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Coastal Zone a us 213 Information Center Comm DEE cum -2-1 MARINE RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT U/ A Blueprint by Citizens for the Northeast Pacific PASGAP 4 AUGUST 1972 HC 107 .A18 M35 1972 00/6/15@@ ZONE MARINE RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT A Blueprint by Citizens for the Northeast Pacific PASGAP 4 - August 1972 Edited by Patricia Peyton Chairman, PASGAP Publications Committee U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA COASTAL SERVICES CENTER 2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE CHARLESTON SC 29405-2413 Published for the Pacific Sea Grant Advisory Program by Washington Sea Grant Advisory Services University of Washington 41-3 Division of Marine Resources C--) Seattle, Washington 98195 <C property of CSC Library During the winter of 1971-72 nearly 150 distinguished citizens met in Anchorage, Alaska; Vancouver, British Columbia; Olympia, Washington; Newport, Oregon; and Honolulu, Hawaii, in order to identify priority marine resource problems and suggest action solutions. Participants were selected based on their leadership in their state or province. Among these were judges, fishermen, recreationists, legislators, environmentalists, seafood processors, port managers, developers, marine transportation representatives, resource agency heads, coastal zone managers, tourism promoters, marine surveyors, and college professors. These were unfettered planning sessions rather than circumscribed con- ferences. From the standpoint of the avowed purpose of identifying priority marine problems, the results were substantial. More importantly, however, leaders from diverse marine fields joined for the purpose of sharing their per- ceptions, concerns, and hopes. Bonds of understanding were forged, and common causes emerged. Major regional priorities were identified and courses of needed action became clear. This bulletin reports the results of the meetings. The information will be useful as a guide to development of marine resources in the several states and British Columbia. With this blueprint, the Pacific Sea Grant Advisory Pro- gram has a mandate for action that is international in fact. It is hoped that the impact of this pioneering international Sea Grant venture will extend far beyond the Northeast Pacific. Robert B. Abel Director National Sea Grant Program CONTENTS 7 Alaska Planning Meeting I I British Columbia Planning Meeting 15 Hawaii Planning Meeting 19 Oregon Planning Meeting 23 Washington Planning Meeting 26 Planning Meeting Participants The Alaska meeting was the first of a series planned among members of the Sea Grant-sponsored Pacific marine advisory program and industrial and political leaders in individual states. The purpose was to identify clearly areas in which marine advisory programs should concentrate their efforts within the Pacific region. The group in An- chorage included five representatives of PASGAP and 13 Alaskans representing the maritime industries, particularly fishing and transportation. After an introductory session, the group was divided into three committees: fisheries, shipping, and native com- munities. The committees were charged with the re- sponsibility for producing specific recommendations for PASGAP action in the Alaska region. In essence, these groups identified areas in which more information must be made available to the maritime public, federal agencies, and state legislators. Many of the subjects discussed concerned matters which have been poorly stud- ied, so the topics proposed by the committees were often as much research suggestions as they were requests for infor- mation. Fisheries Alaska Planning Meeting 1. Limited entry into the fishing industry: There is a need to integrate existing and collect new information on Anchorage, December 17-18, 1971 economic and social implications of limited entry. PAS- Chairman: John Doyle GAP's role would be to disseminate all pertinent informa- tion to fishermen and to obtain their points of view. 2. Information on definition of the territorial sea: His- torical fishing areas may be lost to the fishermen (i.e., Cook Inlet) with the U.S. State Department going into the terri- torial sea business. PASGAP could disseminate informa- tion and keep all concerned fully informed of the current status. 3. Education in business and economic matters: A need exists for assistance in native land settlements, bank- ing, insur&nce@ ', and marketing (i.e., cooperative associa- tions). Short courses on pertinent topics should be offered in the coastal towns during seasonal slack periods. 4. Technical education for fishermen: Similar courses or workshops should be arranged to concentrate on tech- nical aspects of the industry, such as gear handling and preparation offish for market. 5. Three'.needs relating to high insurance: (a) Local shipyards with ways and lifts, possibly built with state and federal funds. (b) Information programs for fishermen on proper care and maintenance of their vessels (better mainte- nance would result in lower insurance rates). (c) Informa- tion on better road access to processing plants (i.e., Bristol Bay) and possibly public ownership of haul-out facilities, which again would result in lower insurance rates for the processing plants. 7 6. Waste disposal: About 200 small processing plants in selling their catch. After three poor seasons, there are are in dire need of technical advice on waste disposal prob- few, if any, of the small processors left in the remote areas; lems and existing legislation that affects them. their financial backing seldom permits them to survive 7. Quality control: Education in quality control is shaky harvest years. needed by processors and in proper fish handling by produc- 6. Information on various means of limiting entry into ers. fisheries: Alaska will be voting next fall on a proposed con- 8. Biological education for fishermen: Fishermen need stitutional amendment which, if successful, will make lim- courses in basic fish biology and behavior so that they can iting entry into fisheries constitutional by whatever means understand better how fish management works and hence the legislature decides upon. Indications are that the consti- appreciate the need for regulation. tutional amendment will pass. The legislature needs 9. Coastal zone management: It was felt that too many up-to-date information on the advantages and disadvan- agencies are involved in managing the coastal zone with too tages of the various ways of limiting entry into fisheries by much competition among them. The suggestion was made January, 1973. that PASGAP might act as a catalyst to bring about integra- 7. Establishing new markets for "exotic" fisheries tion and coordination of these agencies without itself be- products: There might be viable markets for sea urchins coming a "super agency." and abalone available in southeast Alaska. New markets 10. Vessel design and construction: Technical infor- have recently opened (to the Japanese) for salmon eggs, mation in this area needs to be published in laymen's terms kelp, and herring roe. . so fishermen can comprehend discussions with ship 8. Educational programs on fishermen cooperatives: In builders and architects regarding designs for their boats. the general briefing, Graham Drew, University of British In summary, the committee felt that PASGAP could Columbia, mentioned that Canada's initial fisheries exten- play the role of integrator of existing agency expertise and sion programs concentrated on educating fishermen gener- information, in order to help bring the fishing industry into ally on cooperatives-cooperative philosophy, credit the twentieth century. Until license limitation is an estab- unions, fish production and marketing. Apparently, this lished fact, progress is unlikely and management extremely has not been done on a broad scale in Alaska. difficult. In all of this, special attention must be paid to the 9. Disposal of fisheries waste products: At present, social implications of any actions taken. much processing waste simply goes into the water. Some possible ideas for using this waste were discussed, i.e., using Air Force planes to distribute fish meal from the waste as Shipping nutrients for inland lakes or processing herring into meal to help manufacture Oregon pellets (a Seattle company now 1. Bulk cargo support for remote areas: Bristol Bay, imports herring meal from Newfoundland to produce the for instance, now has no ship cargo service outside of the Oregon pellets). very short, heavy fishing season. Bulk cargo service is also 10. Oil company support in fisheries enhancement pro- needed during the months of smaller demand. jects: Fishermen in the Cordova area fear that, once the 2. Remote area navigation aids: In remote areas, navi- pipeline comes through, tanker operations will seriously gation aids are not used as often as in more heavily popu- interfere with their present livelihood. impressive results lated areas; however, when these aids are needed, they are are reported in increasing salmon runs through enhance- needed badly. ment projects-artificial spawning channels, gravel incu- 3. Off-season jobs in remote areas: In Bristol Bay, for bator systems, and general lake and stream rehabilitation. If example, if fish processing personnel could have local the oil companies were thus willing to help the fishermen sources of income outside the fishing season, there would with their livelihood, the fishermen would have less to be a much better chance of upgrading the area's work force worry about and might be more cooperative. - in terms of productivity and product quality. 11. Southwestern Alaska transportation problem: A 4. Cooperative major cold storage facilities in remote ferry is needed from the south end of the Kenai Peninsula areas: if these were available in Bristol Bay or in the Bering across Cook Inlet. The need "also involves a road either Sea, fishing could continue the year around rather than through or around the Katmai wilderness area, now pro- only during a major fish run. As it is now, fishing must be posed as a national monument. If the road goes around, it geared to the periods of concentrated fish processing opera- will cross-and probably damage-numerous salmon tions. spawning streams. If the road goes through the proposed 5. Source of financing for small processing operations national monument, status will require provision for a cor- in remote areas: Small processing operations can provide ridor to accommodate the road. In general, appropriate some competition in remote areas, benefiting the fishermen agencies should work with the state highway department on 8 each specific highway, from the initial stages of planning to increased greatly in recent years, and they have become a the final construction. major problem in the Cook Inlet fishery. Practical means to harvest and market belugas are probable and these should Native Communities be investigated. It is understood that the Alaska Depart- ment of Fish and Game is interested in this problem. 1. Communication: Exchange of information among 2. Forecasting salmon runs: A pilot study was sug- all resource users was recommended. One suggested means gested to check the effectiveness of using airborne infra-red for doing this was through meetings of local citizens with photography to identify the oil that salmon are thought to state and federal agency representatives. exude. Other remote sensing devices, either aerial or satel- 2. Gear limitation: Explanation of regulation and limi- lite, should be tested for their utility to Alaska's fishing tation is needed so that fishermen can have a voice in what industry. will happen. 3. Environmental resource assessment: Base-line 3. Sea use planning or coastal zone planning: Consid- studies of areas likely to be developed must be encouraged eration is necessary of the impact of any project upon var- to permit reasonable assessment of the likelihood of future ious resource users. There are many potential conflicts be- environmental damage. Little is known about most coastal tween interests of oil, timber, fishing, and recreation indus- areas of Alaska-even the existence of certain fisheries is tries. unknown at present. 4. Transportation: More land transportation within Throughout the meeting, a number of topics of general Alaska is necessary, and if this goal can be accomplished, interest came up again and again in various contexts. Spe- people need to know where, when, and how. It was stated cific suggestions for research or for appropriate educational that more highways may not be the best thing (sociologi- programs were not made, but these topics must be consid- cally) to happen to some fishing communities. Bristol Bay ered in the development of a coherent advisory program was cited as an example. for Alaska. 5. Fishery biology research on marine mammals: Re- 1. Limited entry was of widespread interest, especially search has to be done to obtain basic information on as a result of the recent introduction of this concept into the marine mammals and how they can be used economically. British Columbia salmon fishery. The legal, economic, and 6. Economic considerations: Education is needed on sociologic implications, as well as the advantages from the such basic capital gains questions as: Should fish (i.e., viewpoint of fisheries management, are of interest and the frozen or processed salmon) be held for a period of time question was raised whether such a system could be intro- in order to obtain a better price? duced in Alaska. People should be informed about the sys- 7. Conflict of interests between oil, fish, and timber: tem, and especially about the practical problems as seen by First, it is necessary to establish which conflicts exist and British Columbians. where. In some locations, oil structures are extremely harm- 2. Communications and education in the maritime ful, while in others there is no danger. These industries communities must be improved, especially as related to need to have some coordination to help each other to the problems of law, business practices, and resource manage- best advantage and to protect their own interests. Work- ment. shops with participation from representatives of the various 3. Technologic information exchange within the public and private interests should be organized to discuss fishing industry on such topics as gear, processing, and these situations. waste utilization and disposal must be improved. 8. Advisory boards: Advisory boards are needed to 4. Coastal zone management is a poorly understood coordinate and disseminate information obtained from re- subject, and responsibilities appear fragmented among source inventory studies to local people whose livelihood many using federal, state, and local authorities. Communi- depends on the understanding and knowledge of local reg- cation between the agencies and the public must be encour- ulations. aged, and perhaps some consolidation and simplification of the situation can be accomplished. General Discussion 5. Transportation problems in remote parts of the state After the committees reported to the entire meeting, a are of great concern and modern technologic planning, general discussion followed and three specific suggestions with judicious regard for the environment, must be devoted for research were developed by the group: to this issue. 1. Beluga. whales: These small whales are believed to Many other subjects were discussed, formally or infor- be major predators upon both smolt and mature salmon. mally, at the Anchorage meeting. Those listed are merely a They also can damage fishing gear. Their populations have sampling of topics of particular concern to the group. 9 At the Centre for Continuing Education on the Uni- versity of British Columbia campus eleven of some thirty invited participants met in two groups with four PASGAP representatives. After a brief summary of marine extension work at U.B.C., which follows, a stimulating and frank discussion resulted in the sub- sequent listing of marine resources needs. No attempt has been made to assign any priority to the points listed. While there is much variation in the items re- ported, they have one thing in common-all are obstacles to best management or development of marine-related re- source use in British Columbia. Marine Extension at University of British Columbia A modest, but effective fisheries extension education program has been in operation on Canada's west coast for 34 years, and since 1938, the Centre for Continuing Educa- tion (formerly Department of Extension) has been involved in this field. Funds have been provided by the Government of Canada through its Fisheries Service, Department of the Environment (formerly Department of Fisheries). In the earliest years the entire effort was in the field of British Columbia Planning Meeting cooperative education to help commercial fishermen manage their own affairs. Subsequently one of the major Vancouver, March 3, 1972 offerings was an annual three-week residential short Chairman: Graham Drew course focusing on the scientific and technical aspects of the industry. The program was terminated in 1969, after operating for 15 years. Currently the Centre offers programs for fishermen at the major fishing communities on the B.C. coast. In addition, nonfunded general and technical pro- grams in fisheries have been offered for industry manage- ment personnel and staff members of government agencies. The Centre also arranges ad hoc marine programs for the general public besides specific Environmental Management Conferences for professional audiences. The latter fre- quently include content pertaining to marine-related mat- ters. Jurisdiction As many as seven levels of jurisdiction may be in- volved in the consideration of a single resource use ques- tion. Clarification of areas of jurisdictional responsibility at various levels of government is needed. Moreover, different levels of government should work more closely together, should use similar criteria and regulations, and should communicate more effectively with their clientele groups. In short, the gap between public officials and the people affected by government decisions must be closed. Decision Base 1. Should there be an expanded territorial limit to pro- There should be more talking and thinking before de- tect shelf-related species from overexploitation by foreign ciding on the use of a marine resource, and as areas of fleets? (Do those who maintain the spawning grounds have agreement are reached on parts of a major decision, special rights?) there should be prompt action. For example, many 2. Should there be a species-management scheme to streams on Vancouver Island already have been logged protect salmon and tuna? while citizens are still wondering what the key decision 3. Should there be more adequate protection of fish- parameters should have been before this happened. eries stocks from pollution, e.g., perhaps a fisheries bill of rights (acknowledging that fish have first call on water)? 4. Forestry adds 50 cents of each dollar to the B.C. economy, but poor forest practices in the past have de- Coasta.1 Zone Management stroyed some fisheries. Although larger forest operators With the most desirable ocean frontage under heavy tend to be good housekeepers, smaller operators are a big pressure, the issue of managing the coastal zone is be- problem and must be encouraged to improve their coming increasingly important. Generally, short-term gains methods. appear to take priority over long-term benefits. Tidelands ownership claims are cl6uded. Interest in the questions of land and water use planning and zoning could provide an Forestry opportunity to activate an educational program before major resources are sacrificed. 1. Logging and transport debris: One-half of the total B.C. logging business is along the coast, and some 5 billion board feet per year are transported by water to various Education mills. These movements impinge on other people-logs hit nets of commercial fishermen; recreational boaters run into The marine extension educational effort by the U.B.C. deadheads; and there is appreciable log debris along the Centre for Continuing Education needs much more support shores of Georgia Straits. Logging is, of course, a major than it is presently receiving in order to tackle the multi- factor in the B.C. economy, yet there are questions to an- tude of public educational issues involved in understanding swer. How much of the debris in harbors and on beaches is British Columbia's marine resources and in disseminating natural? If the beaches were completely cleaned of log de- factual information on fish and their environment. bris, what would the erosion be? What are the actual losses from logs lost from towing booms? Portable chip mills have been tried as a means of re- Training moving log debris from beaches, but three attempts have proved unsuccessful. Today's complex interdisciplinary questions require a Only good timber logs are salvaged by the 500 license modification in training programs at the several terminal holders of the Gulf Log Salvage Association, so debris that levels. To effect change, universities and institutions need is full of teredo holes, sand, and small rocks is useless for specific information from employers on changing profes- anything but firewood. sional requirements. 2. Pulp mill effluent: It is possible to upgrade the dis- Two needs were cited: (a) for a new professional cadre charge from modern mills over a period of time, but old of applied oceanographers at the M.Sc. and Ph.D. levels mills are a problem. They generally are not worth the ex- and (b) for "hand-minded" technicians. In regard to the pense of upgrading, and so tend to be closed down. latter need, the demand for technicians seems to exceed the 3. Effect of logging on streams: More information is number available from British Columbia Institute of Tech- needed on these operations in order to make decisions. nology. Participants wondered if this trend would continue While there is information available on siltation and road and, if so, how information about it could be gathered and construction costs relative to stream protection, more used. knowledge is needed on green strips. For instance, are wil- lows the right cover for specific conditions? What width of green strip is required? Is there a standard width? Fisheries 4. Wet log storage areas: Sometimes logs are collected for long periods in specific water areas prior to transport or A number of important fishing questions need to be processing. Little is known about how this collection affects examined. the storage area environment. 12 Water Transport Specific Information The matter of polluting during water transport is con- Among all concerned citizens and agencies responsible fused in terms of individual responsibility and different for policy decisions, there exists a need for more immediate types of pollutants (particularly for the merchant marine answers to questions involving hydroelectric, nuclear and officer faced with on-the-scene responsibility at sea). Under applied engineering problems. present law there are very heavy fines for oil pollution or the release of oily wastes in the marine transportation situa- tion. Slow accumulation of oily wastes is natural in ship- board operations, but there are usually no shipboard means of collecting or separating the wastes. If there were, there is Observations of U.S. Participants usually no means of disposing of them when ships reach According to U.S. participants in this PASGAP meet- port. Too often the operator must ultimately dump the ing, it was refreshing to see the apparent success of the fol- wastes overboard illegally. lowing progressive ideas: In addition, there are marine cargo pollutants other C than oil, such as barge loads of chlorine. Potential exotic ornmercial and sports fishermen working together on chemical pollution is generally not regulated as is oil. common problems of pollution, habitat, etc. In each case, the master has incomplete control over Advisory committees, of long standing, aiding the ac- key factors affecting pollution at sea such as whether he tivities of provincial and federal authorities. sails under specific weather conditions with various poten- The Canadian Government's stand of a 100-mile pol- tial pollutant cargoes. Yet he bears a major share of the re- lution jurisdiction in the Canadian Arctic. sponsibility if a marine pollution disaster occurs. Informed Representatives A number of concerns centered on the role of the cit- izen in marine resource decision-making and the need for leadership development among resource user groups. Gov- ernment officials attempt to obtain counsel from industry representatives or advisory councils, but how representative are industry representatives? Are future leaders being trained or groomed in decision making so that they can properly represent resource and industry concerns? Fish- ermen and other mariners are often at sea and unavailable for counsel. Information Dissemination Several needs for improved communication of infor- mation were cited: 1. More effort is needed to provide information to the public on marine resources. 2. Ways need to be found to stimulate general public participation in decisions before crises occur. 3. Methods must be developed to provide an adequate number of well-trained, high calibre, motivated profes- sional educators to conduct marine resource and environ- mental protection programs. 13 At the Manoa campus of the University of Hawaii, a total of 23 people participated in meetings that emphasized three areas of greatest concern in the Hawaiian marine scene: (1) marine recreation, (2) marine fisheries and aqua- culture, and (3) coastal zone planning and management. The need for coordination between the three areas of focus was recognized, so throughout the day there was some shifting of persons between the different groups. The groups were directed to develop a list of needs or concerns to be considered for action through Sea Grant efforts, Pacific Sea Grant Advisory Program (PASGAP) talent sharing, or other sources of combined private-public educational expertise. Marine Recreation Recreation is a diverse but highly important use of Hawaii's marine resources. Recreational resources are in- tensively used by visitors and residents with considerable overlapping and conflict between users and among the di- verse sorts of uses. The following set of needs was identified by the marine recreation group: 1. There is a need for an authentic survey of numbers of people involved in scuba diving. This need is particu- Hawaii Planning Meeting larly important at this time when state concern for safety is mounting. Honolulu, March 21, 1972 2. Better ways must be developed for disseminating Chairman: John Ball and coordinating the large volume of water safety inforrna- tion already available from such sources as the U.S. Coast Guard, state and city water safety groups, and parks people at the different levels of government. It was felt that the recreation specialist of the Sea Grant program should form an advisory body on marine recreational matters. 3. Public access to the shoreline is a severe problem in Hawaii. Efforts should be devoted to indicating existing rights-of-way and developing others. 4. Water quality degradation, particularly from sewage effluent, has a detrimental effect on the value of our swim- ming beaches. Perhaps daily coliform-level reports should be established. 5. Public camping areas seriously lack facilities, and there is a need for planning (and regulating) this activity. The pending availability of inexpensive marine mass transit will augment this problem. Hawaii's natural aesthetic quali- ties must be preserved. 6. There are the beginnings of problems involving multi-use of some beach areas: scuba diving versus swim- ming and surfing versus swimming. These problems require attention as do the conflicts between marina harbor devel- opment and surfing-swimming sites. 7, The conflict between visitors and residents is a problem to be watched in camping and beach use. 8. The group felt that the state should anticipate the 15 problems in recreational submersibles when their use be- factor in development of this fishery, and research could be comes widespread. directed into supplemental bait fish for this fishery. There are many potential species which should be investigated as Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture new sources of supply. Also, research might well be done on transporting bait fish from areas of abundance, such as The group began with a brief review of the present the west coast of the mainland. Hawaiian fisheries and aquaculture situation. 3. Aquaculture in Hawaii at the present time is di- The fisheries are basically two: the offshore tuna rected toward raising catfish and macrobrachium shrimp. fishery and the inshore fishery for other species. The tuna One of the most limiting factors in the expansion of aqua- resource (skipjack) can support a much larger harvest than culture is the cost and availability of land and water. Tech- the present commercial fishery. It was thought that the nology has advanced to a point where pilot projects are other resources in the inshore waters are being harvested to possible; however, to establish a viable industry, much their fullest. more technology should be developed before large invest- Because Hawaii has a high per capita consumption of ments are made. So far all work has been accomplished fish, the local production does not meet the demand. De- under a P.L. 88-309 project, which is insufficient for devel- spite this, occasional gluts occur on the fresh fish market oping technology as rapidly as necessary. which greatly affect prices. Prices are generally very high For example, disease has not yet been a problem, but because of the shortage, and importing fish by air is profit- basic information and the technique for control should be able. developed before a major problem arises. Aquaculture is in the embryonic stage and is directed Over the United States, and perhaps the world, there toward raising catfish and macrobrachium shrimp. Tech- is a great deal of research being directed toward the raising niques have been developed by the Hawaii Division of Fish of Paeneid shrimp. Members of the group expressed a con- and Game, and one commercial enterprise is applying these cern that there may be a great deal of duplication of effort. techniques. 4. Discussions revealed that present laws relating to The following are needs and subjects of concern which the coastal and marine areas of Hawaii need study and were identified by the group on marine fisheries and aqua- clarification. With the development of aquaculture it has culture: become clear that some activities required are not covered 1. There is an increasing demand on the inshore re- by Hawaiian law. It was suggested that the marine laws of sources by both the recreation fishermen and the commer- Hawaii be reviewed to determine where voids exist. cial fishermen. It is obvious that the division of resources 5. Education of the public on the value of the natural between these two groups will demand that some system of resources is recognized as a critical need to guarantee the allocating the resources be developed. future of these resources, and a program to work with the The local islands (main Hawaiian group) are presently schools must be worked out. Development of educational being fished to the limit, while the islands to the west, in- materials and teaching aids will become more and more cluding French Frigate Shoals, Midway, etc., are far from important if the public is to understand the management of being adequately utilized. It is not, however, economically marine resources. Currently, there are not sufficient pro- feasible at this time to fish these areas for the main island grams within the state and federal resource management markets because of the distance. agencies to do an adequate job in this area. 2. There are several problems inhibiting the growth of 6, The ever-increasing numbers of recreational boats the high seas tuna fishery. The first is locating the resource. have taken over more and more of the mooring facilities Even though it has been determined that the catch of skip- formerly used by commercial fishing vessels. This is a jack could be greatly expanded, it is difficult to determine growing problem on all the islands but is extremely critical where the schools of fish are located. More research is in the Honolulu area. The problem should be studied in needed on locating schools so that current information can order to guarantee the commercial fishing industry a suit- be provided to the industry. able site for mooring, gear repair, and vessel maintenance. Another problem confronting the skipjack fishery is the method of catching. The present fishery is dependent Coastal Zone Planning and Management upon bait, of which there are only two important species. Both species are dependent upon inshore waters for repro- In attempting to define the Hawaiian coastal zone, the duction, and such waters are extremely limited in the main group recognized that legal definitions and environmental Hawaiian group. Fast-sinking purse seines have not been relationships are not necessarily the same. In Hawaii the tested adequately in the mid-Pacific. This testing should be landward segment of the coastal zone legally extends one done, perhaps in connection with bait fishing. mile inland. Seaward, the zone goes out three miles to At present, the quantity of bait is the most limiting the edge of the territorial sea. Within the water seg- 16 ment there are two sections-the deep ocean and the cialist to be hired by the University of Hawaii should, as a littoral zone. The counties of the state of Hawaii are major responsibility, know the "who, what, and where" of separated by international waters. Relating to extension coastal zone questions and should recognize the need of the of territorial waters, there appears to be no urgent public for access to information of all sorts. need at present for the 200-mile limit. The following needs were identified by the group on In Hawaii it is difficult to separate land policy from coastal zone planning and management: coastal zone policy. Two sets of information relate to the 1. A combined program in land use, population, and coastal zone. In the first set, the legal proscription is con- environmental planning. trasted to environmental relationships of drainage and 2. A collective expertise to prepare and assess environ7 other physical influences. In the second set, we contrast the mental impact statements. People must be trained to pre- extent of marine influence on the land island versus the pare such statements, and evaluation methods must be de- influence of the island land masses upon the marine envi- veloped. ronment. The land areas of Hawaii are subject to four types 3. A determination of whether coastal zone manage- of zoning: urban, rural, conservation, and agricultural. A ment should be separated from general land and water use shoreline setback law of 40 feet has been passed by the management. State Legislature; the counties are responsible for adminis- 4. A data bank on coastal zone information from local, tration. This setback appears to be minimum contrasted state, federal, and private sources. with the 150-foot setback laws of Australia and New Zea- 5. An investigation of what other states are doing in land. Currently, a strong coastal zone management law is coastal zone management for possible application to being discussed in the Hawaii Legislature, but it is agreed Hawaiian problems. that the U.S. Congress must act first on coastal zone man- 6. The compilation and publication of an en- agement legislation. vironmental inventory of the Hawaiian coastal zone, Another aspect of coastal zone management relates to using the following sources as a basis: Corps of Engineers land ownership. Within the state, there is a limited group of data, Water Resources Research Center reports, Uni- major landholders. These owners seem to favor slow, versity of Hawaii Atlas of Hawaiian Resources, source well-planned development. On the other hand, a specula- data on marine resources, parks and harbors reports, and tion syndrome pervades smaller ownerships. specialized bulletins. It is difficult to separate discussions on environmental 7. Beach access problems should be analyzed. questions and the coastal zone in an island state such as Further access to military lands for public recreation Hawaii from general environmental questions. During the should be stimulated and opportunities to use public discussions, the question of surplus energy sources came up. beach areas publicized. The group talked specifically about using sugar waste (ba- 8. A program to foster public awareness and protec- gasse), which is burned to generate electricity for operation tion of the limited and priceless estuaries of Hawaii. of sugar refineries. A suggestion was that the state could 9. A detail of coastal land ownership patterns and an encourage industries to generate surplus energy for use in understanding of development priorities to aid in preparing the vicinity of the plant. Furthermore, alcohol might be dis- educational programs on short-term land speculation versus tilled from molasses for truck fuel. long-term planned development. The problem of environmental pollution in Hawaii, 10. Corollary to ownership, the need to understand as in other PASGAP states, was held to be crucial. human-use patterns related to quantity and quality of the The following examples were pointed out. land-sea surface. Domestic sewage from a number of cities is still 11. Determination of whether state and county plans dumped untreated into the ocean. consider acquisition of coastal areas for public recreation, Siltation from shore-side housing developments is underwater parks, etc. causing sedimentation pollution, which is killing coral reefs 12. Use of extension bulletins to inform the public of in Kaneohe Bay and elsewhere. coastal zone and environmental legislation (to shorten the Pearl Harbor, one of Hawaii's major estuaries, is so tag time between enaction and understanding). polluted that oysters and other aquacultural species may 13. Preparation of bulletin on fragile dune areas, storm not be harvested. dunes, and the value of their retention as undeveloped land. People pollution-the impact of excess human popula- 14. Stimulation of research to fill gaps in wave data: tion-is being felt in several areas. for example, statistics on wave diffraction and refraction. Oil removal, recycling, and heat from power genera- 15. Consideration of transportation questions such as tion pose problems in the coastal zone. the automobile ferry to outer islands and the consequent It was suggested that the coastal zone information spe- impact of increased human use of resources. 17 The Oregon planning meeting was held in the Oregon State University Marine Science Center in Newport. After the opening session, participants met in five subgroups in which problems were identified, discussed, and noted. In some cases, actions were recommended. Reports of the subgroups are consolidated in this summary of the meeting. The summary is divided by major topic areas, and the observations and recommendations of the subgroups are outlined within each of the topic areas. The topics are (1) fisheries, (2) pollution and estuarine ecol- ogy, (3) planning and zoning, (4) law, (5) recreation and tourism, and (6) public information and education. A series of miscellaneous recommendations concludes the report. Fisheries 1. Assessment of stocks: Agencies that study and manage fish and shellfish in the Pacific rim area should in- tensify their research efforts in assessing the magnitude of commercially important offshore stocks of fish and shell- fish. These agencies include, but are not necessarily limited to, Oregon State University, the National Marine Fisheries Oregon Planning Meeting Service, and the Fish Commission of Oregon. 2. Foreign fishing: Fishing by foreign vessels has sig- Newport, January 18, 1972 nificantly reduced concentrations of certain species in the Chairman: William Q. Wick eastern Pacific. Many Pacific Northwest fishermen have depended on these fish for a living. Marine extension agents in the PASGAP region should keep fishermen apprised of foreign fisheries problems and their magnitude and of the position being taken by governmental agencies involved in seeking a solution to these problems. In addition, govern- mental decision-makers should be made aware of the feelings and attitudes of the industry through marine advisory per- sonnel. 3. Fisheries marketing: Marketing is one of the major problems in developing the fishing industry. PASGAP should employ a marketing specialist and a sea- food technologist. The marketing specialist would conduct studies on existing seafood marketing channels; existing markets; new markets; and consumer preferences. The sea- food technologist would work with retail outlets on display, merchandising, packaging, and refrigeration. 4. Limited entry: An influx of vessels entering cer- tain eastern Pacific fisheries has significantly reduced the catch -per-u n i t-of-effort of all vessels in those Jisheries. A limited entry system may maximize total production with fewer units of gear at the same time increasing returns to individual vessels in those fisheries. PASGAP should con- duct an educational program for commercial fishermen to acquaint them with limited entry. The educational program should include theory, variations, and implementation. 19 5. Ind ustry- research- manage me nt relationships: Al- people are the biggest polluters. Categories of waste dis- though commercial fishermen represent a wealth of knowl- posal include: edge on commercial stocks, their knowledge often is un- -domestic and industrial wastes in estuaries tapped by research and management agencies. To provide -ocean waste disposal from discharge pipes, etc. better input to research and management, an Oregon com- -fish processing plant offal mercial fisheries advisory committee should be established to -oil wastes advise and consult with state fisheries leaders on problems -recreational and commercial boat and ship sewage relating to the commercial fishing industry. In addition, -log storage and handling and related logging activities those who research fisheries questions should use the fish- -siltation and dredge spoils in estuaries ermen's knowledge by including them as cooperators in -solid waste disposal projects. An effort should be made to disseminate the re- sults of research on a real-time basis and to help the indus- Acombination of methods must be used to resolve these try to interpret and use the results of this research. pollution problems. They include land- and water-use plan- 6. Publications for fishermen: A fisherman's hand- ning leading to zoning, research, and improved communi- book is needed for each major fishery. The handbook cation among principals. PASGAP can help coordinate ef- should include information on the following: forts and reduce duplication. Marine advisory field staff should work with local planning groups and task forces. �sanitation and care of the catch aboard the vessel �how to hold fish, including icing them 2. Providing biological and ecological data on estu- �a listing of allowable temperatures for holding fish, anno- aries: Critical problems facing estuarine decision-makers tated with information on temperature-shelf life relation- are (1) lack of biological data relevant to dredging and ships disposition of spoils; and (2) lack of information about �criteria for a hold, including lining materials the effects of development on the ecology of estuaries. �instruction on methods, materials, and equipment for OSU and other PASGAP participants must become at- cleaning and sanitizing the vessel tuned to these and other research needs of coastal plan- �comparison of present methods of handling catches ning and decision-making bodies. Once these needs are This publication might be sent to each new commercial identified, university research scientists must orient their fishing licensee, particularly those in the salmon trolling projects to meet the needs of these coastal planning and fishery. Workshops based on the information in the publica- development groups. Oregon State University should coop- tion should be held in each of the ports. A similar educa- erate with other federal and state agencies in implementing tional program might be undertaken with sports fishermen and conducting these studies. with information relating to how to butcher and clean the fish and what factors cause spoilage and quality loss. 7. Need for uniformity of requirements: A va- Planning and Zoning riety of government agencies develop and enforce regula- 1. Decision making requires economic inputs: tions and requirements that affect the seafood industry. There is an urgent need for comprehensive and wise land- These agencies and others also make requests for voluntary and water-use planning in the coastal zone. The problem is cooperation. Two noteworthy areas call for improved coor- compounded by traditional reliance on planning commis- dination. Regulations governing plant sanitation, product sions, composed of unpaid citizens, with responsibility for quality, and effluents from plants vary from agency to relatively small areas, and characterized by high turnover. agency. Marine advisory efforts should be directed toward Economic models should be developed that can offer promoting coordination and standardization. Second, large valid quantitative equivalents of social and esthetic values. blocks of statistical data are being required from the in- The Sea Grant College can provide information on socio- dustry. Marine advisory efforts should be directed at devel- economic and technical aspects of planning. Marine ad- oping a central data clearing and coordinating system, and visory staff members should work with local planning encouraging the return of summaries of these data to the groups, encouraging the use of federal, state, and regional industry and to the public. inputs. 2. Aquaculture should be considered in planning: Pollution and Estuarine Ecology Aquaculture is an important potential use of the coastal zone and it should be included in planning and zoning. Sea 1. Identifying and solving pollution problems: Pollu- Grant should encourage the consideration of aquaculture as tion questions are tough for a democracy to solve and an important use. 20 Law of local government officials so they may make intelligent Review of present laws needed: As people ap- decisions. There is lack of understanding of h ow the pri- proach the problems of the coastal zone, it is clear that not mary fishing industries contribute to the overall develop- all questions that need law for resolution have the laws that ment of the tourism industry and other industries. The are required. Additionally, some of the present laws are Marine Advisory Program should promote the under- inadequate or dated. A comprehensive review should be standing of the value of the primary industry to the overall undertaken to identify what laws presently relate to the value of the life and economy of the community. coastal zone and to make a summary available to people 2. More public information effort needed: There who need it. Additional laws that are needed should be is a need for more public information on what the state Sea developed and proposed, especially for estuaries and tide- Grant College is doing. The public would like to have de- lands. tailed information about individual projects, their objec- tives, and the long-range goals of the program. Recreation and Tourism 1. The recreational resource has limits, too: Miscellaneous Recommendations There are finite limits to resources, including those used for Several of the subgroups appended miscellaneous ob- recreational tourism. ft is important to stress quality over servations and recommendations to their reports. They are quantity and even to explore some kind of limited entry, summarized here. The majo 'r problem of Oregon's sea-oriented recreation is -Studies are needed on the factors influencing the quality one of an influx of low-budget tourists. Adding to the and abundance of crabs. problem is the heavy use during only four summer months, -The factors that influence the abundance and production Promotional emphasis needs to be changed. Costs gener- of oysters should be identified. ated by tourists should be borne to a greater extent by -There should be further research into the location and them. Limiting entry to the coastal zone through pricing, abundance of albacore. reservations, and licenses should be investigated. -The resources and the long-range supply of raw materials 2. The recreationist should be identified: Little is for seafood production should be identified. known about the recreationist or about how to manage the -There should be further study of the use of "waste" heat recreation resource. Sea Grant should focus on asking cer- in enhancement of aquaculture. tain questions like: -Projects carried out under Sea Grant should be of an Who is the recreationist? applied nature, but not necessarily short term. Basic re- What sort of diversity exists among recreationists? search should be undertaken in those areas where there is a definite need for basic information to reach a well- What does the recreationist want? defined objective. How do we channel recreation pressure so as to preserve Oregon should have an oceanographic commission with the resource? sufficient authority to operate in the areas of policy, pro- 3. Aquaculture may offer recreational resource: motion, education, and communication. Sea Grant may wish to explore using aquacultural tech- niques for providing "quest" or tourist fisheries. Public Information and Education 1. Multiple use of coastal zone requires understand- ing: The problems of multiple uses of the coastal zone make public understanding of the conflict essential. While the OSU Marine Advisory Program has made good headway in this area, there is a need to expand efforts in relation to land- and water-use planning, resources utiliza- tion and expansion, and protection of the environment. Specifically, they should develop a public education pro- gram on the estuarine systems and their important role in natural food production. There is also a need for education 21 At the Olympia meeting, thirty participants divided into three discussion groups following an introductory ses- sion. The marine resource needs which these Washington citizens identified are reported here under the following headings: fisheries, information and education, pollution, tourism, and assessment of marine resources. In this report, the group's analyses of these subjects are recorded along with suggested solutions to the needs identified. Fisheries There is more capital invested in Pacific Coast fish- eries than is necessary to harvest these fisheries, and some means for legally limiting entry into these fisheries needs to be devised. That device must be one which is acceptable to commercial fishermen as well as to the public. Public meetings about the necessity for limiting U.S. commercial fleet size should be sponsored so that citizens understand the economic and sociological implications of limited entry. Such meetings could lead to effective methods for implementing effective limited entry programs. Some participants feel that the federal government ignores commercial fishermen in law-of-the-sea conferences and further, that the public is apathetic about the injustices of foreign fleets harvesting U.S. fishery resources. One group recommended that PASGAP encourage close coop- Washington Planning Meeting eration among fisheries organizations and promote public discussions on this subject. Olympia, January 19-20, 1972 Loss of life and property among Pacific Coast fish- Chairman: Robert E. Harris ermen is a serious problem. To counteract this problem, it was suggested that a broad safety-training program con- sisting of courses in navigation, seamanship, and safety could be coupled with industrial safety approaches and of- fered to commercial fishermen. Dangers to certain Puget Sound fishes were cited by several members of the group. Herring, a bait for salmon and a major forage source for salmon feeder runs, is in danger of being overharvested. A subset of this problem is that herring bait harvesters apparently are taking quantities of young salmon as well. A second danger is that caused by developers to small salmon streams, especially those with coho runs. These streams, which may be less than 2 feet wide, are easily overlooked by developers and sometimes are inadvertently blacktopped. Programs to preserve and to artificially propagate Puget Sound fishes should be encour- aged. There was a feeling that industry can no longer con- tribute as much to basic fishery research and management as in the past. As a result, industry representatives felt that there is a need to broaden the base of existing salmon re- search by eliminating duplication of effort among various research programs and to broaden the range of research problems. Finally, participants recommended establishment of marketing programs to promote purchases of domestic sea- food, particularly of certain bottomfish and shellfish. 23 Information and Education Tourism Citizens and environmental planning groups need bal- Although the group did not attack the question of anced information about the marine environment in order quantity versus quality, they did discuss a number of needs to make wise decisions about the uses of that environment. and opportunities for increasing tourism in Washington. This thought was expressed by almost every person at- It was suggested that community colleges structure tending the conference. two-year training programs to provide personnel for posi- The groups suggested both long-term and short-term tions as tourist information representatives and recreational approaches to fill this need: guides. Educational materials should be produced and made An adequate inventory of Washington's natural re- available to teachers so that pupils can be introduced to the sources (especially marine resources) is needed. A map marine environment in the schoolroom. The group felt that could be developed to show resources and, where appro- students who develop an appreciation for the marine envi- priate, areas in which they are found. ronment at an early age would carry it into adult life, A central clearinghouse of recreational information Balanced information should be prepared and dissem- for tourists was suggested, and a program was recom- inated to the public on specific environmental issues when mended to stimulate citizen interest in life-time participa- they arise. tion in some recreational activity. Meetings and conferences should be promoted among There is a need to understand the Washington tourist. the multiple users of the marine environment. The people Where does he come from and what does he want? (A re- attending this conference believe that it is important to get cent survey by the Visitor Industry Council indicated that conflicting users together in small groups so that they have fishing and boating are the tourist's prime interests). an opportunity to talk to each other and exchange informa- Finally the group recommended that the following tion. opportunities be investigated. -Emphasize family participation related to conferences and conventions -Determine impact of quick travel time on recreation re- Pollution sources (Future Shock syndrome) It is difficult to keep up with pollution regulations be- -Develop marine science environmental areas (underwater cause they come from many sources. Federal, state, county parks and natural areas of unique habitat) and local agencies issue regulations, and correlation among -Use airlines to promote tourism (deadhead flights for these sources is needed so that the public and industry can tourists, inflight information bulletins on destination comply with them. events, inflight promotional films) In addition to correlating sources of regulation, the -Prevent vandalism to recreational areas by involving local group felt that continuing attention to several aspects of people in planning and development waste disposal are needed. These include: �Fish processing plant offal Assessment of Marine Resources �Sewage from boat and ship holding tanks �Wastes resulting from clean-out operations aboard oil Puget Sound is a complex estuary, and for many of its tankers uses there is insufficient information for planning future �Dredging spoils needs. The group spoke of a base-line study, including re- �Heated effluent from nuclear power plants sources, economic uses, population projections, and input- �Heavy metal residue from metropolitan sewage treatment output models to relate to specific study topics on bio- plants logical productivity, nutrient removal, and other basic phe- �Pollution caused by increasing recreational uses nomena. There was some disagreement as to the need for or practicality of this approach, but it was suggested that the One discussion centered around the wisdom of uni- local advisory program might get interested groups together versal standards for pollution control. Present regulations for an overall look at Puget Sound. for disposing of fish wastes sometimes disregard practical A more meaningful approach to shoreline classifica- considerations. Solutions at hand, such as installing sewage tion was proposed-specifically, a geo-hydraulic study of treatment plants, are not economically feasible in plants marine shore systems that could result in classification and that operate only 200 hours per year. The group con- terminology with physical, biological, and legal acceptance cluded that there is a need to educate officials enforcing and understanding. This was presented as basic to mean- pollution regulations about the overall effects of fish wastes ingful inventories of marine areas, biological assessments, on the environment, and about the economic impact of the legal interpretations-each of which has an integral part in regulations on industry, zoning for multiple use. 24 Ann Albohn, Executive Secretary Visitor Industry Council 423 Water Street Olympia, Washington 98501 Arthur Anderson Commercial Fisheries Instructor Clatsop Community College 16th and Jerome Astoria, Oregon 97103 Robert Anderson Dept. of Agricultural and Resource Economics University of Hawaii Gilmore 202 Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 Keith Arnold Alaska Oil and Gas Association 550 First National Bank Building 425 G Street Anchorage, Alaska 99501 Allan Aspelund, Chairman Bristol Bay Borough Naknek, Alaska 99633 PLANNING MEETING PARTICIPANTS Walter Baldwin Commercial Fisheries Project Alaska Federation of Natives 1675 C Street Anchorage, Alaska 99501 John L. Ball, Jr., Acting Coordinator Sea Grant Advisory Services University of Hawaii 2540 Maile Way Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 Roy Banner, Assistant Chief Fisheries Management Washington State Dept. of Game 600 North Capitol Way Olympia, Washington 98504 Hon. Edward Barber Representative Alaska State Legislature 100 1 E Street Anchorage, Alaska 99501 Donald Basgen U.S. Corps of Army Engineers 2850 S.E. 82nd Street Portland, Oregon 97226 26 Robert Bates, Director Public Affairs Frank Buble, Secretary/Manager Washington State Dept. of Natural Resources Fishing Vessel Owners Assoc. of B.C. Public Lands Building 1619 Fell Avenue Olympia, Washington 98504 Burnaby 2, B.C., Canada Wolfe 0. Bauer Horace C. Buckingham Consulting Engineering Commercial Fisherman, West Coast 5622 Seaview N.W. Trollers' Association Seattle, Washington 98107 550 S.E. 2nd Street Newport, Oregon 97365 Donald Benson, Executive Secretary Richard Buffier Northwest Pulp and Paper Association University of Alaska Sea Grant 2633 Eastlake E. Seattle, Washington 98102 142 E. 3rd Anchorage, Alaska 99501 Hon. J. L. Bohannon Circuit Court Judge T. H. Butler Tillamook County Courthouse Biological Station, Fisheries Research Tillamook, Oregon 97141 Board of Canada Nanaimo, B.C., Canada Gilbert Bowe K. M. Campbell Mason, Bruce & Gerrard Fisheries Association of B.C. American Bank Building 100 W. Pender Street Portland, Oregon 97205 Vancouver, B.C., Canada Dick H. Bower, Owner Don Chapman Western Environmental Planning Associates Field Office Division 6845 Topaz Drive S.W. U.S. Dept. of Commerce Tacoma, Washington 98498 921 S.W. Washington Street Edward Brandon Portland, Oregon 97205 Western Alaska Marketing Assoc. Dennis Cowals Dillingham, Alaska 99576 Anchorage Daily Times Harold Brauner Box 40 State Executive Department Anchorage, Alaska 995 10 109 Capitol Building Doak Cox, Director Salem, Oregon 973 10 Environmental Center University of Hawaii Gerald Brewster, Landscape Architect Maile Way 10 Skidmore, Owings & Merrill Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 1100 S.W. 6th Avenue Portland, Oregon 97205 Maynard Cummings, Extension Wildlife Specialist Robert W. Brick Dept. of Zoology, 188 Briggs Hall Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology University of California University of Hawaii Davis, California 95616 Coconut Island Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 Jack R. Davidson, Director Sea Grant Programs Johnny Brown, Commercial Fisherman University of Hawaii Box 5576 2540 Maile Way Charleston, Oregon 97420 Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 27 Philip Daniel, Admin. Assistant Malcolm Finlayson Alaska State Senate Canadian Merchant Service Guild Box 75 230 West Broadway Ninilchik, Alaska 99639 Vancouver, 10, B.C., Canada Charles P. Davies, Research Analyst R. Barry Fisher, Associate Senate Ways and Means Committee Professor of Fisheries Room 210, Fourth Floor Marine Science Center Legislative Building Oregon State University Olympia, Washington 98504 Marine Science Drive Newport, Oregon 97365 John Doyle, Head Laurence Freeburn, Superintendent Marine Advisory Program Naknek Cannery University of Alaska Whitney-Fidalgo Seafoods College, Alaska 99701 2360 W. Commodore Way Graham A. Drew, Director Seattle, Washington 98199 Resource Industries Programs Takuji Fujimura Centre for Continuing Education Division of Fish and Game University of British Columbia Dept. of Land and Natural Resources Vancouver 8, B.C., Canada State of Hawaii 530 S. Hotel Street Basil Edmunds Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 Edmunds Seafoods Hon. Jay Hammond, Senator P.O. Box 348 Alaska State Senate Garibaldi, Oregon 97118 Box 128 H. J. Eggleston Naknek, Alaska 99633 Water Transportation Hon.. Paul Hanneman, Oregon State Representative Eggleston Towing Company, Inc. Rt. 2, Box 16 525 W. 3rd Avenue Cloverdale, Oregon 97112 Anchorage, Alaska 99501 Rob .ert E. Harris, Manager Kenji Ego, Div. of Fish and Game Marine Advisory Programs Dept. of Land and Natural Resources Division of Marine Resources State of Hawaii University of Washington 530 S. Hotel Street 3716 Brooklyn Avenue N.E. Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 Seattle, Washington 98195 Howard English, Director James Haynes, Diving Instructor B.C. Wildlife Federation Marine Option Program 6470 Patricia Bay Highway University of Hawaii Victoria, B.C., Canada 2540 Maile Way Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 Earl Engman, Chairman Wallace Heath Salmon Committee Lummi Tribal Center Washington State Sportsman Council P.O. Box 309 8017 Custer Road S.W. Marietta, Washington 98268 Tacoma, Washington 98499 Paul Heikkila, Marine Extension Agent Margaret Felt, Information Officer Marine Advisory Program Washington State Dept. of Natural Resources Oregon State University Public Lands Building Coos County Extension Office, Courthouse Olympia, Washington 98504 Coquille, Oregon 97423 28 David Hickok, Director Jack Kemp Sea Grant Program Dept. of Recreation and Conservation University of Alaska Commercial Fisheries Branch 142 E. Third Parliament Buildings Anchorage, Alaska 99501 Victoria, B.C., Canada Lewis R. Holcomb, Executive Director Gene Kruse, Director Washington Public Ports Association Fish Commission of Oregon P.O. Box 1518 307 State Office Building Olympia, Washington 98504 1400 S.W. 5th Avenue Portland, Oregon 97201 Garrett Horder John Lansing Johnson & Higgins of Washington and Bumble Bee Seafoods Oceanographic Comm. of Washington Astoria, Oregon 97103 860 White-Henry-Stuart Building Seattle, Washington 98 101 Ed Lindbeck Lloyds Agency, American Institute of Ed Huizer, Deputy Commissioner Marine Underwriters Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game Box 1853 Subport Building Anchorage, Alaska 995 10 Juneau, Alaska 995 10 Cedric Lindsay, Assistant Chief Don Jackson Management and Research Governor's Committee on Oceanography Washington State Dept. of Fisheries Commercial Manager, Central Lincoln PUD 115 General Administration Building Newport, Oregon 97365 Olympia, Washington 98504 R. Logan Robert Jacobson, Marine Extension. Agent Lloyds Agency, American Institute of Marine Advisory Program Marine Underwriters Oregon State University Box 1853 225 W. Olive Street Anchorage, Alaska 995 10 Newport, Oregon 97365 Hon. Rod McKenzie David Jamison Oregon State Representative Aquatic Land Manager Cape Blanco Road Washington State Dept. of Natural Resources Sixes, Oregon 97476 P.O. Box 168 Jean McKean Olympia, Washington 98501 Sea Grant Program University of Hawaii Don Johnson 2540 Maile Way State Economic Opportunity Office Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 511 W. 4th Avenue Scott McLeod, Manager Anchorage, Alaska 99501 Hawaiian Tuna Packers James P. Johnston, Environmental Forester P.O. Box 238 Crown Zellerbach Honolulu, Hawaii 96809 Northwest Timber Operations Dixon Mackinnon 1500 S.W. First Avenue Fisheries Service Dept. of the Environment Portland, Oregon 97201 1090 W. Pender @treet Karl Keller Vancouver, B.C., Canada U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Jack Madison, Manager Fort Armstrong, Building 96 Tillamook People's Utility District Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 Tillamook, Oregon 97141 29 Commander Richard F. Malm National Sea Grant Program Captain of the Port, Portland NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce U.S. Coast Guard Rockville, Maryland 20852 2805 N. Going Street, Swan Island Ray Parks Portland, Oregon 97217 Commercial Fisherman _jlarvey Moore, Regional Extension Coordinator Box 89073 National Marine Fisheries Service Anchorage, Alaska 99508 6116 Arcade Building Seattle, Washington 98101 T. R. Parsons Institute of Oceanography Oliver Morgan University of British Columbia Weyerhauser Timber Company Vancouver, 8, B.C., Canada 785 N. 42nd Patricia Peyton, Editor Springfield, Oregon 97477 Washington Sea Grant Program Robert Mundell, Marine Surveyor Division of Marine Resources 913 Board of Trade Building University of Washington Portland, Oregon 97204 3716 Brooklyn Avenue N.E. Seattle, Washington 98195 Stanley R. Murphy, Director Division of Marine Resources Allan L. Poole, Industrial Waste Engineer University of Washington Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle 3716 Brooklyn Avenue N.E. 4 10 W. Harrison Seattle, Washington 98195 Seattle, Washington 98119 Jack Neilsen Carter Pyle Commercial Fisherman Consulting Biologist Fish Farms Hawaii Star Route, E Box 112 P.O. Box 852 Newport, Oregon 97365 Kihei, Hawaii 96753 Harold Ostrosky Peter Radulovic Bristol Bay Area Development Corp. Hawaii Visitors Bureau Alaska Federation of Natives and RURALCAP 2270 Kalakaua Avenue, Suite 801 1675 C Street Honolulu, Hawaii 96815 Anchorage, Alaska 99501 Richard Reynolds M. F. Painter Alaska Dept. of Economic Development Council of Forest Industries Pouch EE No. 1500-1055 W. Hastings Street Juneau, Alaska 99801 Vancouver, B.C., Canada Fred Robinson Howard Paish JIMCO Charters Howard Paish & Associates, Ltd. Depoe Bay, Oregon 97341 837 Homer Street Vancouver 3, B.C., Canada Rollie Rousseau Oregon State Game Commission W. 1. "Bob" Palmer, Senator 1634 S. W. Alder Street Alaska State Senate Portland, Oregon 97201 Chairman, State Senate Resource Comm. Box 103 Justin Rutka Ninilchik, Alaska 99639 Dept. of Agricultural and Resource Economics University of Hawaii Daniel A. Panshin, Coordinator 2540 Maile Way National Marine Advisory Program Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 30 Henry Sakuda, Chief of Marine Fisheries Lynn Steiger Division of Fish and Game Lincoln County Planner Dept. of Land and Natural Resources Lincoln County Courthouse State of Hawaii Newport, Oregon 97365 530 S. Hotel Street Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 John Stienbacher, Chief of Recreational Safety William G. Saletic, Executive Manager U.S. Coast Guard, 14th District Purse Seiners Vessel Owners Association 677 Ala Moana Boulevard I I I I N.W. 45th Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 Seattle, Washington 98107 Dick Stephen-Hazard Henry Sause, President Environmental Protection Manager Sause Brothers Ocean Towing C. Brewer and Company Terminal Sales Building Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Portland, Oregon 97205 Frank Skrivanek, Planning Coordinator John Sweet Dept. of Planning and Economic Development Atlantic Richfield Corporation State of Hawaii Box 360 1010 Richards Street Anchorage, Alaska 995 10 Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 Edgar Weymouth, Northwest Manager Courtland Smith Western Oil and Gas Association Assistant Professor of Anthropology 306 Grosvenor House Waldo Hall 340 500 Wall Street Oregon State University Seattle, Washington 98121 Corvallis, Oregon 97331 William Q. Wick, Head Orris Smith Marine Advisory Program Commercial Fisherman Oregon Marine Science Center Port Orford, Oregon 97465 Oregon State University Allan Sommarstrom Newport, Oregon 97365 Dept. of Geography Andy Wik University of Hawaii Marine Surveyor PSB 204 237 E. Third Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 Anchorage, Alaska 99501 Kenneth Spies Philip Yoshimura, Planner Dept. Environmental Quality County of Hawaii 1004 S.W. 5th Avenue 25 Aupuni Street State Office Building Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Portland, Oregon 97201 Ed Standish, Divisional Supervisor Robert Younker Program Development Division Port of Coos Bay Washington State Dept. of Ecology P.O. Box 787 P.O. Box 829 Coos Bay, Oregon 97420 Olympia, Washington 98504 Ben Young G. W. Stead South Central Timber Development School of Community and Regional Planning Company, Inc. University of British Columbia 519 W. 8th Avenue Vancouver, 8, B.C., Canada Anchorage, Alaska 99501 31 PACIFIC SEA GRANT ADVISORY PROGRAM The Pacific Sea Grant Advisory Program (PASGAP) is an international venture in cooperative marine extension. The program grew out of the recognition that regional marine needs could best be met through re- gional approaches. PASGAP members work together to identify the needs of the Pacific marine community and to help meet those needs through publications, talent sharing, and specialized projects. PASGAP is funded by the U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration through the National Sea Grant Program. Current members include representatives from: University of Alaska, University of British Columbia, University of California, Uni- versity of Southern California, University of Hawaii, Oregon State Uni- versity, University of Washington, and National Marine Fisheries Service. DAM DUE I I GAYLORD No. 2333 INTED IN J,SA 111111118111111111111611111111 3 6668 14106 3950 Cover Photograph: S. R. Murphy