    [From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

      Coastal Zone                                                                        a us 213
       Information
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                           MARINE RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
                                                                    U/
                                                       A Blueprint by Citizens for the Northeast Pacific

                                                                     PASGAP 4    AUGUST 1972

          HC
          107
          .A18
          M35
          1972

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                                                                                                              ZONE

                                       MARINE RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

                                       A Blueprint by Citizens for the Northeast Pacific

                                       PASGAP 4 - August 1972

                                       Edited by Patricia Peyton

                                       Chairman, PASGAP Publications Committee
                                                                                                                    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
                                                                                                                    COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
                                                                                                                    2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
                                                                                                                    CHARLESTON              SC 29405-2413

                                       Published for the Pacific Sea Grant Advisory Program
                                       by Washington Sea Grant Advisory Services
                                       University of Washington
        41-3                           Division of Marine Resources
                     C--)              Seattle, Washington 98195

        <C
                                                                                                         property of CSC Library

                                       During the winter of 1971-72 nearly 150 distinguished citizens met in
                                  Anchorage, Alaska; Vancouver, British Columbia; Olympia, Washington;
                                  Newport, Oregon; and Honolulu, Hawaii, in order to identify priority marine
                                  resource problems and suggest action solutions. Participants were selected
                                  based on their leadership in their state or province. Among these were judges,
                                  fishermen, recreationists, legislators, environmentalists, seafood processors,
                                  port managers, developers, marine transportation representatives, resource
                                  agency heads, coastal zone managers, tourism promoters, marine surveyors,
                                  and college professors.
                                       These were unfettered planning sessions rather than circumscribed con-
                                  ferences. From the standpoint of the avowed purpose of identifying priority
                                  marine problems, the results were substantial. More importantly, however,
                                  leaders from diverse marine fields joined for the purpose of sharing their per-
                                  ceptions, concerns, and hopes. Bonds of understanding were forged, and
                                  common causes emerged. Major regional priorities were identified and
                                  courses of needed action became clear.
                                       This bulletin reports the results of the meetings. The information will be
                                  useful as a guide to development of marine resources in the several states and
                                  British Columbia. With this blueprint, the Pacific Sea Grant Advisory Pro-
                                  gram has a mandate for action that is international in fact.
                                       It is hoped that the impact of this pioneering international Sea Grant
                                  venture will extend far beyond the Northeast Pacific.

                                                                         Robert B. Abel
                                                                         Director
                                                                         National Sea Grant Program

                                       CONTENTS

                                   7   Alaska Planning Meeting

                                 I I   British Columbia Planning Meeting

                                 15    Hawaii Planning Meeting

                                 19    Oregon Planning Meeting

                                 23    Washington Planning Meeting

                                 26    Planning Meeting Participants

                                                                                                The Alaska meeting was the first of a series planned
                                                                                           among members of the Sea Grant-sponsored Pacific marine
                                                                                           advisory program and industrial and political leaders in
                                                                                           individual states. The purpose was to identify clearly areas
                                                                                           in which marine advisory programs should concentrate
                                                                                           their efforts within the Pacific region. The group in An-
                                                                                           chorage included five representatives of PASGAP and 13
                                                                                           Alaskans representing the maritime industries, particularly
                                                                                           fishing and transportation.
                                                                                                After an introductory session, the group was divided
                                                                                           into three committees: fisheries, shipping, and native com-
                                                                                           munities. The committees were charged with the re-
                                                                                           sponsibility for producing specific recommendations for
                                                                                           PASGAP action in the Alaska region.
                                                                                                In essence, these groups identified areas in which more
                                                                                           information must be made available to the maritime public,
                                                                                           federal agencies, and state legislators. Many of the subjects
                                                                                           discussed concerned matters which have been poorly stud-
                                                                                           ied, so the topics proposed by the committees were often as
                                                                                           much research suggestions as they were requests for infor-
                                                                                           mation.

                                                                                           Fisheries
                       Alaska Planning Meeting                                                  1. Limited entry into the fishing industry: There is a
                                                                                           need to integrate existing and collect new information on
                       Anchorage, December 17-18, 1971                                     economic and social implications of limited entry. PAS-
                       Chairman: John Doyle                                                GAP's role would be to disseminate all pertinent informa-
                                                                                           tion to fishermen and to obtain their points of view.
                                                                                                2. Information on definition of the territorial sea: His-
                                                                                           torical fishing areas may be lost to the fishermen (i.e., Cook
                                                                                           Inlet) with the U.S. State Department going into the terri-
                                                                                           torial sea business. PASGAP could disseminate informa-
                                                                                           tion and keep all concerned fully informed of the current
                                                                                           status.
                                                                                                3. Education in business and economic matters: A
                                                                                           need exists for assistance in native land settlements, bank-
                                                                                           ing, insur&nce@ ', and marketing (i.e., cooperative associa-
                                                                                           tions). Short courses on pertinent topics should be offered
                                                                                           in the coastal towns during seasonal slack periods.
                                                                                                4. Technical education for fishermen: Similar courses
                                                                                           or workshops should be arranged to concentrate on tech-
                                                                                           nical aspects of the industry, such as gear handling and
                                                                                           preparation offish for market.
                                                                                                5. Three'.needs relating to high insurance: (a) Local
                                                                                           shipyards with ways and lifts, possibly built with state and
                                                                                           federal funds. (b) Information programs for fishermen on
                                                                                           proper care and maintenance of their vessels (better mainte-
                                                                                           nance would result in lower insurance rates). (c) Informa-
                                                                                           tion on better road access to processing plants (i.e., Bristol
                                                                                           Bay) and possibly public ownership of haul-out facilities,
                                                                                           which again would result in lower insurance rates for the
                                                                                           processing plants.

                                                                                    7

                     6. Waste disposal: About 200 small processing plants                        in selling their catch. After three poor seasons, there are
               are in dire need of technical advice on waste disposal prob-                      few, if any, of the small processors left in the remote areas;
               lems and existing legislation that affects them.                                  their financial backing seldom permits them to survive
                     7. Quality control: Education in quality control is                         shaky harvest years.
               needed by processors and in proper fish handling by produc-                             6. Information on various means of limiting entry into
               ers.                                                                              fisheries: Alaska will be voting next fall on a proposed con-
                     8. Biological education for fishermen: Fishermen need                       stitutional amendment which, if successful, will make lim-
               courses in basic fish biology and behavior so that they can                       iting entry into fisheries constitutional by whatever means
               understand better how fish management works and hence                             the legislature decides upon. Indications are that the consti-
               appreciate the need for regulation.                                               tutional amendment will pass. The legislature needs
                     9. Coastal zone management: It was felt that too many                       up-to-date information on the advantages and disadvan-
               agencies are involved in managing the coastal zone with too                       tages of the various ways of limiting entry into fisheries by
               much competition among them. The suggestion was made                              January, 1973.
               that PASGAP might act as a catalyst to bring about integra-                             7. Establishing new markets for "exotic" fisheries
               tion and coordination of these agencies without itself be-                        products: There might be viable markets for sea urchins
               coming a "super agency."                                                          and abalone available in southeast Alaska. New markets
                     10. Vessel design and construction: Technical infor-                        have recently opened (to the Japanese) for salmon eggs,
               mation in this area needs to be published in laymen's terms                       kelp, and herring roe. .
               so fishermen can comprehend discussions with ship                                       8. Educational programs on fishermen cooperatives: In
               builders and architects regarding designs for their boats.                        the general briefing, Graham Drew, University of British
                     In summary, the committee felt that PASGAP could                            Columbia, mentioned that Canada's initial fisheries exten-
               play the role of integrator of existing agency expertise and                      sion programs concentrated on educating fishermen gener-
               information, in order to help bring the fishing industry into                     ally on cooperatives-cooperative philosophy, credit
               the twentieth century. Until license limitation is an estab-                      unions, fish production and marketing. Apparently, this
               lished fact, progress is unlikely and management extremely                        has not been done on a broad scale in Alaska.
               difficult. In all of this, special attention must be paid to the                        9. Disposal of fisheries waste products: At present,
               social implications of any actions taken.                                         much processing waste simply goes into the water. Some
                                                                                                 possible ideas for using this waste were discussed, i.e., using
                                                                                                 Air Force planes to distribute fish meal from the waste as
               Shipping                                                                          nutrients for inland lakes or processing herring into meal to
                                                                                                 help manufacture Oregon pellets (a Seattle company now
                      1. Bulk cargo support for remote areas: Bristol Bay,                       imports herring meal from Newfoundland to produce the
               for instance, now has no ship cargo service outside of the                        Oregon pellets).
               very short, heavy fishing season. Bulk cargo service is also                            10. Oil company support in fisheries enhancement pro-
               needed during the months of smaller demand.                                       jects: Fishermen in the Cordova area fear that, once the
                     2. Remote area navigation aids: In remote areas, navi-                      pipeline comes through, tanker operations will seriously
               gation aids are not used as often as in more heavily popu-                        interfere with their present livelihood. impressive results
               lated areas; however, when these aids are needed, they are                        are reported in increasing salmon runs through enhance-
               needed badly.                                                                     ment projects-artificial spawning channels, gravel incu-
                     3. Off-season jobs in remote areas: In Bristol Bay, for                     bator systems, and general lake and stream rehabilitation. If
               example, if fish processing personnel could have local                            the oil companies were thus willing to help the fishermen
               sources of income outside the fishing season, there would                         with their livelihood, the fishermen would have less to
               be a much better chance of upgrading the area's work force                        worry about and might be more cooperative.             -
               in terms of productivity and product quality.                                           11. Southwestern Alaska transportation problem: A
                     4. Cooperative major cold storage facilities in remote                      ferry is needed from the south end of the Kenai Peninsula
               areas: if these were available in Bristol Bay or in the Bering                    across Cook Inlet. The need        "also involves a road either
               Sea, fishing could continue the year around rather than                           through or around the Katmai wilderness area, now pro-
               only during a major fish run. As it is now, fishing must be                       posed as a national monument. If the road goes around, it
               geared to the periods of concentrated fish processing opera-                      will cross-and probably damage-numerous salmon
               tions.                                                                            spawning streams. If the road goes through the proposed
                     5. Source of financing for small processing operations                      national monument, status will require provision for a cor-
               in remote areas: Small processing operations can provide                          ridor to accommodate the road. In general, appropriate
               some competition in remote areas, benefiting the fishermen                        agencies should work with the state highway department on

                                                                                          8

                 each specific highway, from the initial stages of planning to                  increased greatly in recent years, and they have become a
                 the final construction.                                                        major problem in the Cook Inlet fishery. Practical means to
                                                                                                harvest and market belugas are probable and these should
                 Native Communities                                                             be investigated. It is understood that the Alaska Depart-
                                                                                                ment of Fish and Game is interested in this problem.
                       1. Communication: Exchange of information among                               2. Forecasting salmon runs: A pilot study was sug-
                 all resource users was recommended. One suggested means                        gested to check the effectiveness of using airborne infra-red
                 for doing this was through meetings of local citizens with                     photography to identify the oil that salmon are thought to
                 state and federal agency representatives.                                      exude. Other remote sensing devices, either aerial or satel-
                       2. Gear limitation: Explanation of regulation and limi-                  lite, should be tested for their utility to Alaska's fishing
                 tation is needed so that fishermen can have a voice in what                    industry.
                 will happen.                                                                        3. Environmental resource assessment: Base-line
                       3. Sea use planning or coastal zone planning: Consid-                    studies of areas likely to be developed must be encouraged
                 eration is necessary of the impact of any project upon var-                    to permit reasonable assessment of the likelihood of future
                 ious resource users. There are many potential conflicts be-                    environmental damage. Little is known about most coastal
                 tween interests of oil, timber, fishing, and recreation indus-                 areas of Alaska-even the existence of certain fisheries is
                 tries.                                                                         unknown at present.
                       4. Transportation: More land transportation within                            Throughout the meeting, a number of topics of general
                 Alaska is necessary, and if this goal can be accomplished,                     interest came up again and again in various contexts. Spe-
                 people need to know where, when, and how. It was stated                        cific suggestions for research or for appropriate educational
                 that more highways may not be the best thing (sociologi-                       programs were not made, but these topics must be consid-
                 cally) to happen to some fishing communities. Bristol Bay                      ered in the development of a coherent advisory program
                 was cited as an example.                                                       for Alaska.
                       5. Fishery biology research on marine mammals: Re-                            1. Limited entry was of widespread interest, especially
                 search has to be done to obtain basic information on                           as a result of the recent introduction of this concept into the
                 marine mammals and how they can be used economically.                          British Columbia salmon fishery. The legal, economic, and
                       6. Economic considerations: Education is needed on                       sociologic implications, as well as the advantages from the
                 such basic capital gains questions as: Should fish (i.e.,                      viewpoint of fisheries management, are of interest and the
                 frozen or processed salmon) be held for a period of time                       question was raised whether such a system could be intro-
                 in order to obtain a better price?                                             duced in Alaska. People should be informed about the sys-
                       7. Conflict of interests between oil, fish, and timber:                  tem, and especially about the practical problems as seen by
                 First, it is necessary to establish which conflicts exist and                  British Columbians.
                 where. In some locations, oil structures are extremely harm-                        2. Communications and education in the maritime
                 ful, while in others there is no danger. These industries                      communities must be improved, especially as related to
                 need to have some coordination to help each other to the                       problems of law, business practices, and resource manage-
                 best advantage and to protect their own interests. Work-                       ment.
                 shops with participation from representatives of the various                        3. Technologic information exchange within the
                 public and private interests should be organized to discuss                    fishing industry on such topics as gear, processing, and
                 these situations.                                                              waste utilization and disposal must be improved.
                       8. Advisory boards: Advisory boards are needed to                             4. Coastal zone management is a poorly understood
                 coordinate and disseminate information obtained from re-                       subject, and responsibilities appear fragmented among
                 source inventory studies to local people whose livelihood                      many using federal, state, and local authorities. Communi-
                 depends on the understanding and knowledge of local reg-                       cation between the agencies and the public must be encour-
                 ulations.                                                                      aged, and perhaps some consolidation and simplification of
                                                                                                the situation can be accomplished.
                 General Discussion                                                                  5. Transportation problems in remote parts of the state
                       After the committees reported to the entire meeting, a                   are of great concern and modern technologic planning,
                 general discussion followed and three specific suggestions                     with judicious regard for the environment, must be devoted
                 for research were developed by the group:                                      to this issue.
                       1. Beluga. whales: These small whales are believed to                         Many other subjects were discussed, formally or infor-
                 be major predators upon both smolt and mature salmon.                          mally, at the Anchorage meeting. Those listed are merely a
                 They also can damage fishing gear. Their populations have                      sampling of topics of particular concern to the group.

                                                                                         9

                                                                                                   At the Centre for Continuing Education on the Uni-
                                                                                              versity of British Columbia campus eleven of some
                                                                                              thirty invited participants met in two groups with four
                                                                                              PASGAP representatives. After a brief summary of
                                                                                              marine extension work at U.B.C., which follows, a
                                                                                              stimulating and frank discussion resulted in the sub-
                                                                                              sequent listing of marine resources needs. No attempt
                                                                                              has been made to assign any priority to the points
                                                                                              listed. While there is much variation in the items re-
                                                                                              ported, they have one thing in common-all are obstacles
                                                                                              to best management or development of marine-related re-
                                                                                              source use in British Columbia.

                                                                                              Marine Extension at University of British Columbia

                                                                                                   A modest, but effective fisheries extension education
                                                                                              program has been in operation on Canada's west coast for
                                                                                              34 years, and since 1938, the Centre for Continuing Educa-
                                                                                              tion (formerly Department of Extension) has been involved
                                                                                              in this field. Funds have been provided by the Government
                                                                                              of Canada through its Fisheries Service, Department of the
                                                                                              Environment (formerly Department of Fisheries).
                                                                                                   In the earliest years the entire effort was in the field of
                        British Columbia Planning Meeting                                     cooperative education to help commercial fishermen
                                                                                              manage their own affairs. Subsequently one of the major
                        Vancouver, March 3, 1972                                              offerings was an annual three-week residential short
                        Chairman: Graham Drew                                                 course focusing on the scientific and technical aspects
                                                                                              of the industry. The program was terminated in 1969,
                                                                                              after operating for 15 years. Currently the Centre offers
                                                                                              programs for fishermen at the major fishing communities
                                                                                              on the B.C. coast.
                                                                                                   In addition, nonfunded general and technical pro-
                                                                                              grams in fisheries have been offered for industry manage-
                                                                                              ment personnel and staff members of government agencies.
                                                                                              The Centre also arranges ad hoc marine programs for the
                                                                                              general public besides specific Environmental Management
                                                                                              Conferences for professional audiences. The latter fre-
                                                                                              quently include content pertaining to marine-related mat-
                                                                                              ters.

                                                                                              Jurisdiction

                                                                                                   As many as seven levels of jurisdiction may be in-
                                                                                              volved in the consideration of a single resource use ques-
                                                                                              tion. Clarification of areas of jurisdictional responsibility at
                                                                                              various levels of government is needed. Moreover, different
                                                                                              levels of government should work more closely together,
                                                                                              should use similar criteria and regulations, and should
                                                                                              communicate more effectively with their clientele groups.
                                                                                              In short, the gap between public officials and the people
                                                                                              affected by government decisions must be closed.

              Decision Base                                                                   1. Should there be an expanded territorial limit to pro-
                   There should be more talking and thinking before de-                  tect shelf-related species from overexploitation by foreign
              ciding on the use of a marine resource, and as areas of                    fleets? (Do those who maintain the spawning grounds have
              agreement are reached on parts of a major decision,                        special rights?)
              there should be prompt action. For example, many                                2. Should there be a species-management scheme to
              streams on Vancouver Island already have been logged                       protect salmon and tuna?
              while citizens are still wondering what the key decision                        3. Should  there be more adequate protection of fish-
              parameters should have been before this happened.                          eries stocks from pollution, e.g., perhaps a fisheries bill of
                                                                                         rights (acknowledging that fish have first call on water)?
                                                                                              4. Forestry adds 50 cents of each dollar to the B.C.
                                                                                         economy, but poor forest practices in the past have de-
              Coasta.1 Zone Management                                                   stroyed some fisheries. Although larger forest operators
                   With the most desirable ocean frontage under heavy                    tend to be good housekeepers, smaller operators are a big
              pressure, the issue of managing the coastal zone is be-                    problem and must be encouraged to improve their
              coming increasingly important. Generally, short-term gains                 methods.
              appear to take priority over long-term benefits. Tidelands
              ownership claims are cl6uded. Interest in the questions of
              land and water use planning and zoning could provide an                    Forestry
              opportunity to activate an educational program before
              major resources are sacrificed.                                                 1. Logging and transport debris: One-half of the total
                                                                                         B.C. logging business is along the coast, and some 5 billion
                                                                                         board feet per year are transported by water to various
              Education                                                                  mills. These movements impinge on other people-logs hit
                                                                                         nets of commercial fishermen; recreational boaters run into
                   The marine extension educational effort by the U.B.C.                 deadheads; and there is appreciable log debris along the
              Centre for Continuing Education needs much more support                    shores of Georgia Straits. Logging is, of course, a major
              than it is presently receiving in order to tackle the multi-               factor in the B.C. economy, yet there are questions to an-
              tude of public educational issues involved in understanding                swer. How much of the debris in harbors and on beaches is
              British Columbia's marine resources and in disseminating                   natural? If the beaches were completely cleaned of log de-
              factual information on fish and their environment.                         bris, what would the erosion be? What are the actual losses
                                                                                         from logs lost from towing booms?
                                                                                              Portable chip mills have been tried as a means of re-
              Training                                                                   moving log debris from beaches, but three attempts have
                                                                                         proved unsuccessful.
                   Today's complex interdisciplinary questions require a                      Only good timber logs are salvaged by the 500 license
              modification in training programs at the several terminal                  holders of the Gulf Log Salvage Association, so debris that
              levels. To effect change, universities and institutions need               is full of teredo holes, sand, and small rocks is useless for
              specific information from employers on changing profes-                    anything but firewood.
              sional requirements.                                                            2. Pulp mill effluent: It is possible to upgrade the dis-
                   Two needs were cited: (a) for a new professional cadre                charge from modern mills over a period of time, but old
              of applied oceanographers at the M.Sc. and Ph.D. levels                    mills are a problem. They generally are not worth the ex-
              and (b) for "hand-minded" technicians. In regard to the                    pense of upgrading, and so tend to be closed down.
              latter need, the demand for technicians seems to exceed the                     3. Effect of logging on streams: More information is
              number available from British Columbia Institute of Tech-                  needed on these operations in order to make decisions.
              nology. Participants wondered if this trend would continue                 While there is information available on siltation and road
              and, if so, how information about it could be gathered and                 construction costs relative to stream protection, more
              used.                                                                      knowledge is needed on green strips. For instance, are wil-
                                                                                         lows the right cover for specific conditions? What width of
                                                                                         green strip is required? Is there a standard width?
              Fisheries                                                                       4. Wet log storage areas: Sometimes logs are collected
                                                                                         for long periods in specific water areas prior to transport or
                   A number of important fishing questions need to be                    processing. Little is known about how this collection affects
              examined.                                                                  the storage area environment.

                                                                                 12

                  Water Transport                                                              Specific Information

                       The matter of polluting during water transport is con-                       Among all concerned citizens and agencies responsible
                  fused in terms of individual responsibility and different                    for policy decisions, there exists a need for more immediate
                  types of pollutants (particularly for the merchant marine                    answers to questions involving hydroelectric, nuclear and
                  officer faced with on-the-scene responsibility at sea). Under                applied engineering problems.
                  present law there are very heavy fines for oil pollution or
                  the release of oily wastes in the marine transportation situa-
                  tion. Slow accumulation of oily wastes is natural in ship-
                  board operations, but there are usually no shipboard means
                  of collecting or separating the wastes. If there were, there is              Observations of U.S. Participants
                  usually no means of disposing of them when ships reach                            According to U.S. participants in this PASGAP meet-
                  port. Too often the operator must ultimately dump the                        ing, it was refreshing to see the apparent success of the fol-
                  wastes overboard illegally.                                                  lowing progressive ideas:
                       In addition, there are marine cargo pollutants other                         C
                  than oil, such as barge loads of chlorine. Potential exotic                        ornmercial and sports fishermen working together on
                  chemical pollution is generally not regulated as is oil.                     common problems of pollution, habitat, etc.
                       In each case, the master has incomplete control over                         Advisory committees, of long standing, aiding the ac-
                  key factors affecting pollution at sea such as whether he                    tivities of provincial and federal authorities.
                  sails under specific weather conditions with various poten-                       The Canadian Government's stand of a 100-mile pol-
                  tial pollutant cargoes. Yet he bears a major share of the re-                lution jurisdiction in the Canadian Arctic.
                  sponsibility if a marine pollution disaster occurs.

                  Informed Representatives

                       A number of concerns centered on the role of the cit-
                  izen in marine resource decision-making and the need for
                  leadership development among resource user groups. Gov-
                  ernment officials attempt to obtain counsel from industry
                  representatives or advisory councils, but how representative
                  are industry representatives? Are future leaders being
                  trained or groomed in decision making so that they can
                  properly represent resource and industry concerns? Fish-
                  ermen and other mariners are often at sea and unavailable
                  for counsel.

                  Information Dissemination

                       Several needs for improved communication of infor-
                  mation were cited:
                       1. More effort is needed to provide information to the
                  public on marine resources.
                       2. Ways need to be found to stimulate general public
                  participation in decisions before crises occur.
                       3. Methods must be developed to provide an adequate
                  number of well-trained, high calibre, motivated profes-
                  sional educators to conduct marine resource and environ-
                  mental protection programs.

                                                                                       13

                                                                                                 At the Manoa campus of the University of Hawaii, a
                                                                                            total of 23 people participated in meetings that emphasized
                                                                                            three areas of greatest concern in the Hawaiian marine
                                                                                            scene: (1) marine recreation, (2) marine fisheries and aqua-
                                                                                            culture, and (3) coastal zone planning and management.
                                                                                            The need for coordination between the three areas of focus
                                                                                            was recognized, so throughout the day there was some
                                                                                            shifting of persons between the different groups.
                                                                                                 The groups were directed to develop a list of needs or
                                                                                            concerns to be considered for action through Sea Grant
                                                                                            efforts, Pacific Sea Grant Advisory Program (PASGAP)
                                                                                            talent sharing, or other sources of combined private-public
                                                                                            educational expertise.

                                                                                            Marine Recreation

                                                                                                 Recreation is a diverse but highly important use of
                                                                                            Hawaii's marine resources. Recreational resources are in-
                                                                                            tensively used by visitors and residents with considerable
                                                                                            overlapping and conflict between users and among the di-
                                                                                            verse sorts of uses. The following set of needs was identified
                                                                                            by the marine recreation group:
                                                                                                 1. There is a need for an authentic survey of numbers
                                                                                            of people involved in scuba diving. This need is particu-
                            Hawaii Planning Meeting                                         larly important at this time when state concern for safety is
                                                                                            mounting.
                            Honolulu, March 21, 1972                                             2. Better ways must be developed for disseminating
                            Chairman: John Ball                                             and coordinating the large volume of water safety inforrna-
                                                                                            tion already available from such sources as the U.S. Coast
                                                                                            Guard, state and city water safety groups, and parks people
                                                                                            at the different levels of government. It was felt that the
                                                                                            recreation specialist of the Sea Grant program should form
                                                                                            an advisory body on marine recreational matters.
                                                                                                 3. Public access to the shoreline is a severe problem in
                                                                                            Hawaii. Efforts should be devoted to indicating existing
                                                                                            rights-of-way and developing others.
                                                                                                 4. Water quality degradation, particularly from sewage
                                                                                            effluent, has a detrimental effect on the value of our swim-
                                                                                            ming beaches. Perhaps daily coliform-level reports should
                                                                                            be established.
                                                                                                 5. Public camping areas seriously lack facilities, and
                                                                                            there is a need for planning (and regulating) this activity.
                                                                                            The pending availability of inexpensive marine mass transit
                                                                                            will augment this problem. Hawaii's natural aesthetic quali-
                                                                                            ties must be preserved.
                                                                                                 6. There are the beginnings of problems involving
                                                                                            multi-use of some beach areas: scuba diving versus swim-
                                                                                            ming and surfing versus swimming. These problems require
                                                                                            attention as do the conflicts between marina harbor devel-
                                                                                            opment and surfing-swimming sites.
                                                                                                 7, The conflict between visitors and residents is a
                                                                                            problem to be watched in camping and beach use.
                                                                                                 8. The group felt that the state should anticipate the

                                                                                    15

              problems in recreational submersibles when their use be-                         factor in development of this fishery, and research could be
              comes widespread.                                                                directed into supplemental bait fish for this fishery. There
                                                                                               are many potential species which should be investigated as
              Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture                                                 new sources of supply. Also, research might well be done
                                                                                               on transporting bait fish from areas of abundance, such as
                   The group began with a brief review of the present                          the west coast of the mainland.
              Hawaiian fisheries and aquaculture situation.                                         3. Aquaculture in Hawaii at the present time is di-
                   The fisheries are basically two: the          offshore tuna                 rected toward raising catfish and macrobrachium shrimp.
              fishery and the inshore fishery for other species. The tuna                      One of the most limiting factors in the expansion of aqua-
              resource (skipjack) can support a much larger harvest than                       culture is the cost and availability of land and water. Tech-
              the present commercial fishery. It was thought that the                          nology has advanced to a point where pilot projects are
              other resources in the inshore waters are being harvested to                     possible; however, to establish a viable industry, much
              their fullest.                                                                   more technology should be developed before large invest-
                   Because Hawaii has a high per capita consumption of                         ments are made. So far all work has been accomplished
              fish, the local production does not meet the demand. De-                         under a P.L. 88-309 project, which is insufficient for devel-
              spite this, occasional gluts occur on the fresh fish market                      oping technology as rapidly as necessary.
              which greatly affect prices. Prices are generally very high                           For example, disease has not yet been a problem, but
              because of the shortage, and importing fish by air is profit-                    basic information and the technique for control should be
              able.                                                                            developed before a major problem arises.
                   Aquaculture is in the embryonic stage and is directed                            Over the United States, and perhaps the world, there
              toward raising catfish and macrobrachium shrimp. Tech-                           is a great deal of research being directed toward the raising
              niques have been developed by the Hawaii Division of Fish                        of Paeneid shrimp. Members of the group expressed a con-
              and Game, and one commercial enterprise is applying these                        cern that there may be a great deal of duplication of effort.
              techniques.                                                                           4. Discussions revealed that present laws relating to
                   The following are needs and subjects of concern which                       the coastal and marine areas of Hawaii need study and
              were identified by the group on marine fisheries and aqua-                       clarification. With the development of aquaculture it has
              culture:                                                                         become clear that some activities required are not covered
                   1. There is an increasing demand on the inshore re-                         by Hawaiian law. It was suggested that the marine laws of
              sources  by both the recreation fishermen and the commer-                        Hawaii be reviewed to determine where voids exist.
              cial fishermen. It is obvious that the division of       resources                    5. Education of the public on the value of the natural
              between these two groups will demand that some          system of                resources is recognized as a critical need to guarantee the
              allocating the resources be developed.                                           future of these resources, and a program to work with the
                   The local islands (main Hawaiian group) are presently                       schools must be worked out. Development of educational
              being fished to the limit, while the islands to the west, in-                    materials and teaching aids will become more and more
              cluding French Frigate Shoals, Midway, etc., are far from                        important if the public is to understand the management of
              being adequately utilized. It is not, however, economically                      marine resources. Currently, there are not sufficient pro-
              feasible at this time to fish these areas for the main island                    grams within the state and federal resource management
              markets because of the distance.                                                 agencies to do an adequate job in this area.
                   2. There are several problems inhibiting the growth of                           6, The ever-increasing numbers of recreational boats
              the high seas tuna fishery. The first is locating the resource.                  have taken over more and more of the mooring facilities
              Even though it has been determined that the catch of skip-                       formerly used by commercial fishing vessels. This is a
              jack could be greatly expanded, it is difficult to determine                     growing problem on all the islands but is extremely critical
              where the schools of fish are located. More research is                          in the Honolulu area. The problem should be studied in
              needed on locating schools so that current information can                       order to guarantee the commercial fishing industry a suit-
              be provided to the industry.                                                     able site for mooring, gear repair, and vessel maintenance.
                   Another problem confronting the skipjack fishery is
              the method of catching. The present fishery is dependent                         Coastal Zone Planning and Management
              upon bait, of which there are only two important species.
              Both species are dependent upon inshore waters for repro-                             In attempting to define the Hawaiian coastal zone, the
              duction, and such waters are extremely limited in the main                       group recognized that legal definitions and environmental
              Hawaiian group. Fast-sinking purse seines have not been                          relationships are not necessarily the same. In Hawaii the
              tested adequately in the mid-Pacific. This testing should be                     landward segment of the coastal zone legally extends one
              done, perhaps in connection with bait fishing.                                   mile inland. Seaward, the zone goes out three miles to
                   At present, the quantity of bait is the most limiting                       the edge of the territorial sea. Within the water seg-

                                                                                      16

                  ment there are two sections-the deep ocean and the                            cialist to be hired by the University of Hawaii should, as a
                  littoral zone. The counties of the state of Hawaii are                        major responsibility, know the "who, what, and where" of
                  separated by international waters. Relating to extension                      coastal zone questions and should recognize the need of the
                  of territorial waters, there appears to be no urgent                          public for access to information of all sorts.
                  need at present for the 200-mile limit.                                            The following needs were identified by the group on
                       In Hawaii it is difficult to separate land policy from                   coastal zone planning and management:
                  coastal zone policy. Two sets of information relate to the                         1. A combined program in land use, population, and
                  coastal zone. In the first set, the legal proscription is con-                environmental planning.
                  trasted to environmental relationships of drainage and                             2. A collective expertise to prepare and assess environ7
                  other physical influences. In the second set, we contrast the                 mental impact statements. People must be trained to pre-
                  extent of marine influence on the land island versus the                      pare such statements, and evaluation methods must be de-
                  influence of the island land masses upon the marine envi-                     veloped.
                  ronment. The land areas of Hawaii are subject to four types                        3. A determination of whether coastal zone manage-
                  of zoning: urban, rural, conservation, and agricultural. A                    ment should be separated from general land and water use
                  shoreline setback law of 40 feet has been passed by the                       management.
                  State Legislature; the counties are responsible for adminis-                       4. A data bank on coastal zone information from local,
                  tration. This setback appears to be minimum contrasted                        state, federal, and private sources.
                  with the 150-foot setback laws of Australia and New Zea-                           5. An investigation of what other states are doing in
                  land. Currently, a strong coastal zone management law is                      coastal zone management for possible application to
                  being discussed in the Hawaii Legislature, but it is agreed                   Hawaiian problems.
                  that the U.S. Congress must act first on coastal zone man-                         6. The compilation and publication of an en-
                  agement legislation.                                                          vironmental inventory of the Hawaiian coastal zone,
                       Another aspect of coastal zone management relates to                     using the following sources as a basis: Corps of Engineers
                  land ownership. Within the state, there is a limited group of                 data, Water Resources Research Center reports, Uni-
                  major landholders. These owners seem to favor slow,                           versity of Hawaii Atlas of Hawaiian Resources, source
                  well-planned development. On the other hand, a specula-                       data on marine resources, parks and harbors reports, and
                  tion syndrome pervades smaller ownerships.                                    specialized bulletins.
                       It is difficult to separate discussions on environmental                      7. Beach access problems should be analyzed.
                  questions and the coastal zone in an island state such as                     Further access to military lands for public recreation
                  Hawaii from general environmental questions. During the                       should be stimulated and opportunities to use public
                  discussions, the question of surplus energy sources came up.                  beach areas publicized.
                  The group talked specifically about using sugar waste (ba-                         8. A program to foster public awareness and protec-
                  gasse), which is burned to generate electricity for operation                 tion of the limited and priceless estuaries of Hawaii.
                  of sugar refineries. A suggestion was that the state could                         9. A detail of coastal land ownership patterns and an
                  encourage industries to generate surplus energy for use in                    understanding of development priorities to aid in preparing
                  the vicinity of the plant. Furthermore, alcohol might be dis-                 educational programs on short-term land speculation versus
                  tilled from molasses for truck fuel.                                          long-term planned development.
                       The problem of environmental pollution in Hawaii,                             10. Corollary to ownership, the need to understand
                  as in other PASGAP states, was held to be crucial.                            human-use patterns related to quantity and quality of the
                  The following examples were pointed out.                                      land-sea surface.
                       Domestic sewage from a number of cities is still                              11. Determination of whether state and county plans
                  dumped untreated into the ocean.                                              consider acquisition of coastal areas for public recreation,
                       Siltation from shore-side housing developments is                        underwater parks, etc.
                  causing sedimentation pollution, which is killing coral reefs                      12. Use of extension bulletins to inform the public of
                  in Kaneohe Bay and elsewhere.                                                 coastal zone and environmental legislation (to shorten the
                       Pearl Harbor, one of Hawaii's major estuaries, is so                     tag time between enaction and understanding).
                  polluted that oysters and other aquacultural species may                           13. Preparation of bulletin on fragile dune areas, storm
                  not be harvested.                                                             dunes, and the value of their retention as undeveloped
                                                                                                land.
                       People pollution-the impact of excess human popula-                           14. Stimulation of research to fill gaps in wave data:
                  tion-is being felt in several areas.                                          for example, statistics on wave diffraction and refraction.
                       Oil removal, recycling, and heat from power genera-                           15. Consideration of transportation questions such as
                  tion pose problems in the coastal zone.                                       the automobile ferry to outer islands and the consequent
                       It was suggested that the coastal zone information spe-                  impact of increased human use of resources.

                                                                                        17

                                                                                                      The Oregon planning meeting was held in the Oregon
                                                                                                 State University Marine Science Center in Newport. After
                                                                                                 the opening session, participants met in five subgroups in
                                                                                                 which problems were identified, discussed, and noted. In
                                                                                                 some cases, actions were recommended.
                                                                                                      Reports of the subgroups are consolidated in this
                                                                                                 summary of the meeting. The summary is divided by major
                                                                                                 topic areas, and the observations and recommendations of
                                                                                                 the subgroups are outlined within each of the topic areas.
                                                                                                 The topics are (1) fisheries, (2) pollution and estuarine ecol-
                                                                                                 ogy, (3) planning and zoning, (4) law, (5) recreation and
                                                                                                 tourism, and (6) public information and education. A series
                                                                                                 of miscellaneous recommendations concludes the report.

                                                                                                 Fisheries

                                                                                                      1. Assessment of stocks: Agencies that study and
                                                                                                 manage fish and shellfish in the Pacific rim area should in-
                                                                                                 tensify their research efforts in assessing the magnitude of
                                                                                                 commercially important offshore stocks of fish and shell-
                                                                                                 fish. These agencies include, but are not necessarily limited
                                                                                                 to, Oregon State University, the National Marine Fisheries
                              Oregon Planning Meeting                                            Service, and the Fish Commission of Oregon.
                                                                                                      2. Foreign fishing: Fishing by foreign vessels has sig-
                              Newport, January 18, 1972                                          nificantly reduced concentrations of certain species in the
                              Chairman: William Q. Wick                                          eastern Pacific. Many Pacific Northwest fishermen have
                                                                                                 depended on these fish for a living. Marine extension agents
                                                                                                 in the PASGAP region should keep fishermen apprised of
                                                                                                 foreign fisheries problems and their magnitude and of the
                                                                                                 position being taken by governmental agencies involved in
                                                                                                 seeking a solution to these problems. In addition, govern-
                                                                                                 mental decision-makers should be made aware of the feelings
                                                                                                 and attitudes of the industry through marine advisory per-
                                                                                                 sonnel.
                                                                                                      3. Fisheries marketing: Marketing is one of the
                                                                                                 major problems in developing the fishing industry.
                                                                                                 PASGAP should employ a marketing specialist and a sea-
                                                                                                 food technologist. The marketing specialist would conduct
                                                                                                 studies on existing seafood marketing channels; existing
                                                                                                 markets; new markets; and consumer preferences. The sea-
                                                                                                 food technologist would work with retail outlets on display,
                                                                                                 merchandising, packaging, and refrigeration.
                                                                                                      4. Limited entry: An influx of vessels entering cer-
                                                                                                 tain eastern Pacific fisheries has significantly reduced the
                                                                                                 catch -per-u n i t-of-effort of all vessels in those Jisheries. A
                                                                                                 limited entry system may maximize total production with
                                                                                                 fewer units of gear at the same time increasing returns to
                                                                                                 individual vessels in those fisheries. PASGAP should con-
                                                                                                 duct an educational program for commercial fishermen to
                                                                                                 acquaint them with limited entry. The educational program
                                                                                                 should include theory, variations, and implementation.

                                                                                         19

                   5. Ind ustry- research- manage me nt relationships: Al-                   people are the biggest polluters. Categories of waste dis-
             though commercial fishermen represent a wealth of knowl-                        posal include:
             edge on commercial stocks, their knowledge often is un-                         -domestic and industrial wastes in estuaries
             tapped by research and management agencies. To provide                          -ocean waste disposal from discharge pipes, etc.
             better input to research and management, an Oregon com-                         -fish processing plant offal
             mercial fisheries advisory committee should be established to                   -oil wastes
             advise and consult with state fisheries leaders on problems                     -recreational and commercial boat and ship sewage
             relating to the commercial fishing industry. In addition,                       -log storage and handling and related logging activities
             those who research fisheries questions should use the fish-                     -siltation and dredge spoils in estuaries
             ermen's knowledge by including them as cooperators in                           -solid waste disposal
             projects. An effort should be made to disseminate the re-
             sults of research on a real-time basis and to help the indus-                   Acombination of methods must be used to resolve these
             try to interpret and use the results of this research.                          pollution problems. They include land- and water-use plan-
                   6. Publications for fishermen: A fisherman's hand-                        ning leading to zoning, research, and improved communi-
             book is needed for each major fishery. The handbook                             cation among principals. PASGAP can help coordinate ef-
             should include information on the following:                                    forts and reduce duplication. Marine advisory field staff
                                                                                             should work with local planning groups and task forces.
               �sanitation and care of the catch aboard the vessel
               �how to hold fish, including icing them                                          2. Providing biological and ecological data on estu-
               �a listing of allowable temperatures for holding fish, anno-                  aries: Critical problems facing estuarine decision-makers
                tated with information on temperature-shelf life relation-                   are (1) lack of biological data relevant to dredging and
                ships                                                                        disposition of spoils; and (2) lack of information about
               �criteria for a hold, including lining materials                              the effects of development on the ecology of estuaries.
               �instruction on methods, materials, and equipment for                         OSU and other PASGAP participants must become at-
                cleaning and sanitizing the vessel                                           tuned to these and other research needs of coastal plan-
               �comparison of present methods of handling catches                            ning and decision-making bodies. Once these needs are
             This publication might be sent to each new commercial                           identified, university research scientists must orient their
             fishing licensee, particularly those in the salmon trolling                     projects to meet the needs of these coastal planning and
             fishery. Workshops based on the information in the publica-                     development groups. Oregon State University should coop-
             tion should be held in each of the ports. A similar educa-                      erate with other federal and state agencies in implementing
             tional program might be undertaken with sports fishermen                        and conducting these studies.
             with information relating to how to butcher and clean the
             fish and what factors cause spoilage and quality loss.
                   7. Need for uniformity of requirements: A va-                             Planning and Zoning
             riety of government agencies develop and enforce regula-                            1. Decision making requires economic inputs:
             tions and requirements that affect the seafood industry.                        There is an urgent need for comprehensive and wise land-
             These agencies and others also make requests for voluntary                      and water-use planning in the coastal zone. The problem is
             cooperation. Two noteworthy areas call for improved coor-                       compounded by traditional reliance on planning commis-
             dination. Regulations governing plant sanitation, product                       sions, composed of unpaid citizens, with responsibility for
             quality, and effluents from plants vary from agency to                          relatively small areas, and characterized by high turnover.
             agency. Marine advisory efforts should be directed toward                       Economic models should be developed that can offer
             promoting coordination and standardization. Second, large                       valid quantitative equivalents of social and esthetic values.
             blocks of statistical data are being required from the in-                      The Sea Grant College can provide information on socio-
             dustry. Marine advisory efforts should be directed at devel-                    economic and technical aspects of planning. Marine ad-
             oping a central data clearing and coordinating system, and                      visory staff members should work with local planning
             encouraging the return of summaries of these data to the                        groups, encouraging the use of federal, state, and regional
             industry and to the public.                                                     inputs.
                                                                                                2. Aquaculture should be considered in planning:
             Pollution and Estuarine Ecology                                                 Aquaculture is an important potential use of the coastal
                                                                                             zone and it should be included in planning and zoning. Sea
                   1. Identifying and solving pollution problems: Pollu-                     Grant should encourage the consideration of aquaculture as
             tion questions are tough for a democracy to solve and                           an important use.

                                                                                   20

                   Law                                                                           of local government officials so they may make intelligent
                        Review of present laws needed: As people ap-                             decisions. There is lack of understanding of h       ow the pri-
                   proach the problems of the coastal zone, it is clear that not                 mary fishing industries contribute to the overall develop-
                   all questions that need law for resolution have the laws that                 ment of the tourism industry and other industries. The
                   are required. Additionally, some of the present laws are                      Marine Advisory Program should promote the under-
                   inadequate or dated. A comprehensive review should be                         standing of the value of the primary industry to the overall
                   undertaken to identify what laws presently relate to the                      value of the life and economy of the community.
                   coastal zone and to make a summary available to people                              2. More public information effort needed: There
                   who need it. Additional laws that are needed should be                        is a need for more public information on what the state Sea
                   developed and proposed, especially for estuaries and tide-                    Grant College is doing. The public would like to have de-
                   lands.                                                                        tailed information about individual projects, their objec-
                                                                                                 tives, and the long-range goals of the program.

                   Recreation and Tourism
                        1. The recreational resource has limits, too:                            Miscellaneous Recommendations
                   There are finite limits to resources, including those used for                      Several of the subgroups appended miscellaneous ob-
                   recreational tourism. ft is important to stress quality over                  servations and recommendations to their reports. They are
                   quantity and even to explore some kind of limited entry,                      summarized here.
                   The majo  'r problem of Oregon's sea-oriented recreation is                     -Studies are needed on the factors influencing the quality
                   one of an influx of low-budget tourists. Adding to the                           and abundance of crabs.
                   problem is the heavy use during only four summer months,                        -The factors that influence the abundance and production
                   Promotional emphasis needs to be changed. Costs gener-                           of oysters should be identified.
                   ated by tourists should be borne to a greater extent by                         -There should be further research into the location and
                   them. Limiting entry to the coastal zone through pricing,                        abundance of albacore.
                   reservations, and licenses should be investigated.                              -The resources and the long-range supply of raw materials
                        2. The recreationist should be identified: Little is                        for seafood production should be identified.
                   known about the recreationist or about how to manage the                        -There should be further study of the use of "waste" heat
                   recreation resource. Sea Grant should focus on asking cer-                       in enhancement of aquaculture.
                   tain questions like:                                                            -Projects carried out under Sea Grant should be of an
                      Who is the recreationist?                                                     applied nature, but not necessarily short term. Basic re-
                      What sort of diversity exists among recreationists?                           search should be undertaken in those areas where there is
                                                                                                    a definite need for basic information to reach a well-
                      What does the recreationist want?                                             defined objective.
                      How do we channel recreation pressure so as to preserve                       Oregon should have an oceanographic commission with
                      the resource?                                                                 sufficient authority to operate in the areas of policy, pro-
                        3. Aquaculture may offer recreational resource:                             motion, education, and communication.
                   Sea Grant may wish to explore using aquacultural tech-
                   niques for providing "quest" or tourist fisheries.

                   Public Information and Education

                        1. Multiple use of coastal zone requires understand-
                   ing: The problems of multiple uses of the coastal zone
                   make public understanding of the conflict essential. While
                   the OSU Marine Advisory Program has made good
                   headway in this area, there is a need to expand efforts in
                   relation to land- and water-use planning, resources utiliza-
                   tion and expansion, and protection of the environment.
                   Specifically, they should develop a public education pro-
                   gram on the estuarine systems and their important role in
                   natural food production. There is also a need for education

                                                                                          21

                                                                                                   At the Olympia meeting, thirty participants divided
                                                                                             into  three discussion groups following an introductory ses-
                                                                                             sion. The marine resource needs which these Washington
                                                                                             citizens identified are reported here under the following
                                                                                             headings: fisheries, information and education, pollution,
                                                                                             tourism, and assessment of marine resources. In this report,
                                                                                             the group's analyses of these subjects are recorded along
                                                                                             with suggested solutions to the needs identified.

                                                                                             Fisheries
                                                                                                   There is more capital invested in Pacific Coast fish-
                                                                                             eries than is necessary to harvest these fisheries, and some
                                                                                             means for legally limiting entry into these fisheries needs to
                                                                                             be devised. That device must be one which is acceptable to
                                                                                             commercial fishermen as well as to the public. Public
                                                                                             meetings about the necessity for limiting U.S. commercial
                                                                                             fleet size should be sponsored so that citizens understand
                                                                                             the economic and sociological implications of limited
                                                                                             entry. Such meetings could lead to effective methods for
                                                                                             implementing effective limited entry programs.
                                                                                                   Some participants feel that the federal government
                                                                                             ignores commercial fishermen in law-of-the-sea conferences
                                                                                             and further, that the public is apathetic about the injustices
                                                                                             of foreign fleets harvesting U.S. fishery resources. One
                                                                                             group recommended that PASGAP encourage close coop-
                         Washington Planning Meeting                                         eration among fisheries organizations and promote public
                                                                                             discussions on this subject.
                         Olympia, January 19-20, 1972                                              Loss of life and property among Pacific Coast fish-
                         Chairman: Robert E. Harris                                          ermen is a serious problem. To counteract this problem, it
                                                                                             was suggested that a broad safety-training program con-
                                                                                             sisting of courses in navigation, seamanship, and safety
                                                                                             could be coupled with industrial safety approaches and of-
                                                                                             fered to commercial fishermen.
                                                                                                   Dangers to certain Puget Sound fishes were cited by
                                                                                             several members of the group. Herring, a bait for salmon
                                                                                             and a major forage source for salmon feeder runs, is in
                                                                                             danger of being overharvested. A subset of this problem is
                                                                                             that herring bait harvesters apparently are taking quantities
                                                                                             of young salmon as well. A second danger is that caused by
                                                                                             developers to small salmon streams, especially those with
                                                                                             coho runs. These streams, which may be less than 2 feet
                                                                                             wide, are easily overlooked by developers and sometimes
                                                                                             are inadvertently blacktopped. Programs to preserve and to
                                                                                             artificially propagate Puget Sound fishes should be encour-
                                                                                             aged.
                                                                                                   There was a feeling that industry can no longer con-
                                                                                             tribute as much to basic fishery research and management
                                                                                             as in the past. As a result, industry representatives felt that
                                                                                             there is a need to broaden the base of existing salmon re-
                                                                                             search by eliminating duplication of effort among various
                                                                                             research programs and to broaden the range of research
                                                                                             problems.
                                                                                                   Finally, participants recommended establishment of
                                                                                             marketing programs to promote purchases of domestic sea-
                                                                                             food, particularly of certain bottomfish and shellfish.

                                                                                      23

             Information and Education                                                       Tourism

                   Citizens and environmental planning groups need bal-                           Although the group did not attack the question of
             anced information about the marine environment in order                         quantity versus quality, they did discuss a number of needs
             to make wise decisions about the uses of that environment.                      and opportunities for increasing tourism in Washington.
             This thought was expressed by almost every person at-                                It was suggested that community colleges structure
             tending the conference.                                                         two-year training programs to provide personnel for posi-
                   The groups suggested both long-term and short-term                        tions as tourist information representatives and recreational
             approaches to fill this need:                                                   guides.
                   Educational materials    should be produced and made                           An adequate inventory of Washington's natural re-
             available to teachers so that pupils can be introduced to the                   sources (especially marine resources) is needed. A map
             marine environment in the schoolroom. The group felt that                       could be developed to show resources and, where appro-
             students who develop an appreciation for the marine envi-                       priate, areas in which they are found.
             ronment at an early age would carry it into adult life,                              A central clearinghouse of recreational information
                   Balanced information should be prepared and dissem-                       for tourists was suggested, and a program was recom-
             inated to the public on specific environmental issues when                      mended to stimulate citizen interest in life-time participa-
             they arise.                                                                     tion in some recreational activity.
                   Meetings and conferences should be promoted among                              There is a need to understand the Washington tourist.
             the multiple users of the marine environment. The people                        Where does he come from and what does he want? (A re-
             attending this conference believe that it is important to get                   cent survey by the Visitor Industry Council indicated that
             conflicting users together in small groups so that they have                    fishing and boating are the tourist's prime interests).
             an opportunity to talk to each other and exchange informa-                           Finally the group recommended that the following
             tion.                                                                           opportunities be investigated.
                                                                                              -Emphasize family participation related to conferences
                                                                                               and conventions
                                                                                              -Determine impact of quick travel time on recreation re-
             Pollution                                                                         sources (Future Shock syndrome)
                   It is difficult to keep up with pollution regulations be-                  -Develop marine science environmental areas (underwater
             cause they come from many sources. Federal, state, county                         parks and natural areas of unique habitat)
             and local agencies issue regulations, and correlation among                      -Use airlines to promote tourism (deadhead flights for
             these sources is needed so that the public and industry can                       tourists, inflight information bulletins on destination
             comply with them.                                                                 events, inflight promotional films)
                   In addition to correlating sources of regulation, the                      -Prevent vandalism to recreational areas by involving local
             group felt that continuing attention to several aspects of                        people in planning and development
             waste disposal are needed. These include:
               �Fish processing plant offal                                                  Assessment of Marine Resources
               �Sewage from boat and ship holding tanks
               �Wastes resulting from clean-out operations aboard oil                             Puget Sound is a complex estuary, and for many of its
                tankers                                                                      uses there is insufficient information for planning future
               �Dredging spoils                                                              needs. The group spoke of a base-line study, including re-
               �Heated effluent from nuclear power plants                                    sources, economic uses, population projections, and input-
               �Heavy metal residue from metropolitan sewage treatment                       output models to relate to specific study topics on bio-
                plants                                                                       logical productivity, nutrient removal, and other basic phe-
               �Pollution caused by increasing recreational uses                             nomena. There was some disagreement as to the need for or
                                                                                             practicality of this approach, but it was suggested that the
                   One discussion centered around the wisdom of uni-                         local advisory program might get interested groups together
             versal standards for pollution control. Present regulations                     for an overall look at Puget Sound.
             for disposing of fish wastes sometimes disregard practical                           A more meaningful approach to shoreline classifica-
             considerations. Solutions at hand, such as installing sewage                    tion was proposed-specifically, a geo-hydraulic study of
             treatment plants, are not economically feasible in plants                       marine shore systems that could result in classification and
             that operate only 200 hours per year. The group con-                            terminology with physical, biological, and legal acceptance
             cluded that there is a need to educate officials enforcing                      and understanding. This was presented as basic to mean-
             pollution regulations about the overall effects of fish wastes                  ingful inventories of marine areas, biological assessments,
             on the environment, and about the economic impact of the                        legal interpretations-each of which has an integral part in
             regulations on industry,                                                        zoning for multiple use.

                                                                                    24

                                                                                 Ann Albohn, Executive Secretary
                                                                                 Visitor Industry Council
                                                                                 423 Water Street
                                                                                 Olympia, Washington 98501

                                                                                 Arthur Anderson
                                                                                 Commercial Fisheries Instructor
                                                                                 Clatsop Community College
                                                                                 16th and Jerome
                                                                                 Astoria, Oregon 97103

                                                                                 Robert Anderson
                                                                                 Dept. of Agricultural and Resource Economics
                                                                                 University of Hawaii
                                                                                 Gilmore 202
                                                                                 Honolulu, Hawaii 96822

                                                                                 Keith Arnold
                                                                                 Alaska Oil and Gas Association
                                                                                 550 First National Bank Building
                                                                                 425 G Street
                                                                                 Anchorage, Alaska 99501

                                                                                 Allan Aspelund, Chairman
                                                                                 Bristol Bay Borough
                                                                                 Naknek, Alaska 99633

             PLANNING MEETING PARTICIPANTS                                       Walter Baldwin
                                                                                 Commercial Fisheries Project
                                                                                 Alaska Federation of Natives
                                                                                 1675 C Street
                                                                                 Anchorage, Alaska 99501

                                                                                 John L. Ball, Jr., Acting Coordinator
                                                                                 Sea Grant Advisory Services
                                                                                 University of Hawaii
                                                                                 2540 Maile Way
                                                                                 Honolulu, Hawaii 96822

                                                                                 Roy Banner, Assistant Chief
                                                                                 Fisheries Management
                                                                                 Washington State Dept. of Game
                                                                                 600 North Capitol Way
                                                                                 Olympia, Washington 98504

                                                                                 Hon. Edward Barber
                                                                                 Representative Alaska State Legislature
                                                                                 100 1 E Street
                                                                                 Anchorage, Alaska 99501

                                                                                 Donald Basgen
                                                                                 U.S. Corps of Army Engineers
                                                                                 2850 S.E. 82nd Street
                                                                                 Portland, Oregon 97226

                                                                          26

                          Robert Bates, Director Public Affairs                         Frank Buble, Secretary/Manager
                          Washington State Dept. of Natural Resources                   Fishing Vessel Owners Assoc. of B.C.
                          Public Lands Building                                         1619 Fell Avenue
                          Olympia, Washington 98504                                     Burnaby 2, B.C., Canada

                          Wolfe 0. Bauer                                                Horace C. Buckingham
                          Consulting Engineering                                        Commercial Fisherman, West Coast
                          5622 Seaview N.W.                                               Trollers' Association
                          Seattle, Washington 98107                                     550 S.E. 2nd Street
                                                                                        Newport, Oregon 97365
                          Donald Benson, Executive Secretary                            Richard Buffier
                          Northwest Pulp and Paper Association                          University of Alaska Sea Grant
                          2633 Eastlake E.
                          Seattle, Washington 98102                                     142 E. 3rd
                                                                                        Anchorage, Alaska 99501
                          Hon. J. L. Bohannon
                          Circuit Court Judge                                           T. H. Butler
                          Tillamook County Courthouse                                   Biological Station, Fisheries Research
                          Tillamook, Oregon 97141                                         Board of Canada
                                                                                        Nanaimo, B.C., Canada
                          Gilbert Bowe                                                  K. M. Campbell
                          Mason, Bruce & Gerrard                                        Fisheries Association of B.C.
                          American Bank Building                                        100 W. Pender Street
                          Portland, Oregon 97205                                        Vancouver, B.C., Canada
                          Dick H. Bower, Owner                                          Don Chapman
                          Western Environmental Planning Associates                     Field Office Division
                          6845 Topaz Drive S.W.                                         U.S. Dept. of Commerce
                          Tacoma, Washington 98498                                      921 S.W. Washington Street
                          Edward Brandon                                                Portland, Oregon 97205
                          Western Alaska Marketing Assoc.                               Dennis Cowals
                          Dillingham, Alaska 99576                                      Anchorage Daily Times
                          Harold Brauner                                                Box 40
                          State Executive Department                                    Anchorage, Alaska 995 10
                          109 Capitol Building                                          Doak Cox, Director
                          Salem, Oregon 973 10                                          Environmental Center
                                                                                        University of Hawaii
                          Gerald Brewster, Landscape Architect                          Maile Way 10
                          Skidmore, Owings & Merrill                                    Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
                          1100 S.W. 6th Avenue
                          Portland, Oregon 97205                                        Maynard Cummings, Extension Wildlife
                                                                                          Specialist
                          Robert W. Brick                                               Dept. of Zoology, 188 Briggs Hall
                          Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology                            University of California
                          University of Hawaii                                          Davis, California 95616
                          Coconut Island
                          Honolulu, Hawaii 96822                                        Jack R. Davidson, Director
                                                                                        Sea Grant Programs
                          Johnny Brown, Commercial Fisherman                            University of Hawaii
                          Box 5576                                                      2540 Maile Way
                          Charleston, Oregon 97420                                      Honolulu, Hawaii 96822

                                                                                 27

                      Philip Daniel, Admin. Assistant                                  Malcolm Finlayson
                      Alaska State Senate                                              Canadian Merchant Service Guild
                      Box 75                                                           230 West Broadway
                      Ninilchik, Alaska 99639                                          Vancouver, 10, B.C., Canada
                      Charles P. Davies, Research Analyst                              R. Barry Fisher, Associate
                      Senate Ways and Means Committee                                    Professor of Fisheries
                      Room 210, Fourth Floor                                           Marine Science Center
                      Legislative Building                                             Oregon State University
                      Olympia, Washington 98504                                        Marine Science Drive
                                                                                       Newport, Oregon 97365
                      John Doyle, Head                                                 Laurence Freeburn, Superintendent
                      Marine Advisory Program                                          Naknek Cannery
                      University of Alaska                                             Whitney-Fidalgo Seafoods
                      College, Alaska 99701                                            2360 W. Commodore Way
                      Graham A. Drew, Director                                         Seattle, Washington 98199
                      Resource Industries Programs                                     Takuji Fujimura
                      Centre for Continuing Education                                  Division of Fish and Game
                      University of British Columbia                                   Dept. of Land and Natural Resources
                      Vancouver 8, B.C., Canada                                        State of Hawaii
                                                                                       530 S. Hotel Street
                      Basil Edmunds                                                    Honolulu, Hawaii 96813
                      Edmunds Seafoods                                                 Hon. Jay Hammond, Senator
                      P.O. Box 348                                                     Alaska State Senate
                      Garibaldi, Oregon 97118                                          Box 128
                      H. J. Eggleston                                                  Naknek, Alaska 99633
                      Water Transportation                                             Hon.. Paul Hanneman, Oregon State Representative
                      Eggleston Towing Company, Inc.                                   Rt. 2, Box 16
                      525 W. 3rd Avenue                                                Cloverdale, Oregon 97112
                      Anchorage, Alaska 99501                                          Rob .ert E. Harris, Manager
                      Kenji Ego, Div. of Fish and Game                                 Marine Advisory Programs
                      Dept. of Land and Natural Resources                              Division of Marine Resources
                      State of Hawaii                                                  University of Washington
                      530 S. Hotel Street                                              3716 Brooklyn Avenue N.E.
                      Honolulu, Hawaii 96813                                           Seattle, Washington 98195
                      Howard English, Director                                         James Haynes, Diving Instructor
                      B.C. Wildlife Federation                                         Marine Option Program
                      6470 Patricia Bay Highway                                        University of Hawaii
                      Victoria, B.C., Canada                                           2540 Maile Way
                                                                                       Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
                      Earl Engman, Chairman                                            Wallace Heath
                      Salmon Committee                                                 Lummi Tribal Center
                      Washington State Sportsman Council                               P.O. Box 309
                      8017 Custer Road S.W.                                            Marietta, Washington 98268
                      Tacoma, Washington 98499
                                                                                       Paul Heikkila, Marine Extension Agent
                      Margaret Felt, Information Officer                               Marine Advisory Program
                      Washington State Dept. of Natural Resources                      Oregon State University
                      Public Lands Building                                            Coos County Extension Office, Courthouse
                      Olympia, Washington 98504                                        Coquille, Oregon 97423

                                                                               28

                         David Hickok, Director                                        Jack Kemp
                         Sea Grant Program                                             Dept. of Recreation and Conservation
                         University of Alaska                                          Commercial Fisheries Branch
                         142 E. Third                                                  Parliament Buildings
                         Anchorage, Alaska 99501                                       Victoria, B.C., Canada
                         Lewis R. Holcomb, Executive Director                          Gene Kruse, Director
                         Washington Public Ports Association                           Fish Commission of Oregon
                         P.O. Box 1518                                                 307 State Office Building
                         Olympia, Washington 98504                                     1400 S.W. 5th Avenue
                                                                                       Portland, Oregon 97201
                         Garrett Horder                                                John Lansing
                         Johnson & Higgins of Washington and                           Bumble Bee Seafoods
                           Oceanographic Comm. of Washington                           Astoria, Oregon 97103
                         860 White-Henry-Stuart Building
                         Seattle, Washington 98 101                                    Ed Lindbeck
                                                                                       Lloyds Agency, American Institute of
                         Ed Huizer, Deputy Commissioner                                   Marine Underwriters
                         Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game                                 Box 1853
                         Subport Building                                              Anchorage, Alaska 995 10
                         Juneau, Alaska 995 10                                         Cedric Lindsay, Assistant Chief
                         Don Jackson                                                   Management and Research
                         Governor's Committee on Oceanography                          Washington State Dept. of Fisheries
                         Commercial Manager, Central Lincoln PUD                       115 General Administration Building
                         Newport, Oregon 97365                                         Olympia, Washington 98504
                                                                                       R. Logan
                         Robert Jacobson, Marine Extension. Agent                      Lloyds Agency, American Institute of
                         Marine Advisory Program                                          Marine Underwriters
                         Oregon State University                                       Box 1853
                         225 W. Olive Street                                           Anchorage, Alaska 995 10
                         Newport, Oregon 97365                                         Hon. Rod McKenzie
                         David Jamison                                                 Oregon State Representative
                         Aquatic Land Manager                                          Cape Blanco Road
                         Washington State Dept. of Natural Resources                   Sixes, Oregon 97476
                         P.O. Box 168                                                  Jean McKean
                         Olympia, Washington 98501                                     Sea Grant Program
                                                                                       University of Hawaii
                         Don Johnson                                                   2540 Maile Way
                         State Economic Opportunity Office                             Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
                         511 W. 4th Avenue                                             Scott McLeod, Manager
                         Anchorage, Alaska 99501                                       Hawaiian Tuna Packers
                         James P. Johnston, Environmental Forester                     P.O. Box 238
                         Crown Zellerbach                                              Honolulu, Hawaii 96809
                         Northwest Timber Operations                                   Dixon Mackinnon
                         1500 S.W. First Avenue                                        Fisheries Service Dept. of the Environment
                         Portland, Oregon 97201                                        1090 W. Pender @treet
                         Karl Keller                                                   Vancouver, B.C., Canada
                         U.S. Army Corps of Engineers                                  Jack Madison, Manager
                         Fort Armstrong, Building 96                                   Tillamook People's Utility District
                         Honolulu, Hawaii 96813                                        Tillamook, Oregon 97141

                                                                                29

                       Commander Richard F. Malm                                      National Sea Grant Program
                       Captain of the Port, Portland                                  NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce
                       U.S. Coast Guard                                               Rockville, Maryland 20852
                       2805 N. Going Street, Swan Island                              Ray Parks
                       Portland, Oregon 97217                                         Commercial Fisherman
                     _jlarvey Moore, Regional Extension Coordinator                   Box 89073
                       National Marine Fisheries Service                              Anchorage, Alaska 99508
                       6116 Arcade Building
                       Seattle, Washington 98101                                      T. R. Parsons
                                                                                      Institute of Oceanography
                       Oliver Morgan                                                  University of British Columbia
                       Weyerhauser Timber Company                                     Vancouver, 8, B.C., Canada
                       785 N. 42nd                                                    Patricia Peyton, Editor
                       Springfield, Oregon 97477                                      Washington Sea Grant Program
                       Robert Mundell, Marine Surveyor                                Division of Marine Resources
                       913 Board of Trade Building                                    University of Washington
                       Portland, Oregon 97204                                         3716 Brooklyn Avenue N.E.
                                                                                      Seattle, Washington 98195
                       Stanley R. Murphy, Director
                       Division of Marine Resources                                   Allan L. Poole, Industrial Waste Engineer
                       University of Washington                                       Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle
                       3716 Brooklyn Avenue N.E.                                      4 10 W. Harrison
                       Seattle, Washington 98195                                      Seattle, Washington 98119

                       Jack Neilsen                                                   Carter Pyle
                       Commercial Fisherman Consulting Biologist                      Fish Farms Hawaii
                       Star Route, E Box 112                                          P.O. Box 852
                       Newport, Oregon 97365                                          Kihei, Hawaii 96753
                       Harold Ostrosky                                                Peter Radulovic
                       Bristol Bay Area Development Corp.                             Hawaii Visitors Bureau
                       Alaska Federation of Natives and RURALCAP                      2270 Kalakaua Avenue, Suite 801
                       1675 C Street                                                  Honolulu, Hawaii 96815
                       Anchorage, Alaska 99501                                        Richard Reynolds
                       M. F. Painter                                                  Alaska Dept. of Economic Development
                       Council of Forest Industries                                   Pouch EE
                       No. 1500-1055 W. Hastings Street                               Juneau, Alaska 99801
                       Vancouver, B.C., Canada
                                                                                      Fred Robinson
                       Howard Paish                                                   JIMCO Charters
                       Howard Paish & Associates, Ltd.                                Depoe Bay, Oregon 97341
                       837 Homer Street
                       Vancouver 3, B.C., Canada                                      Rollie Rousseau
                                                                                      Oregon State Game Commission
                       W. 1. "Bob" Palmer, Senator                                    1634 S. W. Alder Street
                       Alaska State Senate                                            Portland, Oregon 97201
                       Chairman, State Senate Resource Comm.
                       Box 103                                                        Justin Rutka
                       Ninilchik, Alaska 99639                                        Dept. of Agricultural and Resource Economics
                                                                                      University of Hawaii
                       Daniel A. Panshin, Coordinator                                 2540 Maile Way
                       National Marine Advisory Program                               Honolulu, Hawaii 96822

                                                                              30

                           Henry Sakuda, Chief of Marine Fisheries                             Lynn Steiger
                           Division of Fish and Game                                           Lincoln County Planner
                           Dept. of Land and Natural Resources                                 Lincoln County Courthouse
                           State of Hawaii                                                     Newport, Oregon 97365
                           530 S. Hotel Street
                           Honolulu, Hawaii 96813                                              John Stienbacher, Chief of
                                                                                                  Recreational Safety
                           William G. Saletic, Executive Manager                               U.S. Coast Guard, 14th District
                           Purse Seiners Vessel Owners Association                             677 Ala Moana Boulevard
                           I I I I N.W. 45th                                                   Honolulu, Hawaii 96813
                           Seattle, Washington 98107
                                                                                               Dick Stephen-Hazard
                           Henry Sause, President                                              Environmental Protection Manager
                           Sause Brothers Ocean Towing                                         C. Brewer and Company
                           Terminal Sales Building                                             Hilo, Hawaii 96720
                           Portland, Oregon 97205
                           Frank Skrivanek, Planning Coordinator                               John Sweet
                           Dept. of Planning and Economic Development                          Atlantic Richfield Corporation
                           State of Hawaii                                                     Box 360
                           1010 Richards Street                                                Anchorage, Alaska 995 10
                           Honolulu, Hawaii 96813                                              Edgar Weymouth, Northwest Manager
                           Courtland Smith                                                     Western Oil and Gas Association
                           Assistant Professor of Anthropology                                 306 Grosvenor House
                           Waldo Hall 340                                                      500 Wall Street
                           Oregon State University                                             Seattle, Washington 98121
                           Corvallis, Oregon 97331
                                                                                               William Q. Wick, Head
                           Orris Smith                                                         Marine Advisory Program
                           Commercial Fisherman                                                Oregon Marine Science Center
                           Port Orford, Oregon 97465                                           Oregon State University
                           Allan Sommarstrom                                                   Newport, Oregon 97365
                           Dept. of Geography                                                  Andy Wik
                           University of Hawaii                                                Marine Surveyor
                           PSB 204                                                             237 E. Third
                           Honolulu, Hawaii 96822                                              Anchorage, Alaska 99501
                           Kenneth Spies                                                       Philip Yoshimura, Planner
                           Dept. Environmental Quality                                         County of Hawaii
                           1004 S.W. 5th Avenue                                                25 Aupuni Street
                           State Office Building                                               Hilo, Hawaii 96720
                           Portland, Oregon 97201
                           Ed Standish, Divisional Supervisor                                  Robert Younker
                           Program Development Division                                        Port of Coos Bay
                           Washington State Dept. of Ecology                                   P.O. Box 787
                           P.O. Box 829                                                        Coos Bay, Oregon 97420
                           Olympia, Washington 98504
                                                                                               Ben Young
                           G. W. Stead                                                         South Central Timber Development
                           School of Community and Regional Planning                              Company, Inc.
                           University of British Columbia                                      519 W. 8th Avenue
                           Vancouver, 8, B.C., Canada                                          Anchorage, Alaska 99501

                                                                                        31

                                   PACIFIC SEA GRANT ADVISORY PROGRAM

                               The Pacific Sea Grant Advisory Program (PASGAP) is an international
                            venture in cooperative marine extension. The program grew out of the
                            recognition that regional marine needs could best be met through re-
                            gional approaches. PASGAP members work together to identify the needs
                            of the Pacific marine community and to help meet those needs through
                            publications, talent sharing, and specialized projects.

                               PASGAP is funded by the U.S. Department of Commerce, National
                            Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration through the National Sea Grant
                            Program. Current members include representatives from: University of
                            Alaska, University of British Columbia, University of California, Uni-
                            versity of Southern California, University of Hawaii, Oregon State Uni-
                            versity, University of Washington, and National Marine Fisheries Service.

                                                                         DAM DUE

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                                                            GAYLORD No. 2333                   INTED IN J,SA

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                                                                                                             Cover Photograph: S. R. Murphy