Waimanu national estuarine sanctuary management plan, state of Hawaii

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

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WAIMANU NATIONAL ESTUARINE
SANCTUARY MANAGEMENT PLAN

STATE OF HAWAII
DRAFT

NOV 1984

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HC
103.7
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1984

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WAIMANU NATIONAL ESTUARINE SANCTUARY MANAGEMENT PLAN

STATE OF HAWAII

U COMMERCE 'NOAk
COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
H HOE-ON AVENUE
2234 SOUT 0 3
CHARLESTON, SC 29405-241

Prepared for:
State of Hawaii
Department of Planning and Economic Development

Prepared by:
Decision Analysts Hawaii, Inc.

November 1984

/Vi

ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE

The preparation of this report was financed in part under Section 315 of the
National Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended (16 U.S.C. 1451 et.
seq.), and administered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of
the United States Department of Commerce.

PREFACE

CONTENT AND PURPOSE
In 1976, the State of Hawaii received a grant from the Office of Coastal Zone
Management (now the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management) of the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States Department of
Commerce. The purpose of this grant, which was matched by an equal amount from
the state, was to establish the Waimanu National Estuarine Sanctuary within
Waimanu Valley on the Island of Hawaii.

The Waimanu Valley Sanctuary will serve as a natural field laboratory in which to
study and gather data on the natural processes occurring within this estuary of the
coastal zone. It will provide a relatively undisturbed area which will always remain
available for ecological research, and will be available for use as a control against
which the impacts of human activities in similar areas can be assessed. The
sanctuary is to be used primarily for long-term scientific and educational purposes,
especially to provide some of the information essential to coastal zone management
decisions.

This document presents a management plan for the Waimanu National Estuarine
Sanctuary-a plan which is needed if Waimanu Valley is to fulfill its purpose as a
natural field laboratory. Background information on the establishment of Waimanu
Valley as a National Estuarine Sanctuary is presented in Chapter 1, including the
Federal authorization, the site selection process, and the federal grant award.
Chapter 2 presents the location and a description of Waimanu Valley, including the
historical background, physical features, and habitat and biological features.
Components of the management plan are given in Chapters 3 through 9. Goals and
objectives are presented in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 addresses the problem of obtaining
use of those lands in Waimanu Valley which are not owned by the state, including
lands of the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands, Bishop Estate, and small private

iii

PREFACE iv

landowners. Permitted and restricted uses within the valley are covered in Chapter 5
including agency responsibilities, access and use, and state regulations. The research
program is given in Chapter 6, and includes plans for a research center and the initial
research agenda. Needed research covers archaeological, historical, and cultural
resources; fresh water resources; coastal waters; flora and fauna; and integrated
studies of ecosystem dynamics. Control of problem flora and fauna is addressed in
Chapter 7. The interpretive program is covered in Chapter 8, including a public
awareness program and student education. In the final chapter, the schedule and
finances are addressed.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This report was prepared jointly by Dr. Bruce S. Plasch, who is responsible for the
final content, and Ms. Jacqueline A. Parnell. The maps (Figures 1 and 2) were
prepared by Ms. Nancy Brown. All photographs are by Ms. Parnell except for
Figure 3, which was taken by Mr. Bruce Taylor.

Providing information and valuable ideas in the preparation of this report were indi-
viduals with: Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management of the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States Department of Commerce;
the Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources; the Hawaii Department of
Planning and Economic Development; the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands; the
County of Hawaii; the University of Hawaii, Manoa and Hilo campuses; the Bishop
Estate; and The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii.

Certain individuals were particularly helpful. Ms. Lani Stemermann of Volcano
provided contacts and information needed for developing the research agenda, and
served as a guide in visiting Waimanu Valley and identifying important and unusual
features. Ms. Jacquelin Miller of the Environmental Center at the University of
Hawaii at Manoa made arrangements for a special meeting with scientists at the
Manoa campus. Dr. Joseph Halbig provided assistance in identifying and meeting
with scientists at the Hilo -campus. Their assistance is deeply appreciated.

CONTENTS

Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE ii

PREFACE iii

LIST OF TABLES vii

LIST OF FIGURES viii

CHAPTER

1. SANCTUARY ESTABLISHMENT 1

Authorization of National Estuarine Sanctuaries 1

Site Selection Process 2

Grant Award to the State 3

2. LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF SANCTUARY 5

General Description 5

Historical Background 11

Physical Features 12

Habitats and Biological Features 17

3. SANCTUARY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 32

Resource Protection 33

Research 33

Resource Utilization 34

Public Awareness 34

4. OBTAINING USE OF LANDS NOT OWNED BY THE STATE 35
General Approaches 35
Department of Hawaiian Home Lands 39
Bishop Estate 41
Other Private Lands 41

Services to Obtain Use of Lands 42

CONTENTS vi

Page

5. PERMITTED AND RESTRICTED USES 43
Agency Responsibilities 43
Access and Use 48
Sanctuary Regulations 52

6. RESEARCH PLAN 55

Research Center 55
Research Agenda 56

7. EXOTIC SPECIES CONTROL 63

Feral Animals 63
Exotic Plant Species 64

Other Pests 64

8. INTERPRETIVE PLAN 66
Public Awareness Strategies 66
Student Education Programs 67

9. SCHEDULE AND FINANCES 69

Development Schedule 69
Estimated Costs 69
Funding 71

REFERENCES 79

APPENDICES

A. Memorandum of Agreement between the Department of Land
and Natural Resources and Planning and Economic Development

B. Natural Area Reserves System, Chapter 195, Hawaii Revised
Statutes

C. Natural Area Reserves System, Title 13, Chapter 209,
Administrative Rules, Department of Land and Natural
Resources

D. Waimanu Estuarine Sanctuary, Title 13, Chapter 4,
Administrative Rules, Department of Land and Natural
Resources

E. Project Team

LIST OF TABLES

Page

I WAIMANU ESTUARINE SANCTUARY FLORA 20

ii EXOTIC AND NATIVE SPECIES IN WAIMANU 23

ESTUARINE SANCTUARY

III WAIMANU STREAM MACROFAUNA - 1976 31

IV BUDGET 78

vii

LIST OF FIGURES

Page

1. ISLAND OF HAWAII 6

2. WAIMANU ESTUARINE SANCTUARY 7

3. AERIAL VIEW OF WAIMANU VALLEY, NORTHEAST 8

4. AERIAL VIEW OF WAIMANU VALLEY, SOUTHWEST 8

5. AERIAL VIEW OF CLIFFS SEPARATING WAIPIO
AND WAIMANU VALLEYS 9

6. SAME 9

7. EAST SIDE OF WAIMANU VALLEY 10

8. WEST SIDE OF WAIMANU VALLEY 10

9. ESTUARY AREA 18

10. STREAM MOUTH AT BASE OF CLIFFS 18

11. WATERFALLS, WEST SIDE WAIMANU VALLEY 27

viii

LIST OF FIGURES ix

12. VIEW OF THE VALLEY VEGETATION 27

13. LAND OWNERSHIP IN WAIMANU VALLEY 36

14. VIEW OF VALLEY INDICATING OWNERSHIP AND
CAMPING AREAS 37

15. CLOSE-UP VIEW OF CAMPING AREA 37

16. SCHEDULE 77

CHAPTER I

SANCTUARY ESTABLISHMENT

AUTHORIZATION OF NATIONAL ESTUARINE SANCTUARIES
In response to intense pressures and conflicts within the coastal zone of the United
States, Congress enacted the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 (amended in
1976), 16 U.S.C. 1461. The Act authorized a new Federal program to be administered
by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), in the Department
of Commerce, to assist and encourage states to develop and administer
comprehensive management programs for the resources of the coastal zone. Within
NOAA, the Act is administered by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resources
Management (OCRM), formerly the Office of Coastal Zone Management (OCZM)-

The Act affirms a national interest in the effective management, beneficial usey
protection, and development of the coastal zone, and provides three grant programs
to achieve these objectives. Two of these grant programs assist the coastal states in
developing (Section 305) and administering (Section 306) comprehensive coastal zone
land and water use management programs.

A third section of the Coastal Zone Management Act established an estuarine
sanctuary program (Section 312) to provide grant� to states on a matching basis in
order to acquire, develop and operate estuarine areas "to serve as natural field
laboratories in which to study and gather data on the natural and human processes
occurring within the estuaries of the coastal zone." The National Estuarine
Sanctuary Program has beenoperating under estuarine sanctuary guidelines published
June 4, 1974 (39 FR 19922), and proposed regulations published September 9, 1977 (41
FR 45522). Proposed revisions to these regulations were published in the Federal
Register on August 3, 1983 (Vol. 48 No. 150).

SANCTUARY ESTABLISHMENT 2

Sanctuaries established under this program have the dual purpose of (1) preserving
selected undisturbed areas in order that examples of a variety of natural coastal
ecological types will always remain available for ecological research, and (2) ensuring
that natural areas will be available for use as a control against which the impacts of
man's activities in other areas can be assessed. These sanctuaries are to be used
primarily for long-term scientific and educational purposes, especially to provide
some of the information essential to coastal zone management decision-making.
Some of the research purposes are:

� to gain a thorough understanding of the natural ecological
relationships within the estuarine environments of the United States;

� to make baseline ecological measurements;

o to serve as a natural control against which changes in other estuaries
can be measured, and to facilitate evaluation of the impacts of human
activities on estuarine ecosystems; and

� to provide a vehicle for increasing public knowledge and an awareness
of the complex nature of estuarine systems, their values and benefits
to man and nature, and the problems which confront them.

A biogeographic classification scheme has been developed based on regional
variations in the nation's coastal zone. This scheme is used to ensure that the
national program includes at least one site from each region. An estuarine typology
system is utilized to ensure that sites selected reflect the wide range of estuarine
types in the United States. Twenty-seven regions have been identified in eleven
geographic areas. Waimanu National Estuarine Sanctuary represents the Hawaiian
Islands Region in the Insular group.

SITE SELECTION PROCESS
The Hawaii Coastal Zone- Management Program is under the jurisdiction of the
Department of Planning and Economic Development (DPED). In 1974, DPED initiated
action to enable Hawaii to participate in the National Estuarine Sanctuary Program.
After an extensive selection process by the Department, Waimanu Valley was
proposed by the state for inclusion in the federal estuarine sanctuary program. This
process included input from local, state, and federal agencies, and from private
individuals.

SANCTUARY ESTABLISHMENT 3

The Department first appointed an Estuaries Technical Committee which developed a
preliminary list of candidate estuaries in May, 1974. This committee included
representatives from DPED, the Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR),
the University of Hawaii, and several federal and state agencies. In June, 1974, a
Hawaii Estuary Policy Committee was formed, consisting of the State Marine Affairs
Coordinator, the Chairman of DLNR and the Director of DPED. They appointed a
Working Committee composed of representatives from DLNR, DPED, and the
University of Hawaii. The Working Committee expanded the initial 16 candidate
sites recommended by the Estuaries Technical Committee to 24 candidate sites.
Information on the 24 sites, the estuarine sanctuary program, and the suggested
criteria for evaluating the sites were sent to state and county agencies and
individuals for review. The evaluation criteria were based on the Federal Estuarine
Sanctuary Guidelines and included such considerations as the extent to which a site
fit the biogeographic definition of an estuary, research potential, and existing land
use conflicts.

As a result of this analysis, 14 of the sites were eliminated because they could not be
protected, were already developed, or for one reason or another did not satisfy the
Estuarine Sanctuary Guidelines. The remaining ten sites were then evaluated. The
first five were ranked as follows: Kahana (Oahu), Kiholo (Hawaii), Waimanu (Hawaii),
Hanalei (Kauai) and Waipio (Hawaii). Site profiles for each of these top five
candidates were sent to the County Planning Departments for comment. Their input,
plus the Working Committee recommendations, were given to the Hawaii Estuary
Policy Committee. This Committee considered both the ability of the sites to meet
Federal Guidelines and the state's financial ability to provide matching funds. In
January 1975, the state decided to apply for an Estuarine Sanctuary Grant for the
valley/bay of Waimanu on the Island of Hawaii. Several of the other sites had state
lands available for matching Federal funds; Waimanu, however, was felt to be the
least altered by recent human activity and to have the best potential for research
pertinent to the Hawaii CZ.M program on valley/tidal stream systems. In addition,
designation of Waimanu would result in the least disruption of current land use
practices of all of the sites considered.

GRANT AWARD TO THE STATE
In July of 1975, the State of Hawaii requested a grant in the amount of $191,250 from
the Office of Coastal Zone Management (now the Office of Ocean and Coastal

SANCTUARY ESTABLISHMENT 4

Resource Management) to be matched by an equal or greater amount from the state.
The purpose of the grant was to establish an estuarine sanctuary in the Waimanu
Valley on the Island of Hawaii. In April of 1976 the Office of Coastal Zone
Management (OCZM), distributed a Draft Environmental Impact Statement on the
proposed estuarine sanctuary grant award for review and comment by all interested
public, private, state and federal individuals and agencies. The Final Environmental
Impact Statement was presented to the Council on Environmental Quality in May,
1976 and the grant was awarded to the State of Hawaii by OCZM on June 30, 1976.

CHAPTER 2

LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF SANCTUARY

GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The State of Hawaii consists of eight major islands and 124 minor islands in a chain
stretching across the northern Pacific Ocean from northwest to southeast. It has a
total area of 6,450 square miles, of which 6,425 are land and 25 are inland waters.
The state has a coastline of 750 miles. The total population of the state is close to
one million people.

The Island of Hawaii (Figure 1) is both the most southern and largest of all of the
islands, with an area of 4,038 square miles. It is almost twice the combined size of
all the other islands in the state and is popularly referred to as the "Big Island." Over
100,000 people live on the island, representing ten percent of the state population.

All of the islands are of volcanic origin. Geologically, the chain is very young, with
the age decreasing from the northern islands to the southeast. Hawaii is the most
recent of the Islands, with two active volcanoes that periodically contribute
additional acreage to its mass. It has the highest mountains in the statep Mauna Kea
(4,205 meters; 13,796 feet) and Mauna Loa (4,169 meters; 13,677 feet).

Waimanu Valley is the second largest of a series of similar valleys located on the
northeastern windward coast of the Island of Hawaii (Figures 1 - 8). The Waimanu
Estuarine Sanctuary includes approximately 5,900 acres (about 9.2 square miles),

A major portion of this chapter is taken from the Final Environmental Impact
Statement for the Proposed Estuarine Sanctuary Grant Award for Waimanu Valley,
Hawaii County, Hawaii. Office of Coastal Zone Management, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, United States Department of Commerce, 1976.

KAUAI
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HAWAII

WAIMANU ESTUARINE
.0 SANCTUARY

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KO L m

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S U H IL

Kaitua-Kona

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PUNA

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South Point 0 a 16 32
MILES NORTH

Figure 1. Hawaii Island
LANAIO

Wai,pio Bay

Soo

Figure 2. Walmanu Estuarine Sanctuary-Project Vicinity 0
Walmand Estuarine Sanctuary Boundary A4.1 in

. . . ....... ..

.... .... ....
Figure 3. Aerial view of Waimanu. Valley,
looking northeast to the ocean.

.. ...... ...

-9MM

Figure 4. Aerial view of Waimanu Valley, looking southwest
toward the Kohala mountain range.

ONE

@' ` @MA.

Figures 5 & 6. Aerial view of cliffs separating Waipio, and Waimanu
Valleys. The trail zigzags along the tops of these cliffs, following
the natural contours of the landq and crossing three streams.
Figure 5 is closest to Waipio Valley, Figure 6 is closest to Waimanu
Valley.

..........
. ........ .

................

... . .. .
........ .
..... . . ....
............ ...
............
.. . . .. .. . .

.......... .
. ........ ... .. ........
NAM
Firure 7. East side of Waimanu Valley. The trail. from Waipio,
0--
Valley descends this efiff; the stream mouth is near its base.

.. .......

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure S. West side of Waimanu Valley. The narrow dark grey
sand beach is bordered by large cobblestones.

LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF SANCTUARY 11

consisting of the trail corridor from neighboring Waipio Valley, the embayment,
submerged lands, wetlands and the upland watershed of Waimanu Stream and its
tributaries. Approximately 720 acres are valley bottom lands and are primarily fresh
water wetlands. The remaining acres are heavily vegetated talus slopes, uplands, and
valley wall. The estuarine portion consists c' less than five acres.

The Sanctuary is divided into three general areas. The major area is the ahupuala, an
ancient term for a type of land division running from the mountains to the sea. Its
boundaries are the ridge of the eastern valley wall to the head of Waimanu Valley
(elevation 3000 feet), then turning north toward the sea, approximately following the
ridge of the western valley wall, and finally descending to the 1200 foot cliff at the
sea's edge. The second area is the trail corridor connecting Waimanu Valley with
Waipio Valley which provides the only land access route into Waimanu. The final area
is the southwest portion of the watershed, including the upper watersheds of the
major tributaries to Waimanu Stream. The three areas together.form a natural
ecological unit.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
The Hawaiian Islands were settled by people from the Marquesas and Society Islands
in southeastern Polynesia, in successive waves of emigration that may have begun as
early as the seventh century. The islanders used the land for agriculture, establishing
extensive field systems. There is virtually no valley floor where the flora has not
been altered to some extent.

Under the ancient Hawaiian system, there was no private ownership of land. Land
was divided into administrative units that usually followed natural features and
related to the use of the land as a resource. The largest unit was a moku, an island or
a district of an island. The next division was the ahupuala, a portion of a moku,
whose boundaries usually ran from the mountains to the sea. An ili was a smaller unit
of land within an ahupuala. The boundaries of the land were not surveyed but were
defined by natural features of the land and were kept by oral record passed down
from generation to generation. It is the boundaries of one of these ahupualas that
comprise the major Sanctuary boundaries.

Waimanu has been occupied for many centuries although it may have been that this
occupation was intermittent. The Hawaiian lifestyle did not significantly change

LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF SANCTUARY 12

the natural landscape in this valley. Water ditches were used to regulate water
supply to the taro (Colocasia esculenta) fields, the principal crop produced in the
valley. By the turn of the century, both taro and rice were grown in the valley with
some of the residences constructed on the remains of Hawaiian heiaus, or temples.
Agriculture and residences alike were destroyed by a tsunami in 1946. Since that
time, the valley has been uninhabited, left to the forces of nature and a few hunters
and campers.

The archaeological value of Waimanu Valley is relatively unknown. No historic
properties of state or local significance are listed within Waimanu Valley in the
current listings of the National and Hawaiian Registers of Historic Places. The
inventory of possible candidates, however, is not yet complete. Loo and Bonk in 1970
conducted a preliminary site survey along the southeast side of the valley. Of the ten
sites recorded in this narrow area, eight were judged significant enough to warrant
further study. In October, 1971, a site survey team from the Bishop Museum under
contract with the Department of Land and Natural Resources revisited the valley as
part of the Statewide Inventory of Historical Places. Two archaeological complexes
were identified and assigned site numbers. These complexes are:

1. Waimanu Complex (site #2104)

A complex of cultural features related to extensive wetland taro
cultivation. Such features include rock walls and terraces, and
habitation sites.

2. North Waimanu Complex (site #2105)

A complex of cultural features similar to site #2104, but including a
stone platform and a burial platform.

An additional archaeological reconnaissance was conducted in 1976 by Chiniago
Enterprises to provide data for the establishment of the Sanctuary. Although many
sites are in poor condition,- all of the survey teams recognized the value of Waimanu
Valley as an historical resource, and recommended further study.

PHYSICAL FEATURES

Climate
The temperatures of the Hawaiian Islands are warm and equable. The lowest
temperature on record in Honolulu is 10 degrees Centigrade (52 Fahrenheit), and the

LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF SANCTUARY 13

highest 34 degrees Centigrade (93 Fahrenheit). The warmest month is August and the
coldest is February. As expected, temperatures decrease uniformly with increasing
elevation to an inversion level usually between 1500 meters and 2100 meters (5000
feet and 7000 feet).

The climate of the Island of Hawaii is semi-tropical, varying locally with elevation
and orientation to the trade winds.-The trade winds are northeasterly and remain
relatively uniform and persistent throughout the year. Their average velocity is 19.2
kilometers per hour (12 miles per hour)., This wind pattern is an important factor in
determining the climate of the island, particularly precipitation patterns. The
incoming trade winds cool as they rise over the mountains, dropping most of their
moisture on the windward side of the island. The resultant rainfall patterns can vary
from 760 centimeters (300 inches) annually on the northeast, or windward, side of
Mauna Kea to 15 centimeters (six inches) annually on the southeast and southwest, or
lee, sides of the island-The rainfall in the Kohala Mountains in the Waimanu area
averages about 500 centimeters (200 inches) annually. Data available from the
Division of Water and Land Development of DLNR and the National Weather Service
for Waimanu and Waipio Valleys give some indication of the distribution of rainfall
within the valleys. The data indicate highly variable total rainfall from year to year.
However, in a given year, less rain falls at the mouth of the valleys than at their
higher elevations.

In addition to the effects of the trade winds, two other major types of weather
influence this island, although they have relatively little effect on the Waimanu area.
Convective storms occur off the Kona Coast on the lee side of the island. In
addition, infrequent major winter storms, known as Kona storms, originate in a low
pressure zone southwest of the island.

Geology and Soils
The entire northeastern coast of this island forms part of the flanks of the Kohala
shield volcanoes. The Kohala shield is capped by an erosion-resistant siliceous lava
called the Hawi Series. It is underlain by basalt flows of the Pololu Series, which are
thin and interleaved with ash and tuff beds. There are seven valleys on the northeast
coast within the Kohala Forest Reserve that are geologically similar. These are,
from east to west: Waipio, Waimanu, Nainu, Honopue, Honokea, Honokana Nui, and
Pololu. Waimanu is the second largest of these valleys; Waipio, the largest. These

LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF SANCTUARY 14

valleys owe their development to the fact that fault scarps protected the valleys
from being filled by lavas of the Hawi Series and that the valleys drain the windward
(wettek) side of the island. Subsequent to the formation of the valleys, they were
submerged to a depth of at least 250 meters (830 feet), and are now filled with
alluvial sediments. Since this island is the youngest of the Hawaiian Islands, its
valleys and estuaries are also the least developed of those in the state. In fact, the
valleys of the Waimanu area might well be the youngest and least developed in the
State of Hawaii.

The shorelines near Waimanu Valley are composed of steep cliffs, some as high as 465
meters (1528 feet). Sand and cobblestone beaches are found at the valley mouths,
and in some areas sand has been blown inland to create dunes of up to 16 meters (51
feet). The sand is generally well.sorted, medium grained and composed entirely of
detrital grains of fresh lava fragments. The beach at Waimanu is composed of
basaltic boulder/cobblestones on the Waipio side and dark grey sand on the west side
of the mouth.

The Soil Survey for the Island of Hawaii, published by the Soil Conservation Service,
U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), lists two types of soils for the area. These
two types represent general types of soils occurring on the island, as no extensive
studies of Waimanu Valley have been undertaken. The valley bottom lands are listed
as Tropaquept soils consisting of moderately deep, poorly drained soils formed in
recent alluvium. They have a surface layer of dark-grey mucky silt loam and subsoil
of silty clay loam. The second type of soil occurring here is classed only as Rough
Broken Land consisting of very steep, precipitous lands broken by intermittent
drainage channels. The soil material may range from very shallow to deep on slopes
of from 35 to 70 percent.

Streams
The water resources of the island come primarily from high-level impoundments and
water on perched ash and tuff beds. -The primary source of water for Waimanu and
neighboring valleys is from perched water beds in the Kohala Mountain ash and tuff
beds. The water resources above Waimanu are the only ones in the Kohala area which
have not been diverted and ditched to other areas. This has been due to the technical
difficulty and high cost of diverting Waimanuls water resources.

LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF SANCTUARY 15

The tea-colored waters of Waimanu Stream are typical of streams in the boggy
plateau of the entire Kohala. Mountains watershed. The stream is characterized as a
low gradient stream possessing sluggish flows along the middle and lower reaches,
becoming more rapid, even torrential at the headwaters. Waimanu possesses a
stream mouth estuary with less freshwater input than the adjacent valley of Waipio,
thus indicating an estuarine situation in terms of mixohaline range and concomitant
species diversity. Waimanu Stream has not been gauged. Stearns and Macdonald in
1946 published some information on Waimanu Stream but their figures are based on a
limited set of data. They hypothesized that the Kawainui tributary of Waipio once
was a tributary of Waimanu Stream since the present flow of Waimanu Stream would
have been unable to create the existing 1000 meter valley. In 1946, and even now,
the head of Waimanu Valley Stream originated behind a twelve foot dike, at an
elevation of 129 meters (425 feet) one mile from the head of the canyon, and
discharged about five million gallons per day (mgpd) during dry weather. Above the
springs, the discharge was only half a million gallons per day. Waihilau, at an
elevation of 129 meters (425 feet) was thought to be the largest high level stream on
Hawaii; they estimated its flow to be 12 mgpd. Then, as now, Waihilau Stream joined
Waimanu in the valley floor; numerous other streams and springs also contribute to
the flow of Waimanu Stream. Stearns and Macdonald estimated the flow at the
mouth of the valley to be 30 mgpd.

After Waihilau Stream, Waiilikahi Stream is the second major tributary of Waimanu
Stream. Between 1950 and 1960, the USGS kept records at a gauging station on
Waiilikahi Stream at an elevation of 835 meters (2740 feet). Their records indicate
yearly mean low discharges of about 5 mgpd and yearly mean high discharges of about
8 mgpd. Although the variations in annual discharge are small, individual months do
show a large range from year to year. For instance, July discharge records range
from a low of 4.2 mgpd in 1960 to a high of 13.9 mgpd in 1959. December discharges
range between 4.9 mgpd and 19.6 mgpd. Similar variations for other streams could be
expected, thus the flow measured at the mouth of Waimanu Stream may be quite

variable.

A disturbing characteristic of the streams in Waimanu is the presence of the bacteria
causing leptospirosis. Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by a bacteria

LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF SANCTUARY 16

belonging to the order Spirochaetales, genus Leptospira. [G. F. Beck, A Survey of
mammalian fauna of the Waimanu Valley, Island of Hawaii, for the Prevalence of
Leptospirosis, MPH Thesis, University of Hawaii, School of Public Health, 1977,
p. 11 . The survey by Mr. Beck was prompted by events that took place in September
and early October, 1976, when seven biologists and helpers spent three and a half
days in Waimanu Valley surveying the aquatic resources of the valley. Two of the
members of the party became ill with the disease. Mr. Beck notes that:

. . . Leptospirosis in the human is an acute febrile disease of varying
duration (days to weeks) and of varying severity. It can range from an
inapparent or very mild illness to one with severe liver and kidney
involvement that may result in death.

Rodents, dogs, cattle, swine and wildlife have been thought to constitute
the principal reservoirs of the infection in nature. . . Infection of a
suitable host results in a septicemic phase followed by a chronic kidney
infection, during which the leptospira maybe shed in large numbers in the
urine. . . The organisms enter the host via the abraded or broken skin or
through the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth or conjunctiva.
Humans acquire the disease as a result of contact with infected urine,
tissue, water or soil... (p. 1)

Mr. Beck further notes that the disease in man has long been recognized as an
occupational hazard in a number of professions, including veterinarians,
slaughterhouse workers, etc. In Hawaii, in addition to field biologists, the most
susceptible occupation appears to be taro patch workers.

The discovery of the presence of leptospirosis in Waimanuls waterways has serious
implications for future uses and activities in the valley. This is discussed in more
detail in following chapters.

Ocean Currents

The predominant current in the Hawaiian Islands is the North Equatorial Current.
The currents around each island are a function of bottom topography, shoreline
topography, winds and tides. Generally, along the northeast coast of the Big Island,
the currents set northwest in the summer and southeast in the winter. This is a high-
energy coastline, with limited coral reef development off Waimanu. The waves are
generally moderate to large all year and the tidal range is less than one meter.

LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF SANCTUARY 17

EstuarY Characteristics
The estuary in Waimanu Valley is small, backed by extensive fresh water wetlands.
Marine influence at the mouth is restricted by a cobblestone berm perhaps three
meters (10 feet) wide. The stream's flow is sluggish on the valley floor, creating
freshwater marshes on practically the entire northern half of the valley floor
(Figures 9 and 10).

During a field trip conducted by the DPED with participants from DLNR, the
National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), and OCZM in May 1975, the stream
paralleled the berm before entering the sea approximately 40 meters (130 feet) west
of the main stream channel. During high tide, the surf regularly overrode the berm.
Subsurface percolation of sea water through the berm also occurred. At high tide a
tongue of warm saline water, approximately half a meter deep, progressed up the
stream bed for a distance of approximately 30 meters (100 feet) from the berm.
Samples taken at this time indicated a salinity of 10 parts per thousand in the tongue
(surface salinities were about 5 parts per thousand). At low tide, no tongue of saline
water was detected; samples taken at the same locations in the stream as those taken
at high tide indicated salinities of less than one part per thousand from surface to
bottom (normal sea water has a salinity of about 35 parts per thousand). Other
members of the party reported that the stream has in the past entered the sea
directly from its channel on the east side of the valley and has also paralleled the
berm for as much as a hundred meters to the west of the channel before entering the
sea. The outlet probably varies as a function of stream flow and wave intensity.
There are some indications that portions of the marsh may be brackish; the extent of
these areas is unknown. The estuarine portion of the stream is limited; this type of
valley/stream system, however, is representative of the estuarine streams found on
this island and on others having a similar geological age and history.

HABITATS AND BIOLOGICAL FEATURES
The lack of human influence has allowed the vegetation to follow its own course of
succession for nearly forty years, since the tsunami of 1946. In October, 1976, the
Division of Forestry (now Forestry and Wildlife) of DLNR made a reconnaissance trip
into the valley to determine the management needs of the proposed Sanctuary.
[Report of Waimanu Estuarine Sanctuary, Honolulu, Hawaii, 1976.1 In December of
that same year, a survey of fresh water aquatic fauna and habitat in the Sanctuary

. ........ .

Figure 9. fttuary area, looking into the vaHey.

Figure 10. Stream mouth at base of cliff on east side of the vaRey.

LOCATION AND DESCRlPTiON OF SANCTUARY 19

was made by the Division of Fish and Game (now the Division of Aquatic Resources)
of DLNR [Richard N. Yoshida, Survey of the Fresh Water Aquatic Fauna and Habitat
in the Proposed Waimanu Estuarine Sanctuary, Island of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii,
19761 . In 1977, in addition to the survey of leptospirosis in the mammalian fauna in
Waimanu Valley previously cited, a survey of birds in the valley was taken as part of
a larger study [Robert J. Shallenberger, An Ornithological Survey of Hawaiian
Wetlands, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Honolulu District, 19771. A very brief site
visit and observations were also made by the planning consultants in February, 1984.

However, no in-depth baseline studies of the flora and fauna of Waimanu have taken
place, and comprehensive inventories of flora and fauna have high priority on the
research agenda. The following description of flora and fauna is based on the surveys
cited and material in the Environmental Impact Statement for the Sanctuary
proposal.

Flora
The isolation and volcanic origin of the Hawaiian Islands has resulted in many unique
species of plants and animals. The present flora consist of native species, Polynesian
introductions (many of which have developed local varieties) and "exotic" species
brought by later settlers. The vegetative patterns result principally from the
elevation, exposure to ocean spray, orientation to trade winds and exposure to human
influences. Common and Hawaiian names will be used in the discussion; Table I taken
from the Final Environmental Impact Statement document provides the corresponding
scientific names, origins, habitats, and uses of species referred to in the text.
Table 11 lists the native and exotic species found along the Waipio-Waimanu trail
corridor and in the valley in 1976 by the State Forestry survey team.

The trail to Waimanu Valley climbs a 366 meter (1200 feet) cliff and traverses
thirteen water-cut gulches -(seven of which have small perennial streams) before
descending into Waimanu Valley. Within the valley, there are extensive areas of
marsh; remnants of a trail exist along the lower valley wall.

The zigzag trail from Waipio to the top of the first ridge has lantana (an exotic
species), lulei, and kaunaloa uka (both native) along the trail. The top of the

TABLE I

Waimanu Estuarine Sanctuary Flora:
Species Referred to in Text

Scientific Common Name Habitat Uses
Name (Hawaiian Name) or Elevation (feet)

Endemic or Indigenous Species

Acacia koa Gray 1,500 to Canoes, crafts,
(Koa) 4,000 furniture

Asplenium Birds-nest fern Lower forest Ornamental,
nidus L. ('Ekaha) crafts

Metrosideros ('Ohi'a-lehua) 1,000 to Leis,
collina (Forst.) 6,000 spears,
Gray subsp. polymorpha flooring

Cassytha .1,000 to
filiformis L. (Kauna'oa uka) 39000

Coprosma (Kukae-nene) 39000 to
ernodeoides Gray 69000

Dicranopteris False staghorn fern 500 to Ground
linearis (Burm.) (Uluhe) 3,000 cover
synonyms: Gleichenia
linearis (Burm.). Clarke
dichotoma Hook

Ipomoea pes- Beach morning glory Beach
caprae L. (Pohmehue)

Microsorium Maile-scented fern Sea level Leis.,
scolopendria (Laua'e) to 2,000 landscaping
(Burm.) Copel

Osteomeles Sea level Fish spears, 'ukeke
anthyllidifolia ('Ulei) to 4,000 (musical instrument),
Lindl. hoop for fish nets

Pandanus Screw pine Sea level Leaves for many
odoratissimus -L.F. (Hala or Puhala) to 2,000 craft uses

Rauwolfia Hao tree Sea level Medicine,
(Hao) to 19000 arbors

TABLE I (cont'd)

Scientific Comnon Name Habitat Uses
Name (Hawaiian Name) or Elevation (feet)

Polynesian Introduced Species

Aleurites Candlenut tree Sea level State tree, oil
moluccana'(L.) (Kukui) to 2,000 leis, medicine
Willd.

Artocarpus Breadfruit Lowlands Food, gum,
communis Forst. ('Ulu) part of canoes

Cocos nucifera L. Coconut Coastal Food, crafts, oil,
(Niu) shade, cordage

Eugenia Mountain apple Sea level to Edible fruit
malaccensis L. (Ohi'a'ai) 1,800 attractive
forest cover

Morinda Indian mulberry Open lowlands, Important as a
citrifolia L. (Noni) edge of forest medicinal plant

Other Exotic Species

Albizia Albizia (Siris) Sea level Reforestation
moluccana Miq. to 5,000

Araucaria Cook Island Pine Sea level Reforestation, fog
columnaris (Forst.) to 5,000 drip, ornamental
synonym: T. cookii R. lumber, masts

Araucaria Norfolk Island Pine Sea level Reforestation, fog
heterophylla to 5,000 drip, ornamental,
(Salisb.) Franco; lumber, masts
synonym: A.excelsa
Lamb R. Br.

Caricaceae, Papaya Sea level Edible fruit
Carica p.@ @aa L. (He'i) to 1,200 (Commercial)

Casuarina Ironwood Sea level Windbreak,
equisetifolia to 3,000 reforestation

Coffea arabica L. Coffee 1,000 to Commercial coffee
2,500

Eucalyptus Eucalyptus 2,000 to Reforestation,
robusta Sm. 5,000 commercial timber

TABLE I (cont'd)

Scientific Common Name Habitat Uses
Name (Hawaiian Name) or Elevation (feet)

Other Exotic Species (cont.)

Eucalyptus Eucalyptus 1,000 to Reforestation,
saligna Sm. 6,000 commercial timber

Euqenia cumimi Java plum Sea level Reforestation
(I.) Druce to 4,000

Ficus Fig Sea level Reforestation
nota (Blco.)
Merr.

Lantana camara L. Lantana Sea level Ornamental, has
to 2,000 become a pest

Mangifera indica Mango Lower Edible fruit
CT altitudes

Psidium guajava L. Guava Sea level Fruit, jam
to 2,000 medicinal tea

Schinus Christmas-berry Sea level Ornamental, pest
terebinthifolius,
Raddi

Source: Final Environmental Impact Statement, Proposed Estuarine Sanctuary Grant
Award for Waimanu Valley, Hawaii County, Hawaii, pp. 22-24. May 28, 1976. Office
of Coastal Zone Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C. Revised Oct. 1984 following Harold St.
John's List and Summary of the Flowering Plants of the Hawaiian Islands, Lawai,
Kauai, Hawaii, 1973.

TABLE I I

NATIVE AND EXOTIC SPECIES IN WAIMANU ESTUARINE SANCTUARY

Native_Species

Waipio-Waimanu Trail Corridor

Scientific Name Common Name Abundance

Alyxia olivaeforma maile
Antidesma platyphyllum hame
Asplenium nidus 'ekaha
Canthium odoratum alahe'e
Clermontia kohalae oha kepua
Cibotium chamissoi hapulu
Cibotium glaucum hapu'u
Cibotium menziesii hapu'u-'i'i
Diospyros sandwicensis lama
Dicranopteris lineais uluhe
Euphorbia lorifolia 'akoko
Freycinetia arborea 'ie'ie
Gouldia axillaris manono
Metrosideros collina ohila-lehua
Myrsine sp. kolea
Osteomeles anthyllidifolia lulei
Pandanus odoratissmus hala
Pelea sp. alani
Perrottetia sanwicensis olomea
Pipturus alibidus mamaki
Pisonia inermis papala-kepau
Psychotria sp. kopiko
Sadleria cyatheoides amau
Scaevola chamissoniana naupaka kuahiwi
Selaginella arbuscula selaginella
Sida fallax ilima
Smilax sandwicensis hoi-kuahiwi
Wikstroemia sp. 'akia
Xylosma hillebrandii maua

Few
Moderate
Plentiful

TABLE II (cont'd)

Native Species - Waimanu Valley

Scientific Name Common Name Abundance

Bidens menziesii kokoolau
Canthium odoratum alahele
Clermontia kohalae oha kepau
Diospyros sandwicensis lama
Fern sp. fern
Hibiscus tiliaceus hau
Ipomea congesta koali-awahia
Ipomea pes-caprae pohuehue
Metrosideros collina ohi'a-lehua
Myrsine sp. kolea
Pandanus odoratissimus hala
Perrottetia sandwicensis olomea
Pipturus alibidus mamaki
Pisonia inermis papala-kepau
Pritchardia lanigera loulu palm see note
Psychotria sp. kopiko
Scaevola frutescens naupaka
Sida fallax ilima
Thespesia populnea Milo
Tetraplasandra meiandra ohe
Touchardia latifolia olona

Few
Moderate
Plentiful

Note: endangered species. On top of valley in poor condition with many
dead trees. Need to collect seeds and propagate species.

TABLE II (cont'd)

Exotic Species

Waipio-Waimanu Trail Corridor

Scientific Name Common Name Abundance

Acacia confusa Formosa koa
Albizzia moluccana molucca alibizzia
Aleurites moluccana kukui
Araucaria excelsa Norfolk Island pine
Bambusa sp. bamboo
Brassaia actinophylla octopus tree
Casuarina glauca longleaf ironwood
Cecropia peltata trumpet tree
Cordyline terminalis ti
Eucalyptus robusta swamp mahogany eucalyptus
Eupatorium riparium Hamakua-pamakani
Ficus elastica India-rubber fig
Ficus nota rough-leaf fig
Ficus pseudopalma Philippine fig
Fraxinus uhdei tropical ash
Grevillea robusta silk oak
Hedychium flavum yellow ginger
Khaya nyasica African mahogany
Macaranga grandifolia macaranga
Melaleuca leucandendron paper bark
Parkia sp. cupang
Polypodium phymatodes lauale
Psidium cattleianum strawberry guava
Psidium guajava common guava
Setaria palmifolia palm grass
Terminalia myriocarpa jhalna
Tristania conferta brushbox
Toona ciliata var.
australis Australian red cedar
Zingiber zerumbet 'awapuhi

Few
Moderate
Plentiful

TABLE 11 (cont1d)

Exotic Species Waimanu Valley

Scientific Name Common Name Abundance

Aleurites moluccana kukui
Alocasia sp. Chinese ape
Artocarpus incisus lulu
Arundo donax giant reed
Bambusa sp. bamboo
Casuarina equisetifolia shortleaf ironwood
Cocos nucifera niu
Coffea arabica coffee
Coix lacryma-jobi Job's tears
Colocasia esculenta kalo
Commelina diffusa honohono
Cordyline terminalis ti
Cyperus papyrus papyrus
Eugenia malaccensis mountain apple
Eupatorium riparium Hamakua-pamakai
Livistona chinensis Chinese jan palm
Mangifera indica mango
Melia azedarach Pride-of-India
Morinda citrifloia noni
Mucuna urens sea bean
Musa sp. banana
Nephrolepis sp. swordfern
Panicum maximum guinea grass
Panicum purpurescens California grass
Passiflora edulis lilikoi
Passiflora edulis
flavicarpa yellow lilikoi
Pennisetum ruppelii fountain grass
Piper methysticum lawa
Pluchea indica Indian pluchea
Polypodium phymatodes lauale
Psidium cattleianum strawberry guava
Psidium guajava guava
Ricinus communis castor-bean
Schinus terebinthifolius Christmas-berry
Setaria palmifolia palm grass
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis oi
Terminalia catappa false kamani
Tournefortia argentea tree heliotrope

Few
Moderate
Plentiful

Source: State of Hawaiij Department of Land and Natural Resources. 1976.
Report of Waimanu Estuarine Sanctuary, Division of Forestry.

Figure 11. (right)
Waterfalls on the

west side of
Waimanu Valley.

.............

Figure 12. (below)
A view of the valley,
marsh in the foreground,
Pandanus tree in right
foreground.

'MM

.. .......... . .
..... .. . ..
..........

LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF SANCTUARY 28

ridge has a covering of a hardy exotic species, ironwood. This species occurs on an
the ridge tops and provides protection to other forms of vegetation from the trade
winds. . The trail corridor then traverses lower coastal areas, protected stream
valleys and higher elevations. Each area has its own complement of vegetation. The
coastal areas tend to have more exotics - eucalyptus, Java plum, albizia, Norfolk
Island pine, and Cook Island pine - all of which have been used extensively in
reforestation projects. The coastal area also supports native populations of Acacia
koa. The exposed slopes have native pandanus groves while the higher elevations are
covered primarily with native species like ohia, lulei and various ferns. As the trails
descend into Waimanu, native species of ohia, koa, and pandanus become mixed with
such exotics as Christmas berry and guava. Along the vegetated talus slopes at the
valley wall/floor break, native species include birds-nest fern, hapulu and other ferns.
There are also breadfruits (a Polynesian introduction), guava, and mango (both
exotic). In the upper reaches of the watershed the rare lapelape is found.

Directly behind the berm there is a small area of higher dry ground. This area
supports native pandanus and pohuehue species, the Polynesian breadfruit, papaya,
coconut, and ironwood. The northern half to two thirds of the valley consists of
freshwater marshes and ponds. California grass and an endemic sedge, cladium
leptostechyum, are the principal species of the marsh. There may be areas of
brackish water, however, the extent of these areas and the species associated with
them are unknown. Upstream of the marshes, the ground becomes dry enough to
support ohia and guava.

Fauna

Endangered Species
The State of Hawaii has only one species of native land mammal, the Hawaiian Bat or
lopea (Lasiurus cinerius semotus), which is on the endangered species list. It has been
observed in Waimanu Valley, feeding over the shoreline and inner bay during the
evening. Hawaii's only native hawk, the lio (Buteo solitarius), is also an endangered
species and has been seen in Waimanu Valley. Both of these species are dependent on
native vegetation. Other endangered species may occur in Waimanu, but again, until
further studies can be carried out in the region, no complete listing of endangered
species of the area can be given.

LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF SANCTUARY 29

Birds
Non-waterbird avifauna observed by Dr. Robert Shallenberger in his 1977 survey in
the valley included house finch, spotted doves, Japanese white-eyes, spotted munia,
common mynahs and northern cardinals. ShalIenberger notes that an earlier survey
reported red-billed leiothrix, lelepaio, lamakihi and lapapane in native forest above
3600 feet, northwest of the valley. He reports seeing Hawaiian hawks No) "but only
in small numbers above the ridge trail and along the rim of the valley." He also
states that "Unusual calls heard in the early morning and evening on this survey are
believed those of Newell's Shearwaters (Puffinus auricularis newelli). Although the
largest concentrations of this "threatened" species are found on Kauai, there have
been recent sightings (and sound records) of this species on the Hamakua coast and
higher elevation forest."

Shallenberger observed few waterbirds during his survey and notes that:

recent evidence suggests that the site is of limited value to
waterbirds in its present condition . . . The only open water in Waimanu,
other than the stream itself, is too deep, and its shores too densely
vegetated, to provide an accessible source of food for herons. Although
the open pond may be attractive to migratory ducks, it is too small to
support a significant number of birds on a long-term basis.

The Hawaiian Waterbirds Recovery Plan prepared by the Hawaiian Waterbirds
Recovery Team and published by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in August, 1977,
lists Waimanu Valley as a "Secondary Area" for waterbirds. The plan notes that:

Waipio Valley has a few small taro paddies and two small overgrown
marshy ponds. These former taro and rice marsh areas are attractive to
coots. The areas should be investigated thoroughly to determine their
current and potential value for endangered waterbirds. Investigation
should be made of small marsh areas at the foot of the two narrow, short
and steep-sided valleys, Waimanu and Pololu. Waimanu Valley,
particularly, appears to have potential for w erbird use and consideration
should be given to development and enhancement programs. Pololu Valley
has an -estuarine marsh worthy of investigation as possible waterbird
habitat. (pp.45-46)

A 1980 feasibility study on the establishment of a wildlife sanctuary at nearby Pololu
Valley establishes the presence of a number of important waterbirds, supporting the
recommendations of the Hawaiian Waterbirds Recovery Team. It is reasonable to
expect that similar findings will be made in Waimanu.

LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF SANCTUARY 30

The Waipio wetlands are a habitat for the black crowned night heron (aukuu) and a
stopover for such migrants as the golden plover. Unidentified ducks are often seen.
They could be the native koloa, resident of the Kohala watershed. It is quite possible
that some or all of these species also frequent Waimanu Valley. A National Marine
Fisheries Service biologist also reports having sighted aukuu in WAimanu.

Fishes
Although no intensive, long-range studies have been made, various species of aquatic
organisms have been seen in Waimanu Stream. Among these are five native fish
species and four native invertebrates in addition to the introduced Tahitian prawns.
Table III lists the macrofauna which were collected and/or observed in Waimanu
Stream in 1976 by the team from Fish and Game Division of DLNR.

Mammals
As noted earlier, the Hawaiian bat, lopea, has been sighted in the valley.

Wild pigs are extensive and cause considerable damage to vegetation and to trails
because of their extensive rooting. (However, there are few wild goats, probably
because the valley climate is too moist). The areas disturbed by the pigs provide an
open, "cultivated" area, making it easier for seeds of exotic species to gain a foothold
and spread, increasing the threats to remaining intact native ecosystems. Because of
the great numbers and large size of the feral pigs in Waimanu, there is a potential
danger to visitors and scientists working in the valley. Control of pigs and other feral
animals is an important part of Sanctuary management.

The Polynesian rat (iole) and the house mouse have been seen in Waimanu. There are
also numerous mongoose. The mongoose was intentionally introduced to Hawaii for
the purpose of controlling the rats; they unfortunately also destroy the eggs and
young of ground nesting birds. A large number of mongoose have been sighted in
Waimanu Valley.

TABLE III

WAIMANU STREAM MACROFAUNA - 1976

Native Fishes

O'opu Nakea (Stenogobius stamineus)
O'opu Anihaniha (Stenogobius genivittatus)
Akupa (Eleotris sandwicensis)
Aholehole (Kuhlia sandwicensis)
Mullet (Mugil cephalus)

Introduced Fishes
Puntat (Clarius sp.)
Mosquito fish (Gambusia ?)

Native Invertebates
Wi (Neritina granosa)
Brown Wi (Theodoxus vespertina)
Atyid Shrimp (Atyoides bisulcata)
River Shrimp (Macrobrachium grandimanus)

Introduced Invertebrate
Prawn (M. lar)

Introduced Amphibian
Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana)

Source: Richard N. Yoshida, Survey of the Fresh Water Aquatic Fauna
and Habitat in the Proposed Waimanu Estuarine Sanctuary, Island of
Hawaii. Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of
Fish and Game, 1976.

CHAPTER 3

SANCTUARY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

A major purpose of the National Estuarine Sanctuary Program is the protection of
estuarine resources for the use and benefit of present and future generations. Grants
from the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management have enabled the State
of Hawaii to protect the valley of Waimanu, its watershed, streams, springs, beach
and bay, and to ensure the use of the area and its resources for scientific, educational
and other compatible uses.

The goals of the National Estuarine Sanctuary Program address Resource Protection,
Research, Resource Utilization, and Public Awareness. The goals are:

(1) RESOURCE PROTECTION
Enhance resource protection by implementing a long-term
management plan tailored to the site's specific resources;

(2) RESEARCH
Provide opportunities for long-term scientific and educational
programs in estuarine areas to develop information for improved
coastal decision making;

(3) RESOURCE UTILIZATION
Promote Federal-State cooperative efforts in managing estuarine
areas,and

(4) PUBLIC AWARENESS
Enhance public awareness and understanding of the estuarine
environment through resource interpretive programs.

SANCTUARY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 33

Seven objectives have been identified to attain these goals and guide implementation
of the Sanctuary management policies, two for Resource Protection, three for
Research, and one each for Resource Utilization and Public Awareness.

RESOURCE PROTECTION
The Waimanu Estuarine Sanctuary was established to ensure the long-term protection
of a stream and its terminal estuary and the surrounding area. Rules have been
adopted by the Department of Land and Natural Resources to protect the Sanctuary.
The principal issues are obtaining use of lands not owned by the state, further
defining permitted and restricted uses, and achieving an appropriate level of
enforcement of the regulations. In order to accomplish this, it will be necessary to
complete an inventory of the resources in the valley. See research objectives below.

There are two resource protection objectives:

o Obtain use of land not owned by the State of Hawaii.
o Develop management control systems that will protect the valley's
resources from destruction and exploitation.

RESEARCH
A second purpose of the Sanctuary is to provide opportunities for scientific research
to gain a better understanding of estuarine systems, provide a baseline for
comparison with developed areas, and to improve decision"@iaking in other coastal

areas.

Waimanu Valley is characteristic of the valley/tidal stream environments occurring
on the windward slopes of volcanic islands. As a relatively undisturbed natural
ecological unit which includes native forests, streams, springs, ponds, marshes, and
bay, it is expected that studies of natural populations within the valley will provide
needed baseline data to compare with disturbed populations elsewhere. Studies of
shrimp and mullet in the streams, and studies of the relationships between forest and
marsh ecosystems, should provide information useful to scientists and agencies
working in other areas.

SANCTUARY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 34

The information derived from research carried out in the valley can provide useful
baseline data for comparison with altered watersheds, and be of considerable interest
to the coastal zone management program which must consider the management of
fresh water supplies and of stream valleys as part of its program.

There are three research objectives:

o Analyze ecological relationships of freshwater and estuarine

environments.
o Identify the natural and historical resources of the valley to document
existing environmental conditions within the Sanctuary and monitor
changes as they occur.
o Compare a relativ unmanipulated stem to similar areas that have
been extensively af e man activities.

RESOURCE UTILIZATION
A third goal is to provide for maximum use of the Sanctuary compatible with
resource protection and research. Hunting and fishing of exotic species in the
Sanctuary will continue to be encouraged. The Waimanu Valley will also continue to
provide a wilderness experience for visitors. There is one resource utilization
objective:

o Provide for maximum use of the Sanctuary compatible with resource
protection and research.

PUBLIC AWARENESS
The final goal for the- Sanctuary is enhancing public awareness and understanding
through resources interpretive programs. - These will be designed to reach both
serious students and the general public. There is one public awareness objective:

o Provide an educational focus to increase public understanding of
Hawaii's coastal resources.
el

CHAPTER 4

OBTAINING USE OF LANDS NOT OWNED BY THE STATE

A large portion of Waimanu Valley is owned by the Department of Hawaiian Home
Lands (DHHL) and private parties. In order to successfully develop Waimanu Valley
as a Sanctuary as planned, it will be necessary for the state to obtain use of some of
these lands, and desirable to obtain use of the remainq2Ei-*ternatives are discussed
below.

GENERAL APPROACHES
There are two basic approaches for obtaining use of non state-owned lands in
Waimanu Valley: to obtain fee simple title to the land, or to obtain a conservation

easement.

Fee-Simple Title

Purchase
Fee simple title to desired lands can be obtained by purchase through negotiation or
using state eminent domain powers to appropriate private property for public use in
return for just compensation. Considerable acreage already has been obtained by
eminent domain, but some owners declined to sell their land for the price offered by
the state (see Figure 13 for remaining ownership pattern). However, no further
purchase of lands by the state are anticipated; funds are limited and/or the remaining
private lands are not essential to the development of the Sanctuary.

Land Exchange
Fee-simple title to remaining lands can also be obtained by exchanging land already
owned by the state for the desired land in Waimanu Valley. This approach is far more
complicated and time consuming than outright purchase because of the difficulty in
identifying available state lands which, in the view of both parties to the exchange,
has the same value as the land in Waimanu Valley for which it is being exchanged.
Nevertheless, some land owners clearly prefer this approach.

Private Owners
Hawaiian Home Lands
Bishop Estates

0 0.5

015
MILES

APPROXIMATE SCALE

Figure 13. Land Ownership in Waimanu Valley

.. .... . .. . .

.............
...........

..........

Figure 14. Bishop Estate lands are in right foreground,
Hawaiian Homelands in center. Camping area is in forested
area in foreground.

...... . ...
.......... ..... ...
. .. .....
... ........ .

Figure 15. Close up of firepit on beach near camping area on west
side of valley.

013TAINING USE OF LANDS NOT OWNED BY THE STATE 38

Conservation Easement
Rather than acquire fee-simple title to the desired land, a less expensive alternative
is to obtain a conservation easement whereby the state acquires only selected rights
to the land as needed to develop and manage the Sanctuary, while the land owner
retains ownership and all remaining rights.

Although the state has not entered into such an agreement, they have been used by
others in Hawaii. For example, The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii entered into a
perpetual conservation easement with Molokali Ranch in order to develop the 2,774-
acre Kamakou Preserve as part of its Endangered Hawaiian Forest Bird Project. The
Conservancy obtained the right to preserve and restore the forest, and works with the
landowner and the State of Hawaii to protect Kamakou Preserve. The management
plan for the Preserve focuses on: (1) reducing damage to the forest by feral pigs,
goats, and other animals, in part through increased hunting; (2) controlling problem
weeds; (3) increasing knowledge of the forest; and (4) making Kamakou Preserve an
important part of the Molokai community through education programs and field trips
directed towards students and the general public. The landowner retains title to the
land and the right to develop and divert the water resource, and benefits through
improvements made to the land. The general public benefits through increased
access, increased hunting opportunities, and increased knowledge about the forest.

In order to determine the value of a conservation easement, the following must be

determined:

The landowner's rights to current and potential uses of the land, and
associated obligations and liabilities.
For the private landowners, the potential development of the lands
within Waimanu Valley are severely restricted since the land is
within the state Conservation District. On the other hand, their
exposure to liability appears significant in view of the presence of
campers and hunters, helicopter traffic and landings in the valley,
and the problems posed by leptospirosis.
For the DHHL, the potential for development is greater since they
are exempt from state and county development controls. Although
they have never taken advantage of this exemption, it does affect
the value of their land. Even so, the development potential of land
he a e landowners'
Valley are
Conservati'
ility appears
r1v t ters, h lic
or t p
within Walmanu
within the state
exposure to liab
campers and hun e 0
and the problems posed by lei

within Waimanu Valley is severely limited by problems and costs of
providing access, water, drainage, waste disposal, etc. Also,
agriculture or aquaculture activities probably would be ruled out by
the high concentration of leptospirosis.

OBTAINING USE OF LANDS NOT OWNED BY THE STATE 39

- Potential activities associated with developing and managing the
valley as a sanctuary, and the associated obligations and liabilities.
Such activities would include research, on-going monitoring, control
of animals and plants which damage the valley, etc.

- The landowner's rights to current and potential uses of the land
which would be removed (or added) because of the development of
the sanctuary, along with the obligations and liabilities which would
be removed.
Development and management of the sanctuary would result in little
loss to landowners since their rights and potential for development
are already severely limited. However, their exposure to liability
would be reduced because of the state's assumption of liability.
The key right which the landowners would lose if the state were to
obtain a conservation easement would be the right to bar access to
researchers and those involved with managing the sanctuary.
However, the right to bar access currently is not enforced by any of
the landowners in Waimanu valley; apparently, they either lack
interest in preventing trespassing and enforcing their rights, or are
unable to do so because of the difficulties involved (i.e., determining
and marking boundaries, possibly building walls or installing fencing,
placing "No Trespassing" signs, and dealing with violators.)

- The net value of the above landowner's rights to current and
potential uses of the land which would be removed (or added)
because of the development of the sanctuary, along with the
obligations and liabilities which would be removed.
Based on the experiences of the The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii,
it is anticipated that this value will be substantially less than the
amount which would be required to purchase the land in fee.

DEPARTMENT OF HAWAIIAN HOME LANDS
The DHHL owns over 200 acres within Waimanu Valley, most of which is the
valley floor wet land regarded as essential to development of the Sanctuary. As
mentioned in Chapter 2, evidence exists of a former agricultural community
based on taro cultivation of these lands; remains include terraces, platforms,
and fragments of walls. Cultivation of taro, rice and other crops continued in
the valley until it was inundated by the tsunami of 1946. The lands of DHHL
were included in the Mahele Book of 1848 as part of the Crown Lands of the
ahupuala in Hamakua. [Arthur Y. Akinaka, Ltd. and James M. Dunn, A Land
Inventory and Land Use Study for the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands,
Honolulu, Hawaii, December 18, 1972, p. 24.1

OBTAINING USE OF LANDS NOT OWNED BY THE STATE 40

As mentioned previously, the lands of DHHL are exempt from state and county
development controls. Although they have never taken advantage of this exemption,
it does affect the value of their land. Even so, the development potential of land
within Waimanu Valley is severely limited by problems and costs of providing access,
water, drainage, waste disposal, etc. Also, agriculture or aquaculture activities
probably would be ruled out by the high concentration of leptospirosis.

In 1972, the DHHL's Land Use Plan for these lands was:
Leave presently in conservation; inaccessible.
[Akinaka, Plate 22A.]
DHHL's 1976 assessment and policy for these lands was as follows:

Because of the inaccessibility of this parcel, there is little
likelihood for decades that it can contribute directly to DHHL
goals of housing, agriculture, or income. On the other hand,
there has been some recent specific interest expressed by
others in preservation of the the area. There may be
reluctance to permanently transfer outright control of the
area, because of cultural sentiments related to use of this land
by earlier generations of Hawaiians. Accordingly, DHHL may
wish to consider some lease or license arrangement that
accomplishes the aim of preservation of the area.

Policy: DESIGNATE AS LAND BANK RESERVE-"
[Hawaii Department of Hawaiian Home Lands, Hawaiian Home
Lands General Plani Honolulu, Hawaii, April 1976, p. 54.1

Current policy of DHHL favors development of Waimanu Valley as a Sanctuary.
However, use of the land by the state must be based on the principle of fun payment
for value received. To help determine this value, the state will be expected to
conduct a thorough inventory of the valley, the cost of which will not be credited to
the payment for use of the valley. The DHHL prefers a land exchange with the state,
but appears willing to grant a short-term conservation easement of possibly 3 to 5
years in order to allow development of the Sanctuary to proceed. The time limit
would be designed to insure that the land exchange is completed within a reasonable
time. Payment for the temporary conservation easement may be in terms of services
desired by the DHHL, such as selected resource inventories (soils, solar, wind, rocks,
keawe, etc.) which would be designed to determine the development potential of
other lands owned by DHHL.

OBTAININC TED BY THE STATE 41
to

BISHOP ESTATE

The Bishop Estate landi onstitute some 90 acres, most of
which is rocky beachfroi wall. These lands are desired for
the Sanctuary, but not e

Even without development of the Sanctuary, it is very unlikely that these lands would
be developed over the foreseeable future given their location within the state
Conservation District, the vulnerability of the beachfront land to tsunamis, the steep
grades of the land which forms a portion of the valley wall, and problems and costs of
providing access, water, drainageg waste disposal, etc. The Estate's exposure to
liability with these lands appears relatively high since most helicopter landings and
most camping activities occur on their lands.

In order to further the development of the planned Sanctuary, the Bishop Estate
appears willing to negotiate a conservation easement with the state.

OTHER PRIVATE LANDS
At the time the Sanctuary was initiated, there were 17 separate small parcels of land
in private ownership, totalling about 59 acres. These were all kuleana. properties,
with title originating from land grants made under the Hawaiian monarchy. Fourteen
of these properties have been acquired by the state.

Three of the landowners rejected the state's offer for their land, each believing that
the offer for their particular parcel was too low. One of these parcels is located
roughly halfway between the valley walls near the beach (see Figure 5). The other
two parcels are adjacent in wooded areas on the west side of the valley and near the
ocean. Both are at relatively low elevations, but above the wet lands and probably
sufficiently high to be safe-from tsunamis. Also, these two parcels have ocean views,
and benefit from more sun than most other areas in the valley. One also has a
sizeable fresh water sprin g, and two waterfalls, with the spring and one of the
waterfalls being the source of water used by campers. Some, and possibly all, of
these owners have emotional ties to the lands.

OBTAINING USE OF LANDS NOT OWNED BY THE STATE 42

As with the other lands in the valley, the development potential for these lands is
limited. All are located within the state Conservation District, and the beachfront
property is subject to tsunamis. In addition, all would have problems and costs
associated with providing access, water, drainage, waste disposal, etc. Furthermore,
all of the owners are exposed to liabilities because their lands are used by campers
and others.

Although the state would prefer to have these remaining three parcels included in the
Sanctuary, they are not regarded as essential, and no further offers for these parcels
are anticipated. However, two of the landowners appear to be wining to negotiate a
conservation easement. On the other hand, the landowner who owns the spring is
unwilling to grant an easement, and has expressed interest in enforcing his right to
bar trespassers. But this landowner, and possibly one of the others, desires to
exchange his land with the state.

SERVICES TO OBTAIN USE OF LANDS
In order to obtain use of the lands of DHHL essential to the development of the
Sanctuary, and possibly obtain use of other lands which are desired, considerable
analysis will be required. To accomplish this in a timely manner, it is recommended
that the services of a land planner, an appraiser, and an economist be retained to:

- identify state lands which would be of appropriate value and
available for exchange with the lands of DHHL and possibly others;
- determine the value and/or lease rent of conservation easements;
and
- identify services and their value which the state can offer to DHHL
to pay for any short-term conservation easement which may be
negotiated.

CHAPTER 5

PERMITTED AND RESTRICTED USES

Major issues are the questions of access and use, changes that may need to be made
to the administrative rule delineating permitted activities within the Sanctuary, and
the location of responsibility for various management functions.

AGENCY RESPONSIOBILITIES

Agencies Involved
The establishment and maintenance of national estuarine sanctuaries is a joint
cooperative effort of the federal and state governments. Primary responsibility at
the federal level rests with the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resources Management
(OCRM) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of the
Department of Commerce. OCRM administers the National Estuarine Sanctuary
Management Program which provides 50 percent matching grants to coastal states
for the purposes of acquiring, developing or operating selected estuarine areas.

In Hawaii, the State Department of Planning and Economic Development (DPED) has
been designated by the Governor as the lead agency for administering the state's
Coastal Zone Management Program. DPED is funded by state appropriations and
grants from OCRM for planning and implementation of measures to protect coastal
resources generally, and for the Waimanu Sanctuary specifically. Responsibility for
administration of the Sanctuary, however, is placed with the State Department of
Land and Natural Resources (DLNR). The responsibilities of the two agencies were
identified and formalized in a Memorandum of Agreement signed by the directors of
the two agencies on March 30, 1978. (see Appendix A).

A number of agencies have a direct interest and involvement in the Sanctuary. A
major participant is the County of Hawaii. State agencies include the Department of
Hawaiian Home Lands which owns land in the valley, and the Department of Health,
43

PERMITTED AND RESTRICTED USES 44

responsible for regulations affecting environmental quality. Federal agencies include
the Fish and Wildlife Service, the Army Corps of Engineers, and the Geological
Survey.

Department of Land and Natural Resources
The Department of Land and Natural Resources is headed by an executive board
known as the Board of Land and Natural Resources. - The Chairman of the Board is
the chief executive of the Department. There is general agreement that this
department is the appropriate agency to manage the Waimanu National Estuarine
Sanctuary. The only issue is how responsibility for various aspects of management

should be allocated within the DLNR-

In contrast to state parks and recreational areas which experience heavy public use,
the Sanctuary requires a fairly low level of management. Management functions
include enforcement of regulations; maintenance of facilities, including trail access
and litter removal; coordination of research; and promotion of educational uses. It is
not necessary that all of these activities be located within the same organizational

unit.

Forestry and Wildlife
There are six divisions within DLNR, three of which are actively involved in
Waimanu. Overall responsibility rests generally with the Division of Forestry and
Wildlife, largely because of the history of the area. This Division has statewide
responsibilities for the management of forest and forest resources, and the
management of wildlife outside of the forest proper. The Waimanu Valley watershed
is part of the Kohala Forest Reserve, and the Division assumed the lead role in
developing the regulations for the Sanctuary. * Since the designation of Sanctuary
status effectively removed the valley from consideration of development and use of
its forest resources, their area of interest is now oriented to protection, research,
and enhancement of the flora and fauna in the valley.

Conservation and Resource Enforcement
The Division of Conservation and Resources Enforcement (DOCARE) has a major role
since they are responsible Sor enforcement of all Departmental rules.. The Division,
with full police powers, enforces all state laws and rules involving state lands, state
parks and historical sites, Conservation Districts, forest reserves, aquatic life and
wildlife areas, state shorewaters and shores, as well as county ordinances involving

PERMITTED AND RESTRICTED USES 45

county parks. DOCARE also provides a variety of information and educational
services to the public, some of which have been funded in part by the Office of Ocean
and Coastal Resources Management, coordinated by the State Department of
Planning and Economic Development.

Land Management
The Division of Land Management has responsibility for the management of state-
owned lands, including negotiations for acquisition and disposition of public lands
through sales, lease, rent or exchange. It has been responsible for the acquisition of
private lands within the Sanctuary.

State Parks, Outdoor Recreation, and Historic Sites
Two of the other three divisions which presently have no direct management role
have an interest and are involved in the Sanctuary, but to a lesser extent. The
Division of State Parks, Outdoor Recreation and Historic Sites administers the state
park system, the statewide recreation planning program, and the historic preservation
program. The primary interest of this Division in Waimanu is in its historic and
archaeologic significance.

Water and Land Development
The Division of Water and Land Development's interest is primarily in research in
relation to its program for developing in-stream use standards.

Aquatic Resources
The Division of Aquatic Resources would be the most appropriate to manage the
Sanctuary if it were to be moved from Forestry and Wildlife. . This Division
administers the state's programs in commercial fisheries and aquaculture, aquatic
resources and environmental protection, and aquatic recreation. -They have already
conducted one baseline survey and will continue to be involved in the valley under
their aquatic resource and environment protection program. The objectives of this

program are

. . . to conserve and to enhance the fish and other aquatic animals and
plants which collectively belong to the people of Hawaii, including the
species which have been classified as threatened or endangered, and to
protect the habitats these organisms need. [Department of Land and
Natural Resources, Annual report 1982-83, p.121

Natural Area Reserves System
DLNR has administrative responsibility for other programs which are outside of the
divisional structure. One of these is the Natural Area Reserve System which was

PERMITTED AND RESTRICTED USES 46

established by the Legislature in 1970 to protect and preserve unique natural areas in
Hawaii. A Natural Area Reserve System Commission (NARSC) was also created at
the same time to assist the Department in establishing and maintaining the system
(Chapter 195, Hawaii Revised Statutes. See Appendix B). In addition to its specific
powers and duties relating to Natural Area Reserves, the Commission is mandated to
"advise the governor and the department of land and natural resources on any matter
relating to the preservation of Hawaii's unique natural resources". Under its adopted
rules, it also reviews and makes recommendations to the Board of Land and Natural
Resources for permits for research, education, management or other purposes
consistent with natural area objectives. (See Appendix C).

In view of the above, it is recommended that:

o The Natural Area Reserve System Commission act as an advisory body
for proposed research, education, and management activities within
the Sanctuary.

o The Commission should review requests for permits to conduct
research, education, and management activities, and make recom-
mendations for approval or denial to the Board of Land and Natural

Resources.

Having the NARSC involved in management of the Waimanu Sanctuary offers two
advantages. One is the great similarity between Natural Area Reserves and National
Estuarine Sanctuaries. Although the criteria for State Natural Area Reserves is more
stringent, strongly emphasizing native or endemic species and undisturbed habitats,
their purposes are nearly identical. Another is the composition of the Commission.
Both the original proposal for establishment of the Sanctuary and the Environmental
Impact Statement noted the need for an advisory body for the Sanctuary. The statute
provides that the Natural Area Reserve System Commission shall consist of

. . . eleven members . . . Six of the members of the commission shall be
persons possessing scientific qualifications as evidenced by an academic
degree in wildlife or marine biology, botany, forestry, zoology or geology.
The chairman of the board of land and natural resources, the
superintendent of education, the director of planning and economic
development, the chairman of the board of agriculture and the president

PERMITTED AND RESTRICTED USES 47

of the university of Hawaii or their designated representatives, shall serve
as ex-officio voting members...

Although NARSC has not been involved with Waimanu in the past, it seem to be the
appropriate group to act as an advisory body to the department, and specifically to
guide research and educational activities in Waimanu.

Role of Forestry and Wildlife
Consideration was given to designating the Sanctuary as a Natural Area Reserve
which would would have removed it from the Kohala Forest Reserve and thus out of
Forestry and Wildlife Division. However, designation of a Natural Area Reserve is a
long process which would be even more complicated because the criteria for national
estuarine sanctuaries are different from those for state natural areas. Since the
NARSC has authority to perform the proposed advisory functions whether or not the
Sanctuary is designated as a Natural Area Reserve, there seems to be little to be
gained by designating the Sanctuary as a NAR. It is therefore recommended that:

� The Sanctuary remain in the Kohala Forest Reserve under the Division
of Forestry and Wildlife.

� Day-to-day management functions of the Sanctuary identified in the
1978 Memorandum of Agreement between DLNR and DPED remain
with the Division of Forestry and Wildlife.

Roles of Other Divisions
Each division and program within the Department of Land and Natural Resources has
a well-defined mission. As noted above, all are involved in the Sanctuary in some
way, to a greater or lesser extent. There is no need to make any changes except to
take into account the new role of the Natural Area Reserve System Commission in
coordinating research, management, and educational activities. It is therefore
recommended that:

o The responsibWties of divisions and offices within the Department of
Land and Natural Resources for the Sanctuary should continue as they
are at present.

o The Natural Area Reserves System Commission should be kept
informed of research or other projects planned for the vaRey by the

PERMITTED AND RESTRICTED USES 48

Department of Land and Natural Resources to ensure coordination with
the University and other agencies.

ACCESS AND USE
The key issue in the management of Waimanu Valley is achieving a balance between
preservation and human use. Waimanu has a unique and fragile environment that
must be protected. On the other hand, one of the major reasons for its preservation
is to provide a laboratory for scientific research and a public awareness program.

Controversial questions of use and access, and conflicts between preservation and
recreational opportunities have recently arisen. Similar issues have been addressed
for the Na Pali Coast on the Island of Kauai. [Na Pali Coast Management Plan
Revised Environmental Impact Statement. State of Hawaii Department of Land and
Natural Resources, Division of State Parks, Outdoor Recreation and Historic Sites,
Honolulu, Hawaii, September, 1981.1 This area is under the jurisdiction of State
Parks, Outdoor Recreation and Historic Sites. Conflicts in demands for use of this
scenic spot have led to the development of a management plan for the park units
along this coastal area, addressing a situation quite similar to Waimanu. The major
difference is that the primary objective addressed in the Na Pali plan is satisfying
recreational needs while preventing overusage and protecting natural resources and
archeological sites. In contrast, the primary purpose of the Waimanu Sanctuary is
preservation and study. However, in both areas the underlying conflicts are virtually
the same.

Like Na Pali, there are three ways to get in to Waimanu Valley: by a fairly difficult
trail, taking four to six hours; by helicopter; or by boat during the summer and late
fall. Since the valley is uninhabited and relatively inaccessible, uses have been
generally limited to occasional visits by government scientists or technicians,
hunting, fishing, and recreation by surfers and hardy hikers seeking a wilderness
experience. Some of these remain overnight or longer (camping is allowed by permit
at designated campsites only). However, within the last year, there has been a great
increase in the number of helicopters bringing tourists and other visitors into the
valley. Some of these trips are solely for the view; it has been reported that others
involve landing, hiking, and picnicking. -These overflights upset hikers and campers
who have struggled along the long trail in search of a wilderness experience.

PERMITTED AND RESTRICTED USES 49

There is also purported to be some illegal growing of marijuana within the valley, but
this has not been confirmed.

With the development of a research program and encouragement of more scientific
studies, greater use will be made of the Sanctuary. A public awareness and
interpretive program will also increase the number of visitors. The demand for
access by helicopter, and possibly by boat, will probably increase. Helicopter entry
by permit is now allowed under the Division of Forestry and Wildlife rules. However,
the regulations of the Department of Land and Natural Resources that govern
Waimanu, (Title 13, Chapter 4, Administrative Rules - see Appendix D) prohibit the
landing or operation of any aircraft or other motorized vehicle, including boats.

It is recommended that:

o The present rules be amended to allow permits to be issued for limited
access by helicopter or boat.

Increased activity in the valley will inevitably lead to additional conflicts,
particularly between the sportsmen and the others. One concern is visitor safety, not
only from possible accidents and illness but from being inadvertently shot. It may
become necessary to restrict access by limiting permits in order to minimize
conflicts. Another alternative is to establish different special seasons for scientists
and campers, similar to hunting or fishing seasons, when no hunting permits would be
issued, or to limit hunting to areas where scientists are not working. It is

recommended that:

o A census of visitors be made to determine existing use.

o Restrictions on the issuance of access permits for certain designated
seawns and/or areas be considered to minimize conflicts.

Services and Facilities
Provision of services to visitors is a sensitive issue, one that has arisen frequently in
controversies over management of the Na Pali Coast on Kauai. On the one hand, a
major purpose of the Sanctuary is to provide increased awareness and appreciation of
an estuarine environment, and it is reasonable that basic services should be provided

PERMITTED AND RESTRICTED USES 50

to visitors, such as safe drinking water. An argument for the provision of sanitary
facilities and trash removal, along with allowing camping at designated sites only, is
the inadvertent destruction of valuable archaeological artifacts by the digging of
disposal pits. On the other hand, too many services will attract too many visitors and
result in the destruction of the resource being preserved. Services therefore become
a part of the delicate balance that must be maintained.

It is generally agreed that the service level should be minimal since this is not
primarily a recreational area. The main concern is to define and provide the basic
services that are required for the health and safety of visitors and for the protection
of the valley's resources. Among these are (1) a safe supply of drinking water, (2)
nonpolluting sewage disposal, and (3) basic trail maintenance.

Encouragement of additional uses will probably require improvements in facilities.
The original proposal for Sanctuary establishment recommended the construction of
two shelters, to be built on the east side of the valley, 460 meters (1500 feet) from
the beach on an elevated shelf above the old trail. These shelters were proposed to
house a resident manager and provide space for scientists or visitors. This site would
provide protection from flooding and tidal waters. Water supplies would be provided
by catchments or a well. Sewage disposal facilities would be constructed to have
minimal impact on the environment.

In the original proposal for the establishment of the Sanctuary, a resident manager
was considered desirable. It does not seem necessary to have the manager live in the
valley. The main problem is the cost of establishing and maintaining the position and
the necessary facilities.

There appears to be general agreement that permanent facilities in the valley should
not be planned for construction at this time. However, there is still a need for some
shelter to protect supplies and scientific equipment. This can be provided at the
existing Forestry shelter outside of the valley adjacent to the trail, about an hour's
hike from the valley floor. This shelter was built for trail and maintenance workers
and consists of a slab and roof, approximately 20 feet on each side. Portable shelters
can also be utilized.

PERMITTED AND RESTRICTED USES 51

In the future, after archaeological assessments have been completed and the level of
research and educational activities determined, it may prove to be desirable to have
permanent facilities, including possibly those for a resident manager.

In view of the above, it is recommended that:

o Services be limited to those necessary to protect human health and
prevent extraordinary hazards.

o No additional facilities be constructed until after an archaeological
assessment has been completed and a need for such facilities has been

demonstrated.

Mrail Improvements
Another issue is improvements to the trail corridor from Waipio Valley which is part
of the Sanctuary and the usual access route. The original proposal recommended that
the trail be improved and maintained to allow safe access for scientists and visitors
alike. Suggested improvements included clearing some of the existing slides which
make the trail hazardous, clearing some of the overgrown vegetation, and creating
drainage paths in areas presently subject to washout. It was further recommended
that the trails on either side of the valley be cleared of overgrown vegetation (but
nowhere paved). In the lower part of the valley where extensive marshes occur, a
wooden walkway was proposed to be constructed to facilitate access to the stream
while minimizing the damage to the environment. These trails were considered
necessary for the various types of monitoring experiments and for allowing controlled
visitor access to the valley. The trails were to be kept to a minimum with their
location to be decided during the initial survey and reconnaissance investigations of
the valley. This has not been done, and the question of the extent to which trails
should be built or improved has still not been resolved. It is recommended that:

o Trails be maintained sufficient for safe but not easy passage.

Monitoring and Enforcement
A final issue to be considered is monitoring and enforcement of regulations, including
informing potential users of the rules. Many people are not aware that Waimanu has

PERMITTED AND RESTRICTED USES 52

Sanctuary status and special regulations. It has been proposed that signs be posted at
the Waipio trail head stating the regulations concerning the Sanctuary.

A major concern is the ever-present problem of vandalism and the difficulty of
enforcing regulations in an area as remote as Waimanu. The only feasible method of
access is by helicopter which is expensive. One option is to utilize commercial
helicopter services, providing commercial helicopters are allowed to land in the
valley. As is the case for Na Pali, Kauai, such service could be provided to the
Division of Conservation and Resources Enforcement (DOCARE) as an in-service
contribution in addition to customary permit fees.

It is recommended that:

o Signs be constructed and placed at the beginning of the trail into the
valley to inform visitors of the applicable rules.

o Helicopter companies provide in-kind services as well as fees to the

state.

SANCTUARY REGULATIONS
Regulations for the Sanctuary were adopted by the Department of Land and Natural
Resources on August 29, 1980 as Regulation No. 11, entitled Concerning the
Establishment, Protection and Management of the Waimanu Estuarine Sanctuary,
Hamakua District, Island of Hawaii. These regulations were repealed and replaced in
1981 to conform to a new statewide codification system, with no substantive changes,
as Chapter 4 Waimanu Estuarine Sanctuary, Title 13, Administrative Rules, effective
June 22, 1981. (see Appendix D)

The adopted regulations represented little change from the previous practices in the
valley. Hunting is not only allowed but encouraged in order to reduce the wild pig
population. Similarly, fishing for Tahitian prawns is allowed and encouraged. Both
the pigs and the prawns are exotic species whose presence in the valley is not
considered desirable. Swimming is allowed in the bay; however, it is discouraged
because of the persistent strong currents and reported presence of sharks.

PERMITTED AND RESTRICTED USES 53

The regulations were patterned after those for the State Natural Area Reserve
System, but are somewhat less restrictive. Chapter 4 contains five sections. Section
13-4-1 establishes and describes the Sanctuary as follows:

Establishment. (a) The board does hereby declare and establish the
Waimanu estuarine sanctuary for the protection of indigenous flora and
fauna, to preserve a Hawaiian estuarine sanctuary for future scientific
and educational purposes.
(b) The Waimanu estuarine sanctuary, hereinafter called "sanctuary"
shall include and consist of all the lands within the ahupuala of Waimanu,
and its embayment in the Hamakua district of the county of Hawaii and
also the corridor of the Waimanu trail which leads from Waipio Valley
across the lands of Muliwai...

Section 13-4-2 identifies prohibited activities. The following activities are prohibited
in Subsection (a) except as provided in Section 13-4-3:

(1) To fish for, take, possess, or remove any fish, mo Husk, -crustacean,
seaweed, or other marine life;
(2) To kill, destroy, molest, capture, or possess any animal or bird or
nest or eggs thereof;
(3) To possess any firearm, bow and arrow, crossbow, pellet gunt air
gun, sling shot, trap, poisons, or snares;
(4) To introduce any plant or animal;
(5) To land or operate any aircraft or other motorized vehicle, including
boats;
(6) To damage, destroy or remove any flora;
(7) To damage, destroy or remove any official sign, marker, building, or
shelter;
(8) To camp, or to erect or construct any structure;
(9) To trespass into any "No Trespassing Area" where the areas have
been posted by the department;
(10) To dispose of or discard any litter, garbage, trash, or other waste
material;
(1 1) To deposit in any stream or other water any animal carcass,
chemical, or substance which may pollute the stream or water;
(12) To start or maintain any fires.

Subpart (b) of this section states that:

no person, natural or corporate, shall take, appropriate, excavate,
injure, destroy, or alter any historic or archaeologic property located on
lands owned or controlled by the state or any of its political subdivisions.

Subpart (c) states that
. . . no materials taken into the sanctuary shall be left behind; all
materials taken into the sanctuary shall be packed out.

PERMITTED AND RESTRICTED USES 54

Both subparts (b) and (c) allow for exceptions with permission of the Board of Land
and Natural Resources. The permit system is identified in Section 13-4-3 as follows:
Exceptions; permits. (a) The taking of prawn from a stream and the
taking of marine fish from shore by hook and line or by throw net
shall be permitted.
(b) When authorized under and pursuant to chapter 123, Title 13,
Administrative rules, or by permit issued by the board, hunters may
take game animals and, for this purpose, may possess legal hunting
arms and use dogs for hunting.
(c) Camping shall be permitted only at designated camp sites.
(d) Fires may be started or maintained only at sites designated for that
purpose;
(e) The board may issue permits for management, scientific, or
educational work in the sanctuary and shall specify any terms or
conditions deemed necessary for the protection and conservation of
the plant and animal communities in the sanctuary.

Section 4 contains standard enforcement provisions and Section 5 provides for
penalties for violation of any provision of the rule.

Some changes are needed to the rules. As noted earlier, there is an inconsistency
between the Waimanu rules and those of the Division of Forestry and Wildlife on
helicopter access. There have also been some problems with disposal of garbage,
trash, and entrails and carcasses of slaughtered animals by hunters.

It is recommended that:

o The regulation governing Waimanu, Waimanu Estuarine Sanctuary,
Title 13, Chapter 4, Administrative Rules, be amended to (1) allow
access by helicopter and boat with restrictions appropriate and
consistent with other Department regulations, and (2) specify
requirements for removal or disposal of trash, garbage, and the
entrails and carcasses of slain animals.

0 The Division of Forestry and Wildlife and the Natural Area Reserve
System Commission conduct a joint review of the regulation to
determine whether any other amendments might need to be made as a
result of new activities within the Sanctuary.

CHAPTER 6

RESEARCH PLAN

A number of scientists from the University of Hawaii, Manoa and Hilo campuses, and
several state and federal agencies have expressed interest in participating in research
within the valley. Any research carried out in Waimanu will be more difficult to
accomplish than in other areas because of its comparative inaccessibility. However,
the research opportunities in a relatively undisturbed total ecosystem of this type
offset some of the difficulties in accessibility. Another advantage of research in
Waimanu is the guarantee of long term availability of the valley because of its status
as a Sanctuary. No manipulative, destructive, or consumptive research will be
permitted.

RESEARCH CENTER
The research carried out in Waimanu Valley will be under the jurisdiction of DLNR, in
cooperation with the University of Hawaii. A clearinghouse, either formal or
informal, should be established to ensure that ongoing and proposed research are
coordinated. If the recommendations made in Chapter 5 are implemented, the
Natural Area Reserves System Commission would fulfill this function.

As mentioned earlier,

o Research activities should be coordinated through the Natural Area
Reserve System Commission.

o A seminar or workshop should be organized for potential researchers
who have expressed interest in the valley, in order to develop a
detailed research plan, including funding, scheduling, information
exchange,etc.

RESEARCH PLAN 56

0 a second workshop should be held to define additional research that
is warranted, following the initial assessments.

RESEARCH AGENDA
The research program for the Sanctuary can be divided into two general areas:
developing baseline data and specific directed inquiries. Since there have been
relatively few studies made of the valley, baseline survey needs are quite extensive.
Certain unique attributes of the valley have also produced proposals for specific
directed research.

Discussions with government officials and scientists at the University of Hawaii and
elsewhere have resulted in a number of research proposals, for baseline studies,
intensive surveys, long range monitoring, and specific directed inquiries. These have
been grouped into several general areas for convenience.. However, it should be
recognized that there is considerable overlap among disciplines and interests and,
correspondingly, overlap and duplication among research proposals.

The major research areas are:

- Archaeological, Cultural and Historic Resources

- Fresh Water Resources

- Coastal Waters

- Flora and Fauna
- Integrated Studieg of Ecosystem Dynamics

The following sections identify general baseline needs, followed by specific proposals.
At the end of each section, agencies or organizations which have expressed interest
are identified.

Archaeological, Cultural and Historical Resources
There have been no major archaeological surveys of Waimanu Valley, although
research in other valleys further north along the Hamakua-Kohala coast (Honopue,
Honokane, and Pololu) and neighboring Waipio suggest that significant archaeological
remains are likely to be found in Waimanu. Initially, a complete archaeological and
historic site survey of the valley should be made, to assess their importance and to

RESEARCH PLAN 57

evaluate the need for further excavations, if appropriate. Archaeologists stress that
these should be done as soon as possible, before other major research activities are
undertaken, in order that important sites, if found, can be protected from inadvertent
harm from other research activities.

Following initial surveys, specific research proposals include:

- Preparation of an oral history of the valley.
This is urgent since only a few of the adult residents who were living
in the valley prior to the 1946 tsunami are still allve.

- An investigation of the geoarchaeology and coastal morphology of
Waimanu, similar to studies being undertaken in Kawainui Marsh on

Oahu.
The purpose of the research would be to gain an understanding of
the relationship between the early Polynesian inhabitants and their
environment and to the extent to which they reacted to changes in
stream levels or influenced these changes by modifications.

- An anthropological study of the valley as part of the series of
windward valleys on the Kohala coast, looking at the early
Polynesian cultural systems, the interaction between adjoining
valleys, the anthropogenic landscape, etc.
It has been suggested that Waimanu might be used as the base for an
extensive investigation, especially if a shelter were constructed.

(Departments of Archaeology and Anthropology at University of Hawaii at
Hilo (UH Hilo) and Manoa (UH Manoa); State Department of Hawaiian
Home Lands (HHL))

Fresh Water Resources
Little information is known about the estuarine systems of Hawaii, particularly the
biological aspects. There has been one thorough study of the estuarine and
freshwater portions of Kahana stream on Oahu by the Cooperative Fishery Research
Unit. Although numerous published and unpublished accounts of various bays exist,

RESEARCH PLAN 58

only Kaneohe Bay, Hanauma Bay, and Pearl Harbor (all on Oahu) have been studied in
any detail from a biological standpoint. Circulation patterns have been studied for
some of the larger estuarine systems, but the published information is sketchy.
Because of the difficulties in reaching the valleys of the northeast coast of Hawaii
and their small estuarine areas, these estuarine systems have not been studied to any
great extent. In addition, relatively little is known about their upland areas.

Initially the streams and wetland areas of the valley should be identified, mapped and
surveyed. This would include a detailed analysis of the physical and chemical
characteristics, limnology, and productivity of the streamg and wetland areas.
Suggested specific research proposals include:

- A study of valley water system dynamics, including native forest
ground water aquifer recharge mechanisms.
The mechanisms and efficiency by which native forests recharge
ground aquifers is not well understood, and it is hoped that the
undisturbed areas of this valley will provide new insights into this
subject.

- An analysis of the flora and fauna in the streams of Waimanu, to
provide data on aquatic resources requiring protection.
This will be used in the development of instream use regulations
statewide.

- A study of comparative erosion rates in disturbed and undisturbed

areas.
It has been reported that there is ofie area in the upper watershed
which has not been invaded by wild pigs which could be enclosed to
compare with erosion in other disturbed areas.

- Further investigation of the nature and extent of leptospirosis in the
valley stream, including the natural history of the spirochete.
Also to be evaluated are the extent of risk to visitors from the
presence of leptospirosis in the valley, legal liability of the state,

RESEARCH PLAN 59

and measures and further use restrictions, if any, which should be
taken to reduce health risk to visitors and liability to the state.

(Office of Water Data Coordination, Water Resources Division, U.S.
Geological Survey (USGS); U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS); U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers; Divisions of Water and Land Development
(DOWALD) and Aquatic Resources (DAR) in DLNR; Department of Health
(DOH); Departments of Biology, UH Hilo, UH Manoa.)

Coastal Waters
No coastal water studies have been made in Waimanu. Previous attempts have been
abandoned because of high wave conditions at the times of the planned surveys.
Initially, a nearshore ecological survey should be made to identify the nature and
extent of coral, limu, fish, invertebrates, etc. There should also be a survey of the
bathymetry, bottom composition, and other physical characteristics of the bay. Two
longer-term projects have been proposed:

A study of the long-term hydrologic/hydraulic dynamics of the
interface of the stream mouth, bar, nearshore wave and current
system.
The evolution and change at the interface, both in terms of salt
intrusion and the movement of the bar/barrier at the mouth could
provide valuable information applicable to other coastal areas in the

islands.

A study of the life histories and contribution of the larvae of
diadromous species and both dissolved and particulate nutrients to
productivity of coastal waters, including the effects on coastal
water quality.
This study would also provide information applicable to other areas.

(DAR; Blue Water Marine Lab, UH Manoa and Marine Option Program at
UH Manoa and.Hilo; USFWS).

RESEARCH PLAN 60

Flora and Fauna
over one third of the 3000 endangered species in the United States are in the State of
Hawaii. Although there have been few sightings in Waimanu, it is reasonable to
expect that more of these species would be found here. Until a thorough inventory
can be completed the extent and distribution of native and indigenous species cannot
be determined. Some baseline studies have already been made as noted earlier in the
description of the valley. Additional proposed work includes:

A comprehensive survey of the area, within confines of the terrain,
to document the occurrence, distribution and movements (diurnal,
temporal, seasonal) of wildlife in the Sanctuary.
This survey would focus on endangered species (Hawaiian hawk,
Hawaiian bat, Hawaiian duck, endemic forest and waterbirds) but all
birds would be inventoried. Proposed routes could also include basic
mammal surveys.

Evaluation of the suitability of identified wetland habitats for the
development of native water bird sanctuaries.
With the data gathered in the first proposal, areas with the greatest
potential would be evaluated and ranked as possible waterbird
sanctuaries.

Tracking studies of the movements of feral pigs within the
Sanctuary and determining their effects on the estuarine ecosystem.

From baseline data gathered in the first proposal, areas with high
pig densities can be identified and pigs collared. Information from
this study could indicate the extent, duration and cycles of pig
movements in the Sanctuary, and to what extent and in what ways
they may affect the estuarine ecology. Recommendations for feral
pig control or eradication could then be based on these results.

Investigation of natural successional trends in wetland vegetation to
determine successional plateaus and climax species and conditions.

RESEARCH PLAN 61

The results of this study would aid the Sanctuary managers in
determining plant succession and how it can be controlled to the
benefit of the Sanctuary.

- Inventory and mapping of existing vegetation and a study of the
changes made in the valley in the last forty years since the
settlements were destroyed.
The rates of growth and the relationships among native, endemic
and exotic vegetation since then can be noted, and future changes
monitored.

- Control studies on native shrimp disease and life history studies on

the mullet.
These studies were proposed in the 1976 Final Environmental Impact
Statement document.

(DAR; Division of Forestry and Wildlife, DLNR (DOFAW); USFWS)

Integrated Studies of Ecosystems Dynamics
Research carried out within the Sanctuary could increase the understanding of the
physical and biological characteristics in tidally influenced valley/stream ecosystems.
Scientific research carried out on a single ecosystem by a variety of state and federal
agencies could also enhance communication and coordination among the agencies
managing Hawaii's coastal zone. In addition, the Sanctuary offers a unique
opportunity to compare the impact of human development on similar valleys, for
example, a highly urbanized area like Maunawili on Oahu or more rural settings like
Waipio, a nearly identical system which supports agriculture and grazing and which is
expected to undergo various types of development pressures in the near future. A
number of proposals have been made for further land modifications, water diversions
and for increased agricultural and recreational use of Waipio. A comparison study of
the two areas that would include various baseline measurements, hydrologic data
gathering, limnological studies and other analyses of the estuarine and the freshwater
biosystems would enable long-term comparisons to be made between an undisturbed
system and a disturbed, stressed counterpart.

RESEARCH PLAN 62

Over the long term, the information derived from this research would assist in the
coastal zone management decision-making process, and would provide a basis for wise
usage of the valley resources of Hawaii. These results, which would apply to areas
outside of Waimanu and Waipio, would help avoid the conflicts caused by the diverse
activities occurring within the coastal zone.

Although no specific organization or agency has developed a proposal, the following
study should provide useful information to coastal zone managers:

A study to identify valleys that would have had development similar
to that of Waimanu if they had not experienced different kinds of
human activities, and how they have been affected or could have
been altered with differing types of management plans or controls.

Some suggestions for interdisciplinary research as part of educational programs are
discussed in the following section on education.

CHAPTER 7

EXOTIC SPECIES CONTROL

FERAL ANIMALS
A major concern is the damage being done to Waimanu becadse of the presence of
feral pigs. These are wild populations descended from escaped domestic stock
introduced to Hawaii by man. These animals have caused extensive damage in many
areas throughout the state. Besides the direct destruction of native plants, mollusks,
and insects, the pigs cause soil erosion, facilitate the spread of exotic plants and
weeds, create water-holding areas for mosquito breeding, and are major carriers of
disease. The administrative rule for Waimanu recognizes the undesirability of the
pigs by encouraging their hunting. However, this does not appear to be adequate to
keep the feral pig population under control. A more aggressive pig control program
may be needed.

The problem of feral animals, particularly of the hooved animals - cattle, sheep, and
goats, as well as pigs, is serious in many areas of the state. Various plans have been
developed to control the populations. Most of these involve some kind of fencing to
restrict movement of the animals combined with hunting to reduce populations.

The management plan prepared by The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii for Kamakou
Preserve on Molokai contains a discussion of theproblem and a proposed control plan.
[Robert Alan Holt, Kamakou Preserve Molokali 1983-1987 Management Plan,
Endangered Hawaiian Forest Bird Project, The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii,
Honolulu, Hawaii, November, 19821. That area has problems with cattle, pigs, goats,
and Axis deer, a species introduced to Hawaii from India in 1868. Of these, the pigs
are the most troublesome.

The Nature Conservancy plan presents a number of strategies to address the
problems. These include (1) encouraging more private hunting by extending the
63

EXOTIC SPECIES CONTROL 64

hunting season and increasing bag limits; (2) investigating the use of snares and traps
in remote areas inaccessible to hunters (traps and snares are now prohibited in any
part of a Forest Reserve without special permission from DLNR); and (3) limiting the
movement of the animals into and within the Preserve by constructing fences.

The National Park Service has also developed strategies to control ungulates in both
the parks on Maui and Hawaii. A critical part of any control plan is an accurate
census of the number and distribution of the animals, including their movements. The
research proposals in Chapter 7 include such a study.

It is therefore recommended that:

o The research proposal on feral pig control be given a high priority.
Once the problem is defined, a pig management plan should be
prepared and implemented to reduce the damage caused by these
animals to the lowest level possible.

EXOTIC PLANT SPECIES
The Sanctuary regulations forbid the introduction of any new species. Chapter 2
describes the many exotic plant species already in Waimanu Valley; given the many
exotic plants already there, it is probably neither desirable nor practical to try to
eliminate existing introduced species in the Sanctuary. Also, many of these plants are
useful and present no problems. Others, however, fall into the classification of
"noxious weeds," and may require controls. Proposed control actions should be
considered after more complete baseline surveys have been done. It is recommended

that:

o Programs for control of exotic plant species be developed as
warranted, depending on the results of scientific studies in the
Sanctuary.

OTHER PESTS
Other pests that cause problems in natural areas, preserves and sanctuaries in Hawaii
include small mammals, particularly rats and mongooses, and moiquitoes. - The
Management Plan for Kamakou Preserve notes:

EXOTIC SPECIES CONTROL 65

... It is widely held that introduced rats, mongooses and cats prey upon
native birds; hard evidence of this, however, is not plentiful except for
certain ground nesting bird species. Rats and mice also impact native
vegetation in some areas, by consuming fruits, seedlings and young shoots
and by girdling trunks of trees and shrubs... (p. 3 6)

The plan goes on to say that control measures for these mammals have not been fully
developed for use in forest areas, and that field work planned by the National Park
Service is expected to result in new information applicable to many Hawaiian forest

areas.

At this time, rats and mongooses are definitely known to exist in the Sanctuary. Rats
are known to be carriers of leptospirosis; however, the nature and fun extent of any
problem that they may cause has not been established. It is recommended that:

o Research studies on fauna in the Sanctuary include determining the
nature and extent of any problem with rats, mongooses or other small

mammals. -

Control programs for avian diseases, especially avian malaria, are better known. The
Kamakou Preserve plan states;

. . . Avian malaria is transmitted from bird to bird by the introduced
nightbiting mosquitos (Culex quinguefasciatus). It is now believed that
malaria first struck natf-vebird populations during the first two decades of
this century and that its range - i.e., the range of mosquitos - is a major
factor, limiting native birds to higher and/or drier native forests...

Management recommendations made to Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
for malaria control call for elimination of mosquito breeding sites
wherever possible. This means standing water. This goal ties in with pig
control since many standing-water sites are caused by pig rooting,
wallowing and trampling in wet forest... (p. 4 1)

The only evidence of a problem with avian diseases in the Sanctuary is the absence of
native birds. This could be attributable to other reasons. It is therefore

recommended that:

o Research studies on avifauna in Waimanu include an investigation into
the presence of avian diseases, and if found, suitable control programs
be adopted.

CHAPTER 8

INTERPRETIVE PLAN

PUBLIC AWARENESS STRATEGIES
The Sanctuary can provide a vehicle for increasing public knowledge and awareness of
the complex nature of valley systems and the problems which confront them. The
information gained from studies in Waimanu should be applicable to other more
accessible areas and provide information to aid other educational programs on the
island and elsewhere in the state.

The rules as adopted allow for unlimited access to all parts of the valley and
recreational uses within the valley at a low intensity. The interest in visiting
Waimanu could be expected to increase if trail improvements are made and there is
publicity about the program. If this use is not detrimental to the valley's
environment, the understanding of nature and the program gained by the public
through the educational program in the valley should be beneficial to the estuarine
sanctuary program.

Eventually, depending on funding, public education within the Sanctuary could include
the establishment of interpretive trails and the development of an identification
guide of the flora and fauna species specific to Waimanu. However, such a program
should not be undertaken unless a decision is made to have a resident manager
because of the problems of maintenance.

Possible Alternative Sites for an Interpretive Center
Another method of increasing public awareness and appreciation of the Sanctuary is
to establish one or more interpretive centers with suitable'displays. If the Sanctuary
were readily accessible, the logical place for such an interpretive center would be
near the estuary. However, given the difficulties of access, an interpretive site in

INTERPRETIVE PLAN 67

the valley itself would not reach very many people. Further, it would be very
vulnerable to vandalism.

For this reason, one or more interpretive sites should be established outside of the
Sanctuary itself. One area that seems ideal is at the lookout over Waipio Valley. A
pavilion there is owned and maintained by the Hawaii County Department of Parks
and Recreation. A display could be created that would compare the two valleys and
provide other appropriate information.

Other possible sites are the Lyman House Museum and/or the University of Hawaii
campus, both in Hilo, and possibly in Honokaa, the community nearest Waimanu.
These would be in addition to the site at the lookout, and could possibly include both
permanent and changing displays.

Various programs and resources are available in the community to assume
responsibility for the creation and maintenance of interpretive displays. One of these
is The Big Island Ocean Recreation and Tourism Project, a special effort in the
County of Hawaii funded jointly on an equal basis by the Sea Grant and the
Department of Planning and Economic Development. Part of the project is the
identification and promotion of coastal trails for the enjoyment of residents as well
as visitors. Volunteers from local communities are used as much as possible. They
have been contacted and have indicated an interest in such a project. Therefore, it is
recommended that:

o The Big Island Ocean Recreation and Tourism Project should be
requested to develop a proposal for an educational program on
Waimanu Valley, including an interpretive center, as part of their
Coastal Trails project.

STUDENT EDUCATION PROGRAMS
There are also opportunities for the use of Waimanu Valley as an educational resource
on an organized basis. Two specific proposals have been suggested. One is to provide
children of Hawaii an opportunity for a hands-on experience of their land and

INTERPRETIVE PLAN 68

heritage through field trips into the valley. The other is to use the valley as a site
for interdisciplinary studies for students at the University of Hawaii at Hilo.

It is recommended that:

o The State Board of Education be made aware of the availa ility and
potential of Waimanu as a site for high school science field trips or
ecology camps, after problems with safety and access have been

resolved.

o The University of Hawaii at Hilo be encouraged to develop
interdisciplinary student research projects.
A long-term research plan could utilize many students over several
years, with each contributing something to an overall study.

CHAPTER 9

SCHEDULE AND FINANCES

DEVELOPMENT SCHEDULE
The schedule for implementing the management plan is shown in Figure 16. As
clarified below, this schedule largely reflects anticipated funding levels. Scheduled
during the early years will be efforts to obtain use of those lands not currently owned
by the state, developing a helicopter charge system, and initial research assessments.
Later in the development phase will be follow up research, control efforts for
problem flora and fauna, if any, and development of the interpretive program.

ESTIMATED COSTS

The budget for the Waimanu Valley Sanctuary is shown in Table IV. As indicated, the
budget is divided into two phases: a development period which will be funded
predominately by the federal government at a level of $50,000 per year for five
years, and ongoing management and operations which will be funded predominately by
the state at a level of about $30,000 per year. Expenses are largely concentrated in
the development period with tasks phased to reflect the availability of funds each
year. The intent is to accomplish as much as possible during the development period
so as to minimize the subsequent ongoing management and operating expenses.
However, both phases represent a "bare bones" budget with a minimal level level of
effort. If additional revenues should be made available by the state or other sources,
then additional items can be funded, such as a full-time rather than a part-time
manager. Futhermore, the budget will be subject to reallocation. For example, the
decision may be made to purchase rather than lease a vehicle.

Obtaining Use of Lands
In order to obtain use of lands owned by the DHHL and private parties, either through
land exchanges or conservation easements, the use of consulting services early in the

SCHEDULE AND FINANCES 70

development period is assumed (see Chapter 4). The estimated expense for this item
is $20,000. However, this amount is not shown in Table 4 since anticipated funding is
from a seperate budget for obtaining use of lands, and this budget is not covered in
this report.

Permitted and Restricted Uses
The major expense under permitted and restricted uses will be for a new staff person
to be located on the Big Island. In addition to management and enforcement,
responsibilities will include research administration and possibly research. Although
such responsibilities are broad, candidates are available. The position will be part
time, beginning a few months into the first year, then declining in responsibility
starting in the fourth year.

A moderate amount of funds will also be made available for trail improvement and
maintenance, supplies, and office expenses. However, it is assumed that an office
will be provided in the state office complex in Hilo.

Provisions also will be made for part-time use of a 4-wheel drive vehicle having
communications, with the purchase costs allocated over a 5-year period. Funds will
also be available for developing and operating a helicopter charge system (see below),
and interisland travel averaging about one round-trip between Hawaii and Oahu each

month.

Finally, funds will be available for updating the management plan at the end of the 5-
year development period. During ongoing management and operations, funds will also
be made available for subsequent updates which are expected to cost about $5,000
each and occur about every 5 years, resulting in an average cost of about $1,000 per

year.

Research Plan
Research activities will occur early in the development phase, and will begin with
initial inventory assessments covering archaeological, cultural, and historical
resources; oral history; fresh water resources; coastal waters; flora and fauna;
geography and geology; integrated studies of ecosystem dynamics, and identification
of valleys which would have been similar if they had not developed (see Chapter 6).
Based on the results from these initial studies, a revised research plan will be

SCHEDULE AND FINANCES 71

developed and used to guide subsequent research, then revised again during the last
year of the development period. During ongoing management and operations, funds
will also be made available for subsequent revisions which are expected to cost about
$5,000 each and occur about every five years, resulting in an average cost of about
$1,000 per year.

When conducting field work, researchers will be expected to stay at the state shelter
above Waimanu Valley and/or provide their own camping equipment.

Not included in Table 4 are specialized research activities beyond those of the basic
inventories and funded by sources other than those discussed below.

Exotic Species Control
If research reveals that various animals in addition to pigs, plants, insects, etc. are a
problem in Waimanu and that control efforts would be effective, then control
programs will be developed. This may include the development of specialized hunting
rules to reduce pig populations in Waimanu Valley, the dissemination of information
to hunters, and limited fencing. Also, a volunteer program for the control of noxious
weeds and other pests may be warranted.

Interpretive Plan
Following the completion of the initial research assessments, an interpretive program
is expected to be developed. As discussed in Chapter 8, this will include programs for
students at all levels, ranging from grammar schools through university. In addition,
a program for the general public and an interpretive center with displays will be
developed.

Contingencies
As indicated, a moderate amount of funds will be available for contingencies.

FUNDING

Development Period
Funding during the development period will come predominately from the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Department of Commerce in five
annual payments of $50,000 each, for a total of $250,000. In addition, matching
services in kind will be provided by the state. Included will be administrative and

SCHEDULE AND FINANCES 72

management support based in Honolulu, a state office in Hilo for the manager/re-
searcher administrator/enforcer, related overhead expenses, use of the state forestry
shelter above Waimanu Valley, and more.

Regarding the specialized research activities which are excluded from the budget
shown in Table 4, additional NOAA funding may be provided for individual projects
subject to the merits of the proposed research and the availability of funds.
Similarly, funding may be available from other federal programs discussed below
under ongoing management and operations.

Ongoing Management and Operations
Funding of ongoing management and operations has been a major concern,
particularly with prospects of federal and state budget problems, and competing
priorities. For this reason, the management plan for the Waimanu Valley Sanctuary
has been designed to minimize ongoing management and operation expenses. - Funding
for specialized research, which is excluded from the Table 4 Budget, will be based on
the merits of the proposal and the availability of funds from the appropriate federal,
state, or private programs.

State Funding
Of necessity, the state must assume the bulk of the financial support for ongoing
management and operations. Failure to do so could result in a requirement to return
all federal funds provided for the development of the Sanctuary, including the funds
used to purchase land as well as the $250,000 to be provided for the development
period. In order to have a secure source of state funding, it has been proposed
(Senate bill 459 of 1983) to allow taxpayers to make a donation for protecting native
wildlife by simply checking a box on their yearly tax form. Such an approach was
initiated by Colorado in 1977, and is now used by 20 states.

Federal Programs
Even though the state must assume the obligation of funding the management and
operations of the Waimanu Valley Sanctuary, a variety of federal programs combined
with state matching funds are available to aid in carrying out the objectives for the
Waimanu Valley Sanctuary. These include but are not limited to the following:

SCHEDULE AND FINANCES 73

Coastal Zone Management Estuarine Sanctuaries Program
In addition to the funds already provided for purchasing land in.
Waimanu Valley and funds to be provided for the development period
of the Sanctuary, a limited amount of funds from the Coastal Zone
Management Estuarine Sanctuaries Program will be available for a
limited period for conducting specialized research. Such funding
will depend upon the merits of the proposed research and the
availability of funds. Most research grants are expected to be about
$10,000 each.
Wildlife Restoration (Pittman-Robertson) Program
The Wildlife Restoration Program is administered by the U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior. Its objectives are
to support projects to (1) restore or manage wildlife populations and
the provision of public use of these resources, and (2) provide
facilities and services for conducting a hunter safety program.
Assistance is in the form of formula and project grants to the state,
with up to 75 percent federal funding of total project cost. Funds
may be used for land acquisition, development, research and
coordination, but not law enforcement or public relations. Projects
have included wildlife habitat improvement, research on wildlife
problems, surveys and inventories of wildlife populations and
habitats, and provision for public use of wildlife resources. Hawaii
receives approximately $130,000 each year from this program.
Wildlife Research Information Program
The Wildlife Research Information Program also is administered by
the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior. Its
objective is to develop information needed for the protection and
enhancement of wildlife resources. Assistance is in the form of
technical information dissemination, including work related to
animal damage control.
Wildlife Technical Assistance Program
The Wildlife Technical Assistance Program also is administered by
the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior. Its
objectives are to provide information and planned technical
assistance to native Americans, state agencies, private
organizations, and others to improve conditions for the management
of wildlife resources. Assistance is* in the form advisory services,
counseling, dissemination of technical information, and training.
Endangered Species Conservation Program
The Endangered Species Conservation Program also is administered
by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior.
Its objective is to provide federal financial assistance to states in
the development of programs for the conservation of endangered
and threatened species. Assistance is in the form of project grants
to the state, with up to 75 percent federal funding of total project
cost. Funds may be used for animal and habitat surveys, research,
planning, management, land acquisition, protection and public
education. Projects have included: determining the distribution,
abundance, and limiting factors of endangered species, and

SCHEDULE AND FINANCES 74

preparing a recovery plan; monitoring and protection of the breeding
of endangered species, augmenting the natural reproduction in-
controlled environments, and placing the young with wild foster
parents; determining optimum densities of species, and determining
the most effective census techniques; locating colonies of
endangered species, determining land ownership, and protecting
habitats by agreement with landowners, lease or purchase; and
transplanting endangered species into former habitats from which
they have been extirpated.
Fish Restoration (Dingell-Johnson) Program
The Fish Restoration Program also is administered by the U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior. Its objectives are
to support projects designed to restore and manage sport fish
populations for the preservation and improvement of sport fishing
and related uses of these fisheries resources. Assistance is in the
form of formula and project grants to the state, with up to 75
percent federal funding of total project cost. Funds may be used for
land acquisition, development, research and coordination, but not
law enforcement or public relations. Projects have included fish
habitat improvement, research on fishery problems, surveys and
inventories of fish populations and habitats, and provision for public
use of fishery resources. Hawaii receives approximately $200,000
each year from this program.
- Fishery Research-Information Program
The Fishery Research-Information program also is administered by
the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior. Its
objective is to develop and disseminate information needed for the
protection and enhancement of freshwater fishery resources.
Assistance is in the form of dissemination of technical information.

- Animal Damage Control Program
The Animal Damage Control Program also is administered by the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior. Among
its objectives are to reduce damage caused by wildlife to wildlife
resources, and to reduce threats to human health and safety.
Assistances includes provision of specialized services, advisory
services and counseling, dissemination of technical information, and
training.
- Water Resources Investigations Program
The Water Resources Investigations Program is administered by the
Geological Survey, Department of the Interior. Its objectives are to
provide water information for economic development and best use
of water resources, and to carry on research in hydrology.
Assistance is in the form of specialized services provided to states
and their political subdivisions, and dissemination of technical
information. State and local governments are required to contribute
at least half the cost of any cooperative mapping. The information
developed forms the basis for effective planning of programs for
development and management of natural resources and efficient
operation of projects. Typical projects are either hydrologic data

SCHEDULE AND FINANCES 75

collection (streamflow, stream-water quality, etc.), or areal studies
such as of the quantity and quality of water resources of an area.
National Mapping, Geography and Surveys Program
The National Mapping, Geography and Surveys Program is
administered by the Geological Survey, Department of the Interior.
Its objectives are to map the nation at appropriate scales in
accordance with established standards and maintain the maps in up-
to-date condition; provide scale-accurate, photoimage products;
produce cartographic data in standard digital form; gather, review,
index, catalog and disseminate information on the nation's
cartographic data; produce land use and land cover map data; and to
manage the systematic procurement of high altitude photography of
the country to meet the need of numerous states and federal
agencies. Assistance is in the form of specialized services provided
to states and their political subdivisions, and dissemination of
technical information. State and local governments are required to
contribute at least half the cost of any cooperative mapping.

Commercial Permit Charges
As mentioned in Chapter 5, considerable helicopter traffic occurs in Waimanu Valley;
this traffic occurs without the benefit of required state permits and, in addition, has
led to complaints by campers over the noise and disruption of their remote-area
camping experience. Nevertheless, Waimanu Valley is not to be developed as a
recreational area; rather, a substantial increase in camping activity in the valley
could be counter to the objectives of having Waimanu serve as a estuarine Sanctuary
with limited human activity. On the other hand, a limited number of brief and
properly controlled visits by tourist and others on helicopter tours is unlikely to
interfere wit h the objectives for Waimanu Valley.

But if Waimanu Valley is to be used for commercial use by helicopter companies, then
it is appropriate for the state to charge helicopter companies for permission to land
in the valley in order to reimburse the state for added cost of enforcing state
regulations and monitoring activity. The preferred approach would be a fee, possibly
$10 per landing as charged for Na Pali on Kauai. In order to have the fees available
to the state for its enforcement and related activities, a special mechanism must be
used to prevent the fees from automatically being channeled to the state general
fund. An approach for accomplishing this may be to use the Research Corporation of
the University of Hawaii (RCUH). With this approach, DLNR would enter into an
agreement with RCUH which would empower RCUH to: contract for specified
research, hire enforcement personnel, enforce state regulations under the direction
of DLNR, grant permission to land helicopters in Waimanu Valley, and charge for this
privilege.

SCHEDULE AND FINANCES 76

An alternative choice to RCUH would be The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii.
However, this would be a major expansion of their current role which they may be
unwilling to assume.

To avoid the complication of using RCUH, the charge to helicopter companies can be
in terms of services rather than money. That is, DLNR staff or their designees would
be provided a number of free trips into Waimanu Valley, with the trips having a total
value equal to the amount of fees which would be collected under a monetary charge
scheme.

Volunteer Services
To further reduce the amount of state funds required for ongoing management and
operations, maximum use of organized volunteer services is recommended, particu-
larly for labor-intensive activities. Volunteers may be drawn from Hawaiian groups,
environmental groups, and students from all levels to conduct field and laboratory
research, oral and written history research, and possibly trail improvement and
maintenance, weed control, etc. For example, the Moku Loa group of the Hawaii
Chapter of the Sierra Club has organized a clearing and clean up effort for the
Waimanu trail in the past. However, use of volunteers must reflect the limitations
imposed by logistics, safety, and the time required to obtain, train and supervise
volunteers. Because of these considerations, the DLNR Division of Forestry and
Wildlife has found that heavy reliance on volunteers is unrealistic for some
operations.

Figure 16.- SCHEDULE

Year
Item 0 1 2 3 4 5

OBTAINING USE OF
LANDS

USE MANAGEMENT:
Development of
special regulations
Trail improvement and
maintenance
Development of
helicopter charges
system
Management plan update

RESEARCH PROGRAM:

Initial assessments

Revised research plan
Ongoing research

CONTROL OF PROBLEM
FLORA AND FAUNA:
Development of pig
reduction program
Other activities

INTERPRETIVE PROGRAM:
Development of
school programs
Development of
general public program
Development of
interpretive center

Table IV.- BUDGET
(thousand dollars)

Development Period
Year ON-
Item 1 2 3 4 5 TOTAL GOING

OBTAINING USE OF LANDS -- -- -- -- -- -- --

USE MANAGEMENT:
Manager/research 13.0 16.0 16.0 13.0 9.0 67.0 8.0
administrator/enforcer
(part-time)
Trail improvement and 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 4.5 1.0
maintenance
Supplies 1.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 9.0 1.5
Office expenses 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 5.0 1.0
Vehicle with cornmunications 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 20.0 4.0
(partial use)
Helicopter charge system 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 5.0 1.0
Inter-island travel 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 5.0 0.5
Management plan update 5.0 5.0 1.0

RESEARCH PROGRAM:

Initial assessments 25.0 25.0
Revised research plan 3.0 2.0 5.0 1.0
Ongoing research 11.0 9.0 5.0 25.0

CONTROL OF PROBLEM
FLORA AND FAUNA:
Pig reduction program 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 5.0 1.0
Other activities 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 4.0 1.0

INTERPRETIVE PROGRAM:
School programs 2.0 2.5 3.5 4.0 12.0 2.0
General public program 1.0 1.5 2.5 3.0 8.0 1.0
Interpretive center 5.0 10.0 10.0 25.0 1.0

CONTINGENCIES 3.5 4.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 20.5 5.0
TOTAL $50.0 $50.0 $50.0 $50.0 $50.0 $250.0 30.0

REFERENCES

Akinaka, Arthur Y., Ltd. and Janes M. Dunn. A Land Inventory and Land Use Study
for the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands. Honolulu, Hawaii, December 18, 1972.

Barrera, William, Jr. Archaeological Reconnaissance of Waimanu Valley. Chiniago
Enterprises for State of Hawaii Department of Planning and Economic Development.
Honolulu, Hawaii. November 1976.

Beck, G.F. A survey of mammalian fauna of the Waimanu Valley, Island of Hawaii,
for the prevalence of leptospirosis. MPH Thesis, University of Hawaii, School of
Public Health, 1977.

Final Environmental Impact Statement for the Proposed Estuarine Sanctuary Grant
Award for Waimanu Valley, Hawaii County, Hawaii. Office of Coastal Zone
Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United Sates
Department of Commerce, 1976.

Hawaiian Home Lands General Plan, State of Hawaii, Department of Hawaiian Home
Lands, Honolulu, Hawaii, April 1976.

Hawaiian Waterbirds Recovery Team. Hawaiian Waterbirds Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, Endangered Species Program, Region 1, Portland, Oregon. 1977

Hawaii's Endangered Forest Birds. United States Department of the Interior, Fish and
Wildlife Service and Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of
Fish and Game. 28 pages. 1975.

Holt, Robert Alan. Kamakou Preserve Molokali 1983-1987 Management Plan,
Endangered Hawaiian Forest Bird project, The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii,
Honolulu, Hawaii, November, 1982.

Hommon, Robert J. and William Barrera, Jr. Archaeological Survey of Kahana
Valley, Koolauloa District, Island of Oahu. Report Series 71-3. Bernice P. Bishop
Museum Anthropology Department. Honolulu, Hawaii. 1971.

Loo, Virginia, and William J. Bonk. A Historical Site Survey and Evaluation of North
Hawaii. Anthropological Research International. Hilo, Hawaii. 1970.

Na Pali Coast Management Plan Revised Environmental Imapct Statement. State of
Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of State Parks, Outdoor
Recreation and Historic Sites, Honolulu, Hawaii, September, 1981.

REFERENCES 80

A Proposal to Establish a National Estuarine Sanctuary in the State of Hawaii. S tate
of Hawaii, Department of Planning and Economic Development. Department of
Planning and Economic Development. 73 pages and appendices. 1975.

Report of Waimanu Estuarine Sanctuary. State of Hawaii, Department of Land and
Natural Resources, Division of Forestry. 1976.

St. John, Harold. List and Summary of the Flowering Plants in the Hawaiian Islands.
Lihue, Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden. 1973.

Shallenberger, Robert J. An Ornithological Survey of Hawaiian Wetlands. Ahuimanu
Productions for U.S. Army, Engineer District, Honolulu. 1977.

Soil Survey of the Island of Hawaii, State of Hawaii. United States Department of
Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service and University of Hawaii Agricultural
Experiment Station. 1973.

Stearns, H. T. and G. A. Macdonald. Geology and Ground Water Resources of the
Island of Hawaii. Hawaii Division of Hyarography Bulletin 9. 1946.

Stemermann, Lani. A Guide to Pacific Wetland Plants. U.S. Army corps of Engineers,
Honolulu District. 1981.

Yoshida, Richard N. Survey of the Fresh Water Aquatic Fauna and Habitat in the
Proposed Waimanu Estuarine Sanctuary, Island of Hawaii. Hawaii Department of
Land and Natural Resources, Division of Fish and Game. 1976.

I ,.
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I
I
I APPENDEK A
I MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE DEPARTMENTS OF LAND AND
NATURAL RESOURCES AND PLANNING AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
I
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I

MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT

THIS AGREEMENT, made this j(-')"-day of

19-/k by and between the Department of Land and Natural

Resources, State of Hawaii (hereinafter called the DLNR), and

the Department of Planning and Economic Development, State of

Hawaii (hereinafter called the DPED),

WITNESSETH THAT:

Pursuant to the agreement of the parties herein,

the DPED is hereby designated as the lead agency in securing

Federal grants and funds under the National Coastal Zone
Management Act of 1972 (P.L. 92-583), from the National Oceani8

and Atmospheric Administration of the United States Department

of Commerce for the establishment of an estuarine sanctuary and

the implementation of the Waimanu Sanctuary Program for all the

lands within the Ahupua'a of Waimanu, in the Hamakua District

of the County of Hawaii, and also the trail corridor from

Waipio Valley (known as Waimanu Trail) across the lands of

Muliwai as shown on the attached map.

DPED agrees that it shall:

1. Continue to administer and apply for CZM.

estuary funding for the acquisition and on-going managdment

of the Waimanu Estuarine Sanctuary.

2. Prepare the annual report with assistance

from the DLNR.

3. Contract independent consultants, prior to

March 31, 1978, to make an assessment of the annual income
lost by the State as a result of designating the Waimanu

Valley a sanctuary.

DLNR agrees that it shall:

1. Submit to the DPED for review an annual

budget which provides a basis for requesting necessary

supplemental Federal funds for program operations. Each

annual budget shall be submitted by July 31st.

2. Submit to the DPED, thirty days prior to each

quarter year, quarterly work plans describing proposed

maintenance and enforcement efforts to be conducted in the

Sanctuary.

3. Submit to the DPED, by the 15th calendar day

after each quarter year, quarterly performance reports

describing the services and activities undertaken and expen-

ditures incurred during the period.

4. Revise the adopted Regulation No. 8, Concerning

the Establishment, Protection and Regulation of the Waimanu

Estuarine Sanctuary, as may be necessary, in order to assu@:e

its consistency with revised program objectives, and shall

seek its final approval prior to October 31, 1978.

5. Designate a manager for the Waimanu Sanctuary

who shall be responsible for enforcing Regulation No. 8 for

monitoring and controlling access as needed.

6. Begin necessary acquisition of private lands

in the Waimanu Valley prior toJune 30, 1978.

7. Conduct, upon completion of all land acquisition,

necessary procedures for withdrawing Sanctuary lands from the

Forest Reserve.

S. Obtain a certified survey description of the

Sanctuary from the Department of Accounting and Gene;al,

Services prior to November 30, 1978.

-2-

9. Maintain existing access trails to the

Sanctuary at least once a year. No additional access trails

shall be constructed.

10. Conduct, upon completion of all land acquisition,

a minimum of one field check per month thereafter in order to

ensure compliance with the objectives of the Sanctuary program.

11. Install signs, at appropriate locations within

the Sanctuary, which define violations and penalties pursuant

to the approved Regulation No. 8.

DLNR and DPED shall each designate a staff liaison

to coordinate the efforts of the two departments in this

project.

THIS AGREEMENT may be amended upon mutual agreement

of the parties.

DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES

By
Chairman and Member
Board of Land and
Natural Resources
By
Member
Board of Land and
Natural Resources

DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING AND ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT

By
Director

APPROVED AS TO FORM:

Deputy Attorney General
Date:

-3-

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I APPENDIX B
I NATURAL AREA RESERVES SYSTEM, CHAPTER 195
HAWAII REVISED STATUTES
I
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I

Sec. 195-1 CONSERVATION AND RESOURCES

SUBTITLE 6.

[GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS PRO-
GRAMS]

[CHAPTER 195
SECTION NATURAL AREA RESERVES SYSTEM
[195-1] FINDINGS AND DECLARATION OF NECESSITY
(195-2] DEFINITIONS
(195-3] HAWAII NATURAL AREA RESERVES SYSTEM
[195-4) POWERS OF THE DEPARTMENT
(195-5] RULES AND REGULATIONS
[195-6] NATURAL AREA RESERVES SYSTEM COMMISSION
[195-7) POWERS AND DUTIES
[195-8] PENALTY

[�195-1] Findings and declaration of necessity. The legislature
finds and declares that (1) the State of Hawaii possesses unique natu-
lid resources, such as genlogied and volcanological lectures and dis-
tinctive marium and terrestrial plants and animals, many of which oc-
cur nowhere else in the world, that are highly vulnerable to loss by
the growth of population and technology; (2) these unique natural us-
sets should be protected and preserved, both for the enjoyment of fu-
ture generations, and to provide base lines against which changes
which are being made in the environments of Hawaii can be measured;
(3) in order to accomplish these purposes the present system of pre-
serves, sanctuaries and refuges must be strengthened, and additional
areas of land and shoreline suitable for *preservation should be set
aside and administered solely and specifically for the aforesaid pur-
poses; and (4) that a statewide natural area reserves system should be
established to preserve in perpetuity specific land and water areas
which support communities, as relatively unmodified as possible, of the
natural flora and fauna, as well as geological sites, of Hawaii. [L 1970,
c 139, pt of �1)

[�195-2) Definitions. As used in this chapter, unless otherwise
indicated by the context:
"Department" means the department of land and natural re-
sources.
"Commission" means the natUral area reserves system commis-
sion.
"Natural reserve area" means an area designated as a part of the
Hawaii natural area reserves system, pursuant to criteria established
by the commission. [L1970,c 139,pt of $1
(�195-3] Hawaii natural area reserves system. There shall be a
Hawaii natural area reserves system, hereinafter called the "reserves
system", which shall consist of areas in the State of Hawaii which are
designated in the manner hereinafter provided as natural area re-
serves. The reserve system shall be mangaged by the department of

180

NATURAL AREA RESERVES SYSTEM Sec. 195-6

land and natural resources. [L 1970, c 139, pt of �1]
[�195-4] Powers of the department. The department of land and
natural resources may designate and bring under its control and man-

agement, as part of the reserves system any and various areas as fol-

lows:
(1) State of Hawaii owned land under the jurisdiction of the de-
partment may be set aside as a natural area reserve by resol-
ution of the department, subject to the approval of the gove-
rnor by executive order setting the land aside for such
purposes.
(2) New natural area reserves may be established:
(A) By gift, devise or purchase;
(B) By eminent domain pursuant to chapter 101; or
(C) By the setting aside of State of Hawaii owned land for
such purposes by the governor, as provided by section
171-11. [L 1970, c 139, pt of �1]

[�195-5] Rules and regulations. (a) The department of land and
natural resources may, subject to chapter 91, make, amend and repeal
rules and regulations having the force and effect of law, governing the
use, control and protection of the areas included within the reserves
system, provided, that no rule or regulation which relates to the per-
mitted use of any area assigned to the reerves system shall be valid
and no use of any such area shall be permitted unless such rule or reg-
ulation or permitted use shall have been specifically approved by the
natural area. reserves system commission.
(b) The department may confer upon such of its employees as it
deems reasonable and necessary the powers to serve and execute warr-
ants and arrest offenders or issue citations in all matters relating to
the enforcement within the reserves system of the law and rules and
regulations applicable thereto. [L 1970, c 139, pt of �1]

[�195-6] Natural area reserves system commission. There shall
be a natural area reserves system commission, hereinafter called the
"commission". The commission shall consist of eleven members who
shall be appointed in the manner and serve for the term set in section
26-34. Six of the members of the commission shall be persons possess-
ing scientific qualif icat ions as evidenced by an academic degree in
wildlife or marine biology, botany, forestry, zoology or geology. The
chairman of the board of land and natural resources, the SuPerinten-
dent of education, the director of planning and economic development,
the chairman of the board of agriculture and the president of the uni-
versity of Hawaii, or their designated representatives, shall serve as
ex-officio voting membors. The governor shall appoint the chairman
from one of the appointed members of the commission. The members
shall receive no compensation for their services on the commission but
shall be entitled to reimbursement for neccessary expenses while at-
tending meetings and while in the discharge of their duties.
The commission shall be a part of the department of land and
natural resources for administration purposes as provided in section
26-35.

181

Sec. 195-7 CONSERVATION AND RESOURCES

Any action taken by the commission shall be by a simple majority
of its members. Six members of the commission shall constitute a quo-
rum to do business.
The commission may engage employees necessary to perform its
duties, including administrative personnel, as provided by section
26-35.
The commission shall adopt rules guiding its conduct and shall
maintain a record of its activities and actions. [L 1970, c 139, pt of �1]
[�195-7] Powers and duties. The commission shall:
(1) Recommend criteria to be used in determining whether an
area is suitable for inclusion with the reserves system;
(2) Conduct studies of areas for possible inclusion within the re-
serves system;
(3) Recommend to the governor and the department of land and
natural resources areas suitable for inclusion within the re-
serves system;
(4) Recommend policies regarding required controls and permitted
uses of areas which are part of the reserves system;
(5) Advise the governor and the department of land and natural
resources on any matter relating to the preservation of
Hawaii's unique natural resources; and
(6) Develop ways and means of extendin.- and strengthening
presently established preserves, sanctuaries and refuges
within the State. [L 1970, c 139, pt of �1]
[�195-8] Penalty. Any person who v-iolates any of the laws and
rules and regulations applicable to the reserves system shall be fined
not more than $100 or imprisoned not more than 30 days, or both, for
each offense. [L 1970, c 139, pt of �1]

APPENDIX C

NATURAL AREA RESERVES SYSTEM, TITLE 13, CHAPTER 209,
ADNE41STRATIVE RULES, HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF
LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES

Sec. 13-209-3

TITLE 13

DEPART11ENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES

SUBTITLE'9 NATURAL AREA RESERVES SYSTEM

CHAPTER 209

RULES.REGULATING ACTIVITIES 14ITHIN NATURAL AREA RESERVES

Sec. 13-209-1 Purp ose and applicability
Sec. 13-209-2 Definitions
Sec. 13-209-3 Permitted activities
Sec. 13-209-4 Prohibited activities
Sec. 13-209-5 8pecial-use permits
Sec. 13-209-6 Penalty

Historical Note: Chapter 209 of Title 13, Administrative
Rules, is based substantially Upon Regulation 10 of the Administra-
tion of the Department of Land and Natural Resources entitled
"Regulating and Prohibiting Activities within Natural Area Reserves
Including Provisions for Excepted-Use Activities by Permit and
Penalties for Violation of the Regulation". [Eff. 5/20/79;
R
JUN 2 9 1981

Sec. 13-209-1 Purnose and applicability. (a) The purpose
of'these rules is to regulate activity within natural area reserves
established pursuant to section 195-4, Hawaii Revised Statutes.
(b) These rules shall apply to all Dersons entering the.
boundaries of a natural area reserve. [Eff. JU14 2 9 1981
(Auth: HRS Sec. 195-5) (Imp: HRS Sec. 195-5)

Sec. 13-209-2 Definitions. As used in these rules, unless
context requires otherwise-
"Board"'means the board of land and natural resources@
"Commission" means the natural area reserves system commission.
"Department" means the department of land and natural
resources.
"Came mammals and birds" means those animals that.have been
designated as such by sections 191-8 and*191-19, Hawaii Revised
Statutes, and by administrative rules of the department.
"Natural area reserve" means those State lands that have been
designated as part.of the Hawaii natural area reserves system by
tile department pursuant to section 195-4, 11awaii Revised Statutes.
[rff. J" 2 @ Ilj?i I (Auth; HRS Sec. 195-5) (Imp: 11RS
Sec. 19 5-5)

Sec. 13-209-3 Permitted activities. Hiking, nature study,
and bedroll camping wittiout a tent or other temporary structure
are pP-rmitted. Hunting is a permitted activity pursuant to hunting

209-1

Sec. 13-209-3

rules of the department. [Eff. JUil 2S -Z; (Auth: HRS
Sec. 195-5) (Imp: HRS.Sec. 195-5)

Sec. 13-209-4'--- Prohibited activities. The following activities
are prohibited within,a natural area reserve,
(1) To remove, injure, or kill any form of plant or animal
life, except game mammals and birds hunted according to
department rules;
(2) To introduce any form of plant or animal life, except
dogs when permitted by hunting rules of the department;
(3) To remove, damage, or disturb any-geological or paleonto-
logical feature or substance;
(4) -To remove, damage, or disturb any historic or prehistoric
remains;
(5) To remove, damage, or disturb any notice, marker, or
structure;
(6) To engag e in any construction or improvement;
(7) To engage in any camping activity that involves the
erecting of a tent or other temporary structure;
(8) To start or maintain a fire;
(9) To litter, or to deposit refuse or any other substance;
(10) To operate any motorized or unmotorized land vehicle or
air conveyance of any shape or form in any area, including
roads or trails, not designated for its use;
(11) To operate any motorized water vehicle of any shape or
form in freshwater environments, including bogs, ponds,
and streams, or marine waters, except as otherwise provided
in the boating rules of the department of transportation,
State of Hawaii;
(12) To enter into, place any.vessel or material in or on, or,
otherwise disturb a lake or pond. [Eff. AN 2 q
(Auth: HRS Sec. 195-5) (Imp: HRS Sec. 195-5)

Sec. 13-209-5 Special-use permits. (a) The board or its
authorized r@_-Dresentative, with the approval of the commission,
may issue permits to conduct activities otherwise prohibited by
section 13-209-4 for research, education, management, or for any
other purpose consistent with chapter 195, Hawaii Revised Statutes,
(b) The board or the commission-may require a permit appli-
cation to include an assessment of the potential environmental
effect the special-use may have on the area concerned.
(c) The provisions of this section shall not exempt the
applicaut, Ifrom complying witl i any other applicable rule or statute.
tEff. 11", Z 9 (Auth - HRS Sec. 195-5) (Imp: HRS
Sec. 195-5)

Sec. 13-209-6 Penalty. Any person violating any of the
provisions of these rules shall be penalized as provided in
section 195-8, Hawaii Revised Statutes. (Elf.
(Auth:- HRS Sec. 195-5) (Imp: URS Sec. 195-8)

209-2

APPENDIX D

WAIMANU ESTUARINE SANCTUARY,TITLE 13, CHAPTER 4,
ADMINISTRATIVE RULES, HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF

LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES

TITLE .13

DEPARTMENT. OF. LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES

SUb-TITLE 1 ADMINISTRATION

CHAPTFR 4

WAIMANU ESTUARINE SANCTUARY

�13-4-1 Establishment
513-4-2 Prohibited acts
513-4-3 ExcePtions
S13-4-4 Enforcement
513-4-5 Penalties

Historical Note: ChAPter 4 of Title 13, Adminis-*
TRATive Rules, is based substantially on Regulation No.
11, Concerning the Establishment, Protection and Manage-
ment of the. Waimanu Estuarine Sanctuary, Hamakua..
District, island of Hawaii. [Eff 8/29/80; R JUN 22 198

513-4-1 Establishment. -(a) The board does'
hereby declare and establish the Waimanu estuarine
sanctuary for the. protection of indigenous flora-.and
fauna, to preserve a Hawaiian estuarine sanctuary
for future scientific and educational purposes.
(b) The Waimanu estuarine sanctuary, hereinafter
called "sanctuary" shall include and'consist of all the
lands within the ahupua'a of Waimanu, and its embayment
in the Hamakua district of the county of Hawaii and
also the corridor of the Waimanu trail which leads from
Waipio Valley across the lands of Muliwai. A map of*
the sanctuary shall be on file with-the department.
(Eff. JUN 28 1997 (Auth: HRS �195D-6)
(Imp. HRS 195D-5)

�13-4-2 Prohibited activities. (a)' Except as
provided by �13-4-3, the following activities are
prohibited within the sanctuary;
(1) To.fish. for, take, possess, or remove any
fish, mollusk, crustacean, seaweed, or
other marine life;
(2) To kill, destroy, molest, capture, or possess
any animal or bird or nest or eggs thereof;.

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(3) To possess any firearm, bow.'and arrow, cross

bow, pellet gun, air gun, sling shot, trap,
poisons, or snare
(4) To introduce any plant or animal (5) To land or operate any' aircraft 'or other.
motorized vehicle, including boats;'
(6). To.damage, destroy or remove any flora;
(7) To damage, destroy or remove any official
sign, marker, building, or shelter;
(8) To camp, or to erect or construct any
structure;
(9) To trespass into any "No Trespassing Area"
where the areas have been posted by the
department;
(10) To dispose of or discard any litter,
garbage, trash, or other waste material;
(11) To deposit in any stream or other water any
animal carcass, chemical, or substance which.
may pollute the stream of water;
(12) To start or maintain any fires..
(b) Except as provided under �13-4-3(e), no
person, natural or corporate, shall take, appropriate
excavate, injure, destroy, or alter any historic-or
archaeologic property located on lands owned or con-
trolled by the State or any'of its political subdivi
sions.
(c) 'Except as provided under �13-4-3,
materials taken into the sanctuary shall be le
.behind; all materials taken into the sanctuary shall...'
be packed out. [Eff.
(Auth HRS �6E-3, 1951D-78) Imp HRS.��6E-7,'195D-5)

�13-4-3 Exceptions; permits. (a) The takin 0f
prawn from a stream and the taking of marine'fish from'.
shore by hook and line or by throw net'shall'be per-
mitted.
(b) When authorized under and pursuant to
chapter 123, Title 13, Administrative Rules, or by
permit issued by the board *hunters may take game
animals and, for this purpose, may possess legal hunt-
ing.arms and use dogs for hunting.
(c)' . Camping shall be permitted only at. designated
camp sites.
(d) Fires may-be started or maintained onlyat
sites designated for that-purpose.
(e) The board may issue permits for management,
scientific, or. educational work in the sanctuary -.and
shall specify any terms or conditions doemed necessary
.for the protection and conservation of the plant and
animal communities in the sanctuary.'
[Eff. JUN 22 1997 ]. (Auth: HRS S�187-.2, -195D-6)
(Imp- HRS SS1.87-4, 195D-5)

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13-4,-4 Enforcement. (a) The board or any of
its commissioned enforcement officers may expel an--
person from the santuary who commits any act pro-
hibited by these rules.
(b) The board,, directly or by delegation to any
employee of-the department,, may revoke any pe
rmit
issued,pursuant to this chapter..[Eff.
(Auth: HRS 195D-6) (I mp HRS �S171-6, 171-7,
195-d-7, 199-2)

Penalties., (a) Any person who violates
the provisions of �13-4-2(a) and (c) shall be punished
as provided in �195D-9, Hawaii'Revised Statutes.
(b) Any person who violates �13-4-2.(b) shall be
punished as provided in S6E-11 and S199-7, Hawaii
Revised Statutes. [Eff. (Auth:' HRS
��6E-3, 195D-6) (Imp: HRS ��195D-9, 199-7, 6E-11)

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APPENDIX E
I PROJECT TEAM
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APPENDIX E

PROJECT TEAM

This report was prepared jointly by Dr. Bruce S. Plasch, who is responsible for the
final content, and Ms. Jacqueline A. Parnell.

DR. BRUCE S. PLASCH
Dr. Plasch, President of Decision Analysts Hawaii, Inc., has a strong background in
economics, finance, and quantitative analysis, and has graduate and undergraduate
degrees from the Department of Engineering-Economic Systems, Stanford University
and the University of California, respectively. After graduation, Dr. Plasch had an
appointment at the University of Hawaii where he taught graduate-level economics
and analysis courses. For the last decade, he has been a planning consultant
specializing in economics, land use, and impact assessments. Dr. Plasch has had
considerable experience developing resource management strategies and addressing
environmental issues. Clients have included the State of Hawaii, the City and County
of Honolulu, the US Army Corp of Engineers, the University of Hawaii College of
Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, Amfac, the Oceanic Institute, Bishop
Estate, Campbell Estate, the Pacific Basin Development Council, the Honolulu
Symphony, various law firms, and others. A'11 @
- 5--@ ( @ /
MS. JACQUELINE A. PARNELL
Ms. Parnell has a Master's degree from the Department of City and Regional
Planning, University of California, Berkeley. Until 1983 she was the Director of the
Hawaii Office of Environmental Quality Control. Previously she had been the senior
environmental planner for Ahe Hawaii State Department of Health and an urban
planner with the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Ms. Parnell was project
manager for the State's 1'20811 Water Quality Management Planning Program, and has

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