS YE (VEHICLES PER DAY) Average Daily Segment Distance 1968 1972 19 LA 1 Jefferson Parish Line-Leeville 13'.29 2008 2213 21 Leeville-Golden Meadow 10.93 4107 4925 47 Golden Meadow-Larose 12.05 6800 7869 78 Larose-Lockport 14.33 4695 5607 63 Lockport-Raceland 8.93 6684 6946 84 Raceland-Thibodaux 14.71 6525 7793 85 Thibodaux-Assumption Parish Line 6.60 5122 6211 69 0 LA 308 Golden . Meadow-Larose 12.18 2590 2723 27 Larose-Lockport 1.5.43 1540 590 16 Lockport-Raceland 7.33 2254 2928 29 Raceland-Thibodaux 14.89 1757 2144 17 Thibodaux-Assumption 6.64 1031 3137 17 us, 00 Terrebonne Parish Line-Raceland 8.22 8346 6994 76 Raceland-St. Charles Parish Line 9.63 8394 9724 97 LA 24 Larbse-Terrebonne Parish Line 13.32 1710, 2259 21 TABLE 5.9 CONTINUED Average Daily T Segment Distance 1968 1972 197 LA 3090 Louisiana 1-Port Fourchon 3.47 270 490 24 Sou rce: Louisiana Department of Highways, 1969, 1973a, 1974, and 1975. mini m TABLE 5.10 1972 ADEQUACY RATINGS OF LAFOURCHE PARISH HIGHWAYS Control Section Segment Number Length LA 1 Jefferson Parish Line-Leeville 64-2-1 5.60 64-2-2 7.72 Leeville-Golden Meadow 64-90-1 9.36 64-90-2 1.45 Golden Meadow-Larose 64-4-1 1.75 64-4-2 2.09 64-4-3 8.30 Larose-Lockport 64-5-1 3.0.5 64-5-2 .89 64-5-3 4.97 64-5-4 5.42 Lockport-Raceland 64-6-1 1.41 64-6-3 .90 64-6-4 6.25 64-6-5 .44 Raceland-Thibodaux 64-7-1 13.10 64-7-2 1.61 Thibodaux-Assumpt ion Parish Line 64-8-1 .80 64-8-2 5.61 LA 308 Golden:Meadow-Larose 407-1-1 8.45 407-1-2 3.83 Larose-Lockport 407-2-1 -.26 407-2-2 .11.61 407-2-3 3.56 TABLE 5.10 CONTINUED Contro,l Section Segment Number Length Ade4uacy- Lockport-Raceland 407-3-1 407-3-2 3.32 61 407-3-3 .27 58 407-3-4 2.83 58 407-3-5 .17 56 407-3-6 .11 56 Raceland-Thibodaux 407-4-1 20 d 407-4-2 2.24 48 407-4-3 1.70 45 407-4-4 10.18 47 407-4-5 1.00 C Thibodaux-Assumption Parish Line 407-5-1 .87 53 407-5-2 1.66 46 407-5-3 .48 51 407-5-4 3.37 49 407-5-5 .29 d us 90 Terrebonne Parish Line-Raceland 5-6-1 6.99 67 5-6-2 1.25 C Raceland-St. Charles Parish Line 5-7-1 1.11 c 5-7-2 2.25 65 5-7-3 5.93 97 5-7-4 .31 96 LA 24 Larose-Terrebonne Parish Line 65-1-1 13.32 68 TABLE 5.10 CONTINUED Control Section Segment Number Length LA 3090 LA I-Port Fourchon 64-30-1 3.47 Adequacy is determined on a scale of 100, considering the surface (40 poin safety (30 points), and service (30 points) of the roadway, with adjustmen traffic volume and lack of paved surface. a Under jurisdiction of City of Golden Meadow 0 00 b Under jurisdiction of City of Lockport c Under jurisdiction of City of Raceland d Under jurisdiction of City of Thibodaux Source: Louisiana Department of Highways, 1973b. the US 90 corridor.and Raceland-Thibodaux corridor (LA 308 and LA 1) are rated poorly (below 70 is considered poor). The notable exception is the 6.24 mile segment of US 90 from the St. Charles Parish line to Raceland. This segment is a four-lane highway and has ratings of 97 and 96. However, the two-lane segment of US 90 (from the end of the four-lane segment to Terrebonne Parish) is ra ted only in the 60s, as is the segment of LA 1 from Raceland to Thibodaux. The Race- land-Thibodaux segment of LA 308 is one of the worst rated inthe parish with its subsections rated at 48, 45, and 41. The above roadways are in the northern end of the parish where the impact of OCS development is not highly significant. While there is an apparent need for improvement in some of these roadways (and some improvements are under constructionand planned), it is not considered that OCS development had a major role in necessitating the improvements. In the southern portion of the parish (south of US 90), OCS development has had a more significant impact. Oil company vessels such as crew boats and service and supply vessels are moored primarily between Lockport and Golden Meadow with the greatest concentration in the Golden Meadow area.- The area south of the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway has been the area with the greatest impact from OCS development. In light of this, it can be seen from Table 5. 9 that the most heavily travelled highways south of US 90 are the segments of LA 1 and LA 308 between Ra celand and Lockport and between Larose and Golden Meadow. Table 5.10 shows that most segments of .309 highway within these two corridors are rated below 70, the exception being one 0.9 mile segment between Lockport and Raceland. The segment of LA 1 between Larose and Lockport has slightly less traffic than the Golden Meadow-Larose segment of LA 1 and has a somewhat higher rating (generally upper 70s). LA 308 between Larose and Lockport is the least travelled section of that highway and is rated poorly .(generally lower 60's). LA 24, from Larose to the Terrebonne Parish line was rated at 68 in 1972, but an improvement project was initiated on this stretch in 1973, so it is expected'-that it would be rated higher today. South of Golden Meadow, traffic drops off sharply. The only roads in this area are LA 1, which goes through Leeville to Grand Isle, and LA 3090, a spur from LA 1 south of -Leeville to Port Fourchon (see Figure 5.9). Table 5.9 shows that the 1974. average daily traffic on LA 1 drops from 6469 on the. Larose-Golden Meadow segment to 3826 from Golden Meadow to Leeville and to,1638 beyond Leeville to the Jefferson Parish line. This lesser amount of traffic results in a higher adequacy rating for these segments as the Golden Meadow-Leeville segment is rated at 75 and Leeville-Jefferson Parish is rated 89 and 87. LA 3090 is a shell road with an average daily traffic of only 490. Its adequacy rating is 69. Highway Improvements 1956-1975 Table 5.11 lists the total amount of money spent by the 310 TABLE 5.11 TOTAL SPENT ON HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION IN IMPACTED AREA 1 IN FISCAL YEARS.1957-1975 Fiscal Year Roads Bridges Tot 1957 527,254.40 24,887.09 55 1958 105,219.35 23,16.3.07 12 1959 2,486,054.49 98,228.20 2,584 1960 468,302.51 938,449.38 1,40( 1961 497,109.17 665,116.15 .1, 161' 1962 186,323.84 61,381.53 24, 1963 1,359.32 11,199.99 1 1964, 58,102.13 7,675.62 6 1965 540,906.90 51,997'.29 59 1966 35,305.80 69,133.97 10 1967 469,709.31 .48,488.83 51 1968 34.11 1,754,114.68 1,75 1969 2,2.38,765.60 2,23 TAB,LE-5.11 CONTINUED Fiscal Year Roads Bridges To 1970 766,795.88 7 1971 166,838.34 945,882.38 1,1 1972 1,294,241.18 234,795.62 1,5 1973 16,474.16 41,040.03 1974 1,915,939.57 775,948.64 2,6 1975 4,243,915.16 4,065@@277.74 8,3 Total $13,013,089.74 $12,822,341.74 $25,8 1 Impacted area includes LA 1, LA 308, LA 24, LA 3090, and bridges across B Lafourche and Gulf Intracoastal Waterway south of US 90. Source: Louisiana Department of Highways, annually 1958-1976. Louisiana Department of Highways from July 1, 1956 through June 30, 1975 on LA 1. LA 308, LA-24, LA 3090, and bridges over Bayou Lafourche and the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway in the area of significant impact from OCS development (the area south of US 90). The most significant proJects during these years are listed in Table 5.12. Of these projects, the most important in terms of future OCS development and the one that clearly represents a direct response to OCS development is the construc- tion of LA 3090 from LA 1 to the Port Fourchon area (the segment designated as "Leeville-Fourchon City" by the Highway Department). This road is the only completely new highway built in Lafourche. during those years. Over $777,000 was spent constructing the road during the years 1963-1967 and another $354,000 was spent in 1974. Itis currently a shell road and its -importance lies in the future and is dependent on the development of Port Fourchon. The only other completely new projects were the construc- tion of a new bridge over Bayou Lafou rche at Leeville during the years 1966-1972 (LA 1) and one over the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway at Larose during the years 1973-1975 (LA 308). The remaining projects in the table consist of improvements to existing roads and.bridges, but the increased use of these roads and bridges caused by OCS development clearly was a major factor in creating a need for these improvements and those planned for the future. 313 TABLE 5.12 THE MOST SIGNIFICANT HIGHWAY P.ROJECTS:IN LAFOURCHE'@PARISH (SOUTH OF Us 90) IN FISCAL YEARS 1957-1975 Highway Project Number Number Name of Project Year Cost LA 1 64-06-16 Lockport Relocation 1957760 $1,18 9,187.51 LA@24 65-01-05 Larose-Bourg 1957-58 309,465.96 LA. 24 65-01-06 Larose-Bourg 1957-59 LA 1 64-05-26 Lockport-Cut Off 1958-61 538,718.46 LA 1 64-05-23 'Gulf Intracoastal 1958-62 1,689,329.20 *Waterway (GIWW) Bridge and Approaches LA 3090 64-30-01, 02, 03 Leeville-Fourchon. City 1963-67, 74 1,131,649.64 LA 1 64-03-95 Bayou Lafourche Bridge 1966-72 3,644.,911.58 and Approaches (Leeville) LA 308 407-01-16 Bayou Lafourche Bridge 1967-72 877,640.75 and approaches (between Larose and Golden Meadow) LA 1 64-05 00 Cut Off-Lockport 1970-72 955')260.32 LA 308 407-01-19 Golden Meadow-Cut Off 1970'-72 606,165.18. TABLE 5.12 CONTINUED Highway Project Number Number Name of Project Year Cost LA 1 64-06-26 Lockport-Raceland 1970-73 504,063.66 LA 24 65-01-09 Larose-Bourg 1973-a 1,031,876.95 LA 24 65-01-10 Larose-Bourg 1973-a 673,717.33 LA 308 407-02-86 Relocation, State Route, 1973-a 370,905.84 Rita LA 308 407-03-12 Relocation, -State Route 1973-a 786,444.60 Rita LA 308 407-02-89 GIWW Bridge 1973-a 3,859,017.30 LA 308 407-02-91 GIWW Bridge 1973-a. @448,479.32 LA 308 407-02-92 GIWW Bridge 1973-a 302,736.03 LA 308 407-02-93 Cut Off-Raceland 1973-a 506,426.44 LA 1 64-04-19 Golden Meadow-Larose 1974-a 634,,161.32 LA 1 64-04-18 Golden Meadow-Cut Off 1974-a 350,530.49 a These projects were still in progress as of June 30, 1975. Source: Louisiana Department of Highways, annually 1958-1976. It should also be noted that a major highway.construc- tion project is currently in progress.in the northern end of the parish. This project is the relocation of US 90 as a, four-lane facility from the point where the present four-lane segment ends, east of Raceland, and continuing through Lafourche Parish into Terrebonne Parish.. This project, through 1975, cost approximately $20 million. This, of course., will affect the southern portion of the parishalso since it will improve accessibility to,,points northeast and west of the parish. Future Highways Concerning the need for future highways, the Louisiana Highway Department has determined that LA 1, from Thibodaux to Golden Meadow, is a road with one of the greatest needs for improvement in the state due to its high volume of traffic and the fact that it is only two lanes (Wagner, 1976). In fact, the need to improve both LA'1 and LA 308 was the most often cited problem in the Lafourche Parish Problem, identification Survey in 1973 (Cooperative Extension Service, 1973). In response to this need, authorization has already been granted for the relocation of LA 1 as a four-lane facility 'from Larose to Golden Meadow, which is one of the busiest segments of the road. One section of the segment, in Golden Meadow, is already under contract and the other two sections are expected to be under contract soon. Long- range plans call for the relocation of LA I or LA 308 or 316 or both as four-lane facilities from Larose to Thibodaux, but nothing much hasbeen done on these proposals thus far (Wagner, 1976). South of Golden Meadow, traffic, as already mentioned, is much lighter than it is on the segments north of that city. Thus, the present two-lane highway, LA 1, is expected to be adequate for several years. However, if Port Fourchon is developed and it generates a lot of traffic, LA 1 may need to be widened somewhat, but'in all likelihood it will'' remain a two-lane road (Wagner, 1976). LA 3090, the shell road linking Port Fourchon to LA 1, will remain a shell road for the time being, mainly because the amount of traffic it now handles does not justify-a hard surface, and also because it needs to settle more before it is paved. Again, if Port Fourchon develops, it will have to be improved in the future, but there are no definite plans for improvement now (Wagner, 1976). There has been another proposal for a new twenty-eight mile, four-lane, grade level highway from Larose to Lafitte, in Jefferson Parish. However, environmental ramifications. of this highway have stirred considerable controversy. 'In a memorandum prepared on behalf,of the National Wildlife Federation and the Louisiana-Wildlife Federation, a Washington, D.C. law firm, Arnold and Porter, charged that a thorough re-evaluation of the highway is-needed before "an extra- ordinarily valuable wetlands resource is irreparably damaged" (Brumfield, 1976). The firm also charged that the Louisiana 317 Highway Department's Environmental Impact Statement is "patently inadequate" and fails to "present any plausible justification for the proposed highway, aside from secondary development, which the project -is transparently designed to encourage" (Brumfield, 1976). In February 1976, the Louisiana Highway Department announced it is holding this section of highway in abeyance pending completion of long-term, in-depth studies. This move has.been regarded as virtual abandonment of the project. (Barry, 1976). 318 VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS Needs in Lafourche Parish To assess the need for a vocational school in Lafourche Parish, in 1972 the Lafourche Parish School Board appointed a Manpower Survey Committee, composed of business, educa- tion, and industry leaders. This committee conducted a manpower survey (by means of a mail questionnaire) during the period from November 2, 1972 through January 15, 1973. The purpose of the survey was to determine current and future manpower requirements and to relate these occupational skill needs to the vocational-technical program in the parish school system. Nearly 28% of the employers (accounting for 47% of employees) who received questionnaires responded to them (Kennedy, 1973: 1). The survey found that, on the average, 27.7% of employees hired in Lafourche Parish are required to have either trade and vocational-technical training or vocational high school cooperative training. The study also determined that the three comprehensive high schools in Lafourche, as of 1973, were not filling the demands of business and industry for skilled workers due primarily to budgetary limitations and a previous lack of exact data about the needs of employers (Kennedy, 1973: 8). The major vocational programs at the three high schools in 1973 were automobile and diesel mechanics and welding. Home economics and agri-business programs were also offered. 319 along with cooperative distributive and office education programs. The survey found that the most urgent needs are in the areas of marine navigation, ship fitters and metal fabrication, machinists, and fourteen other areas listed in Table 5.13 (Kennedy, 1973: 8-9). All of these areas have employee shortage s of 40% or higher, as reported by employers in the manpower survey. As can be seen, the two occupations with the greatest shortage are "captains, mates, pilots, etc." and "Metal Fabrication, Fitters, et6.11 Both of these occupations,with a 75% and 71.4% shortage,, respectively, are significantly affected by OCS development, the former in the water transportation industry and the latter mainly in the ship building industry. In fact,.twelve of the seventeen occupational shortages could be affected by OCS related development.2 On the basis of the information obtained in the survey, the Lafourche Parish Manpower Survey Committee recommended the expansion and development of all existing vocational- technical programs as well as the location of a vocational- technical high school in Lafourche.Parish with at least one branch due to the territorial length of the parish (Kennedy, 1973). 2 Captains, mates, pilots, etc.; metal fabrication, fitters, etc.; machinists; protective services; miscellaneous machine trades; miscellaneous professional/technical; electricians, etc.; painters; carpenters, bricklayers., plumbers; mechanics and machinery repair; welder and flame cutters; and truck drivers. 320 TABLE 13 RANKED PERCENTAGE OF EMPLOYEE SHORTAGE BY OCCUPATIONAL GROUP, 1972 IN LAFOURCHE PARISH Rank Order Percentage of Employee Shortage Occupational Group Shortage 1 Captains, Mates, Pilots, etc. 75.0 2 Metal Fabrication, Fitters, etc. 71.4 3 Machinists 7 0.0 4 Protective Services- 63.6 5 Farm Work, Tractor Drivers 63.6 6 Miscellaneous Machine Trades 63.6 7 Miscellaneous Professional/Technical 60.0 8 Electricians, etc. 58.5 9 Painters 58.3 10 Carpenters, Bricklayers, Plumbers 56.8 11 Television Repairmen 55.6 12 Mechanics and Machinery Repair 50.5 13 Welders and Flame Cutters 48.1 14 Truck Drivers, Heavy and Light 47.1 15 Salesmen, Commodities 41.5 16 Miscellaneous Processing 40.9 17 Processing, Foods, etc. 40.0 Source: Kennedy, 1976:-15. 321 Current and Planned Vocational-Technical Programs.and Facilities Since the release of the study, three now vocational buildings have been constructed, one at each of the three high school campuses. The present vocational-technical program consists of the following (Authement, 1976): Agriculture--Vocational agriculture and related agribusiness courses are offered-in five of.the eight junior high schools and the three senior high schools. Business and Office Education--Business and office education isavailable.at the senior high school level. The three senior high schools also have programs in cooperative office education.3 Distributive Education--Distributive,education, dealing with marketing, wholesaling and distribution, is offered at the three senior high schools., Home Economics--Home economics is offered in all of the junior and senior high schools; in addition, food service is offered in the three.senior high schools. 3Cooperative education is a program in which a student alternates his/her time between actual work experience and classroom instruction. 322 Trade and Industrial Education--The following programs are offered at the senior high's*chool 1 evel: automotive mechanics, building trades, diesel mechanics, electronics, nautical science, offset printing and welding. Guidance--All junior and senior high schools are staffed with guidance counselors who provide vocational guidance for students. Exploratory Industrial Arts 4__Exploratory i.ndustrial arts is offered in several junior high schools and planned for all junior high schools as soon as teachers are available. Health Careers--A Program in health careers is offered in one of the'senior high schools, with plans to expand the program to other schools in the near future. Petroleum Technology--Petroleum technology courses, even though not classified as vocational, but closely related, are offered at the three senior high schools. This program has proven very useful to students entering the petroleum.and related industries. The vocational teachers and facilities of Lafourche Parish are also available to and used extensively by out-of- school youths and adults of the community in order to 4Exploratory industrial arts is a survey program in which the student is exposed to a wide range of industrial arts such as automotives, electronics, welding, etc. 323 provide additional work skills.for those in need (Authement, 1976). In addition to the programs and facilities offered by the Lafourche Parish school system'. two new state vocational- technical schools will soon be available to residents of Lafourche. One is t o be located in Thibodaux and sbould_@he available for occupancy in September of 1976. The second.@;.is located in Galliano and will be available during the 197.7-78 school year (Authement,,1976). The new vocational-technical school in Thibodaux will offer: (a) all office and.business education, b) distributive education and marketing, (c)@ building trades (electrical, plumbing, carpentry, and masonry), (d) welding, and (e) auto mechanics programs. No petroleum technology or nautical science training programs will be offered in Thibodaux. The Galliano school will be a branch of the Thibodaux school. If there is determined to be a need for petroleum technology or nautical science programs, they are more likely to be offered at the Galliano branch, but this has not been decided (Marcello, 1976). From Table 5.13, there appears to be a need for a nautical science program. Vocational Programs at Nicholls State University In addition to the vocational programs at the secondary and vo-tech school level, Nicholls State University in Thibodaux also offers a variety of vocational training programs, primarily through its College of Life Sciences 324 and Technology. This college includes the Departments of Agriculture, Biological Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Home Economics, and Nursing (Nicholls State University, 1976: 127). Though not strictly voca tional, the Department of Petroleum Engineering Technology offers a B.S. and.an associates degree in Petroleum Technology (Green, 1976) involving the following courses (Nicholls State University, 1976: 229): Well.Drilling and Completion Tech'nology--A study of well drilling and completion practices of the petroleum industry involving mechanical, hydraulic, and other technical problems. Drilling-Fluid Technolo --A study of the nature and control of oil well drilling fluids. Drilling Fluid Technology Laborat ory -Laboratory work in the evaluation and control of the physical. and chemical properties of well drilling fluids. Reservoir Engineering--A study of the chemistry of, oil field hydrocarbons and their behavior under varying conditions of pressure, volume, and temperature. Oil Production Technology--A study of the mechanical, hydraulic, and technical problems involved in free- flowing wells, pumping.wells, and gas lift wells. 325 Field Handling Technol2gy of Crude Oil--Laboratory work in equipment, instruments, and problems in separation, gauging, testing, and storing of crude oil. Gas Production Technology--A study of the mechanical,- hydraulic, and other technical problems in producing natural gas from wells. Field Handling Technology of Natural Gas--Laboratory work in equipment, instruments, and problems involved in treating, measuring, and testing natural gas. Well Logging Technology--A,study of the'various well' logging methods and laboratory practice in interpreta- tion of logs, and their application to.the solution of oil field problems. Well Completion, Service, and Workover--A@study of the mechanical, hydraulic, technical, and economical problems involved in the completion, service, and repair of oil and gas wells. These courses (and other engineering technology courses) are also offered on a cooperative education basis. T hat is, the student can alternate his/her time between working and going to classes (Nicholls State University, 1976: 137). Nicholls State offers other vocational type courses in Office Administration (typing, shorthand, data processing, office systems and procedures, office management and procedure, 326 and secretarial problems) and Home Economics (food and nutrition, meal management, clothing, textiles, institutional planning management, home management, et c.) as part of Bachelor degree programs. Associate degrees are also offered in Food Service Management, Nursing, and Sugar Cane Technology (Nicholls State University, 1976: 127). Another significant aspect of Nicholls' vocational training program is its Division of Continuing Education through which it offers a widevariety of programs both on and off campus. These offerings include courses, conferences, institutes, short' courses, seminars, workshops, and special training programs. Assistance is provided to industry and public agencies in the form of employee training and career development programs. The specific activitie s of the Division of Continuing Education are announced periodically through brochures and announcements in the mass media (Nicholls State University, 1976: 175). In addition to these programs offering direct vocational training, Nicholls also offers training for teachers of vocational courses. These vocational teacher-training courses are in the areas of Business Education, Home Economics, and Industrial Arts (Nicholls State University, 1976). 327 AIRPORTS, HELIPORTS, AND SEAPLANE BASES Introduction Lafourc.he Pari,@ -h.,is part ofAirport Planning District No. 3, which consists. of Assumption, St. Charles, St. James, St. John the Baptist, and Terrebonn6,'Pari.shes, in addition to Lafourche. However, as can be seen,in Figure 5.10, all significant airports, heliports, and seaplane bases in the district are either in Lafourche Parish, or just over the parish line.in Houma. In addition, there is a seaplane base and heliport just over the parish line in Grand Isle, which is,in Airport Planning District@-No. 1. The:two most significant factors affecting the develop- meht of Air transportation in. t1ie area have been the area's wetlands,.'and the development of. the oil and gas industry, both,..onshore and offshore. The fact that so much of the.--, area consists of wetlands has meant that there is a scarcity of,land high and dry enough on which airports can be built., As A result,.-@here are only two significant land-airports inithe'area--one at Thibodaux and the other at Houma (in Terrebonne Parish). Since neither of these airports have scheduled air carrier passenger service, the area is served by New Orleans International Airport, and to some degree by the.airportsAn Balton Rouge and Lafayette,(Airways Engineering Corp., 1976: 111-74). The development ofoil and gas fields in the wet Iands created the need for seaplane transportation to these otherwis e inaccessible fields and the considerable 328 FIGUREr5.10 EXISTING AIRPORT SYSTEM FOR PLANNING DISTRICT 3 AND GRAND ISLE Z, River THIBCDAUX T f k R Ewi @,N!IE L A C,`, C fif 'Ile 2? M, i. G (I/,' c f M ic o, GRAND ISLE. Primary Airport Genbral Aviation Airport Service Airport Seaplane Base Heliport Source: Airways Engineering Corp., 1976. 329 amount of seaplane and helicopter ac tivity in the area (Airways Engineering Corp., 1976i IV-26). Also, the develop- .ment of offshore oil and gas fields induced the need for helicopter transportation to complement, and as an alterna- tive to, water transportation. Airports As alreadynoted, the only land-airport in Lafourche Parish is at Thibodaux (and it is actually located across the parish line in Terrebonne Parish). This airport is owned by the City of Thibodaux and open for public use. It is classified as a Basic Utility airport by the Louisiana Division of Aviation, which means that it can handle about 95% of the general aviation fleet un der 12,500.pounds. Also, it is intended primarily to serve medium-sized population communities wit h a diversity of usage and potential for increased activities (Airways Engineering Corp., 1976: VI-6). The Thibodaux airport currently handles no cargo or mail and it is not projected to do so. All of its activities are passenger-oriented. However, there are no scheduled air carrier or commuter flights at Thibodaux and none are projected. All passengers are in the nonscheduled general 5 aviation category. There was a total of 15,840 such passengers in 1975 (Airways Engineering Corp 1976). 5General aviation includes all civil aircraft operations, including those of air taxi operators (Airways Engineering Corp., 1976: VIII-33). 330 In 1975, there were 18 fixed-wing land aircraft based at Thibodaux, and no seaplanes or helicopters. The air port has one asphalt runway 75 feet wide and 3000 feet long. it handled a total of 24,400 departures and arrivals of air- craft during the year, of which 15,600 were local and 8,800 were itinerant. The total number of enplaned passengers was 15.,840. See Table 5:14 (Airways Engineering Corp., 1976). The airport in Houma, just outside Lafourche Parish, is owned by Terrebonne Parish and, like Thibodaux, is open for use by the public. It is classified as a Basic Transport (BT) airport, indicating that it can accomodate all general aviation aircraft up to 60,000 pounds, including propellor transports and business or executive jets. A BT airport must have at least 500 annual itinerant operations by business jet aircraft or aircraft between 12,500 and 60,000 pounds (Airways Engineering Corp., 1976: VI-7) and Houma easily meets this criterion. The Houma airport has no cargo or mail operations, nor does it have any scheduled air carrier or commuter passenger service, and none of these are projected for the future. In 1975, it did handle 37,440 general aviation passengers (Table 5.14). There were 70 land aircraft based at this airport in 1975, all of them under 12,500 pounds. In addition, four amphibious/seaplane aircraft and 14 helicopters were based at Houma. Its two 200 feet wide by 5000 feet long concrete runways handled a total of 52,300 aircraft arrivals and 331 TABLE 5.14 AVIATION ACTIVITY IN AIRPORT PLANNING DISTRICT NO. 3, BY AIRPORT, VARIOUS YEARS THIBODAUX AIRPORT Forecast Summary 1975 1980 1985 1995 Annual Operations Total: 24,400 32,700 43,700 78,200 Local: 15,600 20,900 27,900 50,000 Itinerant: 8,800 11,800 15,800 28,200 Military: 0 0 0 0 Busy Hour: 27 36 48 86 Based Aircraft Total: 18 24 32 57 Fixed Wing - Land Over 12,500 Pounds: 0 0 0 0 Under 12,500 Pounds: 18 24 32. 55 Single Engine Over 4 Place: 13 17 22 38 Under 4 Place: 5 6 9 15 Multi-Engine: 0 1 1 2 Amphibious/Seaplane: 0 0 0 1 Helicopter.: 0 0 0 1 Scheduled Air Carrier Departures: Enplaned Passengers Total: 15,840 21,240 28,440 50,760 General Aviation: 15,840 21,240 28,440 50,760 Air Carrier: Enplaned Cargo (Tons):- Enplaned Mail (Tons)' Notes/Comments: Classification: BU 1975-1985; GU 1995 GU (General Utility) means serves fringe of metropolitan (New Orleans) area. 332 TABLE 5.14 CONTINUED HOUMA AIRPORT Forecast Summary 1975 1980 1985 1995 .Annual Operations Total: 52,300 70P300 93,700 167,100 Local: 31,000 41,500 55,500 99,400 Itinerant: 20,800 27,800 37,200 66,700 Military: 500 1,000 1,000 1,000 Busy Hour: 57 77 103 .137 Based Aircraft Total: 88 117 156 279 Fixed Wing - Land Over 12,500 Pounds: 0 1 1 .2 Under 12,500 Pounds: 70 93 123 219 Single Engine Over 4 Place: 49 66 87 155 Under 4 Place: 9 12 16 28 Multi-Engine: 12 16 .21 38 Amphibious/Seaplane: 4 5 7 13 Helicopter: 14 18 25 45 Scheduled Air Carrier - - Departures: Enplaned Passengers Total: 37,440 50,040 66,960 120,060 General Aviation 37,440 50,040 66,960 120,060 Air Carrier: Enplaned Cargo (Tons): Enplaned Mail (Tons): Notes/Comments: Classification: BT 1975-1995. Note: It is assumed that 25% of the total operations are performed by helicopters. 333 TABLE 5.14 CONT'INUED GRAND ISLE SEAPLANE. BASE (FREEPORT SULPHUR COMPANY) Forecast Summary 1980 1985 1995 Annual Operations Total: 11,800 16,600 23,200 45,700 Local: 2,400 3,400 4P700 9,300 Itinerant: 9,400 13,200 18,500 36,400 Military: Busy Hour: 13 18 25 50 Based Aircraft Total: 2 2 2 3 Fixed Wing - Land Over 12,500 Pounds Under 12,500 Pounds Single Engine Over 4 Place: Under 4 Place: Multi-Engine: Amphibious/Seaplane: 2 2 2 3 Helicopter: Scheduled Air Carrier Departures: Enplaned,Passengers Total:, 16,920 23,760 33,300 65,520 General Aviation: 16,920 23,760 @33,300 65,520 Air Carrier: Enplaned Cargo (Tons): Enplaned Mail (Tons): Notes/Comments: Classification CT 1975-1995 CT means Seaplane Transport. 334 TABLE 5.14 CONTINUED LEEVILLE HELIPORT (GULF OIL CORPORATION) Forecast Summary 1975 1980 1985 1995 Annual Operations Total: 16,700 21,900 28,500 .48,700 Local: 200 300 300 600 Itinerant: 16,500 21,600 28,200 48,100 Military: Busy Hour: 23 30 39 67 Based Aircraft Total: 16 20 26 44 Fixed Wing - Land Over 12,500 Pounds: Under 12,500 Pounds: Single Engine Over 4 Place: Under 4 Place: Multi-Engine: Amphibious/Seaplane Helicopter: 16 20 26 44 Scheduled Air Carrier Departures: Enplaned Passengers Total: 41,250 54,000 70,500 120,050 General Aviation: 41,250 54,000 70,500 120,050 Air Carrier: Enplaned Cargo (Tons): Enplaned Mail (Tons): Notes/Comments: Classification: HELP 1975-1995. 335 TABLE 5.14 CONTINUED. GRAND ISLE HELIPORT (FREEPORT; HUMBLE OIL COMPANY) Forecast.Summary 1975 1980 1985 1995 Annual Operations Total: 3,500 .4,900 6,900 13,600 Local: 300 400 600 1,200 Itinerant: 3,200 4,500 6,300 12,400 Military: Busy Hour: 4 7 9 19 Based Aircraft Total: 2 .2 2 3 Fixed Wing - Land Over 12,500 Pounds: Under 12,500 Pounds: Single Engine Over 4 Place.: Under 4 Place: Multi-Engine: Amphibious/Seaplane Helicopter: 2 2 .2 3 Scheduled Air Carrier Departures: Enplaned.Passenger.s Total: 8,000 11,250 15,750 31,000 General Aviation:, 8,000 11,250 .15,750 31,000 Air Carrier: Enplaned Cargo (Tons): Enplaned Mail (Tons): Notes/Comments: Classification HELP 1975-1995. 336 TABLE 5.14 CONTINUED PROPOSED LAPLACE AIRPORT Forecast Summary 1975 1980 1985 1995 Annual Operations Total: 8,500 11,960 42,750 Local: 40270 6,010 22,140 Itinerant: 4,230 5,956 20,610 Military: Busy Hour: 9 13 47 Based Aircraft Total- 8 11 50 Fixed Wing - Land Over .12,500 Pounds: 0 0 0 Under 12,500 Pounds: 8 11 45 Single Engine Over 4 Place: 5 7 27 Under 4 Place: 1 2 7 'Multi-Engine: 2 .2 11 Amphibious/Seaplane.* Helicopter: 5 Scheduled Air Carrier Departures: Enplaned Passengers Total: 7,614 10,710 371098 General Aviation: 7,614 10,710 37,098 AirCarrier: Enplaned Cargo (Tons): Enplaned Mail (Tons); Notes/Comments: Classification GU 1985-1995. 337 TABLE 5.14 CONTINUED PROPOSED HOUMA SEAPLANE BASE Forecast Summary :1975 1980 1995 1995 .Annual Operations Total: 40,600 54,400 97,600 Local: 4,800 8,700 Itinerant: 37,000 49,600 88,900 Military: Busy Hour: 44 @60 106 Based Aircraft Total: .67 89 159 Fixed Wing - Land Over 12,500 Pounds: Under 12,500 Pounds: Single Engine Over 4'Place: Under 4 Place: Multi-E,ngine: -- Amphibious/Seaplane* 66 87 155 Helicopter: 1 .2 4 Scheduled Air Carrier Departures: Enplaned Passengers, Total: 66,600 89,280 160,020 General Aviation: 66,600 89,280 160,020 Air Carrier: Enplaned Cargo (Tons): Enplaned Mail (Tons): Notes/Comments: Classification CT 1980-1995. 338 TABLE 5.14 CONTINUED@ PROPOSED LEEVILLE AIRPORT Forecast Summary 1975 1980 1985 1995 Annual Operations Total: @3,600 @10,500 Local: 300 600 1,000 Itinerant: 3,300 5,600 9,500 Military: Busy Hour: 4 7 12 Based Aircraft Total: 3 6 10 Fixed Wing - Land . Over 12,500 Pounds: 0 1 1 Under.12,500 Pounds: 3 4 7 Single Engine Over 4 Place: 1 2 3 Under 4 Place: 1 1 2 Multi-Engine: 1 2 3 Amphibious/Seaplane: Helicopter: 1 2 Scheduled Air Carrier Departures: .Enplaned Passengers Total: 5,940 10,080 -17P100 General Aviation: 5,940 10,080 17,100 Air Carrier: Enplaned Cargo (Tons): Enplaned Mail (Tons): Notes/Comments: Classification BT 1980-1995. Source: Airways Engineering Corp., 1976. 339 departures, including 31,000 local, 20,800 itinerant and 500 military operations (Airways Engineering Corp., 19 76). Seaplane Bases In the southern portion.of Louisiana, the construction of a seaplane base instead of a land airport is less expen sive and preferential in terms of ecology (Airways Engineering Corp., 1976: VI-7). In addition, as already mentioned, seaplanes are more useful for providing access to oil and gas fields located in the wetlands. At present, there is no seaplane base in Lafourche Parish or anywhere in Planning District No. 3 which meets the criteria to allow it to be included in the Louisiana Airport System Plan (LASP). However, there were 54 amphibious/seaplane aircraft based in Planning District No. 3 in 1975 (Airways Engineering Corp., 1976: 111-77). Most of these are apparently based at the three seaplane bases in Houma or at the one in Leeville. In addition, there is a seaplane base at Grand Isle, which is included in the LASP. This base at Grand Isle is owned by Freeport Sulphur Company, but is open for public use (Table 5.14). It has a 15,000 feet long runway (all water, of course) and two seaplanes are based there. Most of its operations are itinerant, accounting for 9,400 arrivals and departures of aircraft, compared to only.2,400 aircraft local operations and 16,920 passengers. 340 Helicopter Operations Louisiana is the site.of the most extensive helicopter operations in the world. The most significant role of helicopters is related to the offshore oil and gas industry. They are used to: (1) transport oil r ig crews to and from the drilling platforms and associated facilities of offshore fields, (2) transport emergency parts and service personnel, and (3) perform pipeline patrol and oil spill control tasks. The three largest operators, Petroleum Helicopters, Inc., Air Logistics, and Air Marine, operate a total of over 200 helicopters in Louisiana (Airways.Engineering Corp., 1976: IV-26). It should be noted that not every site used for the landingland takeoff of helicopters need be designated as a heliport, for it is neither necessary nor feasible to establish a heliport for all helicopter operations (Airways Engineering Corp.,.1976: VI-7). However, ther e is a major heliport designated by LASP as such in Lafourche Parish at Leeville, as well as one at Grand Isle. In addition, the Houma airport (which.has already been.discussed) includes 14 helicopters in its operations, and they account for approximately 25% of the airport's t otal operations (Airways Engineering Corp., 1976). The Leeville heliport is owned by Gulf Oil, and is there- fore private and not open to the public. However, it is classified by the State Aviation Division as a Helicopter 341 EmergencyLanding Pad (HELP).and is therefore open to the public for emergency landings only. Sixteen helicopters were based here in 1975 and of its 16,700-helicopter arrivals and departures, 16,500 were itinerant.operations and 200 were local (Table 5.14). These operations serviced a total of 41,250 enplaned passengers (Airways Engineering Corp., 1916). The Grand Isle Heliport is owned by Humble Oil and Refining Company. Like the heliport..at Leeville, it is in- the HELP category and is open to the public only for emergency landings.. Only two helicopters were based here in 1975 and 3,200 of its operations were itinerant compared to 300 local operations. A total of 8,000 passengers were served (Table .5.14),(Airways Engineering Corp., 1976). Another important function of helicopters inLouisiana is to provide ambulance service to hospitals. St. Anne's Hospital in Raceland is one hospital equipped with a landing pad,for such,purposes (Grimbal.1 et al., 1973). However, it is usuallynot economically feasible to maintain a helicopter fleet exclusively for ambulance purposes, so while landing facilities are provided for helicopters.normally used in.other operations, there are no helicopters in Lafourche operated specificially.for ambulance service (Airways Engineering Corp., 1976: VI-7).- Future Aviation Needs The Louisiana Airport System Plan projects that Planning District No. 3 will be the fastest growing of the state's 342 eight districts, in terms of airport operations, over the next twenty years (Airways Engineering.Corp., 1976: VI-25). However, this projection is based on an increase in activity by the petroleum industry which may not be valid unless a deep water oil port is constructed in the area as proposed. The projected increase in aviation.activity for Planning District No. 3 is presented in Table 5.15. As can be seen, total operations (number of arrivals and departures) is expected to increase from 123,800 in 1975 to 444,850 in 1995, an increase of about 260%. A large part of the increase is expected to occur in itinerant operations. The number of fixed wing-land aircraft is expected to rise from 88 to 329, with three of the added vehicles being larger than 12,500 pounds. Seaplanes are expected to increase in number from 54 in 1975 to 169 in 1995, while helicopters rise to 101 from the 1975 total of 31. No sch eduled air carrier service is expected'to begin in the,20-year planning period, although it is felt that Houma has the potential for a third-level intrastate commuter service. However, even'if such a service is'initiated, it is not expected to be of a magnitude great enough to affect the forecast or to require additional facilities at the a ir- port (Airways Engineering Corp., 2976: 111-75). The number of general aviation passengers is expected t.o increase substantially from 144,390 in 1975 to 505,288, an increase of 250%. 343 TABLE 5.15 AVIATION ACTIVITY IN AIRPORT PLANNING DISTRICT NO. VARIOUS YEARS Forecast Summary 1975 @1980 1985 1995 Annual Operations Total: 123,800 177,600 238,460 444,850 Local: . 46,800 69,948 95,110 181,840 Itinerant: 46,100 106,652 142,350 262,OiO Military 500 1,000 1,000 1,000 Busy Hour: Based Aircraft Total- 173 239 320. Fixed Wing - Land 129 1.72 329 over 12,500 Pounds: 0 2 2 3 Under 12,500 Pounds: 88 127 326 Single'Engine Over 4 Place: 62 88 118 223 Under 4 Place: 14 19 28 52 Multi-Engine: 12 22 26 54 Amphibious Seaplane: 54 71 94 169 Heli'copter-: 31 39. 54 101 Scheduled Air Carrier Departures: Enplaned Passengers Total: 144,390 205,434 275,970 505,288 General 'Aviation: 144,390 205,434 275,970 505,288 .Air Carrier: -7 Enplaned Cargo .(Tons),: Enplaned Mail (Tons),- Source: Airways Engineering Corp., 1976: VI-30.' 344 To meet this increase, the Louisiana Airport System Plan recommends expansion and improvements of existing facilities as well as the construction of new facilities. Figure 5.11 shows the proposed new airport system for Planning District No. 3 and Grand Isle. Table 5.14 shows the projected level of activity for each of the existing airports as well as for the new airports proposed for Leeville, Laplace, and Houma. Table 5.16 lists the type of construction and improve- ments proposed for both the existing and proposed airports in Planning District No. 3 and in Grand Isle as well as the costs for expansion and the time schedule for expansion.- As can be seen in Table 5.16, the total costs of airport system expansion in Planning District No. 3 and in Grand Isle is $8,662,449. This .amount is to be divided by loc ality, as follows: Grand Isle (Jefferson Parish) $ 149,190 Laplace'(St. John the Baptist Parish) 1,695,689 Houma (Terrebonne Parish 4,041,171 Lafourche Parish 2,776,399 TOTAL $8,662,449 Of the amount spent in Lafourche Parish, $2,065,394 is expected to be provided by the federal government, $568,804 by the State of Louisiana, and $142,201 by the local govern- ment ($79,719 by the City of Thibodaux for its airportand $62,482 by the City of Leeville for its proposed airport). 345 F IGURE 5.11 PROPOSED AIRPORT SYSTEM, PLANNING DISTRICT 3 AND GRAND ISLE It 14 G, PA-- A W.@.% 1,1 f HPI I F N%ICIN 11 "Ait. THE FIAT11151 LAPLACE R, Ver r THIBODAUX. -AFF; LLE 2j) Gulf of- 20K;it. Mexico, CF14ND ISTE J@- -J-1 04 0 Primary Airport 0 General Aviation Airport Gateway Airport Seaplane Base Service Airport 0 Heliport Proposed Airport Source: Airways Engineering Corp., 1976. 346 TABLE 5; 16 RECOMMENDED AIRPORT IMPROVEMENTS ANb'TOT'AL COSTS, LObISIANA STATE AIRPORT SYSTEM PLAN,AIRPORTS TYPE OF IMPROVEMENT3 1 0 1 1 MCCI II -,41 1 U5 II bb0 11 C-) IS to -4 cd .0 C2 bck 3 cd 0cd 1 0 v WH IMPROVEMENT COST BY PERIOD OWNER IF CL r@z rn @-4 DIFFERENT C 4-1 W >U) V a cd - 14 cdH -- " 0 E Cd 41 PLANNING DISTRICT 3 THAN PARISH > i,4 __w P4 -0 1976-80 i981-85 1986-95 TOTAL 1976-95 LafoUrche Parish Leeville (New) $1,211,160 $ 20,000 $ 0 $1,231,160 Leeville PHI Heliport Gulf Oil Corp. X k X X X X X 0 0 0 0 Thibodaux City of Thibodaux X X X X X, X X 398,079 802,340 j44,820 1,545@,239 St. John the Baptist Parish Taplace X X X X X X i,127,409 568,280 0 1,695,689 Terrebonne Parish, Houma-SPB (Now) X X X X X X X X 691,660 77,820- 415,670 1,184,650 Houma X X X X X X X X 1,080,628 964,340 811,549 2,856,521 ish4@ Jefferson Par Grand Isle Seaplane Base Freeport Sulphur X X X X X X 15,600 84,330 48,260 148,190 Grand Isle Freeport Humble Oil & Mfr Co. X 1,000 0 1,000 Heliportl PLANNING bISTRICT-3 TOTALS 2 $4,509,93i $21 432,289 $1,572,039 $8,513,259 TOTAL (INCLUDING GkAND6tSLE) $4,525,531 $2,5i6.619 $1,620,299 $8,662,449 Mai a 00 im go, mail owl Ms Wal an 'go so so M NOTES., TABLE 5.16 SOURCE: Types of improvements are based on demand capacity estimates airport. -Costs were*calculated by multiplying each improveme costs of recent airport.pr6jects in Louisiana. All costs are 1975 dollars.- NOITES: 1Privately owned.airport--public use agreement needed. 2 Totals may not add due to rounding., .3 Federal Government matches approximately $3 for every local improvements are government financed. Freeport Heliport fun state/local.. 4 AlthoughGrand Isle is in Planning District 1, its proximity, Parish necessitates its inclusion in this table. 00 SOURCE: Airways Engineering Corporation, 1976. .As Table 5.16 illustrates, improvements at the existing and proposed airports include acquisition of land, site preparation, paving, visual aids, approach aids, emergency parking, and "other" improvements. "Other" includes roads, fire equipment, auto parking, obstruction removal, and any .other airport improvement not covered in the preceding categories (Airways Engineering Corp., 1976: 111-2). The three totally new proposed facilities include land airports at Laplace and Leeville and a seaplane base at Houma (Table 5.14)., The airport at Laplace (to be owned by St. Joh n the Baptist Parish) is to be classified as a General Utility airport, meaning it is primarily intended to serve the fringe of a metropolitan area (in this case, New Orleans) (Airways Engineering Corp., 1976: VI-6), and therefore its impact on.Lafourche Parish-is minimal. Its runway is to be 3,700 feet long by 75 feet wide. The seaplane base at Houma is intended to replace the three seaplane bases currently operating in Houma on the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway and the Houma Navigation Canal. This seaplane base, as proposed, is to be owned by Terrebonne Parish and would include a runway (water) 150 feet wide and 5000 feet long. The land airport At Leeville will be classified as Basic Transport and have an asphalt runway 75 feet wide and 5,400 feet long and is to be owned by Lafourche Parish (Airways Engineering Corp., 1976). Of the above recommended improvements, the Louisiana Airp ort System Plan recommends t.hat development of the airports 349 at Leeville, Houma, and Thibodaux have priority. Development of the Houma seaplane base and the airport at L aplace could be postponed until later time periods, if necessary (Airways Engineering Corp., 1976: 111-75). 350 ELECTRICAL POWER FACILITIES Present Electrical Situation The electrical power needs of Lafourche Parish are presently being 'supplied by three companies--Thibodaux Municipal Light and Power Company, South Louisiana Electric Co-op Association,'and Louisiana Power and Light Company (L P & L). Thibodaux Municipal Light and Power Company is owned and operated by the City of Thibodaux for the residences and businesses of that city. -In 1957, the company replaced old generating plant with a new diesel-powered plant with a capacity of 6000 kilowatts (KW). In 1959, a 3000 KW diesel unit was added and a third 3000 KW diesel unit was added in 1961. Three 6250 KW diesel'units were installed in 1969 and a steam-powered plant with a capacity of 20,000 KW was construe'ted in 1973. Thus, present generating capacity of the company is 30,750 KW from the diesel units and 20,00 0 KW from the steam plant for a total capacity of 50,750 KW. Present production averages 30,000-35,000 KW. Therefore, generating capacity is adequate at present with a capacity to production ratio of about 1.5 (Thibodaux. 6 Municipal Light and Power Company, 1976). The South Louisiana Electric Co-op Association is a 6The City Council of Thibodaux has called a special election for August 14, 1976 in which to decide whether the residents of the city want tosell their power company to L P and L. An expected 50 percent reduction in electrical rates would be forthcoming if the sale is approved (Morning Advocate, 1976). 351 private company based in Houma and serves rural,areas in Terrebonne and Lafourche Parishes. Its Lafourche territory extends from Gray (in Terrebonne Parish) in the north, southward to about one mile south of U.S. 90, and eastward through Clotilda to Gheens. It generally serves only residential and farming customers. It has no generating capacity of its own, but buys its electricity from the Association of Louisiana Electrical Co-ops through Louisiana Power and Light, Gulf States Utilities Company, and Central Louisiana Electric Company. There has,been much growth of the company since 1950, but exact data detailing this growth are unavailable (South Louisiana Electric Co-op Association, 1976). Louisiana Power and Light Company supplies the bulk of Lafourche Parish's electrical needs. It has a 138 and a 115 kilovolt transmission line running east of Bayou Lafourche from the Assumption Parish line to the L P & L Leeville transmission substation (see Figure 5.10). This line connects with the Gulf States Utilities system at Plaquemine. Therefore, some of the power in this line is generated by Gulf States, and distributed by L P & L. However, the bulk of the power comes from L P & L's Waterford Plant in Taft, Louisiana and its Ninemile Plant in Westwego, Louisiana. There is an L P & L 230 KV transmission line from its Waterford plant to the L P & L transmissi6n substantion at Racel and. There are two L P & L 115 KV transmission lines 352 from the Ninemile plant to Lafourche Parish. One goes through Jefferson and St. Charles Parishes to the substation at Raceland while the other goes south through Barataria in Jefferson Parish and.joins the L P & L transmission substation at Golden Meadow. Other L P & L 115 KV transmission lines in,Lafourche include one from the Raceland substation to the L P & L Coteau transmission substation in Terrebonne Parish, one from the L P & L Thibodaux transmission substation to the L P & L Vacherie (St. James Parish) transmission substation, and one from the L P & L Valentine transmission substation to an L P & L transmission substation at Chauvin, also in Terrebonne.Parish. Table 5.17 shows transmission lines and substations that-have been built by L P & L'since 1950. A s can be seen, virtually all of the major electrical,facilities have been built since then.- While other factors, such as increased use of:electricity by households and businesses, have contri- buted to the need for,additional electrical capacity, it is obvious that the growth stimulated by development of oil and-gas resources was a major factor in producing the need for these,additional facilities. Louisiana Power and Light Is distribution line's primarily run along both sides of Bayou Lafourche from the Assumption Parish line to Golden Meadow. There are several short spurs from these lines at various points with-some longer spurs to serve the rural area in the northern part of the parish. South of Golden Meadow, there is one 353 TABLE 5.17 YEAR OF CONSTRUCTION OF ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSIONLINES AND SUBSTATIONS IN LAFOURCHE PARISH SINCE 1950 Transmission Lines Section Year Raceland-Napol eonville 1951 Raceland-Coteau. 1952 Raceland-Valenting 1954 Valentine-Golden Meadow 1957 Golden Meadow-Leeville 1958 Valentine-Chauvin 1972 Thibodaux-Vacherie 1976 Distribution Lines Section Year Leeville-Grand Isle (Caminada), two lines 1964 Transmission Substations Location Year Thibodaux 1956 Valentine 1956 Leeville 1957 Golden Meadow Distribution.Substation 1962 Location Year South Point 1957 Source: Smith, 1976. 354 line to Leeville and two lines-from,Leeville to Grand Isle. One is a direct line through the marshes while the other follows the route of Louisiana Highway 1. In addition, there is an L P & L distribu tion-substation at South Point (junction of Louisiana Highway I and Louisiana Highway 3090) and two distribution lines from there to the Port Fourchon area (Bond, 1976). Future Electrical Needs Since Lafourche Parish constitutes only a small part' of the regional power system, and the electrical generating plants serving Lafourche also serve a much larger region, the future needs of Lafourche Parish must be considered in terms of the region as a whole. The 1975 total electrical generating capacity for. the St. James-Lafourche-Terrebonne area and the New Orleans- Baton Rouge corridor was estimated to be 10,200 million kilo- watt-hours (KWH). By 1990, current population and industry is expected to increase its demand to 50,140 million KWH. In addition, new household and industrial demand will amount to an additional requirement of 6300 KWH. Thus, total future consumption for the year 1990 is expected to be 56,460 million KWH (U.S. Coast Guard, 1976: 3.9-45). To meet this increas ed demand, Louisiana Power and Light is constructing an 1165 million KWH Nuclear generating plant in Taft, Louisiana. This plant is expected to be 355 operational by 1982. They are also considering plans for two nuclear plants in Plaquemine,. having a total. capacity of 2400 million KWH by 1985. In addition,, Gulf States Utilities (which also supplies a portion of Lafourche Parish) is planning two nuclear units northwest of Baton Rouge, which will have a total capacity of 1880 million KWH by 1985, a 580 million KWH conventional plant in St. Gabriel, Louisiana to begin operation in 1976, and a 480* million KWH conventional plant in Bridge City, Texas, which will begin operation in 1979. These facilities will increase generating capacity in the region by 6505 million KWH by 1985, bringing the total generating capacity to 16,705 million KWH (U.S. Coast Guard, 1976: 5-72). In addition, there is a 41,700 million KWH increase planned for the Louisiana part of the South Central Power Grid by 1990, and manufacturing plants are expected to increase their own-genera ting capacity by about 9000 million KWH. This would increase total capacity to 67,405 million KWH by 1990. This would be sufficient to supply the 1990 demand in the St. James-Lafourche-Terrebonne area and New Orleans-Baton Rouge corridor (56,480 million KWH) and allow for increases in other parts of the South Central Power Grid's service areas (U.S. Coast Guard, 1976: 3.9-47). By 2010, new household and industrial demand that is expected to occur without LOOP 'is expected to be an additional 21,140 mil'lion KWH (over 1990 demand), bringing total demand to 77,600 million KWH. If LOOP is built, an additional 356 3,560 million will be required for a total 2010 demand of 81,160 million KWH (U.S. Coast Guard, 1976: 3.9-47). Thus, it appears that current plans will be sufficient to supply electrical demand through 1990, but additional capacity will have to be provided after t hat year. PIPELINES Introduction Oil and gas may be transported from the Outer Continental Shelf to shore either by pipeline or by bulk carriers (barges and tankers). Presently, virtually all OCS production is transported by pipeline and it seems likely that pipelines will continue to be the dominant form of transporting OCS oil and gas.. See Figures.2.9 and 5.12 for a map of existing pipelines. Nearly all current plans for developing petroleum resources within 200 miles of the coast include pipelines. Barges and tankers are used as.a temporary means of transportation during field development or to transport oil from fields with low production rates. However, due to their poor oil spill record, they do not represent a desirable alternative to pipelines at the present time (Kash, White, et al., 1973: 63). The socioeconomic impacts of pipelines are minimal. During the construction phase, there is a large assembly of men and equipment for a brief period of time. Since construction is not confined to one location, but instead 357 FIGURE 5.12 PIPELINE SYSTEM IN LAFOURCHE PARISH .io I COTE 49, C -77 v- CWSA IS. w SOEff LOMA NL -5-Ou 09 A@Cmt.. - DA SAL%TA.OR T 'IV YOV PoffneL&W R20E % 2. C L PC nEL 5 W. 0 WEXTINE Oufm; T 1L 01 U P qi 0 N @"-O /1, S L E ILE --T 'j@f @T' EF t APIE VC U1 1, W - T-E 6,01 - ULLI _C"A. NO-rA Z. It LIRITTI J_T 19 AYOU P -EL '0 A Sh T L, IC EAF Q7 0 Z, 4M"- I-J F111 A LAI` 1P..3 F7 ERMAN S SAY,, ACQU AY.1 Am I UP All!' PAC @V SEAOREEZE DAY I 0 T -A Coun, C- ARRE, T! 4. :/J ,, ;, Ll T OL @Z57 ""OU t 7 Source: Transcontinental Gas Pipe Line Corporation. @y 358 stretches along a route of as much as a hundred miles or more, construction communities are not established near the job site as in other types of construction. In fact, since Lafourche Parish (and most of South Louisiana) consists largely of wetlands, when pipeline routes cross these wetlands, it is frequently necessary, to house the workers. in what are known as "quarter-boats," which follow the construction. While it is possible that individual communi- ties could experience a slight population growth if construc- tion personnel stayed in them while working on a pipeline, such an increase is likely to be temporary and the overall effect on population and the public services (housing, education, etc) associated with such growth is virtually nonexistent (McGinnis et al., 1972: 3.30-3.31). Se e Chapter 2 for a description of pipeline construction. The most si nificant economic impacts of pipelines are related to their environmental effects. For example, a pipeline through the marshes sometimes affects the habitat of fur animals, causing them to move to other areas. However the canals associated with the PiPelines may provide accessibility for the trappers to areas which were previously inaccessible by boat (McGinnis et al., 1972: 3.28). See Chapter 3. The fishing industry is also affected by pipeline construction, primarily by its dredging and canaling aspects. The increased siltation, changes in salinity, changes in 359 @arainage patterns, and other disruptions of the natural processes of the marshes all affect the environment on which finfish and shellfish depend (Chapter 3) (McGinnis, et al., 1972: 3.29). Other impacts of pipeline construction include those on archaeological and historical sites, esthetics, an d recreation. There are very few historical sites in the area and these are easily avoided, so the impact on them is minimal. 7 Also, there are several archaeological sites in Lafourche Parish that may be affected, including one that is within 0.2 miles of a.Louisiana Offshore Oil Port (LOOP) alternative pipeline route (U.S. Coast Guard, 1976: 2.5-18). These-maly need to be protected in the future. The esthetic impact of pipelines on marshes is generally considered to be negative, although the full impact is observed only by the aerial observer who can, see the marshes cut up for miles by canals near certain oil field areas. Thus, the esthetic impacts have affected relatively small numbers of people. The impact on recreation has not been all negative. In fact, as in the case of the fur trappers, the Pipeline canals have opened up many areas for boaters and sport fisherman. (McGinnis et al., 1972: 3.31-3.32). 7 The only historical site listed in the "Inventory of Sites Having Commemorative Preservation or Recreation Significance" is the Lake Salvador area (State Parks and Recreation Commis- sion, 1974: 5.5). This does not mean, however,:that@there are not other sites wh ich may be included in a,later"'Inventory." 360 Future Pipelines Future pipelines are affected by two factors: (1) the location of new oil and gas fields, and (2) the construction of the LOOP. Of course, new oil and gas fields will require gathering lines to link them with existing transmission lines. However, due to a combination of excess line capacity already available and depletion of existing fields, it is expected that very few, if any, new transmission lines will be needed (McGinnis et al., 1972: 3.7). However, if LOOP is built at the proposed location, eighteen miles off the coast of Lafourche Parish, new oil pipelines will definitely be required. The pipeline system associated with LOOP is presented in Figure 5.13. It consists of four major segments as follows: (1) From the tanker(s) to the base assembly of the- SPM8to which the tanker is moored. (2) From each SPM to the pumping platform. (3) From the pumping platform to the onshore Fourchon booster station and then on to the Clov elly Dome storage terminal, near Cut-Off in Lafourche Parish. (4) From Clovelly Dome to the Capline pipeline in St. James Parish.9 8SPM is a "single point mooring"--a buoy-type device;-.to'which the tanker moors. Its base-has.a connection through which the oil from the tanker is transmitted. 9 The Capline is a privately,owned..pipe1ine to refineries in the Midwest Unit@ed States. 361 FIGURE 5.13 PROPOSED ROUTE OF LOOP PIPELINE A 14 1 A S T I "'i,N THE L. j ftf it!Q. "00, 11A _-j CLOVELLY DOIE @,A ij 10 2 Mi. BOOS-TER STATION Gulf o f Mexico 0 5 10 20Km. Source: U.S.'Coast Guard,.1976: 2.5-8. 362 The first sectionof this pipeline system will consist of two parallel 1200 feet strings of flexible hose from each SPM which connect the tanker's cargo manifold to the fluid swivel on the base assembly of the SPM. These hoses consist of 35- and 40-feet lengths of 24 inch I.D. (inside diameter) hoses, except for the last three sections which bend over the tanker's rail. These sections may be 16 inches, 20 inches, or 24 inches I.D., depending on tanker size. Approximately 1000 feet of the hoses will be buoyant while the last 200 feet will curve downward from the surface of the water to the base assembly of the SPM. The hoses will be equipped with visible markers, battery-powered lights, end marker buoys, butterfly valves, and blind flanges. The floating portion of the hoses will be inspected weekly and the underwater portion monthly. Handling, inspection, and replacement of the hose will follow the procedures recommended by the Oil Companies International Marine Forum-- Buoy Mooring Forum (U.S. Coast Guard, 1976: 1.3-37). The second segment of the pipeline system will consist of an 8000 feet long 56 inch O.D. (outside diameter) pipeline from each SPM to the pumping platform complex (PPC). These pipelines will have a minimum wall thickness of 0.75 inches of steel. In addition, to inhibit corrosion, it will be coated first with either a 0.5 inch thick layer of an asphalt/sand mixture or an 0.125 inch..thick layer of a coal tar enamel wrapped in fiberglass and felt. The second .363 coating will consist of a four inch thickness of concrete reinforced with two layers of galvanized steel wire mesh. This will yield@a specific gravity of 1.1, sufficient to maintain stability against a three feet per second cross current. Additi onal protection against external corrosion will be provided by sacrificial anodes at 1000 feet intervals. These anodes will be designed fora forty year life and provide a-current capacity of 0.1 milliampere per square foot of pipe surface. Protection against internal corrosion will consist of epoxy coating and by the injection of chemical inhibitors at the base of the SPM. These pipelines will be buried with a minimum of three feet of sea bed cover and with 10 ten feet of cover within 500 feet of the risers. The pipeline will be inspected internally when flanges are unbolted or sections are removed. The risers and support clamps will be' inspected annually by divers (U.S. Coast Guard, 1976: 1. 3-38).' The third segment will consist of three parallel 48 inch O.D. Pipelines connecting the pumping platform to the Clovelly Dome storage terminal. This linewill have an onshore booster station located just south of Louisiana Highway 1 and west of Louisiana Highway 3090 (although an alternative site to the east of Louisiana Highway 3090 in 10 re the vertical sections of pipeline extending from the sea floor up to the lower deck of the pumping Risers a platform (U.S. Coast Guard, 1976: 1.3-39). 364 the Port Fourchon area development area has also been proposed). The section of the pipeline from the pumping platform to the booster station will be 21 miles long, of which 18 miles will be offshore and three miles onshore. The section fr om the booster station to the C lovelly Dome storage area will be 22.5 miles long (U.S. Coast Guard., 1976: 1.3-39). The offshore sections of these 48 inch pipelines will be designed, buriect, coated, and cathodically protected in much the samemanner as the 56 inch pipelines with minor differences due to differences in size. A right-of-way of approximately 200 feet is proposed to avoid as many existing pipelines as possible and to pass Plear of existing platforms. Permission will be needed to cross over live existing 'pipe- lines. From the,15 feet depth contour of the Gulf to the shore, the pipelines will be buried 10feet below the-bottom of the Gulf and they will be buried 10 feet below a flota- tion canal from the shore to the Fourchon booster station (U.S. Coast Guard, 1976:.1.3-40). The onshore section of the lines, from the booster station to the Clovelly Dome storage terminal, will be coated to inhibit corrosion. Those sections through marsh and swamp areas will be coated with concrete as well and.they will be equipped with sacrificial anodes like those on the 56 inch pipelines below the Gulf floor. The pipelines will be buried at least three feet below the ground surface and deeper beneath waterway crossings. The proposed route 365 includes about 59 pipeline@crossings,.4 minor waterway crossings, and one highway crossing. There will be remotely- controlled shutoff valves at the Fourchon booster station. and at the-Clovelly Dome storage terminal, but none in-between. However, there will,be locally-controlled valves on each side of water crossings and elsewhere (U.S. Coast Guard, 1976: 1.3-40, 41). The final stretch of the LOOP pipeline connects the Clovelly Dome storage facility to a point near,the Capline's St. James terminal on the Mississippi River, a distance of. 53 miles.. This segment will consist-of two parallel lines. The first of these lines@will be,42@inches O.D. and its :design, coating, burial, etc. will be similar to the 48 inch-pipe lines between@the Fourchon booster@station and the Clovelly Dome-storage terminal. The second line will be sized and built later, but it is expected to have a [email protected]. The proposed route includes two highway crossings, twomainl'ine railroad@crossings, and approximately thirty-five pipeline crossings. Remotely-controlled shutoff :valves-will be located on each-side-of the Intracoastal Waterwa,y,and locally controlled:valves will be located, elsewhere,.-as required. The corrosion protection system for the 11 miles through the marshes will be of the sacri- ficial anode type as described above, and,.the 42 miles in tbe'freshwater swamp and dry land will 'have a somewhat different current corrosion protection system. A future .1 366 booster station, if required, would be located near the .midpoint of this segment near U.S. Highway 90. (U.S. Coast Guard, 1976: 1.4-11). In addition to the crude oil pipelines and their associated facilities (booster station and storage,terminal),. the LOOP would require additional pipelines to provide fuel for the pumping platform and to dispose brine from the Clovelly Dome storage terminal. The fuel line will transmit natural gas to the pumping platform from Block 47 field, a distance of four miles. The pipe will have a six inch, diameter and will be buried to a 10 feet depth for 500 feet adjacent to its riser, and three feet the rest of the way to the gas field. Design, coating, construction, inspection, testing and maintenance of this pipeline will be similar to the offshore sections of the crude oil pipelines (U.S. Coast 11 Guard,.1976: 1.3-44). The brine disposal pipeline will be 36 inches O.D. and extend for 28 miles from the Clovelly Dome storage facility to a point in the.Gulf two miles from shore. The route of this pipeline will be adjacent to the crude oil pipeline and it crosses one highway, four minor waterways, nine large- pipelines (16 inches and over), and about 50 small pipelines. 11 Pipelines from the pumping platform complex to the Capline will be electronically inspected and cleaned. Chemical inhibitors will be injected to retard corrosion (U.S. Coast Guard, 1976: 1.3-40). 367 The pipeline will be buried except at the far end where underwater diffusors will be installed to mix the brine with the waters of the Gulf. It will be designed and constructed in accordance with Part 195, Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations (U.S. Coast Guard, 1976: 1.3-45). 368 APPENDIX SELECTED SIC CATEGORY DESCRIPTIONS The-following is a description of the SIC classifi-@ cations listed in Table 5.2 MAJOR GROUP 13 CRUDE PETROLEUM AND NATURAL OAS The Major Group as a Whole This'major group includes establishments primarily engaged in: (1) producing crude petrole'um and natural gas, (2) recovering oil from oil sands and oil shale, and (3) producing natural gasoline and cycle condensate. Types of activities included are exploration, drilling, oil and gas well operation and.maintenance, the operation of natural gasoline and cycle plants, and th .e mining and extraction of oil from oil sands and oil shale. This major group also includes such basic activities as emulsion breaking and desilting of crude petroleum to render the oil marketable. Pipe line transportation of petroleum, gasoline and other petroleum pro ducts (except gathering lines is class ified in Major Group 46--Pipe Line Transportation, and of natural, gas in Major Group 49--Electric, Gas, and Sanitary Services. Establishments primarily engaged in petroleum refining and in the production of- lubricating oilsand greases are classified in Major Group'29. MAJOR GROUP 16 CONSTRUCTION OTHER THAN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION GENERAL CONTRACTORS GROUP INDUSTRY NO. NO. 162 HEAVY CONSTRbCTION,-EXCEPT HIGHWAY AND STREET CONSTRUCTION 369 GROUP INDUSTRY NO. NO. 1621 Heavy Construction, Except Highway and Street Construction (See Appendix to Chapter 1.) MAJOR GROUP 17 -- CONSTRUCTION--SPECIAL TRADE CONTRACTORS 179 MISCELLANEOUS SPECIALTRADE CONTRA CTORS 1791 Structural Steel Erection Special trade contractors primarily engaged in the erection of structural steel. Building fronts installation, metal.: contractors Concrete reinforcement, placing of: contractors Elevator front installation, metal: cont ractors Ironwork, structural: contractors Metal furring: contractors Storage tanks, metal, erection. Store fronts installation, metal: construction Structural steel erection:. contractors MAJOR GROUP 20 FOOD AND KINDRED PRODUCTS, 203 CANNED AND PRESERVED FRUITS, VEGETABLES, .AND SEA FOODS 2031 Canned and Cured Fish-and Sea,Foods Establishments primarily,engaged in cooking and canning fish,.shrimps,.oysters., clams, crabs, and other sea foods; and those engaged in smoking, salting, drying or other- wise curing fish for the trade. Establish- ments primarily engaged in shucking and 370 GROUP INDUSTRY NO.-- -NO. .Packing fresh oysters in nonsealed containers, or freezing and1packaging fresh fish, are classified in Industry 2036., Broth, clam: ca nned Canned fish, crustacea, and mollusks Caviar, canned and preserved Chowder, clam: canned Codfish: smoked, salted, dried, and pickled Crab meat, canned and preserved. Finnan haddie (smoked haddock) Fish: boneless, cured, dried, pickled, salted, and smoked Fish, canned Fish egg bait, canned Herring: smoked, salted, dried and pickled Mackerel: smoked, salted, dried, and pickled Oysters, canned and preserved Salmon, canned Salmon, smoked, salted, dried., and pickled Sardines, canned Sea food products, canned Shellfish, canned, Shrimp, canned Soup, sea food: canned Tuna fish, canned 2036. Fresh or Frozen Packaged.Fish and Sea Foods Establishments primarily engaged in preparing fresh and raw or cooked frozen packaged fish and other sea food. This industry also includes establishments primarily engaged in the shucking and packaging of fresh oysters' in nonsealed containers. Crab meat, fresh: packed in nonsealed containers- Crab meat picking Fish fillets Fish: fresh, quick frozen, and cold pack (frozen)--packaged Fish sticks '371 Frozen prepared fish Oysters, fresh: shucking and packaging in nonsealed containers Sea foods: fresh, quick frozen, and cold pack (frozen)--packaged Shellfish: fresh, quick frozen, and cold pack (frozen)--packaged Shrimp: fresh, quick frozen, and cold pack (frozen)--packaged' MAJOR GROUP 34 -- FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS, EXCEPT ORDINANCE MACHINERY AND TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT., 344 FABRICATED STRUCTURAL METAL PRODUCTS 3441 Fabricated Structural Steel Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing fabricated iron and steel or other metal for structural purposes, for bridges, buildings; and sections for ships, boats and barges. Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing metal doors, sash, frames, molding, and trim are classified in Industry 3442; and fabrication work done by construction contractors at the site of construction is classified in construction industries Barge sections, prefabricated metal: not made in rolling mills Bridge sections, railway and highway: ,prefabricated/not made in rolling mills Expansion joints:- iron, steel, and monel Floor jacks, metal: not made in rolling mills Floor posts, adjustable metal not made in rolling mills Highway bridge sections, prefabricated: not made in rolling mills 372 GROUP INDUSTRY NO. NO. Joists, open web steel: long-span,series-- not made in rolling mills Radio and television towers Railway bridge sections: prefabricated: not made in rolling mills Ship sections, prefabricated metal Steel joists, pen web: long-span series-- not made in rolling mills Steel tri-level railroad car racks (for transporting-motor vehicles, etc.) Structural steel, fabricated: not made in rolling mills Television towers, notmade in rolling mills Towers, transmission 3443 Fabricated Plate Work (Boiler Shops) Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing power and marine boilers, pressure and nonpressure tanks, processing and storage vessels, heat exchangers, weld- ments.-and similar products by the process of cutting, forming and joining metal plates, shapes, bars,.sheet, pipe mill products and tubing to custom or standard design for factory or field assembly. Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing nonelectric heating apparatus other than power boilers are ,classified in Industry 3433, and household cooking.apparatus in Industry 3631. Absorbers, gas Accumulators (industrial pressure vessels) Acetylene cylinders Aftercooler shells Aftercoolers, steam jet Air preheaters, nonrotating: plate type Air receiver tanks, metal plate Airlocks 373 Annealing boxes, pots, and covers Atomic waste casks Autoclaves, industrial Baffles Bails, ladle Bins, prefabricated metal plate Boiler shop products:: industrial boilers, smokestacks, and steel tanks Boilers: industrial, power and marine @Boxes, condenser Breechings, metal,plate Buoys, metal Cable trays, metal plate Caissons, metal plate Cars, for hot metal Casing, boiler: metal plate Casings, scroll Chutes, metal plate Condensers, barometric Condensers, steam Containers, shipping,. metal plate (torpedoes, bombs, warheads), except missile casings Cooling towers, metal plate Cryogenic tanks, for liquids and gases: metal plate Culverts, metal plate Cupolas, metal plate Cyclones, industrial: metal plate Cylinders, pressure: metal plate Digesters, process: metal plate Ducting, metal plate Economizers (boilers) Evaporators (process vessels), metal plate Exchanges, heat: industrial, scientific, and nuclear Farm storage tanks, metal plate Fermenters (process vessel-s), metal plate Floating covers, metal'plate Flumes, metal plate Forms, collapsible: for tunnels Fractionating columns, metal plate Fuel tanks, metal plate Fumigating chambers, metal plate Gas holders, metal plate Gates, dam: metal plate Heat transfer drives (finned tubing) Hoods, industrial: metal@plate Hooks, cranb:' laminated plate Hoppers, metal.plate Housing cabinets for radium,, metal plate Housings, pressure Hydropneumatic tank,-,,.metal'plate -374 GROUP INDUSTRY NO. NO. Intercooler shells.. Jackets, industrial:. metal plate Kettles (process vessels), metal plate Knockouts, free water: metal plate Ladles, metal plate Liners, industrial: metal plate Liquid oxygen tanks, metal plate Melting pots, for metal Missile silos and components, metal plate Mixers, for hot metal Nuclear core structurals, metal plate Nuclear shielding, metal plate Oil storage tanks, metal plate Penstocks, metal plate Perforating on heavy metal Pile shells, metal plate Pipe, large diameter: metal plate--made by plate fabricators Plate work, fabricated: cutting, punching, bending, and shaping Precipitators (process vessels), metal plate Pressure vessels, industrial: metal plate-- made in boiler shops Pressurizers and auxiliary equipment, nuclear, metal,plate Reactors, nuclear: military and industrial Retorts, industrial Rocket casings Separators, industrial process: metal.plate Septic tanks, metal plate Skid tanks, metal plate Smelting pots and retorts Smokestacks, boiler plate Space simulation chambers, metal plate Spheres, for liquids or gas: metal plate Standpipes Steam jet aftercoolers Steam jet inter condensers. Sterilizing chambers, metal plate Stills, pressure: metal plate Storage tanks, metal plate Surge tank's, metal plate Tanks for tank trucks, metal plate Tanks, metal plate: lined Tanks, standard line and custom fabricated: metal plate--made in boiler shops Towers: bubble., cooling, fractionating-- metal plate Towers, tank: metal plate Trash racks, metal plate Troughs, industrial: metal plate Truss plates, metal 375 Tunnel lining, metal plate Tunnels, vacuum: metal plate Tunnels, wind Vacuum tanks, metal plate Vats, metal plate , Vessels, process and storage: industrial metal plate--made in boiler shops Water tanks, metal plate Weldments @3444 Sheet Metal Work Establishments primarilyengaged in manufacturing sheet metal work for buildings. (not including fabrication work done by construction contractors at the place of construction), and manufacturing sheet metal stovepipes, light tanks, etc., Air cowls, scoops, or airports (ship venti- lators), sheet metal Awnings, she6t metal Bins, prefabricated: sheet metal Booths, spray: prefabricated sheet metal Canopies, sheet metal Casings, sheet metal Coal chutes, prefabricated sheet metal Cooling towers, sheet metal Cornices, sheet metal Culverts, sheet metal Curtain walls, sheet metal Door hoods, aluminum Downspouts, sheet metal Ducts, sheet metal Eaves, sheet metal Elbows, for conductor pipe, hot air ducts, stovepipes, etc.: sheet metal Flooring, cellular-steel Flues, stove and furnace: sheet metal Flumes, sheet metal Forming machine work for the trade, except stampings: sheet metal Forms for concrete, sheet metal .Furnace Casings, sheet metal Furnace flues, sheet metal, Guard rails, highway: sheet metal Gutters, sheet metal Hoods, range--sheet,metal Hoppers, sheet'metal 376 GROUP INDUSTRY NO. NO. Irrigation pipe, sheet metal Laundry hampers, sheet metal Machine guards, sheet metal Mail chutes, sheet metal Mail collection or storate boxes, sheet metal Pile shells,,sheet metal Pipe, sheet,metal Post office.collection boxes Radiator shields,and enclosures, for steam and hot water radiators: sheet metal Restaurant sheet metal work Roof deck, sheet metal Sheet metal specialties, not stamped Siding, sheet metal Skylights, sheet metal Spouts, sheet metal Stove boards, sheet metal Stove pipe and flues, sheet.metal Vats, sheet metal Ventilators, sheet metal Wells, light: sheet metal 3449 Miscellaneous Metal Work Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing miscellaneous ferrous and nonferrous metal work, such as prefabricated and portable metal buildings and parts, metal plaster bases, fabricated bar joists and concrete reinforcing bars, and prefabri- cated exterior metal panels. Bars, concrete reinforcing: fabricated steel Buildings, prefabricated and.portable: metal Carports, prefabricated.: -metal Concrete reinforcing steel bars, fabricated Docks., prefabricated: metal Dwellings, prefabricated or portable: metal Expanded metal, not made in rolling mills Farm buildings, prefabricated or portable: metal 377 GROUP INDUSTRY NO. NO. Garages, prefabricated or portabl,e:,.metal. Houses, prefabricated or portable:., metal Lath, expanded metal: not made in rolling mills Panels.for prefabricated, metal buildings Plastering accessories, metal: not made in rolling mills Portable buildings, prefabricated metal Prefabricated buildings, metal Ramps, prefabricated: metal Sections for prefabricated metal buildings Silos, metal Utility buildin gs, prefabricated or portable: metal MAJOR-GROUP 35 MACHINERY, EXCEPT ELECTRICAL 3533 Oil Field Machinery and Equipment (See Appendix to Chapter 1.) 359 MISCELLANEOUSMACHINERY, EXCEPT ELECTRICAL 3599 Miscellaneous Machinery Except Electrical (See Appendix to Chapter 1.) MAJOR GROUP 37 -- MANUFACTURING 373 SHIP AND BOAT BUILDING AND REPAIRING 3731 Ship Building and Repairing (See Appendix to Chapter 1.) 3732 Boat Building and Repairing" (See Appendix to Chapter 1.) MAJOR GROUP 42 MOTOR FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION AND WAREHOUSING The Major.Group as a Whole This major kroup includes establish- 378 ments furnishing local or long-distance trucking, transfer, and drying services, or engaged in the storage of farm products, furniture and other household goods, or commercial goods of any nature. The operation of terminal facilities for handling freight, with or without maintenance facilities, is also included. This group does not include delivery department or warehouses operated by business concerns for their own use. Companies primarily engaged in the storage of natural gas are classified in Industry 4922. 379 'REFERENCES Airways Engineering Corporation (1976) Louisiana.State Airport System'Plan, A Report to the State of Louisiana. Washington, D.C.: Airways Engineering Corporation.. Arthur D. Little, Inc. (n.d.) Potential Onshore Effects -of Deepwater Oil Terminal-Related Indust-rial Develop- ment. Volume III of IV. Report to U.S. Council on Environmental Quality, Washington, D.C. Authement, L. (1976) Superintendent of Schools, Lafourche 'Parish, in Letter to Gino D. Carlucci, dated June'3. Barker., T. M. (April, 1976.) President, Lafourche Parish Police Jury, Thibodaux, Louisiana, telephone interview. Barry,.F. (1976) "Highway vs..Marshes," The Times-Picayune (new Orleans), April 11. Barton, E. (May, 1976) U.%S. Army Corps of Engineers, New Or-leans, Louisiana,.telephone interview.. Bond, W. E. (June, 1976)'Engin-eer, Louisiana Power and 11-ght, Gretna, Louisiana, telephone interview. 'Brumfield,L. (1976) "Propose-d'Laf-itte-Larose'Span Violation of the Laws?" The States-1tem (New Orleans), April 14. Cooperative Extension Service (-1973) "Lafourche Parish Problem Identification -Survey," Baton-Rouge: Louisiana State University. Dames and Moore .(1975) LOOP: An Environmental Analysis. New Orleans, Louis-1-ana. Employe.e,-South'Lou:isiana Electric Co-op Association (June, '1976) Houma, Louisiana, telephone interview Engineer, Thibodaux Municipal Light and Power Company (June, 1976) Thibodaux, Loui:siana, telephone interview. Greater'Laf-ourche Port Commission, Port Yourchon Multi- port. Galliano, Louisiana: Greater Lafourche Port Commission. Green, J. (June, 1976) Head of Biology Department, Nicholls State University, Thibodaux, Louisiana, telephone interview. 380 Grimball, Grimball, Gorrondona, Kearney, and Savage (1973) "Preliminary Airport System Plan--State Planning 'District No..3, A Report to the State of Louisiana," Metairie, Louisiana: Grimball, Grimball-, Gorrondona,_. Kearney, and Savage. Gulf South Research Institute (1974) Port Fourchon Develop- ment Program. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Gulf South Research Institute. Kash,.D. 'White, I., et al. (1973) Energy Under the Oceans. Norman, Oklahoma:- University of Oklahoma Press. Kennedy, F. (1978)'"A Study of Vocational and Technical Skill Needs in Lafourche Parish Thibodaux, Louisiana: Lafourche Parish School Board. Louisiana Department of Highways (annually 1958-1976) Financial and Statistical Report. Baton Rouge: Louisiana Department of Highways. (1969) Annual Report,_ 1968 Louisiana Highway Traffic. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana Department of Highways. .(1973a) Annual Report, 1912 Louisiana Highway Traffic. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana Department of Highways. (1973b) 1972 Sufficiency Rating_Survey of Louisiana Highways. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana ,Department of Highways- (1974) Annual Report,1973 Louisiana Highway Traffic. Baton Rouge,-Louisiana: Louisiana Department of Highways.- (1975) Annual Report, 1974 Louisiana Highway Traffic. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Loui-siana Department of Higiiways. Louisiana Power and Light Company (1974) "System Map."': Gretna, Louisiana. Louisiana State Parks.and Recreation Commission (1974) "Outdoor Recreation in Louisiana 1975-1980," Baton Rouge, Louisiana: State Parks and Recreation Commission. Marcello, J.'(July',,-1976) Lafourche Parish School System,. Thibodaux, Louisiana, telephone interview. 381 McGinnis, J., et al. (1972) "Environmental Aspects of Gas Pipeline Operations-in the Louisiana Coastal Marshes," Report to Offshore Pipeline Committee, Columbus, Ohio: Battelle Columbus Laboratories. Melancon, I., Jr. (May, 1976a) General Manager, Greater Lafourche Port Commission, Galliano, Louisiana, telephone interview. (May, 1976b) General Manager, Greater Lafourche Port Commission, Galliano, Louisiana, telephone interview. (June, 1976c) General Manager, Greater Lafourche Port Commission, Galliano, Louisiana, telephone interview. Morning Advocate (Baton Rouge, Louisiana) (1976) "Thibodaux Residents to Vote on Selling City Power Plant." July 16, p. 11-A. Nicholls State University (1976) Nicholls State University 1976-1977 Bulletin. Thibodaux, Louisiana: Nicholls State University. Smith, Carl (July, 1976) Engineer, Louisiana Power and Light Company, Gretna, Louisiana, telephone interview. Thibodaux Chamber of Commerce (1976) "Welcome to Thibodaux, Louisiana," Thibodaux, Louisiana: Thibodaux Chamber of Commerce. Transcontinental Gas Pipe Line Corporation (1974) Map of South Louisiana and Louisiana Continental Shelf Showing Natural Gas Pipe_Lines. U.S. Ar my Engineer District, New Orleans (1972) "Draft Environmental Statement, Bayou Lafourche and Lafourche-Jump Waterway, Louislana,l' New Orleans, Louisiana: U.S. Army Engineer District, New Orleans. (1973) "Final Environment Statement, Larose to 6olden Meadow, Louisiana, Hurricane Protection," New Orleans: U.S. Army Engineer District, New Orleans. U.S. Bureau of the Budget (1967) Standard Industrial Classification Manual. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. U.S. Coast Guard (1976) "Draft Environmental Impact Statement, LOOP Deepwater Port License Application," Washington, D.C.: Office of Marine Environment and Systems. 382 U.S. Department of,the Army (1938) Report to the Chief of, Engineers, U.S. Army, 1938. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. (1951, 1954, 1955, annually 1963-1975) Waterborne Commerce of the United States. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. (1972) 1972 Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers on Civil Works Activities Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. URS/Forrest and Cotton, Inc. (1976) "Comprehensive Plan,. Ward 10, Lafourche Parish, Louisiana," Prepared for South Lafourche Regional Planning Commission, Metairie, Louisiana: URS/Forrest and Cotton, Inc. Wagner, N. (June, 1976) Louisiana Department of Highways, Baton Rouge, telephone interview. 383 6668 022881