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Coastal Zone Information Center R1. St OJEUTOO HIM 0 (fcgm@(M Pamain HC 107 .F62 T36 1972 pre coZ 9 council ,decernber, 1972 0 0 Tampa Say Region Preliminary ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF DEVELOPMENT- A Preliminary Investigation of the Use of, the Natural Resources in the Tampa Bay Region as a Basis for Future Development Policy Prepared For FLORIDA COASTAL COORDINATING COUNCIL CONTRACT NO. CCCOB-72 PREPARED BY Tampa Bay Regional Planning Council Staff Norman H. Thompson, Jr., Executive Director S. Randall Lankford, Jr., Project Manager December, 1972 US Department of Commerce NOAA Coastal Services Center Library 2234 South Hobson Avenue @A@ Charleston, SC 29405-2413 ACKNOWLEDGMENT This report is the result of the efforts of many men and women within the state and region, whose time and efforts have made it possible. Although the list of contributors is long, special appreciation is offered to Mr. Steven Peacock and Mr. Robert Dubois. Their efforts into areas, largely untapped in the region, in zoolog- ical and economic data assimilation sup- port this report. Many state and local agencies have provided invaluable assistance. Major among these is the Coastal Coordinating Council, without whose guidance and assistance or concern for the environ- ment this research would not have start- ed. This report is a staff effort contract- ed to the Regional Council staff for the purpose of validating the Coastal Coor- dinating Council concepts and techniques for regional planning application. 2 ERRATA SHEET p 0- A S C . . .......... H I L L S B 0: R 0 U G H-- PINELL-A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'Ail -M A N A 1 E: t: - - -------- LEGEND LOWER MARINE AND ESTUARINE TERRACE DEPOSITS . . . . . . . ANASTASIA FORMATION CALOOSAHATCHEE FORMATION BONE VALLEY FORMATION FORT PRESTON FORMATION S' A R A S T HAWTHORN FORMATION TAMPA FORMATION SUWANEE LIMESTONE CRYSTAL RIVER FORMATION Source: Florida Board of Conservation, 1966 FIGURE 2.2: RECIONAL GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS ERRATA SHEET ............ P A S C 0 Q.183 MGp ..... 48.3 Ib& BOD5 H I L L S B 0 R 0 U G H 264 lbs. TOTAL SOLIDS 31.2 MGD 2291 Ib& BOD5 3600 lbs. TOTAL SOLIDS PINELLAS .016 MGD .063 M D 4.1 lbs. BODS 1.7 MGD 53 lbs. BOD5 ....... 366 lbs. TOTAL SOLIDS A N A T E 0.015 MGD 9.8 lbs. BODS 108 lbs. TOTAL SOLIDS 0.012 MGD 3A lbs. BOD5 0.006 MGD 3.5 lbs. BOD5 LEGEND S A R A S 0 T 'A CLASS I r7 CLA4S!I 0.007 MGD 00 ............. t'-'@2i7 lbs. BOO CLASS 111 5 CLASS IV FIGURE 3.1: EFFLUENT WASTE INTO SURFACE WATERS ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to de- termine if resource management concepts proposed by the Florida Coastal Coor- dinating Council could assess develop- ment suitability and impact for regional planning purposes. The presentation is directed toward assessing environmental degradation as an adjunct to land devel- opment in one of Florida's fastest grow- ing areas. This degradation is presented as a conflict between the existing re- source base and the climax use of the land area. The process of analyzing the resource conflicts starts with a survey indicating the extent and status of valued resources in the region and the areas of present conflicts. Using techniques of market growth analysis, a projection of antici- pated future resource conflicts is pre- sented and the impact discussed on a county by county basis. With these conflicts analyzed and po- tential problem areas identified, a set of land development guidelines was evolved to minimize the conflict impact. The guidelines address the areas of priority set up in the Coastal Coordinating Coun- cil concepts. The overall review of salient resource features and a description of the integral processes of the region's environmental systems are presented on an item by item basis. The review includes the first region wide wildlife habitat mapping analysis published in the region. Overlaying this description of natural systems, an overview of the various as- pects of urban systems is presented. The overview includes reviews and projections of land development, population trends and economic conditions. The methods and techniques presented in this study when refined will serve as planning and administrative tools that will help protect valued natural resources from degradation and also encourage sound economic growth. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 LIST OF TABLES, CHARTS AND MAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 INTRODUCTIO N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 CHAPTER 1: Research Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Natural Resource Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 PRESERVATION AREAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 CONSERVATION AREAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 DEVELOPMENT CONFLICTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Present Conflicts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Development Suitability Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Economic Effect of Preserving the Land . . . . . . . . . 12 RECOMMENDED GUIDELINES FOR CONFLICT MINIMIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Statement of Priorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Priority One . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Priority Two . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Priority Three . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 County Environmental Synopses . . . . . . . . . . . 18 PASCO COUNTY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 PINELLAS COUNTY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 MANATEE COUNTY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 SARASOTA COUNTY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 CHAPTER II: Resource Inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 CLIMATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 LAND AND WATER RESOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . 50 PHYSIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 MINERALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 WILDLIFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 COMMERCIAL FOREST . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 54 RESOURCE ECONOMICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 CHAPTER III: Land Development Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 DEVELOPMENT REVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 POPULATION REVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 ECONOMIC REVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 DEVELOPMENT/RESOURCE PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . 58 Waste Discharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Water Runoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Dredging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Estuarine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Land Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Salt Water Encroachment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 APPENDICES I WILDLIFE HABITAT DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 11 COMMERCIAL FORESTRY DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 III ENVIRONMENTAL PLAN PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 IV HISTORICAL AND ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES . . . . . . . . . . 70 V GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 BIBLIOGRAPHIES I ECONOMIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 11 LAND PLANNING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 III WASTE DISCHARGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 4 TABLES 1.1 Preservation Categories, Tampa Bay Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.2 Conservation Categories, Tampa Bay Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.3 Extent of Land Development, August, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.4 Extent of Projected Land Development, 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.5 Land Development Projections to 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.6 Preservation Conflicts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.7 Conservation Conflicts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.8 Aggregate Increases for Period 1972-1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.9 Projected Aggregate Development Increases, Tampa Bay Region, 1972-1975 . . . . . . 12 1.10 Land Suitable for Development, Tampa Bay Region, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.11 Preservation Areas, Pasco County, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1.12 Conservation Areas, Pasco County, 1972 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1.13 Development Conflicts, Pasco County, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1.14 Land Suitable for Development, Pasco County, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1.15 Future Development Conflicts, 1972-1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 1.16 Future Development Conflicts by Zone, 1972-1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 1.17 Aggregate Development Increases, Pasco County, 1972-1975 . . . . . . . . . . . 20 1.18 Preservation Areas, Pinellas County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 1.19 Conservation Areas, Pinellas County, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 1.20 Development Conflicts, Pinellas County, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 1.21 Land Suitable for Development, Pinellas County, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 1.22 Future Development Conflict, Pinellas County. 1972-1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 1.23 Future Development Conflicts by Zone, 1972-1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 1.24 Aggregate Development Increases, Pinellas County, 1972-1975 . . . . . . . . . . . 29 1.25 Selected Pinellas County Wildlife Species Facing Habitat Modifications . . . . . . . . 29 1.26 Preservation Areas, Hillsborough County, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 1.27 Conservation Areas, Hillsborough County, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 1.28 Development Conflicts, Hillsborough County, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 1.29 Land Suitable for Development, Hillsborough County, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 1.30 Future Development Conflicts, Hillsborough County, 1972-1975 . . . . . . . . . . 35 1.31 Future Development Conflicts by Zone, Hillsborough County, 1972-1975 . . . . . . . 35 1.32 Aggregate Development Increases, Hillsborough County, 1972-1975 . . . . . . . . . 35 1.33 Selected Hillsborough County Wildlife Species FacingHabitat Modif ications . . . . . . 36 1.34 Preservation Areas, Manatee County, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 1.35 Conservation Areas, Manatee County, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 1.36 Development Conflicts, Manatee County, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 1.37 Land Suitable for Development, Manatee County, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 1.38 Future Development Conflicts, Manatee County, 1972-1975 . . . . . . . . . . . 40 1.39 Future Development Conflicts by Zone, Manatee County, 1972-1975 . . . . . . . . 42 1.40 Aggregate Development Increases, Manated County, 1972-1975 . . . . . . . . . . 42 1.41 Selected Manatee County Wildlife Species Facing Habitat Modifications . . . . . . . . 42 1.42 Preservation Areas, Sarasota County, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 1.43 Conservation Areas, Sarasota County, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 1.44 Development Conflicts, Sarasota County, 1072 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 1.45 Land Suitable for Development, Sarasota County, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 1.46 Future Development Conflicts, Sarasota County, 1972-1975 . . . . . . . . . . . 48 1.47 Future Development Conflicts by Area, Sarasota County, 1972-1975 . . . . . . . . 48 1.48 Aggregate Development Conflicts, Sarasota County, 1972-1975 . . . . . . . . . . 48 2.1 Geologic Formations of the Tampa Bay Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 2.2 Selected Wildlife Habitats in the Tampa Bay Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 2.3 Species of Concern and Their Status in the Tampa Bay Region . . . . . . . . . . . 54 2-4 Area of Commercial Forest Land, by Forest-type Group and County, 1970 . . . . . . 54 2.5 Net Annual Growth of Sawtimber and Growing Stock on Commercial Forest Land, by Species Group and County, 1969 and Annual Removals of Sawtimber and Growing Stock on Commercial Forest Land, by Species Group and County, 1969 . . . 56 5 TABLES (continued) 2.6 Treatment Needs of Commercial Forestland, Per Cent of County Totals . . . . . . . . 56 2.7 Treatment Needs of Forestland Grazed, Per Cent of Total . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 3.1 Population History by County, 1960-1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 3.2 Comparison of Total Industrial Effluent Flows with Municipal System Effluent Flows in the Tampa Bay Region (Million Gallons Per Day) . . . . . . . . . 59 3.3 Per Cent of Total Waste Flow Discharged into the Tampa Bay Region by Industries . . . . . . 59 3.4 Comparison of Total Industrial and Municipal System BOD5 Effluent in the Tampa Bay Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 3.5 Per Cent of Total Pounds of BOD5 Discharged into the Tampa Bay Region by Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.1 Land Use, 1972, in Acres Per Capita or Acres Per Employee . . . . . . . . 68 4.2 Land Use Projections by Population and Economic Activity by Acreage, 1975 . . . . . . 69 FIGURES 1.1 Preservation Zoning, Pasco County, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 1.2 Conservation Zoning, Pasco County, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 1.3 Composite Development, Pasco County, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1.4 Wildlife Habitat, Pasco County, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 1.5 Preservation Zoning, Pinellas County, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 1.6 Conservation Zoning, Pinellas County, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 1.7 Composite Development, Pinellas County, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 1.8 Wildlife Habitat, Pinellas County, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 30 1.9 Preservation Zoning, Hillsborough County, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 1.10 Conservation Zoning, Hillsborough County, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 1.11 Composite Development, Hillsborough County, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 1.12 Wildlife Habitat, Hillsborough County, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 1.13 Preservation Zoning, Manatee County, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 1.14 Conservation Zoning, Manatee County, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 1.15 Composite Development, Manatee County, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 1.16 Wildlife Habitat, Manatee County, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 1.17 Preservation Zoning, Sarasota County, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 1.18 Conservation Zoning, Sarasota County, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 1.19 Composite Development, Sarasota County, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 1.20 Wildlife Habitat, Sarasota County, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Regional Mineral Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 2.2 Regional Geological Formations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . errata sheet 3.1 Effluent Waste Into Surface Waters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . errata sheet 6 INTRODUCTION In order to end the needless destruc- ty Tampa Bay Region, in addition to the tion of the natural resources in the Tam- region's Coastal Zone. Combined with pa Bay Region, new and vital methods these were growth and development for environmental assessment are requir- market analysis methods. These market- ed. This report is an attempt to demon- ing methods were employed to provide strate that such methods are available the contrasting picture of potential land and need only be applied to start turning development. The use of these two meth- the tide on environmental degradation. odologies (the CCC's and the market an- In 1970, a state law was passed to alysis) supplies a valid and consistent ba- create the Florida Coastal Coordinating sis for relating many environmentally sig- Council. This was a major step toward nificant questions. The following ques- environmental management. This year, tions are addressed: how can areas of 1972, the Florida Legislature passed the natural resource importance be deter- Land Conservation Act and the Florida mined; what is their current status, and Land and Water Management Act, f ur- finally, what danger do these areas face? ther steps toward protecting the quality In validating the methods, these three of the environment. These recent acts questions for the Tampa Bay Region are call for sweeping action that must be sup- answered. ported by valid, practical methods for In answering the questions the report environmental assessment. Although identifies potential large scale resource much work remains in the development degradation problems and proposes of a completely refined method, much guidelines for averting these problems. of the groundwork is available. The approach is relatively new for it at- The purpose of this report is to test tempts to determine the type and degree and validate methods for regional natu- of use that the various areas of the region ral resource management. Central to the can withstand without degradation of its evolution of the study are concepts and basic resources. It is particularly impor- methods developed by the Florida Coast- tant that county and municipal govern- al Coordinating Council (CCC). This re- ments recognize this as a basis from port tests these concepts and methods which to develop their own performance by applying them to the entire five coun- standards for local development. 7 in the region. Th is research, when viewed as a starting point or baseline validated the following: 0The research methods can define en- vironmentally "safe" development limits for a range of developmental- ternatives. The conversion of these CHAPTERI baseline findings into easily reviewed Research Summary performance standards for develop- "One boat on a wild stream creates an ment is the next, and probably sim- idyllic sense of discovering the unspoiled, plest, step for the proper local mana- raising the question of how can numbers gers. These measures, when related to of people enjoy this without destroying municipal capital planning of support attractive qualities?" This question, pos- services, can define optimum limits ed by the Florida Conservation Founda- for growth and development. tion, unfortunately has no answer at pre- 0These methods can chart the course sent. More frustrating is the fact that and location of environmental degra- present planning methods will never yield dation once the baseline is determined. an answer! Degradation of the resource Based on the environmental indicators base and planning for environmental or categories, gross changes in the en- quality are in general topics that planners vironment are identifible. With con- have traditionally avoided. One of the tinued refinement of the method, major problems facing the Tampa Bay sophisticated environmental manage- Region concerns future degradation of ment is possible. the resource base and although economic The indicators or categories chosen growth is cited as the main culprit in en- define a priority system for resource vironmental degradation, in reality, it is values that is comprehensive enough the lack of planning and the inadequate to form a point of reference for local recognition of environmental values that environmental goals from community have given rise to the degraded condition. to community; the preservation cate- New and realistic policies are desper- gory is the highest value, the conser- ately needed which seek a proper balance vation category is the next highest between continued growth and maintain- value and suitable development areas ing a quality environment. To derive are the lowest priority. these policies sound methods of assess- The use of the environmental method ment are required or governments shall in the region identified the following sig- proceed from microcrisis to microcrisis nificant points as a basis for developing until a major system collapse occurs. an environmental management program Some researchers suggest that a collapse in the region. is the only process that will expand a- 1. Almost 170,000 acres of preservation wareness enough to implement corrective land areas are left in the region and measures, but no responsible urban man- much of this area is currently in peril. agement should allow this to happen. 2. Over 709,000 acres of conservation Methods are available today that could land areas exist in the region and vast avert resource use conflicts, but they are stretches of this land face develop- for the most part, ignored. This invest- ment pressures today. igation has proved the methods tested are 3. Over 108,000 acres of land resources valid, significant steps toward averting en- currently are developed in a manner vironmental degradation and should not which results in resource conflicts. be ignored. Other methods, such as eco- 4. The anticipated growth of the region nomic analysis, are also ignored. Thor- wil I convert from 16,000 to 22,000 oughly detailed economic investigations acres each year into urban use. Al- are directed at optimum uses of resources though almost 1,200,000 acres of and should not be confused with the in- land are vacant that are suitable for adequate, but standard, economic anal- development without special restric- A 'HAPTERI yses common to planning today. tion, the development conflicts will The graphic nature of this report and continue to increase at a rate of 12.1 the underlying concepts that form the per cent per annum, or about six presentation offers a simple, clear, con- acres out of every ten that are devel- cise picture of environmental problems oped will generate resource conflicts. 8 TABLE 1.1: PRESERVATION CATEGORIES, TAMPA BAY REGION Pinellas County, as the smallest coun- ty in the region, has the greatest share CATEGORY EXTENT of conflict areas -approximately half Beaches 1,926 acres of the region's cumulative total of de- Mangrove 14,620 acres velopment conflicts. Projections of Aquatic Grass 45,915 acres the county's growth indicate that Pinellas will maintain this share with- Freshwater Swamps 139,107 acres out a strong effort to protect its re- Coastal Marshes 8,316 acres sources. Hillsborough, the largest and Class 11 Waters 126,855 acres --------------------- most industrial county in the region Total 336,739 acres claims about one-fourth of the cumu- lative total. Sarasota and Manatee Net Land 163,969 acres counties almost evenly split 20 per cent leaving Pasco County with five of man-made problems were surveyed. sent and future growth trends. The an- per cent of the tota I. In every case, inadequate attention to alysis provides a record of future resource Analysis of the projected conflicts in- environmental values lies at the crux of degradation from 1972to 1975. dicates that both Pasco and Hills- the problems. This is perhaps disconcert- Based on this analysis, guidelines for borough will decrease their propor- ing when cast against the anticipated con- land development were prepared that tion of the conflict areas by 1975. struction for the future. Only detailed minimize the effects of future develop- This reduction is a natural process, research aimed at developing environ- ment on the region. however, because the more accessible mental assessment methods for each land for development is in less envir- county will avert the continuing degra- PRESERVATION AREAS onmentally sensitive areas. Manatee dation of the region. This report tests Preservation areas were identified that and Sarasota counties show a rapidly an approach to accomplishing this end. represent some of the region's most val- increasing potential for resource con- Natural Resource Assessment ued natural resources. Extensive research flictsthat will require stringent devel- and field work indicates that these areas opment management to prevent en- This analysis validates the hypothesis are of prime importance to retain the vironmental problems. that the region's natural resource base very character of the region. These re- The major increase in conflicts from can be used as a foundation for develop- sources and their extent are summarized development occurs in the preserva- ment policies. Using an inventory ap- for the region in Table 1 .1 . tion areas in every county. Only by proach, highly valued resources are iden- preparing and implementing guide- tified. The priorities for protecting these The 164,000 acres or 256.2 square lines for development, as suggested in resources are based on the importance of miles of land reflected in the table repre- this report, can the impact of such de- preserving areas that are sensitive to ur- sents seven per cent of the region's land velopment be reduced. The second ban encroachment. A glossary is present- area and only five-tenths of one per cent and third order effects from this de- ed in the appendicies to clarify any defin- (0.5%) of Florida's total land area. velopment can be even more costly itional problems that may arise from At present, the entire 1,926 acres of to local governments and to the en- these resource area terms. sandy beaches are in active recreational vironment than is now anticipated. A From the analysis of these sensitive use and beach nourishment operations direction for environmental manage- areas, a preliminary framework forguide- in Pinellas County are well under way. ment is found in the general develop- lines was developed. These guidelines, if The existing mangrove areas in the region ment impact discussion for each expended through more in-depth re- support a significant sport fishing indus- county. These points are discussed search, will allow municipal and county try as well as certain well-documented only to reinforce the management policymakers to exert better control over ecological functions. Anticipated use of mechanisms now existing in each the quality of the environment in the re- the mangrove areas in the region indi- county. gion. The methods presented can cleter- cates a reduction in forestation estimated mine holding capacities for urbanization at closs to 50 per cent in the coming 5. Based on the priority statement and and thus define limits for growth when decade. on the analysis of resource conflicts, local goals and objectives are defined Aquatic grasses were surveyed by air a set of preliminary environmental de- for the quality of the environment. The in both the spring and summer of 1972 velopment guidelines was generated. methods, when refined, can determine and the figures given represent a maxi- Although it was not the intent of this fiscal planning approaches that will pro- mum area of grass beds at this time. research to develop performance stan- tect the quality of the environment. These beds also are expected to decline dards, the guidelines lend themselves Looking first at the preservation and as land developmei,t impact continues as to this application readily and some conservation areas (areas needing pro- discussed in Chapter 111, Development/ suggestions for standards are contain- tection from any development and areas Resource Problems. However, over the ed in the guidelines. where development should procede with long run, extensive reduction of these Environmentally significant resources caution) in the region the report then beds is not expected as initial adverse ef- were inventoried and the consequences analyzes these resources in terms of pre- fects settle out and some beds reestablish. An n1poitant factor in the ieestablish- logical integrity of the region. They pro- The parks in the region, although ex- ment of grass beds is the rninii*zation of vide buffers for preservation areas arid re- tensive and well used, are a large reser- v@,atei tL11bidity. If this is not controlled, quite special precautions when being con- voir of untapped recreational resources. reestablishment potential is reduced. veited to other uses. The precautions A surprising percentage of the park land The giass beds Support an activesport are needed to avoid direct or indirect owned is not developed for human use. fishing industry, arid serve as an irnpoi- consequences harmful to public health, In many cases these lands are desirable tant link in the ecological food chain. safety arid welfare. Table 1.2 summar- for wildlife purposes, but many areas The beds ate commonly clorninated by izes the extent of lands in this category. that can offer excellent recreational val- tUrtle giass arid are oric of the most pro- The 709,740 acres, or I J 09 square ues have not reached their potential. CILICtive habitats known. Cuban shoal miles of land reflected in the table, repre- Marginal lands within the region offer weed arid manatee giass are also common- sents 31 per cent of the region's land too much of a diversified pattern for dis- ly found in the region. area and only two per cent of Florida's cussion on a regional basis beyond gen- Fieshwater swamps in the region still total land areas. eral observations. For the most part, face the peril of destruction from land The hurricane flood zone is undergo- marginal lands in the coastal zone are, or development. Those areas closest to ur- ing the majority of intensive land use will be, at some stage in the development banization and the coastline face the changes throughout the region. The crit- process in the next three to five years. greatest threat. D uring the course of this ical nature of the development in this However, there are definetely exceptions study, a significant area of swamp in zone is reflected in the fact that it repre- within each locale. Development in these northern Pinellas County in the Lake sents only ten per cent of the region but areas is a product of local economics and Tarpon area underwent alteration. A a majority of new construction. The subject to the vagaries of the market. swarnp's prime value and use is both hy- river flood plains in the coastal zone are drological arid ecological. The benefits also undergoing major development. The DEVELOPMENT CONFLICTS to man from preservation of these areas effect of this development in both flood The Tampa Bay Region encompasses relate to water supply protection, the hazard areas is easily seen, especially with 2,255,910 acres, including 37,005 acres sport fishing and hunting industry, and the attendant denuding of stream and of water. The extent of the various land the unique aesthetic values of the areas. coastal margins. uses are shown in Table 1.3. Coastal marshes at present face devel- opment pressures in only southern Pasco TABLE 1.3: EXTENT OF LAND DEVELOPMENT, (August, 1972) County. These areas also play a key role CATEGORY TOTAL AREA % TOTAL DEVELOPED in sustaining the region's ecosystem and (ACRES) REGION AREA % thus the sport fishing and hunting indus- URBAN tr ies. Protection arid enhancement of the Residential 163,038 7.22 55.48 Class I I water areas (water a pproved for Commercial 18,776 .83 6.39 shellfish harvesting) within the region Industrial 12,498 .55 4.25 are particularly important for biological Transportation and Utilities 15,075 .66 5.13 prod uction. Although there are 126,855 Public and Semi-Public 19,197 .85 6.53 acres of Class I I water surface i n the re- Recreation and Open Space 65,235 2.89 22.20 gion, less than half of these are open for Total Urban 293,819 13.02 100% shellfishing. The future urban develop- ment presented in this study indicates that water runoff is a potential problem NON-URBAN in the Sarasota and Manatee county Agriculture and Mining 676,425 29.98 Class I I waters. This can be circumvent- Vacant and Open Range 1-248,661- 55.35 ed and is mentioned only to identify a Total Non-Urban 1,925,086 85.33 potential water degradation source. Inland Water Total 37,005 1.64 CONSERVATION AREAS Regional Totals 2,255,910 100% These areas, while important, are not absolutely critical to maintaining the eco- Forty-three per cent of the total area within the region is currently distributed TABLE 1.2: CONSERVATION CATEGORIES, TAMPA BAY REGION among the various land use activities shown (urban, agriculture, and mining) CATEGORY EXTENT in Table 1.3. By computing the acreage Hurricane Flood Zone 225,679 acres of uses as a function of the current popu- River Flood Plains 36,175 acres lation and employment activity, we can Parks 53,164 acres develop unique cardinal base ratios for Marginal Land 394,702 acres each land use category as shown by ex- --------------- ample in Appendix III, Environmental Total Land 709,738 acres Plan Procedures. 10 TABLE 1.4: EXTENT OF PROJECTED LAND DEVELOPMENT, The net increase in total developed 1975 urban acreage is 66,326 acres or 22,57 per cent per year for the three year per- TOTALAREA % TOTAL DEVELOPED iod 1972-1975. Although as an aggre- CATEGORY (ACRES) REGION AREA %, gate total this seems extreme, it is greater URBAN than the trend analysis carried out by the Florida Division of Forestry and less than Residential 208,806 9.26 57.98 a previous Tampa Bay Regional Planning Commercial 24,420 1.08 6.78 Council analysis. The allocation of this Industrial 15,156 0.67 4.21 acreage is shown in Table 1 .5. Transportation and Utilities 16,174 0.72 4.49 Present Conflicts Public and Semi-Public 24,423 1.08 6.78 Recreation and Open Space 71,166 3.15 19.76 The preservation category is defined ----- ----------- ---------- ---------- as areas that should be protected from Total Urban 360,145 15.96 100% any further development, except in cases of overriding public interest. The con- NON-URBAN servation category is defined as areas Agriculture and Mining 759,886 33.68 (both land and water) that should be de- Vacant and- Open Range 1,098,874 48.71 veloped with extreme caution. In zon- - ------- -------- ing terminology, this would mean low Total Non-Urban 1,858,760 82.39 gross density development with special guidelines. When these two categories Total Inland Water 37,005 1.64 are used in conjunction with existing Regional Totals 2,255,910 100% problems and trends, areas that are en- dangered can be identified. The following presentation is limited TABLE 1.5: LAND DEVELOPMENT PROJECTIONS TO 1975 to a discussion of the regional conflicts that are generated from the market AREA INCREASE IN ACRES growth analysis. A more detailed discus- Pasco County 4,817 sion is presented in each county synop- Pinellas County 27,151 sis. The conflicts of major concern are Hillsborough County 23,332 those generated in the preservation areas. Manatee County 4,965 Of this category, the most extensive con- Sarasota County 6,061 flicts take place in those areas identified Regional Increase 66,326 on the Series One, Preservation Maps in the Atlas. The areas of affected grass beds are generalized from coastal con- The denominators of these ratios are Table 1.4. To measure the impact of al- struction activity. The category showing expressed in terms common to the mea- ternate land management policies upon the least encroachment is that of Select- surement of population growth and eco- projected land use, a corresponding ad- ed Coastal Marshes. Table 1.6 summar- nomic activity such as acres per capita or ;ustment of the base ratio is required. izes the projected aggregate development acres per employee in terms of land use growth for the preservation area based densities. From this point, extrapolation of the base ratio for each land use cate- TABLE 13: CONSERVATION CONFLICTS gory produces the projected land use data. A more detailed explanation of the ACREAGE methodology used is found in Appendix Increase in Conflicts 33,682 111, Environmental Plan Procedures. Present Conflict Area 108,459 The final projected acres for each land -- ----------- use category are predicted on the assump- Total Conflict Areas, 1975 -144,099 tion that land use densities in each cate- Increase for the Period 31.1% gory remain constant, and are shown in on the estimates of growth and its allo- TABLE 1.6: PRESERVATION CONFLICTS cation: ACREAGE The conservation conflicts are by far the most extensive, however, they are of Increase in Conflicts, 1975 4,141 lower priority than the preservation con- Present Conflict, 1972 4,194 flicts. The conservation area has large Total Conflict Areas, 1975 9,500 conflict areas which are estimated to in- increase for the Period, 1972-75 98.7% crease an additional 31 .1 per cent by 1975, this categot y approaches directly those development areas that potentially TABLE 1.8: AGGREGATE INCREASES FOR PERIOD, 1972-1975 The iedUCtiOn results in gross develop- able acres available. Howevet , this gross ACREAGE total inClUdes lands that ShOUld carry spe- Increase in Developed Land 66,326 cial development restrictions, as well as Increase in Conflicts 37,823 lands that need fewei environmental safe- Conflict to Development Ratio .57 guards. To determine total land that re- quires no special development guidelines, the gross total is reduced by the amount TABLE 1.9: PROJECTED AGGREGATE DEVELOPMENT INCREASE, of net conservation land that exists. The TAMPA BAY REGION, 1972-1975 results are net land suitable for develop- 1972 1975 ment without special restrictions, shown CATEGORY ACREAGE ACREAGE INCREASE in Table 1 .10. Total Developed Land and Increase 293,819 360,145 22.57% Economic Effect of Preserving the Land Total Conflict Areas and Increase 112,653 153,599 36.35% The amount of land in the preserva- Conflicts to Total Development 38.34% 42,65% tion category that has been listed amounts to 163,969 acres. This is a significant per- enclangei life and property from flood The effect of these conflict problems centage of the total (2,255,910 acres), hazaid. Table 1.7 summarizes the aggre- are most noticable on the pro-ecological approximately 7.3 per cent of the region, gate development growth for the conser- side of the environmental debate. The significant enough to generate a discussion vation zone based on estimates of growth alteration of habitat on land and water on preservation and its economic impact, and its allocation: will have both short and long term ef- The question addressed is what effect In total, the intensive land develop- fects. The short term effects are primar- would the removal of all the preservation ment estimated to take place in the re- ily water based, but even here long term land in the coastal zone have on the re- gion will place a severe stress on the en- alteration will have a consequence. Long gional economy? vitonmental resources addressed in this term alteration will result primarily from The supply of land is of course fixed overland runoff and water turbidity prob- and the amount of vacant land available report. On the aggregate, for every ten lems. These effects are discussed in more is reduced with every development. Fur- acres developed in the three year period detail in the county synopses. ther, as the supply decreases, there is a almost six acres will be in conflict with price movement upwards and additional- the criteria of the Coastal Coordinating Development Suitability Analysis ly a corresponding shift to an increase in Council. The vast majority will be con- demand as land consumers realize the servation conflicts. Table 1.8 summar- The following land availability calcu- scarcity situation. izes the estimated effects of land devel- lations estimate the land suitable for de- The effect of removing this land from opment in preservation and conservation velopment in the Tampa Bay Region. availability encourages the normal market areas: The preservation category includes areas situation. The effects of the chain of Research indicates that the coming of aquatic grass beds, and Class I I waters. events that occurs is also interesting in the period, 1972-1975 is most crucial in By reducing the preservation total (both land development sense. The greatest de- terms of land development and the en- land and water) by these water areas, a mand pressure for land is from the in- vironment. Considering the total devel- preservation land total results. For both creasing population, largely from in-mig- opment in the region, this three year in- preservation and conservation categor- ration of retirees or persons on fixed in- crease in development will cause a 42.65 ies, the net amount results from reducing per cent increase in resource conflicts the land total by the existing conflicts comes. With the demand pressures these for the period. Overall development con- total for a net available amount. This people generate, the price of land increases. flicts will increase 36.35 per cent in the preservation land is removed from the This brings a general increase in the cost of development. This development cost region, these comparisons are shown in availability total due to the need to pro- applies to both commercial and retail Table 1.9: tect these lands for environmental reasons. properties. As the f i xed development costs. TABLE 1.10: LAND SUITABLE FOR DEVELOPMENT, in these sectors increase, the amount of TAMPA BAY REGION, 1972 overhead cost per product increases. The businessman maintains a reasonable mar- DESCRIPTION ACRES gin on the products he sells for his liveli- Undeveloped Area 1,962,019 hood, therefore, prices increase. As this spiral increases, the labor pool moves into Inland Water Area (37,005) ---- ........ the more lucrative job markets. There is Undeveloped Land Area 1,925,014 then an adjustment in incomes, particu- Net Preservation Land (157,849) larly if the product sales are limited to the -- -------------- Gross Developable Land 1,767,165 local market. This highly simplistic ex- Net Conservation Land --(601- 261-) ample mirrors the current trends in the Net Land Suitable for Development Tampa Bay Region. However, those on Without Special Restrictions 1,165,904 fixed incomes are inadvertently pricing themselves out of the market. Add to 12 this the problem of discouraging indus- tems. The potential for successful land roany operational problems. Standardi- trial development from speculative land and water management is greatest in zation of these criteria is the most pro- costs and the relatively low unemploy- those areas as yet undeveloped. As was fessionally defensible method of gather- ment (indicating a small available supply pointed out in the Tampa Bay Regional ing and analyzing the data in an objec- to tap), and diversification of the popu- Planning Council's Shoreline Resource tive sense. lation base is discouraged. Development Study, once thousands of To avoid potential conflicts, a set of These trends lead to the financial push people have made an area their home, guidelines for development in certain for high density development for more ef- the cost of corrective change is prohibi . areas is needed. These guidelines will not ficient capital resource use. Intensive use tl.ve. Furthermore, without drastic ac- completely prevent conflicts, but they of resources is the only thing that can tl.on the likelihood of such change being will allow the protection of the signifi- force costs to remain in line, relative to considered is almost n i/. Theaboveem- cant resource factors in each site condi- nationa I costs. This is pri mari ly d ue to phasis is also found in Section five of the tion. an upward spiral in land costs resulting act. The areas of critical state concern Precedents for environmental safe- from the demand pressures of in-migra- are described and the burden of keeping guards were set by the National Environ- tion. them undeveloped or developing them mental Policy Act, the Clean Air Act, and Another effect of this encouragement within specific guidelines is placed on the more recently by the National Coastal of the normal market process is that it various local governments. Zone Management Act of 1972. There- may help stabilize growth. As land de- Section six of the act is concerned fore, a set of guidelines for development velopment costs and the costs of atten- with developments of regional impact. standards to protect regionally signifi- dant services continue to rise, the market This section is perhaps more comprehen- cant natural resources rests on reasonably becomes less and less attractive. The sive from the development standpoint, firm ground. long run effect of the process results in whereas Section five is more concerned Statement of Priorities an easing of demand. This less intensive with environmentally endangered lands. The guidelines presented relate to the demand is the result of a very long run This report is focused on research that Tampa Bay Region, already identified as process, however, and its effect in rela- can develop operational techniques for an area with intense stresses and problems. tion to this study is negligible. Section five of the act, and is limited to These guidelines are presented only on a The effect of restrictions on methods physical environmental issues in the de- regional basis and are limited to the re- of development as suggested by develop- lineation of critical environmental areas. stricted development areas shown in the ment guidelines has an effect similar to The study emphasis is on environmen- Series Three Maps in the Atlas. Further, the preservation discussion. However, tal constraints on growth and develop- these guidelines pertain to those areas these effects will appear far more slowly ment in the Tampa Bay Region and is previously identified in the future con- and over a longer time span, consistent with the intent of the 1972 flict analysis. . One may conclude from this simplis- a ct. The most stringent restrictions and the tic discussion that land zoning policies However, even within this limited highest priority for protection should fall that are environmentally responsive may framework, there are a multitude of op- on those areas depicted on the Series One, be achieved by using gross density figures erational problems that must be over- Preservation Maps in the Atlas. Those for zoning decisions. The gross density come. Major among these are: what in- categories identified in the conflict anal- approach associated with Planned Unit . clicators can demonstrate than an area is ysis and discussed here include: Marine Developments (PUD) allows for a maxi- environmentally endangered by future Grass Beds, Selected Coastal Mangrove, mization of efficiency in land use and can development; where are areas that are Selected Coastal Marsh, Selected Fresh- be environmentally responsive. This feasible to preserve; which methods are water Swamps and Marshes, Class 11 approach would make current densities technically and professionally feasible Water Areas and Beaches and Dunes. more attractive. For example, using the and defendable, how is local support and These areas within the region's preserva- gross density approach, assume that a de- advice useful and finally, when is this the tion classification will bear the brunt of veloper has a ten acre site he can develop. best time to solicit this advice? Local the anticipated development conflicts. He develops a portion of his land intense- public input is advisable to help generate Therefore, the six classifications should ly and has maintained the overall gross interest and support for pending envir- have the highest priority in guidelinesfor density. In effect, he has preserved a onmental programs. However, the de- development. large natural open space. To use this ap- tails of strategic public involvement must The next priority item for guide] -in e proach, however, will require more in- proceed carefully to allay confusion or discussion are the conservation conflicts. formed and environmentally responsive frustration and subsequent distrust. The conflict problems are greatest in the development than is now evident in the The criteria for the indicators were flood hazard areas and on marginal lands. region. developed from work with natural re- The preliminary guideline recommenda- sources, ecological communities, aesthet- tions are limited to these two categories. RECOMMENDED GUIDELINES FOR ics soil suitability mechanics and develop- The final set of priorities relate to de- CONFLICT MINIMIZATION ment potential. This integrative approach velopment in general, and are discussed The Florida Environmental Land and can offer the most comprehensive meth- as generic development types, The dis- Water Management Act of 197Z is con- od of systematically identifying and cat- cussion is not exhaustive but relates to cerned with the environmental effects of aloging a wide variety of information in- significant development concerns within land development and urban support sys.- puts, and this is a key factor in clarifying the region. 13 Priority One: Preservation Guidelines preserved. Marsh and mangrove areas their areas of jurisdiction abide by the Oa@ine Grass Beds, Marsh, Mangrove should be placed off-limits to devel- setback law. opment that would significantly alter Areas, and Class // Water their character. Those shoal areas within the terrestial f. Where removal or destruction of grass- Guidelines euphotic zone are a major source of -ma- es or vegetation is anticipated, a pro- a. No new construction should be allow- rine productivity. The preservation and gram of reseeding or reforestation ed that would threaten the stability of enhancement of these areas are impor- should be required as a part of the re- either the primary dunes or the beach tant factors in this regard, and further up view process. itself. All construction should be re- the food chain they support extensive stricted to areas landward of the pri- terrestial wildlife groups and sport indus- Freshwater Swamps and Marshes mary dune line. tries. Guidelines b, In areas where dunes are being eroded, Guidelines a. The requirements for protection and local governments should encourage a. Grass beds should remain undisturbed. preservation as noted in the first set and support dune stabilization projects, The only exception allowed is where of guidelines should be utilized where preferably utilizing vegetation as the overriding public interest is proven. the protective measures of marine stabilizing medium. Local govern- b. Upland and coastal margin construc- areas apply to freshwater areas. ments should pursue programs that tion activity should be buffered from b. The protection of surface water will guarantee adequate public access the area of influence on the grassbeds. through drainage into and out of the to the beaches. Motorized vehicles This activity can adversely affect swamp proper must be controlled and should be prohibited from operating water quality, particularly creating buffered in a site undergoing develop- on primary dunes except in emergency. water turbidity. Turbidity decreases ment. This protection is needed to the production capabilities of the beds minimize adverse effects on surround- Priority Two: Conservation Guidelines by interrupting the photosynthetic ing vegetation and wildlife by the im- Development restriction is reflected processes. The existing performance pact of unnatural water system changes. in the Series Two, Conservation Maps. standards for turbidity should be en- c. The encouragement of using gross den- Again the guideline discussion is limited forced for upland construction activi- sity limitations rather than the more to areas that reflect extensive conflicts ty to prevent degradation of adjacent common net or lot densities should be for the future. waters. A buffer should control over- stressed. The use of gross density zon- The Hurricane and River Flood Zones land runoff siltation through berms, ing allows more efficient use of the dams or dikes to be determined from available land through more open Guidelines natural site conditions. space areas, centralization of facilities a. The construction requirements of the Runoff into the adjoining water and services and minimum impact on National Flood Insurance Program body during and after project comple- the natural conditions of the site. should be adapted into a state-recog- tion should not exceed the previous Three categories, Grass Beds, Man- nized building code, The Southern amount of natural runoff, with limi- grove and Marsh Areas, are facing the Building Code now recognized in Flor- tations set on runoff content, i.e., sus- most extensive alteration throughout the ida sets very lenient minimum con- pended solids, etc. region. The plight of swamp regimes is struction standards; a more respon- c. If marine activity, docks, wharfs, etc., just emerging, and if the projection tech- sive code for the state should be de- and increased pleasure boating are nique used in the conflict analysis were veloped. anticipated, existing grass beds and extended to 1980, the conflict with b. Vegetation is particularly important coastal margins (border areas where swamp development might become more in these areas. Vegetation acts as a land and water meet) should be buf- evident. natural buffer for both drainage and fered from these areas. The activity flood impact on human settlement. should be limited to protected areas Minimization of ground cover removal and such areas should not interrupt or Beaches and Dunes as well as the overstory protection degrade the existing natural tidal flow. These areas, in addition to being very now afforded in tree ordinances d. The issuance of environmental protec- important recreational resources, consti- should be emphasized. The adoption tion performance bonds should be in- tute natural shoreline protection features. of regional tree ordinances would also vestigated for these areas. This is a Under Chapter 161.053, F.S., all con- enable better protection for areas common practice for the protection of struction seaward of the coastal construc- either not having or unable to enforce capital resources and should be inves- tion setback line (50 feet inland from tree ordinances. tigated as a requirement for natural Mean High Water (MHW) unless other- c. Based on drainage basin patterns, de- resource protection. wise established through consideration velopment taking place in the flood e. In the case of vegetation in the coast- of natural beach processes) must receive plain areas should include statements al margin, development should be lim- a permit from the Bureau of Beaches and on the adequacy of support systems ited to the extent that the character Shores. Local governments through their (storm and septic sewers, transporta- and function of this vegetation re- building permit systems, have the most tion routes and public facilities) to mains intact. Distinctive vegetation effective means of detection violations preclude external problems on the sur- features should be both buffered and and should assure that projects within rounding areas. 14 d .Any development in the hurricane d. Development that does occur in mar- Industries linked to them but not re- flood zone which would unnecessari- ginal lands should utilize central sew- quiring waterfront should be located ly jeopardize human life or economic age collection and treatment facilities. away from the shoreline. welfare of the area should be discour- e. Special care should be taken to mini- c. To reduce shoreline pressure that wi )I aged, unless properly protected. mize environmental impact of land- develop for industries hot requiring e. All residential construction in the hur- scape modification in marginal lands. waterfront sites, freeways and rail- ricane flood zone should have ground- Priority Three: Urbanization Guidelines roads in upland locations should be encouraged, with sites near these trans- floor elevations above the level subject The scope of these urban development portation links reserved for industries to flooding or flood proofed by the guidelines is limited to generic develop- requiring the combination of rail and statistical 100-year hurricane. ment types. f ree way. f .All construction in the hurricane flood Ports and Wa ter- Related Industry Transportation zone should be storm proof and flood Construction of transportation routes proof against a statistical 100-year Ports and water related industries are storm. basic activities upon which many other and utilities generally anticipates project- g. All high intensity development in the segments of the economy depend. Ef- ed needs for the foreseeable future, and, hurricane flood zone should be ser- ficiency and economy usually dictate direct ecological effects are now being viced by central sewer systems. Sep- that the various secondary industries de- considered although this has not been the tic tanks should not be allowed in re- pendent upon primary industries should case in many past projects. But it is ap- sidential subdivisions or other high locate close to them. This restraint re- parent to many that consideration of intensity use areas of the hurricane duces the cost to the public of added ser- direct effects by themselves, is not enough. flood zone. Sewage treatment plants, vices such as roads and reduces product Second and third order effects must also industrial holding ponds or other po- co St. be considered. tential pollution facilities should not Unfortunately, Tampa's ports have Realizing this, it becomes evident that be constructed in the hurricane flood been hampered by unfavorable physical in many cases properly analyzed and plan- zone. If alternate locations inland are conditions and encroachment of urban ned projects can be an effective tool for not available, special hurricane flood- activities into adjacent areas. These fac- guiding future development toward more ing precautions should be taken in the tors make port and industrial expansion, favorable end products. This can ulti- design and construction of the facility. modernization of facilities, or introduc- mately reduce undesirable second and tion of new industries extremely difficult. third order consequences such as pollu- Marginal Lands As a result, the port faces the unpleasant tion from development, flooding prob- Guidelines task of overcoming physical restrictions lems, high maintenance costs for local on development as well as serious con- government and long-term destruction of a. By definition (see Glossary) marginal f licts with urban activities. In some natural resources. lands are typified by poor drainage, cases facilities may be relocated to more Guidelines susceptability to flooding and soils favorable areas where expansions and a. Major highways, freeways and railways having low permeability, high water better efficiency are possible as is desired should be located inland from the table and/or low bearing strength. Al- in the planning and development of Port shore, except in port and heavy indus- though many of these restraints are Manatee. trial areas. checked prior to construction to safe- It has become evident that the ports, b. All new transportation construction guard the building, the restraint on if they are to remain competitive with should attempt to avoid wetlands. flooding susceptability is often check- other ports having more favorable phy- c. In cases where wetlands cannot be ed superficially. Hence, another oc- sical conditions, should explore alterna- avoided, bridging should be used to casion where a state building code tives to traditional methods of cargo the maximum degree possible rather would be useful. The requirement of trans-shipment. It must be realized, that than filling to create road beds. The a general soils report in addition to dredging and filling to some degree is ab- facility should be designed in a man- engineering test borings would bring solutely necessary for efficient port op- ner that does not invite additional fill- surrounding factors into play. eration. But this should not be the only ing of the waterfront for other purposes. b. The vegetation requirements of guide- alternative considered for enlarging and d. Highway corridor analysis in undevel- line b under The Hurricane and River improving port operations. oped areas should consider suitability Flood Zones are recommended to protect the natural balance of factors Guidelines of the adjacent land for urbanization. associated with soil environmental a. Some dredging and filling will be nec- Routing should be designed to guide groups with marginal capabilities. essary to provide for port expansion, growth into favorable areas and away c. Because of the wide range of problems but any permitted fill or dredging from ecologically sensitive areas. In associated with intensive development should be in accord with an overall cases where this is not possible, access of marginal lands, policies of local port development plan designed to should be strictly limited. government should specify extreme minimize any harmful effects. e. Structures over water should be de- caution and very careful site planning b. Land identified for water-related in- signed to allow free flow of water and before intensive development takes dustry should be used by industries not cause excessive shoaling, and pro- place. specifically requiring waterfront sites. vide adequate clearance for commer- 15 cial and pleasure boats. natural vegetation on slopes and along tive planning is stymied, resulting in un- f. Maximum care should be taken to the shoreline. necessary destruction of natural resour- prevent concentrated runoff from b. In areas where temporary removal of ces, hodge-podge development, and gen- roadways from entering adjacent vegetation is necessary during con- eral degradation of living conditions in water bodies. Storm sewers, ditches, struction, replanting should be carried this area. or other drainage systems should not out as soon as feasible. The answer to this problem is not a empty directly into open water. Hold- c. Landscaping around developments halt to all further residential development, ing basins should be created to allow should utilize, where possible, native but rather to allow only development settling of suspended matter and grad- species that are adapted to soil, water, that is well planned and in accordance ual release to open water. All slopes and temperature conditions of the with local government's ability to pro- and road cuts should be stabilized by area. This allows ground cover with- vide and maintain necessary services. vegetation or other means as soon as out introduction of fertilizers, pest- This demands that residential devel- possible in the construction of the icides and other potentially harmful opment be allowed only in those areas facility to prevent unnecessary ero- materials that are often necessary for where physical conditions will not pre- sion. survival of non-indigenous plants. sent future maintenance problems from g. Catwalks and fishing platforms should M .any times native plants can be sal- flooding, inadequate septic tank func- be constructed on new bridges, where vaged before development occurs and tioning, shoreline erosion, etc. It also de- appropriate, to provide recreational later used for landsca lping. mands that timing of development be in use of these structures. phase with expansion of sewer and water h. All tra,nsportation and utilities con- Wetlands Development facilities, building of new roads and struction that involves wetlands or The values associated with Florida's schools, increased police and fire protec- navigable waters should have state ap- wetlands have only recently been recog- tion, recreational facilities, etc. The com- proval. nized by the public. But there is now a mon practice of allowing leap frog sub- i. Maximum retention of natural vegeta- concensus among agencies involved in re- division development will thus have to be tion should be attempted with all source use management that these areas changed to one permitting only orderly, transportation and utilities projects. are one or our most valuable resources. timed development in areas where ser- j. Underground utilities placement should There is also a concensus among these vices can be provided. Unless this is done, be encouraged. agencies as to wetlands sensitivity to the long-term consequences are clear: Removal of lVatural Vegetation alteration particularly by drainage. Ac- urban blight, slums, higher taxes, inade- tivities that have little effect in other lo- quate services, and environmental degra- Natural vegetation serves several im- cations have a wide range of effects in dation. portant functions in the region. Among wetlands areas. these are the following: provision of Guidelines Guidelines habitat for various important animal and a. Residential subdivisions should not be bird species; air purification; noise reduc- a. Wetlands should be avoided by all de- permitted in areas where local govern- tion; retardation of runoff and retention velopment if possible. ment will inherit unnecessary mainte- of soil moisture; prevention of shoreline b. Any development that does occur in nance problems from the developer. erosion; buffering of storm surges; pre- wetlands areas should take special b. The costs for roads, sidewalks, water vention of wind erosion; utilization of care to avoid unnecessary ecological and sewer lines, and storm sewers with- excess nutrients; and filtration of sedi- or hydrological damage to the area. in residential subdivisions should be ments and pollutants which may enclan- borne by the developer. Project ac- ger water quality in adjacent areas. This Residential Development ceptance by local government should guideline refers to those areas not cover- Residential development has probab:ly occur only if rigid construction stan- ed in the Priority One and Two Guide- had more impact on the region's land- dards are met. lines. Thus, it is apparent that worthless scape than has any other single type of c. Local governments should develop vegetation that poses a hinderance to de- development. The prospect of continued long-range plans for guiding residential velopment may actually be serving a rapid population increase, primarily from subdivision development into areas more important function in preserving in-migration, suggests that this situation suitable for development. environmental quality. will continue. With new residents come d. Subdivision regulations should be per- The importance of preventing unnec- demands for services such as schools, po- formance oriented rather than means essary ground clearing cannot be over- lice and fire protection, water supplies, oriented if possible to allow flexibility stressed, particularly in shoreline areas sewage treatment, electricity, road main- in the techniques used to achieve de- and on slopes. Retention of as much tenance, etc. New residents arrive ex- sired goals of local government. natural vegetation as possible will aid con- pecting to have these services already e. Residential subdivisions should be siderably in protecting water quality, marine productivity, and living condi- available, but in rapidly growing areas, planned in accordance with natural this is seldom the case. The result is of- characteristics of the land rather than tions in the coastal zone. ten deficit spending to provide the ser- simply laying out a grid pattern that Guidelines vices, rapidly increasing taxes, and/or an ignores slope, elevation, drainage pat- a. Development should preserve as per- absence of adequate facilities and services. terns, natural vegetation, and accessi- manent open space, buffer zones of This can create a situation where effec- bility. 16 f. Maximum retention of green areas and e. Proposed developments, especially in c. Clear-cutting should not be employed open space should be encouraged, with the coastal zone 'should be analyzed in areas adjacent to water bodies. density and setbacks being controlled carefully by local governments to de- d. Any trees felled into streams or other by utilization of the planned unit de- termine their impact on existing solid bodies should be removed before log- velopment concept, where possible. waste management programs. ging operations are completed. g. Runoff from streets and yards should f. New techniques of solid waste dispo- e. Clear-cutting should not be employed be carefully controlled to prevent sal are constantly under investigation. on slopes where erosion may be in- flooding in adjacent areas or pollution Incineration, separation and recycling, duced. of water bodies. Catchment basins grinding, development of new equip- f. Replanting should occur as rapidly as should be constructed at storm sewer ment for landfill use - all of these are possible after logging operations have outfalls to prevent silt and other pol- under investigation and some are actu- been completed. lutants from entering water areas. ally being successfully used. Many of g. Where important game animal habi- Solid Waste Disposal - Sanitary Landfill the new techniques are too expensive tats exist, selective cutting and sustain- Sites for widespread utilization, and many ed yield techniques should be employ- have not yet been approved by health ed as much as possible. Solid waste problems in the region, authorities. Responsible governmen- h. Controlled burning- in compliance with especially in the coastal zone, are becom- tal bodies trying to deal with solid pollution control regulations is encour- ing increasingly complex. Each person waste disposal should always keep a- aged to prevent fire hazard buildup and in Florida now generates about five ware of new technology in the field, to facilitate growth of annual plants pounds of solid waste per day. By 1990, but should contact the Solid Waste as food for game birds and animals. it is anticipated that the per capita gen- Planning Section of the Department of eration of solid waste could reach up to Pollution Control for their approval Amenities, Aesthetics and Design' 12 pounds a day, more than double the before making any purchase or adopt- Amenities and aesthetics include al- present amount. If present trends con- ing any new techniques. most all characteristics of natural and tinue, by the year 2000 generation of Forest Management Practices man-made components of the landscape. solid waste in Florida's coastal zone will (Landscape encompasses land, streams, exceed 75,000 tons per day or over 27 Timber production is an extensive estuaries, and bays; offshore waters of the million tons per year. This would cover land use, with very low profit per unit Gulf of Mexico or Atlantic Ocean, and a road 25 feet wide from Tallahassee to of production and long time periods re- air and sky quality). While aesthetics re- Miami to a height of 50 feet! quired for realization of profits. For this fer primarily to scenic or perceived qual- The problems associated with dispo- reason, modern timber management has ities and amenities involve the use of sal of such massive quantities of material tended toward utilization of faster grow- components of the landscape for recrea- are compounded by concentration in a ing species of trees with more trees per tion, recreational access, property enhan- relatively small portion of the state's land acre. The practice of clear-cutting and cement, and other environ'mental bene- area and the increasing scarcity of suit- replanting of solid stands of single species fits, the two terms are closely allied and able disposal sites. If we are to prevent trees has become widespread and ecologi- should be considered integral for manage- water pollution, habitat destruction, cal and aesthetic values have, in some ment purposes. From the point of view health problems, loss of aesthetics, and cases, been threatened. of environmental quality, amenities and depressed real estate values and unneces- Florida's recently enacted Greenbelt aesthetics can be interpreted to mean sary public expense brought about by Law, offering tax advantages to agricul- qualities than enhance man's esteem of improper solid waste management, it is tured land in and around urban areas, re- mandatory that long-range solid waste lieves some of the pressure for realizing an area. management programs are implemented. maximum possible profits from forest With growing public concern for en- Guidelines lands and makes such practices as selec- vironmental quality, it can be safely tive cutting and multiple use more attrac- stated that public esteem of the amenities a. Every municipality and county govern- tive to timber interests. There are certain and aesthetics of any particular area may ment should conduct a coordinated other techniques that can be employed potentially enhance or downgrade social solid waste management program. to lessen the harmful effects of timber and economic well-being within the area. b. All open dumps should be closed, con- production and harvesting, and these A comprehensive assessment of the verted to sanitary landfill operations should be used as much as possible. coastal and inland landscape, its biotic or employ other approved methods and non-biotic resources, and the activi- of disposal. Guidelines ties which man may arrange among them c. Selection and operation of sanitary a. Because vegetation diversity is the key is a necessary step toward long-term re- landfills should be in accordancewith to having productive animal habitat, source management and securing maxi- a long-term plan. selected areas of swamp, hardwoods, mum public benefits, many of which are d. Appropriate agencies of local govern- or other low value timberland should very difficult to quantify in absolute ment should utilize the available tal- be kept undisturbed as often as possi- terms. ents and assistance offered by the ble. Techniques are now available for mak- Solid Waste Planning Section of the b. Drainage corridors and streams should ing a systematic assessment of the rela- Florida Department of Pollution Con- not be interrupted by tree planting or tive aesthetic values of various compon- trol. logging operations. ents of a given area's landscape. Also 17 available are techniques for maximizing h. Secondary or collector road construc- A site is not included if it is currently aesthetic values in the development of tion through forested areas should in a predominately developed area or is an area. Research into this topic indi- preserve as many trees along the right- partially destroyed. Any site which is cates that many landscape components of-way as possible. not substantial enough to warrant preser- of high aesthetic value also have very high i. Building heights along the waterfront vation for cultural, historical or recrea- ecological value and very low develop- should be restricted to prevent devel- tional purposes is not included. The list- ment suitability. Many other aesthetical- opment from creating concrete bar- ing of sites, by county, is found in Appen- ly valuable areas are also well suited to riers to the waterfront. Construction dix W, Historical and Archeological Sites. development if proper design techniques of condominiums and other high-rise are utilized. The often complementary structures should be restricted to areas PASCO COUNTY ENVIRONMENTAL nature of aesthetic and ecological values away from the shoreline. SYNOPSIS gives additional support to the concept j. The indiscriminate use of off-premise Pasco County is the fastest growing of trying to maximize the public benefits commercial advertising signs and bill- county in the region and the county's of development through careful analysis boards which create a negative aesthe- primary growth is localized in the coastal of, and design in accordance with, phys- tic effect should be prevented. zone. Industrial expansion is almost non- ical characteristics of the landscape. existent. Primarily an agrarian economy Guidelines County Environmental Synopses prior to 1960, a major change took place a. The identification and assessment of This summary section provides a more at that time that gives Pasco a pre-emi- aesthetic and amenity values and the detailed look at each individual county. nence as the most rapidly growing coun- formulation of plans for maximizing The observations and approach for the ty in the state. The change was a move- these values should be a viable part of counties are similar to those used for the ment to a retiree market evidenced by the local planning programs. regional evaluation. A short economic county having the oldest median age in b. Maximum efforts should be made to synopsis for the county is presented the region in 1970, while having the provide, enhance, and preserve scenic touching on the highlights that define fourth oldest median age of the counties views of the water. Vista points should the particular character of the county. in 1960. be included in local plans. Following this, the environmental descrip- The large influx of older people and c. Proposed development should be re- tions of each county are presented in- persons on fixed incomeswith minimal stricted from blocking scenic views cluding the description of preservation mobility makes the coastal zone in Pasco unless there is an overriding public and conservation areas, the present con- County a financially captive market. The interest. f lict areas, the unrestricted land develop- result of this activity mirrors the regional d. To maximize the attractiveness of a ment suitability analysis for 1972, and land market price description. The mar- setting for dwellings, development finally a projection of the potential ket conditions in themselves may slow de- should display principles of good de- growth for the 1972-1975 period. The velopment in the coastal zone through sign. Subdivision layouts should be growth analysis is presented in the light cost increases. developed in proper relation to exist- of what future conflicts or critical envir- ing and other proposed developments, onmental areas are anticipated. The con- Preservation Areas the topography, surface water, vegeta- flicts are analyzed for the 1972-1975 At present, the preservation category tion cover, and other natural features. period only, and also as a cumulative remains reasonably intact in Pasco Coun- Compatibility of appearance as well total of development to date. ty with a total of 80,879 acres of preser- as compatibility of use is desirable; Finally, a general assessment of what vation area, including land and water. this means harmony, not necessarily the impact of this growth will have on This includes 69,503 acres of land area, uniformity. the physical environmental factors is ad- which encompasses 14 per rcent of the e. To conserve natural landscape, the dressed. This discussion is limited to en- county and over 42 per cent of the total cluster development or planned unit vironmental degradation trend analysis preservation land areas of the region. The development is advantageous. Such de- for each county and will highlight major Pasco County beach area is below the velopment should be used to preserve modifications of the existing regime. minimum reporting size for this report. certain open space, especially along In selectingthose historical and/or Table 1 .11 summarizes the preserva- the shoreline, by legal means that will archeological sites which are included in tion areas shown in Figure 1.1 and on guarantee its remaining open space in the preservation areas, several criteria Series One, Preservation Map of Pasco perpetuity. were considered: County. f. All but the smallest waterfront sub- 1. The site is of major historical conse- division should be required by local quence. Conservation Areas authorities to provide pedestrian ac- 2. The site is designated in the National The conservation areas in Pasco Coun- cess to the water. Such access should Register of Historic Places. ty encompass 187,757 acres. This a- be wide enough to permit hedges or 3. The site is of major archeological sig- mounts to 38 per cent of the county and other landscaping on both sides, for n if icance. almost 27 per cent of the region's total both privacy and aesthetic appeal. 4. The site is currently undisturbed by conservation areas. The majority, 79 per g. The placing of utilities underground surrounding development. cent of conservation land, is in the mar- has definite aesthetic benefits and 5. The chance for preservation of the ginal land category. As shown in Figure should be encouraged. site is feasible or already underway. 1.2 and Series Two, Conservation Map 18 TABLE 1.11: PRESERVATION AREAS, PASCO COUNTY, 1972 Suitability Analysis This county conflict acreage amounts CATEGORY ACREAGE to 16 per cent of the county's developed Beaches Negligible land, but only four per cent of the total Freshwater Swamps 65,048 regional environmental conflict areas. Aquatic Grasses 11,376 The areas remaining that are suitable for Coastal Mangrove 600 development in gross acreage are sum- Coastal Marshes 3,855 marized in Table 1 .14 and their extent Class 11 Waters 0- is shown in Figure 1.3 and in the Series Total 80,879 Three, Composite Development Map 11. As explained in the regional analysis, the Total Land Area Only 69,503 total area is reduced by various restric- Historical /Archeological Sites 6 tions and results in making the total area available for development without spec- ial restrictions. TABLE 1.12: CONSERVATION AREAS, PASCO COUNTY, 1972 Projection Although close to 39 per cent of the CATEGORY ACREAGE undeveloped land in the county is suit- Flood Zone 25,645 able for development, most of the devel- River Flood Plains 5,056 opment that is anticipated wil I create Parks 7,496 some conflicts. The market growth cal- Marginal Land 149,560- culations for Pasco County indicate an Total 187,757 additional 4,817 acres will be al .tered for development through 1975. The allocation of this acreage when in the Atlas, the majority of this area is applied to the U.S. Bureau of the Census' in southern Pasco. These soils are all Conf I ict Areas Minor Civil Divisions (MCD's) indicates nearly level, poorly to very poorly drain- The totals for each zone are based on approximately 2,423 acres of this addi- ed that are either sandy or sand over clay natural conditions prior to development. tion will generate environmental con- on broad flats,and narrow upland ridges The development that has taken place f licts of varying degrees. The analysis interspersed with swamps and sloughs. encroaches on areas within each category. indicates that almost one out of every Table 1.12 summarizes the data shown Table 1.13 summarizes these develop- two acres developed will generate envir- in the Conservation Maps, Figure 1.2 or ment conflicts for each category; they onmental conflicts or become areas of Series Two, Conservation Map in the At- are shown in Figure 1.3 and in Series critical environmental concern. las. Three, Map 11 in the Atlas. The following calculations for each zone are the basis of Table 1.16 which TABLE 1.13: DEVELOPMENT CONFLICTS, PASCO COUNTY, 1972 is based solely on the estimated growth potential for the county through 1975, ACREAGE and the allocations by MCD's. -By far, Preservation Conflict 468 the conservation conflicts show the Conservation Conflict 4,392 greatest increase. ----- This analysis further indicates that Total Conflict Acreage 4,860 the anticipated changes will increase de- veloped land in the county by 16 per cent and simultaneously increase the to- TABLE 1.14: LAND SUITABLE FOR DEVELOPMENT, tal conflicts by 50 per cent. This data is PASCO COUNTY, 1972 summarized in Table 1.17. General Impact Analysis CATEGORY ACREAGE The effects of these conflicts can be Undeveloped Area 464,451 assessed only in gener 'al trends at this Inland Water Area (12,537) stage. Site analysis is still the only defin- -------------- itive approach, but as an overall indica- Undeveloped Land Area 451,914 tor certain tentative conclusions may be Net Preservation Land -(69,503) drawn. Gross Developable Land 382,411 If the general trend of development Net Conservation Land (183,365) that Pasco County has shown continues, -------------- Net Land Suitable for Development the major problems anticipated are hu- Without Special Restrictions 199,046 man rather than environmenta I for the study period. 19 TABLE 1.15: FUTURE DEVELOPMENT CONFLICTS, 1972-1975 PINELLAS COUNTY ENVIRONMENTAL SYNOPSIS ACREAGE Pinellas is the smallest and most dense- Increase in Developed Land 4,817 ly populated county in the region. In Increase in Conflicts 2,423 growth rate, the county ranks third in the Conflict to Development Ratio .503 region. The trend toward service related industries for tourism and retirees is well established. Presently based on a retiree TABLE 1.16: FUTURE DEVELOPMENT CONFLICTS BY ZONE, market, the Pinellas economy is moving 1972-1975 toward diversification. While having the oldest median population in 1960 in the ACREAGE region, the county is becoming slightly PRESERVATION AREAS younger and now ranks fourth in the re- Increase in Conflicts 404 gion in maximum median age. Present Conflict Area 468 Pinellas County leads the region in --- tourist-related employment, as well as in Total 872 retail trade. Employment in the medical Increase for the Period 86.3% and health services of Pinellas County is greater than the combined total employ- CONSERVATION AREAS ment in that category for the remainder Increase in Conflicts 2,019 of the region, indicating the well estab- Present Conflict Areas 4,392 lished retiree market. ------ To counter the rise in land and devel- Total 6,411 opment costs, the Pinellas developer has Increase for the Period 45.9% started to intensify development. Typ- ified by a sprawl of single family devel- TABLE 1.17: AGGREGATE DEVELOPMENT INCREASES, opment in a relatively small land area, PASCO COUNTY, 1972-1975 the move to higher density development 1972 1975 was a logical necessity in order to avoid CATEGORY ACREAGE ACREAGE INCREASE pressures for residential construction that would price the developer out of his mar- Total Developed Land 29,629 34,336 16.26% ket. The inability of the tax structure Total Conflict Areas 4,860 7,283 49.86% and needed support systems to keep up 1972, Conflict Areas Occur in 16.4% of the Developed Areas with the development demand has placed 1975, Conflict Areas Occur in 21.1% of the Developed Areas Pinellas County in a most perilous en- vironr-nental situation. The habitat, ground cover and wild- three endangered species and two species Preservation Areas life modifications will occur in the whose exact status is presently not cer- The county contains a total of 88,323 pine flatwood areas. The extent of tain. The endangered species are the acres of land and water in the preserva- these areas is shown in Figure 1.14 and southern bald eagle, the Florida panther tion category. The lands, 12,193 acres, in the Series Four, Map 16 in the Atlas. and possibly the American alligator. The that remain today represent seven per For forestry and wildlife values, these species of undetermined status includes cent of the county and seven per cent of areas are lower priority locales. The ex- the American osprey and the wood ibis, the preservation land area left in the re- ception, and a high priority area, is the Although the development is not gion. This total includes 11,375 acres of potential for development in hardwood anticipated on the coastline, it is antici- land area alone. Table 1.18 summarizes forest areas in close proximity to urban- pated in the hurricane flood zone. Of all the preservation sub-'categories shown in izing centers. This habitat is also prime counties in the region, Pasco is the most Figure 1.5 and in the Series One, Map 2 for the Florida indigo snake, one of the critical in this problem. Pasco County in the Atlas. region's endangered species. does not have flood protection ordinances. Conservation Areas In general, the majority of develop- As mentioned, the primary problems of ment is anticipated inland from the development anticipated in Pasco Coun- The conservation areas encompass coastline, minimizing marine dredge and ty concern protection of life and proper- 135,749 acres in Pinellas County. This fill problems. However, dredge and fill ty. is 77 per cent of the county and 19 per problems related to swamp forest groups cent of the regional conservation area. are expected to increase. If the approach The vast majority of this, 52 per cent, is is applied to a longer projection period, in marginal lands. This land is nearly the problem may become more evident. level, moderate to very poor drainage on Should swamp dredge and fill increase, broad flats with lakes, streams, ponds and it could encroach on the habitats of swamps. The land is typified by low rid- 20 FIGURE 1.1 SERIES I PRESERVATION ZONING MAP PASCO COUNTY -N- LEGEND MARINE GRAN M89 SELECTED COASTAL MARSHES G) SELECTED COASTAL MANGROVES SELECTED FRESH WATER SWAMPS HISTORICAL AND ARC*JAEOLOGICAL SITES 10 ----------- /0 87 czzz@ CD .: 13 FIGURE 1.2 SERIES 11 CONSERVATION ZONING MAP PASCO COUNTY ........... .. ... LEGEND HURRICANE FLOOD ZONE RIVER FLOOD PLAINS FOREITRI & GAME MANAGEMENT AREAS 777= FAR- MARGRJAI -NOS ----------- - FIGURE 1.3 SERIES III COMPOSITE DEVELOPMENT MAP PASCO COUNTY -N- LEGEND t :R IE"IATIIICONIIICT ONSERVATION CONFLICT DEVELOPED AREAS POTENTIAL DEVELOINIENT LANDI RESTRICTED DSVEL-INT LAN- goo Fl 11 N 'AW Ole IIA look FIGURE 1.4 SERIES IV WILDLIFENEGETATION ASSOCIATION MAP PASCO COUNTY LEGEND S@AMP FOREST MANGROVE ASSOCtATION HARDWOOD FOREST SAND PINE PINE AND XEROPHYTIC OAKS PINE FLATWOODS GRASSLANDS (PRAIRIE TYPE) CULTIVATE LANO.AGRICULTUR11 COASTAL STRAND DEVELOPED AREA 4h a ges with poorly defined drainageways. TABLE 1.18: PRESERVATION AREAS, PINELLAS COUNTY Table 1.19 summarizes the conserva- tion areas shown in Figure 1.6 and Series CATEGORY ACREAGE Two, Map 7 in the Atlas. Beaches 818 Conflict Areas Freshwater Swamps 6,857 The totals for each category are based Aquatic Grasses 13,750 on natural conditions prior to develop- Coastal Mangrove 4,455 ment. The development that has taken Coastal Marshes 63 place encroaches on areas within each Class 11 Waters 62,380 zone. Table 1.20 summarizes these de- Tota 1 88,323 velopment conflicts for each category Total Land Area Only 12,193 and they are shown in Figure 1.7 and in Historical /Archeological Sites 31 the Series Three, Map 12 in the Atlas. Suitability Analysis This county conflict acreage amounts to over 87 per cent of the developed land in the county and 57 per cent of the re- TABLE 1.19: CONSERVATION AREAS, PINELLAS COUNTY, 1972 gion's environmental conflicts. The areas remaining that are suitable for develop- CATEGORY ACREAGE ment, in gross acreage are summarized in Flood Zone 59,425 Table 1.21 and their extent is shown in River Flood Plains None Figure 1.7 and in the Series Three, Com- Parks 5,901 posite Development Map 12. As explain- Marginal Land 70,468 ed in the regional analysis, the total area is reduced by various restrictions and re- Total 135,749 sults in the total area available for devel- opment without special restrictions. Only 15 per cent of the county that is undeveloped is suitable for develop- ment without special restrictions. With the current development demand, this indicates that future development con- TABLE 1.20: DEVELOPMENT CONFLICTS, PINELLAS COUNTY, flicts are a certainty. 1972 Projection ACREAGE The market growth calculations for Preservation Conflict 0 Pinellas County indicate an additional Conservation Conflict 64,982 27,151 acres will be altered for develop- Total Conflict Acreage 64,982 ment through 1975. The allocation of this acreage applied to the U.S. Bureau of the Census' Minor Civil Divisions (MCD's) indicates approximately 24,407 acres of this addition will generate envir- onmental conflicts of varying degrees. TABLE 1.21: LAND SUITABLE FOR DEVELOPMENT, This indicates that for every ten acres de- PINELLAS COUNTY, 1972 veloped, 8.9 acres will generate conflicts, or become areas of critical environmental CATEGORY ACREAGE concern. Table 1.22 summarizes this data. Undeveloped Area 101,512 Inland Water Area (3,729) ------------- The following calculations show that Undeveloped Land Area 97,783 the major areas of future conflicts are Net Preservation Land -(11,375) in the conservation zone. However, the Gross Developable Land 86,408 greatest change is in the preservation zone Net Conservation Land (70,812) and this emphasizes the need for specia I Net Land Suitable for Development ------------- construction requirements; the data is Without Special Restrictions 15,596 shown in Table 1.23. 25 FIGURE 1.5 SERIES I 41 PRESERVATION ZONING MAP PINELLAS COUNTY Vi0 36 20 40 22 @'V Li --80- ------- - L 9 LEGEND 87 24.1 21 ll.. IT CRASS E.S ,SELECTED COASTAL MARSHES 42 ,SELECTED COASTAL MINGROVES HEACHES AND DUNES SELECTED FRESH -TER SVANPS H STOR CAL AND ARCHAEDLOCICAL SITES BEACH ERGSION CRITICAL REACH EROSION RON CRITICAL 15 26 FIGURE 1.6 SERIES 11 CONSERVATION ZONING MAP PINELLAS COUNTY k . . . . .----- LEGEND PA"@ 27 FIGURE 1.7 SERIES III COMPOSITE DEVELOPMENT MAP PINELLAS COUNTY dp A, 72 A3 1 2 3 Ml LEGEND CONSERVATION CONFLICT DEVELOPED AREAS POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT LAN.S 411 RESTRICTED DEVELOI.CNT LANDS 4% 28 This analysis further indicates that the TABLE 1.22: FUTURE DEVELOPMENT CONFLICT, anticipated changes will increase develop- PINELLAS COUNTY, 1972-1975 ed land in the county by 35.9 per cent and simultaneously increase the total ACREAGE conflicts by 37.6 per cent. This data is Increase in Developed Land 27,151 summarized in Table 1.24. General Impact Analysis Increase in Conflicts 24,407 The effects of conflicts can be assess- Conflict to Development Ratio .899 ed only in general terms at this stage. The discussion is limited to overall en- TABLE1 .23: FUTURE DEVELOPMENT CONFLICTS BY ZONE, vironmental trends and observations 1972-1975 PINELLAS COUNTY throughout the county. The habitat, ground cover, and wild- ACREAGE life modifications will occur in all habi- tats left in the county. This includes PRESERVATION ZONES swamp forest, mangroves, sand pine, Increase in Conflicts 1,460 pine and oak, pine flatwoods, and the Present Conflict Area 0- coastal strand. The extent of these areas Total 1,460 is shown in Figure 1 .8 and in the Series Four, Map 17 in the Atlas. The wildlife Increase for the Period 1460% modifications can potentially affect three endangered species and two rare species CONSERVATION ZONES of wildlife. The following table, Table Increase in Conflicts 22,947 1.25 lists the species and their present Present Conflict Area 64,982 status that can be affected. While the Total 87,929 wildlife list is not exhaustive, it does in- dicate the major species of concern in- Increase for the Period 35.3% digenous to the region. The forestry and wildlife values in- volved are areas of high to medium pri- ority. Furthermore, the vast majority of TABLE 1.24: AGGREGATE DEVELOPMENT INCREASES, future development in Pinellas County PINELLAS COUNTY, 1972-1975 should take place with special environ- 1972 1975 mental restrictions on the development. CATEGORY ACREAGE ACREAGE INCREASE This will allow development, but mini- Total Developed Land 75,628 102,779 35.9% mize the conflicts that are created. The Total Conflict Areas 64,982 89,389 37,6% special restriction areas are shown in - - Series Three, Map 12, Pinellas County. 1972,,Conflict Areas Occur in 85.9% of the Developed Area Drainage alteration and flood prob- 1975, Conflict Areas Occur in 87.0% of the Developed Area lems are also anticipated unless careful design procedures are followed. The talent and technology to avert these prob- TABLE 1.25: SELECTED PINELLAS COUNTY WILDLIFE SPECIES lems exists. The question is, will it be FACING HABITAT MODIFICATIONS used ? BIRDS STATUS Eastern Brown Pelican Endangered Florida Great White Heron Rare Southern Bald Eagle Endangered Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Rare Eastern Reddish Egret Peripheral Roseate Spoonbill Peripheral Short-tailed Hawk Peripheral Florida Mangrove Cuckoo Peripheral Black-Whiskered Vireo Peripheral Wood Ibis Undetermined American Osprey Undetermined RE PTI LES Florida Indigo Snake Endangered 29 FIGURE 1.8 SERIES IV MAP NEGETATION ASSOCIATION WILDLIFE LAS COUNTY PINEL "L@4 LEGEND tO@ SANC, PINE PINE AND @EROP-Mc 0-s PINE '"T-O-OS 11A@L,A'15 tp""'e 'VPe) I 1,IIII-TE LAND COASTAL STRAND DEVELOPED AREAS 30 FIGURE 1.9 SERIES I PRESERVATION ZONING MAP 00 lll@p HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY 0 C3 () op 0-11 10 Q:D v 91 ------------- ---------------- @2 -41 ------------------------------- --- 00 1 1@ 10 74 95 -N- R. LEGEND CLASS I ATE S CLASS 11 WATERS -..'N....SS.E.S SELECTED COASTAL MARSHES --------- ----- ---------- S LECT11 COASTAL MANGROVES ---- ---- BEACHES AND DUNES SELECTED FRESH WATER SWAMPS HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES x FIGURE 1.10 SERIES 11 CONSERVATION ZONING MAP HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY 6P, T- -- -------- ----------------------- LEGEND ACUATIC PRESERVES an HURRICANE FLOOD ZONE RIVER FLOOD PLAINS PARKS MARGINAL LANDS t HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY ENVIRON- TABLE 1.27: CONSERVATION AREAS, HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, MENTALSYNOPSIS 1972 Hillsbol-OLIgh is the largest county in the region and exhibits the most stable CATEGORY ACREAGE growth rate, as well as the most balanced Flood Zone 65,392 one. It is the only County in the region River Flood Plains 4,006 to enjoy a natural increase, which ac- Parks 8,240 counts for 45 per cent of its annual pop- Marginal Land --78,1-1-0- ulation growth. Hillsborou6h's median age has been and still is the lowest in the Total 155,748 region. Today, the county comes closest to matching state and national age trends TABLE 1.28: DEVELOPMENT CONFLICTS, HILLSBOROUGH which makes it unique in the region. COUNTY, 1972 The diversification of the economic base is due primarily to the industrial ACREAGE orientation of the county. Hillsborough Preservation Conflict 3,114 County remains the regional manufactur- Conservation Conflict 28,278 ing center, with total manufacturing em- ............ ployment at 31,666, and the Port of Total Conflict Acreage 31,392 Tampa as a major transportation hub. Wholesale trade in Hillsborough County Conservation Areas ble 1.28 summarizes these development is greater than the combined wholesale In the conservation category, there conflicts for each category and they' are trade activity of the other counties in are 155,748 acres in Hillsborough Coun- shown in Figure 1.11 and in the Series the region. Construction has grown at ty. This is almost 23 per cent of the Three, Map 13 in the Atlas. one of the most stable rates in the region. county and 22 per cent of the regional Suitability Analysis This may result from the county's ap- conservation category. Slightly over 50 parent lack of desire to court the retiree per cent of this total is marginal land. The county conflict acreage amounts market. This land is nearly level to gently sloping to only 28 per cent of the total present environmental conflicts. The increase re- Preservation Areas with moderately to very poorly drained flects the fact that although the county soils. The topography is characterized is the most extensive in the region, devel- The size of the county is reflected by broad flats and coastal plain uplands opment is intensively confined to the throughout the environmental planning to low ridges and poorly defined drain- greater Tampa area. The concentration categories. The county contains 49,528 ageways. Table 1 .27 summarizes the is noticable in that 31 per cent of the de- acres of land and water areas in the pre- extent of the conservation areas shown veloped land in the county is in conflict servation area, with 42,376 acres in land in Figure 1.10 and Series Two, Map 8 in areas. alone. The land area is six per cent of the Atlas. The areas remaining that are suitable the county area and over one-fourth of Conflict Areas for development are summarized in Table the total preservation area in the region. 1.29 and the Series Three, Map 13 in the Table 1.26 summarizes the extent of the The totals for both zones are based on Atlas. As explained in the regional anal- preservation areas and they are shown natural conditions prior to development. ysis, the total area is reduced by various in Figure 1.9, and in Series One, Map 3 The development that has taken place en- restrictions, and results in the land avail- in the Atlas. croaches on areas within each zone. Ta- able for development without special re- strictions. TABLE 1.26: PRESERVATION AREAS, HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, Projection 1972 Almost 70 per cent of the undevel- oped land in the county is suitable for CATEGORY ACREAGE development without special restrictions. Beaches 273 Although this is a major area, develop- Mangroves 4,540 ment trends indicate that conflicts must Coastal Marshes 2,835 be anticipated. Aquatic Grasses 7,425 The market growth calculations for Freshwater Swamps 34,728 Hillsborough County indicate an addi- Class III Waters 46,140 tional 23,332 acres will be altered for de- ---------- velopment through 1975. The allocatlon Total 95,941 of this development when applied to U.S. Total Land 42,376 Bureau of the Census' Minor Civil Divi- Historical /Archeological Sites 26 sions (MCD's) indicates approximately 4,888 acres of this addition will generate environmental conflicts of varying de- 33 FIGURE 1.11 SERIES 111 (3 COMPOSITE DEVELOPMENT MAP HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY IL 4p ------------------- 4@- J 0 LEGEND PRESERVATION CONFLICT CONSERVATION CONFLICT DEVELOPED AREAS POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT IANDI RESTRICTED DEVELOPMENT LANDS - - - - - - - is TABLE 1.20: LAND SUITABLE FOR DEVELOPMENT, grees. The analysis indicates that for HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, 1972 every ten acres of development, tvVo acres will generate conflicts, or become areas CATEGORY ACREAGE of critical environmental concern. This Undeveloped Area 584,256 data is summarized in Table 1.30. Inland Water Area (10,086) The following calculations show that -------------- the major areas of conflicts are in the Undeveloped Land Area 574,170 conservation category. However, the Net Preservation Land (38,989) -------------- greatest change is in the preservation cat- Gross Developable Land 535,181 egory, emphasizing the need for special Net Conservation Land (127,470) construction and development require- Net Land Suitable for Development ments. Without Special Restrictions 407,711 This analysis further indicates that the anticipated changes will increase de- veloped land in the county by 23.3 per cent and simuitaneously increase devel- opment conflicts by 15.6 per cent. This analysis is summarized in Table 1.32. TABLE 1.30: FUTURE DEVELOPMENT CONFLICTS, General Impact Analysis HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, 1972-1975 The effects of these conflicts can be ACREAGE assessed only in general terms at this Increase in Developed Land 23,332 stage. The discussion is limited to over- all environmental trends and observations Increase in Conflicts 4,888 within the coastal zone. Conflict to Development Ratio .210 The habitat, ground cover, and wild- life modifications will occur primarily in the swamp forest, mangrove, pine f lat- woods and pine and oak habitats. The extent of these areas is shown in Figure 1.12 and in the Series' Four, Map 18 in TABLE 1.31: FUTURE DEVELOPMENT CONFLICTS BY ZONE, the Atlas. HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, 1972-1975 The wildlife potentially indigenous to these habitats include three endangered ACREAGE and one rare species. Table 1.33 lists the species, and their present status, that can PRESERVATION ZONES be affecte d. While the list is not exhaus- Increase in Conflicts 1,395 tive it indicates the major species of con- Present Conflict Area 3,114 cern. Total 4,509 The forestry and wildlife values in- Increase for the Period 44.8% volved are within areas of high to med- ium priority. This indicates the need to CONSERVATION ZONES officially formulate and.adopt special Increase in Conflicts 3,493 environmental restrictions on develop- Present Conflict Area 28,278 ment to insure conflicts are minimized. -------- These special restriction areas as defined Total 31,771 in this report are shown in Figure 1.11 Increase for the Period 12.4% and the Series Three, Map 13, Hills- borough County. Much of the area in the Hillsborough TABLE 1.32: AGGREGATE DEVELOPMENT INCREASES, coastal zone is subject to adverse altera- HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, 1972-1975 tion of drainage and this problem is nat- 1972 1975 urally compounded in the flood zones. CATEGORY ACREAGE ACREAGE INCREASE However, based largely on the county's Total Developed .Land 100,234 123,566 23.3% size, topography and concentrated devel- Total Conflict Areas 31,392 36,280 15.6% opment patterns, the overall effect of development during the study period is 1972, Corrf I ict Areas Occur I n 311.3% of the Developed Areas. much less severe than other counties in 1975, Conflict Areas Occur in 29.41/.of the Developed Areas. the region. 35 TABLE 1.33: SELECTED HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY WILDLIFE SPECIES FACING HABITAT MODIFICATIONS STATUS MAMMALS Florida Panther Endangered BIRDS Eastern Brown Pelican Endangered Florida Great White Heron Rare Southern Bald Eagle Endangered Eastern Reddish Egret Peripheral Roseate Spoonbill Peripheral Short-Tailed Hawk Peripheral Florida Mangrove Cuckoo Peripheral Black-Whiskered Vireo Peripheral Wood Ibis Undetermined American Osprey Undetermined REPTI LES Florida Indigo Snake Endangered MANATEE COUNTY ENVIRONMEN- Preservation Areas TAL SYNOPSIS Manatee County has extensive pre- Manatee County is the fourth most servation areas relative to its size. The rapidly growing county in the region and preservation area in Manatee encompasses with an average annual growth rate of 43,303 acres including 14,469 acres of 4.4 per cent ranks fourth in the total land. The preservation land represents population, The economic activity in the nine per cent of the county and 26 per county is diversified, but limited in scale. cent of the region's preservation lands. While per capita income has grown at a Table 1 .34 summarizes the preservation respectable rate, overall economic activ- areas in Manatee County and its extent ity is still well below the regional average. is shown in Figure 1.13 and Series One, A significant increase in construction Map 4 in the Atlas. activity is attributed largely to the current Port Manatee expansion program. How- ever, the county has steadily been grow- ing in residential construction activity and a stable diversified growth trend seems indicated in the Manatee County coastal zone. TABLE 1.34: PRESERVATION AREAS, MANATEE COUNTY, 1972 CATEGORY ACREAGE Beach 262 Mangrove 3,385 Aquatic Grasses 10,934 Freshwater Swamps 9,259 Coastal Marshes 1,563 Class 11 Waters 17,900 Total 43,303 Total Land 14,469 Historical /Archeologica I Sites 20 36 FIGURE 1.12 SERIES IV J, WILDLIFENEGETATION n ASSOCIATION MAP HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY IRP ........ .. . ... gg M -t 1- ol M@ A (1) 22 Z-21, -2 u tnp@o -ki -1 g 2 Rp zgg k - 4 .. . . .... . . ..... ..... . ... . . . 1@a -D N 41 A, . ...... . V. 1 9,25- LEGEND SWAMP FOREST MANGROVE ASSOCIATION HARD 001 FOREST SAND FINE PINE AND XEROPHYTIC OAKS J2, a fig- q a PINE FLATWOODS GRASSLANDS (PRAIRIE TYPIN f- CULTIVATE LAND IAGRICULTURE) SQ ii C AITAI ITRANO DEVELOPED AREAS p FIGURE 1.13 SERIES I PRESERVATION ZONING MAP 55 MANATEE COUNTY - ------------ Ir --- ---------- 0 IZ-3 1@j ab 00 -N- LEGEND CLASS I WATERS CLASSII WATERS ...INE ....S RED. SELECTED COASTAL @ARSIES SELECTED COASTAL ANGR.VES BEACHES AND DUNES SELECTED FRESH WATER SINA PS HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES BEACH EROSION CRITICAL BEACH EROSION NON CRITICAL FIGURE 1.14 SERIES 11 CONSERVATION ZONING MAP MANATEE COUNTY J ---------- ------------------- 2 3 LEGEND HURRICANE FLOOD ZONE RIVER FLOOD PLAINS WILDLIFE REFUGES PARKS MARGINAL LANDS TABLE. 1.35: CONSERVATION AREAS, MANATEE COUNTY, 1972 'Conservation Areas In the conservation areas, Manatee CATEGORY ACREAGE. County encompasses 114,063 acres or Flood Zone 47,305 23 per cent of the county and 16 per River Flood Plains 18,360 cent of the regional zone. Marginal land Parks 10,994 represents one-third of the category. Marginal Land 37,404 This land is nearly level to gently sloping Total 114,063 with poor to excessively drained soils. Mostly sandy, the topography is typified by broad flats and moderately high rid- ges. Much of this land is freshwater swamps, coastal mangrove and marsh, subject to inundation. Table 1.35 sum- marizes the conservation areas shown in Figure 1.14 and Series Two, Map 9 in the Atlas. TABLE 1.36: DEVELOPMENT CONFLICTS, MANATEE COUNTY, Conflict Areas 1972 The zoning totals are based on natural conditions prior to development. Devel- ACREAGE opment has encroached into these areas, Preservation Conflict 198 however, and Table 1.36 summarizes the Conservation Conflict 10,044 conflicts shown in Figure 1.15 and Series Three, Map 14 in the Atlas. Total Conflict Acreage 10,242. The Manatee County conflict areas amount to almost one-third of the coun- ty's developed areas. This reflects the fact that almost all development is con- centrated in the coastal zone and local- ized in the Bradenton-Palmetto area. Only a relatively small portion of TABLE 1.37: LAND SUITABLE FOR DEVELOPMENT, Manatee County is developed. The re- MANATEE COUNTY, 1972 maining areas suitable for development are summarized in Table 1.37 and their CATEGORY ACREAGE extent shown in Figure 1.15 and the Series Three, Map 14 in the Atlas. As Undeveloped Area 467,864 explained in the regional analysis, the Inland Water Area (8,972) total area is reduced by various restric- Undeveloped Land Area 458,892 tions and results in the land available for Net Preservation Land 114,009) development without special restrictions. Gross Developable Land 444,883 Projection Net Conservation Land 1_104,0_19) Although this 340,864 acres is almost Net Land Suitable for Development three-fourths of the undeveloped land Without Special Restrictions 340,864 left in the county, the centralized devel- opment patterns indicate development conflicts should be anticipated. The market growth calculations indi- cate an additional 4,965 acres will be al- tered for development through 1975. The allocation of this development ap- plied to the U.S. Bureau of the Census' Minor Civil Divisions (MCD's) indicates TABLE 1.38: FUTURE DEVELOPMENT CONFLICTS, approximately 4,446 acres of this addi- MANATEE COUNTY, 1972-1975 tion will generate environmental conflicts of varying degrees. The analysis indicates CATEGORY ACREAGE that for every ten acres developed, al- Increase in Developed Land 4,965 most nine will generate conflicts, or be- Increase in Conflicts 4,446 come areas of critical environmental con- Conflict to Development Ratio .895 cern. This data is summarized in Table 1.39. 40 FIGURE 1.15 SERIES III COMPOSITE DEVELOPMENT MAP z MANATEE COUNTY ----- ----------- ---------- ------------------- ---------- LEGEND PRESERVATION CONII.CT CONSERVATION CONILICT DEVELOPED AREAS POTENTIAL DEVELORNIENT LAN.@ RESTRICTED DEVELOPNIENT LANDS The following calculations show that TABLE 1.39: FUTURE DEVELOPMENT CONFLICTS BY ZONE, the major source of conflicts is in the MANATEE COUNTY, 1972-1975 cc nservatio n, category. However, the greatest change is in the preservation cat- ACREAGE egory. This emphasizes the need for spec- PRESERVATION ZONES ial construction and development require- ments. Increase in Conflicts 353 This analysis further indicates, that Present Conflict Area 198 anticipated changes will increase devel- --------- -- oped land in the county by 14.4 per cent Total 551 and simultaneously increase development Increase for the Period 178% conflicts by 43.4 per cent. This analysis CONSERVATION ZONES is summarized in Table 1.40. Increase in Conflicts 4,093 General Impact Analysis Present Conflict Area 10,044 The effects of these conflicts can be Total 14,137 assessed only in general terms at this Increase for the Period 40.8% stage. The discussion is limited to the overall environmental trends within the coastal zone. TABLE 1.40: AGGREGATE DEVELOPMENT INCREASES, The habitat, ground cover, and wild- MANATEE COUNTY, 1972-1975 life modifications will occur primarily in 1972 1975 the mangrove, prairie type grasslands and CATEGORY ACREAGE ACREAGE INCREASE the coastal strand association. The ex- - - tent of this area is shown in Figure 1.16 Total Developed Land 34,536 39,501 14.4% and in the Series Four, Map 19 in the Total Conflict Areas 10,242 14,688 43.4% Atlas. In Manatee County, this affects - bird populations primarily, and poten- 1972, Conflict Areas Occur in 29.7% of the Developed Areas tially includes one endangered and three 1975, Conflict Areas Occur in 37.2% of the Developed Areas rare species. Table 1 .41 lists the species and their present status. While the list TABLE 1.41: SELECTED MANATEE COUNTY WILDLIFE is not exhaustive, it indicates the major SPECIES FACING HABITAT MODIFICATIONS species of concern. The major areas of development either STATUS lie in or adjacent to flood zone areas. In BIRDS addition, the development anticipated in Eastern Brown Pelican Endangered Manatee County suggests overland runoff Florida Great White Heron Rare drainage alterations in pattern, content Florida Sandbill Crane Rare and volume. These runoff characteristics Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Rare should be closely watched to avert water Eastern Reddish Egret Peripheral degradation. Should this take place, sig- Roseate Spoonbill Peripheral nificant changes in the local marine ecol- Florida Mangrove Cuckoo Peripheral ogy may take place. This will reinforce Black-Whiskered Vireo Peripheral the direct efforts of habitat modifications Florida Burrowing Owl Undetermined by altering the food chain in the area. Florida Grasshopper Sparrow Undetermined Manatee County should place partic- ular emphasis on special environmental development restrictions. SARASOTA COUNTY ENVIRONMEN- TAL SYNOPSIS Sarasota County is the second fastest growing county in the region in total population. The county has shown the most uniform annual rate of growth, with a consistent average annual increase of 5.7 per cent. Economic activity, as indi- cated by employment, is concentrated in retail trade and selected services, with a minor proportion of economic activity devoted to manufacturing and agricul- 42 FIGURE 1.16 SERIES IV VVILDLIFENEGETATION ASSOCIATION MAP MANATEE COUNTY B 5@-, -10 M@l 'k ON- ARN-.: (A) . . ..... lye, .... .. ...... . -N LEGEND SINA.P FOREST MANGROVE ASSDCIATION HARDWOOD FOREST SAND PINE PINE AND XEROPHYTIC OAKS PINE FLATWOODS GRASSLANDS (PRAIRIE TYPE) CULTIVATE LAND (AGRICULTUREI COASTAL STRAND DEVELOPED AREAS ture. However, per capita income in the TABLE 1.42: PRESERVATION AREAS, SARASOTA COUNTY, county exceeds that of any other county 1972 in the region. The retiree orientation found in Sarasota County is evidenced CATEGORY ACREAGE by the increasing median age of the coun- ty. Sarasota is now second only to Pasco Beaches 573 County in the oldest median age in the Mangrove 1,640 region. Development is localized in the Aquatic Grasses 1,430 coastal zone, but there is no longer a Freshwater Swamps 23,215 significant concentration. Development Class 11 Waters 435 has spread south from Sarasota and north Total 27,293 from Venice into an almost continuous band of coastal development. Total Land 25,428 Historical /Archeological Sites 9 Preservation Areas The county has extensive unaltered preservation areas relative to its size. This is probably the result of the county's de- velopment patterns. The preservation category in Sarasota County encompasses TABLE 1.43: CONSERVATION AREAS, SARASOTA COUNTY, 27,293 acres with 25,428 acres of land 1972 area. The land area represents six per cent of the county and almost 16 per CATEGORY ACREAGE cent of the region's conservation areas. Flood Zone 27,912 Table 1.42 summarizes the preservation River Flood Plains 8,753 area categories; the extent of this area is Parks 20,533 shown in Figure 1.17 and in Series One, Marginal Land 59,160- Map 5 in the Atlas. Total 116,358 Conservation Areas In the conservation category, Sarasota County encompasses 114,063 acres or almost 29 per cent of the county and 16 per cent of the region's conservation zone. Marginal land represents slightly over TABLE 1.44: DEVELOPMENT CONFLICTS, SARASOTA COUNTY, half of this zone. This land is nearly level 1972 with poorly drained soils. Sandy through- out, the topography is characterized by ACREAGE broad flats with poorly defined drainage- Preservation Conflict 414 ways and depressions. Table 1.43 sum- Conservation Conflict 763 marizes the conservation area shown in ---------- Figure 1.18 and Series Two, Map 10 in Total Conflict Acreage 1,177 the Atlas. Conflict Areas The category totals are based on nat- ural conditions prior to development. De- velopment has encroached into these zones, however, and Table 1.44 summar- TABLE 1.45: LAND SUITABLE FOR DEVELOPMENT, izes the conflicts shown in Figure 1.19 SARASOTA COUNTY, 1972 and Series Three, Map 15 in the Atlas. These Sarasota County conflict totals CATEGORY ACREAGE amount to only two per cent of the de- Undeveloped Area 344,008 veloped area in the county and only one Inland Water Area (1,681) per cent of the conflict area in the region. ------------- Although relatively little of Sarasota Undeveloped Land Area 342,327 County is developed, 13.5 per cent, the Net Preservation Land (24,441) remaining areas suitable for development Gross Developable Land 317,886 are summarized in Table 1.45 and their Net Conservation Land (1115,5 95 extent shown in Figure 1.19 and the Net Land Suitable for Development Series Three, Map 15 in the Atlas. As ex- Without Special Restrictions 202,291 plained in the regional analysis, the total 44 FIGURE 1.17 SERIES I cz@ PRESERVATION ZONING MAP S ARASOTA COUNTY L-------------------------------------------- ------------ I C) J, -- I - ---------------------- lyc@ Q) CD --------- ------ c) 0) co Qc) DD C4@ C@o C2 D L? -N- lz@@ e3 Po <1 IP, 0 LEGEND cz:n CLASS I WATERS -------------------- CLASS 11 WATERS Cz@ MARINE GRASS BEDS SELECTED COASTAL MARSHES SELECTED COASTAL MANGROVES BEACHES AND DUNES SELECTED FRESH INATER SWAMIS HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES 52 BEACH EROSION CRITICAL 54 -104 Z) QO , /P170 53 C 45 FIGURE 1.18 SERIES 11 CONSERVATION ZONING MAP - ------- SARASOTA COUNTY iIf 6(o ------- --- q, ,0 LEGEND FLOOD ZONE -------------------- RIVER FLOOD PLAINS PARKS MARGINAL LANDS 46 FIGURE 1.19 SERIES III COMPOSITE DEVELOPMENT MAP ------ -- ------- SARASOTA COUNTY LEGEND PRESERVATION CONFLICT CONSERVATION CONFLICT DEVELOPED AREAS PQT-- DEVELOPMENT LA.DS RESTRICTED DEVELO-INT LANDS 47 a i ea is redUced b y vat i0t,l@ restr ictions TABLE 1.46: FUTURE DEVELOPMENT CONFLICTS, and @eSi_llt, in the land available for devel- SARASOTA COUNTY, 1972-1975 OpMeM VOth0l_ltspecial testi ictions. Future Conflict Analysis CATEGORY ACREAGE AlthOLIqh the 202,291 acres is close Increase in Developed Land 6,061 to 60 pet cent of the undeveloped land Increase in Conflicts 1,659 left in the county, the coastal develop- --------- ment pattein of Saiasota County indi- Conflict to Development Ratio .274 cates that fi-ItUte development conflicts ShOUld be anticipated. The maiket growth calculations indi- TABLE 1.47: FUTURE DEVELOPMENT CONFLICTS BY AREA, cate an additional 6,061 acres will be al- SARASOTA COUNTY, 1972-1975 tei ed by development through 1975. The allocation of this development ap- ACREAGE plied to the U.S. Bureau of the Census' PRESERVATION ZONES Minor Civil Divisions (MCD's) indicates Increase in Conflicts 529 approximately 1,659 acres of this addi- Present Conflict Area 414 tion will generate environmental con- ---------- flicts of varying degrees. This indicates Total 923 that for every ten acres developed, 2.7 Increase for the Period 127.8% acres wi I I generate conflicts or become areas of critical environmenta I concern. CONSERVATION ZONES This data is summarized in Table 1.46. Increase in Conflicts 1,130 The following calculations show that Present Conflict Area 763 the major source of conflicts is in the Total 1,893 conservation zone. Sarasota is the only Increase for the Period 148.1% county in this report that does not indi- cate a greater change in the preservation conflicts than in the conservation con- flicts. TABLE 1.48: AGGREGATE DEVELOPMENT CONFLICTS, This analysis further indicates that SARASOTA COUNTY, 1972-1975 the anticipated changes will increase the 1972 1975 developed land by 6.3 per cent and si- CATEGORY ACREAGE ACREAGE INCREASE multaneously increase development con- Total Developed Land 53,792 59,853 11.3% flicts 82.6 per cent. This analysis is sum- Total Conflict Areas 1,177 2,836 140.9% marized in Table 1.48. - - 1972, Conflict Areas Occur in 2.2% of the Developed Areas General Impact Analysis 1975, Conflict Areas Occur in 4.7% of the Developed Areas The effects of these conflicts can be concern is the protection of marine re- assessed only in general terms at this sources in the local bays. For the study stage. The discussion is limited to the period, the value of the marine resources overall environmental trends within the do not face significant impairment. coastal zone. The habitat, ground cover and wild- life modifications will occur primarily in the coastal strand and the pine and xero- phytic oak associations. The extent of these areas is shown in Figure 1.20 or Series Four, Map 20 in the Atlas. This is anticipated to have littie significance, for development is expected primarily to intensify in areas that are predominately urbanized at the present. The only po- tential exception anticipated may come in pine flatwood areas. The alterations of drainage patterns and the content thereof is fairly set from previous alteration of the land. The only 48 FIGURE 1.20 SERIES IV .. WILDLIFENEGETATION ASSOCIATION MAP SARASOTA COUNTY . .. . ..... . .............. .......... .... ..... . . ..... ..... .. LEGEND SWAMP FOREST MANGROVE ASSOCIATION HARDWOOD FOREST 5.. SAND PINE PINE AND XEROPHYTIC OAKS PINE FLA@OODS GRASSLANDS (PRAIRIE TYPE) CULTIVATE LAND (AGRICULTUREI COASTAL STRAND DEVELOPED AREAS 49 LAND AND WATER RESOURCES ous sand and the water becomes a part Geology of the artesian system by flowing from The geological formations in the re- the sand body into the underlying rock. gio.n represent all but the Paleocene This relationship is better expressed in Epoch of the Cenozoic Era. The calen- Table 2.1, as it relates to Figure 2.1. dar age of this era is estimated at about The table describes the superficial forma- CHAPTERII 50 million years. tions and their composition and the figure Of particular interest are the geologi- demonstrates their disposition through- Resource Inventory cal constraints these formations place on out the region. The purpose of this chapter is to iden- the groundwater. Over most of the area, PHYSIOGRAPHY tify major elements of the region's re- water is confined to the artesian aquifer The Tampa Bay Region lies within source base, including a resource inven- by impervious sediments of the Miocene two of the five natural physiographic re- tory, existent and potential problernsand Hawthorn Formation. This formation gions of Florida, these regions are the finally a discussion of resource econom- not only confines the water in areas coastal lowlands and the central high- ics. Those items that have been well doc- where flowing wells are possible, but it lands. The elevations range between sea umented in other publications are lightly also restricts recharge. level in the west and 200 feet in the east described, unless they play a major role In the northern part of the region, the and include a diversity of land forms, in the development of the region. limestones and dolomites of the artesian from low, nearly level plains to rolling CLIMATE aquifer are exposed at the ground surface hills. The land forms include numerous The climate of the Tampa Bay Region or they are covered by unconsolidated intermittent ponds, swamps and marshes, is characterized by long, warm and rela- porous sands. In this area artesian leakage as well as many lakes and streams. tively humid summers and mild, relative- and springs are present that sustain the The soil conditions in these topo- ly dry winters. Annual total rainfall av- flow of water in surface streams which graphic formations are relatively complex, erages between 50 and 55 inches through- cross the exposed rocks to the coast. The complexity is the result of the geo- out the area, but is quite unevenly dis- This leakage is present except where the logical formations, the rise and fall of the tributed during the year. Generally more cover of sand is thick and the rainfall is seas over time and a variety of other cli- than one-half the total annual rainfall sufficient to maintain shallow ground- matic conditions. occurs during the four summer months, water tables at elevations higher than the Along the coast, thick beds of sands June through September. The period artesian head. In such cases, large quan- occur which are excessively drained. from April to late May is quite dry, with tities of rainfall are absorbed by the por- These soils occur on nearly level to steep the summer shower season starting at TABLE 2.1: GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS OF the end of this drought period. More re- THE TAMPA BAY REGION cent trends indicate the drought period now extends into mid-June. SERIES FORMATION DESCRIPTION Tropical storms tend to occur in the Recent Lower Marine and Estuarine Freshwater Alluviums, su mmer and fall months and bring copi- Terrace Deposits marls, peats, muds and ous rain to local areas. The short heavy marine sediments along storms delivering up to nine inches of coastline rain in a 24 hour period are typical of this period for the entire region. The Pleistocene Anastasis Formation Coquinoid limestone, longer storms (four to seven days) occur sand and clay more frequently inland from Tampa Bay Calosahatchee Formation Shell hash limestone proper. Abnormally high rainfall is ex- and clay pected about once every 25 years, on the Miocene Bone Valley Formation Phosphatic boulders and average. pebbles and phosphatic, The region has been quite fortunate sandy clay relative to hurricane activity and with the exception of recent damage from Agnes Fort Preston Formation Gray, white thinly lam- passing far out in the Gulf of Mexico, no inated sands activity of significance has occurred since Upper Part of Hawthorn Formation Sands, clay, marls, sandy the early sixties. However, the probabil- Floridan Aquifer limestones, all phosphir- ity of a hurricane hitting the region in itic any given year is approximately one in Tampa Formation Sandy, chalky limestone twenty. Recent computer simulation tests of hurricane impact indicate a direct Oligocene Suwanee Limestone Thin bedded, soft highly rOk@o ,wA,3T n , attack, angling into Tampa Bay could Floridan Aquifer fossiliferous limestone create extensive flooding throughout the (some dolomite) entire coastal lowland portion of the re- Eocene Crystal River Formation High calcium limestone gion. Floridan Aquifer 50 sandhills, knolls and ridges. Areas of which more or less function as a single are designated Class 11 and only a small Pasco and Hillsborough counties have hydrologic unit. The thickness of the percentage of these are open for shell- soils which are dominately alkaline sands. aquifer and its depth below the surface fishing. Ocala and Hawthorn Formations outcrop differ throughout the basin. In the in the area and the soils have developed northern part, the aquifer is either on or MINERALS from marine terrace sands overlying finer relatively near the surface. And in the The principal mineral resources of sediment on limestone which are probab- southern part of the region, it is several the region are phosphates, limestone, and ly the result of the weathering of sandy hundred feet deep. sands of various. types and quality. Fig- limestone. Shallow aquifers overlie the Floridan ure 2.2 indicates the disposition of these Phosphatic and loamy sands also occur Aquifer throughout most of the area minerals and any current mining that is in Hillsborough County. This is the re- and include the surficial sands and gen- taking place. sult of the major geological formations erally the upper part of the Hawthorn Phosphate deposits occur in the lower outcropping in the area, as shown in Fig- Formation. Generally, only small quan- part of the Bone Valley Formation. The ure 2.1. This area is well to moderately, tities of water are obtained from the overburden averages about 24 feet and well-drained, nearly level, gently sloping shallow aquifers. the matrix is about 16 feet thick. The to rolling, with elevations ranging from Potentiometric surface studies indi- mining of the matrix, either as pebbles less than 40 feet to more than 200 feet cate groundwater has shown a major or sand sized grains, is done with open above present mean sea level. drop in head-pressure in two areas. The pit methods. The soils occurring principally in the changes are most obvious in lower Sara- Historically, Florida produces about coastal lowlands are dominately acidic sota and eastern Hillsborough counties. 70 per cent of our domestic phosphate sand and are somewhat poorly drained. In the former, the increased water use and supplies 30 per cent of the world's The older geological formations are cov- for agricultural purposes caused the po- needs. While Florida is a major producer, ered for the most part by beds of sand tentiometric drop. However, the ef- it has only ten per cent of the world's and clays that form the parent material ficiency of the irrigation methods has phosphate reserves. The high grade de- from which these soils are derived. been increased and the depletion is ex- posits in Hillsborough County are being There are a number of peat, muck and pected to correct itself in time. The depleted, and mining is moving south freshwater swamp areas within the region. Hillsborough County low was created in into Manatee County where lower grade Because of intermingling of soil materials, the past by high water consumption in deposits are available. Land use con- the dense vegetation and the wetness of both phosphate mining and citrus oper- flicts are also depleting the reserves avail- the land, the soi I types are not distin- ations. However, the phosphate indus- able for mining. This is unfortunately guished. However, these areas serve as try has increased the efficiency of their true of all mineral resources. There are water reservoirs and provide abundant water use and at the same time has been instances where phosphate values are curtailing operations in the area. Some food and shelter for wildlife. activity is expected further south in lost for highway construction: an inter- The last group in the region is the large phosphate land holdings in Manatee state highway now covers an area con- tidal marsh-coastal beach-coastal dune County, but the effect of this movement taining 275,000 tons of phosphate rock; group. This association consists of near- is not detectable Iat present. The only this mineral is lost to production as local ly level saltwater marsh, coastal beach other decline of the potentiometric sur- reserves dwindle. and undulating to sloping coastal dunes. face is in the well field areas of Pinellas Currently, phosphate operations take The marsh soils are not mapped due to and Hillsborough counties. place in only two areas of the region, their inaccessibility and it is impractical Several areas of the region appear as Hillsborough and Manatee counties. to make separations of the coastal dunes prime natural recharge areas, based on There is no phosphate mining in Hills- and beach soils. However, these soils are borough County at present and indica- of great importance to.the increasing re- analysis of the potentiometric surface tions are there may be none for at least creational needs of the region. Water topographic maps and soil conditions. ten years. covers slightly less than 200,000 acres of These areas exist in northeastern Pasco Mining has the least flexible land re- the land with more than 151,000 acres County and west central Hillsborough quirements of any of the major users of of saltwater in bays and inlets and 49,000 County. Exact location of the bounds land. Agricultural, community and in- acres in freshwater areas of which 37,000 of these areas is not possible at this time. dustrial development can be accommo- acres are in well defined lakes and rivers. There are four freshwater sources of dated in.almost any area, but mining is The region is,drained by six major surface water in the region based on the naturally limited to the specific area in river basins; feeding the groundwater Florida Water Classification System of which the resource is found. In order to systems in these basins is the Floridan Class I Waters. These include the Hills- reserve phosphate land for future min- Aquifer, one of the most productive aq- borough River in Hillsborough County, ing, the companies have had to either uifers in the United States. It is the the Manatee River in Manatee County purchase or option extensive tracts of source of almost all the groundwater used and Myakka River and the Big Slough in land. In the past, this meant taking the in the region and of some of the largest Sarasota County. land out of active use. However, within freshwater springs in the world. Extensive areas of Class I I waters the past decade all of the phosphate The aquifer is composed of more than (salt water with shellfishing capabilities) companies have practiced active land 1,000 feet of limestone and dolomite and exist in the region, although less than management programs on their proper- consists of several geologic formations 50 per cent of the bay system's waters ties. Since 1961, the industry has accel- 51 FIGURE 2.2 MINERAL RESOURCES MAP TAMPA BAY REGION -Ka -7 - -9 j5. .... ......... .... ............ A@ .5@- i ............ ........... ............ ..................... .................. 0'@ 6 LEGEND RESOURCE AREAS --TE NIEST.- PHOSPHATE SIND SAN. S.ElL VARL SAND CLAY & LIMESTONE PHOSPHATIC SAR.S . IA- LRMESTDNE & FULLERS EARTH SAND & GRAVEL IPIT) PEAT IPRODUCERI LIMESTONE IQUARRY) DOLOMITE ICUARRYI CLAY LOCALITY1 FULLERS EARTH (LOCALITY) PHOSPHATE, LAND IES.LE VINEI EMENT PLANT 52 erated a program of land reclamation. concrete sands for the region. punctured the impervious mantle of the The companies should be encouraged to For 1970, the state's sand and gravel Hawthorn Formation and allowed a make lands held in reserve available for output was $12,5 million, or about a dol- prime site for groundwater recharge, the other uses before mining and to reclaim lar a ton. Because sand, like most con- project is now unfeasible. previously mined lands in areas needed struction materials, is a low unit-value re- to expand. source, the transportation costs of bring- WILDLIFE Limestone and dolomite both occur ing the product to the area of need are The terrestial wildlife found in the in thick deposits th roughout the region. significant. For this reason, identifying Tampa Bay Region covers a wide range Both have similar uses, but limestone is and developing deposits near urban areas of species. However, it is not the intent more abundant and is mined more exten- is of particular importance, and the ur- of this report to provide a complete or sively than dolomite. Because rock use gency of extracting mineral deposits extensive listing of these species, but hinges on the physical and chemical char- prior to land development is again indi- rather to define a representative range. acter of the product, which is widely var- cated. The approach taken to define this range iable, only portions of the extensive lime- There are no productive oil fields in is by habitat groups. The habitats are stone deposits are valuable as an econom- the region at the present time and the shown in the Series Four Section of the ic mineral resource. closest known oil pools, with any eco- Atlas and presented in the environmental Limestone and dolomite are mined nomic importance are to the south in synopsis of each county, with a discus- as either dimensional or crushed stone. Collier and Hendry counties. However, sion of the impacts of development. Dimensional stone is generally used for offshore state leases have been let and The habitats indicate areas where cer- decorative purposes. Blocks or slabs are geophysical permits for exploration work tain species may be expected. The horne cut into shapes suitable for utilization in in the Gulf of Mexico issued. ranges of these representative species buildings or construction. Crushed stone A further example of mineral resour- may extend into several of the habitat is used for concrete aggregate, road base ces and land use conflicts is the case of groups, but remain in the indicated hab- material, agricultural purposes and other high quality clay deposits in northern itat the majority of the time. The hab- miscellaneous uses. All of the limestone Pinellas County. Excavation of the clay itats inventoried are listed below in quarries in the state are of the open pit has been delayed and due to residential Table 2.2 and a detailed explanation of variety. Most limestone mining in or land development, the land costs render these habitats and the representative spe- around the Tampa Bay Region has been excavation economically unfeasible. Al- cies found in them are given in Appen- done in Hernando County. Some min- though mining in this area would have dix 1. ing for dimensional dolomite has been done in Manatee County, and limestone mining on a smaller scale has been taking TABLE 2.2: SELECTED WILDLIFE HABITATS IN THE place in Pinellas County. TAMPA BAY REGION Potential mining for limestone or dolomite could take place in the resource 1. Swamp Forest 6. Pine Flatwoods areas shown in Figure 2.2. Whether min- 2. Mangrove Association 7. Grassland of Prairie Type ing in these areas is feasible hinges on the 3. Hardwood Association 8. Cultivated Land quality of the stone and its proximity to 4. Sand Pine Habitat 9. Coastal Strand land surface. The closer the stone to 5. Pine and Xerophytic Oak Habitat 10. Developed Areas land surface, the lower the excavation costs. The final resource mentioned, sand, covers most of the region. However, sand as used here, refers to silica or quartz grains, the size of which largely determines their economic value. Pri- mary economic sands include concrete sands, plaster sands, mortar sands and glass sands. To meet specification for these uses, sands must be of a certain purity and grain size. Sands in the Tampa Bay Region are generally too fine to be used as concrete sands, but some pure sands exist which may have value as glass sands. Strip mining is the common method for extracting sand deposits. Coarse sand deposits are fairly well distributed in the central (Lake Wales) ridge east of the Tampa Bay Region and are a source of 53 TABLE 2.3: SPECIES OF CONCERN AND THEIR STATUS for their biological routines, or which IN THE TAMPA BAY REGION are closely tied to a specific food item, are no longer found locally. These spe- STATUS cies, whose population is stable in other MAMMALS areas, are therefore not included on the Department of the Interior's rare and Florida Panther Endangered endangered species list, but have been Florida Manatee (Sea Cow) Endangered lost from the Tampa Bay Region. BIRDS Eastern Brown Pelican Endangered COMMERCIAL FOREST Florida Great White Heron Rare The region contained 513,271 acres Southern Bald Eagle Endangered of commercial forestland in 1970. As- Florida Sandbill Crane Rare suming the same rate of land use change Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Rare in the region, this is a 9,800 acre drop in Eastern Reddish Egret Peripheral acreage from a I ittle over 611 000 acres Roseate Spoonbill Peripheral ten years ago. About 7,000 acres have Short-tailed Hawk Peripheral been planted to trees during the same Florida Mangrove Cuckoo Peripheral period. The current 513,000 acres is Black-Whiskered Vireo Peripheral broken down into Wood Ibis Undetermined stream margins American Osprey Undetermined 56,000 acres Florida Burrowing Owl Undetermined flatwoods Florida Grasshopper Sparrow Undetermined 229,000 acres REPTILES sandhills American Alligator Endangered 118,000 acres Green Turtle Peripheral swamp American Crocodile Peripheral 14,000 acres Florida Indigo Snake Endangered miscellaneous 96,000 acres as shown in Table 2.4. The region supports some twenty spe- In general, removals exceed growth cies of wildlife that are of concern. In- in softwood, in the sawtimber size classes cluded within this group are five species and on the upland sites that support designated on the Department of the these stands. Growth exceeds removals Interior's endangered list, three on the in the bottomland hardwood stands, rare list, seven on the peripheral list and where young stands are increasing in vol- four whose status is not determined. ume rapidly. Hardwood growing stock is These species all utilize habitats found growing 30 to 40 times faster than it is in the region and all have been recently being removed. Consequently, the heav- sighted. These species are listed above iest volumes of growing stock are in the in Table 2.3. bottomland hardwood types. Ecologi- In addition to this list, other species, cally, these hardwoods are the least mar- especially those requiring extensive areas ketable on today's lumber market. The TABLE2.4: AREA OF COMMERCIAL FOREST LAND, BY FOREST-TYPE GROUP AND COUNTY, 1970 FOR EST-TYPE GROUPS (in Thousands of Acres) ALL TYPE LONGLEAF- LOBLOLLY- OAK OAK OAK-GUM- -ASH- Y COELM COUNTY GROUPS SLASH PINE SHORTLEAF PINE I PINE HICKOR CYPRESS TTONVVOOD Hillsborough 150.4 29.9 5.5 8.2 29.9 74.2 2.7 Manatee 66.5 29.4 11.3 ------- 3.7 22.1 Pasco 178.7 42.0 -------- 5.8 52.4 78.5 ----- Pinellas 41.2 18.9 3.7 ------- ------- 18.6 Sarasota 76.5 59.8 3.3 - ------ ------- 13.4 ----- Totals 513.3 180.0 23.8 14.0 86.0 206.8 2.7 SOURCE: Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Resource Bulletin SE-17, September, 1970 54 heaviest removals are coming from far- both development returns and capital Wildlife mer owned forestland.(See Table 2.5) gains on real property. Wildlife values in both terrestial and Publicly-owned forestlands are growing Accounting for variations over time, aquatic habitats have been declining with at their maximum capability although an adjusted figure of approximately increasing urban encroachment and de- the statistics show there are undesirable 9,000 acres a year, or four tenths of one gradation of the waters. Although reven- components in the stand that should be per cent per annum, is converted by de- ues from hunting and fishing indicate in- weeded out so that the growth will be velopment. This use is primarily for re- creasing growth in various sport indus- emphasized in desirable (marketable) sidential purposes, with over 55 per cent tries, one can question if this merely re- growing stock. of the developed1and in the residential presents increased costs rather than in- Miscellaneous forests on private and use category. The residential growth creased sport value as the supply of wild- farming land, on the other hand, are grow- market in the region is a key factor in ing at only half their capability. These land development in the region, and the life of sport variety declines. lands now average an annual net growth coastal zone bears the brunt of this land Whatever the result, values are increas- of 28 cubic feet per acre and could, un- conversion. ing and in 1970, an estimated 197,661 hunters existed in the region and the der intensive management, grow 53 cubic The problem of development suita- Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Com- feet per acre. It is unrealistic to assume bility or capabilities for various sites is mission (GFC) estimates a typical hunter that this can be brought about on all the most significant factor facing the spends $91.98 a year. This amounts to 500 + thousand acres or that it is even quality of continued development and $181,808 in 1970 and $201,807 in 1972. desirable with current demands for alter- the environment. For the region, re- There were also approximately 684,113 native land uses. But the fact is that sim- moval of lands that should be preserved resident fisherman in 1970 and based on ple management practices and public or developed only within certain restric- the GFC estimates of $79.49 in expendi- policies that give incentive to the timber tions reduces the gross acreage available tures per annum per fisherman, this grower can produce substantial gains in by only 14 per cent. However, the loca- brings expenditures in 1970 to $543,801 economic value and simultaneously pro- tion problem and the coastal zone are and $603,619 in 1972. This of course duce amenity values that are needed. again the focus of major development does not indicate the real value of wild- activity. life, but does indicate the relative worth RESOURCE ECONOMICS The residential demand for this land that is generated from fishing and hunt- is one side of the approach taken in .this ing in the region. The Land study. The approach combines environ- Undeveloped land in the region still mental land analysis and residential de- exists in major tracts. In fact, over 85 velopment market analysis. The analy- per cent or 1,925,086 acres of the region sis of these two factors enables the sub- Commercial Forestry are classified as non-urban areas. This sequent use of large area environmental The difference between commercial classification includes vacant and open assessment on a limited basis. forest and non-commercial forest is that range land, agriculture, and mining prop- Minerals the acreage of commercial forest is pro- erties. Mining is included in this aggrega- ducing or capable of producing crops of tion for there are only 26 active opera- The value of the mineral industry, by industrial wood, while the non-commer- tions in the region of which 13 are either product, in the region is difficult to accu- cial acreage is generally not capable of in or bordering on urban areas. rately ascertain. Reporting methods and producing industrial wood because of Although these figures appear to dis- the sparcity of the firms in the industry adverse site conditions. Today, the per- count a land problem in the region when often precludes the revealing of f inan- centage of total land area meeting this discussed in aggregate, they distort the cial data in order to protect the individ- definition is waning. critical nature of land development in ual company's position. Although commercial forestry pro- the region. This is particularly true from The last reporting period, 1967, from duction is decreasing in the region, ade- the environmental perspective, consider- which aggregate totals of dollar value are quate treatment can raise the produc- ing the location of existing development, obtainable, lists only two counties in the tivity of the remaining forest lands. To annual rate of land development, and region. This data indicates that revenues indicate what is possible with an active particularly, the amount of land unsuit- from mineral production in these two improvement program, consider the fol- able for development. counties is falling. In 1967, Hillsborough lowing example. Land values over the region have ap- County reported $24,345,220, an 8.2 For each 100,000 acres of miscellan- preciated in a range from insignificant to per cent drop from the previous year. eous private and farming forestland that 18 per cent per annum. As expected, This value is derived fFOM production of is improved to maximum capacity, there the changes in appreciation are greater cement, phosphate rock, oystershell, would be an increase in annual growth as one moves from east to West with the sand and gravel and peat. of some 29,400 cords of wood worth greatest values on the coast near and in Reporting from the same period, $200,000 in stumpage to the owners on urbanized areas. The diminishing supply Pinellas County shows a value of todays market. This would also provide of land in the coastal zone and the con- $517,500; the decline in Pinellas from $1,272,000 in payroll value and add tinual increasing demand for this land, 1966 represents a 10.8 per cent fall. $4,977,000 in wholesale manufacturing provides a favorable situation for large The county production was from oyster- value to the economy. If these volume in- and small investors and may result in shell and sand and gravel. creases were valued for wood products 55 TABLE2.5: NET ANNUAL GROWTH OF SAWTIMBER AND GROWING STOCK ON COMMERCIAL FOREST LAND, BY SPECIES GROUP AND COUNTY 1969 AND ANNUAL REMOVALS OF SAWTIMBER AND GROWING STOCK ON COMMERCIAL FOREST LAND, BY SPECIES GROUP AND COUNTY, 1969 Sawtimber Growing Stock COUNTY ALL SOTHER SO FT HARD SALL OTHER SO FT HARD SPECIES PINE OFTWOOD I HARDWOOD I HARDWOOD PECIES I PINE I SOFTWOOD I HARDWOOD I HARDWOOD -------------- Million Board Feet -------------- -------------- Million Cubic Feet -------------- Hillsborough 20.6 5.2 6.7 4.2 4.5 4.9 1.1 1.7 1.2 0.9 (18.2) 3.0) 110.7) 20 1 2.5) 14.8) 0.7) 2.8) 0.7@ 0.6) Manatee 4.8 2.1 ......... 2.1 0.6 1.2 0.6 ------- -- 0.4 0.2 7.51 7.W ----- - ------- 1.8) 1.8) -- - --- - ----- Pasco 21.2 6.1 6.4 4.5 4.2 6.2 2.0 1.7 1.2 1.3 (17.0) 2.1) (14.2) 0.6) 1------- 4.0) 0.6) 3.1) 0.3) ------- Pinellas 2.1 7.0 0.8 0.2 0.1 1.0 0.7 0.2 0.1 - ------- 7.1) 5.2@ 1.9) ------- 1.7) 1.2) 1 0.5) - ----- l_____4 Sarasota 6.1 5.8 ......... 0.2 0.1 1.8 1.6 --------- 0.1 0.1 6.0) 6.0) - ----- ------- 1.4) 1.4) TOTALS 54.8 20.2 13.9 11.2 9.5 15.1 6.0 3.6 3.0 2.5 (55.8) (23.8) (26.9) 2.6) 2.5) (13.7) 5.7) 6.4) 1.0) 1 0.6) Net Change ( 1.0) ( 3.6) 03.0) 8.6 7.0 1.4 0.3 2.8) 2.0 1.9 SOURCE: Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture Resource Bulletin SE-17, September, 1970 as they are currently consumed in the The total for forestry production, industry (39 per cent goes into logs, 60 mentioned e&rlier, is approximately per cent into pulpwood and one per cent 500,000 acres. Tables 2.6 and 2.7 indi- into other products), the stumpage would cate the various treatment needs of this increase to $225,000. Improvements of total in each county. The county totals this magnitude could probably be brought are found by referring back to Table 2.5. about with an expenditure of $20 to $40 Current ad valorem taxes are a serious per acre. deterrent to long term forest management. More realistic values are needed. At cur- rent rates of forestland valuation, as re- TABLE 2.6: TREATMENT NEEDSOF COMMERCIAL FORESTLAND, commended in the woodland section of PER CENT OF COUNTY TOTALS the Tax Assessor's Guide, the woodland TREATMENT ESTABLISHMENT AND TIMBER STAND owner who owns average pine land and COUNTY ADEQUATE REINFORCEMENT IMPROVEMENT practices intensive forest management is Pasco 38% 35% 27% unable to earn six per cent interest on his investment. There is no incentive under Pinellas 45% 37% 18% this tax level to practice forestry. The tax Manatee 9% 89% 2% level encourages rapid turnover of forest- Sarasota 17% 79% 4% land based on gain to be expected from SOURCE: Florida Department of Agriculture, land value appreciation and encourages Division of Forestry owners to over-cut timber in order to pay the tax bill. Lands that are ecologically important, such as long stream margins in swamps TABLE 2.7: TREATMENT NEEDS OF FORESTLAND GRAZED, and water recharge areas, need to be PER CENT OF TOTAL maintained in forest cover and probably under some form of controlled use. Con- TREATMENT NEED TO NEED TO REDUCE OR sideration should be given to public in- COUNTY ADEQUATE IMPROVE FORAGE ELIMINATE GRAZING centive payment to private owners for de- Pa sco 14% 83% 3% voting forestland to this use. Hillsborough 15% 82% 3% At current rates of forestland attrition, Pinellas - - - - None Reported- - - - 2032 appears to be the year when all pri- Manatee 10% 60% 30% vate forestland will disappear in the re- Sarasota 10% 90% gion. More public acquisition of forest- SOURCE: Florida Department of Agriculture, land is needed if any significant reserve of Division of Forestry forestland for public use is expected. 56 overnight, but took place over a period of This change reflects a 5.2 per cent aver- years. There is, however, little argument age annual rate of growth. The net in- against the fact that this change in shore- migration of new citizens into the region line desirability was complete by 1950. accounts for 100 per cent of population Prior to 1950, most new development growth in all but one of the five counties. occurred within, or very near, existing This unusual growth pattern is caused cities and towns. After 1950, the move by a negative natural population increase CHAPTER III to the suburbs began here, as it did in in those counties, which ref lects@ the high other areas in the nation. An improved proportion of inhabitants past childbear- Land Development Assessment internal transportation system had much ing age. The rapid growth and development of to do with this move to the suburbs or It is interesting to note that there has the Tampa Bay area is a fact which cannot urban expansion. This expansion of the been a sharp upturn in regional popula- be ignored. Statistical evidence of this road and highways network opened many tion in the past two years. The average rapid growth is abundant. For example, areas to development for the first time. annual growth rate from 1970 to 1972 is total population has tripled since 1950 It must be noted at this point, that almost 50 per cent above the growth rate and new construction records are estab- these same factors, increased tourism and forthe preceding ten year period. Pinel- lished nearly every month. With such retirement, an expanding transportation las County, with its prime location be- growth, data becomes obsolete in a mat- system, and more recently, industrial ex- tween Tampa Bay to the east and the ter of months, or in some areas, days. pansion, are continuing to directly influ- Gulf of Mexico to the west, has the third However, the data presented herein is the ence development and encourage urban largest county growth rate in the region. most accurate data available as of August, sprawl. Across Tampa Bay, Hillsborough County 1972. It is the intent of this section to The region's coastal orientation is ob- exhibits the most stable growth rate, as provide a current inventory and analysis vious from the fact that 82 per cent of well as the most balanced one. It is the of development activity within the region; the developed land in the region is in the only county in the region to enjoy a pos- to identify current development patterns coastal zone. The land development pat- itive natural increase, which accounts for and trends which will have a major influ- tern in the region has recently under- 45 per cent of its annual population ence in shaping the region's future land gone a change from a nodal concept to a growth. Pasco County has the distinc- use; to determine the limitations and po- linear pattern of metropolitan develop- tion of being the region's most rapidly tential for development of existing va- ment. This has been a natural change growing area, with a total population in- cant land within the region; and to pro- and in some areas the transformation is crease of 171.8 per cent between 1960 vide a data base for projecting land use not yet complete. The previous nodal and 1972. Its annual rate of growth is needs. concept was centered around the many triple that of the region as a whole. Man- DEVELOPMENT REVIEW small cities in the region. The land use atee County, with an average annual Historically, all the region's major cit- pattern around each city was separated growth rate of 4.4 per cent ranks just a- ies had been established by 1930. This by natural greenbelts or undeveloped head of Pasco County in total population. settlement was reinforced by the con- areas from other cities. These cities, or Sarasota County, southernmost in the nodes, were connected by highway ar- region, has shown the most uniform an- stantly improving and expanding inter- terials which were to become the basis nual rate of growth, with a consistent regional transportation system. The orig- for the transformation from the nodal average annual increase of 5.7 per cent. inal settlement pattern and transport Sys- pattern to the linear pattern which exists Preliminary figures from a Tampa tem expansion are the major influences on today. Bay Regional Planning Council popula- the region's current development pattern. This linear pattern emerged as each tion study indicate continued population The development pattern as it exists to- of the nodes expanded and eventually increase, but at a slightly decreasing rate. day also illustrates the historical and cur- grew together to form an almost contin- That study estimates total regional pop- rent importance of the region's shoreline uous strip of development from Hudson ulation in 1975 at 1,617,400 represent- areas. in Pasco County to Englewood in Sara- ing a net population increase of 164,410 The initial settlements were established sota County. This strip along the Gulf inhabitants. along the shoreline areas, and road net- coast, broken only by Tampa Bay, is works soon connected these early com- centered on U.S. Alternate 19 and U.S. ECONOMIC .TRENDS REVIEW munities; little development occurred be- 19 in Pinellas and Pasco counties and tween city centers until the 1950's. It U.S. 301 and U.S. 41 in Sarasota and The analysis of growth trends and the was during the fifties, when tourists and Manatee counties. future projections of growth potential is retirees came into the region in large num- based on social and physical trend anal- bers, that proximity to the shoreline areas POPULATION REVIEW ysis. Due to the nature of this study, fi- offered new advantages. These advantages nancial capabilities and the capital mar- included sport fishing rather than fishing This developmental pattern is a re- ket are assumed to remain constant. The for subsistence, water sports and recrea- sult of regional population growth pat- analysis presented below summarizes the tion rather than transportation, and home terns. Starting with a total of 955,301 various factors investigated and is on an sites rather than commercial agriculture. inhabitants in 1960, the five county aggregate regional basis to assess the po- V i R I I @l CHAPTE These changes in the economic impor- Tampa Bay Region population mush- tential growth. The detailed market tance of the shoreline areas did not occur roomed to just under 1.5 million in 1972. analysis is precluded from this report be- 57 TABLE 3.1: POPULATION HISTORY BY COUNTY, 1960-1972 % AVERAGE COUNTY 1960 1970 1972 CHANGE CHANGE/YEAR Pinellas 374,665 522,324 609,901 + 62.8% + 5.2% Hillsborough 397,788 490,265 508,600 + 27.9% + 2.3% Pasco 36,785 75,955 100,000 +171.8% +14.3% Manatee 69,168 97,115 105,507 + 52.5% + 4.4% Sarasota 76,895 120,413 128,952 + 67.7% + 5.6% Region 955,301 1,306,077 1,452,990 + 52.1% + 4.3% cause the total effect on the resource is necessary with the high capital require- fect prior to 1980. However, a tourist base is the problem addressed. The anal- ments of fast growing areas because land trend analysis for the last five years, on ysis of population trends presented ear- costs play an increasing role in total cost a state-wide basis, indicates this pheno- lier, forms the general point of reference of development. menon does occur. The trend analysis of of the following synopsis. These f actors a I I play a sign if ica nt southeast Florida is especially indicative Employment in the region increased part in the increased importance of land of this pattern. 51 per cent during the 1965 to 1971 pe- development in the region. riod. However, the great majority of this Over the next eight years, regional per DEVELOPMENT/RESOURCE increase took place in the first four years capita income should continue to increase PROBLEMS of this period. The annual increase for at least at its current rate, and there ap- The research has identified six prob- the last year slowed to 4.4 per cent pears to be a trend toward equalization lem areas that intensify the conflict against an overall annual rate of 8.5 per of per capita income among the individ- problems in the region. All of these cent. Throughout this rapid growth pe- ual counties. Overall economic activity areas are environmental management riod, the overall composition of employ- in the region should grow at a healthy problems that were generated in the ment and economic activity has not pace, although it appears to be doing so past, but the full effect of the problems fluctuated significantly, although certain at a decreasing rate. is becoming evident today. Only with sectors of the economy have shown spec- As the region becomes more urban- new approaches can the problems of to- tacular rates of growth. ized, agricultural activity will tend to be- day and of the future be alleviated. Also during this period, per capita per- come more concentrated, making up a The problems discussed herein are as sonal incomes have increased slightly decreasing percentage of total employ- follows: faster than the nation as a whole. While ment. The marked decline of fisheries increases for all the states amounted to a appears almost certain to continue. Con- 1. Waste Discharge 43 per cent increase during the period, struction activity in the region is likely 2. Water Runoff the per capita income of both Florida to continue its current expansion, al- 3 Dredging and the region increased 53 per cent. though population projections tend to 4 Estuarine Analysis of the 1950-1970 period indi- indicate a decreased rate of growth. 5. Land Development cates income growth for the region is in- Because of its strategic location as a 6. Salt Water Intrusion creasing at a slower rate. Analysis also distribution center, the Tampa Bay Re- Waste Discharge indicates the change in rate for the region gion should maintain a strong manufac- has a heavy bias in the 1965-1971 period. turing base. Current port expansion pro- The discussion of domestic and indus- New construction starts in the region grams in both Hillsborough and Manatee trial waste discharged into surface waters have broken all previous records for the counties will tend to make the region is presented as a regional overview. This 1965-1971 period. The valuation of per- even more attractive to new industry. information presents an up-to-date sum- mits has increased 285 per cent for the The port expansion will reinforce the al- mary of point source discharge conditions period, while the number of units in- ready strong wholesale trade sector of in the region. creased 1382 per cent. A factor in new the economy. Domestic Waste construction is the availability of sewage Retail trade, spurred by an increasing and water connections. However, avail- population, promises to remain in close Total domestic wastewater average ability, as a factor, is indeterminate at proximity to manufacturing as the larg- daily flows (ADF) to treatment facilities present, due to the policies of the State est sector of economic activity. in the region are estimated at 127 MGD Department of Pollution Control. Tourist oriented businesses will be (million gallons per day) at the present Add to these summaries the changing subject to upward pressure by the contin- time. An additional 83 MGD is dis- composition of land developers in the uing increase of tourist activity through- charged into municipal systems by indus- region and future development appears out Florida. However, the growth rate trial users. Of the total 127 MGD, 95 per inevitable. Syndicated and publicly held in this sector of the economy should de- cent or 121.2 MGD are discharged direct- corporations are entering the region. crease, as urbanization of the region ren- ly into surface waters of the region, such Such capital resources enable develop- ders other less developed areas of the as lakes, ponds, canals, rivers, streams or ment of large tracts of prime land (with state more attractive to tourists. This bays. The remaining five per cent or 5.8 high unit cost) in the coastal areas. This trend should not have any noticable ef- MGD are disposed of by evaporation- 58 percolation ponds, drainf ields or irriga- 120 gpcd derived earlier). tion. If we utilize the data obtained from Industrial Waste Disposal the governmental and franchised systems There is sufficient technology avail- in the Tampa Bay area, we find a total able to treat all of the industrial waste flow of 115.9 MGD (by deducting the in- presently produced, including radioactive dustrial users of sewer systems from a material. What is of concern is not the population of 964,500 people for a per how to treat it, but that ef f I ue nt is capita flow of about 120 gpcd.) Using treated before discharge. this figure and the 1970 census data for Aside from the toxic heavy metals the area, at 1 400,000 persons plus a and corrosive chemicals that can be chang- daily tourist population of 250,000 per- ed to insoluable salts and neutra I solu- sons, the estimated total domestic waste tions, and after settling, the effluent can production would amount to approxi- be discharged into the surrounding waters. mately 198 MGD. Consequently, 127 Even the organics are amenable to treat- MGD of the 198 MGD or 64 per cent of ment. However, as recycling techniques the region's domestic waste flow is treat- are developed and improved, more indus- ed in some type of treatment facility, tries are utilizing total retention and 're- while the remaining 36 per cent or 71 covery. MGD is accounted for by individual sep- The waste loads of all the industries tic tank systems or unreported small discharging into receiving waters describ- systems. ed in this report, are presented as total Governmental wastewater treatment waste loads discharged into the Tampa facilities include those owned and oper- Bay Region in Table 3.2. In order to ated by federal, state, county or city determine the extent of pollution from governments as opposed to franchised or industries in the Tampa Bay Region, the private "treatment facilities. At this point total flows reported were compared with in time, there are 49 governmental treat- the total effluent discharged from mu- ment systems within the area defined by nicipal waste water systems. this study, which account for approxi- From Table 3.3 we can estimate the mately 109.4 MGD or 86 per cent of the per cent of tota I flow discharged into the total estimated domestic waste flow to region by industries. treatment facilities of the region. Of this total, 108.0 MGD or 98.5 + per cent of treated wastewater is discharged TABLE 3.2: COMPARISON OF TOTAL INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT directly into surface waters of the region, FLOWS WITH MUNICIPAL SYSTEM EFFLUENT while 1.4 MGD or less than 1.5 per cent FLOWS IN THE TAMPA BAY REGION is disposed through irrigation or evapor- (MILLION GALLONS PER DAY) ation-percolation ponds. MUNICIPAL These systems serve an estimated INDUSTRY SYSTEMS TOTAL 904,700 persons, or approximately 65 - per cent of the area's population. It is Tampa Bay 32.9 61.2 94.1 assumed that this percentage holds true Boca Ciega Bay 0.063 25.2 25.3 when including heavy tourist populations St. Joseph's Sound 0.183 6.3 6.5 since many hotels, motels and vacation Sarasota Bay 0.027 8.3 8.327 residences are connected to the munici- Donna Bay .006 ------- .006 pal systems. Lemon Bay .007 0.2 0.207 Private facilities total approximately SOURCE: Tampa Bay Regional Planning Council 405 plants with an AD F of approximate- ly 11.1 MGD or nine per cent of the total estimated domestic waste flow to treat- TABLE 3.3: PER CENT OF TOTAL WASTE FLOW DISCHARGED ment facilities of the region. However, INTO THE TAMPA BAY REGION BY INDUSTRIES the number of plants amounts to 84 per cent of the total amount for the region. Of this total, approximately 6.4 MGD or Tampa Bay 34.96% 57 per cent of the flow is discharged di- Boca Ciega Bay 0.25% rectly into surface waters of the region. St. Joseph's Sound 2.82% These systems serve an estimated 92,500 Sarasota Bay 0.32% people, (derived by combing the total Donna Bay 100.00% flow above with the per capita flow of Lemon Bay 3.38% 59 The comparison to total pounds of TABLE 3.4: COMPARISON OF TOTAL INDUSTRIAL AND BOD5 , discharged into the Tampa Bay MUNICIPAL SYSTEM BOD5 EFFLUENT IN THE Region is presented in Table 3.4. TAMPA BAY REGION Water Runoff MUNICIPAL INDUSTRY SYSTEMS TOTAL Rural runoff effects, other than dairy farming, are indeterminate at present. Tampa Bay 2296. 57594. 59890. The only conclusions that can be drawn Boca Ciege Bay 4. 8261. 8265. are suppositions based on fertilizer and St. Joseph's Sound 48. 673. 721. pesticide use. With approximately Sarasota Bay 13. 976. 989. 676,425 acres or 30 per cent of the total Donna Bay 185. ----------- 185. acreage in agricultural use, and major ex- Lemon Bay 0.27 18.48 18.75 penditures being made for fertilizer chem- SOURCE: Tampa Bay Regional Planning Council icals and pesticides, it is assumed a major toxic and nutrient source can be traced to overland runoff from agricultural areas. Beyond this, no major effect is noticable in rural areas until urban development takes place. The effect of urban develop- TABLE 3.5: PER CENT OF TOTAL POUNDS OF BOD5 DISCHARGED ment is discussed below. INTO THE TAMPA BAY REGION BY INDUSTRIES Tampa Bay 3.83% Dredging Boca Ciega Bay 0.05% Channel dredging is another major St. Joseph's Sound 6.66% source of adverse biological affect on the Sarasota Bay 1.33% bay system. This is due primarily to al- Donna Bay 100.00% teration of habitat and increased water Lemon Bay 1.44% turbidity. These conclusions are well documented and mentioned here only to indicate degrees of effect. Estuarine problem directly, are a significant factor Commercial channel dredging and in the problem. Gracilaria are tolerant maintenance are not presently a major Another major water quality problem to degraded water quality while other factor in the region. Because of their in the region concerns Hillsborough Bay. types are less adaptive. Waste effluents location and age, commercial channels Alteration in and around Hillsborough and excessive nutrient concentrations in the bay system are carefully controll- Bay has caused a significant degradation create the water quality conditions ed and effects from their maintenance is of estuarine areas and the Bay proper. whereby Gracilaria can flourish at the negligible. A side effect of increased The following conclusions best describe expense of a number of other plant spe- water traffic is that it constantly stirs up the problems associated with Hillsborough cies that would produce a healthy diver- silt which remains in suspension for a Bay.' sif ied ecosystem if water quality were im- considerable period of time. Obnoxious odors along the western proved. Therefore, the contribution of The major problem is the widespread shore of Hillsborough Bay are the result nutrients and organic wastes to Hills- small scale channel dredging usually con- of the death and decay of the marine borough Bay is the indirect cause of the ducted by land developers. The direct algae, Gracilaria. There are two odors: obnoxious odors along the western shore marine habitat alteration is significant a nauseating vegetable odor from of Hillsborough Bay. and steep channel s4opes that result often Graci4aria deposited on beaches and shore- The excessive growth of phytoplank- make the possibility of reestablishing lines and an intense hydrogen sulfide ton in the Bay is primarily the result of local habitats slight. odor occurring predominately along the the extremely high concentrations of Another effect from the gerwal trend upW western shore as a result of anaer- total nitrogen in the Bay. The causes of of channel dredging for land development obic decay of Gracitaria in sha I low waters. these concentrations are the effluences is the disruption of water flow pwtterns. The immediate causative agent in the from the phosphate processing plants on ImVoper design and p4a"ning of the chan- death and decay of the benthic algae is the Alafia River, the Ta-mpa sewage treat- nei often creates almost stagnant waters keshwater from the Hillsborough River. ment plant, U.S. Phosphoric Products with an accoWanying deterioration of Poor flushing along the western shore Company, the Nitram Chemical Com- water quality in *e chetw-w4 system. bwW-s to keep Vie chloride concentration pany and also water hyacinth control Greate,r attentioo to t4ie et*neeriin and reOuced thereby accelerating the death practices. Because of the excessive phos- pieening review staWs of land deoe4oip- process. Dissolved oxygen is used up dur- phate concentrations, it is concludea that ment projects is needed to s*op such k4 the decay of the Graciiewia and hydro- the biological plant system is limited by problems. The tochniocail ability to avoid 9" sulfide is produced. available nitrogen. A high percentage re- those problems exists, and there is a need Waste discharges from point sources, duction of available nitrogen as well as to insure that it is used. a4tttough they do not procluce the odor phosphorous, is necessary to limit the growth of aquatic vegetation. 1. Ground Cover Modification and for ground water storage. An in- Low dissolved oxygen in Hillsborough 2 .Habitat Modifications crease in total runoff from a given series Bay is primarily the result of the dis- 3. Alteration of Drainage Patterns and of storms as a result of imperviousness, charge of inadequately treated effluent Water Table results in decreased ground water re- from the City of Tampa's sewage treat- 4. Wildlife Modifications charge and decreased low flows. Thus, ment plant. There is also a substantial de- The first and most obvious alteration increased imperviousness has the effect mand on the oxygen resources of the Bay of any land parcel is ground cover modi- of increasing flood peaks during storm from organic benthic material which fication. This single act generates the periods. accounts for the low dissolved oxygen other three changes, therefore, all four The principal effect of land use on values at the deeper levels. The princi- will be considered as a single interdepen- sediment comes from the exposure of pal sources of these benthic deposits are dent regime for the regional overview. the soil to storm runoff. This occurs the inflow of solids from the Hillsbor- Denuding a site for building construc- mainly when bare ground is exposed dur- ough and Alafia Rivers, the discharge of tion has repercussions far beyond the ing construction. It is well known that the Tampa sewage treatment plant and site itself. The destruction of wildlife sediment production is sensitive to land the settling of phytoplankton and other habitat particularly in coastal areas can slope. Sediment yield from urban areas organisms. upset an obvious, but delicate, balance tends to be larger than in unurbanized between local plants, animals and land areas even if there are only small and Land Development forms. Several large developments in the widely scattered units of unprotected Land development discussions are region have seen the value of mangrove soil in the urban area. In aggregate, these limited to the area of the coastal low- forestation on their properties, but too scattered bare areas are sufficient to yiefd lands. The reason for doing so is based late. The stabilizing effect of mangrove considerable sediment. on the following conclusions: on the coastline (or ground cover in any Land use in all forms affects water 1. The coastal zone in the Tampa Bay area) is dramatic and the lack of plan- quality. Agricultural use results in an in- Region almost completely encom- ning and design ability that calls for their crease of nutrients in stream water from passes the coastal lowlands. removal is financially unwise. both the excretion products of farm ani- 2. The combined effects of geomorpho- The cost of mangrove removal mul- mals and from commercial fertilizers. A tiplies quickly as efforts to halt the land change from agricultural use to residential logical events in the lowlands create erosion begin. This erosion is a double use, as in urbanization, tends to reduce potential development hazards that edged proposition since the forestation these types of nutrients, but this tenden- do not exist in central highlands, i.e., protects the land mass from shore ero- cy is counteracted by the widely scattered slope and drainage problems, rare and sion as well as erosion from overland run- pollutants of the city, such as oil and endangered animal habitat problems, off. This proposition holds true for any gasoline products, which are carried flood and hurricane danger, land use vegetation/land form group that is sub- through the storm sewers to the streams. conflicts and a full range of estuarine ject to variable water conditions, i.e., The net result is generally an adverse ef- ecological problems. stream and river margins as well as large fect on water quality. This effect can be 3. The lowlands and particularly the water bodies. measured by the balance and variety of coastal zone in the region are under- Estimates indicate that runoff, drain- organic life, by quantities of dissolved going some of the most significant de- age problems and flood potential exist material, and by the bacterial level. Un- velopment alterations in the state, on close to a 1:5 ratio comparing natural fortunately, data describing quality fac- with 82 per cent of the region's devel- to urban conditions, i.e., urban conditions tors from urban versus non-urbanized oped land in the coastal zone. tend to produce five times the runoff areas are particularly lacking. 4. The demand for the recreational and volume (Leopold, 1968). The ratio is Finally, the amenity value of the subtropical amenities has increased based on increase in runoff due to the hydrologic environment is especially af- proportionally with the rise in living increase in impervious land surface ac- fected by three factors. The first factor standards, incomes and mobility trends. companying development, and a reason- is the stability of the stream channel it- The increase in the development in able storm sewer system within the area. self. A channel, which is gradually en- the region is widely recognized, and the In the lowland area of the region, good larged owing to increased floods caused pressure for development is centralized in storm drainage sewers are difficult (at by urbanization, tends to have unstable the coastal lowlands where physical con- times economically impossible) to engi- and unveget@ted banks, scoured or mud- straints on development are greatest. The neer due to low elevations and flat topo- dy channel beds, and unusual debris range of these environmental factors must graphy. accumulations. These all tend to decrease necessarily be limited to an operationally In the stream and river areas, as well the amenity value of a stream. acceptable few. There is a set of actions- as man-made channels, this is particular- The second factor is the accumulation on local natural regimes that trace a per- ly evident. As the volume of runoff from of artifacts of civilization in the channel ceptible path in the course of any devel- a storm increases, the size of flood peak and on the flood plain; beer cans, oil opment. Four of these regimes are dis- also increases. Runoff volume also af- drums, bits of lumber, concrete, wire - cussed here. They are discussed from the fects low flows because in any series of the whole gamut of rubbish of an urban perspective of environmental impact and storms the larger the percentage of direct area. Though this may not importantly are of course general in nature. runoff, the smaller the amount of water affect the hydrologic function of the The four impact items are: available for soil moisture replenishment channel, it becomes a detriment of what 61 is termed the hydrologic amenity. farms and woodlands in an equivalent The third factor is the change brought period of time. In small urbanizing, de- on by the disruption of balance in the veloped or industrial areas investigations stream biota. The addition of nutrients indicate that the sediment yield is 10 to promotes the growth of plankton and 100 times larger than that of rural areas. algae. A clear stream, then, may change to one in which rocks are covered with Salt Water Encroachment slime, turbidity increases, and odors de- All counties in the region are subject velop. As a result of increased turbidity to salt water encroachment problems. and reduced oxygen content, desirable However, the problems of Pinellas and game fish give way to less desirable spe- Hillsborough counties are mainly man- cies. Although lack of quantitative ob- made while in Pasco, Manatee and Sara- jective data on the balance of stream sota counties the problems are a function biota is often a handicap to any mean- of coastal physiography. ingful and complete evaluation of the ef- The latter three counties have soil and fects or urbanization, qualitative obser- estuary conditions that correlate closely vations tend to confirm these conclusions. with the 250 ppm or greater isocholor The basic data available for analyzing line used to indicate the boundaries of the effect of urbanization on sediment salt water encroachment. The line can- yield, though sparse, has been summar- not be properly established from pub- ized to some extent in the literature. lished data in Hillsborough and Pinellas Especially valuable is the report by Wol- counties. However, the intensive draw man (in Leopold, 1968) who summarized down f rom the well field areas to supply not only the data obtained from sediment water to the rapidly growing urban areas sampling stations in streams in eastern in these two counties must have an in- United States, but also studied the sedi- f luence on the present 250 ppm iso- ment yield from building construction cholor. activities. Sediment yields from urban- Interviews with private well drilling ized or developing areas ranged from companies indicated that the actual 1,000 to more than 100,000 tons per 250 ppm isocholor line is significantly square mile per year. landward of the published line. Only It should be recognized that sediment proper water resource management will yield per square mile decreases with 'in- alleviate this problem. creasing drainage areas, but nevertheless, it is apparent that unurbanized drainage basins yield 200 to 500 tons per square mile per year, on the average. When building sites are denuded for construc- tion, excavations are made, and dirt is piled without cover or protection near the site, the sediment movement in a rill or stream channel is very large in terms of tons per year immediately clownhil I from the construction site. If the chan- nel contains little water except during storms (an ephemeral stream), there is no chance for dilution and during storm flow the sediment movement is great. If the construction debris gets into peren- nial channels, or for other reasons is dis- tributed along a channel or dispersed over a wide area, the dilution lowers the yield per square mile per year. For very small areas, construction denudes the natural cover and exposes the soil beneath. The tonnage of sedi- ment derived by erosion from an acre of ground water construction in develop- ments and highways may exceed 20,000 to 40,000 times the amount eroded from 62 APPENDIX I Wildlife Habitat Definitions 1. SWAMP FOREST Swamp forest habitats are found in low, usually flooded grounds and are of two types: The cypress swamp and the bay tree swamp. In the cypress swamp, the dominate vegetation is typically bald and pond cypress and various hardwood species such as red maples and water ash. The bay tree swamp is dominated by bay trees such as red and sweet bay. The cypress swamp has a large seasonal water level fluctuation versus a more stable water level found in the bay swamps. Both forest types are usually high mixed formation often bordering lakes and rivers and intimately associated with the water supply of an area. Swamp forests form thick conglomerates of vegetation, sometimes called hammocks, when isolated within another vegetation type. Swamp forests are especially important to wildlife because they act as areas of protection and are often inaccessible to "off-the-road" vehicles. The forests act as sanctuaries and breeding grounds for species of animals that have a low tolerance for human contact. Many species of birds make their homes in this suitable habitat, including the pileated woodpecker, barred owl, limpkin, red-shouldered hawk, wood duck, white ibis and the wood ibis. Mammals often found in this vegetation type include raccoons, oppossurn and marsh rabbits. When the habitat is located near lakes or rivers, it may be the home for bald eagles, ospreys and alligators. 2. MANGROVE ASSOCIATION The mangrove associations are well-defined habitats bordering much of the coast of the Tampa Bay Region. Typical vegetation includes red, black and white mangrove trees, as well as many maritime species of vegetation. These tidal areas vary from saline to brackish and often extended far inland forming a tropical mangrove swamp habitat. Diagnostic wildlife of this habitat includes such birds as the gray kingbird, black-whiskered vireo, and mangrove cuckoo. Many species of wading birds such as the common egret, reddish egret, louisiana heron, and the great blue heron are found in this habitat because of the abundance of marine life which serve as a food source for the birds. The habitat is also a suitable breeding ground for such birds as the green heron, roseatte spoonbill and brown pelican. Other wildlife native of the area, may include rac- coons, marsh rabbits, diamond backed terapins and mangrove water snakes. Like the swamp forests, mangrove areas often act as sanctuaries for many species of animals that may not normally be found in other areas. This is especially true for highly mobile species such as birds, which use mangrove habitats during migration. 3. HARDWOOD FOREST The hardwood forest habitats are true forests with a dense overstory of trees. These forest types are of several different varieties and are also called hammocks. Dominate trees include cabbage palm, slash pine, magnolia, hickory, maple, as well as several species of oak. Usually a heavy undergrowth of shrubs and vines grow with the grasses in the small, scattered openings where sun penetrates the dense canopy. 63 The hardwood forests are important to wildlife species because of their suitability for food production and cover. Wildlife species may include deer, turkey, squirrel, quail and dove. The hardwood forest areas are also utilized by many small woodpeckers, and passerine birds including white-eyed vireo, parula warbler and tufted titmouse, and by many species of migratory birds that are not native to this area. 4. SAND PINE HABITAT The sand pine habitat is a less, well-defined association of vegetation, but is usually characterized and dominated by many sand pines. Depending on the soil characteristics and the amount of water, varying numbers of myrtle oak, chapman's oak, scrub hickory, paw paw, and rosemary can be found in the sand pine habitat. These species often are present in thick masses of vegetation three to six feet tall in the more open areas. In some of the areas, the sand pine forms a rather-thick canopy and the forest floor is open and sandy. On all levels of the sand pine habitat, the soils are sandy and are usually very dry. The limited amount of food and available water often limits wildlife to a large extent. Typical bird species of this habitat are rufous-sided towhee, blue jay, brown thrasher, hairy woodpecker and clawny woodpecker. A few quail and dove also utilize the area for cover. Mammals of the area may include gray fox and skunks. 5. PINE AND XEROPHYTIC OAK HABITAT The pine and xerophytic oak habitat is found on uplands with deep, well drained soils and may be highly diverse in both plant and animal species. Major trees of these areas include longleaf pine, slash pine, turkey oak, and blueback oak. Runner oak is the dominate plant in the scrub layer and the ground is usually covered with native grasses and wildlife food sources. The forest type may vary to a larger degree in composition than the other habitats, ranging from areas of mainly pines to areas of mainly oaks with the median habitat containing both vegetation types and wildlife. Species of birds common to these areas include red-headed woodpecker, quail, great horned owl, dove, blue jay, and summer tanager. Other species including several hawks and woodpeckers also utilize this habitat. Mammals of these areas often include red and gray fox, fox squirrel, skunk, oppossurn and occasionally deer. 6. PINE FLATWOODS The pine flatwoods are an extensive habitat type, found on relative level areas with poorly drained sandy soils. The vegetation has a typical two layered look@ the overstory being composed of varying densities of slash and longleaf pines and the understory being composed of saw palmetto grasses and a few herbs. The poor drainage of the soil often results in small hardwood hammocks, cypress stands, marshes and prairies being scattered throughout this association. 7. GRASSLANDS OF PRAIRIE TYPE Included in this habitat description are sand ponds, sloughs, fresh water shallow marshes, and natural prairies. These habitat types are in effect natural prairies or open, treeless grasslands ranging from very small to several square miles. 64 The dominate vegetation of the area, includes various species of grasses such as maidencane, paspolams, theehawn and various legumes. In the wetter areas such plants as nutgrass, cutgrass, and sawgrass are dominate. These areas vary in their availability of surface water ranging from prairie areas that never have standing water, to the fresh water marshes that even during drought will usually retain some stand- ing water. The habitat produces a wide variety of food for various species of wildlife, but because of the lack of cover, few actually breed there. Species found in these areas may include sandbill cranes, burrowing owls, marsh hawks, meadow larks and quail. Mammals will include various species of field mice, rab- bits and deer if cover is available nearby. 8. CULTIVATED LANDS In the Tampa Bay Region the two major forms of cultivated lands are improved pasture and citrus groves. However, in the southern counties a considerable amount of cultivated lands are devoted to vegetable crops. The improved pasture areas offer much the same wildlife possibilities as the grasslands of prairie habitat. The wildlife in the other cultivated lands is dependent on the nature of the remain- ing natural vegetation and the extent and type of maintenance practices that the particular cultivated crop requires. 9. COASTAL STRAND The coastal strand habitat is another tropical association found along the coastal shore. The vegetation includes many pioneer herbs, grasses and shrubs of wide distribution. The plants are characteristic of dune formations and sandy soils above the high tide mark, and they include sea purslane, glasswort, sea oats and sea grapes. Farther inland the strand community often grades into a beach hammock which supports cabbage palm, live oak, red cedar and australian pine. Also included in this category are the salt water marsh habitats found along low lying coastal areas of the region. These salt marsh habitats are dominated by various sedges and grasses that are tolerant to the effects of the tides. Besides the well documented contribution to the marine life by these salt marshes acting as nurseries for numerous marine species, this habitat also has an abundance of other wildlife. The salt water marshes are used as feeding grounds for most, if not all local species of wading birds such as herons, egrets and ibis. This habitat is also important to both resident and wintering species of shorebirds and some ducks. Raptors found in this habitat will include ospreys, marsh hawk, and wintering short-eared owls. Other raptor species such as bald eagles and peregrine falcons, both endangered species, are some- times found feeding in this important habitat type. Mammals found in these areas will include raccoons, aquatic rats and marsh rabbits. Occasionally otters and manatees in deeper canals, are also seen. Reptile species typically include diamond backed terra- pins, and various types of non-poisonous snakes. 10. DEVELOPEDAREAS These areas include residential areas, cities, and large transportation facilities. Mature residential areas, containing a variety of large trees and shrubs or ornamentals, offer to a limited degree a type of wildlife habitat, utilized by a variety of small animals with a high tolerance for human contact. The other devel- oped areas offer little, if any, habitat and wildlife for all practical purposes can be considered signifi- cantly reduced. 65 APPENDIX 11 Commercial Forestry Definitions 1. COMMERCIAL FOREST LAND Treatment Adequate - This records commercial and non-commercial forestland that is adequately treated in the opinion of Division of Forestry personnel. Establishment and Reinforcement - For commercial forest, this is the area producing less than its potential because of inadequate stocking. The area can be satisfactorily stocked by planting natural or artificial seeding with or without site preparation. For non-commercial forest, this is the acreage of all non-stocked and poorly stocked land on which increases in tree stocking would improve the non-timber benefits both on-site and off. Timber Stand Improvement - For commercial forest only. This includes all acreage on which timber stand improvement is biologically feasible, even though application may not be prac- tical because of costs and/or the variability of management objectives. It is assumed that cut- ting to release crop trees or potential crop trees will result in increased growth and/or quality of the remaining trees in the stand. 2. FOREST LAND GRAZED This is the total acreage of commercial and non-commercial forest lands which are grazed by domestic livestock. This acreage is included in the total estimate of commercial and non- commercial forest as listed in Table 1 .12. The columns are explained as follows: Treatment Adequate - This is the commercial and non-commercial forest land grazed that is adequately treated. Needs to Improve Forage - This is commercial and/or non-commercial forest acreage grazed that, under good farm management, should be treated to improve forage by removal or re- duction of timber and brush cover and other practices. Grazing Reduction or Elimination - Commercial and/or non-commercial forest land on which grazing should be reduced or eliminated. Under good farm management, this will protect the land against soil deterioration or to improve the cover. Primary treatment would include weed- ing, eradication or undesirable components and planting. These practices could be coupled with an incentive rental and loan program to provide landowner incentives and furnish capital funds to be paid back by the owner at harvest time.* Amenity values of scenic beauty, outdoor recreation and watershed protection are probably just as important. In order for private owner- ship to provide these public benefits, incentives or controls be provided for, we recommend toward the incentives approach. The Conservation Needs Inventory - Updated in 1967 lists the principle forest treatment needs by county in the Regional Planning Council area. Funds for this incentive contingent on implementation of Forest Incentives Act of 1972 in the U.S. Congress. 66 APPENDIX III Environmental Plan Procedures The zoning categories, definition and philosophy of the Florida Coastal Coordinating Council (CCC) are used without alteration. To compile the data into composite zoning plans which consider both en- vironmental and developmental considerations, the following procedures were followed. MAPPING PROCEDURES The study area was designated as the entire Tampa Bay Region as delineated by the Tampa Bay Region- al Planning Council. Florida Department of Transportation (DOT) county highway maps were chosen for base work maps. The CCC had already completed preliminary investigations for the region. This material was transferred to DOT base maps to serve as the nucleus of the mapping procedure. Once mapped, this information was then checked and updated by recent aerial photographs of the study area. A final flyover check of the marine grass beds, coastal marshes, coastal mangroves, and beach and dunes was made in order to provide the greatest degree of accuracy possible. Fresh water swamps were mapped by comparing aerial photographs with the soil surveys of each coun- ty, after consultation with the United States Geological Survey (USGS) in Tampa. It was determined that these wetlands were important not only as wildlife habitats, but aid in the preservation of the wan- ing water supply of the area by maintaining potentiometric head pressure and soil saturation levels. Historical and archeological sites were mapped in consultation with the Florida Division of Archives, History and Record Management, Florida Historical Society, regional historical societies, and pro- fessors of archeology and anthropology, at the University of South Florida. Beach erosion conditions were mapped from information supplied by the United States Army, Corps of Engineers. Water classifications were mapped in accordance with the Florida Water Classifications of the Florida State Department of Pollution Control. Categories 1, 11 and IV were actually mapped, while Class I I I waters were not indicated. Class I I I waters are by definition all waters not otherwise included in Classes 1, 11 and IV. Maps of aquatic preserves were transferred from maps provided by the Florida Board of Trustees of the Internal Improvement Trust Fund through the CCC. Hurricane flood zone mapping presented special problems. The line mapped is an approximation of the statistical 100 year flood line which is the basis of the federally financed flood insurance program. Be- cause of this, it was desired that the flood line be mapped as accurately as possible. Both the USGS and the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration have participated in this type of mapping. The USGS maps were made readily available. The primary sources for mapping of the park land were the parks and open space plans for the respec- tive counties. Where it was felt necessary, this information was updated by personally contacting local sources. Due to the limits of a regional study, only those parks over forty acres were mapped. 67 The mapping of marginal land proved to be pal-tiCUlarly difficult. However, in a joint meeting of all the district conservationists and soil scientists, followed by meetings with the individual county con- servationists these problems were overcome. Aquifer recharge areas were identified for the region. Potentiometric maps and topographic maps were compared. Those areas where the potentiometric surface was lower than the earth's surface were delin- eated. In these areas, it can be assumed that there is a greater potential for ground water percolation than in other areas. These areas were then overlaid with soil maps, Those areas where a low potentio- metric surface coincided with high, permeable, sandy soils were then delineated as aquifer recharge areas. Mineral resources were mapped from state and local maps showing the resources of the region. The final mapping task was to develop generalized wildlife habitat maps of the region. This was done in order to be able to recognize those areas which serve as the habitats of endangered species and should be set aside for preservation. The process of which was followed was to obtain from the Soil Conserva- tion Service maps showing climax vegetation groups based upon soil type. Then in consultation with zoologists, the wildlife groups associated with various vegetation associations were determined. These associations were compared with current land use maps and aerial photographs to determine those areas where the actual climax vegetation associations still exist. The result is a generalized map of wildlife habitats. DEVELOPMENT PROJECTIONS The projected acreage to be altered for development is based on the preliminary Tampa Bay Regional Planning Council's Population Study. Data on developed acres per capita were used as a base line for projection in all land use categories listed except the commercial and industrial categories. These two categories were developed using employ- ment trend analysis and projected on commercial and industrial acreage per employee. This was carried out for each county. The following table identifies the acres per capita (A/C) or acres per employee WE) that were derived for the developed areas. TABLE4.1: LAND USE, 1972 IN ACRES PER CAPITA (A/C) OR ACRES PER EMPLOYEE WE) CATEGORY ACRES 1. Residential 0. 1291 /C 2. Tourist Commercial 0.3273/E 3. Retail Service 0. 1 239/E 4. Industry 0.0930/E 5. Transportation and Utilities 0.01441C 6. Recreation and Open Space 0.0440/C 7. Public and Semi-Public 0.0090/C The following aggregation presents these totals for the region for 1975. Categories two (2) and three (3) were combined for the commercial figure shown in the analysis section. 68 TABLE 4.2: LAND USE PROJECTIONS BY POPULATION AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITY BY ACREAGE, 1975 CATEGORY ACREAGE 1. Residential 208,806 2. Tourist Commercial 4,735 3. Retail Service 19,685 4. Industry 15,156 5. Transportation and Utilities 16,174 6. Recreation and Open Space 71,166 7. Public and Semi-Public 24,423 8. Total Urban Occupied Areas 360,145 The population projections were analyzed by Minor Civil Divisions (MCD) in each county or a total of 46 sub-divisions in the region. This analysis was then checked by local planning organizations to arrive at a favorable concensus on population allocations. From this point, local interviews with plan- ners, developers and real estate professionals were carried out to determine areas with the highest probability for development in the next three years. These areas were then checked against the pre- servation and conservation maps, Series One and Two, to determine future conflicts. These areas were then measured by the dot-grid matrix method to determine the figures used in the conflict analysis. 69 APPENDIX IV Historical and Archeological Sites METHODOLOGY In selecting those historical and/or archeological sites which are included in this section of the study, several criterion were considered: 1. The site is of major historical consequence. 2. The site is designated in the National Register of I-listoric Places. 3. The site is of major archeological significance. 4. The site is currently undisturbed by surrounding development. 5. The chance for preservation of the site is feasible or already underway. A site is not included if it is currently in a predominately developed area or is partially destroyed. Any site which is not substantial enough to warrant preservation for cultural, historical or recreational pur- poses is not included. The counties are listed from North to South and the numbered items correspond to the number items on the Series One Maps, Preservation Zones. PASCO COUNTY � No. 46 Arrowhead * No. 83 Anclote Mound Flint Area * No. 101 Lithic Workshop � No. 47 Cemetery Site Mouth of Anclote River Lithic Workshop (Elfers) * No. 102 Lithic Workshop � No. 82 Old Spanish Well Watering place for early ships PINELLAS COUNTY � No. 11 Weedon Island Indian Village Complex (N end) dating 300 AD - 1400 AD � No. 12 Fossil Park Named for fossils - 650 new species found - dating to Pliocene Age No. 14 Seminole Methodist Church No. 15 Fort Desoto Park - 1898 Only fort in U.S. activated during four major U.S. wars No. 16 Sylvan Abbey Cemetery Clearwater Oldest Pinellas County Cemetery No. 17 McMullen Cabin Built - 1952 Example of early pioneer building and architecture No. 18 Sponge Exchange, Tarpon Springs Early 1900's - Industry � No. 19 Abercrombie Park Site of location and landing of Panfilo cle Narvarz - 1528 No. 20 Espirta Santo Springs, Safety Harbor Original Fountain of Perpetual Youth, sought by Ponce de Leon and discovered by Hernando Desoto in May, 1539 � No. 21 Hirrihigua Mound Serpentine Drive and 20th Street South Temple Mound 70 PINELLAS COUNTY @contj � No. 22 Big Island Mound Pre-historic Archaelogical Site No. 23 St. Bartholomew's Episcopal Church Oldest Church in Pinellas County, 1889 No. 24 Don Cesar Hotel Built in 1928 - 325 Bedroom Luxury Hotel No. 25 Detroit Hotel Built in 1888 - First Hotel in St. Petersburg � No. 31 Jungle Prada Site Middens and Cemetery No. 32 First Pinellas County Courthouse � No. 33 Arnaldi Hammock 4' - 8' � No. 35 Ross Island Mounds No. 36 Odet Phillippi Estate Phillippi Park Safety Harbor � No. 37 Safety Harbor Mounds Phillippi Park Temple and Burial Mounds � No. 38 Arrowhead Park Midden Mullet Key � No. 39 Oakhurst Burial Mound Oakhurst Road No. 40 Bellview Biltmore No. 41 St. Michael's Shrine Hope Street, Tarpon Springs No. 42 Oldest Beach Church - 1913 Pass-A-Grille Beach Community Church � No. 43 Tierra Verde Mound Indian Burial Mound - 1500 AD � No. 79 Pine Key Mound Burial Mound � No. 80 Long Bayou Temple, Burial � No. 87 Canton Street Site Indian Village � No. 88 Bayview Site U.S. 19 East and North of Gulf to Bay No. 89 Miranda Home Oakdale Street - Off Fourth Street South near 23rd Avenue 71 HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY � No. 1 Dirsler Circle * No. 75 Lincoln Mound (3) Tampa Mound and Tropical Jungle Bullfrog Creek � No. 2 Coachroach Key * No. 76 Sand Burial Mound Indian Mound Plant City One of the largest still in tact * No. 77 Rocky Point No. 4 Fort Alabama - 1/2 mile East of Shell Midden Mound Highway 301 - Hillsborough River * No. 78 Palm River Midden No. 5 Tampa Bay Hotel - University of Tampa No. 81 Ft. Foster Social and Cultural Center of early Tampa Openea 1891 Second Seminole War Fort No. 9 First Church Building in Tampa * No. 90 Buck Island Built in 1851 -1891 * No. 91 Mill Point No. 10 Ballast Point * No. 92 Bullfrog Creek Midden Small park with fishing pier * No. 93 Shell Point Midden � No. 71 Thomas * No. 94 The Kitchen Sites Sand Mound, shell midden * No. 95 Gardenville Midden � No. 72 Picnic Mound * No. 96 Thonotasassa Site 12 miles East of Riverview and Picnic � No. 73 Mill Point I * No. 97 Unnamed Site Midden Lithic Materials � No. 74 Shell Bluff * No. 98 Unnamed Site Burial Mound - Near Alafia Mouth Sand Mound * No. 99 Shell Midden - North of Rocky Point Peninsula * No. 100 Fish Creek Site MANATEECOUNTY � No. 55 Parrish Mound (2) Sand Burial Mound � No. 56 Parrish Mound "3" (2) � No. 57 Perico Island (2) � No. 58 Cow Point Shell Mound, 2 Burial Mounds (3) � No. 59 Harbor Key Temple Mound Sand Burial, Sand Middens � No. 60 Unnamed Sand Burial Mound � No. 61 Unnamed Burial Mound � No. 62 Unnamed Earthwork -Sand Ridge (Gillette) � No. 63 Unnamed Burial Mound � No. 64 Cemetery, Unnamed � No. 65 Large Sand Mound and Small Mounds � No. 66 Sarasota - Manatee (Line Site) Oblongs and Mound � No. 67 Ogleby Creek Site Oblong Sand Mound 72 MANATEE COUNTY (cont.) * No. 68 Burial Mound 15 Miles East of Parrish * No. 69 Shell Midden - (Snead Isle) Crescent Shaped * No. 70 Horton Site Snead Island No. 84 Robert Gamble House Ellenton - U.S. 301 * No. 85 Madeira Bickel Mound Terra Ceia Island No. 86 Cortez 1880 Fishing Village No. 105 Braden Castle Three Miles East of Bradenton At Confluence of Manatee and Braden River SARASOTA COUNTY * No. 48 Osprey - Shell Middens Little Sarasota Bay * No. 49 Pool Hammock Northeast of Laurel Village * No. 50 Whitaker Estate Mound 60' Diameter - 10' High * No. 51 Midnight Pass (Bird Key) Shell Midden * No. 52 Lemon Bay Unnamed Shell Midden * No. 53 Little Salt Spring Spring Burial Site * No. 54 Paulsen Point Shell Midden No. 103 John and Mable Ringling Estate * No. 104 Englewood Site Major Indian Village Complex Indicates Archeological Sites 73 APPENDIX V GLOSSARY PRESERVATION AREAS Preservation areas are recommended to be protected from any further development except in extreme cases of overriding public interest. The preservation concept includes consideration of ecologically sensitive flora and fauna, as well as, fragile topographic features such as beaches, marshes, and dunes. Included are important historical and archeological sites and any unique environmental features peculiar to the region such as selected springs, caves, waterfalls, and reefs. The estuarine water areas included are classified for shellfish propagation (Class 11). This is the state's most stringent coastal water classif i- cation. Preservation of the areas would offer enhanced aesthetic values, recreational opportunities, sustained biological productivity, and substantial protection to coastal residents and visitors. Class I Waters These are surface waters that are used as a potable source of public water supplies or withdrawn for treatment as such. Class 11 Waters These are coastal waters which have the capability of supporting shellfish harvesting. Marine Grass Beds These are shallow water areas containing extensive amounts of submerged vegetation. These areas are very important to maintenance of marine productivity. Selected Coastal Marshes These are marsh systems having an extent of at least forty acres. Such areas are valuable habitat for numerous species of birds and terrestrial animals, and those marshes influenced by tidal action are con- sidered critical to the maintenance of our marine fisheries. Included in this category are high marsh areas generally considered as being above Mean High Water (MHW). Such areas of lesser extent than forty acres are also recommended to be preserved, but due to scale difficulties are not shown. Selected Coastal Mangroves These are shore-fringing stands of red, black and/or white mangroves having regional significance. Al- though it is generally held that red mangroves are the most important and occupy that area between MHW and Mean Low Water (M LW), the three types are often intermixed, making identification of dis- tinct zones within stands very difficult. Similar in function to tidal marshes, these areas are vital to re- gional marine productivity and offers protection from potential erosion and flooding. Gulf and Atlantic Beaches and Dunes This refers to all beaches and dune systems fronting on the open Gulf of Mexico. These areas, in addi- tion to being very important recreational resources, constitute natural shoreline protection features, Under Chapter 161.053, F.S., all construction seaward of the coastal construction setback line (50 feet inland from MHW unless otherwise established through consideration of natural beach processes) must 74 receive a permit from the Bureau of Beaches and Shores. Local governments through their building per- mit systems, have the most effective means of detecting violations and should assure that projects within their areas of jurisdiction abide by the setback law. Estuarine Beaches These are recreation-quality beaches not exposed to the open Gulf of Mexico or Atlantic Ocean. Al- though they are not as extensive or as attractive as open ocean or gulf beaches, they are important recreational resources that are subject to similar natural forces and development pressures. The state coastal construction setback law does not apply to estuarine beaches. Selected Fresh Water Swamps and Marshes These are areas having a high water table, predominantly internal drainage, and supporting extensive stands of water-tolerant vegetation. Such areas are unsuitable for intensive land uses without major alteration. They are usually of great ecological importance and serve as natural retaining mechanisms for surface water storage. Because of the ecological significance of these areas, their value for hydrologic purposes, and their in- trinsic unsuitability for intensive development, they should be preserved in essentially their natural state. The state and federal governments presently have limited authority to ensure this, except in wildlife refuges, state and national parks, state wilderness areas, areas subject to flowage easements, or other areas in public ownership. The majority of Florida's fresh water swamps and marshes are in pri- vate ownership, with very few controls on their use. Historical and Archeological Sites These are areas of outstanding historical or archeological significance designated by either the federal government or the Florida Division of Archives and History. Florida's rich and colorful history has en- dowed the state with a valuable assortment of such areas, and although it is state policy to protect them, many important sites are in private ownership. In such areas the state is often powerless to prevent their destruction by private interests and must rely solely on local governments to protect the public interest. CONSERVATION AREAS Conservation areas are the lands and waters within the coastal zone that are not absolutely critical to regional ecological integrity (except certain wildlife refuges). However, because of their physical char- acter or present use, they provide buffer zones for preservation areas and represent retention to use options for future generations. These areas also require special precautions when being converted to development in order to avoid direct or indirect consequences harmful to the public health, safety and welfare. Class III Waters These are all coastal waters not otherwise specifically classified by the State Department of Pollution Control. Included are bays, rivers, lakes, estuaries and open waters of the territorial sea. The primary requirement for these waters is that they be maintained at a quality sufficient to allow body contact water sports and propagation of f ish and wildlife. Within this classification, however, is the special stream classification mentioned earlier. These streams are considered as unique environmental features, and are zoned as preservation areas in the state coastal zone plan. 75 Aquatic Preserves These are state protected coastal areas having exceptionally high biological, aesthetic, educational and/or scientific value. Such areas are established by the state after public hearings at the local level. Hurricane Flood Zone This encompasses lands seaward of the 100 year flood line including keys and islands, that is, the area subject to flooding by hurricane driven tides on a statistical probability of once every 100 years. It should be kept in mind that this frequency prediction represents an average that may occur several times within a short time span or may delay for a considerable period. Most of the heavily populated and rapidly growing cities of South Florida have been very fortunate in the last three decades and have not been subjected to devastating hurricanes. Unfortunately, this has caused a false sense of security in many areas, thus setting the stage for natural disasters on a massive scale. Hurricane driven tides are ac- companied by severe wave action and are potentially far more destructive than rising water associated with poor drainage. For this reason, development in the hurricane flood zone should recognize the hazards and use proper construction techniques. It should be recognized that the National Flood Insurance Program utilizes the 100 year flood line as a basis for granting flood insurance. To qualify for insurance under this program, all new residential con- struction must have ground floor elevations above the 100 year f load stage. Other uses have the option of either making ground floor elevations above this level or f lood proofing buildings to that height. River Flood Plans These are lands lying along drainage corridors (rivers and streams) that are subject to flooding on a regu- lar basis. These areas usually contain mixed alluvial, poorly drained soils and natural vegetation that is adapted to fluctuating water levels. The vegetation is especially important in that it provides diversity to the landscape, serves as vital habitat for numerous species of birds and animals, and performs very significant ecological functions for the waters that flow through the drainage corridors. Development in flood plains is usually very expensive, both initially and in terms of continuing mainten- ance costs. In spite of steadily increased expenditures on flood control structures, national losses due to floods continue to rise at an alarming rate. It is ironic that the most important factor contributing to this situation is persistent invasion of the flood plains by those land users most likely to suffer large financial losses from floods. Any development in flood plains that does not actually require access to waterfront is likely to become an unnecessary financial burden to local, state and/or federal govern- ment and should be subject to very strict regulation. Wildlife Refuges These are areas specifically set aside for the protection of wildlife. Such areas may be subject to multiple use, as in the case of state parks, all of which are game refuges. Newly enacted legislation (SB 187) allows the state to lease lands for 50 years of more for use as wildlife sanctuaries. It also provides tax relief on those lands. Parks and Recreation Areas These are areas devoted to outdoor recreational activities of various types. This may include historical and archeological sites, game refuges or unique environmental features. It is impossible for state govern- ment to meet al I outdoor recreation needs of residents and tourists, therefore, local governments and private owners must be relied upon to satisfy a large portion of the needs. As urbanization intensifies, 76 this situation becomes increasingly critical, emphasizing the wisdom of providing development controls that will prevent degradation of recreation areas. The recently enacted "greenbelt law" (H3772) provides a mechanism for encouraging retention of pri- vately owned parks and recreation areas. By offering tax incentives in accordance with this law, munic- ipal and county governments can aid the state. Marginal Lands Marginal lands are those areas that require major alterations before they are suitable for intensive devel- opment and are not classified as other conservation items. Examples of limitations are poor. drainage, susceptability to flooding, and soils having low permeability, high water table, and/or low bearing strength. There are varying degrees of marginality, and most of the limitations may be adequately over- come by technology. Generally speaking, however, intensive development of areas having moderate to severe limitations involves excessive modification of the landscape, large initial expenditure of funds, a high maintenance cost, and presents continuing problems for local government. In addition, intensive development of marginal lands can generally be anticipated to have significant ecological impact unless very careful planning precedes development. 77 ECONOMIC BIBLIOGRAPHY Area Statistics: Selected Services, 1967, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census County Business Patterns, 1962, 1965, 1970, 1971, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census Employment Covered Under the Workman's Compensation Act, 1960, 1965, Florida Industrial Com- mission Economic Growth and Development, Hillsborough County, Hillsborough County Planning Commission, Tampa, Florida, August, 1972 The Economic Impact of the Tampa Port, Dr. M. S. Heidingsfeld, College of Business Administration, University of South Florida, September, 1968 Florida Statistical Abstract, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971 Initial Development of Port Manatee, James C. Buckley, Inc., New York, New York, 1966 Local Government Finances, 1967, 1970, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census Population and Land Use, Tampa Bay Regional Planning Council, (unpublished) Population Projections, Tampa Bay Regional Planning Council, (unpublished) LAND PLANNING BIBLIOGRAPHY Barada, W. etal, Report of Investigation of the Environmental Effects of Private Waterfront Canals, Prepared for State of Florida, Board of Trustees of the Internal Improvement Trust Fund, Tallahassee, Florida, February, 1972 Coastal Coordinating Council, Draft of "Guidelines for Development Activities in Florida's Coastal Zone", unpublished working paper Coastal Zone Management in Florida, 1971, Florida Coastal Coordinating Council, Tallahassee, Florida, 1971 Conservation Foundation Letter, "The Conservation Foundation", Washington, D.C. Dartelli, L. J., et al eds., Soil Surveys and Land Use Planning, Soil Science Society of America and American Society of Agranomy, 1966 Escarosa: A Preliminary Study of Coastal Zone Management Problems and Opportunities in Escambia and Santa Rosa Counties, Florida Coastal Coordinating Council, Tallahassee, 1971 Flawn, P. T. , Environmental Geology: Conservation, Land Use Planning and Resource Management, Harper and Row, New York, 1970 Florida Legislature, The Florida Environmental Land and Water Management Act of 1972, (S13 629), Tallahassee, Florida, 1972 Florida Legislature, The Florida Water Resources Act of 1972, (HB 4060), Tallahassee, Florida, 1972 Florida Statistical Abstract, Bureau of Economic and Business Research, College of Business Adminis- tration, University of Florida, Gainesville "Florida Tourist Study", Florida Department of Commerce, Tallahassee, Florida Florida Trend, Volumes 13-14, 1971, inclusive Florida Trend, April, 1972, Volume 14, Number 12 "Forest Statistics for Central Florida, 1970," U.S.D.A. Forest Service Bulletin SE-1 7, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Ashville, North Carolina, September, 1970 Hills, G.A., The Classification and Evaluation of Land for Multiple Uses, Forestry Chronicle, June, 1966, (pp. 1-25) (reprint available) Hil Is, G.A., Regional Site Research, Forestry Chronicle, 1960, December, 1960, (pp. 401-423) (reprint available) 78 Interim Waste Water Treatment Plan Through 1980, Tampa Bay Regional Planning Council, March, 1972 Kiplinger Florida Letter, op. cit. Kiplinger Florida Letter, 1971, 1972, inclusive Lacate, Douglas S., A Review of Land Type Classifications and Mapping, Land Economics, August, 1961, (pp. 275-277) Land Use Conflicts and Phosphate Mining in Florida, Sweeny, J.W., 8 ureau of Geology, I nformation Circular 72, State of Florida, Department of Natural Resources, Tallahassee, see 1971 Leapold, B.L., et al, A Procedure for Evaluating Environmental Impact, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. Leapold, L.B., Hydrology for Urban Land Planning - A Guidebook on Hydrologic Effects of Urban Land Use, Geological Survey Circular 554, Washington, D.C. 1968 Lewis, Philip H., The Outdoor Recreation Plan, (Wisconsin Development Series) Madison: Wisconsin Department of Resource Development, 1969 McHarg, Ian L., Design with Nature, Doubleday/Natural History Press, Doubleday and Company, Inc., Garden City, New Jersey, 1971 McHarg, Ian L. and Wallace, David A., Plan for the Valley vs. Spectre of Uncontrolled Growth, Landscape Architecture Quarterly, April, 1965, (pp. 179-181) McQuigg, J.L., The Economic Value of Florida's Estuarine Areas, unpublished lecture presented at the Pine Job Environmental Sciences Center, West Palm Beach, 1971 National Estuary Study, U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, G.P.O., Washington, D.C., January, 1970 National Goals Research Staff, Toward Balanced Growth: Quality and Quantity, Washington,.D.C., U.S.G.P.O., 1970 The National Shoreline Study, Volumes 1-3, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, D.C., 1971 Newsletter, Florida Coastal Coordinating Council, Department of Natural Resources, Tallahassee, Florida, Volume I Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Report, Volumes 1-23, Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission Staff, G.P.O., Washington, D.C. "Population Trends, A Regional Fact Sheet", in-house research report, Tampa Bay Regional Planning Council Preliminary "Population Study, Tampa Bay Region", unpublished working paper, Tampa Bay Regional Planning Council Preliminary "Land Use Study, Tampa Bay Region", unpublished working paper, Tampa Bay Regional Planning Council "A Red Flag Charrette", Seminar Sponsored by the Florida Association of the American Institute of Architects, March 5, 1972, Gainesville, Florida Science and Environment, Report to the Commission on Marine Science, Engineering and Resources, G.P.C., Washington, D.C., 1969 Shoreline Analysis of the City of Sarasota, Smally, Welford and Nalven Consulting Engineers, Tampa Bay Regional Planning Council, Publication, 1970 Shoreline Resource Development: A_ Preliminary Report on Coastal Planning and Land Management for the Tampa Bay Region, Tampa Bay Regional Planning Council, April, 1972 Soil Survey Manual, Agriculture Handbook, 18, U.S. Department of Agriculture, G.P.C. Washington, D.C. Soil Survey, Pasco, Pinellas, Hillsborough, Manatee and Sarasota, Florida, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, G.P.O., Washington, D.C. Taylor, J. L. and C.H. Saloman, Some Effects of Dredging and Coastal Development in Boca Ciega Bay, Florida, Fishery Bulletin, Volume 67, Number 2, 1968 79 Thompson, S.H., Estuaries: An Action Program to Save Them, from Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries In- stitute Proceedings, 1967 U.S. Legislature, 92nd Congress, The Coastal Zone Management Bill, (S582), Washington, D.C., 1972 WASTE DISCHARGE BIBLIOGRAPHY Department of Pollution Control, Winter Haven, Florida Department of Pollution Control, Southwest Region, Punta Gorda, Florida Department of the Army, Jacksonville District Office Corps of Engineers Environmental Protection Commission, Hillsborough County Environmental Engineering Section, Manatee County Health Department Environmental Engineering Section, Pasco County Health Department Environmental Engineering Section, Pinellas County Health Department Environmental Engineering Section, Sarasota County Health Department Engineering Standard, Animal Waste Treatment Lagoons, Florida, April, 1970 Florida Board of Conservation (DN R), Florida Land and Water Resources, Southwest Florida, 1966 FWPCA - Problems and Management of Water Quality in Hillsborough Bay_Florida, December, 1969 Project Manasota 88, Report of an Environmental Health Study, Manatee and Sarasota Counties, 1966-68 T B R PC, Comprehensive Plan for Water and Sanitary Sewer Systems in the Counties of Hillsborough, Manatee, Pinellas and Sarasota, October, 1968 TBRPC, Interim Wastewater Treatment Plan Through 1980, March, 1972 TB R PC, Inventory and Analysis of Existing Water, Sewer and Solid Wastes Systems, November, 1967 80 Bill Ruff Cover TAMPA BAY REGIONAL PLANNING COUNCIL 3151 THIRD AVENUE NORTH, SUITE 540, ST. PETERSBURG, FLORIDA 33713 1 1118111110111[ 3 6668 14104 0842 C FP,, @' .:'S'7 A!. 7 , ez- N-1 E 4 @ p,0- pir a , "a , ITF., @ I il F u "al i1i @@;,*.el VQ1.'N UF. I