[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

                                       GvoR6. eq (o G 19




                          Guidance Manual

                                   for
                Siting, Design and Maintenance of
                    Golf Course's in New Jersey














                         New Jersey Department of

                    Environmental Protection and'Energy











                                    ACKNOWLEDGMENTS





             The Bureau of Water Quality Analysis within the Wastewater
             Facilities Regulation Element acknowledges those individuals
             who participated in the completion of this guidance manual.
             The following personnel And programs were responsible for
             contributing to this project:


             Shing-Fu Hsueh, Ph.D., P.E., Chief - Overall Management and
                 Report Review

             Dhun Patel, Ph.D., Acting Section Chief - Administrative
                 Assistance and Report Review (now with the Department of
                 Agriculture)

             Phillip Liu, Ph.D., Environmental Scientist II - Coordinator,
                 Editor and Contributing Author
             Nonpoint Source Pollution Ttz'am, Office of Land and Water
                 Planning - Best Management Practices

             Land Use Regulation Program - Statutory and Regulatory
                 Component

             Pesticide Control Program   Provision of Information on
                 Commonly Used Pesticides in New Jersey

             office of Recycling & Planning, Division of Solid Waste
                 Management - Provision of Information on Usage of Recycled
                 Materials at Golf Courses

             Division of Fish, Game and Wildlife in conjunction with
                 Division of Science Research - Provision of Advice on
                 Ecological Concerns

             Margaret Elsishans, Senior Environmental Specialist - Report
                 Review and Editorial Review

             Thomas Cosmas, Senior Environmental Specialist - Report Review.
                 and Editorial Review

             Jane Wang, Research Scientist III - Editorial Assistance










                   Guidance Manual for Siting, Design and Maintenance
                              of Golf Courses in New Jersey

                                    Table of Contents


           Chapter No.                                          Page No.


           1.       Objectives                                   Ch. 1-1

           2.       Administrative Procedures                    Ch. 2-1

           3.       Survey Plan, Site Plan, and Environmental
                      Impact Statement                           Ch. 3-1

           4.       Technical Procedures for Modelling           Ch. 4-1

           S.       Best Management Practices and Pollution
                      Prevention                                 Ch. 5-1

           6.       Monitoring Plans and Requirements            Ch. 6-1

           7.       Pesticides and Fertilizer Pl ans             Ch. 7-1

           S.       Recycled Materials                           Ch. 8-1

           9.       Regulatory Authority                         Ch. 9-1

           10.      References                                   Ch. 10-1



           Appendix A - An Example of Modeling Simulation for   a Proposed
             Golf course

           Appendix B - Reference Articles for a Ground Water   Monitoring
             Study for Pesticides and Nitrates

           Appendix C - Control Measures for Storm Water Runoff and
             Infiltrate

           Appendix D - Pesticide Use on Golf Courses at a Representative
             Golf Course in Now Jersey and NJDEPE Laboratory Routine
             Capability for Pesticide Analysis

           Appendix E - Available Regulations Regarding the Use of Recycled
             Xaterials,on the Construction of Golf Courses in New Jersey









                                   Chapter 1. objectives


           An appropriate response to the environmental questions concerning,
           the proper design and maintenance of golf courses in New Jersey
           is long overdue. -It is paramount to have proper guidance to
           minimize and/or prevent adverse environmental impacts of golf
           courses on the natural resources of the state including surface
           watersf wildlife, ground waters and water supply resources.


           Also, in an attempt to respond to the growing demand for
           recreation in New Jersey, the New Jersey Department of
           Environmental Protection and Energy (NJDEPE or Department) has
           developed this guidance manual for the siting, design,
           construction and maintenance of golf courses in areas requiring a
           Coastal Area Facilities Review Act Permit, a Waterfront
           Development Permit, a Stream Encroachment Permit, and/or a
           Freshwater Wetland Permit. This guidance manual is to inform the
           applicant of the different types of information needed by the
           Land Use Regulatory Program prior to processing and issuing a
           permit under their jurisdiction.


           This manual is not intended to serve as a detailed manual for the
           design and/or maintenance of a golf course. The objectives of
           this manual are:


               o. To identify and outline administrative procedures and
                 application  requirements when an applicant wishes to
                 construct a  golf course in 'an area requiring a Coastal Area
                 Facilities Review Act Permit, a Waterfront Development
                 Permit, a Stream Encroachment Permit, and/or a Freshwater
                 Wetland Permit;


               o. To inform the applicant of specific technical, management,
                 and planning information required to be submitted to the
                 Department for review when he/she wishes to construct a golf






                                           Ch. 1-1









                 course in an area requiring any one of the above listed
                 permits. Information to be submitted'includes:
                 I.   A Survey Plan
                 II.  A Site Plan
                 III. Modelling Results
                 IV.  An Environmental Impact Statement
                 V.   Best Management Practices and Pollution Prevention

                      Plans
                 VI.  Pesticides and Fertilizer Application Plans
                 VII. Surface and Ground Water Monitoring Plans


               o- To provide general guidelines for the design of a golf
                 course including site selection, restricted areas ofe,
                 development, location of ponds and irrigation wells, and
                 maintenance of undisturbed vegetated buffers adjacent to
                 streams, wetlands, and other waterbodies, etc.;


               o. To provide guidance for performing pollution impact
                 assessments including modelling to predict water quality
                 impacts;


               o. To provide strategies for controlling the quality of
                 stormwater runoff;


               o. To provide guidance for the design of water quality
                 sampling/monitoring programs for surface waterbodies and
                 ground waters at proposed golf course sites;


               o. To provide guidance for best management practices (BMPs) to
                 minimize environmental impacts stemming from the operation
                 of a golf course;


               o. To provide guidance for the application of pesticides and
                 fertilizers;








                                           Ch. 1-2









                To provide guidelines as to when remedial actions should be
                rendered if the impacts on receiving waterbodies and/or
                ground water are identified; and


              o. To better co-ordinate, process, and evaluate decisions made
                in the siting, design, construction and maintenance of golf
                courses so as to foster the integration of man's activities
                with the environment by creating eco-friendly golf courses.

















































                                        Ch. 1-3









                         Chapter 2. Administrative Procedures


           The administrative procedures as shown in Figure II.1 include the
           following steps: 1) Pre-application conferences; 2) Application
           package preparation and submittal; 3) NJDEPE review of submitted
           packet; and 4) permit(s) decision. The Land Use Regulatory
           Program (LURP) will serve as the initial contact for applicants
           and will be the coordinator of the review process.


           I.  Pre-application Conferences
               Pre-application conferences  are necessary to facilitate
               administrative procedures.   The pre-application conferences
               will be held to clarify the  requirements and proper
               procedures for the application for all necessary permits.
               Scheduling of the confererces will be arranged at a mutually
               convenient time for both the NJDEPE and applicant. The pre-
               application phase may consist of a series of meetings. For
               example, the first meeting will describe the application
               process. The second meeting is for the applicant to present
               the facts of the site and to discuss model selections. The
               third meeting will review the computer model data packet.
               The applicant is to provide a survey of existing conditions
               of the site and to prepare a map indicating the location of
               the proposed golf course and receiving waterbodies.
               Additional meetings may be needed as information is provided
               to the Department.


           11. Application Packet  Preparation and Submittal
               In addition to the  standard requirements under the
               appropriate rules and based on the pre-application
               conference, the applicant will obtain all of the required
               information and/or perform required studies necessary to
               complete the permit application. Information required to








                                         Ch. 2-1








                                                      Figure II.1
                                              AdministraUve Process

                                                        Pro-   p cc an
                                                         Coni      coo


                  ---------------------------------              --------------------       ------------------
                                                      Submittals Prspara6n7
                                                      by Applicant eased on
                                                      Required Information


                                        Site Specific
                                        Information
                                                                                  Interfacing with NJDEPE
                                    r                                             as Needed
                                       BlUF
                                            I/Pollutlon
                                       Prevention Analyses                         Contact LURP
                                                                                   for General Assistance
                                                                                  .Contact ORP for SUP
                                       Information on                             -Contact BWQA for Modeling
                                       PestIcIdes/Nutrients                        Guidance and Approval.
                                       to
                                          be applied


                                       Modeling Activities


                L---------     -----------          -------------------------------------------------

                                                      Offlclal Application
                                                      Packet Submission




                      20 working                      NJOEEPE Initial R
                      days



                                                        S fff I it Dajt@---
                                     I             <@O'Ulv Rce"q*u'lred
                                                           Y


                                                   Potendal Irnpact Analyses





                                                             t D*clelon







                                                           Ch. 2-2









               complete the application includes, but not limited to:


               A.  Surveyand site plan, Environmental Impact Statement (CH.
                   3);
               B.  Modelling activities and water quality assessment report
                   (CH. 4);
               C.  Best Management Plan (BMP) and pollution prevention plan
                   (CH. 5);
               D.  Monitoring plan (CH. 6).; and
               E.  Pesticides and fertilizers action plan (CH. 7).


           Table 1I.1 shows a partial summary list of information required
           for the application package.









































                                        Ch. 2-3











           Table II.1 PARTIAL SUMMARY OF INFORMATION NEEDED FOR REVIEW
            I,. General Site specific Information

               A. USGS Maps (1:24000
                                   ,) of study area and GIS maps, if
               available.

               B. Topographic maps (1:2000) showing existing and proposed
               drainage areas and land uses including slopes, pervious
               and/or impervious coverages, etc.

               C. Proposed golf course layout and information including
               grasses to be used, distribution of greens, tees, fairway,
               ponds, waterway system, etc.

               D. Information and/or data (hydrogeometric, hydrological,
               formation, and other concerns) of waterways potentially
               impacted by proposed golf course.

               E. Soil types and other sail data including hydrological
               soil type, permeability, etc., to be outlined on the site
              .location map.

               F. Groundwater information including location of groundwater
               table, depth and thickness of aquifer, flow direction, etc.

               G. Identification of classification of potentially impacted
               waterways.

            11. Golf course modelling and receiving water quality modelling

               A. Models used for golf course and receiving water impact
               assessment.

               B. Complete report of impact analysis on study area and
               receiving waterways including coefficients, parameters,
               constants and their justifications, reference, and rationale
               for.selection, etc.

            III. Pesticides and Nutrient (Fertilizer)

               A. The pesticides/herbicides to be applied and their
               application frequencies & rates.

               B. Kinetics and coefficients of fates of pesticides and
               herbicides

               C. Dosages and application frequencies & rates for nutrients
               and/or fertilizers to be applied to golf course.

               D. The concentrations of pesticides and nutrients in soils
               and ponds within an existing golf course.

            IV. BXPs/Pollution Prevention Analysis.




                                        Ch. 2-4









                Chapter 3. Survey Plan# Site Plan and Environmental Impact

                                         Statement



               Survey Plan and Report
               The applicant will provide the NJDEPE with a survey of the
               site to determine the existing environmental conditions. The
               applicant will also submit to the NJDEPE at the pre-
               application conference a survey report with accompanying
               plans which include, but not limited to, the following
               information at the proposed golf course site:


               0.  Name of watershed(.s) and subwatershed(s);
               0.  Location of streams, ponds, or other waterbodies and
                   their classification and use designation;
               b.  Location and classification of wetlands with information
                   on identification of vegetation type, and soil
                   classification;
               Do. Calculated 100-year floodplain;
               00. Topography with slopes differentiated as less than 10%,
                   11-19%, and larger than 20%;
               NO. Existing land cover (e.g., forest, meadow, etc.);
               00. Location of significant plant and/or animal habitats, if
                   available, including: documentation of species, date of
                   last known sighting, status, and source of documentation;

                   and
               b.  Map of golf course outlined on appropriate soil
                   Conservation Survey map showing various soil types at the
                   site.


           11. Site plan
               An objective of the site plan is to design the golf course so
               that there are no encroachments on the areas restricted from
               development and to minimize the impact of the overall site
               development on the natural resources of the area..







                                        Ch. 3-1









              A.  Regulated Environmentally Sensitive Areas
                  The applicant will identify on the site plan those areas
                  such as wetlands which are regulated by the Land Use
                  Regulation Program (LURP). LURP will provide advice and
                  guidance for such site specific issues. The applica  nt is
                  to also identify on the site plan the surface and ground
                  water classifications. For questions regarding the
                  State's classification of surface water and ground waterl
                  the applicant is to consult with the Department's Office
                  of Land and Water Planning.


              B.  Design standards
                  After the applicant has identified those areas to be
                  restricted from development, the site plan should also
                  delineate the proposedilayout of the golf course. This
                  plan should include, but not limited to, the following:
                  1.  Tees,-greens, fairways, and practice range;
                  2.. Buildings (e.g. clubhouse, maintenance facilities,
                      residential area, etc.);
                  3.  Roads and parking lots;
                  4.  Conceptual design for management of stormwater runoff
                      and water quality including locations, methods and
                      documentation that these locations and methods are
                      practical;
                  5.  Location of irrigation wells and/or ponds;
                  6.  Classification of waters;
                  7.  Possible endangered and threatened species;
                  8.  Detention and retention basins; and
                  9.  Irrigation and surface water drainage.


                  Storage ponds and/or irrigation wells constructed for
                  irrigation purposes or for storage of recycled runoff
                  water, will not be located in an area where they will
                  impact the potable water supplies or any other sensitive

                  areas.







                                        Ch. 3-2









                   Where irrigation wells are proposed, a stream depletion
                   analysis may be required. In the event that a depletion
                   analysis is required, an assessment of the impacts of
                   stream baseflow reductions on instream habitats will also
                   be required. In construction of ponds requiring stream
                   depletion analysis, the following impacts should be
                   addressed: (i) changes in organic material transport;
                   (ii) invertebrate drift; (iii) fish passage; and (iv)
                   loss of wetland functions.


               C.  Stormwater Ma nagement and Water Quality Management
                   The applicant will include in the site plan, plans for
                   management of stormwater runoff. Emphasis should be
                   placed on the use of a combination of methods, such as
                   infiltration trenches, grassed swales, shallow marshes,
                   vegetated filter strips and forest buffers to provide
                   water quality management. Appendix C presents several
                   control measures for controlling stormwater and
                   infiltrate.



           III. Environmental Impact Statement
                The applicant is to also submit an Environmental Impact
                Statement relating to the project for which he/she is
                requesting a permit. For the specific requirements of the
                Environmental Impact Statement the applicant is to contact

                LURP.

























                                        Ch. 3-3











                    chapter 4. Technical Procedures for Modelling


          In order to assess the extent of potential contamination of
          nutrient and pesticides in surface and ground water systems which
          receive surface runoff and subsurface inflow from the proposed
          golf course, the applicant may be required to develop a
          mathematical model to assess the fate and transport of pesticides
          and nutrients in these hydrologic systems.


          I. General
               If modelling work is required, the applicant should follow
               the Department's technical guidelines and directions to
               perform all the modelling activities. The applicant, with the
               Department's consent, should select the appropriate model and
               submit the work plan to the Department for review. The work
               plan should include a Quality Assurance/Quality Control
               (QA/QC) plan, model and users manual, and proposed sampling
               program. The final report should include the model
               application, input files, results, findings and conclusions;
               and should be submitted as a complete package to the NJDEPE
               for review. The important pollutants for modelling should
               consist of present and proposed pesticides and fertilizers
               which are to be used at the site. Figure IV.1 is the flow
               chart for performing the modelling activities for the golf
               course impact analysis.


          II.  Technical Procedures
               The procedures for modelling includes:
                  A. Identification of Waterbodies of Interest,
                  B. Selection of Appropriate Models,
                  C. Sampling Requirements, and
                  D. Model Simulation and Prediction











                                       Ch. 4-1










                                                            Figure IV.1,

                     Modeling Activities                  for Golf Course Impact Analyses

                       FIde*ntificctJon of Major         Selection of the
                                                         Waterways of Concern
                         Transport Routes of             and/or Other Possible
                         Pollutants of Concern               acted Areas
                                                        LJ



                                           n              Is the Golf Course
                                                          an Existing one
                                                          Requesting Expansion


                                                                                       n          Sufficient
                                                                                                  Information
                                                                                                  for Modeling
                         A Proposed Golf,            Fs-of,n-"'p"'I*@l,n-,g",-,P-r-ograim Require7d,
                              Course                     Sampling Proposal Review
                                                         QA/QC Plans
                                                         Field Data Collection



                                                                                           Computer Simulations
                         Simple to Medium
                                                          Pesticides/Harbic idea      00"! using Conservative
                         Complexity Models
                                                          and/or Nutrients
                         to be Used.                     _16'@ta and information           Assumptions or using
                                                                                           Intensive Survey Data for
                         PRZM. ST11;M, etc                                                 Calibration/velfication
                                                          Sol I and Land Uses    I           . .....
                                                          Information and Data
                                                          Including Golf Course

                                                          Meterological Data


                                                           Projection by Using
                                                         I" Appropriate Models  1
                                                           with Conservative
                                                           Assumptions
                                                           (i.e. 100-yr Storm)

                                                                                      Computation of Concentra---'@
                                                                                                                tion
                                                                                      in the Impacted waterways
                                                                                      Mass Balance In Low
                                                                                      Flow Conditions (e.g. 7010)
                                                                                      or In linkage with Appropriate
                                                                                      Rec*Mng Waterway Models
                                                                                      Including Surface and
                                                                                             Water Quafty Models



                                                            Ch. 4-2











               A. Identification of Waterbodies of Interest
                   Based on the proposed golf course plan, the drainage area,
                   which may be impacted by operation of the golf course,
                   should be delineated. The waterbodies, with their State
                   assigned classifications, including surface waters and
                   ground waters, should be clearly indicated in the study
                   plan. The study plan should include, but not limited to,
                   the QA/QC plan, topographic map and ground water flow
                   maps. These should be submitted to the NJDEPE for review.


               B. Selection of Appropriate Models
                   Once the waterbodies are identified, appropriate models
                   need to be selected for assessment of short-term and long-
                   term impact to surface and ground waters caused by'golf
                   course operations. In general, the proposed models should
                   include a watershed runoff model, a receiving water model
                   and a ground water model. The complexity of the required
                   models will be decided on a case-by-case basis.


                   Many different models have been developed to simulate the
                   fate of pesticides and nutrients transported from surface
                   runoff and subsurface inflow to the receiving water
                   system. The value of these models is their capability to
                   predict impacts resulting from pesticide usage. Shoemaker
                   et al. (1990) have listed several models with their
                   capabilities for simulation of nutrients and pesti@_-ides
                   (see Table IV.1). Watershed models such as SWRRBWQ
                 ASimulator for Water Resources in Rural Basins - Water
                   Quality; Arnold et al., 1991) and CREAM (Chemicals,
                   Runoff, and Erosion from Agricultural Management Systems;
                   Knisel, 1980) are good candidate models for the simulation
                   of fate and migration of pesticides and fertilizers. Any
                   model, as long as it is suitable for nutrient and
                   pesticide simulations, can be provided to the Department
                   for consideration.







                                         Ch. 4-3









                Table IV.1 Simulation Capabilities of several
                              Pesticide Xodels





                ------------------------------------------------------

                Model Timestep Runoff Erosion       Vadose        GW
                                                   Transport     Transport
                -------------------------------------------------------
                CNIS    Daily       no      no       yes           no
                GLEAMS  Daily       yes     yes      Partial       no
                LEACHMP Varies      no      no       yes           no
                MOUSE   daily       yes     yes      yes           yes
                PESTAN  n/a         no      no       yes           no
                PRZM    Daily       yes     yes      yes           yes
                SESOIL  Seasonal    yes     yes      yes           no
                SWRRBWQ Daily/      yes     yes      no            no
                        Seasonal

                -------------------------------------------------------



                Source: Modified from Shoemaker et al., 1990.





































                                         Ch. 4-4









              C. Sampling Requirements
                 1. For the proposed expansion of an existing golf course,
                    one-of the following two sampling plans should be
                    considered:
                   a. Baseline data: Representative samples of soil and
                      water should be taken during a dry-weather period in
                      the study area. These data will be used as a
                      baseline to represent the initial background
                      conditions of water quality for the model input
                      necessary to predict the water quality impact due to
                      the future expansion. In general, the sampling sites
                      should include: low level golf course areas (soil),
                      subsurfacec inflow:(ground water) and receiving
                      waterbodies (water). As a conservative approach, the
                      model constants, unit areal pollutant loading and
                      hydrologic conditions app lied, should be relatively
                      conservative.



                   b. Intensive sampling surveys: Three sets of data
                      should be collected including one baseline sampling
                      and two wet-weather samplings. The first set of data
                      should be collected during a dry-weather period to
                      represent baseline data, and two other sets of data
                      should be collected during wet-weather periods for.
                      model calibration and verification. The wet-weather
                      sampling should be conducted under different storm
                      event conditions (i.e. frequency of occurrance,
                      duration, etc.).


                      The sampling sites should be selected based on the
                      .topography of the existing golf course and the
                      characteristics of the drainage area.


                 2. For a proposed new golf course, the sampling and
                    modelling procedures will be similar to the





                                        Ch. 4-5









                     requirements of item 1.a, the exception of the sampling
                     sites. The sites should be selected based on the
                     current natural condition of the proposed golf course
                     area. Any input values, which were derived from the
                     literature, used for model projections should be
                     selected, based on the most conservative assumptions.


              D. Model Simulation and Prediction
                  Information required for model simulations include: 1)
                  pollutants of interest; 2) soil type and texture, land
                  uses, and drainage area; 3) meteorological data; 4)
                  waterbodies of concern; and, 5) the baseline data for
                  pesticides and fertilizers in the soil and ponds within
                  the golf course and receiving waterbodies including
                  surface and ground waters. Typical input information
                  required, based on functions of model simulation, are
                  summarized'in Table II.1.


                  Appendix A presents an example of modelling simulation for
                  a proposed golf course.
































                                        Ch. 4-6










            Chapter S. BEST KANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND POLLUTION PREVENTION


          A best management practices plan (BMP) and pollution prevention
          plan for the golf course will be developed by the applicant and
          submitted to the Department to minimize the impacts caused by the
          construction and operation of the golf course.


          High quality turf is not necessarily the result of increased
          fertilizer and pesticide usage. An outstanding golf course is
          the result of excellent design, construction, utilization of best
          management practices (BMPs), selection of the best turfgrass
          varieties available at the time of establishment and proper
          management of the facilities.' The golf course applic ant w*lll
          develop a BMP program in coordination with NJDEPE. BMPs are
          practices employed to reduce chemical and fertilizer dependence,
          water usage and all other impacts to receiving waterbodies
          through proper construction and operation of the golf course.
          The superintendent of the golf course will be required to
          implement and further refine the BMP program over time. As such,
          record keeping, reporting, monitoring and modifications are
          necessary to ensure that current practices are used. The
          application of BMPs requires the knowledge of many disciplines
          such as: entomology, plant pathology, weed science, nematology,
          wildlife biology, agronomy, soil science, meteorology, plant
         -.genetics, hydrology and economics.


          It should be kept in mind that the  differences between the
          physiographic regions of the state  including soil, topography,
          hydrology and climate will impact construction and management
          practices to be employed, as well as the appropriateness of
          siting a golf course.


          1. Possible Pollution Source Categories
             A. Golf Course Construction
                Soils exposed, disturbed and stockpiled from  golf course
                construction activities may result in significant losses of



                                        Ch. 5-1









                 water, sediment and nutrients. Sediment loadings from
                 construction sites may be as much as 100 times greater per
                 acre than those from agricultural lands and perhaps 2000
                 times greater than those from undisturbed forest land.
                 Suspended solids represent not only an important pollutant
                 in themselves, but are also a principal transport vehicle
                 for other pollutants such as pesticides and metals. Golf
                 course construction often involves the disturbance of an
                 unusually large amount of.land. Unless runoff is properly
                 managed during construction, increased erosion and
                 sedimentation, increased turbidity, decreased aquatic
                 productivity and reduced water quality on site as well as
                 downstream will result.:



                 Factors affecting runoff rates and volumes include:
                 i,- Precipitation duration, intensity and spatial extent;
                 P. Size, shape, orientation, topography and geology of the
                    golf course watershed;
                 v- A soil's physical and chemical properties, infiltration
                    capacity and antecedent soil moisture conditions;
                 o- Type and extent of grass cover (sod vs. seed);
                 oo. Cultural practices (Watson, 1985; Welterlen, 1989);
                 o- The duration and extent of soil disturbance; and
                 P. The use of mitigating soil conservation practices
                    (Balogh and Walker, 1992).


                 When developing a site plan, these factors should be
                 thoroughly investigated and BMPs chosen accordingly. Site
                 planning should include not only long term Nonpoint Source
                 (NPS) management, but should also incorporate temporary

                 BMPs                                           1
                      ,(including timing and methods of construction)
                 designed to control stormwater runoff during construction.


              B. Turf and Landscape Maintenance
                 Fertilizers and pesticides are used extensively in the
                 maintenance of turf and ornamental plants on golf courses.




                                        Ch. 5-2









                High quality turfgrass is necessary in order to meet the
                demands of the public and to compete in the golf course
                industry. As a result, the level of landscape management
                is steadily increasing in the United States. Although a
                well maintained plant community can be an environmental as
                well as a recreational asset, water quality can be severely
                degraded if proper maintenance practices are not employed.


                Excessive and improper application are the major problems
                associated with fertilizers and pesticides. These common
                misuses often lead to ground and surface'water
                contamination. Some water quality impacts associated with
                these pollutants include,the following:


                1.  Rapid short term chaliges in water quality from
                    stormwater runoff;
                2.  Longer term water quality impacts on biological
                    communities and public health resulting from
                    pollutants entering surface waters;
                3.  Impacts on the quality of ground water in aquifers
                    utilized as sources of drinking water.


                Nitrogen and phosphorus in fertilizers are  linked to
                eutrophication and subsequent deterioration of surtace
                water quality, as well as ground water contamination. The
                movement of nitrates into ground water may cause a public
                health hazard because high nitrate concentrations can cause
                infant methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome). Numerous
                acute and chronic effects are similarly associated with
                pesticide exposure to humans and other organisms. These
                toxic substances can enter an organism through inhalation,
                ingestion or skin contact. Pesticides have caused
                decreases in aquatic populations either directly through
                damage to the food chain by decreasing reproductive
                success, or by indirectly reducing oxygen levels in the






                                        Ch. 5-3









                 water by reducing the populations of higher plants and
                 phytoplankton.


                 An additional concern in the intensive management of
                 turfgrasses is the excessive use of water. Traditionally,
                 many turfgrass managers have used water on golf courses as
                 if inexhaustible in supply (Youngner 1970; Shearman 1985).
                 In recent years water policy in this country has been
                 driven by the realization that water is a limited
                 commodity. The depletion of water supplies for drinking,
                 recreation and other human uses has resulted in increased
                 awareness regarding water consumption


              C. Golf Course Facilities
                 The construction of clubhouses,. pro shops, food and
                 beverage facilities and parking lots as well as maintenance
                 and storage'structures causes water quality impacts similar
                 to traditional commercial development. Runoff from these
                 areas contributes sediment, heavy metals, fecal bacteria,
                 organic and inorganic debris, household chemicals, and oil
                 and grease from motor vehicles to surface and ground water.
                 Since most of the facilities mentioned above require
                 extensive impervious surfaces, stormwater runoff volumes
                 are much heavier than pre-development conditions. The
                 impacts of higher pollutant export are felt not only on
                 adjacent streams, but also on downstream receiving waters
                 such as lakes, rivers and estuaries. Improper design, poor
                 construction and lack of maintenance of golf course
                 facilities will magnify these impacts.


           Il. Best Management Practices
              A. Identify Site Constraints
                 Identify and inventory natural resources with an emphasis
                 on critical and unique habitats:
                 P. Vegetative cover
                 o. Wildlife habitat




                                        Ch. 5-4











                    Surface water classification

                 o- Ground water resources
                 P. Soil types
                 P.- Drainage patterns
                 o. Steep slopes
                 P. Wetlands
                 P. Threatened and endangered species and habitat


                 Working over a topographic map of the site as a base,
                 delineate the boundary of each area by carefully
                 .determining the limit which should not be crossed by
                 construction activity without causing adverse impact. For
                 example, when plotting a natural drainageway, map its flow
                 line, but also be sure to include that area of the
                 adjoining side slopes which,.if disturbed, would cause a
                 loss of integrity in its hydrologic function (i.e. top of
                 bank to toe'of slope in a steep slope area). For critical
                 areas, a BMP program should be developed and implemented
                 such that no impairment or deterioration will occur.


              B. Alternative Course Layout and Design
                 0. Reduce area of tees, greens and fairways.
                 P. Preserve roughs in their natural state.
                 P. Develop traffic patterns which minimize surface
                    runoff, soil compaction, pests, nutrient deficiencies
                    and water usage.
                 m. Maintain natural drainage patterns and maintain or
                    increase quality of water on site and/or leaving the
                    site.

                 P. Avoid wetland and stream corrider disturbances.
                    Fairways should be sited to reduce the number of
                    crossings with streams, wetlands, forests, etc.
                    Greens and tees should be located in areas where the
                    maximum high water table or bedrock is greater than four
                    feet below the surface. Field determination of high





                                        Ch. 5-5









                    bedrock and/or ground water should be conducted with
                    respect to the final setting of those locations.
                    Underdrain systems for greens and tees must also
                    maintain four feet of soil separation between the
                    subsurface leaching system and high bedrock and/or
                    ground water.
                 o. Maintain and establish buffer strips along the perimeter
                    of wetlands. Wooded buffers which shade streams are

                    preferred.
                 P. Avoid loamy sand soils to the greatest extent possible.
                 b. Designate conservation easements.
                 P- Designate wildlife sanctuaries.
                 P. Locate buildings andother impervious surfaces in areas
                    which will minimize land disturbance.
                 b. Minimize impervious surfaces.
                 P. Where impervious surfaces are necessary, reduce the
                    amount of runoff generated.
                 0. Carefully locate and.design any stormwater facilities
                    that may be necessary.
                 o@ Locate and design pesticide and fertilizer storage
                    facilities in such a way that spills will not affect
                    water quality.


              C. Construction Practices
                 1. Implement soil erosion and sediment control practices in
                    compliance with the "Standards For Soil Erosion and
                    Sediment Control in New Jersey" developed by the State
                    Soil Conservation Committee and enforced by the local
                    Soil Conservation Districts. Immediate coverage of
                    bare soil surfaces with seed or sod in conjunction with
                    other soil stabilization measures should be emphasized.


                 2. Implement special soil erosion and sediment control
                                                                      i
                    practices which address the unique pollution problems
                    associated with golf course construction.





                                        Ch. 5-6









                    a. Extensive phasing of construction activities to
                       reduce the impacts associated with large areas of
                       disturbance.

                    b. Increased buffers to wetlands and other
                       environmentally sensitive areas for soil
                       stabilization and attenuation of the pollutants
                       potentially generated by golf course construction in
                       large amounts.
                    c. Avoid irrigation rates or duration which may cause
                       runoff of water, resulting from irrigation of
                       turfgrass at rates greater than soil infiltration
                       rates and soil storage capacity (Balogh and Walker,
                       1992).
                    d. Where preferential flow paths are evident, wet
                       detention basins should be considered provided
                       conditions are suitable.
                    e. Delivery reduction devices should be properly
                       designed, sited, constructed and maintained.
                       Regional considerations should be accounted for the
                       design of stormwater facilities (e.g. downstream
                       effects of detention basins).



              D. Source Controls
                 1. Choose the proper turfgrass species for greens, tees and
                    roughs (if necessary):
                    a. Native species should be used whenever possible. When
                       it is not feasible to utilize native turfgrass
                       species, choose a species or cultivar which is suited
                       to the climate as well as physical and chemical
                       characteristics of the site. When p  lanting is
                      ,necessary in rough areas, natives should be used
                       exclusively.
                    b. Select species and cultivars of turfgrass capable of
                       efficient water use and drought resistance. Research
                       has been completed and data are available on rates of





                                        Ch. 5-7









                       turfgrass evapotranspiration as well as drought
                       resistance.
                    c. Select species and cultivars of turfgrass that
                       minimize nitrogen loss through-volatilization,
                       leaching and surface runoff. Data are also available
                       concerning nitrogen loss characteristics of various
                       turfgrass species.
                    d. Select'species and cultivars of turfgrass which are
                       resistant to pests and diseases common to your
                       geographic location.
                    e. Select turfgrass species or mixtures which will
                       compete favorably with weed species based on existing
                       and proposed site;conditions. Seed mixtures should
                       be weed free.



                2. Use proper fertilizer management practices:
                    a. Use organic slow release fertilizers to the greatest
                       extent possible and avoid the use of soluble
                       fertilizer. The type of nitrogen fertilizer applied
                       significantly influences the availability of nitrogen
                       to grass uptake and to runoff or infiltration. The
                       more soluble the fertilizer, the more easily it can
                       be transported away from the application site, either
                       through runoff or by infiltration. Examples of water
                       soluble fertilizers include ammonium nitrate,
                       potassium nitrate, urea and calciummitrate. -These
                       compounds are more readily available to the turf
                       plants and therefore are actively used. However,
                       large applications of these types of fertilizers
                       followed by heavy rains or irrigation may exceed the
                       capability of turf grasses to assimilate the
                       nutrients and therefore result in leaching to ground
                       water or being carried in runoff water. Some
                       examples of slow release fertilizers are urea
                       formaldehyde, isobutylidene diurea (IBDU), sulfur
                       coated urea (ISU) and plastic coated urea. Several



                                        Ch. 5-8









                       recent studies (Cohen et al. 1990; Horsley and Moser,
                       1990) have shown that the use of slow release
                       fertilizers reduces nitrogen loading to the ground
                       water. See Appendix B for additional information on
                       the fate of nitrogenous fertilizers.
                    b. Test soils to determine nutrient requirements.
                       Nitrogen.should be applied to turf in amo unts no
                       greater than the amount required for plant uptake.
                    c. During the turf establishment phase of'construction,
                       usually a six to nine month period, use sod filter
                       strips of at least six meters in width around seeded
                       slopes (Mason, 1990).
                    d. Avoid the use of fertilizers in roughs.
                    e. In areas of a high water table, in order to prevent
                       ground water pollution, an underground drainage
                       system can be employed an d leachate can be recycled
                       to areas of greater depth to water table, detained or
                       treated prior to release.
                    f. Irrigation rates should approximate
                       evapotranspiration rates. Overwatering significantly
                       increases nitrogen losses.
                    g. Avoid turf establishment on sandy soils to the
                       greatest extent possible. The greatest potential for
                       contamination of ground water comes from soils with
                       high infiltration rates.
                    h. Maintain buffers to wetlands.
                    i. Whenever possible, incorporate fertilizers below the
                       soil surface.
                    j. Increase time between fertilization and rainfall
                       events to the greatest extent possible.
                    k. Light irrigation after application is recommended to
                       incorporate fertilizers into the soil.
                    1. Fertilize during periods of maximum plant uptake.
                       Fall and winter fertilization should be avoided.
                    m. Proper handling of fertilizers during equipment
                       loading and mixing is critical. Avoid spills at all



                                        Ch. 5-9









                       costs and immediately clean up any spills which do

                       occur.
                    n. Fertilize when the soil is moist, as grass will not
                       take in nutrients during dry periods.
                    o. Soil preparation should occur prior to seeding.
                    p. Establish turf during fall, this way when growing
                       season begins in Spring, turf has a greater chance of
                       out competing weeds.


                 3. Use proper pesticide management practices:
                    The concept of a Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
                    program is to avoid wherever & whenever possible, the
                    use of chemical pest:icides through the substitution of
                    other control measures. The following is a list of some

                    of these control measures.
                    a. IPM techniques should be utilized at all times.
                    b. The first steps in IPM are: selecting plants which
                       are indigenous to the area, pest resistant,
                       establishing proper cultural practices, sound
                       fertilization techniques, and suitable irrigation
                       methods. Only seed sources known to be weed free
                       should be used to reduce the introduction of weed
                       species during early turf establishment. Cultural
                       controls include activities such as mowing, aeration,
                       dethatching, fertilization and irrigation. Cultural
                       controls are used to manipulate pesticide populations
                       by culturing the crop to decrease the survival of the
                       specific pest and to promote proper turf development.
                       This will promote turf which is resistant to and able
                       to recover from pest damage.
                    c..Establish thresholds for unacceptable economic or
                       aesthetic injury based upon a reliable measurement
                       system. The mere presence of a pest organism does
                       not necessarily constitute a pest problem.
                    d. Monitor the environment and pest populations on a
                       periodic, consistent basis.



                                        Ch. 5-10









                    e. Take action that modifies the pest habitat to reduce
                       the carrying capacity of the site, excludes the pest
                       or otherwise makes the site environment incompatible
                       with the needs of the pest. In order to do this, a
                       comprehensive knowledge of the life cycle of the pest
                       is necessary.


                       o. Regulatory Controls - Pests may be kept out of an
                          area through qua rantine and inspection.
                       o. Genetic Controls - Modify the- genetic makeup of
                          the pest population so that it cannot survive. An
                          example is the introduction of sterile males into
                          a pest population to inhibit reproduction.
                       P- Biological control - Introduce.and establish
                          populations of natural enemies of a selected pest.
                          An example is the use of Bacillus Thuringiensis
                          and milky spore to control white grub populations.
                          The objective should be to use biological controls
                          wherever feasible to reduce dependency on chemical
                          pesticides.
                       o. Cultural Control - Making the environment
                          unfavorable for pest reproduction, movement or
                          survival. Examples include maintaining plant
                          vigor, pruning, sanitation and species
                          diversification.


                    f. If pesticides are absolutely necessary, the following
                       techniques are essential to minimize environmental
                       impacts. (The commonly used pesticides for New
                       Jersey golf courses are listed in Table VII.1.)


                          Always read the label.
                       o. Select a-pesticide that:


                                    is legal,
                                    is labeled for the plant, site of
                                    application and the pest,




                                       Ch. 5-11









                                     has minimal environmental impacts
                                     (analyze solubility, toxicity, mobility,
                                     adsorption capabilities and
                                     persistence),
                                     is effective given the site and climate
                                     conditions, and


                          Mix pesticides properly:


                                     take any special precautions specified
                                     on the label,
                                     never mix more pesticide than is needed
                               -     when adding water to a sprayer,
                                     partially fill it, add the pesticide,
                                     then continue to fill the tank until it
                                     is full,
                               -     the water source should be.equipped with
                                     an anti-backflow device,
                               -     never mix pesticides near a wellk and
                               -     avoid spills at all costs, but if they
                                     do occur, clean them up immediately.


                          Apply pesticides properly:
                          pesticides should only be applied by properly
                          trained and certified personnel,


                               -     reduce the frequency of application to
                                     the greatest extent practical,
                               -     observe weather conditions at the time
                                     of application; if rain or high winds
                                     are forecast, postpone the application,
                               -     do not allow spray to drift into open
                                     water, wetlands or storm drains,
                               -     consider topography; application at a
                                     topographic high may impact low areas
                                     after a rain, and
                                     calibrate equipment properly;
                                     calibration requires an understanding of
                                     the equipment and how it works.


                       10. Clean up, store and dispose of pesticides
                          properly:


                                     clean equipment after use to maintain it
                                     in good working order and to remove any
                                     residues which would become a part of
                                     the next application,
                                     check for leaks after each use,





                                        Ch. 5-12









                                     store indoors in structurally sound
                                     containers, preferably in a secure,
                                     locked and prominently marked enclosure,
                                     when transporting pesticides, all
                                     containers should be secured,
                                     disposal of unused pesticide material is
                                     best handled by using all of the
                                     material during applications, giving the
                                     material to someone who can use it, or
                                     returning the unused portion to the
                                     manufacturer directly,
                                     if these options are not available,
                                     pesticides that are either acutely
                                     hazardous or hazardous wastes must be
                                     disposed of as such, and
                                     containers must be empty, free from any
                                     pesticide residue, triple rinsed,
                                     crushed or punctured before being
                                     disposed of in a landfill designated for
                                     this use.


                       op. All pesticide ul-le shall conform with New Jersey's
                          Pesticide Control Regulations (N.J.A.C.- 7:30
                          Subchapters I to 10).


                    g. Evaluate the results of habitat modification and
                       pesticide treatments.
                    h. Keep written records of objectives, methods, data
                       collected, actions taken and results.


                 4. Use proper cultural practices:
                    a. The mowing height should be the optimum for the
                       species of grass, but,in general, the higher the
                       blades are set, the healthier the turf will be.
                    b. Increases in growth rate from fertilization and other
                       practices should result in an increase in mowing
                       frequency. However, this practice should be balanced
                      .with the damage to turfgrass leaf tips resulting from
                       increased mowing frequency. Mowing frequency should
                       increase to match the increased growth. If this
                       doesn't occur, the turf may begin to thin out,
                       leaving it vulnerable to weed infestations. Recent
                       investigations have also suggested that the removal




                                        Ch. 5-13









                       of grass clippings"will result in a lowering of the
                       overall risk from residual pesticides.
                    c.@Lawnmower blades should be kept as sharp as possible
                       at all times.
                    d. A moderate thatch layer is useful in preventing
                       pesticides and fertilizers from leaching into the
                       ground water. The buildup of excessive amounts of
                       thatch creates breeding sites for numerous insects
                       and fungal diseases.. Thatch is the layer of living
                       and dead plant material that accumulates between the
                       green vegetation and the soil. A proper balance is
                       necessary to attain a moderate thatch buildup.
                    e. Irrigation should:be based on need, not the calendar.
                       Tensiometers, pan evaporation or other proven
                       quantitative methods should be used to determine

                       need.
                    f. Irrigation rates should approximate
                       evapotranspiration rates.
                    g. Irrigation practices should not result in a reduction
                       of stream base flow.
                    h. Properly design and maintain irrigation systems.
                    i. Utilize proven soil manipulation techniques such as
                       wetting agents and antitranspirants, if necessary.
                    j. Irrigate during evening hours.


                 S. Best management practices should be coordinated to
                    insure compatibility on site and in  the watershed.


                 6. Monitor all results such as disease  incidence, pest
                    occurance, health of turn, etc. and.keep, written records
                    of.all of the best management practices employed.


                 7. In conjunction with BMPs discussed in this manual, for
                    controlling stormwater runoff the applicant shall design
                    the management plan in accordance with current program
                    standards. These standards can be obtained during the




                                        Ch. 5-14









                   pre-application meeting. In addition, for controlling
                   stormwater runoff from golf courses and associated
                   facilities, the "Stormwater and Nonpoint Source
                   Pollution Control Best.Management Practices Manual"
                   (NJDEPE, 1992, Final Draft in print) may be applied
                   where not in conflict with current regulations.
                   Appendix C presents some pollution control measures for
                   use in golf course construction and operation.




          III. Conclusions and Research Needs


             The Department believes it:is necessary to integrate pollution
             prevention and control early in the site planning process.
             The BMPs outlined in this chapter are arranged in the order of
             an effective pollution control program. BMPs which address
             water quality And quantity issues through preventative
             measures are listed first, followed by BMPs for pollution
             reduction. A properly designed golf course which includes a
             carefully planned BMP program can minimize the impacts to
             receiving waterbodies and can even provide certain
             environmental benefits, such as wildlife habitat.


             The practices specified above are not all inclusive.
             Additional research will need to be done in order for this
             guidance to be comprehensive and detailed. Much remains to be
             learned about the impacts of golf courses on the environment.
             New and innovative' techniques are continuously being explored
             as more information becomes available. Through monitoring the
             effectiveness of the pollutioncontrol methods currently used,
             BMPs may,need to be reexamined and modified.












                                       Ch. 5-15









                     Chapter 6. Konitoring Plans and Requirements


           The applicants and/or their consultants will develop a surface
           and ground water monitoring plan for the golf course. In order
           to provide protection of receiving surface waterbodies as well as
           ground waters it is necessary that monitoring programs be
           carefully designed and implemented. Three monitoring phases will
           be reqired: the baseline monitoring, follow-up monitoring, and
           routine monitoring.


           The baseline monitoring phase for surface and ground water will
           be for one year prior to start of construction. The follow-up
           monitoring phase will begin as soon as pesticides and fert@lizers
           are first applied and will include a period of three (3) years
           for surface waters and two (2) years for ground water (see
           monitoring steps in Table VI.1 for additional monitoring
           details). If no sign of contamination in the receiving
           waterbodies is found during the follow-up phase, the routine
           monitoring phase will be initiated. The routine monitoring will
           be performed on an annual basis and will be conducted in the
           season of highest pesticide and fertilizer application.


           The surface water monitoring will be conducted under wet-weather
           conditions which generate surface runoff. If other factors such
           as sensitive soil types, existences of endangered species, high
           quality receiving waterways, etc. are of concern in the study
           area, NJDEPE will require more intensive sampling programs on a
           case-by-case basis.


           The QA/QC plan and sampling stations will be submitted by the
           applicant for Department approval during the pre-application
           meetings. All sampling is to be done at a New Jersey State
           Certified Laboratory.









                                        Ch. 6-1




                          Table VI.1                  Proposed Ground Water Quality Monitoring Program

                                                       .at Cape Cod, Massachusetts

                          I. Mottiforing We!ls: Installation of six to 10 monitoring wells                3. Aera!ion Zcne Sampling/ Analysis: Sampling water in the
                          are planned for future water quality sampling. Monitoring                       aeration zone directly beneath areas of pesticide application
                          wells will consist of five well clusters with each well cluster                 before it reaches the water table will provide a -worst case-
                          containing two to three small-diameter (2-inch) wells, which                    assessment of the potential for ground water contamination at
                          terminate at different dcpft within the aquifer (see Figure 6).                 the proposed golf course. The results of these analyses will
                          Three of the well clusters will be located at the south-                        allow for a better planned and coordinated ground water
                          southeastc.-n downgradicnt hydrologic boundary of the golf                      sampling program.
                          course as determined by ground water flow directions simulated                     Using hand pumps, vacuum will be. produced on the
                          from pumpage of three irrigation wells ( 150 gpm/ well) under                   lysimeters and water samples will be obtained quarterly (four
                          transient conditions. Monitor wells along this boundary will                    times a year). Quarterly sampling of drain fields will also be
                          be in a position to monitor all possible sources of contaminants                undertaken. Samples will be composited (two locations per
                          originating from within the golf course. A fourth monitoring                    sample) and analyzed for all pesticides (fungicides, insecticides,
                          well cluster will be located along the western boundary of the                  and herbicides), nitrate, Kjcldahl, and ammonia-nitrogen.
                          Property. A fifth well will be located downgradient of the                      Water samples will be iced and shipped to the analytical
                          pesticide storage facility. These monitor wells will forewarn of                laboratory within 24 hours. Chain of custody forms will be
                          any potential water quality impacts to public supply wells 13,                  utilized to document sampling, shipping, and analytical times.
                          18. 19, 10. If and the two proposed wells at 16-77 and 18-77.                   4. Resimpling/An2lysis: If any pesticides are detected in kny
                          Wells will be screened both above and below clay layers where                   concentrations (including trace levels), resampfing and analysis
                          present to enable sampling at discrete depths within the aqui-                  will be required for confirmation.
                          fer(s) and to determine vertical contaminant stratification.                    5. Ground Water Sampling/ Analysis: Diffing the first two years
                          Anticipated well depths for well clusters are as follows: Screen                of operation, monitor wells and irrigation wells will be analyzed
                          elevations for deep wells will be set at approximately -20 to -30               for target chemicals quarterly (four times per year). Target
                          feet MSL to detect possible contaminants migrating toward                       chemicals are to include all pesticides (fungicides, insecticides.
                          well# 13 (nearest public supply well) with densities greater than               and herbicides) used on the golfcourse, any known metabolites.
                          water. Screen elevations for wells at mid-depth will be set                     nitrate, KjcIdahl, and ammonia-nitrogen. Sampling will be
                          approximately -5 to -15 feet MSL to detect possible soluble                     accomplished using dedicated Teflon bailers following the
                          contaminants at the same elevation as the sc-ten setting for                    evacuation of three to four well volumes. Water samples will
                          public supply well $tl]l (-15 to -25 feet MSL). Shallow wells                   be iced and shipped to the analytical laboratory within 24 ho---rs.
                          will be screened in saturated materials above clav lenses or                    Chain of custody forms will be used to document sampling,
                          beds where present in the upp-r aquifer or at the water table                   shipping, and analytical times.
                          surface.                                                                        6. Resarnpling/An2lysis: If any pesticides are detected in any
                             Well construction wW consist of 2-inch-diameter flush-                       concentrations (including trace levels), resampling and analysis
                          threaded joint PVC. PVC is selected for economic reasons and                    will be required on those wells on a weekly basis until two
                          the -superior performance that can be expected of polymeric                     consecutive sampling rounds show no detection of those
                          materials under acidic conditions- (Barcelona 1983), which is                   chemicals.
                          generally the case for Cape Cod ground water (Frimpter and                      7. Sampling/Analytical Frequency Re-eyalluation: After a period
                          Gay 1979). Screens will be 10 feet in length and number 10 slot                 of two years, water quality data will be compiled and reviewed.
                          size. Finished wells will be backfilled with material from the                  For those pesticides that have not been detected in either
                          borehole scaled with bentonite to isolate the various screens                   aeration zone samples or ground water samples. the analytical
                          and capped with a steel security cover that is anchored to a                    frequency will be reduced to annual (once per year) thereafter.
                          cement base (see Figure 6).                                                     Those pesticides that have been detected (and confirmed) will
                            Locations of the monitor well clusters arc indicated in                       continue to be analyzed quarterly (four times per year).
                          Figure 7. Monitor wells are located in downgradicnt flow                        Regardless of these results, nitrogen components will continue
                          direction as deter-mined from irrigation pumpage for three                      to be monitored quarterly.
                          wells at 150 gpm under transient conditions. The irrigation                     8. Pesticide Restriction: During the resampling and testing, the
                          wells will also serve as monitor wells.                                         use of the parent pesticide will be discontinued. If the detection
                     2.   Lysimeters/Dritin Fields. Six pressure-vacuum lysimcters                        of chemicals persists for a period of two consecutive samplings,
                          (constructed of TeflonO) and six drain fields will be installed to              the use of the parent pesticide (fungicide, insecticide. and/or
                          obtain water samples from the zone of aeration. The drain will                  herbicide) will be climina*--d permanently. New pesticides
                          lead to a secured collection barrel so as to provide for composite              proposed for use on the golf course must be approved by the
                          sampling and avoid vandalism. These devices shown in Figure 8                   Yarmouth Water Quality Committee. This approval will be
                          enable sampling of water leaching through the root zone                         based upon the submittal of appropriate technical information
                          before it reaches the water table. Both devices are proposed                    from EPA or other recognized environmental research institu-
                          due to the lack of direct experience in the utilization of these                tions. The Water Quality Committee should also reserve the
                          systems in zone of aeration sampling on Cape Cod. Lysimeters                    right to discontinue the use of certain pesticides as new infor-
                          and drain fields will be placed beneath both greens and fairways.               mation becomes available.
                          Locations shall be upgradient from monitor, well locations so                   9. Justification for Remedial Action: If pesticides are measured
                          as to Provide early -warning, which may be used to better tailor                in concentrations of 100 parts per billion (ppb) or greater
                          the -2round water monitoring program. Since the wells I'LC                      (either individuzl compounds or collectively) or as defined by
                          downgradient of a powerline, which has been maintained by                       EPA drinking watcr@stdnclards as they become availab!e. a
                          Commonwealth Electric. a pHiminary round of testing- I`                         hydrogeologic investigation will be undertaken to delineate
                          those herbicides that have been used is recommended to                          the area of ground water contarma-iation and specific sources.
                          determine background levels.                                                    Remedial actions including mitigation and cleanup will be
                                                                                       Ch. 6-2            formulated and implemented.











                       Table VI.1                       Proposed Ground Water Quality Monitoring Program
                                                          at Cape Cod, Massachusetts (continued)
                        10. Resampling for T6t2l Nitrdgen' If WW nitroger, levels (Kjcidahl.             1.4. Pumping Restriction: lf,water level observations demonstrate
                            plus nitrate-nitrogen) reach 5 mg/ L total nitrogen. or greater,                 a more pronounced impact on the water table than that which
                            resampling and analysis will be required on a weekly basis until                 was predicted by the computer model, the Yarmouth Water
                            two Consecutive rounds are below 5 mgi L                                         Department (in conjunction with the Yarmouth Water Quality
                        IL  Fertilizer Restriction: If total nitrogen levels above 5 mg/ L arc               Committee) can place restrictions on the pumping of the
                            found, (he application of fertilizer will be decreased propor-                   irrigation wells. Water usage restrictions may also be ordered
                            tionate to the percentage of excess nitrogen concentrations.                     by the Yarmouth Water Department during drought condi-
                            For example, a concentration of 6.0 mg/ L total nitrogen                         tions. Specifically, the following restrictions may occur. (a)
                            measured in a monitoring well would represent a level of                         when a -voluntarv restriction" ordc, is issued to the public. the
                            20 percent above the planning guideline of 5.0 mg/ L Corrective                  Irrigation pumping will be reduced by the same proportion
                            action would require a reduction of 20 percent in fe n4zer                       that occurs with the Yarmouth Water Department pumping,
                            applied to the turf area upgradient from the well.                               and (b) when a -water ban- is issued to the public, a 100
                       12.  Justification for Remedial Action: If total nitrogen is mcsured                  percent reduction in irrigation pumping will be implemented.
                            in concentrations of 10 pans per million (ppm) or greater, a                     Under this scenario. irrigation will be derived from the golf
                            hydrogeologic investigation will be undertaken to dc@inewe                       course storage pond.
                            the area of ground water contamination and specific sources.                     To ensure proper implementation and enforcement of the
                            Remedial measures, including mitigation and cleanup, will be               proposed monitoring program, a cooperative agreement should
                            formulated and implemented.                                                be developed and executed between the Golf Course Committee
                       13.  Water-Level Monitoring: Obsmation wells OW-15, OW-2-                       and the Yarmouth Water Quality Committee. The agreement
                            OW-3, OW-4, and OW-5 shall be monitored for water table                    should include (1) the operative provisions of the monitoring
                            fluctuations. The timing and frequency of these measurements               program as described previously, (2) a requirement that moni-
                            will coincide with the cur=nt water level monitoring program               toring results be submitted upon receipt,       'and an annual report
                            conducted by the Yarmouth Water Department (which is                       assessing the water q uality data to the Yarmouth Water Quality
                            twice/ month at present) for the first year of operation. At the           Committee and the Yarmouth Water Department, and (3) pro-
                            end of the first year, the results of this monitoring effort will be       vision for a contingency fund or environmental liability insurance
                            reviewed by the Yarmouth Water Quality Committee.                          wo rt h at least S50,000 for hydrogeologic investigations/ remedial
                                                                                                       actions in the event that unacceptable ground watercontamina-
                                                                                                       tion occur. A schedule of the water-quality monitoring program
                                                                                                       tasks and the responsible organizations is shown on Table 3.
























                                                                                      Ch. 6-3









           I. Ground Water Monitoring Program
             Two concerns regarding potential ground water impacts caused
             by operation of golf course to the ground water are:
             1) hydrologic impacts upon downgradient wells and 2) water
             quality impacts from fertilizers and pesticides. A case study
             on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, for a ground water monitoring
             program at a golf course (S. W. Horsley and J. A. Moser, 1990)
             is recommended for adoption as a basis for ground water
             monitoring program at New Jerseyfs golf courses with
             modifications. The proposed ground water quality monitoring
             program of Cape Cod is presented in Table VI.1. In summary,
             the monitoring program includes the following:


             A. Monitoring wells
                Monitoring wells are to be located along the boundary of
                the golf course so as to monitor all possible sources of
                contaminants originating from within the golf course.
                Wells are also to be located upgradient and downgradient of
                the site. Site locations of these monitoring wells will be
                approved by the Department at the pre-application or other
                appropriate meetings.


             B. Lysimeter/Drain fields
                Pressure-vacuum lysimeters and drain fields are recommended
                be installed beneath greens and fairways to obtain water
                samples from the zone of aeration. An example of these
                devices is shown in Figure VI.1. These devices will enable
                sampling of water leaching through the root zone before it
                reaches the water table.


             C. Sampling/analysis
                The applicant is to contact the office of Land and Water,
                Planning to identify groundwater standards for the
                parameters listed below. The applicant is to sample each
                monitoring well for target chemicals quarterly (four times
                per year) during baseline and follow-up phases and once per



                                        Ch. 6-4










              Figure VI-1      Drain Field Design for Subsurface Water Sampling










       SAMPLING PORT                                                         ZONE OF GOLF


                                                            @--POLYETHYLENE LINER

                                                                       ZONE OF AERATION
                                        WATER TABLE v


                                   ERFORATED P'V.C. PIPE
                                                                      ZONE OF SATURATION
                                           '@R
                                          TL
                                  @ERFM@ZATZD






                                              Ch. 6-5









                 year during the routine monitoring phase and/or as
                 specified by the Department based on application rates of
                 pesticides and fertilizers. Target chemicals for sampling
                 are to include:


                 1. all pesticides (fungicides, insecticides, and
                    herbicides)-used on the golf course,
                 2. any known met abolites,
                 3. nitrate, Kjeldahl nitrogen, and ammonia-nitrogen and
                    other fertilizer related chemicals used on the golf

                    course.


                 Additional monitoring rates and sites may be necessa@y when
                 the golf course is located next to or near wells used as a
                 source of potable water.


              D. Ground water' quantity monitoring
                 1. Ground water level monitoring - To provide an additional
                    degree of protection to adjacent well supplies, water
                    quantity wells should be identified and maximum drawdown
                    levels established for each. The applicant will provide
                    the following information:
                    a. natural water table fluctuations prior to golf course
                       development and initiation of the irrigation process,
                       and
                    b. ground water elevations for pre-determined monitoring

                       wells.



                 2. Pumping restriction - If water level observations
                    demonstrate a more pronounced impact on the water table
                    than that which was predicted by desktop computation or
                    the computer model, NJDEPE can place restrictions on the
                    pumping of the-irrigation wells. Water usage
                    restrictions may also be ordered by the NJDEPE.  To
                    determine if a permit is necessary for the irrigation





                                        Ch. 6-6










                    pumping system the applicant is to contact the Bureau of
                    Water Allocation.


              E. Reporting Requiremen ts
                 After the follow-up monitoring period, the applicant must
                 compile and submit to the Department the ground water
                 quality data. -For those pesticides which have not been
                 detected in either aeration zone samples or ground water
                 samples, the sampling frequency will be reduced to annual
                 testing. If the concentrations of pesticides or
                 fertilizers related pollutants are found to be higher than
                 the allowable limits, the Department should be notified
                 immediately and the application of pesticides and
                 fertilizers should be terminated for further investigation

                 of the causes.


           Il. Surface Water Monitoring Program
               A. Chemical Monitoring
                  Monitoring sites will be determined at the pre-application
                  meeting. The surface water parameters are to be monitored
                  on a quarterly basis (March, June, September, and
                  December) during baseline and follow-up phases and on an
                  annual basis during the routine monitoring phase.


                  Storm water samples collected during the follow-up phase
                  should coordinate with golf course operations. If a storm
                  event occurs within a week after the application of
                  fertilizer and/or pesticide, monitoring should be
                  conducted.



                  The parameters required to be monitored are:

                        PH,
                        DO,
                        Alkalinity,
                        Total suspended solid,
                        Total phosphorus,
                        Total Kjeldahl nitrogen,




                                        Ch. 6-7









                        Ammonia nitrogen,
                        Nitrite-nitrate nitrogen,
                        Turbidity, _
                        Pesticides (i.e. Fungicides, Insecticides, and
                          Herbicides, etc.), and
                        Fertilizer components (if applicable)


                  Pesticides and fertilizers to be monitored will be
                  determined by.NJDEPE in cooperation with the golf course
                  superintendent, and/or the developer's environmental
                  consultants. For surface water quality standards, the
                  applicant can contact the office of Land and Water
                  Planning.


              B. Benthic Macroinvertebrate Monitoring
                  1. The assessment will include the following:

                        Taxonomic composilion (at least to genus),
                        Abundance (mean density),
                        Taxa'richness,
                        Diversity index (e.g. Shannon-Weaver),
                        Biotic index,
                        Functional group analysis.


                  2. Sampling will be conducted in the fall (e.g. late
                    -October/early November) and in the spring (e.g. late
                     March/early April) at each of the sampling stations
                     during baseline and follow-up phases.


                     Stream morphology and/or ground water aquifer or other
                     reguired information should be submitted as shown in

                     Table II.1.


              C. Reporting Requirements
                  All test results data will be compiled in a report which
                  will.be submitted to NJDEPE at the end of each quarterly
                  monitoring period. All field notes and laboratory records
                  should be available upon request.









                                        Ch. 6-8










                       Chapter 7. Pesticide and Fertilizer Plans


           In order to apply pesticides on lawns or turf at a golf course,
           the applicator must obtain a New Jersey pesticide applicator
           license in the appropriate category. The Pesticide Control
           Program (PCP) of NJDEPE will provide advice and guidance for
           pesticide related issues. The phone number for PCP is 609-530-
           4070. For advice on pesticide selection, contact your County
           Cooperative Extension Office. Note: Pesticide means and includes
           any substance or mixture of substances labeled, designed, or
           intended for use in preventing, destroying, repelling or
           mitigating any pest or for use as a defoliant, desicant, or plant
           regulator.


           Landscape management of a golf course requires the establishment
           and maintenance of a healthy turfgras s. In order to achieve
           this, fertilizers"and pesticides are often required to control
           insects, weeds, and turfgrass diseases. Application of
           pesticides and fertilizers has drawn increasing public concern
           and more attention and effort is needed to prevent or minimize
           adverse impacts on the environment and human beings. Some
           impacts to the environment which could be minimized through the
           careful selection, management, and application of pesticide and
           fertilizers include:
               A.  contamination of potable and, non-potable ground waters
                   and surface waters;
               B.  wildlife kills, particularly fish and bird kills, due to
                   the incorrect application and/or use of pesticides;
               C.  foodchain accumulation; and
               D.  adverse human health affects though the application,
                   exposure and/or ingestion of pesticides.


           Concerning the above topic, it is important to note that the
           instuctions,on the label of the pesticide container are regulated
           State anct Federal requirements and improper application of the
           pesticide is a violation of State and Federal regulations.




                                         Ch. 7-1









           I. Required information for pesticides and fertilizer action
                plan
              Information on pesticides and fertilizers to be applied to the
              golf course should be included in the application package.
              The pesticide and fertilizer action plan shall contain the
              following information:


              A. Name of the golf course;
              B. Identification of areas where pesticides are to be applied;
              C. Name and mailing address of golf course superintendent who
                 is responsible for completing the application package;
              D. Storage, handling , mixing and loading procedures;
              E. Target pest, target site, method of application, rate of
                 application, irrigation practices (if any), crop and the
                 percent of foliar ground cover;
              F. Site specific data for each of the following:
                 I. Top soilborizon depth;
                 2. Depth to seasonal high water table;
                 3. Soil Conservation Service Soils Hydrologic Group;
                 4. Soil test results of percent organic matter;
                 5. Any available monitoring data including a list of wells
                    on the site and location of sampling stations in the
                    receiving waterbodies;
                 6. Other data which supports a finding that the anticipated
                    site is not a highly vulnerable site. The definition of
                    highly vulnerable site, adopted from the Department of
                    Food and Agriculture, Massachusetts, refers to a site
                    which meets or exceeds the following criteria:


                    a. Soil Conservation Service Hydrologic soil Group A
                      .soils, whose products of the top soil horizon, in
                       inches, and the soil organic matter, in percent, is
                       less than or equal to fifteen (15); and
                    b. The depth to the aquifer is less than 15 feet; and
                  .c.  The depth to the fractured bedrock or seasonal high
                       water table is less than four (4) feet.




                                        Ch. 7-2









              G. Post action inspection and monitoring - Following the
                 application, it is necessary to perform investigations and
                 inspections to determine the effectiveness of the specific
                 action. There may be a need to attempt another control
                 method to reduce the pest population below an acceptable
                 level. Complete eradication of the pest will lead to an
                 over use of chemicals and result in ground water
                 contamination..


              Golf courses are not to be constructed in areas falling under
              the category of a highly vulnerable site.
              All information submitted in the application must reference
              the source of the data. The Department reserves the ri4ht to
              request additional information from the applicant at any time
              throughout the review process.


           1I. Commonly Used"Pesticides in New Jersey
               Information regarding major pesticides and their available
               analytical methods, as provided by PCP (Pesticide Control
               Program), NJDEPE, is listed in Table VII.I. Table VII.2
               presents the environmental fate characteristics of pesticides
               and Figure VII.1 delineates the pesticide frequency of
               application on New Jersey golf courses. Appendix D shows
               NJDEPE laboratory routine capability for pesticide analysis
               and provides figures demonstrating the potential variability
               of pesticide use on a representative golf course including
               fungicide, herbicide, and insecticide.


















                                        Ch. 7-3






               Table VII.1                              GOLF COURSE MONITORTN --COMPOUNDS                            August 21, 1992
               Major Pesticides Used and Available Analytical Methods
               Active Inaredient         Productial                Amt. used/ % used'         Analytical Methods               -
               HERBICIDES                                           40179      20.2%
               Chlorthal-dimethyl
                                         Dacthal                    12793       6.4%          EPA 608.2 (GC)
               Bensulide                 Betasan                     6673       3.3%          EPA 636 (HPLC)
               MCPP                      Mecoprop                    4880       2.5%          EPA 615, 1658 (deriv. Q GC)
               2,4-D                     Trimec, Triamine            4858       2.4%          EPA 615, 1658 (deriv. & GC)
               Benfluralin               Balon, Team                 3799       1.9%          EPA 627, 1656 (GC)
               INSECTICIDES                                         31195      15.6%
               Trichlorfon               Dylex, Proxol               8061       4.0%          EPA 1657 (GC)
               Isofenphos                Oftanol                     6408       3.2%          FDA 212.1, 232.3, 232.4 (GC)
               Bendiocarb                Turcam, Ficam               6071       3.0%          EPA 639 (HPLC)
               Chlorpyrifos              Dursban                     5003       2.54          EPA 622, 1657 (GC)
               Carbaryl                  Sevin                       411S       2.1%.         EPA 632 (HPLC)
               FUNGICIDES                                          126919      63.6%
               Chlorothalonil            Daconil, Bravo             44670      22.4%          EPA 608.2, 1656 (GC)
               Thiram                    Spotrite, Bromosan         15714       7.9%          (as total CS2] EPA 630, 630.1
               EBDC9 (Mancozeb, Maneb,   Zineb)    ï¿½1               13732       6.9%          [as total CS,J EPA 630, 630.1
               Iprodione                 Chipco 260'iq              10213       5.1%          ? (HPLC)
               Propamocarb HC1                                       7459       3.7%          ?
               Anilazine                 Dyrene                      7052       3.5%          FDA 211.1
               Triademefon               Bayleton                    6183       3.1%          EPA 633, 1656 (GC)
               Metalxyl                  Ridomil,  Subdue            5758       2.9%          FDA 232.3, 232.4
               Benomyl                   Benlate, Tersan  1991       366S       1.8%          ?
               Thiophanate               Cleary 3336                 2911       1.5%          [canceled in US)
               Fosetyl-Al                Aliette                     2502       1.3%          (manufacturer ?I   (GC)
               Propiconazole             Banner, Tilt                2501       1.3%          (manufacturer ?I   (GC)
               GROWTH HORMONES                                       1159       0.58%
               Flurprimidol              Cutless                       650      0.33%         ?
               Mifluidide                Embark                        203      0.10%         ?
               Paclobutrazol             clipper                        79      0.04%         FDA 232.4
               TOTAL                                               199451      100.0%
               High use materials                                  185953      93.2%
               Total w/ available  analytical methods              155849      78.1%
               Total w/ available  analytical methods
               (excluding EBDCs &  Thiram as total C82)            I.26403     63.4%



                     Pounds active ingredient (a.i.) reported
               1990 NJDEPE/PCP Survey Pesticide Use on Golf Courses,








                                                                   TABLE VII.2        PESTICIDES - ENVIRONMENTAL FATE CHARACTERISTICS



              PESTICIDE                             TRADENAME                          CHEMICAL CLASS                                      DEGRADATION PRODUCT

              ANILAZINE                             DYRENE;                            1,3,5-TRIAZINE;o-CHLOROANILINE                      DICHLOROANILE

              BENDIOCARB                            TURCAM WP; FICAM                   CARBAMATE; METHYLCARBAMATE                          DEALKYLATION AND/OR HYDROXYLATION

              BENFLURALIN; BENEFIN                  BENEFIN;BALAN;BENEFEX              DINITRO TRIFLUOROMETHYL ANILINE; TOLUIDINE          DEAMINATION; HYDROXYLATION; ?

              BENSULIDE                             BETASAN (EC; G)                    OP; PHOSPHORODITHIOATE ESTER                        OXO-ANALOGUE

              BENTAZONE                             BASAGRAN                           BENZOTHIADIAZINONE; BENZOTHIADIAZOLE                2-NH2-N-ISOPROPYL-BENZAMIDE (STABLE,
              CARBARYL                              SEVIN(GRANULAR;4F;50W;85 SPRAY)    ABCARBAMATE; N-METHYLCARBAMATE, 1-NAPTHYL           C02;1,4-NAPHTHOQUINONE;1-NAPTHOL(PHOTO)
              CHLOROTHALONIL                        DACONIL 2787; WP-75,SC,G,L         BENZONITRILE; CHLOROPHENYL-                         2,4,5,6-C(4-ISOPHTHALIMIDE
              CHLORPYRIFOS                          SURSBAN;LORSBAN 4E;WP              OP; ORGANOPHOSPHOROTHIOATE                          3,5,6-TRICHLORO-2-PYRIDINOL

              CHLORTHAL-DIMETHYL (DCPA)             DACTHAL                            TETRACHLOROPHTHALATE                                (TTA) TETRACHLOROPHTHALIC ACID DEGREDAT

              2,4 - D
              DICHLOROANILINE                       DEG. OF ANILAZINE & IPRODIONE      CHLOROAMINOBENZENE; CHLOROPHENYL-;AROMATIC          DEG. PRODUCT

              ETHYLENETHIOUREA(ETU)                DEG.OF EBDC,MANEB,ZINEB,MANCOZ     UREA; THIOUREA; IMIDAZOLIDINETHIONE                 DEG. PRODUCT
              FENARIMOL                             RUBIGAN EC;WP;SC                   PYRIMIDINE(CtPHENYL)BENZHYDROL                      MANY PHOTODEGREDATES IN WATER
              IPRODIONE                             CHIPCO 2601;ROVRAL WP,SC,HN        DICHLOROANILIDE; IMIDAZOLIDINE-DICARBOXIMIDE        DICHLOROANIL:50%POST-APPLIC
              ISAZOFOS                              TRIUMPH,MIRAL,VICTOR;4EC,2%G       OP; ORGANOPHOSPHOROTHIOATE                          5CL-30H-1-ISOPROPYL-1H-1,2,4-TRIAZOL
              ISOFENPHOS
              MANEB                                 TERSAN; DITHANE M-22               Mn-EBDC;MANGANESE DITHIOCARBAMATE POLYMER           ETU; ETHYLENETHIOURA & DERIVS.
          
              NBC (CARBENDAZIM)                     DEG. OF THIOPHANATE & BENOMYL      BENZAMIDAZOLE CARBAMATE                             FORMS SALTS WITH ACIDS
              MECOPROP; MCPP (POTASSIUM SALT)       MCPP; MECOPROP                     2-METHYL-4-CHLOROPHENOXY PROPIONIC ACID(KSALT       2-METHYL-4-CHLORO-PHENOL;MECOPROP-ME
              METALAXYL                             SUBDUE 2E(FOLIAR);RIDOMIL(SOIL     ACYLPHENYLALANINE; XYLYLALANINATE                   N(diMe)PHENYL)N(2'OCH3ACETYL)ALANINE
              OXADIAZON                             RONSTAR EC,AL,GR                   DICHLORPHENYL; (OXA) DIAZOLE-2-ONE                  15 PHOTO DEG;N-NH2-BENZOXAZOLENE DER

              PENDIMETHALIN

              PROPAMOCARB HCL (HYDROCHLORIDE)       BANOL                              CARBAMATE; PROPYLCARBAMATE                          NON-DEG.
              PROPICONAZOLE                         TILT EC; BANNER; ORBIT             CONAZOLE; TRIAZOLE-DICHLOROPHENYL DIOXOLAN          1,2,4-H-TRIAZOLE;TRIAZOLE ACETICACID
              QUINTOZENE; PCNB                      BRASSICOL; TERRACHKLOR              CHLOROPHENYL; PENTACHLRORO; NITRO; BENZENE;AR       PENTACHLOROAMINOBENZENE;ANILINE
              THIOPHANATE-METHYL                    TOPSIN-M                           CARBAMATE; PHENYLENE-THIOYL-BIS (CARBAMATE)         MBC (CARBENDAZIM) IN WATER
              THIRAM                                TERSAN 75; POLYRAM; SPOTRETE-F     DITHIOCARBAMATE-BIS(DIMETHYL-)DISULFIDE             ETU ETHYLENETHIOUREA (MAJOR DEG.);EU
              TRIADIMEFON                           BAYLETON                           CONAZOLE; CHLOROPMENOXY-TRIAZOL-YL-BUTANONE         TRIAZOLE;HYDROXYTRIAZOLE;BAYTAN(T1/2

              TRICHLORFON

              TRICHLORO-2-PYRIDINOL                 DEG.OF TRICLOPYR; CHLORPYRIFOS     TRICHLORO PYRIDINE                                  DEG. PRODUCT
              TRICLOPYR                             TURFLON EC; GARLON EC              PYRIDYLOXYACETIC ACID; TRICHLORO PYRIDINE;          3,5,6-TRICHLORO-2-PYRIDINOL(AC)
 









                                                                           TABLE V.2           PESTICIDES - ENVIRONMENTAL FATE CHARACTERISTICS (CONTINUED)


                  PESTICIDE                                  METABOLITE                                  USE                                        SOIL-INC            MW             MEL
                  ANILAZINE                                  AMINO/THIO-SUBST of        CqL(TRIAZIN       F0qJOLIAR; NONSYSTEMIC;2.59AI/L              Oil                 275.5          159
                  ENDIOCARS                                 NC 7312; MOBILE                             1; FOLIAR; SOIL INCORP.                    0-.51,             223.2          128
                  BENFLURALIN; BENEFIN                                                                   H; EC,G;PREEMERG.1.35kg AI/ha             01,                 335.28         65-
                  BENSULIDE                                                                              H; PREEMERGE;SURF;11-22kgAl/ha             01,                 397.5q(BC       34.
                  ENTAZONE                                                                              CONTACT HERB; 1-2.2 k9/45q0qL/ha             01,                 240.3          137
                  CARBARYL                                   qi-NAPHTHOL; 1-NAPHTHYL-N-                   CONTACT,SL.SYSTEMIC;UP TO 2kg                                  201.22         (OL
                                                                -HYDROXYMI;                                Al/hq!
                  CHLOROTHALONIL                             4-OH-256-;CqL3-ISOPHTHALONITRILE             F; FO IAR,SURF;0.46-1.89AI/sq.             0-0.511             265.91         250
                  CHLORPYRIFOS                               3,5,6-TRICHLORO-2-PYRIDINOL                 1; FOLIAR; SOIL                            0-0.51,             350.58         41.
                  CHLORTHAL-DIMETHYL (DCPA)                  METHYL TETRACHLOROTEREPHTHALATE             H:PREEMERGENCE; W-75                       0-0.51,             332
                                                                                                           q(<0.24% HCN)
                  2,4 - D
                  DICHLOROANILINE                                                                                                                                       162.03         71q-

                  ETHYLENETHIOUREA (ETU)                                                                                                                                102.17    M    203
                  FENAR1140L                                                                             F; FOLIAR; 1-9 g AI/hqt (BC                 oil                 331.2          117
                  IPR(JDIONE                                                                             F; SURF.; 3-12 kg AI/ha                    oil                 330.2          136
            0     ISAZOFOS                                                                               I&N SURF.; 1-2(b AI/A                     011; IRRIGATE       313.7          op=

                  ISOFENPHOS

                  ANE8                                      PLANT:ETHYLENETHIOUREA                      F; FOLIAR; @ 3.6 kg AI/ha                  011q(x=Mn;y--Zn      265x+65y       192
                  NBC (CARBENDAZIM)                                                                      F; SYSTEMIC; @400 9/ha                     Oil                 191.2          302
                  MECOPROP; MCPP (POTASSIUM SALT)                                                        H;SYST.GROWTH-REG; 3.9kg/ha                0";AQ&FOREST        214.6          94-
                  METALAXYL                                                                              F; SYSTEMIC;vs.AIR&SOIL BORNE              oil                 279.3          71.
                  OXADIAZON                                                                              H; 2-4kg AI/ha; PRE-EMERG.                 oil                 345.2          88-

                  PENDIMETHALIN

                  PROPANOCARB HCL (HYDROCHLORIDE)                                                        F; SYSTEMIC;SOIL/ROOT;FOLIAR               0-0.511             225(188)       45-
                  PROPICONAZOLE                                                                          F; SYSTEMIC;FOLIAR;250g AqI/ha              oil                 342.2          BP=
                  QUINTOZENE; PCNB                           PENTACHLOROANAILINE;METHYLTHIO              F; SEED OR SOIL TRMT.                      061-0.511           295.3          146
                  TqHqIOPHANATE-METHYL                         PLANT -> NBC (CARBENDAZIM)                  F;   30-50g A1/hL                          oil                 342.4(BC       172
                  TqHIRAM                                     PLANT->ETU->THIURAM MONOSULFID              F; FOLIAR OR SEED; FC,WP,DUSTS             Oil                 240.4          146
                  TRIADIMEFON                                                                            F; SYSTEMIC&PROJ125-250gAI/ha             01,                 293.8(BC       82.

                  TRICHLORFON

                  TRICHLORO-2-PYRIDINOL

                  TRICLOPYR                                  It METHOXY-PYRIDINE;TCP SOIL TI             H;FOL&ROOT SYSTEMIC;1-4-8kg/ha             01,                 256.5          148
 








                                                                    TABLE V.2       PESTICIDES      ENVIRONMENTAL FATE CHARACTERISTICS (CONTINUED)


                PESTICIDE                                 KOW                        K-DISTRIB       KD-SAND                                KD-LOAM
                ANILAZINE                                 1020 (84q0
                ENOIOCARB                                50                (SC)     f(SOIL)         Sand S= 0.14; Sd= 0.6          (OL)    CL= 1.14                 (OL)
                ENFLURALIN; BENEFIN                      195,000         (AC,OL)                    Sd(PH7.7)= 27                          CLLm (pH6.9)= 117
                ENSULIDE                                 16,500              (BC
                ENTAZONE                                 0.35 (B8qQ                                   LmS=0.45 (OL)                          LmS=0.45;Heavy CL=0.176;C

                CARBARYL                                  1.38 (OL)

                CHLOROTHALONIL                            758.6               (OL                    Sd= 3                                  Si= 29
                CHLORPYRIFOS                              50,119(OL);9.lE4(TDS                                                              SiLm2%OC=99.7; Lm6%OC=49.

                CHLORTHAL-DIMETHYL (DCPA)

                2,4 - D

                DICHLOROANILINE

                ETHYLENETHIOUREA (ETU)

                FENARIMOL                                 2,512 (OL); 4,9OO(BC                                                              SdLm Kd=6.35 (OL)
                IPRODIONE                                 1,260               (80
           0    ISAZOFOS;                                 6,309             (OL)                     0.278q04q0                                 SiLm=2.37; Ct=3.92 (OL)

                ISOFENPHOS

              ANEB                                     0.205             (OL)
            I
                NBC (CARBENDAZIM)                         36              (SC)
                MECOPROP; MCPP (POTASSIUM SALT)           1E-7  (OL); 1.26 @pH7                      0.19 (OL); SdLm= 0.29                  SiLm= 0.68; SiCqLLm= 0.43
                METALAXYL                                                                            Sd=0.43 (O4qW                            SdLmCI=1.4 (OL)

                OXADIAZON                                 63,100            (BC)

                PENDIMETHALIN

                PROPAMOCARB HCL (HYDROCHLORIDE)           0.0018           (88q0

                PROPICONAZOLE

                QUINTOZENE; PCNB
                THIOPHANATE-METHYL                        25 -            (BC)       1.2 (BC)

                THIRAM
                TRIADIMEFON                               1,510 (BC); 977(OL)        3.5-9(OL)       3.5-5.9 (OL)                           5.9-9.3 (OL)

                TRICHLORFON
                TR I CHLORO- 2 - PYR I D I NOL
                TRICLOPYR                                 4.9 (OL)                                   0.975 (OL)                             SiLm=O.165;SdLm=O.57;C4qtL
 








                                                                 TABLE V.2       PESTICIDES     ENVIRONMENTAL FATE CHARACTERISTICS (CONTINUED)


               PESTICIDE                                 K-OC-SOIL                 PHOTO-SOIL     PHOTO_H20      VAPOR PRESSURE                        WATER SOLU
               ANILAZINE                                 1000(SC ESTIMATE)                                       820 nPa (BC)                          8 mg/L (BC
               BENDIOCARB                                570                       7.8 hr.                       5E-6mm;3.5E-5mm(SCS);4.6mPa(OL        40ppm (EX/
               BENFLURALIN; BENEFIN                      11,000 (OL)               UV DEG.        5.5 hrs.       3.7 mPa (VOLATILE)                    0.1 ppm (0
               DENSULIDE                                 1000est(SC                REL.STABLE                    4q0 33uPa@20C (EX; BE - 7mHg(SC         25mg/l (OL

               BENTAZONE                                                           STABLE         DEG.<24   hr   0.46 mPa (BC)                         500 mg/kg
               CARBARYL                                  200 (OL)                                 45hr@pH5(OL    1.2 E -6 Torr (OL)                    120 mg/0ql @
               CHLOROTHALONIL                            1380(OL,SC                STABLE                        <1.3Pa&40C(AC);2E-6m25(OL            0.6mg/L(RE
               CHLORPYRIFOS                              6070(SC-GL                3-6d.(OL                      2.5mPA(AC);1.7E5mHg(SC; VOLTL         2 mg/L 225
               CHLORTHAL-DIMETHYL (DCPA)                                           STABLE (OL)    STABLE (OL)    2.1 E-6 TORR (OL)                     0.5 ppin 4q(o
               2,4 - D

               DICHLOROANILINE

               ETHYLENETHIOUREA (ETV)                                              STABLE'        STABLE                                               20 ppm (OL
               FENAR1140L                                2,000(OL); 600(SC)        STABLE                        2.2E-7mmHg(SC); 0.013(nPa(BC)         13.7 mg/0qL
               IPRODIONE                                 700(SC); EST.EPA=lK       DEG.1-2   wk   DEG. 3-7d.     <lE-7mmHg(sc); <0.133mPa(BC)          13 mg/t4q(BC
          C)  AZOFOS                                  Too (SC)                                                4.3 mPa (SC); 8.7E-5 m Ng(S4qQ          250mglL4q(*4q)

               ISOFENPHOS

               ANEB                                                               STABLE                        NEGLIGIBLE                            0.5p
                                                                                                                                                           eqgWL;
                                                                                                                                                              c
                                                                                                                                                       mane che8qL
          0   MBC (CARBENDAZIM)                                                   STABLE                        <0.09ma(SC)                          &ng/L@pH7;
               ECOPROP; MCPP (POTASSIUM SALT)                                                                   5E-6mmHg (0a0; 0.3mPa (84q0              620 ppn (0
               METALAXYL                                 50 (S4qQ; 35(GL)                                          0.293mPa@20C(A8qQ;5.6E-6mHgqmHg(SC)         0.7mg/L@20

               PENDIMETHALIN

               PROPAMOCARS HCL (HYDROCHLORIDE)           1E+6 NON-SALT FORM        STABLE         STABLE         c.OmmHg(SC;O.&nPa(SC;8OOmPa(AC        867g/L(BC,
               PROPICONAZOLE                             100 (EST.DL);1000(SC      STABLE         DEG.in   Id.   O.13mPa@20C(A8qQ;4.2E-7mHg(SC)          110 mg/L

               QUINTOZENE; PCkB                                                                                  6.6 mPa (VOLATILIZATION.LOSS)         0.44 mg/0ql
               THIOPHANATE-METHYL                        1830(SC)                                                <lE-7nvnHg(SC)                        3.5mg/I8q(SC
               THIRAM                                    383 (OL)                                                NEGLIGIBLE(B4qQ                         c. 30 mg/0qt
               TRIADIMEFON                               1E+7q(EST.OL); 300(SC      STABLE         10-12 hrs.     1.5E-&q=Hg(SC);                        260mg/I8q(BC

               TRICHLORFON

               TRICHLORO-2-PYRIDINOL

               TRICLOPYR                                 SiLrir-15; CiLw37(OL)   <12 hrs.                      0.168 MPA (AC)                        440 mg/L
 

table v112 pesticides environmental fate characteristics continued
pesticed solidr sokl half life water half life palnt dr plant half life
anilazine 12hr dampsoil 730-790hr @ph4-7 22hr ph9
bendiocarb lm2-4wk sdlm1-3dbc 5d sc lm2-3wk ol 46d ph548hr ph744min ph9 degrades rapid
benfluralin benefin 2.5 8.2 wks ol 1-2 hrs ol
bensulie 0.014-0.01 120-140dlmsdbcsc120 180d0 rel stable
bntazonev stable to acid base hdrolys
carbaryl 7-17d lmsdafc 7-14d sdlm225c 30daph6712dph7 2 4d
natural water 100 dist h20 ol
chlorothalonil 25-56d f h20t sdlm11d lm15d s137d stable 10wks fl 10dgleams
chlophyrifos fsoil 11-14ld 2.5 wl 10ppm0 72daph5+ph7 16daph9 fph om 12hrcorn 303d
chlortmal dimethyl dcpa 2-4wk 72%cl 25%si 4-7wk
60xsdol
24 d
dichlordaniline
ETHYLENETHIOUREA ETU 29-35D STABLE ANAEROBIC 149 D OL
FEMWARIMOL 1YR 2MO-2YR F H20 AT APPLIC STABLE 20D AT PH6 1D AT PH9
iprodione 14d sc 15-45d ol f ph t acid stable 20d at ph61d at ph9
isazofos sdlm 34d sc cllm 60-90d ol 85at ph5 48atph7 19d at ph9 olcalc
isofenphos
manes lmsd dt50 c 25d bc dt50 24 hrs at ph 5-9
nbc carbendazim 1-5 mos approx bc 35d at ph5-7 124d at ph9 bc
mecoprop mcpp potassium salt 7-9 d sdlm cl cllmol rel stable
metalaxyl 70d sc 25d gl 200d at ph1 115d at ph9 12d ph10 10d gl
pendimetmalin
propanocarb hcl hydrochloride 30dsc 10-27d sc microb adapt acid stable
propiconazole 70d ik 110d sc 5dacic stable irrig h20 1dol
quintozene pcng very stable in soil ac stable in aciden deg in base
thiophanate methyl 10d approx bc 1d ol stable ph5 aq deg cu complex deg mbc
thiram ph6 1-2 wk ph7 4-5wk ol deg in air heat water deg to etu bc
triadimefon 6d sicl 18dslm ol 26d sc 1 yr at all ph
trichlorfow
trichlorfow
trichloro 2 pyridinol
triclopyr 46d non leaching conditions
 


                            TABLE VII.2      PESTICIDES - ENVIRONMENTAL FATE CHARACTERISTICS  (continued)

PESTICIDE                       PLANT WASHOFF %  FIELD PERSISTENCE               PERS. @ DEPTH & TIME  MOBILITY                       SURFACE (I-5)

ANILAZINE                                   

BENDIOCARB                                       0-6"soil @14-30d.Function(soil                        Rf=0.59Lm; Rf=0.83Sd (OL)                                    

BENFLURALIN; BENEFIN                             4-8 mos. RES. ACTIVITY                                                               LARGE                                        

BENSULIDE                                        0-2"SOIL @ 4-12mos.                                   NON-MOBILE IN SOIL

BENTAZONE                                        < 6 WKS.                        4-8" @ 7 d.           94%LEACHEDc12"H2o;MOBILEinRUNO HIGH(OL)

CARBARYL                                         1.2ppm-> 0.45(8d), 0.2(30d),    <1d.SOIL,H20,SED.<1PPM Rf=0.2-0.46 Silm,MUCK 8%OM-Sdlm CV>LARGE (90%in1
                                                  .01(68d)(OL)                                          1.5%OM
CHLOROTHALONIL                    5%                                                                    f(%SILT);NOT%OM; Sd.MOD;Si.LOW   LARGE

CHLORPYRIFOS                      65%            VOLATILE & WATER-PHOTOLYSIS     TOP 2" SOIL            LOWin>1%OC;LEACH in BASIC SOIL   LARGE

CHLORTHAL-DIMETHYL (DCPA)                        DT1/2>13 wk. SdLm (OL)                                 Rf=0.0(no UV); Rf=0.75-0.9       <1%DCPA AND MTP
                                                                                                         (after light) (OL)                 LEACH
2,4 - D                                                    

DICHLOROANILINE

ETHYLENETHIOUREA  (ETU)                                                                                 Rf=0.61; MED. MOBILITY (HA/EPA

FENARIMOL                                        FUNCTION OF WATER AFTER APPLIC                         Rf=0.02-0.05; NOT f(OM%, pH)        MEDIUM

IPRODIONE                                        FUNCTION OF pH AND TEMPERATURE  TOP 10 cm. SOIL        MOBILE IN FINE, ACID SOILS          MEDIUM

ISAZOFOS                                                                             6-51% LEACHES      MOBILE; FISH KILL POTENTIAL;

ISOFENPHOS

MANEB                                            DECOMP.BY AIR, MOISTURE, HEAT                          ETU-MOBIL DEGREDATE                 LRG(TERSAN);MED

MBC (CARBENDAZIM)                                DT50=1-5 mos. (BC)                                     MBC IS REL.MOBILE

MECOPROP; MCPP (POTASSIUM SALT)                                                                                                             SMALL

METALAXYL                          70%           FORMED DEGREDATE                   99% @ 6-12cm SdClLm V.HIGH in SAND (70-90%LEACHES)      SMALL

OXADIAZON                                                                           96% @ 5cm. @ 16d.   LOW MOBILITY IN SOIL

PENDIMETHALIN

PROPAMOCARB HCL (HYDROCHLORIDE)                  ACTIV.3-4WK;MICROB.ADAPT.5-56d                         IMMOBILE IN SOIL (OL)

PROPICONAZOLE                                                                                           HIGH MOBILITY IN SAND               MEDIUM

QUINTOZENE; PCNB                                 PERSISTENT; (4-10 mos. (AC))                           LOW MOBILITY IN SOIL

THIOPHANATE-METHYL                               SEE MBC; < 1 d. in SdLm, ClLm                          PARENT & MBC DEG. ARE MOBILE        SMALL

THIRAM                                           THIOPH. 1-2 wks.ALL SOILS (OL)                                                             LARGE

TRIADIMEFON                                      0-6"@5-8mos(Lm); 6-12"@9-29mos     0-6" sand @ 5mos.   AGED RES.LEACH; Rf=0.16-0.28(       MEDIUM

TRICHLORFON

TRICHLORO-2-PYRIDINOL

TRICLOPYR                                        >6" @ >20 d.

                                                                                                                                               	           
                   

TABLE VII.2          PESTICIDES - ENVIRONMENTAL FATE CHARACTERISTICS     (continued)

PESTICIDE                                       LEACHING (I-5)

ANILAZINE 
                                                MOBILE       
BENDIOCARB

BENFLURALIN; BENEFIN                            SMALL

BENSULIDE

BENTAZONE                                       HIGH(OL)

CARBARYL

CHLOROTHALONIL                                  FROM NON-SILTY

CHLORPYRIFOS                                    FROM BASIC SOIL

CHLORTHAL-DIMETHYL (DCPA)

2,4 - D

DICHLOROANILINE
 
ETHYLENETHIOUREA (ETU)

FENARIMOL                                       SMALL

IPRODIONE                                       FROM ACID SOIL

ISAZOFOS                                        LARGE

ISOFENPHOS

MANEB                                           SMALL

MBC (CARBENDAZIM)

MECOPROP: MCPP (POTASSIUM SALT)                 LARGE

METALAXYL                                       MEDIUM; Sd.HIGH

OXADIAZON                                       SMALL (OL)

PENDIMETHALIN

PROPAMOCARB HCL (HYDROCHLORIDE)                 SMALL (OL)

PROPICONAZOLE                                   MEDIUM; Sd.HIGH

QUINTOZENE; PCNB        

THIOPHANATE-METHYL                              MEDIUM

THIRAM                                          SMALL

TRIADIMEFON                                     MEDIUM

TRICHLORFON

TRICHLORO-2-PYRIDINOL

TRICLOPYR











               Table VII.2 Pesticides - Environmental Fate Characteristics
                                            (continued)





            GROUND WATER LEACHING CRITERIA

            Water Solubility:               IS   >   30 mg/l (ppm)
            Distribution Coefficient:       Kd   <    5
            Adsorption Coefficient:         Dads <    5
            Soil (Organic Carbon) Distribution      Coefficient: Kox < 300
            Photolysis Half-life (UV): T(h) >         1 week
            Hydrolysis Half-life:           T(k) >   25 weeks
            Soil Half Life:                 T(k) >    3 weeks (Aerobic metabolism)
            Persistence:                         >   12 weeks






            ADDITIONAL PARAMETERS

            Bioconcentration Factor (BCF)
            Toxicity

            Pesticide Use (amount and site)
            GW/aquifer/well sensitivity


































                                            Ch. 7-12



                                   Pesticide Use on New Jersey
                                                    Golf Courses
                                               Frequency of use
                                 Figure VII.1 Freguency of Pesticide Use on New Jersey Golf
                                                              Courses
                           Pesticide

                        Ch lorothalon i

                                                        ............ ......... .. ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................
                                                                                         ............


                                                                                                               ..........
                               lprodione::::::,::,
                                                                                               .....................................
                                                               ........... ...........
                                                                                             ....................
                                                                                                         ......... .....
                                                                                                 ....................... .......
                                                      ............
                                                      ............
                                                                                       ...................
                                                                                                          ................ ........
                  Propamocarb
                                                   ...........           - --- --                ................... ......
                                                .......... . .. ...........                 .... ...............................

                                                                                                               ..........
                                                                                                         ...........  ................
                                                                                                           .............

                                                                                            .. .............
                                                                                                 ...............................
                             M a n c o z e b 1111111 i                                                      .....................
                                                        .....................
                                                                     ............ .......... . ... ............ ............. .............
                                                      .............
                                                                                          ....      .. .........
                                                                                          ...... ...... .................. .......... ...............

                                                                                                        ...........
                                                                                                 ............................
                                                                                                           ............ ........
                                                                                                        ... ........
                                                        .........................
                                                          ...............


                                                                                                        ...........
                                                                                                        ...........
                                                                                                        ..........
                                                                                                        ..............
                                                      ............
                                                                                                             ...................
                                                      ............
                                                      ............
                                                      .............
                                   T h i ra m
                                                      ........... ............
                                                                                   . . . . . . . . . . . ..................
                                                          .. .....              . . . . . .
                                                            ..........
                                                      ............                 II ...                   ......... ........
                                                          .................. .                          ............
                                                                         .............. ........ ................. .......  .........................


                                                                                           . ..........
                                                                                                          ................ ........
                                Anilazine:::"*'         .......................
                                                      .. ........
                                                      ............
                                                ................
                                               ....... . ..............                            .......
                                                             .... ......... .....        ... .....
                                                                ........                ................
                                                                        ............... ... ................
                                                               ..............
                                                               ...............
                                                      .............
                                                 ............:                               .... .
                                                                ..............
                 Chlorthal-Dimethyl;
                                                      ................ .....
                                                                ...........
                                                  ............ .                                                ........
                                           '80       60      40      20        0     80      160 240 320
                                               % of Courses                            Avg.    Lbs. /course










                                  Chapter 8. Recycled Materials



             The use of recycled materials in the construction of a golf

             course is encouraged in order to conserve natural resources

             and to decrease society's production of solid wastes. Some

             specifics concerning the use of recycled material in the

             construction of a golf course are:


                  A. New Jersey's Department of Transportation allows 1-5

                      aggregate used in roadway subbase construction to be

                      produced from recycled concrete aggregate. For

                      information concerning DOT's regulations please call

                      the Department of Transportation at (609) 530-2098.

                   B. The Bureau of Market Development, Source Reduction,

                      and County Planning (BMDSR&CP) has been encouraging

                      the use of'recycled materials under the condition

                      that the effectiveness of the recycled material has

                      been fully examined and considered. Recycled

                      materials may be applicable for various structures

                      at the golf courses including cart paths, some

                      structures requiring wood, drainage applications,

                      etc. For a list of recycled materials suitable for

                      such applications and for information concering the

                      substitution of virgin materials for recycled

                      materials in the construction and maintenance of

                      golf courses, please call BSRMD&CP at (609) 530-

                      8207.





                                        Ch. 8-1










                   C. The DSWM also recommends that whenever possible,

                      recycled materials be utilized in the construction

                      and maintenance of the golf course. Potential

                      applications include the following:

                      a. Recycled plastic pilings and structural building

                          components used in cartpaths or for landscaping

                          throughout the golfcourse particularly in wet


                          areas;

                      b. Recycled plastic automobile tire stops in parking

                          lots;

                      c. Recycled concret,,i aggregate or asphalt millings

                          in parking lot or cart path construction;

                      d.  Recycled wood chips/mulch used in landscaping;

                      e.  Sludge derived products (pelletized

                          fertilizers, liming agents, and compost)

                          incorporated into the management of a golf

                          course. (Note: Because sludge derived products

                          are regulated under certain situations, further

                          information should be obtained from the Residuals

                          Management Permits Section at (609) 633-3823.)

                   D. The National Standard Plumbing Code was rcently

                      amended to allow the use of "crushed-recycled glass

                      aggregate" in the construction of subsoil drains

                      around the perimeter of all buildings having

                      basements, cellars, or crawl spaces or floors below

                      grade. (See appendix E)






                                          Ch. 8-2










                  E. Other recycled materials which may have potential

                     use at a golf course for drainage purposes are

                     currently being tested. The study results will be

                     available to the public when the testing has been

                     completed. The candidate recycled materials are

                     crushed container glass (e.g. green and mixed color

                     glass) and recycled concrete aggregate. Potential

                     areas for application of these recycled materials

                     would be the subsurface drainage layer of greens.

                  F. For recyclable solid waste generated at the golf

                     course, such as tree stumps, the Division of Solid

                     Waste Management (DSWM) advises that regulation at

                     NJAC 7:26A-1.1 et seq. require it be sent to one of

                     the State's approved recycling centers. A current

                     list of these centers and the materials they accept

                     for recycling can be obtained by calling DSWM at

                     (609) 530-8591.




























                                        Ch. 8-3










                            chapter 9. Regulatory Authority


           Although other statutes are not excluded in determining the
           statutory and regulatory authority by which golf course
           construction is regulated in New Jersey, four state statutes
           related to the Land Use Regulation Program can be applied
           depending on the location and overall scope of the project. Each
           of the four statutes, as explained below, requires that specific
           findings be made to ensure that the resources of the area,
           including water quality, are not negatively impacted.


           I.  The Coastal Area Facility Review Act, N.J.S.A.13:19-1 et seq.
               requires that certain sized facilities within a designated
               coastal area extending South along the coast from
               Middlesex/Monmouth to Salem/Cumberland counties receive a
               permit prior to the commencement of construction.


               While Golf Courses per se, are not one of the regulated
               activities, they are often associated with development of
               greater than 25 or more dwelling units which are regulated
               under the CAFRA Statute. Another measure also used in
               determining if a CAFRA Permit is required is proposed length
               of sewer, road construction or parking, which may be
               associated with golf course construction.


               outside of the designated CAFRA area, development including
               golf courses within 100-500 feet of a tidal waterway is
               regulated by the Waterfront Development Law N.J.S.A. 12:5-3.


               In each case, under either the CAFRA or the Waterfront
               Development Law an application is reviewed for consistency
               with the Rules on Coastal Zone Management N.J.A.C. 7:7E.


               These rules contain specific and detailed parameters set out
               in a framework of Location, Use and Resource Policies. Some






                                        Ch. 9-1









              commonly encountered policies likely to pertain to golf
              course construction and management are as follows:
              Endangered and Threatened Wildlife or Vegetation K.J.A.C.
              7:7E-3.38 and Critical Wildlife Habitat, N.J.A.C. 7:7E-3.38,
              are certain habitats, ecotones or edges between two types of
              habitats, which deserve protection from development which
              would adversely impact these areas.


              Water Quality, N.J.A.C. 7:7E-8.4, requires that developments
              not violate water quality requirements under the Clean Water
              Act and recognizes that most of New Jersey's natural
              resources are directly affected by the quality of their
              surface and ground waters.                             a


              Surface and Groundwater Use, N.J.A.C. 7:7E-8.5 and 6 require
              that any proposed work which shall utilize either surface or
              ground water would not exceed the ground water capacity nor
              alter the present surface water flow patterns or degrade the
              quality of the resource.


              Stormwater Runoff, N.J.A.C. 7:7E-8.7 pertains to the
              maximization of surface water recharge utilizing best
              available management practices to ensure long term water
              quality protection. Regulated golf courses a@re required to
              provide a series of assurances through ground and surface
              water monitoring that no degradation of the water resources
              will be experienced.


              Vegetation, N.J.A.C.  7:7E-8.8 entails the careful siting of a
              facility to minimize the physical disturbance of a site and
              maximize the retention of existing plant material. Uses of
              indigenous shrub and tree species are promoted through this
              policy.


              Important Wildlife Habitat, N.J.A.C. 7:7E-8.9, habitats,
              which provide needed food and cover,  are dependent on good




                                        Ch. 9-2









               water quality to ensure maximum wildlife productivity. Any
               development that alters these sites without management
               techniques which minimize the impact, is discouraged.


               The Buffers and Compatibility of Uses Policy, N.J.A.C. 7:7E-
               8.13, identifies the important function of set aside or
               buffer areas in order to protect the integrity of significant

               natural resources and current land uses.



           II. The Flood Hazard Area Control Act, N.J.S.A. 58:16A-50,
               requires a stream encroachment permit for certain activities
               within the flood hazard area. The Rules and Regulations
               Governing the Flood Hazard Area are identified as N.J.A.C.
               7:13-1.1 et.seq. The purpose and scope of the Act are as
               follows:



               A. The general purpose of the Act is to control construction
                   and other developmental activities in stream channels and
                   in areas subject to flooding in order to avoid or
                   mitigate detrimental effects of such activities.



               B.  The regulation's intention is to minimize losses and
                   damage to public and private property caused by land uses
                   and channel modifications which, at times of flood,
                   increase flood heights and/or velocities; to safeguard
                   the public from the dangers and damages caused by
                   materials being swept onto nearby or downstream lands; to
                   protect and enhance the public's health and welfare by
                   minimizing the degradation of stream water quality from
                   point and non-point pollution sources, and to protect
                   wildlife and fisheries by preserving and enhancing water
                   quality and the environment of thestream channel and
                   floodplain.








                                        Ch. 9-3









              C.  Without proper controls, stream encroachments may
                  adversely affect the flood carrying capacity of the
                  stream, may create new facilities within areas subject to
                  floods, may reduce natural flood storage that the flood
                  plain provides, and may result in increased
                  sedimentation, erosion, or other environmental damage.
                  Any stream encroachment must conform to certain criteria
                  which depend upon the characteristics of the area and the
                  type of activity involved.



              The Stream Encroachment Permit is required whether the work
              is permanent or temporary. Examples of regulated work include
              removal of vegetation alonq a stream bank or a stream
              crossing, the construction-of culverts, outfall structures,
              detention basins, stormwater discharge, wetland fill,
              grading, etc.


              The Flood Hazard Area regulations apply to all stream
              encroachments within the flood hazard area and the 100 year
              flood plains within the State of New Jersey, at locations
              having a drainage area of over 50 acres and all Projects of
              Special Concern as defined in N.J.A.C. 7:13-5. The
              Regulations also apply to all perennial trout associated

              streams.



              A Project of Special Concern is a classification for a stream
              encroachment project which, because of its adverse impacts,
              will be subject to the special conditions described in
              N.J.A.C. 7:13-5. Activities which are proposed on a perennial
              stream that will channelize that stream for over 100 feet,
              disturb a distance over 300 feet on either side of a bridge
              or culvert, or remove 6,000 sq ft of existing woodlands
              within 25 feet of the banks will be classified as a project
              of special concern. In addition, stream encroachment projects
              which the Department determines would be likely to produce





                                        Ch. 9-4











               serious adverse effects on the water resources of the State
               shall also be handled as Projects of Special Concern. Such
               effects shall include, but are not limited to the following:



               b.  Potential serious adverse effects on the biota of the
                   stream, the adjoining wetlands, or on sites where dredged
                   spoils are to be disposed of including, but not limited
                   to rare or endangered species.


               No. Potential serious degradation of water quality below the
                   Department's Surface Water Quality Standards.


               10. Potential serious adverse effects on water resources
                   including, but not limited to, adverse effects on potable
                   water supplies, flooding, drainage, channel stability,
                   navigation, energy production, municipal, industrial, or
                   agricultural water supplies, fisheries or  ' recreation.
                   Such impacts include damage to potential as well as
                   existing water users.



               Projects of Special Concern always include stream
               encroachment applications requiring the loss of more than
               6,000 square feet of vegetation within 50 feet of the banks
               of trout associated streams or the construction of low dams
               across perennial, trout associated streams, except for the
               reconstruction or repair of existing dams. In addition,
               stream encroachment projects causing exposure of acid
               producing deposits along Taore than 50 feet of stream channel,
               if the drainage area of the stream is greater than 50 acres,
               will also be classified as a Project of Special Concern.
               However, this applies to smaller streams if the stream is
               trout associated and if the stream is perennial.


               These regulations also do not apply to activities along the
               Delaware and the Raritan Canal except insofar as such




                                         Ch. 9-5









               activities affecting streams that flow into, over, under, or
               parallel to the canal; nor do they apply to most tidal
               waterbodies where a Waterfront Development Permit is issued.



          III. Freshwater Wetlands Protection Act (N.J.S.A. 13:9B-1

               et seq.)


               Freshwater wetlands are protected under the Freshwater
               Wetlands Protection Act because it has been determined that:
               freshwater wetlands protect and preserve drinking water
               supplies by serving to purify surface water and ground water
               resources; freshwater wetlands provide a natural means of
               flood and storm damage protection, and thereby prevent the
               loss of life and property through the absorption and storage
               of water during high runoff periods and the reduction of
               flood crests;-freshwater wetlands serve as a transition zone
               between dry land and water courses, thereby retarding soil
               erosion; freshwater wetlands provide essential breeding,
               spawning, nesting and wintering habitats for a major portion
               of the State's fish and wildlife, including migrating birds,
               endangered species, and commercially and recreationally
               important wildlife; and that freshwater wetlands maintain a
               critical baseflow to surface waters through the gradual
               release of stored flood waters and ground water, particularly
               during drought periods.


               Transition (or buffer) areas are regulated under the
               Freshwater Wetlands Protection Act because it has been
               determined that a transition area serves as an ecological
               transition zone from uplands to freshwater wetlands. The
               transition area is an integral portion of the freshwater
               wetlands ecosystem, providing temporary refuge for freshwater
               wetland fauna during high water episodes, critical habitat
               for animals dependent upon but not resident in freshwater
               wetlands. Such an.area provides slight variations of





                                        Ch. 9-6









               freshwater wetland boundaries over time due to hydrologic or
               climatologic effect; and a sediment and stormwater control
               zone to reduce the impacts of development upon freshwater
               wetlands and freshwater wetland species.


               Golf courses are not specifically listed under the Freshwater
               Wetlands Protection Act as a regulated activity. They end up
               being regulated when the applicant proposes a regulated
               activity within a freshwater wetlands or transition area
               (wetlands buffer). The following is a list of regulated
               activities within wetlands as set forth in N.J.A.C. 7:7A-2.3
               and the list of regulated activities in transition areas as
               set forth in N.J.A.C. 7:7A-6.2:




               A. Wetlands
                  1. The removal, excavation, disturbance or dredging of
                     soil, sand, gravel, or aggregate material of any kind;
                  2. The drainage or disturbance of the water level or water
                     table;
                  3. The dumping, discharging or filling with any materials;
                  4. The placing of obstructions;
                  5. The destruction of plant life which would alter the
                     character of a freshwater wetland, including the
                     cutting of trees except for the approved harvesting  of
                     forest products pursuant to N.J.A.C. 7:7A-2.7(b); and
                  6. The term "regulated activity" shall also mean the
                     discharge of dredged or fill material into State open

                     waters.



               B. Tran.sition Area
                  1. Removal, excavation, or disturbance of the soil;
                  2. Dumping or filling with any materials;
                  3. Erection of structures;
                  4. Placement of pavements; and






                                        Ch. 9-7










                  5. Destruction of plant life which would alter the
                     existing pattern of vegetation.


               An example of a regulated activity commonly associated with a
               golf course is the construction of a stormwater outfall
               structure in the wetlands. These outfalls usually discharge
               waters from a "water hazard area" or detention/retention
               basin located on the golf course. In reviewing a freshwater
               wetland application, the Department would consider
               disturbance of wetlands, transition areas, state open waters,
               water quality and hydrological changes.


               In summary, wetlands and transition areas perform essential
               functions which range from acting as ground water recharge
               zones to habitat for numerous flora and fauna. Protection of
               these resources is mandated by the Act and when issuing a
               permit to disturb these areas the State must be confident
               that their long term functions have not been sacrificed for
               development. Therefore monitoring of project sites after
               construction allows the State two main pieces of information.
               One is the short-term verification of the success of the
               stormwater management plan. The other is the collection of
               data to assess the long-term impacts of development on these
               sensitive resources. With this information the Program is
               better able to appraise the impa cts a proposed project may
               have on the wetlands and transition areas and the resources

               associated with them.





















                                        Ch. 9-8









                                  Chapter 10. References


            Arnold, J.G., Williams, J.R. Griggs, R.H., Sammons, N.B., 1991,
                 SWRRBWQ, A Basin Scale model for Assessing Management
                 Impacts on Water Quality. USDA.

            Balogh, J., and Walker, W., 1992. Golf Course Management
                and Construction: Environmental Issues. Lewis Publish-
                ers. Chelsea, Mi. 951 pp.

            Beard, James, 1973. Turfqrass Science and Culture
                Prentice Hall. New York, N.Y. 672 pp.

            Cohen, S.Z., Nickerson, S., Maxey, R., Dupuy A., and Senita, J.A.
                 1990. A Ground Water Monitoring Study for Pesticides and
                 Nitrate Associated With Golf Courses on Cape Cod. Ground
                 Water Monitoring Review. Winter, p. 160-173.
            Horsley, S.W. and Moser, J.A.@, 1990, Monitoring Ground Water for
                 Pesticides at a Golf Course - A Case Study on Cape Cod,
                 Massachusetts, Ground Wa;@er Monitoring Reviw, Winter,
                 p. 101-108.

            Knisel, 1980, CREAM Model (Chemicals, Runoff, and Erosion from
                 Agricultural Management Systems), USDA.

            Leslie, Anne, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1988.
                "Development of an IPM Program for Turfgrass". Integrated
                Pest Management for Turfgrass and ornamentals, August.

            New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and Energy
                (NJDEPE), Bureau of Water Supply Planning, 1992. "Ground
                Water Protection Practices for Urban\Suburban Landscaping".
                June.


            NJDEPE, Office of Regulatory Policy, 1992 "Stormwater and
                Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Best Management Practices
                Manual", Final Draft.

            NJDEPE, Pesticide Control Program, 1992. "Survey of Pesticide Use
                on Golf Courses". August.

            Petrovic A. M., 1990. The Fate of Nitrogenous Fertilizers Applied
                 to Turfgrass. J. Environ. Qual. 19:1-14..

            Petrovic, A. Martin, Cornell University, 1989. "Golf Course
                Management and Nitrates in Groundwater". Golf Course
                Management, September.

            Powell, R. 0. and Jollie, J. B., 1990. Environmental Guidelines
                 for the Design and Maintenance of Golf Courses, Department
                 of Environmental Protection and Resource Management,
                 Baltimore county, Maryland, November 15.,



                                         Ch. 10-1









            Sherman, R.C., 1985. "Turfgrass Culture and Water Use". in
                Gibeault, V.A. and Cockerham, S.T. (Eds.) Turfgrass Water
                Conservation. University'of California, Riverside, Division
                of Agriculture and Natural Resources, p. 61-70.

            Shoemaker, L.L., Magette, W.L. and A. Shirmohammadi. 1990.
                 Modeling management practice effects on pesticide movement
                 to ground water. Ground Water Monitoring Review, 10 #1:
                 P. 109-115.

            Stack, Lois, University of Maine, 1991. "Low Chemical Landscape
               .Management on a Golf Course". The Grass Roots, July/August.

            Triad Environmental Associates, Inc., 1990. "Environmental
                Impacts of Fertilizers Used on Golf Courses: A Review".
                Prepared for River Vale Realty Company, August.

            Watschke, Thomas L. and Mumma, Ralph 0., 1990, Environmental
                Resources Research Institute in Cooperation with Pennsylvania
                State University. "The Effect of Nutrients and Pesticides
                Applied to Turf on the Quality of Runoff and Percolating
                Water", February.

            Watson, J.R., Jr., 1985. "Water Resources in the United States".
                in Gibault, V.A. and Cockerham, S.T. (Eds.)Turfgrass Water
                Conservation. University of California, Riverside, Division
                of Agriculture and Natural Resources, p. 61-70.

            Welterlen, M.S., Gross, C.M., Angle, J.S. and Hill, R.L. 1989.
                "Surface Runoff from Turf". in Leslie, A.R. and Metcalf,,R.L.
                (Eds.) Integrated Pest Management for Turfqrass and
                Ornamentals. Office of Pesticide Programs. U.S. Environmental
                Protection Agency.

            Youngner, V.B., 1970. "Turfgrass Varieties and Irrigation
                Practices". Golf Superintendant.






















                                        Ch. 10-2













           I






















                                      s- endix A.
                                       vp



              Example of Modeling Simulation for a Proposed Golf Course


Pollution Prevention Assessment for

the Proposed "Greens at Galloway" Development,

Galloway Township, Atlantic County, NJ

Prepared by

Office of Regulatory Policy

Standards and Systems Analysis Program

NJDEPE

May 1992












                                        ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS




                The Standards and Systems Analysis Program 'Within the  office
                of ReTilatory Policy acknowledges those individuals who
                participated in the completion of this report. The following
                personnel were responsible for completing this project with
                contributions from the following:


                Shing-Fu Hsueh, Ph.D., P.E.J. P.P., Assistant Administrator -
                Overall Management and Policy Direction

                Dhun B. Patel, Ph.D., Acting Section Chief - Administrative
                Assistance and Report Review

                Phillip Liu, Ph.D., Environmental Scientist II - Coordinator
                and Principal Investigator - Coordination, Supervision,
                Technical Guidance, and Modeling.
                Tom Cosmas, Senior Environtlental Specialist - Soil and
                Nutrient Modeling

                Margaret Elsis hans, Senior Environmental Specialist
                Pesticide Modeling.

                Land Use Regulation Program   Providing Site Plan and related
                Information.

                Standards and Criteria Section, Standards and Systems Analyses
                Program - Providing Waterway Classification and Criteria for
                Pesticides.









                POLLUTION PREVENTION ASSXSSMENT FOR THE PROPOSED "GREENS AT
               GALLOWAY" DEVELOPMENT, GALLOWAY TOWNSHIP, ATLANTIC COUNTY, NJ



             I.   INTRODUCTION

             Plans for a proposed residential development, which would include
             a golf course in Galloway Township, Atlantic County were
             submitted to the Department for review. The property to be
             developed is approximately 371 acres in size; 123 acres would be
             residential, 91 acres would consist of an 18 hole golf course
             and the remaining acreage falls under the categories of wetlands,
             buffers, etc. The developers received a use variance from the
             Township to develop the golf course on land designated within the
             Township as open conservation.



             II. OBJECTIVE


             After the plans for the Greens at Galloway Development were
             received by the Department, the Land Use Regulation Program
             requested that the Standards-and Systems Analysis Program (SSAP),
             within the office of Regulatc 'ry Policy, review the proposed
             development plans. The objective of SSAP's review was to assess
             the water quality impact of a golf course development on the
             proposed site which is adjacent to a Category One waterway within
             the Edwin B. Forsythe National Wildlife Refuge (EFNWR).



             III. STUDY AREA


             The proposed 371 acre development is situated in the northeast
             corner of a 1,948 acre drainage basin. The Doughty Creek borders
             the northern border of the proposed development area and an
             unnamed creek borders the eastern side of the proposed
             development area. These two creeks, which are surrounded by
             wetlands, join together in the northeast corner of the proposed
             development and drain into Lily Lake which abuts and discharges
             directly into the Category One waterway in EFNWR. The distance
             between the juncture of the two creeks and the boundaries of the
             EFNWR is approximately one-third of a mile (Figure 1).

             As per N.J.A.C. 7:9-4.15(c), the EFNWR has a surface water
             classification of FW2-NTISEI (Category 1). This classification
             designates bodies of water in which "No measurable change" is
             allowed (including calculable or predicted,changes).to the
             existing water quality. The Doughty Creek and the unnamed creek
             will receive runoff and/or overflow waters from the proposed
             development and are located upstream of this Category 1 (Cl)
             waterway. Therefore, the creek water quality must be maintained
             at a level which will not violate standards and will not cause
             any measurable (calculable or predicted) change to the C1 water
             quality downstream.










             it was noted that an Oceanville Bog lies just beyond the
             'wetlands buffer' -to the proposed Galloways development. The
             wetlands classification for the bog ranges from a scrub/shrub
             mixture of conifer & deciduous trees on saturated soils to stands
             of white cedar in seasonally to semipermanent wet soils.


             IV. SOIL and LAND USES

             Soil information was obtained from the local Atlantic County
             Agricultural Extension Service and the Soil Survey of Atlantic
             County, New Jersey Soil Book. The major soil types composing the
             development are Sassafras, a sandy loam and Dower, a loamy sand.
             The soils coverage for the basin was obtained by digitizing@the
             Ocean County SCS Soil Survey maps on the NJDEPE GIS (Geographic
             Information System). A summary s-oil series frequency table for
             the whole basin (Table 1.) was derived from this combined
             coverage.   To obtain the area of each soil series in each
             subcatchment, a detailed frequency table (Table 2.) was
             consolidated. From this table it was found that of the nine
             soils present two soils represented approximately 61% of the
             total area. Sassafras soils represented 33% and Downer soils
             represented 28% of the total basin. Since these two soils have
             similar physical characteristics, rather than calculate a
             composite value for the various soil characteristics for each
             subcatchment, Sassafras was chosen as the typical soil for the
             entire basin for modeling purposes.

             Pre-development, the 1,948 acre drainage basin contains 5 sub-
             basins which eventually drain into Lily Lake (Figure Ia.). Post
             development, due to the construction of residential and golf
             course which will cause a topographical alteration, the area will
             contain 19 new smaller sub-basins to control and direct water
             runoff (Figure 1b.). Eighteen of the newly created subbasins
             would contain portions of the golf course; only one sub-basin
             would be completely residential. Based on the drainage plans of
             the golf course, the proposed ten ponds are designed to primarily
             catch runoff from golf @course which are composed of 10 sub-basins
             as shown in Figure 1. The remainder of the 19 sub-basins drain
             directly offsite into the two creeks flowing by the study area.
             In short, the 19 subbasins drain into either a pond or drain
             offsite into one of the two creeks draining into Lily Lake.
             Through regrouping into 'pond' and 'non-pond' catchments, the
             area represented by each land cover in each subbasin was
             determined and is shown in Tablc 3.














                                                                                                                                                   IE3 9-:50







                                                   ... . .......                            ........ ...... ..


                                                                                   ...............                       7





                        IE3-4





                                                                                     /4   j
                                                         1.21
                                                                                                                                        IE3a

                                                                                                  . .... .......




                                                                          .. ..... .....



                                                                                          10




                                                                            .9






                                                        IE3 I-


                 Figure 1. b. Proposed                  site Plan for Greens at Galloways and development subcatchment
                                         delineation superimposed on the.pre-development subbasin delineation.
                                                                    -&-t,k@nr nar&-ar- areen tines a ore-devatopment subbesins, and btue tines - strewn and ponds)













                                         j





























                                                                                       ..... ......





                                                                       1131-3




                                                              IE3




                                                              .... .............








                                                 .............
                                                          . . ..... ..........

          Figure 1. a. Pre- Greens at Galloways subbasin delineation               and location of the proposed
                           development.










               Table 2. Soils & Land Use Data for Each Catchment Basin Above
                               Lily Lake, Galloway Township, NJ
                                        (Total = 1948.97 Acres).

                                      Acres of Soil for Each            Percentage of
                Sub-                                                       Subbasin
                basin L U Soil        Soil     Lnd Use Subbas       Soil/ Soil/ L U/
                Name Name Series      Series   Total     Total      Total Lnd Use Total


                 Bl Glf        AmB      0.10                        0.02    0.17
                               ArB      1.52                        0.25    2.68
                               DoA      4.04                        0.67    7.14
                               HaA      6.99                        1.17   12.36
                               KmA     11.94                        1.99   21.11
                               SaB     31.98     56.56              5.33   56.53     9.43
                      Opn      ArB     76.85                       12.82   16.76
                               DoA    147.25                       24.55   32.12
                               HaA     92.69                       15.46   20.21
                               KmA     60.81                       10.14   13.26
                               SaA     10.82                        1.80    2.36
                               SaB     70.09   458.50              11.69   15.29   76.46
                      Res      ArB     22.24                        3.71   26.27
                               DoA     24.59                        4.10   29.06
                               HaA     13.29                        2.22   15.71
                               KmA,     6.87                        1.14    8.11
                               SaB     17.64    84.63    599.69     2.94   20.85   14.11


                 B2 Opn        ArB     35.99                       32.58   32.58
                               DoA      3.36                        3.04    3.04
                               HaA      1.94                        1.76    1.76
                               KmA     10.08                        9.12    9.12
                               SaB     59.07   110.44 110.44       53.49,  53.49   100.00


                 B3 Opn        Ac      10.69                        3.88    4.04
                               ArB     11.89                        4.31    4.49
                               DoA    148.20                       53.76   56.02
                               HmA     11.95                        4.33    4.52
                               KmA      0.01                        0.00    0.00
                               MU       3.72                        1.35    1.40
                               SaB     78.12   264.57              28.34   29.53    95.97
                     Res       DoA      0.68                        0.25    6.13
                               SaB     10.43    11.11   275.68      3.78   93.87     4.03










                         Table 1. Pro-Development Soil Asiociation Acreage

                                                     Area in Acres
                       Soil Series              Seaview
                       Symbol    Name         Golf Crse Open       Res S/F     Total

                       At        Atsion                    41-26                41.26
                       AmB,ArB   Aura             1.62 270.55         43.69    315.85
                       DoA       Downer            4.04    472.12     72.00    548.16
                       EvB       Evesboro                   2.53       2.89       5.41
                       HaA,HmA   Hammofiton        6.99    227.84     27-27    262.10
                       KmA       Klej            11.94     72.62      11.62     96.18
                       MU        Muck                      24.35       1.29     25.64,
                       P0        Pocomoke                   3.33       0.45       3.78
                       SaB       Sassafras       31.98     550.62     68.00    650.60


                        Total                    56.56   1665.20     227.21    1948.97


                                           Percent Total Area     of Basin
                       Soil Series                                Seaview
                       Symbol    Name           Open Res S/F      Golf Crse    Total

                       At       Atsion                      2.12                  2.12
                       AinB,ArB Aura             <0.01     13.88       2.24     16.21
                       DoA      Downer           0.21      24.22       3.69     28.13
                       EvB      Evesboro                    0.13       0.15       0.28
                       HaA,HmA  Hammonton        0.36      11.69       1.40     13.45
                       KTnA     Klej             0.61       3.73       0.60       4.93
                       MU       Muck                        1.25       0.07       1.32
                       P0       Pocomoke                    0.17       0.02       0.19
                       SaB      Sassafras        1.64      28.25       3.49     33.38










              Table 3.    Comparison of Pre- and Post- Greens at Galloway Golf
                               Course Dbvelopment Land Use Distribution

                A.  Study Area Land Use Distribution (Acres)

                                                                   Total
               Subbasin Open      Res      Turf     Ponded      All   Non-Ponded

                 la       499.83  84.63    15.23      0.00    599.69   599.69
                 lb       478.55  85.61'   15.23    20.31     599.69   579.38


                 2a       110.44    0.00    0.00      0.00    110.44   110.44
                 2b       43.43   12.25    44.91      9.85    110.44   100.59


                 3a       264.57  11.11     0.00      0.00    275-68   275.68
                 3b       157.46  22.72     1.70    93.80     275.68   181.88


                 4a       551.13  64.02     0.00      0.00    615.15   615.15
                 4b       458.80  126.57   15.46,   14.32     615.15   600.83

                 5a       280.78  67.45     0.00      0.00    348.23   348.23
                 5b       279.62  68.24     0.37      0.00    348.23   348.23
                                                           1                     1
              B. Percent of Non-Pond Area             Subbasin 1 Turf acreage
                                                      derived from the tees,
              Subbasin     Open    Res      Turf      fairways and greens
                                                      distribution in the
                 la       83.35%  14.11%    2.54%     proposed Greens at
                 lb       82.60%  14.78%    2.63%     Galloways:

                 2a       100.00%   0.00%   0.00%     Galloways Golf Course Seaview
                 2b       43.17%  12.18%   44.65%     Land Use Distribution    G C


                 3a       95.97%    4.03%   0.00%          Acres Percent      Acres
                 3b       86.57%  12.49%    0.94%   -
                                                      F&T   50.24 25.87       14.63
                 4a.      89.59%  10.41%    0.00%     G       2.04   1.05       0.59
                 4b       76.36%  21.07%    2.57%     RGH  141.92   73.08     41.33
                 5a       80.63%  19.37%    0.00%     TotalI194.20            56.56
                 5b       80.30%  19.60%    0.11%

               Note: Res    Residential Area (may  include commercial),
                    Turf    Fairways, Tees and Greens, RGH = Rough
                    Open    All remaining area (includes golf course rough),
                    F&T- Fairways & Tees, G =Greens, a         pre-development,
                    b     post-development.









                Table 2. Soils       Lznd Use Data for Each Catchment (cont.)
                                        (Total   1948.97 Acres).

                                       Acres of Soil for Each          Percentage of
                 Sub-                                                  . Subbasin
                 basin L U Soil        Soil    Lnd Use Subbas      Soil/ Soil/ L U/
                 Name Name Series      Series  Total    Total      Total Lnd Use Total

                  B4   Opn     Ac      14.67                       2.38    2.66
                               ArB     130.79                      21.26  23.73
                               DoA'    90.11                       14.65  16.35
                               HaA      9.83                       1.60    1.78
                               HmA     71.25                       11.58  12.93
                               KmA      1.72                       0.28    0.31
                               Mu       7.32                       1.19    1.33
                               SaA     83.25                       13.53  15.11
                               SaB     142.17  551.lj              23.11  25.80   89.59
                      Res      ArB     21.45                       3.49   33.51
                               DoA     26.08                       4.24   40.73
                               HaA      0.08                       0.01    0.12.
                               HmA      1.91                       .0.31   2.99
                               KmA      4.75                       0.77    7.42
                               SaA      9.75    64.02 615.15       1.59   15.23   10.41

                 B5   Opn      Ac,     15.90                       4.57    5.67
                               ArB     15.02                       4.32    5.36
                               DoA     83.18                       23.90  29.65
                               EvB      2.53                       0.73    0.90
                              _HaA     36.21                       10.40  12.91
                               HmA      3.97                       1.14    1.42
                               MU      13.32                       3.83    4.75
                               Po       3.33                       0.96    1.19
                               SaB     107.09 280.56               30.77  38.17   80.62
                      Res      DoA     20.66                       5.94   30.62
                               EvB      2.89                       0.83    4.28
                               HaA     11.99                       3.45   17.78
                               MU       1.29                       0.37    1.91
                               P0       0.45                       0.13    0.67.
                               SaB     30.18   67.45    348.01     8.67   44.75 19.38


               Note:
                         "Glf =   Seaview Country Club & Golf      Course
                          Opn =   Open space (i.e. not residential or golf course)
                          Res =   Primarily single-family residential area; ,
                                  may include commercial/industrial development.








             V.1.1 Database and input information

                  A. Pesticides

                  The following list of pe sticides to be used at the golf
                  course was submitted by the developers:



                  HERBICIDES        FUNGICIDFS          INSECTICIDES



                  MCPP              Benomyl             Chlorpyrifos
                  Bensulide         Iprodione
                  Oxadiazon         Triadimefon
                                    Maneb
                                    Anilazine
                                    Metalaxyl
                                    Thiram

                  In this study, five of@the above pesticides were selected
                  for simulation due to the availability of the data.. The
                  five pesticides run through PRZM were: Chlorpyrifos, Maneb,
                  Bensulide, Benomyl and Metalaxyl. Application rates were
                  supplied-by the permittee. Fungicides are to be applied
                  monthly from May through September. Insecticides are to be
                  applied as needed with a one time application to the
                  fairways. Herbicides are to be applied twice a year.

                  Pesticide application dosages used in the model were the
                  percent active ingredient present. The simulation duration
                  for the pesticides were 3 consecutive years with an
                  exception of Chlorpyrifos which was simulated with various
                  design storm events. In summary, the scenarios for
                  pesticides are:

                  a. Chlorpyrifos - Chlorpyrifos is an insecticide which is
                    proposed to be used on the greens and fairways of the
                    golf course. The scenarios conducted for Chlorpyrifos
                    were one application each at the rates of 1 lb/acre, 4
                    lb/acre and 8 lb/acre immediately prior to design storm
                    events.

                  b. BENOMYL - Benomyl is a fungicide which is to be used at
                    the golf course on greens, tees and fairways. Benomyl is
                    to be applied once per month from May through September
                    for three consecutive years. As per the technical data
                    sheet, Benomyl is toxic to fish. Benomyl is not to be
                    applied where runoff is likely to occur. The.96 hour
                    LC50 for rainbow trout is 0.41 ppm.

                  c. BENSULIDE - Bensulide is an herbicide which is to be used
                    at the golf course on greens, tees and fairways.
                    Bensulide is to be applied two times per year for three
                    years. As per the Material Safety Data Sheet untreated











              V.   MATERIAL-and METHODS

              In or der to evaluate the quality and quantity of the runoff water
              from the proposed development site entering the Doughty Creek
              which eventually flows into the'EFNWF, two computer models, STORM
              (Storage, Treatment, Overflow, Runoff Model) and PRZM (Pesticide
              Root Zone Model), and one desktop groundwater model were selected
              to assess the pesticides and nutrients impact on receiving water
              via surface runoff and ground water seepage.

              In order to ensure pollution prevention to the downstream
              Category One water, the simulated scenarios were conducted.with
              conservative assumptions. For instance, a pesticide or nutrient
              application followed by a severe rainfall was a scenario used for
              analysis.

              Based on consultation with the USGS, the MA7CD10 flow at the
              confluence of the Doughty Creek and the unnamed creek is 1.1 cfs
              which was used as a basis for instream impact analysis.


              V.1  PRZX

                   PRZM, an EPA model, is primarily used to determine pesticide
                   chemical movement and hydrol?gy in the soil. The pesticide
                   runoff flux (in grams per cm of soil) and water runoff (in
                   cm) are the simulation outputs from PRZM. From these two
                   pieces of information and proposed acreage of greens, tees
                   and fairways within a particular subbasin to which the
                   pesticide would be applied, the amount of pesticide and
                   volume of water the ppb is then calculated.

                   The information required for producing pesticide runoff flux
                   includes: pesticide soil decay rate, pesticide application
                   rates, pesticide foliar washoff rates, the formulation of
                   pesticide applied, etc. The.data required for computing the
                   runoff are rainfall data, soil data, and crop data of the
                   site. The resources of required input data used for this
                   simulation are presented in Appendix B. A more detailed
                   discussion of the inputs follows.

                   The rainfall data used for simulation of the Chlorpyrifos
                   are 1-year, 2-year, 5-year, 10-year, 25 year, 50-year and
                   100-year design 24 hour type III storms.











                    C.  PRZX DATA INPUT


                        (1). Control Parameters

                        Time Series                           daily
                        Number of Chemicals                   5
                        Number of Compartments                50



                        (2). Hydrology Parameters

                        Pan Factor (estimates ET)             .77
                        Min. depth to extract evap.           17.5 CM
                        Ave. dly hrs of daylight/mnth         10.00 10 .50 11.80'
                                                              13.10 14.20 14.70
                                                              14.4 13.90 12.20
                                                              11-00 9.80 9.20
                        Maximum interception storage of crop           .30
                        Maximum active root depth of crop              90 cm
                        Maximum Areal Coverage of crop                 85%
                        Runoff Curve Number (:.N)                      61



                        (3@. Pesticide Parameters

                 Pesticide      Washoff    Foliar decay     Plant uptake Decay
                                  precp.          rate             rate       rate

                 Bensulide        n/a             n/a           .069         .012
                 Metalaxyl        .07             .70           .010         .027
                 Maneb            .28             .10           .280         .023
                 Benomyl          .11             .25           .660         .069
                 Chlorpyrifos     .288            .10           .781         .023


                        (4). Pesticide names and    applications:

                               Bensulide (Herbicide):
                                          Greens                  2 applications/year
                                                                  @ 14 kg/ha/appl
                                          Tees & Fairways         2 applications/year
                                                                  @ 3.34 kg/ha/appl
                               Benomyl (Fungicide):
                                           Greens, Tees           S.applications/year
                                           Fairways               @ 1.590 kg/ha/appl

                               Maneb (Fungicide):
                                           Greens                 5 applications/year
                                                                  @ 9.7 kg/ha/appl
                                           Tees & Fairways        5 applications/year
                                                                  @ 4.48 kg/ha/appl










                        effluent should not be discharged where it w-i.il drain
                        into lakes, streams, or ponds. Bensulide is not to be
                        applied where runoff is to occur.

                    d.  METALAXYL - Metalaxyl is a fungicide which is to be used
                        at the golf course on tees and fairways. Metalaxyl is to
                        be applied once a month from May through September for
                        three consecutive years.

                   .e.  MANEB - Man 'eb is a fungicide which is to be applied to
                        the golf course on the greens, tees and fairways. The
                        scenario used for simulation of the Maneb is same as that
                        for Metalaxyl.




                    B. criteria or limits of Pesticides

                    Although the regulatory guideline for Category One waters is
                    "no measurable change", literature was searched and the
                    following criteria or levels were found:

                    (1). Environmental Protection Agency's 304(a) criteria:

                                                         Acute                Chronic
                        Chlorpyrifos: Freshwater       0.083 ppb          0.041 ppb
                                        Saltwater      0.011 ppb          0.0056 ppb

                    (2). Best Available Scientific     Information criteria (BASIC)
                         developed by the New Jersey Department of Environmental
                         Protection and Energy based on information obtained
                         from EPA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS):

                         Benomyl      - 350 ppb
                         Metalaxyl    - 420 ppb

                    (3). Aquatic LC50   values            Application factor of 0.01

                         Bensulide    - 379 ppb              Bensulide - 3.79 ppb
                         Maneb        - 110 ppb              Maneb      - 1.10 ppb
                         Benomyl      - 5.6 ppb              -Benomyl   - 0..056 ppb

                         The aquatic LC50s were obtained from Aquatic Toxicity
                         Information Retrieval Data Base (ACQUIRE) multiplied
                         by an application factor of 0.01 to provide a degree of
                         protection for sensitive aquatic organisms as suggested
                         in Quality Criteria for Water (in section of "the
                         Philosophy of Quality Criteria", USEPA, 1976)..









                      (8). Meteorological File

                       Rainfall rates for the years 1584 through 1986 were
                       taken from the NOAA weather data. Figure 2 illustrates
                       the-rainfall records for 1984 - 1986.

                       The minimum rainfall size required for generating a
                       runoff is assumed to be 2.5 cm. This is due to the
                       high permeability of the soil and low impervious area
                       of the study area. Factors affecting the quantity of
                       pesticide in the runoff are: solubility of the
                       pesticide, pesticide decay rate, pesticide foliar
                       washoff fraction, number and amount of applications of
                       pesticides and formulation of the applied pesticide.



             V.2, Storage, Treatment, Overflow,:Runoff Model IISTORMII

                  A modified version of the HEC STORM program, which was used
                  for assessment of water quality impact from the Smithville
                  Development Study (1982, Najarian), was used to simulate
                  basin wide nutrient quantity and quality of runoff from
                  urban and nonurban watersheds. The model generates
                  tabulated ppllutograph data (e.g. flow, concentration,
                  loading rate, etc.). Six basic water quality parameters can
                  be simulated (suspended solids, settleable'solids, .
                  biochemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, orthophosphate,
                  and total coliform).

                  The applicant proposes to "use soluble fertilizers and
                  pulverized lime ... immediately before forecasted rainfall
                  or irrigation... 11 (Edstrom, 1990, p. 16). The practice of
                  applying the fertilizer 11 immediately before" a rainfall or
                  irrigation, as stated, will tremendously increase the
                  potential for impact due to storm runoff. Therefore, more
                  nutrients would be carried to the bog during wet weather
                  period of time. Based on pollution prevention approach, the
                  assessment of nutrient impa.ct to the receiving water was
                  conducted using scenarios that storm events immediately
                  follow fertilizer applications.

                  The 1-yr, 2-yr, 5-yr and 25-yr design storm precipitation
                  distributions were utilized in this analysis of the proposed
                  Galloways development.









                                   Metalaxyl (Fungicide):
                                                 Tees & Fairways        5 applications/year
                                                                        @ .38 kg/ha/appl

                                   Chlorpyrifos (Insecticide)           1 application/year
                                                                        @ 0.56, 2.24 & or
                                                                        4.48 kg/hi@/appl

                           (5). Soil Parameters

                          Major soil type                                     Sassafras
                          Total Depth of Core (cm)                            150
                          Number of Horizons                                  3
                          Horizon Thickness Bulk        dengity Field     3cap    Wilti39 P@.
                                           (cm),      (g/cm           (cm /cm       (cm /cm

                            1               45         1.4                .284           .124
                            2               50.5:      1.4                .394           .174
                            3               55.5       1.5                .184           .064


                           (6). Kd RATE     (Decay Rate,    1/day, in Different Horizons)

                                            HRZN I       HRZN 2        HRZN 3


                           Bensulide        58.005       11.601        5.8
                           Metalaxyl          0.093        0.019       0.009
                           Maneb              5.8          1.16        0.58
                           Benomyl          12.18          2.4         1.2
                           Chlorpyrifos     35.2           7.04        3.5


                           (7). Golf Course Land Use Distribution (acres)



                                 PONDS          GREENS     TEES    FAIRWAYS


                                 1              0.00       0.13       0.81
                                 2              0.16       0.17       2.76
                                 3              0.24       0.47       0.00
                                 4              0.34       1.06       15.41
                                 5              0.08       0.00       2.58
                                 6              0.19       0.13       5.27
                                 7              0.05       0.24       3.37
                                 8              0.09       0.08       0.57
                                 9              0.00       0.04       0.25
                                 10             0.00       0.19       0.02


                                 NON-PONDED     0.90       1.88      14.76









                  V-2-1. Input Data for STORM model

                     General and Design Storm Data

                       The-coefficients used for nutrient simulation using
                       STORM model were adopted from previous runoff studies
                       such as Upper Millstone River Runoff Study (NJDEPE,
                       1991) and the Historic Smithville Towne development
                       studies .(Najarian, 1982). The modifications made were
                       to reflect the acreage of the basins, land use
                       distribution (percent), rainfall distribution and
                       nutrient application rate. Design storm distributions
                       for the 1-yr, 2-yr,-5-yr and 25-yr event were used as
                       the rainfall data for assessment of nutrient impact
                       during wet weather time.

                 B. Pre-development Simulation,

                       Based on the 1989.USGS Oceanville topographic
                       quadrangle stream'delineations and the proposed Greens
                       at Galloway site plan, the Upper Doughty Creek Basin
                       was divided into five subbasins. Each of these
                       subbasins are defined by the hydrologic divide for that
                       stream segment.

                       The land use distribution was determined by digitizing'
                       the approximate outline of the existing residences and
                       the Seaview Golf Club. Commercial properties were
                       included in the residential area. The remaining area
                       was designated as open. Due to insufficient data of
                       the Seaview golf course location within Basin 1, the
                       land use distribution of the Seaview golf course was
                       assumed to be similar to that of the proposed Greens at
                       Galloway Golf Course (Table 3). In other words, in
                       this study the Seaview golf course area was divided up
                       into tees, fairways, greens and rough by the percent of
                       each of these areas in the Galloways golf course. In
                       the pre-development phase, the Seaview golf course is
                       the major area on which the fertilizer was applied.

                 C. Post-development Simulation

                       The land use coverage was modified by digitizing the
                       Greens at Galloway site plan provided by the applicant.
                       The land uses delineated at the propoGed development
                       were Fairways, Greens, Tees, Rough, Residential and
                     'Wetlands Buffer. After the Galloway golf course
                       development, the fertilizer application area will
                       consequently be increased. The land use of post-
                       development of the Galloway golf course was described
                       in previous sections and was used for assessment of
                       nutrient impact.



                   RAINFALL 1984 - 1986
       7-





                                                                                      ..,A.
                                                                  AA                       LA





        0,
          i   m             8 0 N                       Zo. V N U         m J           IN D


                                                                        1986

                    AEFERS TO DATES WHEN RUNOFF CONTAINED PESTICIDES

                          Figure 2. Rainfall Size for 1984      1986


transport equation governing advection, dispersion, first-
order decay and linear, equilibrium adsorption in two
dimensions in the aquifer for the above cases is:

R 8c + v 8c  D a2c + D a2c - KR c + m 
           =
d at   x 8x  xax2     yay2     d

The last term on the right side of Equation represents the
instantaneous discharge of mass at initial location.  The m'
in the equation is the strength of the discharge obtained by
a formula that the mass of contaminants in injected divided
by the thickness of the aquifer.  The solution to the
equation can be found by means of the integral transform or
Laplace transform techniques:
           

c(x,y,t)=  coQ'                           (xRd-vxt)2        (yRd)2
                              exp  -kt                -
           b4npt(DxDy)1/2                 4DxtRd            4DytRd

where

co      = initial concentration of contaminant being
discharged (mg/1)
Q       = volume of contaminant being discharged (m3)
b       = saturated thickness of aquifer (m)
p       = effective porosity (decimal percent, unitless)
t       = time (days)
Dx      = dispersion coefficients in x directions (m2/day)
Dy      = dispersion coefficients in y directions (m2/day)
vx      = seepage velocity of the regional flow in the x
          direction (m/d)
x,y     = location of point of interest (m), where the
          source is located at x=o, y=o
k       = first-order decay constant of the contaminant in
          the aquifer
Rd      = retardation coefficient for linear, equilibrium
          adsorption

The seepage velocity, vx, is defined as
   vx     = (kh/p)*(dH/dl)......................................................(c)
where
   kh     = hydraulic conductivity (ft/day)
   dH     = hydraulic head change (ft)
   dl     = distance between two interested points (ft)

The retardation factor, Rd, is defined as:








                   D. Nutrient Application Rates

                        The model assumes that nutrients are applied evenly
                        over an entire subbasin. In the case of a golf course,
                        nutrients are not applied evenly over the entire golf
                        course area. The application rates proposed by the
                        applicant (Keenan, 1991) were utilized. Since
                        phosphorus is only to be applied "as needed", the
                        emphasis was only on nitrogen. The amount of nitrogen
                        to be applied is as follows: on the tees and fairways,
                        150 pounds per acre per year for three applictions; on
                        greens, 6 pounds per acre per year for three
                        applications; no nitrogen is to be applied to the rough
                        area. The application rate for nitrogen in each
                        subbasin was assumed to be one third of proposed'total
                        application rate and was calculated as follows:

                        Fairways & Tees:

                                 F&T-Acres * 50 lb/Ac/day = F&T-Amt

                        Greens:


                                 G-Acres    * 2, lb/Ac/day = G-Amt

                        Total:


                                 T-Area         F&T-Acres + G-Acres
                                 T-N-Amt        F&T-Amt + G-Amt

                        Application Rate:

                                  T-N-Amt   T_Area

                        The application rate value was then utilized in the
                        STORM input file as the loading rate for nitrogen.



             V.3  Assessment of impact via Ground Water Media to the Receiving
                  Water

                  As stated in previous section, the soil type in the study
                  area is mostly sandy loam with low organic content. The
                  mobility of pesticides in this kind of soil is considered to
                  be high duc to the fact that soil has higher water
                  conductivity and lower capacity for retaining organic
                  compounds. Therefore, the pollution to,the receiving water
                  via ground water route should be assessed.

                  In this assessment, the,waste is considered to havd been
                  instantaneously discharged at a point. Such an
                  instantaneous discharge is also called a slug source. This
                  approach has been used for assessing the pollutant impacts










                  Since the information regarding,the subsurface is
                  insufficient, assumptions were made in order to perform
                  assessment including bulk density, hydraulic conductivities,
                  hydraulid'gradient, and saturated flow thickness. For
                  assessment of the impact via groundwater transport, not all
                  the ponds and pesticides were used for analysis but only
                  Pond 7 and Metalaxyl were selected.   The rationale of this
                  selection is that Pond 7 is one of the ponds, which is
                  located near the receiving water, and-is of most concern.
                  Metalaxyl, obtained from EPA Environmental Fate data base,
                  has a lowest Koc (-20) among selected pesticides and is
                  expected to give a lower retardation factor and relatively
                  higher mobility.


            VI. RESULTS


            VI.1. Pesticides Simulation

                  The pesticide impact to the receiving water was assessed
                  using various pieces of information including rainfall,
                  pesticide application rate, soil information, receiving
                  water flow and pesticide chemistry and fate information
                  which are discussed in section on data input.

                  The results for Benomyl, Metalaxyl, Bensulide, and Maneb are
                  illustrated in Tables 4 to 8. Tables 9 to 11 present the
                  Chloropyrifos concentrations in the ponds, stream and runoff
                  waters caused by different designed storm events.

                  The results indicate the following: Benomyl exceeds the
                  aquatic protection level of 0.056 ug/l for runoff levels
                  within each of the 10 subbasins draining into the ponds and
                  the instream concentration originating from the non-ponded
                  golf course areas. Maneb exceeds the aquatic protection
                  level of 1.10 ug/l for runoff levels within each of the 10
                  subbasins draining into the ponds and the instream
                  concentration originating from the non-pondedgolf course
                  areas. Bensulide exceeds the aquatic protection level of
                  3.79 ug/1 for runoff levels within subbasins 1 through 8
                  draining into these respective ponds. Levels for bensulide
                  did not exceed the aquatic protection level for the i,nstream
                  concentration although a predicted amount of this pesticide
                  will enter the streams. For Metalaxyl an aquatic protection
                  level is unknown, although a predicted amount of this
                  pestici&-. will enter the streams and the ponds from the
                  subbasins. Chlorpyrifos exceeds EPA's 304(a) criteria for
                  both instream concentrations and for runoff levels entering
                  each pond. The results of pesticide concentrationsin the
                  ponds and instream water are shown in Appendix A.










                         Rd   1 + (Kd * bulk desity/p)   ..................  (d)
                    where
                         Kd-= distribution coefficient (nl/g), a ratio of
                                concentration 6f pollutant sorbed on soil to that
                                in solution.


                    and
                         Kd   KP     Koc  Xoc  ............................  (e)
                         KOC    0.937 log Kow    0.006  .................... M

                    where
                         KP   = Partition Coefficient
                         Kow  = Octanol-water partition   coefficient
                         Xoc  = Mass fraction of organic carbon in sediment
                         Koc  = Partition Coefficient expressed on an organic
                         carbon basis

                    The maximum concentration at any specified location occurs
                    at time tmax. This time.is computed as:
                                          2_4AC)1/2)    (2A)  ..............  (g)
                         tmax       B + (B

                    where
                         A = (k4DxDyRd + vx2Dy)   ..........................  (h)
                         B = (4DxDyRd) ..................................    W
                         C =    (X2 Rd 2 Dy + Y2 Rd 2 Dx) ................... (j)

                    V 3.1. Input data   for Slug Source Ground Water Model

                    Bulk density      = 1.5 (assumed)
                    Koc of Matalaxyl  = 20    3
                    Volume of Pond 6  = 4757 m3' (after 100-year storm)
                    Voldme of Pond 7  = 4032 m (after 100-@ear storm)
                    Area of Pond 7    = 1.8 acre ( 78408 ft )
                    Kh (horizontal)   = 133 ft/day (assumed to be similar to that
                                        of Spring Mill Drive site, Galloway
                                        township, NJ as reported by NJDEPE, 1992)
                    Permeability      = 8 ft/day (from USDA SCS for Dower soil)
                    dH/dl             = 0.0037 ft/ft ( assumed to be similar to
                                        Spring Mill Drive site, Galloway
                                        township, NJ as reported by NJDEPE, 1992)
                    p (porosity)      = 0.20 (assumed)
                    Saturated flow thickness at Pond 6 = 4 ft (from    USDA SCS)
                    Saturated flow thickness at Pond 7 = 4"ft (assumed);
                    Xoc               = 0.5% (use Downer soil)
                    x6, distance from Pond 6 to river = 300 ft
                    x7, distance from pond 7 to river = 350 ft












               TABLE 4     PREDICTED CONCENTRATION.OF PESTICIDE IN D       'OUGHTY CREEK
                     AND UNNAMED STREAM ORIGINATING FROM RUNOFF FROM NON-POND
                     AREAS OF-GOLF COURSE (UG/L)

                 PESTICIDE       APPL.RATE           MINIMUM      MAX.        AVG.   S.D.


                 BENOMYL        22 OZ/ACRE           1.47E-06     1.1      0.22      0.40

                 METALAXYL      22 OZ/ACRE           2.8E-09      3.8      0.67      1.42

                 BENSULIDE      12.5 LB/ACRE         .0009        0.84     0.30      0.28
                                 (GREENS) &
                                3 LB/ACRE
                                 (TEES & FRWYS)
                 MANEB          4 OZ/1000 FT2         .00047      4.7      1.18      1.52
                                 (GREENS) &
                                88 OZ/ACRE
                                 (TEES&FRWYS









              TABLE 5. PREDICTED CONCENTRATION OF BENOMYL IN RUNOFF FLOWING
                        INTO PONDS 1 - 10 WITHIN EACH SUBBASIN (UG/L)
                        APPLICATION RATE: 22 OZ/ACRE




                   POND       MINIMUM        MAXIMUM       AVERAGE     STAN.DEV.


                    1         5.21E-05        42.7          08.97          14.07
                    2         5.73E-05        46.9          09.85          .15.45
                    3         1.07E-05        08.8          01.84          02.89.
                    4         7.83E-05        64.1          13.48          21.14
                    5         8.57E-05        70.2          14.75          23.14
                    6         7.95E-05        65.1          13.67          21.45
                    7         5.64E-05        46.2           9.71          15.23
                    8         1.23E-05        10.0           2.11            3.31
                    9         0.000125         3 * 9         0.83            1.31
                    10        3.48E-06          2.8          0.59          @0.93












               TABLE 6. PREDICTED CONCENTRATION OF METALAXYL IN RUNOFF FLOWING-
                        JNTO PONDS 1- 10 WITHIN EACH SUBBASIN (UG/L)
                        APPLICATION RATE 22 OZ/ACRE



                          POND      MINIMUM      MAXIMUM    AVG.     STAN, DEV.


                           1        4.58E-06      151.5     25.0        52.0
                           2        4.77E-06      157.8     26.0        54.2
                           3        6.25E-07       20.6      3.4          7.0
                           4        6.75E-06      223.0     36.8        76.6
                           5        7.31E-06     -241.7     39.9        83.0
                           6        4.51E-06      149.2     24.6        51.2
                           7        5.33E-06      176.2     29.0        60.5
                           8        9.48E-07       31.3      5.1        10.7
                           9        4.28E-07       14.1      2.3          4.8
                          10        3.06E-07       10.1      1.6          3.4











               TABLE 7. PREDICTED CONCENTRATION OF BENSULIDE IN-RUNOFF FLOWING
                        INTO PONDS 1 - 10 - GREENS APPLICATION RATE 12.5
                        A.I./ACRE; FAIRWAYS AND TEES APPLICATION RATE 3 LB
                        A.I./ACRE



                          POND     MINIMUM    MAXIMUM     AVERAGE      STAN. DEV


                           1        3.12         20.0       10.2        5.1
                           2        3.99         25.6       13.0        5.6
                           3        1.33          8.5        4.3        1.4
                           4        19.6         126.3      64.4       38.5
                           5                     135;0      68.9       42.2
                           6        13.0         83.8       42.7       25.9
                           7        15.3         98.4       80.2       30.9
                           8        2.70         14.0        9.1        5.3
                           9        0.29          1.8        0.9        0.4
                          10        0.21          1.3        0.7        1.4










              TABLE 8. PREDICTED CONCENTRATION OF MANEB IN RUNOFF FLOWINGINTO
                    PONDS 1 -TJO (in UG/L) - GREENS APPLICATION RATE 4
                    04"J/1000 F   FAIRWAYS AND TEES APPLICATION RATE 88 OZ/ACRE



                        POND      MINIMUM   MAXIMUM    AVERAGE    STAN. DEV.


                        1         5.2        167.1      47.0       53.7
                        2         o.r-       194.6      54.8       44.7
                        3         0.15         47.9     13.5        7.54
                        4         0.80       165.8      72.3       64.2
                        5         3.71       284.5      80.1       69.2
                        6         0.57       183.2      51.6       42.3
                        7         0.63       200.1      56.3       50.9
                        8         0.14         44.9     12.6        8.72
                        9         0.20        15.61       4.3       5.01
                       10         0.03         7.@O       3.1       3.58









             TABLE 9. PREDICTED CONCENTRATION OF CHLORPYRIFOS ENTERING LILY
                    LAKE FROM DOUGHTY CREEK AND UNNAMED STREAM ORIGINATING
                    FROM NON-PONDED AREAS OF GOLF COURSE (PESTICIDE WAS APPLIED
                    TO GREEN (ONLY)



                 STORM EVENT & -                        STORM EVENT &
                APPLICATION RATE       PPB            APPLICATION  RATE      PPB


                 1  YR/1 LB APPL.     0.008            10 YR/1 LB  APPL.   0.011
                 1  YR/4 LB APPL.     0.032            10 YR/4 LB  APPL.   0.044
                 1  YR/8 LB APPL.     0.064            10 YR/8 LB  APPL.   0.088
                 2  YR/1 LB APPL.     0.009            25 YR/1 LB  APPL.   0.011
                 2  YR/4 LB APPL.     0.037            25 YR/4 LB  APPL.   0.044
                 2  YR/8 LB APPL.     0.074            .25 YR/8 LB APPL.   0.089
                 5  YR/1 LB APPL.     0.010            50 YR/1 LB  APPL.   0.011
                 5  YR/4 LB APPL.     0.040            50 YR/4 LB  APPL.   0.046
                 5  YR/8 LB APPL.     0.081            50 YR/8 LB  APPL.   0.093
                                                       100 YR/1 LB APPL    0.011
                                                       100 YR/4 LB APPL    0.047
                                                       100 YR/8 LB APPL    0.095










              TABLE 10. PREbICTED CONCENTRATION OF CHLORPYRIFOS ENTERING LILY
                    LAKE FROM-DOUGHTY CREEK AND UNNAMED STREAM ORIGINATING FROM
                    RUNOFF FROM NONPONDED AREA OF GOLFCOURSE (PESTICIDE APPLIED
                    TO FAIRWAYS ONLY)


                   STORM EVENT &                            STORM FVENT.&
                 APPLICATION RATE       ppt               APPLICATION RATE        PPB

                 1  YR/1 LB  APPL.     0.  131             10 YR/1  LB APPL.     0.181
                 1  YR/4 LB  APPL.     0.524               10 YR/4  LB.APPL.     0.726
                 1  YR/8 LB  APPL.     1.049                  YR/8  LB APPL.     1.453
                 2  YR/1 LB  APPL.     0.152               25 YR/1  LB APPL.     0.184
                 2  YR/4 LB  APPL.     0.610               25 YR/4  LB APPL.     0.736
                 .2 YR/8 LB  APPL.     1.221               25 YR/8  LB APPL.     1.472
                 5  YR/1 LB  APPL.     0.167               50 YR/1  LB APPL.     0.191
                 5  YR/4 LB  APPL.     0.669               50 YR/4  LB APPL.     0.765
                 5  YR/8-_LB APPL.     1.339               50 YR/8  LB APPL.     1.531
                                                           100 YR/l LB APPL.     0.195
                                                           100 YR/4 LB APPL.     0.781
                                                           100  YR/8  LB APPL.   1.562










             VI.2 Futrient Simulation Results

                  As stated, in order to simulate the water quality-for this
                  area, thel-yr, 2-yr, 5-yr and 25-yr type III design storm
                  distribut-ions were utilized. The results obtained from
                  running the STORM program are the hourly concentration and
                  loading for each subbasin.

                  Table 12 presents the results of nitrogen loading from each
                  basin as to storm events. Figures 3 to 6 illustrate the
                  hourly loadings of each basin under various designed storm
                  events. It was noted that the golf course areas produce a
                  high loading of nitrogen in the runoff in both the pre-
                  Galloways and post-Galloways simulations (Figure 3).
                  Nutrient loadings in all basins will increase after
                  development of the Galloways golf course based on the
                  simulation. (Note the scale change from pre-Galloways to
                  post-Galloways.) The conversion of 'open' space to 'turf'
                  tends to cause a dramatic increase in the nitrogen loading
                  to the upper Doughty Creek and the Oceanville Bog.




                        Table 12. Nitrogen Loading From Each Basin
                                         (lb/basin/storm)

                         Pre-Development

                                  1  YR     2  YR     5 YR      25 YR
                             B1      4.55      5.08     5.65      5.99
                             B2      0         0        0.02      0.02
                             B3      0.02      0.02     0.02      0.03
                             B4      0.06      0.06     0.07      0.1
                             B5      0.06      0.06     0.07      0.07


                        Post-Development

                                  1  YR     2  YR     5 YR      25 YR
                             Bl      4.71      5.23     5.77      6.09
                             B2      0.33      0.37     0.4       0.41
                             B3      0.47      0.5      0.55      0.62
                             B4      5.33      5.87     6.37      6.67
                             B5      0.16      0.19     0.22      0.25










                TABLE 11. PREDICTED CONCENTRATION OF CHLORPYRIFOS IN RUNOFF
                       FLOWING,INTO P014DS FROM EACH SUBBASIN (UG/L)


                              100 YEAR DESIGN STORM                 25.YEAR DESIGN STORM

                            1 LB/      4 LB/       8 LB/         1 LB/     4 LB/      8 LB/
                  POND      ACRE       ACRE        ACRE          ACRE      ACRE       ACRE


                    1       4.31       17.'24      34.48         4.08        16.32     32.64
                    2       4.90       .19.63      39.26         4.64        18.58     37.16
                    3       0.00        0.00        0.00         0.00        0.00       0.00
                    4       6.88       27.55       .55.11        6.52        26.08     52.17
                    5       8.01       32.05       64.10         7.58        30.33     60.67
                    6       7.19       28.79       57.58         6.81        27.25     .54.50
                            5.43       21.72       43.44         5.14        20.56     41.12
                    8       0.90        3.62        7.25         0.85        3.43       6.86
                    9       0.34        1.37        2.75@        0.32        1.30       2.60
                  10        0.02        0.08        0.16         0.01        0.07       0.15



                               10 YEAR  DESIGN STORM                  5 YEAR DESIGN STORM


                            1 LB/      4 LB/       8 LB/         1 LB/       4 LB/     8LB/
                 POND       ACRE       ACRE        ACRE          ACRE        ACRE      ACRE


                    1       16.12      32.24       40.30         3.74        14.98     29.99,
                    2       18.35      36.71       45.89         4.26        17.05     34.09
                    3         0.00      0.00        0.00         0.00        0.00       0.00
                    4       25.76      51.53       64.4          5.98        23.94     47.86
                    5       29.96      59.93       74.92         6.95        27.84     55.66
                    6       26.92      53.25       67.30         6.25        25.01     50.00
                    7       20.31       0.62       50.77         4.71        18.87     37.72
                    8       3.39        6.78        8.47         0.78        3.15       6.30
                    9       1.28        2.57        3.21         0.29        1.19       2.39
                  10        0.07        0.15        0.19         0.01        0.07       0.14



                                                    I YEAR DESIGN STORM


                                                     1 LB/      4 LB/        8 LB/
                                          POND       ACRE       ACRE         ACRE


                                             1       3.11       12.45        24.90
                                             2       3.54       14.17        28.35
                                             3       0.00        0.00        0.00
                                             4       4.97       19.90        39.80
                                             5       5.78       23.14        46.29
                                             6       5.19       20.79      @41.58
                                             7       3.92       15.68        31.37
                                             8       0.65        2.61        5.23
                                             9       0.24        0.99        1.98
                                           10        0.01        0.05        0.11








                                   Pre -Development                                                                                                                                                     Post-Development

                                                                N Concentration
                                                                     2-yr.Design Storm                                                                                                                                                 N Concentration
                                                                                                                         0.9                                                                                                                2-yr Design Storm
                                          1.4-                             f-I                                           -0.8                                                                                    1.6                                                                              .0.9
                                          1.2,                                                                           -0.7                                                                                         4                                                                           @0.8
                                                                                                                         -0.                                                                                     '.2                                                                              -0.7
                                          0.8                        %                                                   -0.: 1                                                                                       1                                                                           -0.6
                                          0.6--                                                                          -0.4                                                                                    0.8                                                                              -0.5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  0.@  -C4
                                          0.4--                                                                                                                                                                  0.6
                                                                                                                         -0.2                                                                                                                                                                     0.3
                                          0.2,-                                                        -.0.1                                                                                                     0.4                                                                              0.2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                 0.2                                                                              0.1
                                               0
                                                                     Hour$ After SWA of Storm                                                                                                                         00-                                      -- -- -- 20,--   -ii  R:T       30 r)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Hours Alto( Start of Storm


                                                                       N Loading
                                          1.2                        2-yr Design Storm                                   0.9                                                                                                                  N Loading
                                               1                                                                         0.8                                                                                                                2-yr Design Storm
                                          0.8                                                                            0.7                                                                                     1.4-                                                                             0.9
                                                                                                                         0.6                                                                                     1.2-                                                                             08
                                          0.6  -                                                                         0.5                                                                                                                                                                      0.7
                                                                                                                         0.4                                                                                                                                                                      0@6
                                          0.   -                                                                         0.3                                                                                     O.e.                             1/h t                                           0.5
                                          0.21                                                                           [02                                                                                     0.6----                         W I I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  0A   o.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  03   9
                                               0 1                                                                                                                                                               0@4                                                                              U    (Z
                                               0          5                                                                                                                                                      02
                                                                     Hotn Afkw Start of Storm                                                                                                                                                                                                     0.1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      0.                                                                          0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             10           is           -10        25           30
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Hours Attar Start of Storm
                                                                                  Baldn 2 -0- Basin 3
                                                                     ash ' -'*-
                                                                  zin 4           Basirt 6 - predp                                                                                                                                       Basin I - B
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Basin 4 - B




                                    Figure 4. Pre- and Post- Greens at Galloways development nitrogen concentration and
                                                                                  loading for the 2-year design storm event.










                              Pre-Development                                                                                                                                                          Post-Development

                                                          N Concentmdon
                                                                 1-YrDesionStorm                                                                                                                                                      N Concentration
                                      1.6@                                                                                                                                                                                                 I -yr Design Storm
                                      1.4-                            n*                                                                                                                                                                                                                        -0.7
                                                                                                                        rO-6                                                                                           .4                         n
                                                                                                                        -0.5                                                                                                                                                                    -0.6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                -0.5
                                      0.8-                                                                              -OL4                                                                                                                                                                    .0.4
                                                                                                                        0.3                                                                                            0.8-
                                      0.6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     0.3
                                      0.4                                                                               1,0.2
                                      0.2                                                                                                                                                                              0.4,                                                                          0.2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                       0.2, L__@ SL                                                                  Olt
                                                        . . . . fo            i-6 - - - - E - - - - is                  W                                                                                              01 .......                                                               '0
                                                                 Hours Aftw SM of Storm                                                                                                                                6                    1,0          1'5          iO_     ''45"             30
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Hours Afle(Starl of Storm



                                                                   N Loading
                                                                 1-yr Destign Storm                                                                                                                                                    N Concentration
                                      0.9-                                                                                                                                                                                                  1 -yr Design Storm
                                      0   ,11.                                                                          -0.8                                                                                           1.2-                                                                          0.7
                                      07,                                                                               -0.5
                                                                         It I                                                                                                                                          I-                         M                                                  0.6
                                                                         1 1                                            -0.4
                                      0.4                             i4 i                                              0.3                                                                                            O.S.-                                                                         0.5
                                      03                              V                                                 0.2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                       0.6-                                                                          0.4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        C
                                                                                                                        .0                                                                                                                                                                           0.3
                                          0                       10           Is           20                                                                                                                         0.
                                                                 Hours Ahw Sw of Storm                                  30                                                                                                                                                                           0.2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                       0.2-


                                                              Basin I - Basin 2                Basin 3
                                                              11 main 4 -4+- Basin 5           P(KV                                                                                                                    00                                                         25            In   0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                       @@gk@
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Hours After Start of Storm



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Basin I - Basin 2                  Basin 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                               [7-     Basin 4 - Basin 5                  Precip
                                  FigUre                           Pre- and Post- Greens at Galloways development nitrogen concentration and
                                                                                loading*for the 1-year desiqn storm event.








                                   Pre-Development                                                                                                                                 Post-Development
                                                             N Concentration
                                                                  25-yr Design Storm                                                                                                                           N Concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   25-yr Design Storm
                                         1A                           _n                                                                                                                                                                        __1.6
                                                                                                                                                                                          1.4                                                                           1.4
                                                                                                                                                                                          1.2                                                         -.1.2

                                                                                                                     0.8
                                                                                                                                                                                          0.8-                                                                          0.8
                                                                                                                     -0.6
                                                                                                                                                                                          0.6-                                                                          0.6
                                         0.4  -                                                                      -0.4
                                                                                                                                                                                          0.4-
                                         0.2  -                                                                                                                                           0.2                                                                           0.4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        0.2
                                              0                     M                                                'o
                                              0         6          10          Is         20                         30                                                                       0                                                                         0
                                                                  Hours After Simi of Storm                                                                                                              6           10         16           20         25          30
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Hours After Start or Storm



                                                                    N Uading
                                         1.4                      25-yr Design Storm                                                                                                                                  N Loading
                                         1.2                                                              -1.4                                                                            1.6                      25-yr Design Storm                                   1.8
                                              t-                                                                     -12                                                                  1.4                                                                           1.4
                                         0.8                                                                                                                                              1.2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        11
                                         0.6                                                                         0.8                                                                      1                                                                         1
                                                                                                                     .40                                                                  O's                                                                           0.8
                                         0.4                                                                             CL                                                               0.:.                                                                             Cx
                                         0.2-                                                                                                                                                                                                                           -0.6
                                                                                                                     0@4
                                                                                                                       2                                                                  0.  -                                                                         @0.4
                                              0-                             a lis 4ir- --- -                                                                                             0.2-                                                                     --o,2
                                                        5          to          Is         20          25
                                                                  Hourrs Aher Stan d Storm                                                                                                                                                                              "o
                                                                                                                                                                                              0                                              20         25          30
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Hours After Start or Storm
                                                               Basin I - Basin 2 - Basin 3
                                                         -a- Basin 4 --w- Basin 5 - Predp                                                                                                                       Basin I - Basin 2               Basin 3
                                                        1 a--
                                                                                                                                                                                                          --a- Basin 4 - Basin 5                Piecip


                                    Figure 6. Pre- and Post- Greens at Galloways development nitrogen concentration and
                                                                               loading-for the 25-year design storm event.











                                 Pre-Development                                                                                                                                               Post-Development

                                                                    Concentration                                                                                                                                         N Concentration
                                                                   5-yr Design Storm                                                                                                                                            5-yr Design Storm
                                              1,6-                                                                           1.2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1.2



                                                                                                                                                                                                     1.2
                                              1.2

                                              1                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           0.8

                                   d          0.8                                                                            0.
                                   7.                                                                                                                                                                0.8                                                                                  0.6
                                              0.6
                                                                                                                             -0.4
                                              0.4                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         0.4 iL
                                              0.2                                                                            -0.2                                                                    0.4                                                                                  0.2
                                                                                                                                                                                                     0.2
                                              0                    OWN                                                                                                                                                                                                           @O
                                              0          6           1,0-        is          20       @25                    30
                                                                   Mouirs After Start at Storm                                                                                                             0         5           10           15           20          25                 30
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                il ours After Start of Storm


                                                                      N Loading
                                                                    5-yr Design Storm                                                                                                                                              N Loading
                                              1.2-                                                                           1.2                                                                                                 5-yr Design Storm
                                                                                                                                                                                                     1.6                                                                                  1.2
                                                                                                                                                                                                     1.4                                                                                  1
                                              0.8.                                                             _.O.e                                                                                 1.2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          -0.8
                                    CD        0.6.                                                                           -0.6                                                                          1
                                              0.4                                                                            0.4                                                                     0.8                                                                                  -0.6
                                                                                                                                                                                                     0.6                                                                                    .9
                                              0.2-                                                                           -0.2                                                                    0.4-                            IT     I 1\                                          -0.4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            (L
                                              0-                                                                             0                                                                       0.2,               _.19                                                              k.2
                                              0                       16          I's       _ib-         -is                 30                                                                            0.                      *WfS4.@                                                10
                                                                    HoLn After Start of Storm                                                                                                              0          5           10           15           20          25                30
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Hours After Start of Storm
                                                                 Basin I - Basin 2                Bn3
                                                                 Basin 4 -to- Basin 6             P .. cp                                                                                                                    Basin I - -Basin 2                Basin 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                       --a- Basin 4 @ Basin 5                  Plecip




                                    Figure-5. Pre- and Post- Greens at GalloWaYS development nitrogen concentration and
                                                                                     - - A , - - r - - 4- %, - rz _% P@!% @- Am czz i ri n                                                       aupnt.








                 When the pesticide simulation for Chlorpyrifos was run and
                 calculated for the 100 year storm,-the runoff from the .
                 subbasins and the non-ponded areas were simulated separately
                 to determine if only the runoff from the non-ponded areas
                 would exceed the EPA(a) limits, and it did. However it is
                 possible that, if the ponds are full from a previous
                 rainfall, and sufficient rainfall enters the ponds, overflow
                 would occur. This overflow is designed to flow into the
                 nonponded areas. This additional runoff would increase the
                 amounts of pesticide entering the streams.

                 Another potential source of pesticides runing into the
                 waterway of the Refuge would occur when the pesticides are
                 being applied. wind would carry the spray and deposit
                 pesticide directly into the creeks and/or the Refuge itself.
                 Drift of the pesticides would result in contamination of the
                 wetlands at greater concentration. This resulting
                 contamination, in greater concentrations than in the runoff,
                 would enter the waters of the Refuge.

                 The above represents situations where the Refuge waters
                 would be degraded through regular, monitored use of the
                 pesticides. Accidental ::,pills, discharges, leaks,
                 inappropriate applications would all contribute to the
                 alteration of the Category One classification of the
                 Refuge's waters.

                 Runoff from the development will exceed the EPA 304 (a)
                 Criteria for fresh waterways such as the Doughty Creek, at
                 upstream of a Cl waterway, Edwin B. Forsythe National
                 Wildlife Refuge.' Immediately upon receipt of, and many
                 years after receipt of the developmentts runoff changes in
                 water quality may occur. Pesticides, through
                 bioaccumulation, settling, and simple dilution would cause
                 an alteration and degradation in the quality of the waters
                 of the Edwin B. Forsythe National Wildlife Refuge along with
                 the ecological systems intrinsically tied to the waters of
                 the Refuge.

                 Based on the results of the PRZM model it is concluded that
                 the golf course runoff water would cause significant impact
                 on the ENWFR which would degrade the waters of the ENWFR.




           VII.2. Nutrient

                 The Edwin B Forsythe National Wildlife Refuge (EBFNWR)
                 downstream from Doughty Creek has been designated C1 Waters,
                 which is allowed no degradation in water quality. The
                 proximity of this development to the Bog and thenearly
                 permanent saturation of the soils suggests that nutrients
                 and pesticides would be washed into the Oceanville Bog
                 through runoff and ground water flow. This proposed










              VI.3 Pesticides via Groundwater transport

                   Computation using equations (c) to (f) shows that the
                   seepage-velocity is 2.46 ft/day and retardation factor is
                   1.75. The pesticides carried by subsurface seepage water
                   will take approximately 213 day to reach the receiving water
                   at 300 feet away. This is due to the relatively high Kocs
                   of Pe@sticides and less steep hydraulic gradient (0.0037
                   ft/ft based on Spring Mill Drive, Galloway Township's data
                   as report'ed by Bureau of Wellfield Remediation, 1/1992) in
                   subsurface flows. As a result, the impact to the receiving
                   water through ground water will not be an immediate impact.
                   Therefore, the computation of concentration (average and
                   maximum) for pesticides from pond water seepage reaching the
                   receiving water were not performed.

                   However, it should be kept in mind that this is only a rough
                   estimation due to insufficient data-for estimations of
                   ground water related coefficients.

                   As far as ground water pollution is concerned, the time for
                   vertical seepage of pollutants from the rention ponds to the.
                   ground water will depend on the depth of ground water tabl  'e,
                   soil types,.and moisture content of soil beneath them. In
                   this study it is expected to be short. This is due to the
                   fact that the dominant soil types, Downer and Sassafras
                   soil, are considered to be of relatively high infiltration
                   rate (soil type B) and moderate rapid permeability
                   (approximately 8 ft/day). However, due to insufficient
                   information of local ground water profile, the computation
                   of time for pesticides to reach the ground water was not
                   conducted.



             VII. DISCUSSION and CONCLUSION


             VII.I.Pesticides.

                   As a result of running PRZM,  it was predicted that
                   pesticides used on the golf course will cause water quality
                   change in measurable amount in the runoff emanating from the
                   development. The possible routes for runoff carrying
                   pesticides are overland flow into the bordering creeks
                   feeding Lily Lake which drains directly into the Refuge or
                   enters the ponds which will seep into ground water.

                   The above results represent concentrations for each
                   individual pesticide. However, during a storm the-runoff
                   would be composed of all of the various pesticides applied
                   to the golf course and synergistic or additive effect of
                   these pesticides in the runoff would therefore be much
                   greater thereby increasing the impact to the biota in both
                   Doughty Creek and the unnamed creek.










                  development and the alternate plan to build more residential
                  units would impact this system and degrade the water quality
                  through the introduction of nutrients and pesticides.

                  This conclusion is supported by the preliminary results
                  obtained from the PRZM and STORM models. Both models show
                  that pesticides and nutrients will be washed off the golf
                  course into the Bog. The STORM output shows a tremendous
                  increase in nutrients, which would promote algal growth and
                  cause eutrophication, will runoff into the Bog.


             VII.3. Pollution impact via ground water

                  As stated, insufficient site information has hindered a
                  thorough assessment for this development. The required
                  information for more thorou4h analysis includes the depth to
                  groundwater table, thickness of aquifer, hydraulic
                  conductivities for soils at pond location, hydraulic
                  gradients between ponds and receiving waters.




             VIII. XISCELLANEOUS


             Part of the Seaview County Club Golf Course lies within the
             1,948 acre drainage system. Assessment of the pesticides in
             runoff water from this golf course was neither included nor
             calculated in this assessment. It is anticipated that the
             pesticide concentration in receiving water will be higher than
             predicted if the loading from the Seaview golf course was taken
             into consideration.

             For two pesticides, Maneb and Thiram, a breakdown product is
             Ethylene thiourea. As per EPA's data, the carcinogen
             classification status of Ethylene thiourea is pending.

             Roof rainwater runoff is proposed to be captured by below ground
             seepage pits. As per Joe Reitzes of the Bureau of Construction
             and Connections, 984-4429, such pits are illegal.




             Reference

             Najarian,-.Thatcher & Associates, Inc., "Assessment of.surface and
             subsurface water quality changes resulting from the proposed
             development at the towne of historic.Smithville" prepared for
             Historic Smitheville Development Company, Smithville, NJ, 1982.

             NJDEPE, "Upper Millstone River Runoff Study", 1991.





                INSTREAM CONCENTRATION OF PESTIC"'iDES
                                FROM NON-PONDED AREA




         z
         0    3-                p



         LU
         C.)
         z
         0
         0
                               .1 MIA         EL
                      OW3WU 0=184 Comm otr4w o3m*w awww'OVIN   4        lNow,12mw
                                                DATE


              BENOMYL               METALAXYL IM BENSUUDE                       MANEB


     AOUATIC PROTECTION LEVELS: BENOMYL-.0.056 PPB BENSULIDE: &79 PP13 MANEB: 1.10 PPB







                                                CHLORPYRIFOS INSTREAM CONCENTRATION
                                                                                   Greens



                                       0.090-

                                       0.080-
                                  CL
                                  CL   0.070-
                                  z    0.060--
                                  0
                                       0-050-,
                                  1                                                        1
                                       0.040-,
                                  z
                                  w    0.030-

                                  Z    0.020-,
                                  0
                                       0.010-

                                       0.000
                                                       1       2       5       10      25      50     100
                                                                       STORM EVENT

                                      Application Rate                1 lb/Ac         4 lbs/Ac          8 lbs/Ac


                                                 umrm:           ACUTE           CHRONIC
                                               Freshwaftf:    0.083 PPB       0.041 PPS
                                               Saftwaftr.     0.011 PPS        0.ma Ppe





                                INSTREAM CONCENTRATION OF                                                      ` PESTICIDE8
                                                      FROM NOWPONDED AREA


                                                                                                                                                                  PROTE-anON
                                                                    PROTECTION
                                                                                                                                                                   LEYEI:


                                                                                                  ca

                                                                                                  CL

                                                                                                  Z   Ls-






                                                                                                      is-

                                                                                                  z



       0 01-





                                                                                                                                                                     x.,
                                                                                                                           F
                                                                                                                     n --i
                                            -d            lam*", lva", Ulm"                                                           maim                     WW' ma", maw
                                             DATE                                                                                           DATE

                                                                                                                       BENSULIDE AQUATIC PROTECrnON LEVEL-* &79 PPB
                          ENOMYL AQUATIC PROTECTION LEVEL 0.058 P






                                            CL
                                            CL

                                            z
                                            0



                                                                                                              PROTECTION
                                                                                                             LEVEL
                                            W

                                            z










                                                                                                 "MA   livam UAW
                                                                                    DATE




                      CONCENTRATION OF CHLORPYRIFOS!N RUNOFF
                                                                 ENTERING PONDS

                                  I YEAR DESIGN STORM                                                                 5 YEAR DESIGN STORM
                0.100--                                                                             0.100
                                                                                                                                                                    -7

                0.090-                                                                              0.090.
                                                                                   Qow P"
                0.080-                                                                           a- 0.080-
           0-                                                                                    CL
           er,  0.070-                                                                           Q:. 0.070-
           0    0.060-                                                                           0  0.060

                0.050-                                                                              0.050@
                                                                                   01041 F"
           Z    0.040-
           uj                                                                                    Z  0.040,
           z                                                                                        0.030-
                                                                                                 0
           8    0.020-                                                                              0.020-
                                                                                                 ui
                0.030-



                                                                                        ppe
                                                                                                                   Klk
                0.010---                                                                                                                                 1
                                                                                                    0.010-                                                 k1al
                C@0004                                                                                                            w m-] kol -W -kni 4@0@ï¿½
                             1    2   3    4      5   6     7   8    9    10                        0.000        1    2     3    4 ' 5 ' 6 ' 7 ' 8' 9 ' 10
                                                  POND                                                                                POND
                        [ED  I LBIACRE M 4 LBACRE = 8 LB/ACRE                                                     I LBACRE M 4 LBACREBE 8 Ei/-A7C711E

                                10 YEAR DESIGN STORM                                                                25 YEAR DESIGN STORM
                0.100----                                                                          0.100.
                0.090-                                                                             0.090-

                                                                                    *.WPM
           a    0.680-                                                                        6    0.080-
                                                                                              CL
                0.070
                                                                                              Q:.  0.070-
                                                                                              z
           0                                                                                  0    0.060.
                0.050-                                                                             0.050.
                0.060-


                0.040-                                                            1041             0.040                                                              ab
           Z    0.030                                                                         Z    0.030-                                               j: Z
                0.020-                                                                        8    oo2o-
                                            m ima iml m              kwv;
                010
                0.
                                                                                              Lu




                                                                                                                                                Alk
                                                                                                                                                I    M    mf
                0.000-            ,@t @,NF k"El. kul Nw             @kmf,                          0. -0 -0 -0 i                                        flW.
                                 2   3     4     5    6     7  8 9       10                                    1    2    3    4     5    6     7 . 8  , 9  , io
                                                 POND                                                                               POND

                             I LBACRE         4 LBACRE M 8 LBIACRE                                              I LBACRE         4 LBIACRE         8 LBACRE




                                                                      100 YEAR DESIGN STORM
                                                      0.100-

                                                      0.090-
                                                      O.W.                                                                (Lan "s

                                                      0.070-
                                                  z
                                                  o   0.060-

                                                      0.050-
                                                  Z   0.040-                                                             C.041 "a
                                                  Lu
                                                  0
                                                  z   0.030-
                                                  0
                                                  0   0.020-
                                                      3.010                                                              Pol.. PP9
                                                                                                                          am ppe
                                                      0.000
                                                                    1  '2   3   4    5    6   7    8      9 10
                                                                                        POND


                                                                    4 1 offse,0C @ A I R/A,-.Rr- WM A LBIACRE I







                                      CHLORPYRIFOS INSTREAM CONCENTRATION
                                                                 Fairways


                             0.200-
                             0.180-1-
                          co
                          rL 0.160--
                          CL
                          Z  0.140---
                          0  0.120-
                             0.100-
                             0.080-
                          z
                             0.060-
                          z
                          0
                             0.040-
                             0.020-,--
                             0.000-.-
                                           1      2      5     10    25     50    100
                                                        STORM EVENT

                            Application Rate            1 1b/Ac       4 lbs/Ac      8 lbs/Ac


                                      UMITS:        ACUTE        CHRONIC
                                    FreshWater.  0.083 PPS    0.041 PPB
                                    saftwater.   0.011 PISS   0.0050 PPB







                                                              CONCENTRATION OF PESTICIDES IN RUNOFF
                                                                                                  ENTERING POND 2

                                                                 2M.000--


                                                                 1M.000-


                                                                 160.000--                                                                                                   .........
                                                          z      140.000-                                                                                                  ------ - ---- -- ------------- - - ------

                                                                 120.000-


                                                                 100.000-


                                                                  80.000-
                                                          z
                                                          w       60.000-
                                                          z       40.000-
                                                          0

                                                                  20.000-
                                                                   0.0od-
                                                                                    05130164 07,07,.4                                                10@/14/86 Z/05/86'12/09/86112118/86
                                                                                                                                 DATE
                                                                      BIENOMYL                             METALAXYL RM BENSULIDE = MANEB

                                                       UATIC PROTECTION LEVELS: BENOMYLO.056 PPB BENSULIDE:3.79PPB MANEB:1.10PPBI








                                                           CONCENTRATION OF PESTICIDES IN RUNOFF
                                                                                               ENTERING POND 1:;
                                                              lao.ow-



                                                              160.00D--
                                                      CL      140.OOD-                                                                                     . .......... . ....... .

                                                      Z       i20.00D-
                                                      0
                                                              100.000-                                                                                        . .... . ... .... ............. ... .. .. .... ...


                                                               80.ODO-                                                                                  - --------
                                                      z
                                                      LU       6D.000-

                                                      Z        40.000-
                                                      0
                                                      0        220.0D0-


                                                                                                                 LIS,
                                                                0.000-1-         05/30/54 1        1
                                                                                           07/07/84 05/28/85 01/26/86 03/13/881     166 08(18116110/14ft 11/05/86 12/09/86'12/18/86
                                                                                                                              DATE
                                                                   BENOMYL                              METALAXYL IM BENSULIDE                                                      MANEB


                                                   UATIC PROTECTION LEVELS: BENOMYLO.056 PPB BENSULIDE:3.79PPB MANEB:1.10PPB








                                                                CONCENTRATION OF PESTICIDES IN RUNOFF
                                                                                                    ENTERING POND 4

                                                                   vo.000--




                                                                   250.000-




                                                           Z
                                                           0



                                                                   Mow-



                                                           z
                                                           W       100.000-

                                                           z
                                                           0         50.0oo-

                                                                      OAW-                                           .96             Iz    1 1111)
                                                                                      05130/54 O?M?/84 05128/55 011'26186 03/13/86 08/02/86108/18/86110/14/86 11/05/86 12/09/86 12/18/86
                                                                                                                                   DATE
                                                                        BENOMYL                              METALAXYL                             BENSULIDE                             MANEB


                                                        UATIC PROTECTION LEVELS: BENOMYLO.056 PPB BENSULIDE:3.79PPB MANEB:1.10PPB









                                                            CONCENTRATION OF PESTICIDES IN RUNOFF
                                                                                                ENTERING POND 3



                                                                45.000-


                                                        0-      40.000-
                                                        0-

                                                                35.wo.
                                                        z-
                                                        0       30.000-


                                                                25.000-

                                                        z       20.000-
                                                        Lu
                                                        c)      15.000-
                                                        z       10.00-
                                                        0

                                                                  5.000-                                                           z


                                                                 0.
                                                                                   05130M4    /07/84 05P8185 Olt26186 03/0186 08/QM o8j /86 10/14/86 11105/86 12/09/86 12/IL/86
                                                                                                                        . DATE
                                                                    BENOMYL                               METALAXYL M BENSULIDE = MANEB


                                                  QUATIC PROTECTION LEVELS: BENOMYLO.056PPB BENSULIDE:3.79PPB MANEB:1..IOPPB







                                                              CONCENTRATION OF PESTICIDES IN RUNOFF
                                                                                                    ENTERING POND 5

                                                                 300.000-




                                                                 250.000-
                                                          0-

                                                          Z      200.000-
                                                          0
                                                          !@     150.000-

                                                          z
                                                          W      100.000-

                                                          z
                                                          0        50.000-


                                                                    0.000-                                                                                                          Ail
                                                                                     05M.30    07/0     05/28185 01126/86 03/13/86    M211 8  08/18/86110/14/86'11105/86'12/09186' 1211BIB6
                                                                                                                                   DATE
                                                                      BENOMYL                                METAUkXYL jM BENSULIDE                                                      MANEB

                                                @QLIATIC PROTECTION LEVELS: BENOMYLO.056 PPB BENSULIDE:3.79PPB MANEB:1.l0PPr3






                                                            CONCENTRATION OF PESTICIDES IN RUNOFF
                                                                                                 ENTERING POND 6

                                                               2W.000-




                                                       m

                                                               mo.ooo--



                                                       z








                                                               100.000-
                                                       z
                                                       w
                                                       z         50.000-
                                                       0


                                                                  0.000-                                                                                            -T-
                                                                                                7/84 05/28/85101/26/86103/13/MITQ@08118/86 10/14/86 11/05/86 12/@09/86 .2/181865
                                                                                                                               DATE
                                                                    BENOMYL                               METALAXYL                            BENSULIDE = MANEB


                                                               PROTECTION LEVE
                                              @QUATIC                                           LS: BENOMYL 0.056 PPB BENSULIDE: 3.79 PPB MANEB: 1. 10 PPB
                                                                                   owo/84 07, iv?,







                                                        CONCENTRATION OF PESTICIDES IN RUNOFF
                                                                                          ENTERING POND,7

                                                            M-000@



                                                    co
                                                    0-      2W.WO-
                                                    a-

                                                    z

                                                            150.0w





                                                               ow
                                                    z
                                                    w
                                                    0
                                                    z
                                                             Mow-
                                                    0




                                                              0.000-
                                                                                              05/28185 01/26/86 03113186 08/=86 08/18/86 10114/86 11/05/86 12/09/86 12118186
                                                                                                                      DATE
                                                               BENOMYL                            METALAXYL M BENSULIDE                                                MANEB

                                            @QIJATIC PROTECTION LEVELS: BEN OMYL 0.056 PPB BENSULIDE:3.79PPB MANEB:1.10PPB
                                                                         I.M.4       07111171.4






                                                          CONCENTRATION OF PESTICIDES IN RUNOFF
                                                                                             ENTERING POND 8


                                                       CQ     Mow-                                                                                               ....... ...
                                                       a_

                                                       Z      40.000-                                                                                   .... ..... ..
                                                       0


                                                              30.000--                                                                               . .... ........ ...... . ..

                                                       z
                                                       W      20.000-

                                                       z
                                                       0      10.0oo-



                                                                                                            @6/86 03
                                                                                051AM0184             185 01         113/86108/02/86108118'86 10114/86 111051865'121OM6112/18/86
                                                                                                                           DATE
                                                                 BENOMYL                              METALAXYL                           BENSULIDE                           MANEB

                                                                40TECTION LEVELS: BENOMYL 0.056 PPB BENSULIDE: 3.79 PPB MANEB: l..'l 0 PPBI
                                                                                        ID Lllllol,@lgll Lo,,,,&, 0:@,,








                                                                CONCENTRATION OF PESTICIDES IN RUNOFF
                                                                                                    ENTERING POND 9

                                                                   20-000-


                                                                   Mooo.-
                                                            ca
                                                            0-     145.000.
                                                            a_
                                                            z      14.000-
                                                            0      12.000--
                                                            Ir-
                                                                   10.000-


                                                                     8.000-
                                                            z
                                                            w        6.000-
                                                            z        4.000-
                                                            0

                                                                        000-
                                                                     0.000-1                                             -T                                                   @h
                                                                                      05130/84 07/07/84105/28/85101126186 03/13/86 08/02186 06/18/86110/14/W 111/05/86112/09/86 12/18186
                                                                                                                                    DATE
                                                                        BIENOMYL                              METALAXYL IM BENSULIDE                                                      MANEB


                                                  @QUATIC PROTECTION LEVELS: BENOMYL 0.056 PP8 BENSULIDE: 3.79 PPB                                                                      MANEB: 1          10 PPB
                                                                                                                                              r








                                                           CONCENTRATION OF PESTICIDES IN RUNOFF
                                                                                              ENTERING POND 10

                                                               20.


                                                               18.000--
                                                        m
                                                               wooo-


                                                               14.000-                                                                                         . ....... ..
                                                        z
                                                        0      12.000-


                                                               10.000-



                                                        z
                                                        w
                                                                 6.000-
                                                        z        4.000-
                                                        0
                                                                 2.000-                                                                                n                       - - ----
                                                                 0.                                              JUL-   --                         J I
                                                                                  05/30 4 07    14 05/28185 01/26186 03/13186     I=     08118/86 10/14/86 11105/86 12109IF6 12118186
                                                                                                                               DATE
                                                                   BENOMYL                               METALAXYL IM BENSULIDE                                                     MANEB


                                              @QUATIC PROTECTION LEVELS: BENOMYLO.056 PPB BENSULIDE:3.79PPB MANEB:1-10PPBl
                                                                                   j..7107
                                                                                                                            /86TO8    86




                                 CONCENTRATION OF BENOMYL IN
                                         RUNOFF ENTERING PONDS-,


                                                                  POND I



                                                                                ee,
                                                                                                  PROTECTION
                                                                                      .... ...    LEVEL
                             a_               .. .. ..

                             z


                             <



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                                                                                ee@   e,
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                                             X,
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                                                                     ma  12M=M s w"
                                                                       DATE




                                                                 POND 2
                                                   el. Tll--@--

                             co                                                                  PROTECT]ION
                                                   N-
                             (L              Ile                                           ee.
                                                                                                 LEVEL
                             CL                                                            "e,

                             Z



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                                                                                         "Aw, Iowa' Wom
                                                                     MATE
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                        BENOMYL AQUATIC PROTECTION LEVEL                                            0.056 PP





                        CONCENTRATION OF BENOMYL IN
                               RUNOFF EN-THERING PONDS,


                                                POND 3




                                                                        PROTECTION
                     CL                                                 LEVEL


                     z


                     F-


                     F-








                                                               IV       V


                                                    DATE





                                               POND 4


                                                          elf,


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                   Z



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                                                                      Ix
                                                             If
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                                                   DATE





                 BENOMYL AQUATIC PROTECTION LEVEL                         0.056 PPB





                            C-"ONCENTRATION OF BENOMYL IN
                                    RUNOFF ENTERING-i PONDS


                                                     POND.5




                                                                               F   TECTION
                                                                                  EL
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                     z


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                                                        DATE





                                                    POND 6



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                                                                     wu
                                                        DATE





                              YL AQUATIC PROTECTION LEVEL                          0.056 PPB





                          kra"'ONCENTRATION OF BENOMYL IN
                                 RUNOFF ENTPERING PONDS


                                                   POND 7




                                                                            PROTECTION
                                                                            LEVEL
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                       Z   QCd*-


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                                                       DATE




                                                   POND 8




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                                                                            LEVEL
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                                                                               Mil,

                                                       DATE






                   BENOMYL AQUATIC PROTECTION LEVEL                          0.056 PPB




                          CONCENTRATION OF BENOMYL IN
                                 RUNOFF ENTERING PONDS


                                                    POND 9




                                                                             PROTECTION
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                      cl-
                                                                             LEVEL






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                                                        DATE





                                                   POND 10




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                                                       DATE



                  BENOMYL AQUATIC PROTEC-nON LEVEL                             0.056 @@B




                        CONCENTRATION OF MANEB IN
                                   RUNOFF ENTERING PONDS
                                                                             POND 1



                                                                                                        "v.




                             z





                                                                                                          I     X,
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                                                                                     DATE

                                                                             POND 2








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                                               06,301" 07/6718. o6rww  C, rm-A ow W"            oblams om4?" t1low" IZMWN       I zq ow"
                                                                                      DATE
                                      MANEB AQUATIC PROTECTION LEVEL = 110 PPB




                            CONCENTRATION OF MANEB lN
                                        RUNOFF. ENTERIN,G PONDS
                                                                                     POND 3




                                                                         "v
                                 co
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                                                                                             DATE
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                                                                                           DATE


                                         MANEB AQuA-ncPRoTEc-nON LEVEL                                                         1.10 PPB




                        CONCENTRATION OF MANEB IN
                                   RUNOFF ENTERING PONDS
                                                                              POND 5



                                                                  e-.1









                               Z





                                                                                                                  ..                 ON
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                                                                   m    014sm  am w" colova    am a"   lamww   IMM" laomwa     W&M
                                                                                      DATE
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                                              OW@_    olmn"   cmr@,"  0raw"           asomm                                  Z, W"
                                                                                    DATE


                                  IMANEBAouAmPROTECTION LEVEL                                                   1.10 PpB




                                .CONCENTRATION OF MANEB IN
                                                RUNOFF ENTERING PONDS.
                                                                                                   POND 7

                                                                                       ee                             ell                                       ee
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                                                                                                             DATE
                                                                                                  POND 8


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                                                                                                                                    ia,44W maw"           lzvwn
                                                                                                            DATE


                                                RAAM9=R AOLJA-nr, PRoTEc-nON LEVEL= 1.10 PPB





                                 CONCENTRATION OF MANEB IN
                                               RUNOFF ENTERING PONDS
                                                                                                      POND 9




                                      co
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                                                                                                                DATE
                                                                                                     POND 10



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                                                                                                                DATE


                                                MAMF:R AOUATIC PROTECTION LEVEL = 1.10 PPB



                         .CONCENTRATION OF BENSULIDE IN
                                                      RUNOFF ENTERING PONDS
                                                                                                                 POND 1'

                                                                                                                                     I        ell


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                                         Appendix B.

                              DATA INPUT SOURCES for PRZM Model


                      ITEM---                                 SOURCE

             Pan Factor                                       PRZM Manual, p.40
             Snow Factor                                    N/A
             Minimum evaporation,                           PRZM Manual, p.42
                extraction depth
             Avg. daily hours of light                      PRZM Manual, p.43
             Maximum active root depth
             Maximum areal coverage of   crop               estimated
             Runoff curve number                            EPA
             Depth of soil core                             Atlantic County SCS
             Number of soil compartments                    Arbitrarily chosen
             Soil Bulk density                              Atlantic County SCS
             Number of soil horizons                        Atlantic County SCS
             Soil horizon thickness                         Atlantic County SCS
             Hydrodynamic dispersion                        PRZM Manual', p. 76
             Initial soil water content                     EPA
             Field capacity soil water content              EPA
             Wilting point soil water content of horizon    EPA
             Sorption partition coefficient                 EPA
                for soil horizon/pesticide combination
             Organic carbon content of soil horizon         Atlantic County SCS


                                 Chlorpyrifos      Bensulide    Benomyl

             Half Life in Soil   SWRRBWQ, APP. 5   BC           SWRRBWQ, APP. V
             Kow                 PRZM, p. 72       BC           SWRRBWQ, APP. V
             Soil Decay Rate     Calculated        Calculated   Calculated
             Foliar Washoff      SWRRBWQ, APP. V   N/A          SWRRBWQ, APP. V
             Plant uptake        Calculated        Calculated   Calculated
             efficiency
             Plant Decay Rate    Calculated        N/A          Calculated
             Half Life on Plant  SWRRBWQ, APP. V   N/A          SWRRBWQ, APP. V

                                 Maneb                Metalaxyl

             Half Life in Soil   SWRRBWQ, APP. V      SWRRBWQ, APP. V
             Kow                 OL                   Calculated
             Soil Decay Rate     Calculated           Calculated
             Foliar Washoff      SWRRBWQ, APP. V      SWRRBWQ, APP. V
             Plant uptake        Calculated           Calculated
               efficiency
             Plant Decay Rate    Calculated           Calculated
             Half Life'on Plant  SWRRBWQ, APP. V      SWRRBWQ, APP. V
             Koc                                      SWRRBWQ, APP. V









              SWRRBWQ = Simulator for Water Resources in Rural Basins-
                        Water Quality, 2/6/91
              BC       =British Crop Protection Council, 9th Ed.
              PRZM     =Pesticide Root Zone Model, Release 1
              OL       =EPA-Environmental Fate Database, 1990



              CALCULATIONS

              Plant Decay Rate    .693/half life days
              Soil Decay Rate   =-.693/half life days
              Plant Uptake        0.784 exp - [(log Kow    1.78)2/2.,44]
              Efficiency Factor   PRZM p. 75,































                             .24


























                                     AppendiX B.



          Reference Articles for Fate and Ground@Water Monitoring Study for
                               Pesticides and Nitrates







                                A Ground Water Monitoring Study for Pesticides
                                     and Nitrates Associated with Golf Courses on
                                                                                  Cape Cod
                                 kv Sh@art Z. Cohen, Susan Nickerson, Robert Maxey, A ubry Duptq Jr., and Joseph A. Senila


                             Abstract
                                 Scientists and regulators in the United States began emphasizing the study of pesticides in groundwater in 1979anc
                             1980. The scientific community began to emphasize the study of nitrates in ground water as a result of fertilization in th(
                             mid to late 1970s. By the mid 1980s, tens of thousands of wells were found to contain elevated nitrate concentrations anc
                             detectable concentrations of pesticides. Few, if any, of the data were collected from wells associated with the nation'.,
                             13,000 golf courses.
                                Golf is popular on Cape Cod, an area that depends on a hydrogeologically vulnerable aquifer system as its principa
                             source of drinking water. Pesticides and fertilizers are applied to golf courses, often at high rates on greens and tees,
                             Therefore the EPA, the Barnstable County government, and several local golf course superintendents collaborated on a
                             study of the impact of golf course turf management on ground water quality.
                                Nineteen monitoring wells were installed upgradient. and in greens, tees, and fairways on four golf courses. Selected
                             soil core samples were collected and analyzed. Four to six rounds of ground water samples were collected over one and a
                             half years'and analyzed for 17 pesticides and related chemicals, nitrate-N samples were collected al least monthly. Seven
                             of the 17 chemicals were never detected. The most frequently detected chemical - dichlorobenzoic acid - probably had
                             been an impurity in herbicide formulations. Chlordane was detected in several wells at concentrations exceeding the
                             health advisorylevel, perhaps due either to repeated heavy applications coupled with preferential flow of the boundipar-
                             ticulate phase and/or cross contamination during well installation. The results show no cause for concern about use of
                             these currently registered pesticides.
                                Nitram-N concentrations were generally below the 10 ppm federal MCL, with some exceptions. Overall. nitrate-N
                             concentrations decreased in response to lower application rates and use of slow-release fertilizer formulatio         'ns.

                             Introduction and Background                                         1986, U.S. EPA 1988(b)). However. few if any of the data
                                Scientists and regulators in the United States began             were collected from wells associated with the nation's
                             to -emphasize the study of pesticides in ground water in        ,   13,000 golf courses.
                             1979 and 1980 following detections of three pesticides.                 Rates of pesticide application to golf course greens
                             The nernaticide 1,2-dibromochloropropane (DBCP) Was                 and tees arc usuay much greater than analogous rates
                             found in the ground water of California, Arizona, South             for farmland, but the greens and tees usually cover less
                             Carolina, and Maryland, and the insecticide/ nernaticide            than 3 percent of the total golf cours    e (GCSAA,,'NGF
                             aldicarb (Temik) was detected in the ground water of                1985).
                             New York and Wisconsin (Zaki et al. 1982, Cohen et al.                 Golfing is a popular sport an Cape Cod, and golf
                             1984(a), Holden 1986, Lorber et al. 1989). Atrazine was             courses arc key factors in the local economy. Most of
                             also found in ground water during this time period                  Cape Cod is underlain by a sole source aquifer, which
                             (Spalding et al. 1980, Wchtje et al. 198 1). EPA has imple-         supplies most of the area's drinking water (U.S. EPA
                             mented or proposed several regulatory actions as a result           1982(a), Guswa and LeBlanc 1985). Cape Cod's hvdro-
                             of these findings (U.S. EPA 1979, U.S. EPA 1983, U.S.               geology is characterized by a shallow, unconfined, highly
                             EPA 1987(a), U.S. EPA 1988(a) ).                                    transmissive aquifer, high recharge, and sandY soils
                               The scientific community began to emphasize the                   (Guswa and LeBlanc 1985). Consequently. local citizens
                             study of nitrates in ground water as a result of fertilization      and town officials began questioning whether new golf
                             in the mid to late 1970s (e.g., Olson et al. 1973, Hallberg         courses could be constructed without iMDacting ground
                             1986).                                                              water quality. Iritially, these questions were evaluated by
                               Bv the mid 1980s there had been extensive detcctions              paper" risk assessments involving environmental fate.
                             of pesticides and nitrates in ground water in many agri-            toxicity, and Pesticide Root Zone Model assessments
                             cultural areas (USGS 1984, Cohen et al. 1986, Hallberg              'Cohen 1984, Severn 1986). These EPA assessments
                             160       @Vinter 1990 GWMR





                          generally concluded that good science could be used to
                          select turt' pesticides that could be applied without at'-.
                          verseiy impacting ground water. However. 1Z was recOg-
                          nized that these mod-Jing assessments were educated
                          gucsses that could be verified only withgood monitoring
                          data.
                              In addition, the Cape Cod PlanninL, and Economic
                          Development Commission (CCPEDC) had e@tablished a
                          nitrate-N planning-guideiine of 5 ppm within zones of
                          contribution to public supply wells to assure compliance
                          with the 10 ppm federal MCL (CCPEDC 1978). Conse-
                          quently, CC P EDC and E PA decided t o co nd uct a gro und                                                             rl C.
                          water monitoring study of selected golf courses on Cape
                          Cod.


                                                                                                                             G-C.
                                                                                                                   G.C.
                          Regional Hydrogeology
                              Cape Cod 'is compnised     of unconsolidated glacial
                          sediments that overlie bedrock. The bedrock surface dips
                                                                                                   &C.
                          eastward and ranges in depth from 80 feet below sea level
                          at the Cape Cod canal to greater than 900 feet at Pro-             Figure 1. Golf course locations and physical features of Cape Cod
                          vincetown (Guswa 1985). The glacial sediments were                 (adapted from USGS 1985).
                          deposited during the Pleistocene epoch as thrust moraines                                                                    A;
                          and outwash plains.                                              Ekwaton W-1
                              A number of spits and tomboios formed (,luring the            40
                          Holocene bound Cape Cod Bay, the Atlantic Ocean, and              3"0                         2
                          Nantucket Sound. A generalized map is sho :vn in Fig-                                                      W-3
                          ure 1. The Sandwich and Buzzards Bav morali."es consist           20
                          of sandy till mixed with stratified sand and gravel. Out-
                          wash plain sediments generally consist of strazified sand
                          and gravel with local silt and clay layers. Eastern outwash        0
                          plain sediments are nixed with till and ice contact sedi-        -101L                                     In
                          ments. Generally, sediments become finer grained with
                          depth and distance from the moraines. The topography is
                          marked bv numerous kettles and kames. The outwash
                          plains are cut by many stream valleys, which are usually           Figure 2. Ban River Golf Course geologic cross section-
                          dry (except where tidafly influenced) due to the permeable         tendent at Hyannisport).
                          nature of the underlying sand and gravel (01dale 1981).               The fresh/saline ground water transition zone is
                              Six fresh ground water flow systems constitute the             approximately 200 feet below the inland ground surface.
                          Cape Cod aquifer and are commonly referred to as lenses            The transition zone becomes shallower toward the shore.
                          (Guswa 1985). Two of the lenses occupy upper Cape Cod,             Most shallow ground water on Cape Cod occurs under
                          where the four golf courses in this study'are located              unconfined conditions. Along the Outer Cape it occurs in
                          (Figure 1). The two lenses are separated by Bass River.            lenses bounded by saline water (LeBlanc et at. 1986).
                          Ground water in both systems flows radially from inland
                          recharge areas to surface water discharge areas. Precipi-          Site Descriptions and Hydrogeology
                          tation is the only source of fresh water recharge.                 Bass River Golf Course
                              Annual ground water recharge is approximately 20                  The Bass River Golf Course is situated on the west
                          inches on Cape Cod (using the assumption presented                 bank of Bass River, north of South Yarmouth. in the
                          by LeBlanc et al. 1986, that 45 percent of the average             Harwich outwash plain. Sediments here consist of sand
                          annual precipitation recharges the aquifer). Average               and gravel, which are mixed with clay in some places. A
                          annual precipitation on Cape Cod is approximately                  cross seciion of the study area ;s shown in -Figure 2-
                          44.3ï¿½2.2' inches. This average was derived from data               Monitoring wells 5 and 6 are upgradient of the site
                          from 15 coastal weather stations in Massachusetts during           followed by wells 1, 2, and 3. Monitoring well 4 is the
                          the period.1941 to 1970 (NOAA 1978). Also included                 most downgradient well.
                          were data from the station at Hyannis for the period 1985             Depth to ground water, as measured at the six moni-
                          through 1987. The Hyannis average and the NOAA aver-               toring wells, ranges from 6.45 feet to 35.37 feet below
                          age were not significantly different. These data indicate          ground surface (Table 1). Elevations above sea level range
                          that quantities of precipitation are similar throughout            from 4.72 feet to 6.' 92 feet as calculated from the overall
                          upper Cape Cod. Recharge probably approaches 30 Inches             depth to  ground water. Potentiorrictric surface data
                                                                                                                                       -3


                                                                                                                                                      W_
                                                                                                                      W'2'









                          beneath the 2olf courses because of irrigation (approxi-           recorded from the wells since 1984 irdicate thar ground
                          mately 20 In year. according to the go!f course superin-           water flow is generally to the southeast. toward Bass
                                                                                                                       Winter 1990 (;%%'NIR          161






                                                                                                                TABLE I
                                                                                         Monitoring Well Construction Summary*
                                                                                                     Bass River Golf Course
                                                                 Well #1                 Well #2                Well #3                 Well #4                Well #5                   Well #6

                                      Location                Fai-wav 99                 Gr.-en $110         Green #10 and           Tee #11                 Background               New background
                                                                                                             Tee #11
                                      Depth of Well           36.55 ft                   29.45 ft            19.65 ft                11.50 ft                41.60 ft                 40 ft
                                      Length of Screen        3 ft-PVC                   3 ft-PVC            3 ft-PVC                3 ft-PVC                3 ft-PVC                 5 ft-Teflon,5
                                      Construction            PVC riser,                 PVC riser,          PVC rism                PVC riser,              PVC riser,               PVC riser,
                                      Method                  glued joints               glued joints        glued Joints            glued joints            glued joints             threaded joints
                                      Drilling Technique Drive and wash                  Drive and wash      Drive and wash          Drive and wash          Drive and wash           Hollow-stem auge
                                      Mean Depth              32-17                      24.80               14.64                   6.45                    35.37                    25.56
                                      to Water

                                        Wells 1-5 were installed-pre-viously for a related study.

                                                                                                   Falmouth Country Club
                                                                                         well #1                   well #2                        Well #3                     Well #4

                                      Location                                           Tee # 18                  Background                     Green # 17                  New fairway well
                                      Depth of Well                                      45.00 ft                  40.00 ft                       40.00 ft                    40.00 ft
                                      Length of Screen                                   5 ft-Teflon@              5 ft-Tcflon                    5 ft-Teflon                 5 ft-Teflon
                                      Construction Method                                PVC riser.,               PVC riser,                     PVC riser.                  PVC riser,
                                                                                         threaded joints           threaded joints                threaded joints             threaded joints
                                      Drilling Technique                                 Drive and wash            Drive and wash                 Drive and wash              Hollow-stem auger
                                      Mean Depth to Water                                35.53                     36.30                          35.63                       34.71

                                                                                                Eastward Ho! Country Club
                                                                                         Well #1                   Well #2                        Well #3                     Well #4

                                      Location                                           Fairway #6                Background                     Green #6                    Tee P7
                                      Depth of Well                                      15.00 ft                  65.00 ft                       9.00 ft                     13.00 ft
                                      Length of Screen                                   5 ft-TeflonO              5 ft-Teflon                    5 ft-Teflon                 5 ft-Teflon
                                      Construction Method                                PVC riser,                PVC riser,                     PVC riser,                  PVC riser.
                                                                                         threaded joints           threaded joints                threaded joints             threaded joints
                                      Drilling Technique                                 Drive and wash            Drive and wash                 Drive and wash              Drive and. wash
                                      Mean Depth to Water                                8.08                      56.19                          6.00                        5.28

                                                                                                  Hyannisport Country Club
                                                                             well #1                  well #2                    Well #3                   Well #4                    Well #5
                                      Location                               Green #2                 Tee #16                    Fairway #2                Background                 New green well
                                      Depth of Well                          2100 ft                  15.00 ft                   15.00 ft                  27.50 ft                   15.00 ft
                                      Length of Screen                       5 ft-Teflon,9            5 ft-Teflon                5 ft-Teflon               5 ft-Teflon                5ft-Teflon
                                      Construction                           PVC riser.               PVC riser,                 PVC riser,                PVC riser,                 PVC riser,
                                      Method                                 threaded joints          threaded joints            threaded joints           threaded joints            threaded joints
                                      Drilling Technique                     Dri-e and wash           Drive and wash             Drive and wash            Drive and wash             Hollow-stem auge;
                                      Mean Depth to Water                    11.18                    8.64                       11.76                     23.71                      9.74

                                      River, at A -gradient of 0.001 (Table 2). Aquifer character-                           bogs bound the property on the west. Sediments beneat
                                      istic data generated by Guswa @1985) are presented in                                  this golf course belong to the Mashpee pitted outwas
                                      Table 2.                                                                               plain. Well logs (Figure 3) reveal that f ine-to-coarse san
                                                                                                                             and gravel underfie this site to -12.62 fect(MSL). Groun4
                                      Falmouth Golf Course                                                                   water occurs in the sandy gravel at mean depths rangin
                                          The Falmouth Golf Course is located aporoximately                                  from 34.97 feet to 36.30 feet and elevations of 14.47 t
                                      I mile north of the village of East Falmouth. Cranberry                                15.36 feet above sea level. Monitoring Nvell 2 is the rrio@
                                      162           Wirter 1990 GWMR





                                                                                               TABLE2
                                                                                      Aquifer Characteristics
                                                                                                Bass River           Falmouth          Eastward lio!         Hyannirpo.-t
                              Horizontal Hydraulic Conductivity (K, ft/day)*                         250                  ISO                 225                  250
                              Ratio, of Horizontal to Vertical K*                                    10:1                10:1                 io: 1                10:1
                              Hydraulic Gradient (i)                                               0.001                0.002               0.050*               0.00 1
                              Ground Water Velocity (V. ft/dav)'*                                     1.1                 1.2                 45                    1.0

                                  Guswa 1986.
                                  'stimated velocitv calculated using V = Kii n. where n is porosity value for sand and gravel (Reath 1983). Hydraulic gradient determined from measure
                                  water table elevations in wells
                                  This is gradient beneath green. tm and fairway well. Background well is not included because it is not along same flow path.


                                                                                                                                    Rastvard No
                              upgradient well. followed by wells 4,3. and 1. Monitoring                    Fak"outh                            "s.5 M.
                              well 4 is the most downgradient well. Ground water flow
                              is north to south. The hydraulic gradient (Table 2) is
                              0.002, based on data from all five on-site wells. Ground
                              water velocity is estimated to be 1.3 ft/day using the
                              equation shown In Table 2.


                              Eastward Ho! Golf Course
                                  Eastward Ho! Golf Course is located on the north
                              side of Nickerson Neck. The course is bounded on the
                              north by Pleasant Bay. Sediments beneath this golf course
                              are part of the Harwich outwash pWn. The plain also                         StUre 3.  General ftokogic logL
                              contains more recent beach sediments. Drilling logs reveal
                              that the sediments cunsist of sand with some gravel. A                      of pesticide application.
                              clay laver was encountered at elevations of 5 feet to                            Ground water flow is to the south-southwest, beneat]
                              58 feet. The elevation of the sand was approximately                        the portion of 'the golf course where the green, tee. ani
                              -10 feet MSL (Figure 3). Mean depth to ground water                         fairway wells are located. Ground water flow is probabl-
                              ranged from 56.19 feet at the background well to 5.28 feet                  to the southeast at the background well, based on topo
                              at the tee well (Table 1). Mean water table elevations                      graphy. This could not be measured because the back
                              range from 1.44 feet MSL to 3.63 feet MSL (this does not                    ground well does not lie within the same flow path as th
                              include the background well elevation, because it was not                   three other wells. The gradient beneath the tee, green, =
                              surveyed). Ground water flow direction at the background                    fairway wells is estimated to be 0.001 (Table 2). Groun(
                              well is to the northwest (based upon surface topography).                   water velocity beneath the course in this area is estimatei
                              Flow direction is to the northeast beneath the eastem                       to be I ft/day, assuming a sand porosity of 25 percen
                              portion. where the tee, green, and fairway wells are located.               (Heath 1983). The golf course is situated within a probabl,
                              Ground water flows toward Pleasant Bay, which is within                     zone of contribufion to a nearby public well.
                              20 feet of the course.
                                  'Me ground water gradient (Table 2) is estimated'to be
                              0.05 feet beneath the northeastern portion of the course.                   Study Design
                              Ground water velocity is estimated to be 45 ft/day,                         Goff Course Selection
                              assuming a formation porosity of 25 percent for the                             Initially, the objective was to estimate the extent o
                              sandy aquifer (Heath 1984). Monitoring well I is the most
                                                                                                          occurrence of pesticides and nitrates in the surficial aquife:
                              upgradient well followed by wells 4 and 3. Monitoring                       as a result of their application to all 30 golf courses oi
                              well 2 is not within the same flow regime as the others but                 Cape; Cod. Hydrogeologic vulnerability and pesticid,
                              it is upgradicrit from areas of pesticide application.                      usage were to be used as design parameters. Thus it wa.
                              Hyannisport Golf Course                                                     decided to use stratified random sampling (Snedecor an(
                                  Hyannisport Golf Course is located on the eastern                       Cochran 1980, Cohen et al. 1986) to select the golf course
                              shore of Centerville Harbor on Nantucket Sound. The                         for study. However, there were funds to study only fou
                              sediments beneath this course are part of the Bamstable                     golf courses, and a properly conducted stratified randon
                              outwash plain and are predominantly fine to coarse sand,                    study, with conclusions applicable to all golf courses oi
                              to at least an elevation of -10 feet MSL. Monitoring                        the Cape, would have required more than four. Therefori
                              wells I and 5 are the most upgradi-7:nt wells followed by                   it was decided to conduct a worst-case assessment first
                              wells 2 and 3. Monitoring well 4 -is not within the same                    fo!lowed by a more comprehensive study if indicated b-
                              flow regime as the others but it is upgradlent from areas                   the results of the first study,
                                                                                                                                         Winter 199f) GWNIR                 16




                                The Cape's seven nine-hole golf courses were elimi-                    Tox lcity -drink ing water health guidance levels
                            nated from the potential sampling universe because it was                  Analvtical chemistry-methods and detection limits.
                            believed that their turf management practices might not                    Pesticide mobility and persistence were evaluated t(
                            be reprcsentative of most golf courses. The remaining                  ensure that pesticides with even a slIgh-, potenual to leac)
                            golf courses were evaluated according to the following                 to ground water (Cohen et all. 1984) would be included ii
                            design criteria:                                                       Lhc study. Health guldance levels (HGLs). which includi
                            9   Site stratigraphy/ hydrogeologic vulnerability. Higher             HALs, MCLs, SNARLs, etc., were not available foi
                                risk ratings were assigned to goLf courses in glacial              most pesticides, so they were calculated according to tht
                                outwash plains with sandy soils. Lower risk r ratings              following formulas. HGLs for pesticides exhibiting thre
                                were assigned to golf courses overlying moraine depos-             shold -effects, i.e.. toxic endpoints with a No Obser%abh
                                its, which may contain silt, play, or other relatively             Effect Level. can be calculated as follows:
                                impervious deposits.                                               HGL      ADi x 70 kg,'2L/day (for most toxic effects)
                            9   Pesticide and fertilizer usage. Subjective rankings were           HIS L   ADI x 10 kg/ I L 11 day (for cholinesterase inhibitors'
                                based on the amounts of pesticides and nitrogen fertil-
                                izers applied. Information was obtained from golf                  where
                                course records and interviews with golf course                         ADI    acceptable daily intake in mg1; kgi day
                                superintendents.                                                       70 kg   adult body weight
                                Golf course age. Golf courses more than 30 years old                   10 kg   child body weight
                                were assigned a higher risk rating due to the increased                2 L/day = standard water consumption factor for
                                time available for pesticides to rr@grate to ground water              adults
                                and the in=ased likelihood that older, riskier pesticides              I L/dav = standard water consumption factor for
                                would have been applied to the golf courses.                           children.
                                Seven golf courses were ranked high in all three                       For carcinogenic end points, the H G L was calculatec
                            Potential risk categories. The original plan was to ran-               from the carcinocenic potency factor (Q*) for a negligibit
                            domly sample four golf courses from the high-ootential-                risk standard-a I x 10-6 upper limit probability of cancer
                            risk list so that statistically valid inferences could be              occurrence in a lifetime of exposure.
                            extrapolated to all golf courses in that risk category.                    The list of organic chemical analvtes. their commor
                            However, only four of the seven golf course personnel
                            agreed to participate in the study.'Thus the golf courses              names. and their uses arc contained in Table 3. HGLs are
                            included in the study are Falmouth Country Club,                       provided in the discussion section of this paper for pesti-
                                                                                                   cides that were detected.
                            Hyannisport Club, Eastward Ho! Golf Club, and Bass                         One to four years of pesticide    .application data pro-
                            River Golf Club. Their locations are depicted in Figure 1.             vided by the golf course superintendents are provided in
                                                                                                   Table 4. The reader is cautioned against extrapolating
                            Chemical Selection                                                     these data too far into the past. For example. chlordane
                                A iist of pesticides commonly applied to golf course               use-on turf was not allowed during this time period. Also,
                            turf on Cape Cod was developed and evaluated according                 it is the first author's experience that. over a multiyear
                            to three criteria:                                                     period. 2,4-D and mecoprop use might have been more
                                Environmental fate-mobility and                                    widespread than it is today as Indicated on this table.
                                persistence                                                        Nitrogen application data are contained in Table 5.



                                                                                         TABLE3
                                                         Organic Analytes for the Cape Cod Golf Course Study

                                                                            (Common Name/Trade Name)
                                           Herbicides                                    Fungicides                                  Insecticides
                            dacthal/ DCPAI!                             chlorothalonil/ Daconil                      chlorpyrifosl' DursbanO*-
                            chlordanc**                                 anilazine/ Dyrene                            trichloropyridinol
                            dicamba                                     iprodione/Chipco 26019                       (Dursban metabolite)
                            mecoprop! MCPP                                                                           isofenphos.'Oftanol
                            2.4-D                                                                                    diazinon
                            2.4-dich)orobenzoic acidt                                                                chlordane**
                            siduron/Tupersan
                            pentachlo ro phenol/ PCPTT

                                Dactlial diacid metabolite included.
                                Technical chlordane and heptachior epoxidt.
                                Use unknown. suspecied impurity.
                                Specifi@ target Pest unknown. out this wood preserv:ttive had been formulated as Pan of an herhicidc mimure

                            164        NVinter 1990 GWMR







                                                                                                       TABLE4
                                                                                        Pesticide Application Data*

                                                                             Bass River                                     Falmouth                  Hyannisport                      Eastward Ho
                                                                                 (AI)                                          TP)                          (AI)                       (TP)         (A
                              PEsticides                   1984          1985             1986            1987          1986             1987      1986             1987               1986         198

                                                                                                                                                  No Data
                              dacthal
                              diazincin
                              dicamba                    0.06 gal        0.02 gal
                              2.4-D                      0.50 gal        0.13 gal                                                                                                 6.75 Gal       1.77
                              anilazinc                                                                                 10. 1 gal      18.1 gal                                   7.5  gal
                              chlordane
                              chlarothaiunil             31.75 gal      15.6 gal        9.0 gal      4.04 gal           4.1 gal                                   3.64 gal        5.5  Gal       8.08
                              chloropyrifos              41.0lb                                                   2.0 gal                                   2.20 gal                       3.30 1
                              iprodione                  69.2LB         27.0 lb         5.1 gal        .98 gal                                                    8.95 gal                       9.40 1
                              isofenphos                    55 gal       2.75 gal       1.5 gal        .55 gal          42.0 gal                                                  6.2  GAL
                              mccoprop (MCPP)            0.27 gal        0.07 gal
                              pentachlorophenol                                                                                        5.34 gal
                              iiduron                                                                                   9.38 gal                                  6.6 gal         32.0 lb

                               Pesticides on this table were analyzed for this study. This list does not include ail the pesticides used on the golf courses.
                               Al-ActIVE INGREDIENT
                              TP-Total product.
                               Total areas oF tees. FairwaYs. and greens are aRE AS fOLLOWS
                                   Bass River    45 acres
                                   Falmouth     42 acres (including roughs)
                                   HyannIsport - 29.1 (including roughs)
                                   Eastward Ho! - 44.5 acres INCLUDING roughs).


                                                                                                           TABLE 5
                                                                             Average Nitrogen Applied per Year (lb/1000 ft2)
                                                                   Bass River                          Falmouth                         HyAnnisport                       Eastward Ho!
                                                              T          G            F          I           G          F           T          G            F         T           G            F

                                   1987                     2.0         4.0        2.0          3.0        4.0          2.0       3. 1         4.0         1.1        1.7         1.7        NA
                                   1986                     2. 1        4.8        1.9          2.0        6.2          2.0       3.0          3.5         3.2        4.0         5.0        2.6
                                   1985                     4.35        5.5        2.0          NA*        NA           NA        NA           NA         NA          2.6         1.2        2.0
                                   1984                     3.6         4.0        3.25         NA         NA           NA        NA           NA         NA          NA          NA         NA
                                   1983                     1.0         5.25       3.5          NA         NA           NA        NA           NA         NA          NA          NA         NA

                                   T =TEE. G =GREen. F=FAIRWAY.

                                   No data available.

                                   Monitoring Well Site Selection                                                            Generally, wells were not placed in aREAS where surface
                                        MonitORIng well site selection was performed in con-                           runoff mighT collect. One exception was the green well at
                                   junction with the U.S. Geological Survey. Under an                                   Eastward Ho! Country Club, which was at the base of a
                                   EPA/ USGS cooperative agreement, CCPEDC staff and                                    steep mound. on top of which was the green.
                                   a hvdrogeoLogist from the USGS BosTON office revieWED
                                   each golf course for appropriate monitoring well locations.                          Methods
                                   In each case. on-course wells were sited at a fairway, a                             Monitoring Well Construction
                                   green, and a tee so that variable management practices                                   Nineteen ground water monitoring wells were installed
                                   within each course could be evaluated. Wells were placed                             for this study. At each of the four GOlf courses participating
                                   where the shallowest depths to ground water occurred                                 in the study, wells were placed at one tee, one greEN and
                                   and downgradient of the site of interest (tee or green)                             one fairway, and one well was placed upgradient of all
                                   when the well could not be placed directly in the managed                            treated areas to establish background water- quality con-
                                   area. Upgradient background wells were sited in locations                            ditions (Table 1 Sixteen of the wells were installed in
                                   presumed to be unaffected by nearby sources of contam-                               1985 using the drive-and-wash techNique. Three additional
                                   ination. such as septic systems or road runoff. It was not                           wells were installed in 1987 using a hollow-stern auger. in
                                                                                                        response to concern that the drive-and-wash method may
                                   possIBLE TO SITE the background well directly upgradienT,
                                   of the monItorinG wells at the HyannIsport and Eastward                              have caused cross contamination betweEN surface sOILs
                                   HO! GOLF COURSES.                                                                     and the aquifer. All of the wells are flush mountED and
                                                                                                                                                           Winter 1990 GWMR   165
 




                                made ol'2-Inch PVC. The wells were screened .-. or just             by a two-stage cleanup on a Flonsile column lollowei
                                below the water table. Equipment during drive-and-wash              a silica gel column.
                                instahaLion was cleaned with water between boreh3les.                   Detection and quantlitaticri cif analvtes were zcc
                                Hollow-stem auger equipment was steam cleaned between               plished by gas chruriiato-praphv (GC) with a H.-w
                                                         r
                                holes.                                                              Packard 57 10 C-C (ground water) and a Hewlett-Pack
                                   A sand pack was placed I to 2 fee- above the top of the          5730 GC (soil,, both equipped with NIo3 electron capi
                                Screen. followed by a bentonite seal. Native soil was then          detectors (ECD). All samples       were analvzed on
                                backfilled into the annular space in wells completed by             columns (6 foot x 4mm I.D.)        consisting'of 3 perc
                                the drive-and-wash method. This was done contrary to                SP-2100 and 5 percent. SP-2401 operated at 190
                                the well construction protocol. but according to standard           Approximately 20 percent of positive samples were a
                                                                                                    lvzed on a third column (6 foot x 4mm I.D.) consistin
                                practice in that area, and may have caused cross contam-
                                ination (see the discussion section). The wells were deve-          31 percent SP 2250 operated between 200 and 215
                                loped by bailer until the water was clear.                          depending on the analytes present.
                                Ground Water Sampling                                                   Quantitation was done by comparing response!
                                   Each well was cleared of four times its volume prior             analytes in the sample with responses of authentic. a
                                to sample collection. based on guidelines developed by              lytically pure external standards.
                                the National Water Well Association and the'Massachu-                   Iprodione was not analyzed for after the first rot
                                setts; Department of Environmental Quality Engineering.             due to the labor-intensive nature of this extraction @
                                                                                                    the total lack of detections for this pesticide In the f
                                Evacuation was accomplished by peristaltic pump where               round.
                                distances to ground water allowed. Otherwise wells were
                                evacuated by bailing.                                               PhenoxylPhenol-Ground Water
                                   In the initial phase of the project, samples were col-            . The analysis of the chlorinated phenoxy,, phenol a
                                iected using a Teflont bailer, which was washed with                lytes was based on validated modifications to U.S. E
                                hexane between each well, and rinsed threc times with               methodology (U.S. EPA 1982(d)).
                                deicinized water. Later in the study. after pesticides were             The water was acidified and extracted with et@
                                detected in the wells, dedicated PVC bailers-ere assigned
                                to each well that tested positive.            I                     hydrolyzed with base followed by ether wash. reacidi
                                   Water samples were placed in I-liter       Iamber glass          and extracted with ether, concentrated, methviated..,
                                bottles for pesticide analysis and 5OOmL glass jars for             cleaned up on Zrisde and silica gel columns.
                                                                                                        The GC analvses were performed on a Hew]
                                nitrogen. Samples were kept in sturdy plastic coolers with
                                ice until repacked for shipping or delivered to the                 Packard 5710 equipped with N       1-63 ECD. All saml
                                                                                                                                       I
                                                                                                    were analvzed on two columns (6 foot x 4mm 1.
                                laboratory.                                                         consisting -of 3 percent SP-2100 operated at 165 C
                                   E PA-approved QA! QC, procedures for sample integ-
                                                                                                    5 percent SP-2401 operated at 170 C. Approxima
                                rity, including chain-of-custody  'protocol, were followed          20 percent of positive samples were analyzed on a tf
                                throughout the monitoring program.
                                   Pesticide samples were collected quarterly over a one            column (6 foot x 4mm I.D.) consisting of 5 perc
                                and a half year period beginning in April of 1986. Sampling         SP-2250 operated at 190 C.
                                was conducted in August of 1986 and 1987, one to two                    Quarititation was accomplished as in the OC
                                months after the usual application time of the more                 method.
                                mobile herbicides -2-4- D, MCPR and dicamba. This                   Siduron-Ground Water
                                sampling schedule should have been adequate considering                 The analvsIs of siduron in the ground water samr
                                the likely time-of-travel of these solutes. Nitrate samples
                                were collected semimonthly or monthly at all fourcourses            was based on U.S. EPA methods (U.S. EPA 1982(c) z
                                over a two-year period beginning in January 1986.                   U.S. EPA 1987(b)).
                                                                                                        The pH of the water samples was adjusted to 7, a
                                Analytical Methods                                                  they were extracted with methviene.ch lo ride.
                                   All pesticide analyses were performed by EPA's                       The siduron concentration was determined us
                                Environmental Chemistry Laboratory (Office of Pesticide             high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) usini
                                Programs) in Mississippi.                                           Waters Model 840 H PLC System with a DuPont Zort
                                OrganochlorinelOrganophosphate (OCIOP)-Ground                       ODS (C-18, reverse phase) column operated at ro@
                                Water and Soil                                                      temperature. An Isocratic solvent system of water. a
                                   The determination of the OC!OP components was                    tonitrile, 45/55 with a flow rate of 1.0 mL: min and a
                                based on U.S. EPA methods forground water(U.S. EPA                  detector (238 nm) were used.
                                1982(b), 1982(c)) and for soil samples (U.S. EPA 1980).
                                Some modifications of these procedures were used: how-              Confirmational Analyses
                                ever, all analytical methods were validated in the lab prior            Gas chromatographyimass spectrometric (GC N'
                                to beginning analytical work.                                       analyses were performed on analytes detected witt
                                   The water samples were extracted with methylene                  Finnigan 5100 GC..'MS System equipped with a I'
                                chloride and were cleaned up on silica gel columns. The             DB-5 capillary column (0.25mm i.D.) operated bet%vc
                                soil samp!es were extracted vath accione/ hexane, followed          60 and 220 C at 20 C; min.
                                166       Winter 1991) GWMR




                            Sample Containers, Shipment. and Storage                           this sample through the  entire procedure. Recovery values
                                Water samples were collected in specially cleaned              obtained on these samples were plotted on control charts.
                            I-liter ambor Wheatcn@@ bottles fitted with Teflon-lined           which were maintained for all analyses. __@ept for unila-
                            lids. The bottles were washed with detergeit and water,            zine, which could not be ac-_,_,rately quantitated. Data 6r
                            followed by rinsing and distilled water. aceton--, and             preclsion, exoressed as standard devi7ition (SD, and rela-
                            methylene chloride and were dried overnight In an oven             tive sItandard deviatioa (RSD), and recovery, expressed
                            at ' 5(T C.                                                        as mean percent recovery, for the method obtained or
                                Soil samples were collected in quart Mascin@ jars              these QC samples was calculated for the ground watei
                            cleaned as previowdy described for the water samples.              samples. Recoveries (accuracy) averaged better than 7C
                            These containers had Teflon-lined lids.                            percent for the majority of analytes. and precision.
                                All samples were shipped under ice via "next-day               expressed as RSD, was, in general. below 20 percent foi
                            delivery- from Cape Cod directly to the laboratory. The            most analytes.
                            samples were kept refrigerated (4 C) and out of light at               A method validation study for soil was used to con-
                            the laboratory until the time of analvsis.                         sruct the control chart limits. Recoveries averaged bette,
                                                                                               than 70 percent for all analytes. and RS Ds for all analyten
                            Quality Assurance/ Quality Control                                 were well below 10 percent.
                                                                                                   Many of the samples in the study were run in duplicate.
                                In general. quality assurance and quality control were
                                                                                               and several samples were run in replicate. that Is, the%
                            maintained using established U.S. EPA methods (U.S.                were re-extracted at a later date. Precision data. expressed
                            EPA 1976, U.S. EPA 1984. U.S. EPA 1986). Prior to the              as relative percent difference (RPD). were calculated foi
                            study, a Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) was                 the duplicates and replicates. RPD was calculated using
                            specifically written and approved for the analytical work
                            associated.with the project.                                       the following:
                                Detailed sample tracking documentation was used                            1XI - XA
                            throughout the analvses. and all lab glassware and reagents            RPD     (x I + X2) x 100
                            were cleaned prior to use following U.S. EPA-approved
                            procedures.                                                                          2
                                As part of the QAPP. a method validation study was
                            done prior to analvzing samples to determine minimum               where RPD is relative percent difference between
                            detection limits (M DB) and to determine the precision             duplicates
                            and accuracv of the method. Ten to 12 water I soil replicate           xi = concentration (ppb) of analyte 'In sample
                            samples. spiked at 2 x, 4 x, and 100 x MDLs for all                    x, = concentration (ppb) of analvie in duplicate sample
                            analytes. were run for each method. The precision and              The mean RPDs; for most analytes averaged less than 20
                            accuracy data obtained during these studies were used to           percent.
                            construct control charts, which were maintained                        Surrogate standard spikes were used in ea& sample
                            throughout the analysis of field samples.                          to assess matrix effects and mechanical losses of recoveries
                                The field samples were analyzed in sets of no more             for the analytes; in the OC/OP and phenoxy.- phenol
                            than 15 total samples. Typical sets consisted of no more           methods. Methyl parathion and p,p'-DDT were used for
                            than 8 to 10 field samples, one field bank, one method             the former method, and 2,4,5-T for the latter. Predeter-
                            blank. one duplicate sample, one standard reference spike          mined recovery acceptance limits for these surrogates had
                            control, and one cleanup control, when a method with               to be obtained in order to have a valid. analysis for each
                            cleanup was used.                                                  sample.
                                To minimize any problems associated with long hold-                Analyte detection limits were significantly different
                            ing .times. ECS expected to extract aff samples within             than background noise, as all reported quantitative posi-
                            three weeks after arrival at the laboratory. This was the          tives demonstrated a signal to noise ratio of at least 10: 1
                            case with OC.'OP ground water sample sets, with one                on the gas chromatograms. The linear operating ranges
                            exception-a 27-day holding time. There were three                  of GC detectors were determined prior to analysis and all
                            exceptions with the phenoxyl phenol ground water sample            analytical standard solutions were validated prior to use.
                            sets-two at 22 days and one at 30 days. The analytes of            The analytical purity of aH standards was > 98 percent.
                            interest were considered stable once in their final extract'       Nitrate-N Analysis
                            Final analyses were completed within two to five weeks                 Ground water samples were analyzed for nitrate-N by
                            after extraction.
                                The soil- cores, taken in December 1985, were not              the Barnstable County Health and Environmental
                                                                                               Department using the American Public Health Associa-
                            shipped to ECS until September 1986. Prior to shipment,            tiOn (1985) Standard Method 418-A - UV Spectra-
                            they -had been stored in a freezer. They were stored               photometry
                            continuously at 4 C, as described earlier, and were
                            extracted in October and November of 1987. Analyses                Organic Matter Analysis
                            were completed over the period October 1987 through                    Organic matter content of the soil cores was analyze(
                            January1988.                                                       by the University of Man1and Cooperative Extensior
                                The standard reference spike consisted of spiking a            Service's soil testing lab using the dichromate oxidat;o@
                            water or soil matrix with analytes of interest and carrying        colorimetric method.
                                                                                                                         Winter 1946                    16'







                                       Results                                                                                the other pesticides. Most pesticide concentrations w
                                                                                                                              less than 5-ppb. The toxicologic significance of the reSU
                                       Pesticide ANALYSES                                                                     is discussed in the following text As are TRends in the da
                                             Results of analyses of soil cores fROM tHree goLf courses                             FoR the sake of simplicity, only results OF THE 16 k
                                       for, eight pestic     ides are contained in Table 6. The soil                          study wells are presented in Table 7.
                                       cores were collected During well installation. Only technical
                                                                     
                                       chLordane-a mixture of several hepta-. octa-, and non-                                 NitrAte-N     Analyses
                                       achlorinated compounds-and heptachlor epoxide were                                          Results of anaLYses of nitrate-N are contained
                                       found. Heptachlor is a component of technical chlordane,                                Table 8. Most samples contained detectab
                                       and heptachlor epoxide is a weathered or oxidized form                                 concentrations.
                                       of heptachlor. Chlordane reportedly was used as a turf                                 Discussion
                                       herbicide and insecticide from the 1950s to the 1970s. SoIL                            Pesticides
                                       cores were not collected from the Bass River golf course                               Spatial Trends
                                       because most of the monitoring wells had been installed                                     Most findings of pesticides and related compounds
                                       shortly before this study began.                                                       ground water centered around the greens and tees. A
                                             Results of analyses of ground water for l7 pesticides                             eight green and tee wells had at least one detection dunii
                                       and related compounds arc contained in Table 7. Ten of                                 the study, whereas only three fairway wells and tv
                                       the compounds were detected. In decreasing order of                                   background wells had detections. The Difference is evi
                                       frequency of occurrence, they were (number of wells-with                               more apparent when one totals individual chemiC
                                                                                                                                                                                              
                                       detections in parentheses): 2.4-dichlorobenzoic acid                                   detections for each well. Using this approach. the followii
                                       (DCBA) (10); technical chlordane residues, including                                   numbers are obtained: green wells-12 detections; t
                                       heptachlor epoxide residues (7): total clacthal residues,                              wells-12 detections; fairway wells-7 detections: bac
                                       speciFically the diacid metabolite (3): chlorothalonIL (2)                            groUnd wells-2 detections (both were DCBA. the appare
                                       Isofenphos (2), chlorpynifos, including the pyridinoL                                  herbicide impURITY). (There were no records at E PA der
                                       metabolite (2); dicamba (1); and 2.4-dichloro-                                         onstrating that DCBA was ever a registered pesticide. I
                                       phenoxyacetic acid (2,4D) (1). Generally, the highest                                structure is somewhat similar to dicamba. and less simil
                                       concentrations were DCBA, followed by chlordane and                                    to 2.4-D.)


                                                                                                                 TABLE 6
                                                                                                   Soil-Core Analysis Results
                                       Sample Description                           Organic                                   Technical                                      HeptAchlor
                                       and Location                                 MATTER%                                Chlordane (ppb)                                 Epoxide (ppb)
                                                                                                                 Found           MDL GC/MS Found                                MDL GC/M
                                       Eastward Ho!
                                       96 FairWAY:
                                                                                       3.0                       334                 5             NR              7.7            0.6              NR
                                       1'-3  1.5'                                       0.8                           ND              5                             ND             0.6
                                       4'-4.5'                                         0.3                           ND                                            ND             0.6
                                       6'-7.5'                                         0.2                           ND              5                             ND             0.6
                                       Falmouth
                                       #17 Green:
                                       0'-1.5'                                         2.3                       4310                5             NR            39               0.6              NR
                                       8'-9.5'                                         0.3                           85              1;             C              0.86           0.6
                                       15'- 16.5'                                      0.07                          29.5            5             N R             N D            0.6
                                       24'-25.5'                                          13                         N D             5                             N D            0.6
                                       Hyannisport
                                       # 16 Tee:

                                       0'-1.5'                                         2.0                     2190                5             N R           199              0.6              N R
                                       2'-3.5'                                         0.4                       509                 5              C              8.08           0.6              C
                                       3.5'-5'                                         0.2                           4.75*           5             N R             0.73           0.6              N R
                                       5.8'-7.3'                                        0.2                           N D             5                             ND           0.6


                                       Six other pesticides were analyzed for but neVEr detected. pesticides and MDLs (in ppb were dacthal. 0.5-5: chlorothalonil. 0.3.5: isoLenphos. 0-1!
                                       chlorpYRITOS. 1-10. diazinon. 4: anilazine. 20. (The highest MDLs usually only arose in samples from the topsoil. which often contained MANY interference

                                       MDL-method detection limit
                                          NR     not run
                                          ND     not detected
                                             C   confirmed GS MS(qualitative)
                                           B     broken sample
                                           *     SLIGHTLY BELOW MDL BUT SAMPLE AFFORDED RELIABLE QUANTITATION
                                                   
                                          


                                       168            Winter 1990 GWMR
                                                                                                                        
 





                                                                                                                   TABLE 7
                                                                                        Ground Water  Organic Analysis Results
                                          AnAlyte                        MDL                  --Bass River                         Eastward Ho!                           Falmouth                        Hyannisport
                                                                                              B           T     F       G       B       T        F         G       B       T        F       G        B       I         F

                                  Technical Chlordane                  0.125              ND      0.96     NO       0.11     ND       ND      NO       ND       NO      0.12       NO     0.10     ND       0.32    0.39
                                                                                                    (0.49-            (N D-                                               (N D-            (ND-              (N D- (N D- 
                                                                                                    1-17)             0.34)                                               0.23)            0.21)             0.96)   1.39)

                                  ChlOrothalond                          0.015              N D     N D      N D      0.08     ND ND ND                  ND NO            0.05      ND NO           ND ND NO
                                                                                                                      (N D-                                               (N D-
                                                                                                                      0.38)                                               0.22)

                                  Chlorprifos                          0.05               N D     N D      N D      N D      NO NO ND                  ND NO NO                   NO     0.04     ND N D           N D
                                                                                                                                                                                           (ND-
                                                                                                                                                                                           0.1)

                                  2.4-D                                  0.05               N D     N D      N D      0.10     ND NO ND                  N D      NO NO             -      ND       ND ND. ND
                                                                                                                      (N D-
                                                                                                                      0.24 )

                                  Dacthal Diacid                         0.20               NO      0.16     NO ND             ND NO ND                  0.29     NO 0. 16           -      NO       ND NO ND
                                                                                                    (N D-                                                (N D-            (ND-
                                                                                                    0.21)                                                1.07)            0.35)
                                  Dicamba                                0.05               N D     NO       NO ND             :N D N D         0,03     NO       NO NO             -      NO       NO       14D     NO
                                                                                                                                                (ND-
                                                                                                                                                0.06)

                                  2.4-Dichlorohenzoic Acid               0.20               0.24    9.38     0.05              0.14     5.82    0.13     0.89     ND      NO        -      NO       NO       0.13    NO
                                  (DCBA)                                                    N D- (N D-      (N D- (N D-       (N D- (N D-      (N D-    (N D-                                               (N D-
                                                                                            0.42)   32)      0.08)    298)     0.24)    8.94)   0.21)    3.26)                                               0.361
                                  Heptachlor Epoxide                     O.03               N D 0. 04         NO NO             NO       NO ND            NO       ND      NO        N D    N D      ND       0.05    0.04
                                                                                                    (0.03-                                                                                                   (N D-   (ND-
                                                                                                    0.06 )                                                                                                    0.16)   0.08)

                                  lsolenphos                             0.75               N D     N D      NO NO NO NO NO ND                                    NO      NO        NO     0.57     ND NO            N
                                                                                                                                                                                           (ND-
                                                                                                                                                                                           1.17

                                  3.5.6-Trichloro-2- Pyridinol         0.10               NO NO            ND NO             NO       ND ND            ND       ND      NO        -      ND       ND- 0.24         ND
                                                                                                                                                                                                             (N D-
                                                                                                                                                                                                             0.76)

                                   All results in jug L. Average concentration provided (assuming NO = 1/2 MDL). followed by range in parentheses. SEVEN other ANALYTEs were never detected (see Table 3
                                  MDL = method detection limit, B = background well. T = tee well. F = fairway well, G = green well.
                                  : Highest DCBA concentrations should be viewed qualitatively only since analytical difficulties were experienced in the initial sampling round. Subsequent concentration
                                  typically 2 to 10 ppb.


                                            Three conclusions can be drawn from this assessment:
                                        (1) Pesticides and related compounds were found in areas                               .        rounds. Between the first and second rounds of sampling,
                                        where Pesticides are more intensively applied-the greens                                        14 detections of chemicals in wells declined and six
                                        and tees-according to superintendents' records; (2)                                             increased. Between the second and third rounds. IC
                                        chemicals that may have leached to ground water under                                           detections of chemicals in wells declined and three
                                        greens and tees do not appear to have migrated extensively                                      increased. This trend is consistent with the possibility of
                                        to the other wells; and (3) the mystery Compound-                                               cross contamination during well installation. Due to a
                                        DCBA-was the only organic chemical ever detected in                                             scheduling mixup, the 16 drive-and-wash wells were
                                        the background wells. This suggests the possibility of an                                       installed without the presence of a practicing geologist. A
                                        off-site source. This point is discussed later.                                                 2 to 3 foot plug of bentonite was used to seal the borehole
                                                                                                                                        above the well screens, but native soil was used to backfill
                                        Temporal Trends                                                                                 the annular space above the bentonite plug. Thus it might
                                            This study was limited to four complete rounds of                                           be possible for pesticides to desorb from Contaminated
                                        sampling over a one and a half year period. Therefore one                                       surficial soil and ]each to ground water, especially if the
                                        would not expect many temporal trends to become                                                 bentonite seal is not complete. (Note the high surficial
                                        apparent. Only one temporal trend was noted in organic                                          chlordane concentrations in Table 6.) In addition. the
                                        analvsis results. There were significant declines in pesticide                               wash-and-drive techniques itself may have introduced cross
                                        concentrations between the first round of sampling and                                         Contamination. Water level records for the time period
                                        the second round. and between the second and third                                              show a general. but small decline. However. this apparent
                                                                                                                                                                               Winter 1990 GWMR              164




  


                                                                                                                TABLE 8
                                                                                           Nitrate-N Ground Water Results*

                                           Golf Course Well                                      1986                                            1987-1988                             Overall
                                                                            Average          Median              Range           Average          Median             Range              Average
                                      Bass River

                                           B                                   8.36              8 .00         5.60 -12.0            6.78               7.00           5.60- 7.50         8.02
                                           T                                   2 .21              1.30         0.20- 7.00           0.52               0.50           0.10- 1.00         1.03
                                           F                                   3.98              4.00         1.30- 6.50           6.16               6.00           4,40-10.00         4.16
                                           G 3
                                           G-2                                 1.27              1.25         0.10- 3.21           4.65               4.80           0.10- 9.00         2.79
                                      Eastward Ho!

                                           B                                   0.10              0.10         0.10- 0.10           0.10               0.10           ND-0.10            0.10
                                           T                                   1.81              1.50         0.10- 5.00           0.40               0.40           ND-0.80            0.99
                                           F                                   11.90             13.00        0.10-20.0            4.10               3.20           1.80-10.0          6. @6
                                           G                                   11.26             9.00         2.80-30.0            3.03               3.00           1.40-5.00          6.31
                                      Falmouth

                                           B                                   0.10              0.10         0.10-  0.10          0.10               0.10           N D-0. 10.         OJO
                                           T                                   0.74              0.70         0.40-  1.80          1.58               1.55           1.10-2.40          1.54
                                           F                                              (not sampled)                               (2 samples - 0.30 and 0- 10)
                                           G                                   2-52              1.50                6.50          1.40               0.65           0.50-6.00          2.44
                                      Hyannisport
                                           B                                   0.11              0.10         0.10-  0.20          0.10               0.10           ND-0.10            0.10
                                           T                                   2.25              2.20         0.80-  3.00          1.50               1.50           1.00-4.80          2.24
                                           F                                   3.46              3.60         0.60-  6.00          2-60               2.60           1.40-6.50          3.24
                                           G                                   7.62              7.50         4.00-10.20           4.36               4.20           1.48".50            5.82


                                       Results in mg/ L Detection limit     0. 10 mg/ L.
                                      N D - non-detect (0. 1 values do reflect detections)
                                      B - background well. T - tee well. G - green well, F = fairwav well. 
                                      decrease in recharge may not be sufficient to explain the                            (HGLs)-calculated according to the procedure 1
                                      declines in pesticide concentration.                                                 "Chemical Selection"discussed previously-and the rati
                                           The last round of pesticide results would be the ones                           of the maximum concentrations to the HGLs can 1:
                                      least likely to be influenced by well installation. Therefore,                       listed as follows:
                                      it is interesting to note that pesticides were detected in                               Chemical                              HGL (ppb) ([Clmax)/HG
                                      only five wells in the final round of sampling-at Bass
                                      River (green and tec), Hyannisport (green), and Eastward                                 chlorclane                                   0.03             240
                                      Ho! (green and fairway). Chlordane was only detected                                     chlorothalonil                               2                 0.2
                                      once, at Hyannisport. The other pesticides were DCBA,                                    chlorpyrifos                                 5                 0.02
                                      dacthal diacid, and dicamba.                                                             2-4-D                                        70                0.003
                                           Three hollow-stem auger wells were installed in 1987                                dacthal (- diacid)                        Soo                  0.002*
                                                                                                                               dicamba                                   200                  0.0003
                                      (Table 1). Two of these wells were installed to try to                                   2.4-DCBA
                                      resolve the uestion of cross contamination. Unfortu-                                    heptachlor epoxide                           0.004            40
                                      nately, the results were euivocal. One well Yielded no                                  isofenphos         1,-                       35                0.06
                                      chlordane detections, for example, and the other one did                                 3.5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol
                                      (0.22 ppb). However, the second well was approximately
                                      2to 3 feet from an original drive-and-wash well that                                    Unknown. but probably >50 ppb based on its structural class (chlorinate
                                      contained chlordane, leaving open the uestion of whether                                benzoic  acid) and its similarity to dicamba.
                                      chlordane reached ground water through the nearby                                        A chlorpyrifos metabolite that has lost the molecular fragment most
                                      borehole or more regionally. The chlordane results are                                   responsible for ch0lorpyri0fos' toxicity.
                                      discussed further in following text.                                                      This indicates that onlv chlordane and its weathere
                                           Some of the explanation of the initially high concen-                           impurity were present at concentrations producing long
                                      trations of DCBA may be due to the fact that the labora-                             term health concerns following long-term exposure. The
                                      tory had not set up to analyze for this unexpected inpurity,                         high ([C})max)/HGL ratio of chlordane and heptachic
                                      and encountered a high variability in their initial analyses.                        epoxide was due more to the low HGLs for these corr
                                      Therefore the first round DCBA results should be regarded                            pounds rather than high concentrations.
                                      as ualitative.                                                                           Chlordane use on turf is no longer allowed. Therefor
                                                                                                                           none of the 12 currently registered turf pesticides targeted
                                      Toxicological Significance of the Results                                           in this study were detected in conrenirations greater than
                                           The detectef chemicals. their health guidance levels                           one-fifth of the HGL.
                                      170          Winter 1990 GWMR




                            Pesticide Mobility and Persistence                                          Comparison With Other Data
                                  Guidance for making, judgments about the relative                          The Cape Cod study is the oniy one of 'Lis kind
                            mobility and persist.i..e of pesticides has appeared else-                  Turf-plot lysimeter studies of 2.-'D and dicamba (Gold e
                            where (Cohen et al. 1984. Gustafson 1989). Basically,                       ad. 1988) ard nitrate (Mortor et al. 1988) have dernon
                            pesticides that are very mobile and very persistent have a                  strated minimal losses of these solutes it. rOC' zon
                            high probabi!ity of Icaching to ground water in vulnerable                  leachate. This may be due to the dense root and shoo
                            environments.                                                               svstem of turf. coupled with a surficial thatch iaver.
                                  Following is a subjective, simplistic assessment of the                    The concentrations and frequencies of occurrence o
                            mobility and persistence of the pesticides targeted in this                 these turf chemicals in ground water are generally les
                            study. The rankings below are based on published litera-                    relative to typical findings of agricultural chemicals 11
                            ture,  personal experience, and educated guesses. (The                      row crop and field crop culture (Cohen et al. 1986, U.S
                            Gustafson (1989) and Cohen et al. (1984) references also                    EPA 1988(b)). U.S. EPA (1988(b)) and Cohen et al. (1986
                            cite other article-- with good pesticide chemistry data.)                   summarized monitoring data frequently obtained fror
                                                                                                        vulnerable environments, analogous to Cape Cod. How
                                                         Mobilitv                                       ever, in one sense the comparison may not be valil
                                                                                                        because some of the more mobile and persistent pesticide
                            High                  Medium                     Low                        used in agriculture are used minlimally in turf managem          ent
                            2.4-D                 siduron                    chlordane                  In particular, nernaticides were not applied to these gol
                            2,4-DCBA              PCP                        heptachlor                 courses. Certain nernaticides; can be mobile and persisten
                            dicamba               iprodione                     epoxide                 and are often detected in ground water in agnicultura
                            dacthal diacid        trichloropyridinol         dacthal                    areas. Nematicides are applied to turf in more southen
                            MCPP                  diazinon                   chlorothalonil             areas.
                                                  isoferiphos                chlorpyrifos
                                                                             anilazine
                                                                                                        Nitmtes
                                                       Persistence                                           Different nitrogen management practices- tended t4
                            High                  Medium                     Low                        influence the extent to which nitrate-N leached to groun(
                            chlordane             iprodione                  2.4-D                      water. The Falmouth golf course seemed to use the highes
                            siduron               dicarnba                   MCPP                       proportion of slow-releasc nitrogen fertilizers, and it ha(
                            PCP.                  isofenphos                 dacthal                    the lowest concentration of nitrate-N in ground water
                            2.4-DCBA              dacthal diacid                                        The Eastward Ho! golf course had the greatest nitrate-@-
                            heptachlor            chlorothaiond                                         ground water concentrations in 1986. and also tended t(
                              epoxide             chlorpyrifos                                          apply more water-soiuble nitrogen. When nitro-eei
                                                  trichloropyridinol                                    application was significantly reduced in 1987, grouric
                                                  anilazine                                             water concentrations of nitrate-N were also significand,
                                                  diazinon                                              reduced. These trendscannot be explained by the rainfal
                                                                                                        data summarized under the Regional Hydrogeolog!
                                                                                                        section.
                                  By these subjective criteria, a moderately mobile                          These encouraging results indicate that reasonabf(
                            chemical would have a Koc (soil organic carbon/ water                       changes in management practices can minimize nitrat(
                            partition coefficient) roughly between 500 and 1200. A                      contamination in the types of environments that wert
                            moderately persistent chemical would have soil metabo-                      studied.
                            lism and hydrolysis half lives of approximately two to
                            eight weeks and one to six months, respectively.                            Conclusions
                                  Thus this study examined pesticides with a broad                           Eight pesticides and pesticide metabolites and Ewc
                            cross section of pesticide mobility and persistence.                        pesticide impurities were found in ground water at the
                                                                                                        study sites. Only chlordane/ heptachlor. a banned pesticide
                            Chlordane Results                                                           formulation, was found in toxicologically significani
                                  Initiallv, the chlordane findings were especially puz-                concentrations. Therefore use of turf pesticides by four
                            zfing. Chlordane is persistent and had a high label rate for                golf courses with vulnerable hydrogeoiogy was found to
                            turf, but it is immobile. However, asmall studywas done                     have minimal impact on ground water quality; however.
                            that demonstrated that chlordane in the ground water                        some of the contamination mav also have been due to
                            was removed when the water was passed through a 20 to                       preferential flow through macropores.
                            Z5ii filter. Thus it is reasonable to assume that chlordane                      This study was done with one set of pesticides in one
                            migrated to ground water via facilitated transport, ;.e.,                   hydrogeologic environment. It is recommended that
                            via macropore flow in the bound phase and $'or via cross                    additional studies of this type be done in different hydro-
                            contamination during well installation (see the previous                    geologic settings and include some nernaticides. Nemati-
                            Temporal Trends discussion). The nature of dense, healthy                   cides tend to be more mobile and persistent than other
                            turf. and the preserce of poorly aggregated sands would                     pesticide classes. with the possible exception of systemic
                            @end tG argue against macropore flow, but this point                        herbicides, and they tend to be used more In southern
                            cannot be proven either way.                                                climates. Ad ditional hvdroeeoloyfic setfin,_,s wort nst ud
                                                                                                                                       Winter 1994) CWAIR






                              Ing include areas with enhanced secondary permeability                     National Golf Foundation. 1985. Golf Course Main
                              such as karst environments or areas of shallow fractured                   tenance Report. p. 5.
                              bed I oc L.                                                            Gustafson. D. 1989. Ground water ubiquity score:'/
                                  The study Indicated that turf management practices                     simple method for assessing pesticide leachability. J
                              are closeiv related to n;tra(e concentrations in ground                    Environ. Tox. Chem., v. 8, pp. 339-357.
                                                                                                     Guswa, J. H., and D.R. LeBlanc. 1985. Digital Models o
                              water. Rate and frequency of fertilizer application as well                Ground- Water Flow in the Cape Cod Aquifer SYsteni
                              as type of fertilizer used appear to be sign 1 ficantfacto rs in           Massachusetts. USGS Water-Supply, Paper 2209
                              ground water nltrate@nitrogen concentrations beneath                       pp. 32-49, U.S. Government Printing Office
                              managed areas. In at least one instance, reduced fertilizer                Washington. D.C.
                              application correlated with a decline in nitrate                       Hallberg, G. R. 1986. Overview of agnicultural chemical
                              concentrations.                                                            in ground water. in Proceedings of the Agricultura
                                                                                                         Impacts on Ground Water-A Conference, Omaha
                              Acknowledgments                                                            Nebraska. August 11-13.1986.pp. 1-63, National Watei
                                                                                                         Well Assoc., Dublin, Ohio.
                                  We acknowledge the cooperation and capable efforts                 Heath, R.C. 1983.'Basic Ground Water Hidrologr. USG@
                              of these colleagues performing much of the analytical                      Water Supply Paper 2220, U.S. Government Printinj
                              work on this study: Dr. Han Tai, Elizabeth Flynt" Gerald                   Office. Wasf@ington. D.C.
                              Gardner. Stanley Mccomber, Robert Robertson, an                 Id     Holden, P. 1986. -Pesticides and Ground Water Quality.'
                              Ray Shaw, all of EPA; and Jan Watkins of Sverdrup                          Report for the Board on Agriculture of the Nationa
                              Technology Inc. In addition, Suzanne Schmidt and                           Research Council. National Academy Press, Washing
                              Kirsten Eliason. formerly of CCPEDC. contributed sig-                      ton, D.C.
                              nificantly to sampling and project management activities.,             LeBlanc, D.R., J.H. Guswa, M.H. Frimpter. and C.J
                              Joe DeCola. EPA Region 1. Mike Frimpter, USGS-'                            Londquist. 1986. "Ground Water Resources of Capt
                                                                                                         Cod, Massachusetts." USGS H.,wdrologic investigation!
                              Boston. and Jeff Carlson. Massachusetts Department of                      Atlas HA-692, 4 sheets, U.S. Government Printinj
                              Food and Agriculture, provided much helpful assistance                     Office. Washington, D.C.
                              during several phases of the project. The Golf Course                  Morton, T.G.. A.J. Gold, and W.M. Sullivan. 1988
                              Superintendents Association of America funded most of                      Influence of overwatering and fertilization on nitroger
                              the write-up effort, the EPA-Office of Pesticide Programs                  losses from home lawns. J. Environ. Qual.. v. 17
                              funded much of the field work, and the Cape Cod Turf                       pp. 124-130.
                              Grass Managers Association provided invaluable support                 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 1978
                              in continuing the study,                                                   Climates of Ae States, v. 1. p. 476. Gole Researcl-
                                                                                                         Co., Detroit. Michigan.
                                                                                                     Oldale. R.N. 198 1. Geologic Histor v of Cape Cod. MW
                              Note                                                                       sachusetts. USGS Popular Oublications Serie@
                                  -17he views expressed here are those of the authors and                Washington. D.C.. U.S. Government Printing Office
                              do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the               Severn,  'D. '(U.S. EPA). March 20, 1986. Written com
                              Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of                       munication to R. Oldham, Town of Yarmouth, Yar
                              trade names or commercial products constitute endorse-                     mouth, Massachusetts.
                              ment or recommendation for use.                                        Snedecor, G.W., and W.G. Cochran. 1980. Sialislica
                                                                                                         Methods of Chap. 21 Seventh Edition, The Iowa Stat,
                                                                                                         University Press, Ames, Iowa.
                              References                                                             Spalding, R.F.. G.A. Junk. and J.J. Richard. 1980. Pesti
                                                                                                         cides in ground water beneath irrigated farmland 11
                              Cape Cod Planning and Economic Development Com-                            Nebraska, Aug. 1978. Festic. Monit. j., v. 14, no. 2
                                  mission. 1978. Water Quality Management Plan/ EIS                      pp. 70-73.
                                  for Cape Cod. Barnstable, Massachusetts.                           U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1976. EPA
                              Cohen. S.Z. (U.S. EPA). February 28, 1984. Written                         600/1-76-017 Manual of AnalYtical Qualit.%, Contro
                                  communication to S. Blauner, Board of Health, Town                     for Pesticides and Related Compounds in Human ane
                                  of Brewster. Brewster, Massachusetts.                                  Environmental Media.
                              Cohen. S.7_ R.F. Carsel,S.M. Creeger, and C.G. Enfield.                U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1979. Dibro
                                  1984. Potential for pesticide contamination of ground                  mochloropropoane (DBCP): Suspension order anc
                                  water from agricultuiral uses. Treatment and Disposal                  notice of intent to cancer. Federal Register, v. 44
                                  of Pesticide Wastes. R.F. Krueger and J.N. Seiber                      November 9, pp. 65135-65179.
                                  (Eds.). pp. 297-325. American Chemical Society,                    U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980. EPA.
                                  Washington, D.C.                                                       600/ 8-80-038 Manual of Anal      'wical 4@ethods for thi
                              Cohen. SZ. C. Eiden, and M.N. Lorber. 1986, Monitor-                       Anairsis of Pes:icides in Humaru and Environmenta
                                  ing ground water for pesticides. Evaluation of Pesticides              Samples. Sec. 11, A p-l.
                                  in Ground Water, W.Y. Garner, R.C. Honeycutt, and                  U.S..Environmental Protection Agency. 1982. Cape Cod
                                  H.N. Nigg (Eds.), pp. 170-196.. American Chemical                      Aquifer Determination. Fed@ral 'Register, v. 47
                                  Society, Washington, D.C.                                              no. 134. pp. 30282-30284.
                              Gold. Al, TG. Morton, W.M. Sullivan, and J. McClory.                   U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1982b. Vetho6
                                  1988. Lcaching of 2,4-D and dicarrba from home                         608 Tem Method-Organochlorine Pesticides ant@
                                  lawns. 4'ater Air and SoilPoll., v. 37, pp. 12 1-!29.                  PCBS. pp. !-11.
                              Golf Course Superintendents Associat:lon of American/                  U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc.y. 1982c. Method
                              172        Winter 1990 GWMR
                                                                                              r





                             622. The Determination of Orgnophosphorus Pesti-               publications in the area and is the author of the colums
                             cides in Industrial and municipal Wastewater pp. 1-22         "Agricultural Chemical News," which appears in each
                          U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1982d. Method                issue of Ground Water Monitoring Review.
                             615 Determination of Phenoxy Acid Herbicides in
                                                                                                Susan Nickerson is the executive director of the
                             Industrial and Municipal Wastewater, pp. 1-22.                  Association for the Preservation of Cape Cod (P. 0. Box
                          U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1982e. Method                636, Orleans, MA 02653). She oversees development 0
                             632. The Determination of Carbamate and Urea Pes-
                             ticides in Wastewater bY Liquid Chromatography,                 scientific information on Cape Cod's natural resources
                             PP. 1-19.                                                      provides public education on means of protecting those
                          U.S. Environmental-Protection Agency. 1983. Ethylene               resources, and promotes legislation to preserve ant
                             dibromide-notices of decision and emergency order               enhance the Cape's natural environment. From 1981 to
                             suspending registrations of pesticide products contain-    1988, she was the Water Resources coordinatator of th,
                             ing EDB for use as a soil fumigant... Federal Register,       Cape Cod Planning and Economics Development
                             v. 48, October 11, pp. 46227-46248.                             Commission, where she was responsible for conductin,
                          U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1984. Chapter 5              ground water studies and developing a regional grouni
                             in Compilation of Data Quality Information for Envi-            water management program. She has a B.S. in biology
                             ronmental Measurement Systems.                                  and an M.S. in public health from Tufts University.
                          U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1986. OPP-                      Robert Maxey has been a chemist with the EPA,
                             HED-EAB-QAPP-86-6 and OPP-BUD-COBECS-                           (Environmental Chemistry Section; NASA Building 1105
                             QAPP-86-6 Quality Assurance Program Plan for                    Stennis Space Center, MS 39529) since 1970. He is cut
                             Office of Pesticide Programs and for Environmental
                             Chemistry Laboratory Section.                                   rently the ECS project leader for the National Pesticid
                          U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. December 1987a.              Survey (NPS) and Project Office and technical monito
                             
                          "Agricultural Chemicals in Ground Water: Proposed                 for NPS analytical contractor work on two of the NP,
                             Pesticide Strategy." Office of Pesticides and Toxic             methods. He has served as chemist and team leader fo
                             Substances, Environmental Protection Agency,                    numerous projects involving methods development ano
                             Washington, D.C.                                                environmental monitoring of pesticides, especially aci
                          U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1987b. National              herbicides. He has a B.A. degree in chemistry from th
                             Pesticide Survey-Method 4.                                      University of Southern Mississippi
                          U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1988a. Prelimi-                 Aubry Dupuy Jr. is section chief of EPA's Office o:
                             nary determination to cancer registrations of aldicarb
                             products and notice of availability of technical support        Pesticide Programs (OPP)/BEAD/ACB/Environmenta
                             document. Federal Register. v. 53, June 29,                    Chemistry Section(ECS)(Stennis Space Center, Missis
                             pp. 24630-24641.                                                sippi 39529-6000. He holds a B.S. in chemistry from
                          U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1988b. Pesticides             Tulane University and a Ph.D. in organic-analytic
                             in Ground Water Data Base 1988 Interim Report-"                 chemistry from Louisana State University in New Orlean  
                             Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Fate and            (now the University of New Orleans). His responsibilite                                            
           include providing and directing residue analytical chem
                          U.S. Geological Survey. 1985. -National Water Summary              istry laboratory support to OPP studies, such as th
                             1984-Hydrologic Events; Selected Water-Quality                  National Pesticide Survey (NPS) of Well Water, Pesticid                                 Trends and Ground Water Resources," USGS Water                  Tolerance Petition Method Validations, Dioxin/fura                                                                                             
                             Supply Paper 2275, pp. 93-105. U.S. Government
                             Printing Office), Washington, D.C.                              analytical studies, and other special projects dealing wit
                          Wehtje, G., J.R.C. Leavitt, R.F. Spalding, LN. Melke,              the analysis of pesticides. He has authored several publ
                           and J.S. Schepers. 1981. Atrazine contamination of              cations and has been with EPA for 19 years.                                                                                                     
                             ground water in the Platte Valley of Nebraska from                 Joseph Senita is a geologist/project leader with Bi                   
                             non-point sources. Sci  Total Environ, v. 2 1. pp. 47-5 1.       spherics Inc.(12501 Indian Creek Court, Beltsville, M
                          Zaki,M. H., D. Moran, and D. Harris. 1982- Pesticides in              20705). He conducts soil-gas studies, ground water involving pe 
                             ground water. The aldicarb story in Suffolk County,           tigations, and unsaturated zone modeling involving pe:
                             New York, Am. J. Public Health, v. 72, pp. 1391-1395.           (icides, industrial solvent, and fuel. He conducts
                                                                                             ronmenial audits in real estate transactions and h
                          Biographical Sketches                                              extensive gas chromatography experience. Senita has
                             Stuart Cohen is the manager of Ground Water and                 B.S. in geology from, West Virginia University, wit      
                          Environmental Programs at Biospherics Inc. (12051                  coursework in organic chemistry and graduate coursewor                
                          Indian Creek Court, Beltsville, MD 20705).  His office             in hydrogeology.  He joined Biospherics in 1985 followin
                          conducts ground water monitoring studies for pesticides            work in sediment/erosion control and petroleum geology.
                          and environmental audits for real estate transactions. He
                          received a B.A. degree in chemistry from the University
                          of Maryland-Baltimore County and a Ph.D. in physical 
                          organic chemistry from George Washington University,
                          with thesis work in hydrolysis reactions.  He joined EPA
                          in 1976, has been working with pesticides in ground water
                          since 1979, and became Ground Water Team leader in 
                          1984. He joined Biospherics in 1986. Cohen has many                    Winter 1990 GWMR









                                                                Rep-inted from the Journal o( Environmentai Qualitv
                                                     Vol. 10. no. i. ;anuzry-March ,990, Copy-right @ 1989. ASA. CSSA. SSSA
                                                                  677 Sout:i Segoe Road. Madison. Wl 53711 USA























                                         The Fate of Nitrogenous Fertilizers Applied to Turfgrass

                                                                          A. Martin Petrovic

                                        ABSTRACr                                           24 to 95% of the drinking water supply for urban and
               Maintaining   high quality surface and groundwater supplies is a            rural areas, respectively (Scott_1 985). The dependence
            tuitional concern. Nitrate is a widespread contaminant of ground-              on groundwater supplies is increasing at a faster rate
            water. Nitrogenom fertilizer applied to turfgrass could pose. a threat         than for surface water (Solley et al., 1983). A wide.
            to groundwater quality. However, a review of the fate of N applied             range of contaminants are found in groundwater. Ni-
            to turf9rass is lacking. but needed in developing management sys-              trate (N03) is considered one of the most widespread
            tems to minimize groundwater contamination. The discussion of the              groundwater contaminants (Pye et al., 1983). Sources-
            fate of N applied to turfgntss is develop" around plant uptake,                of NOi contamination include effluent from cess pools
            Atmospheric los& soil storage. leaching, and runoff. The proportion            and septic tanks, animal and human wastes, and fer-
            of the fertilizer N that is taken up by the turigrass plant varied from        tilization of agricultural lands (Keeney, 1986). Nitrate
            5 to 74% of applied N. Uptake was a function of N releam rate, N               leaching from fertilizers applied to turfgrass sites has
            rate and species of grass. Atmospheric loss. by either NH3 VOlAtil-            been proposed as a major source of nitrate contami-
            ization or denitrification. varied from 0 to 93% of applied N. Vol-            nation of groundwaters in suburban areas where turf-
            atilization was generally. <36% of applied N and can be reduced                grass is a major land use (Flipse et al., 1984).
            substantially by irrigation after application. Denitrification was only          To date. a comprehensive review of the effect of N
            found to be significant (93% o(applied N) on fine-textured. saturated,         applied to'turfgrass on groundwater quality is lacking
            warm 50MIL The amount of fertilizer N found In The soil plus thatch            or has been ignored in another review (Keeney, 1986).
            pool varied as a function of N source. release rate@ age of site- and          The purpose of this paper is to provide a review and
            clipping management. With a soluble N source. fertilizer N found               critical analysis of the cu           nt state of knowledge of
            in the sod and thatch was 15 to 21% and 21 to 26% of applied N.                                                  rre
            respectively, with the higher values reflecting clippings being re-            the effect of nitrogenous fertilizers applied to turfgrass
            turned. Leaching losses for fertilizer N were highly influenced by             on groundwater quality. This review ran be useful in
            fertilizer management practices (N rate. source. and timing). soil             Providing information on the development of best
            texture, and irrigatkm. Highest leaching losses we e reported at 53%           management practices to minimize-the impact of turf@
            of applied N, but generally were far less than 10%. Runoff of N                grass fertilization on groundwater quality and to in-
            applied to tur(grass has been studied to a limited degree and has              dicate gaps in the knowledge base, which can empha-
            ken found seldom to occur at concentrations above the federal drink-           size future research needs.
            ing water standard for NOi. Where turfgrass fertilization posft a                The discussion of the fate of N applied to turfgmss
            threat to groundwater quality. management strategies can allow the             will cover the five major categories of the N cycle:
            turfgrass manager to minimize or eliminate NOi leaching.                       plant uptake, atmospheric loss, soil storage. leaching,
                                                                                           and runoff. As illustrated in Fig. 1, N can be found in
                                                                                           both organic and inorganic,forms in the turfgrass
                 HE IMPORTANCE of maintaining high-quality sur-                            Dep. of Floriculture and Ornamental Horticulture. 20 Plant Sciences
            Tface and groundwater supplies cannot be over-                                 Bldg.. Ithaca. NY 14853. Received 2 Aug. 1988. *Corresponding
            stated. Groundwater accoun             6 for 86% of the total                  author.                          -
            water resources in the contiguous USA and provides                             Published in J. Environ. Qual. 19:1-14 (1990).

                                                                                  11-4








                                                    ENNIRON. QUAL. VOL 19, JANJAkY-MARC;-i       1990


                                INPU7S
                            Feflifts-r, raintaH, Turfqrass Plant -Soil Systems
                            b104012iCal N2 fix.Vion
                            and/or irrigation
                                                               NH3 Voiankzation                              OUTPUTS
                                                                                       DeniftifiCation


                                                                           N03         Leaching

                                                        I                              RunoH


                                                 NH4+      Excft     Fixei
                                                            NH.-     W4..                   Plart




                                                                        Leaching

                                                 E
                                                                        Runoff
                                                           r------                        rr--- 1,
                                              Orgaric N      NH4                          Residu.-s



             Fig. I. The N cycle for the tudgrass ecosystem.

             plant-soil system. Inputs of N into the system are pni-          bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) when fertilized at
             marily from fertilizers but to a lesser extent from rain-        an N rate of 240 to 287 kg ha-1 yr-' (Sheard.let al.,
             fall, irrigation, and biological N2 fixation. Once the N         1985). Cisar et al. (1985) found that 'Enmund     I   Ken-
             is in the turfgrass plant-soil system it may be found            tucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis Q had N uptake rates
             in one of the N pools of NO-3, NH*,, soil organic N or           in the field of 4.6 g N m-1 d-1 compared with 3.1 g N
             as part of the turfgrass plant. Nitrogen leaves the sys-         M-2 d-1 for 'Yorktown 11' perennial ryegrass.
             tem via several routes: gaseous loss to the atmosphere             Recovery of fertilizer N in the clippings of Kentucky
             (NH3 volatilization and denitrification), leaching into          bluegras -s has been studied more thoroughly and fbun@
             groundwater, runoff into surface water, and removal              to be highly influenced by the rate at which N becomes
             in the clippings of the turfgrass plant.                         available from various N sources during the growing
                                                                              season. Nitrogen recovery via clipping removal ranges
                                   Plant Uptake                               from 25 to 60% from N sources from which most of
                                                                              the N is released during a single year. Over a 3-yr
               The goal of an environmentally sensitive N man-                period, N recovery in the clippings averaged 46 to 59%
             agement system is to optimize the amount of N uptake             of the 245 kg N ha' yr-1 supplied by sulfur-coated
             by the plant. However, the uptake of N is influenced             urea (SCU), isobuty1dine diurca (IBDU), and
             by numerous factors              temperature and mois-           NH4NO3 (Hummel and Waddington, 1981). Others
             ture that affect plant growth rate, available N pool, N          have found similar (Hummel and Waddington, 1984)
             source and rate, and the genetic potential differences           or slightly lower (Selleck et al., 1980; Starr and DeRoo,
             between species and/or cultivars. With numerous fac-             198 1) recovery with similar N sources and rates. How-
             tors influencing the amount of N taken up by a plant,            ever, with sources from which N is not entirely re-
             direct comparisons of results of research from various           leased in I yr, N recovery in the clippings is consid-
             experiments are somewhat difficult. However, this sec-           erably less. Recovery of applied N in clippings was
             tion summarizes and evaluates the results of numer-              22% from ureaformaldehyde, 29% from activated sew-
             ous studies (Table 1) of the plant uptake of fertilizer          age sludge, 11% from ammeline, and 5% from melam-
             N for grasses used for either turf and nonturf type              ine (Hummel and Waddington, 1981; Hummel and
             situations.                                                      Waddington, 1984; Mosdell      'et al.. 1987).'
               Grass species and grass use patterns have a major                A comparison of two highly water-soluble N sources
             impact on N recovered in clippings. Barraclough et ai.           showed that 53% of the applied N from NH4NO3 was
             (1985) observed that 99% of the fertilizer N, applied            recovered in the clippings of an infrequently harvested
             as ammonium nitrate (NH.N03) at an N rate of 250                 perennial ryegrass compared with 3 1 % recovery from
             kg ha-1 yr-1 was recovered in the single harvest of the          urea (Watson, 1987). Although, little difference in turf-
             shoots of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L),                 grass quality has been shown between turfgrasses
             whereas the N recovery in the clipping steadily de-              treated with either urea or NH,N03 (Rieke and Bay,
                                                          -2













































             clined with increased N rates to about 50% fertilizer            1978), one would expect a difference in quality due to
             N recovery at an N rate of 900 kg, ha-1 yr-1. In contrast,       a difference in uptake substantial as that reported by
             about 60% of the fertilizer N was recovered in the               Watson (1987). The rate of N applied has a variable
             season long clippings yields of the'Penncross' creeping          effect on N recovery in the clippings. At N rates less

                                                                        T T - c;













                                                                         PETROVIC: FATE OF NITROGENOUS FERTILIZERS


                     Table 1. Uptake of fertilizer N by turfgrasses.
                                                                    Clipping                                  Nitrogen                      Soil                   Plant uptake
                     Grass                        Use           Frequency Placement                 Source      Rate  Season               texture       Clippings       Other       Reference
                                                                      days                                    kg N ha                                         % of applied                                              
                     Argrostis palustris         Putting             4-13   removed               Urea          287    Year                  Sand             60             --      Sheard et al.                                                                                                                                                                           
                     Huds 'Penncross'            green                                                                                                                               (1985)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
                     'Melle'                                                                                                                 loam                                     et al. (1985)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                900                                           50              -                                                        
                     Lolium perenne L.           Forage             once 7                        Urea           90                          Sandy            31              16      Watson (1987)                                                 
                     'Melle'                                         wks                                                                     loam                                                                                                       
                                                                                                                                                                                         (1984)
                                                                                                  NH4NO3         90                                           53              25    
                     Poa pratensis L.            Lawn                 7      removed              SCU-11        245     Fall                 Hagers-          32               1.9    Hummel and                                                                       
                     'Merion'                                                                                                                town silt                                Waddington                                                                                                                                                                                            
                                                                                                                                             loam                                     (1984)                                                   
                                                                                                                245     Spring                                37               2.3
                                                                                               NH.N0,                  245   Spring/fall                                59             2.1
                                                                                                                       147   Spring/fall                                53             3.1
                     Poa pratensis L              Lawn                7      removed           Not stated              100   Year                Haven-                 36             39     Selleck et al.
                                                                                                                                                 River-                                       (1980)
                                                                                                                                                 head
                                                                                                                                                 Sandy
                                                                                                                                                 loam
                                                                                                                       200                                              36             31
                                                                                                                       400                                              35             20
                     Poa pritenis L and          Lawn                7      removed           (NH.)3SO4               180 Spring/fall           Merri-                  29             -      Starr and
                     Festuca rubra L                                                                                                             mac                                          DeRoo (1981)
                                                                                                                                                 sandy
                                                                                                                                                 loam
                                                                             returned                                                                                   30             -
                     Poa prateasis L              Lawn                7      removed           IBDU-course             197   Spring/fall         Hagers-                37            -      Hummel and
                     'Baron'                                                                                                                     town silt                                    Waddington
                                                                                                                                                 loam                                         (1981)
                                                                                               IBDU-fine                                                               47             -
                                                                                               Ureaformal                                                              22             -
                                                                                               dehyde
                                                                                               Activated                                                               29            -
                                                                                               sewage
                                                                                               sludge
                                                                                               Methylene                                                                42           -
                                                                                               urea
                                                                                               (NH)SO.                                                                48             -
                    Poa pratensis L                LAwn            12-15 removed                Melanie                 98 Summer                 Chalmers               5              -      Mosdell ct al.
                     *Wabash'                                                                                                                    silt loam                                    (1987)
                                                                                               Ammeline                                                                 I I            -
                                                                                                                                                                                              Table I (cont.)



                     than optimum for shoot growth, increasing the rate of                                             plied SCU was found to enhance total N recovery in
                     N will result in an increase in the percentage N re-                                              the clippings over fall-applied material (Hummel and
                     covered in the clippings (Selleck et al., 1980; Wesely                                            Waddington, 1984). In a growth chamber, Mosdell and
                     et al., 1988). When rates are near optimum for shoot                                              Schmidt (1985) observed that at day/night tempera-
                     growth, the recovery was not influenced by the in-                                                tures of 16 *C/4 C from 26 to 39% of fertilizer N was                     crease in the rate of N applied (Hummel and Wad-                                                  recovered in the clippings of Kentucky bluegrass.
                     dington, 1984; Selleck et al., 1980; Wesely et al.: 1988).                                        However, at temperatures of 30 C/24 C, N removal
                     Furthermore, at higher than optimum rates, percent-                                               in the clipping was no greater in pots fertilized with
                     age of N recovered generally declined (Barraclough et                                             either NH4NO3 or IBDU at a N rate of 74 kg ha- I than
                     al., 1985; Halevy, 1987; Selleck et al., 1980).                                                   on the unfertilized pots.
                       Limited information exists on the percentage of fer-                                                  Clipping management should be expected to influ-
                     tilizer N recovery in the clippings as influenced by soil                                         ence fertilizer N recovery in the clippings (Rieke and
                     type. In one study 9% more of the fertilizer N was                                                Bay, 1976), but Starr and DeRoo ( 1981) found almost
                     found in the clippings from plants grown on a silt loam.                                          identical amounts of fertilizer N (29%) in the clippings
                     soil than a clay loam soil (Webster and Dowdell, 1986).                                           on plots either having the clippings retured or re-
                     The difference was found to relate to greater amounts                                             moved.
                     of leaching, denitrification, and/or storage of N in the                                                The amount of fertilizer N found in other plant parts
                     clay loam soil.                                                                                   (roots, crowns. stems) has been studied to a lesser ex-
                       Season, temperature, and irrigation also have some                                              tent. Selleck et al. (1980) observed that the percentage
                     effect on fertilizer N recovery In clippings. Spring ap-                                          of fertilizer N found in verdure, crowns, roots. and
 


4				J. ENVIRON. QUAL. VOL. 19, JANUARY-MARCH 1990

Table 1. (Continued).

						Clipping				Nitrogen			Soil			Plant uptake
Grass			Use		Frequency Placement	Source	Rate		Season	textures	Clippings	Other	Reference

					days					kg N ha							% of applied
Poa pratensis L.	Lawn		7		removed	Urea		9		Spring	Sharps-	49		-	Wesely et al.
Park															burg silty				(1988)
															clay 
															loam
											18						60		-
											27						59		-
											36						59		-
Lolium perenne L	Forage	21		removed	IBDU		1120		Glasshouse	Sand		71		-	Halevy (1987)
Engels					
											2240						41		-
											3360						22		-
											4480						12		-
											1120						64		-	
											2240						42		-
											3360						25		-	
											4480						15		-
									Urea		373						71		-
											746						70		-
											1307						64		-
											2053						44		-
Unspecified		Forage	7		removed	Ca(NO1)2	400		year		Clay		52		-	Webster and
															loam					Dowdell
																				(1986)
Poa pratensis L	Lawn		Once, 70 	removed	NH4NO3	400				Silt loam	63		-
											74				Lodi silt				Mosdell and
															loam					Schmidt
																				(1985)
													16 C/4cL			12		-
													   H				39    	-
 													30 C/24cL			0		-
													   H		0		-		
									IBDU				16 C/4cL			26		-
													   H				43		-
													30 C/24cL			0		-
													   H				0		-

Other plant parts including roots, stems, and verdure.
Sulfer-coated area, 36% N with 11% 7-d dissolution rate.
Growth chamber study, day and night T; L and H refer 2.5 and 5.0 cm of irrigation wk, respectively.
Hagerstown, fne, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalfs; Haven-Riverhead, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts; Merrimac, sandy, mixed,
mesic Typic Dystrochrepts; Chalmers, fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Haplaquolls; Sharpsburg, Typic Argiudolls; Lodi, clayey, 
kaolinitie, mesic Typic Hapludults.

debris (possibly thatch) was 39,31 and 20% of applied N at N rates of 100, 200, and 400 kg N ha-1 yr1, respectively.
Hummel and Waddington (1984) observed 1.5 to 3% of the applied fertilizer N recovered in the unmowed portions of the plant
(top, roots, and debris). The different results may be a function of the amount of thatch present as suggested by the results
of Starr and DeRoo (1981). They found that 14 to 21% of the fertilizer N was found in the thatch layer. Neither Selleck et al.
(1980) nor Hummel and Waddington (1984) provided thatch data; therefore, this explanation is only speculative.
	Uptake of N from (NH4)2S)4 as measured in the clippings of Kentucky bluegrass-red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) turf, 
occurred primarily within the first 3 wk after application (Starr and DeRoo 1981). During the period from 3 to 9 wk after 
application, most of the N uptake was derived from the soil N pool and occurred at a rate  (0.24 kg ha-1 d-1) five faster than
that from fertilizer N. Clipping management during the 3 yr of this study had a major impact on total N uptake. About 9% of the 
total N found in the clippings was derived from the current year's returned clippings: whereas the N found in the clippings from
the previous 2 yr returned clippings accounted for 20% of the N in the clippings during the third year of the study.

ATMOSPHERIC LOSS OF FERTILIZER NITROGEN

	Nitrogen applied as a fertilizer to turfgrass can be lost to the atmosphere as either ammonia (NH3 volatilization) or 
as one of several nitrous oxide compounds (denitrification). Numerous factors influence the degree of NH3 volatilization and
denitrification as summarized in Table 2.
	Ammonia volatilization can occure very rapidly following an application of N fertilizaer such as urea. Factors that
influence the amount of NH3 volatilization include N source/form (liquid vs. dry) and rate, soil pH amount of water
(irrigation or precipitation) received after application and thatch. In addition, when urea was applied to bare soil and to 
turfgrass, the amount of NH3 volatilization was higher in the turfgrass system than from bare soil (Volk 1959). Thus, some
other factor(s) related to the presence of turfgrass resulted in the acceleration of the NH3 volatilization process.
	Studies of NH3 volatilization can be divided into field and nonfield studies. Results from the nonfield and/or closed
system monitoring field studies are highly quantitative, and are useful for comparing treatment effects. Aerodynamic or other
open system techniques can give results more typical of field conditions.




										TT-7	  			










					PETROVIC FATE OF NITROGENOUS FERTILIZERS					5

Table 2. Atmosphere loss of fertilizer nitrogen applied to turfgrass

									Nitrogen
													Soil				Tempera-											
									Single/total		moisture			ture	
			Location	Sampling	Source	application	  		%		irrigation	(relative		Soil			NH			Denitrifi-
Grass			of study	perion			rate	        		saturation	or rainfall	humidity)		volatilization	volatilization	cation	Reference
									kg N ha1						cm		c(%)					----%applied N----

Poa pratensis																										Bowman et
L Benson		Field		3d		Urea		58				- 		0  		  27-39		Yolo loam		3-36				-	al. (1987)
													-		0.5								2-21				-				
													-		1.0								1-8				-
													-		2.0								1-5				-
													-		4.0								0-3				-
Poa pratensis	Growth
L Baron		chamber	10d		KNO3		52				75		-			22 		Hadley silt		-				0.02	Mancino et
													75		-			>30					-				0.11	al.(1988)					
																				Hadley silt
													75		-			22		loam			-				0.4	
													75		-			>30					-				-					
													100		-			22		Hadley silt		-				5.4
													100		-			>30					-				94
																				Hadley silt
													100		-			22		loan			-				2.2						
													100		-			>30					-				46
Poa pratensis 	Growth 	8d		Urea		253				-		2.27d1				Flanagan							Nelson et al.
L			chamber																silt loam		5				-	(1980)
																				Thatch			
																				Flanagan
																				silt loam
							IBDU						-							Thatch
Poa pratensis			
L and Festuca
rubra L		Field	8d (July)		Urea		100				-		0								15.1				-	Sheard and	
				5d (August)								-		0.19								6.7				-	Beauchamp (1985)
Poa pratensis
L and																
Festuca rubra	Field	 Growing		(NH4)SO	90/180 			-		-		Merrimac sandy 								24	Starr and DeRoo							
L			Growth  Season		Urea										loam Crosby silt								36	(1981)Titko et al. (1987
Poa praiensis	Chamber  84h		(granular)	73				-		-		loam
L merion
													-		10								18				-	
													-		22								43				-		
													-		32								61				-	
													-		(31)								39				-				
													-		(68)								61				-
													0		-								51				-
													2.5		-								2				-
      						Urea															
							(disolved)	73				-		10	                                    	3				-	  
													-		22								17				-
													-		32								12				-				
													-		(31)								2				-
													-		(68)								12				-
													0		-								16				-
													2.5		-								5
						   
Poa pratensis	Growth 
L			chamber	21d	Urea		293		-		-	24	Flanagan		10	-	Torello et al.
						SCU											2		(1983)
						Urea	
					10d	(granular)	49		-		-	24				2
						Urea	
						(dissolved)										5
						Ureaformal
					4d	dehyde	49		-		-	24				3
						Methyl										5
						urea





                  Values are a combination of NH, volatilization and denitrification for plots where clippings were returned.
                 qt Values are a combination of NHqI volatilization and denitrification for plots where clippings were removed.
                 I Yolo. Typqic Xeorortherm Hadley. coarse-silty. mixed. nonacid. mqesqic Typic Udifluvenm Flanagan. Aquic Argiudolls: Merrimac.                                 fine. mixed. mqesic Aqeric
                 Ochrattualfs.


                 Examining the results of studies from nonfield or                                                 thatch but only 5% volatilized from cores having 5 cm
                 closed systems field experiments, several important                                               of soil and no thatch below the sod. It should be noted
                 concepts can be put forth. An aspect of the turfgrass                                             that urea was applied at an extremely high N rate in
                 ecosystem that has a dramatic impact on NH3 vola-                                                 this study (253 kg ha16). Substantial urease activity has
                 tilization is the absence or presence of thatch. Nelson                                           been noted in the thatch laver which is needed to
                 et al. (1980) observed that within 8 d after application                                          convert urea to NHq3q. and this activity serves to explain
                 of urea, 39% of the applied N volatilized as N H3, from                                         the role thatch plays in NH., volatiiization (Bowman
                 cores of Kentucky Bluegrass containing 5 cm of                                                  et al.. 1987).


                                                                                                      11-8








                                                             J. ENVIRON. QUAL., VOL. 19. JANUARY-N1.-XRCH 1990


                     The source, rate, and form of N influences the pool                             he rate at which liquid urea dries influences NH3
                    of NH3 available for volatilization. Torello et al.                       volatili7ation. Ammonia volatilization from urea on
                    (1983). noted that 10% of the applied urea volatilized                    nonimigated sites is shown in Fig. 2. Ammonia vol-
                    as NH3 within 21 d after a single N application of 293                    atilization appears independc@-., of the maximum tem-
                    kg ha-1, whereas only I to 2% of SCU N was volatilized                    perature recorded in the first .2i h after application.
                    as NHj. At a lower rate of urea (49 kg ha-1) only about                   However, NH3 volatilization was ii,-@rselv related to
                    2% was volatilized. In general, Titko et al. (1987) ob-                   the daily open pan evaporation rate. r-6rthermore,
                    served rpore NH3 volatilization with granular than dis-                   Titko et al. (1987) noted more NH3 volatiliza:;on at
                    solved urea. However, Torello et al. (1983) noted the                     68% relative humidity *han at 3 1% with either granu,.2r
                    opposite.                                                                 or dissolved urea.
                     An estimate of NH3 volatilization under field con-                          Information regarding direct measurements of the
                    dition was observed by Sheard and Beauchamp (1985).                       magnitude of denitrification under turfgrass condi-
                    Using an aerodynamic procedure they found that 15%                        tions is limited. Mancino et al. (1988) used the acet-
                    of urea was lost by NH3 volatilization from a blue-                       ylene inhibition technique under laboratory condi-
                    grass-red fescue sod fertilized at 100 kg N ha-'.                         tions to measure the denitrification rate of KN03
                     Ammonia volatilization is influenced by the                  posi-       applied to Kentucky bluegrass. They observed that
                    tion of the N in the turfgrass system after application.                  when the soil was at a moisture content 75% of sat-
                    The position is highly influenced by rainfall or irri-                    pratioh, less than 1% of the N from KN03 was den-
                    gation. Bowman et al. (1987) studied the influence of                     tnified. Soil type and temperature had no effect on de-
                    imption on NH3 volatilization after an application                        nitrification. However. when the soil was saturated,
                    of liquid urea (49 kg N ha-1). They observed a max-                       denitriffication became significant. When temperatures
                    imum of 36% NH3 volatilization when no irrigation                         were 22 *C or less, 2 and 5% of the N from KN03 was
                    was supplied, whereas applying I and 4 cm of water                        denitrified on a silt loam and silt -soil, respectively.
                    within 5 min after application reduced NH3 volatili-                      When temperatures were 30 *C or above, denitrifi-
                    zation to 8 and 1%, respectively. Titko et al. (1987)                     cation was substantial: 45 to 93% of applied N for the
                    also noted a significant reduction in NH3 volatilization                  silt loam and silt soil, respectively. Thus, during pe-
                    from either dry or dissolved urea applied to turfgrass                    riods of high temperatures, substantial losses of N by
                    .that received 2.5 cm of irrigation. Irrigation after ap-                 denitrification could occur in wet soils.
                    plication dramatically affects the position of the urea.                     Starr and DeRoo (1981) studied the fate of N in
                    Without irrigation 68% of the urea was located in the                     turfgrass. Using a 'IN-labeled (NH4)2SO,.tO calculate
                    shoots and thatch (Bowman et al., 1987). Irrigation at                    a mass balance, they concluded that between 24 and
                    0.5 and 1.0 cm reduced the percentage of urea found                       36% of the fertilizer N applied to Kentucky bluegrass-
                    in the shoot and thatch to 31 and 26%, respectively.                      red fescue turf site was lost to the atmosphere by NH3
                    Urease activity was highly confined to the shoot and                      volatilization and/or denitrification. The higher
                    thatch region (97% on a dry wt. bases.). Sheard and                       amount reflects clipping removal. When clippings
                    Beauchamp (1985) also noted that NH3 volatilization                       were removed, less fertilizer N was found in the soil
                    was reduced from,15 to 7% when a 1.2-cm rainfall                          and thatch; thus, reducing the total amount of N ac-
                    occurred within 72 h after the urea application.                          counted for and a higher calculated value of gaseous
                                                                                              loss.
                                          DAILY EVAPORATION - CM
                               025 0 50 0.75 100 t2S 1.50 1.75                                       FERTILIZER NITROGEN STORED IN
                                               I      I       I      I                                                   THE SOIL
                                               0                                                 When N in fertilizers, rainfall, or-irrigation reaches
                                                                                              the turfgrass-soil system, it may enter the inorganic
                                                                                              pool (NH*, NOi), the organic pool, or be taken up by
                                                                                                          4
                       30-                                                                    the plant.
                           *                                                                     Organic N must be converted through microbial ac-
                    e      0 Evawauan
                           Y:55.23-32.96(evaponbm)                                            tivity to an inorganic form before it can bee taken up
                    0      P 0.0s
                           R3  0.&38
                    <                                                                                900
                    N                                                                                90
                    :3 20
                                                                                                                                        Td*
                                                                                                     so.                              0 LWea
                                                                                                                                        NH4 _N
                                                                                                 Z   70.                                ",02 -N
                    >                                                                            0
                    Z                                                                            Uj  60-
                                                                                                 R   50
                       10-

                                                                                                 U.  40-
                                                                         0                       0
                                                                                                 ae  30-
                                                                                                     20-

                                                                                                     1C.
                                       25                            35                              0
                                     MAXIMUM AIR TEMPERATURE -C                                        0    1     2    3     4     5                           10
                    Fig. 2. Ammonia volatilization as influenced by maximum air tem-                                            DAYS
                    perature (9) and evaporation (0) the first 24 h after a liquid urea       Fig. 3. Percentage of urea applied N recovered as urea, NH.-N. and
                    application (data from Bowman et al.. 1987).                                 N03-N as a function of time (data from Mosdell et al., 1987).


                                    1









                                                               PETROVIC: FATE OF NITROGENOUS FERTILIZERS                                    7                                                                              


                 by the turfgrass plant. The rate of conversion is highly                                       deep core, containing either soil or thatch. treated at
                 influenced by the form of the N, temperature, and                                              an extremely high single N application rate of 253 kg
                 moisture. At low temperatures or when soils are very                                           ha-'. Fifteen days after treatment, only 2% of the urea-
                 dry, urea will not be corverted to an inorganic form.                                          N was left in cores with thatch compared with 58%
                 However, in warm, moist soils, urea conversion is very                                        without thatch. For lBDU, the amounts recovery of
                 rapid. Mosdell et at. (1987) followed the transforma-                                          IBDU-N was 96% from cores with thatch and 67%
                 tion process for urea (98 kg N ha-') applied to Ken-                                           from cores without thatch.
                 tucky bluegrass (Fig. 3). They observed that 76% of                                          Determining the amount of fertilizer N that is even-
                 free urea was still present the day of treatment but                                           tually incorporated into soil organic matter is difficult,
                 little urea was found 4 d after treatment (DAT). Am-                                          thus only a few studies have been done. Nitrogen
                 monium accumulation peaked at 2 DAT. The amount                                                stored in the soil is not all from fertilizer N; therefore,
                 of N03-N never exceeded 4% of the applied N.                                                   a tracer for the N in the fertilizer is necessary. Com-
                    The conversion of other N sources often takes a                                             monly, a 15IN source is used for this purpose. Starr and
                 slightly difFerent pathway than that for urea. Urea in                                         DeRoo (198 1) fertilized a Kentucky bluegrass-red fes-
                 SCU must escape the S coating before conversion.                                               cue turf with (NH4)2S04, containing 15N. They found
                 Urea is liberated by hydrolysis from IBDU. Organic                                             at the end of the year (4 months after last application)
                 N forms (e.g., activated sewage sludge), like any other                                        that 15 to 21% of the fertilizer N was stored in the
                 component of the soil organic matter pool, must be                                             soil. The lower value was from treatments from which
                 mineralized to NH4 then can be nitrified to N03.                                               clippings were removed. Also, they noted that 21 to
                    The amount of fertilizer N stored in the soil is in-                                        26% of the fertilizer N was found immobilized in the
                 fluenced by the release rate of different N source, clip-:                                     thatch layer, again the lower number is from treatment
                 pings management and organic matter content as re-                                             with clippings removed. Other studies using 'IN ap-
                 flected in the age of the turfgrass site (Table 3). The                                        plied to perennial ryegrass have shown similar results.
                 source of N is important when considering sources that                                         Watson (1987) noted that 13 and 17% of the applied
                 have delayed N release. Waddington and Turner                                                  N was found in the soil organic N pool 7 wk following
                 (1980) determined the amount of undissolved SCU                                                an application with urea and NH4,N03, respectively.
                 pellets at selected time intervals after the application                                       Webster and Dowdell (1986) found between 20 and
                 (Table 4). They noted that SCUs with lower dissolu-                                            24% of the fertilizer N remained in the organic N pool
                 tion rates (% N dissolved after 7 d) and more S coating                                        soil 4 yr after the final appliction.
                 had a larger amount of residual SCU pellets recovered.                                         The results of the research cited above indicate that
                 In a short-term control environmental chamber study                                            15 to 26% of the N applied by urea, NH4N03, and
                 using Kentucky bluegrass, Nelson et al. (1980) deter-                                          (NH4)2SO4 Is present as organic soil N Within 4 months
                 mined the percent of residual fertilizer N in a 5.3-cm                                         to 4 yr after application. If N in thatch (Starr and

                 Table 3. Soil storage of fertilizer N applied to turfgrass.
                                                                              Nitrogen                 Days from
                                                                                                       last          Clipping
                 Grass                          Soil texture           Source           Rate           treatment     management        Thatch N       Soil N      References
                                                                                     kg N ha'1                                             % of applied N -
                 Poe pratensis L.              Flanagan silt                                                                                                      Nelson et al.
                                                loam              ures                  253                     15   Removed               -             58        (1980)
                                                                  lBDU                                                                     -             67
                                                Thatch            Urea                                                                     -                2
                                                                  IBDU                                                                     -              96            
               Poe pratensis L and            Merrimac                                                                                                            Starr and DeRoo
                 Festuce rubre L.               sandy loam        (NH4)2S04              195                     120  Returned              26            21        (1981)
                                                                                                                     Removed              21              15
                 Lolium perenne                                                                                      Removed
                                                Sandy loam        Urea                     90                    49   (once)               -             13        Watson (1987)
                                                                  (NH4)2N03                                                                -             17
                 Perennial grasses                                                                                                                                  Webster and
                                                Clay loam         C2(N03)2               400                     1460 Removed               -             24        Dowdell (1986)
                                                Silt loam                                                                                  -             20


                 Table 4. Residual undissolved pellets on turfgrass fertilized with S-coated urea.

                                                                     Fertilizer chacteristict                       Months after last application

                                                                                             7-day
                                                                              Sulfur dissolution
                                 Source                              N        coating,       rate               0         6          13           23          30

                                                                                                                              % of applied N
                                 SCU- 16w                           37           21          15                 l5c*    17bc         6cd          3d          Od
                                 SCU- 17                             34          27          17                 37a      37a         21a          26a       l3a
                                 SCU-26w                             37          19          27                 3c        3c         1d           1d          Od
                                 SCU-26                              35          24          27                 26b     23b         l5b          17b         9b
                                 SCU-35                              36          22          35                 14c    14cd         8C           8C          4c
                                 Gold-N                              30          34          37                 3d      10de        3cd          4cd         1cd
                 *Values within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different. (LSD Walker-Duncan. k - 100).
                 Each material was applied on 16 May 1974, 20 May 1975. and May 1976 at a rate of 195 kg N ha-' (from Waddington and Turner, 1980).
                 SCU sources with a w have a 2% sealant-, all other sources have a S coating only.









                                                   J. ENVIRON. QU-\L_ VOL 19. JANUARY-MARCH 1990


                                         5000







                                         4000,







                                         3000-






                                     0   2000-






                                         1000







                                                        10          210,         30          40           so

                                                           AGE OF TURFGPASS SITE, YEARS
              Fig. 4. Total N in surface layer of soil (0- 10 cm) as a function of the age of the turfgrass site. Bulk density, 1.4 Mg m-1 (with permission
                from Porter et al.. 1980).

              DeRoo, 1981) 'is added to that in soil. then 36 to 47%          and lost to the atmosphere. Older turf sites (>25 yr
              of the fertilizer N becomes part of the organic N in            in this example) should be fertilized at a rate equal io
              the soil-thatch system.                                         the rate of removal by the plant and by loss to the
                Generally, when turfgrass is established on an area,          atmosphere. Thus. old turf sites should be fertilized
              the soil organic matter will increase for several years         less to reduce the potential for N03 leaching. Even
              because of the increased input of organic matter to the         though other cultural information was obtained in this
              soil (thatch, roots) and the lack of soil disturbance.          survey (i.e.. grass type. N rate, irrigation practices).
              During this period of increasing soil organic matter,           only age influenced the storage of N in the soil. These
              some of the fertilizer N applied to the turf will be            factors could be important but due to the relative small
              stored In the organic matter. Eventually, a new equi-           sample population (100) the influence of these factors
              librium will be established, and soil organic matter            could not be determined.
              content will remain relatively constant. Therefore, the
              capacity of a turfigrass to store fertilizer N in the soil          LEACHING OF FERTILIZER NITROGEN
              is a function of the age of the turfgrass. However, an                       APPLIED TO TURFGRASS
              exception would be when turfgrass is established on a
              soil that already has a relatively high organic matter            Several methods have been utilized in studying the
              content. Turfgrass would not increase organic matter,           leaching of fertilizer N. These include collection of
              and consequently, little of the applied fertilizer N            drainage water, soil sampling, sampling of soil water
              would be stored in the soil organic matter.                     above the saturated zone, trapping NOi on ton ex-
                Only one attempt has been made to study soil N                change resins and sampling shallow groundwater. In
              accumulation as a function of age of turfgrass sites.           most of these studies the assumption made was that
              Porter et al. ( 1980) sampled 100 turfgrass sites ranging       once NOi leaches past the root zone. it will eventually
              in age from I to 125 yr on Long Island, NY. Sites were          move into groundwater. This is true assuming.little
              chosen that had received somewhat uniform mainte-               upward movement of water from below the root zone.
              nance over a long period of time and from an array              A majority of the studies determined the degree of
              of turfgrass sites including residential lawns, golf            fertilizer N leaching by adjusting the values for back-
              couirse, church yards, and cemeteries. The level of             ground leaching from unfertilized plots. Starr and
              maintenance was recorded and soil samples to a depth            DeRoo (198 1) used 'IN to more closely determine the
              of 40 cm were collected and analyzed for total N. Fig-          fate of applied N.
              ure 4 graphically depicts their results. Total N accu-            The degree of N03- leaching from a N fertilization
              mulation is very rapid in the first 10 vr and changes           of a turf@rass site is highly variable (Table 5). Some
              little after 25 yr. Thus, on younger sites (< 10 yr in          researchers reported little or no leaching, whereas
              this example) the rate of N applied should match the            others suggest that as high as 80% of the fertilizer N
              rate at which N is stored in the soil. used by the plant        was leached as N% Factors that influence the degree











                                                                       PE-ROVIC: FATE OF NITROGENOUS rERTILIZERS


                    Table 5. Surnmary of nitrate leaching from fertilizers. applied zo turfgrass.

                                                                   Nitrogen
                                                                        Single N           Total
                                                                      -application yearly        Season         soil                           % of Applied N         Concentrate of
                    Grass                      Source                          MCC         N rate applied       texturet         Irrigation               leached     NO,-N in water       References
                                                                       - kg: hi-I                                             mm d-'                                             mg L`
                    Cynodox dacyo-lux                                                            June                                                                                      Brown et al.
                    L                          Ureaformaldehyde                224         224                  Sand/peat              6-8                -                      0         (1 9n
                                                                                                                                       8-10               -                      < I
                                                                                                                                       10-12              -                      < I
                                               NH.NO,                          163         163   Feb.                                  6-8t               -                      < I
                                                                                                                                       8-10t              -           > 10 for 20 d
                                                                                                                                       tO-12              -           > 10 for 28 d
                                               Milorganite                     146         146   Oct.                                  6-8                -                      <3
                                                                                                                                       8-10               -                      <6
                                                                                                                                       10-12              -                      <5
                                               (NH.)SO.                        24          24    Summer                                12                 37                     <10
                                                                               49          49                                          12                 25                     <10
                                                                               73          73                                          12                 22          ->10 on 3 d
                                                                               99          99                                          12                 16          > 10 on    3 d
                    Cynadox dacyryloor                                                           June                                                                                      Brown et al.
                    L                          IBDU                            146         146                  Sand/peat;             12                 0.9                    0         (1982)
                                                                                                                Sand/soil/
                                                                                                                Peat                   12                 0.7                    <2
                                                                                                                Sandy
                                                                                                                loam soil              12                 0.1                    < I
                                               Milorganite                     146         146   Oct.           Sand/peat              12                 7.7                    0
                                                                                                                Sand/soil/
                                                                                                                peat                   12                 2.4                    <2.2
                                                                                                                Sandy
                                                                                                                loam soil              12                 0.5                    0
                                               Ureaformaidehyde                224         224   June           Sand/peat              12                 0.2                    0
                                                                                                                Sand/soil/
                                                                                                                .peat                  12                 0.3                    0
                                                                                                                Sandi
                                                                                                                loam soil              12                 U                      0
                                               NH.NO,                          163         163   Feb.           Sand/peat              12t                22          > 10 for 25 d
                                                                                                                SandJsoiL/
                                                                                                                peat                   l2t                22          > 10 for 25 d
                                                                                                                Sumly
                                                                                                                loam soil              12t                8.6         >10 for 25 d
                    Pba prosensis L and                                                          June, Nov.     Merrimac                                                                   Morton et al.
                    restwa nora                Urea + fluf                     49          98                   sandy loam             1.8                -                      0.87      (1988)
                                                                               49          98    Jum Nov.                              5.4                -                      1.77*
                                                                                                 June, July,
                                                                               49          245   Aug, Now.                             1.8                -                      1.24
                                                                                                 June, July,
                                                                               49          245   Aug., Nov.                            5.4                -                      4.021
                                                                               0           0                                           1.8                -                      0.51
                                                                               0           0                                           5.4                -                      0.36
                    Pon prateasis L                                                              Cool           Lodi silt                                                                  Mosdell and
                    .Adeiphi'                  NHN0,                           74          74                   loam.                  3.6                0                      -         Schmidt (1985)
                                                                                                 coal                                  7.2                0                      -
                                                                                                 Warm                                  3.6                1.2                    -
                                                                                                 Warm                                  7.2                2.6                    -
                                               IBDU                            74          74    Cool                                  3.6                2.7                    -
                                                                                                 Cool                                  7.2                0
                                                                                                 Warm                                  3.6                0
                                                                                                 Warm                                  7.0                0
                    Pea prounsis L                                                                                                                                                         Nelson et al.
                                               ISDU                            245         245                  silt Itmun             2.3                26                               (1980)
                                                                                                                   thatch              -                  7
                                                                                                 Warm           Flanagan
                                               Urea                                                             silt loam              -                  32
                                                                                                                   thatch              -                  94
                    Poe paseasis I-                                                              Nov.           Riverhead                                                                  Pttrovic et al.
                                               Urealormaldehyde                98          99                   sandy loam        None                    0-4                              (1986)
                                               PCU (150D)                                                                                                 0-0
                                               Milorganite                                                                                                0-3
                                               Urea                                                                                                       29-47
                    Agr-fis palm-is            SCU                                               Wh .ok year                                              11-12                            Sheard et al.
                    Huds.                      Urea                            24          294                  Sand          Not given                   2.0                    < 1.3     (1985)
                                               SCU                                                                                                        1.2                    < 1.3
                    Pod prounis L and          Ammonium                                          May/Sept.      Merrimac
                                                                                                                                                                                           Starr and
                           rubm                sulfate                         98          176                  sandy loam        None                    0                      0         DeRoo (1981)
                    Cywdm x                                                                    'Year            Pompano                                                                    Synder et al.
                    mqnissii H.                Check                           0           0                    sand          As needed                   0                      -         (1981)


                                                                                                                                                                                           Tabk 5 Non(.)


                                                                                                       TT-1?


10
                  ENVIRON OUAL VOL. 19. JANUARY MARCH 1990


                   Table S. (Continued).

                                                              Nitrogen

                                                                    Single N      Total
                                                                   application yearly       Season         soil                         % of Applied N        Concentrate of
                   Grass                     Source                      rate     N rate     applied       texture:       Irrigation          leached        NO,-N in water       References
                                                                    kg ha-'                                           mm d'1                                     mg L'
                                            Methylene Urea               39        245                                                        <1                         <1
                                            Ureaformaldehyde                                                                                  <1                        < 1
                                            SCU                                                                                                  0                       <1
                                            IBDU                                                                                                 0.5                     <1
                                            Urea                                                                                                 0                       <1
                                            C2(NO3)3                                                                                             4.7                     <1
                                            Methylene Urea               78       490                                                             2.0                     <1
                                            Ureaformaidehyde                                                                                     0.1                     1
                                            Scu                                                                                                  0.8                     <1
                                            IBDU                                                                                                 5.5                     1.4
                   Cynodon X                                                                               Pompano                                                                Synder et al.
                   magenissii H.             Urea                                                            sand                                  0.9           1          (1981)
                                            C2(NO3)2                                                                                             9.3                     2.4
                   Cynodon X                                                                 Feb.Mar.     Pompano                                                                Synder et al.
                   magenissii H.             NH4NO3                       49         98                     sand           6 (daily)           54.6                       9.4      (1984)
                                            scu                                                                                               33.1                       6.5
                                            Fertigation                                                                                        7.O                  1.2
                                            NH4NO3                                                                        1.5 (sensor)        40.5                       14.4
                                            Scu                                                                                              11.2                       4.0
                   Fertigation                                                                                                                   6.3                     2.2
                                            NH4NO3                                          June-July                     3 (sensor)             9.3                     3.2
                                            scu                                                                                                  1.6                     0.8
                                            Fertigtion                                                                                          0.8                     0.1
                                            NH4NO3                                                                        12 (daily)          22.2                       3.2
                                            scu                                                                                               10.1                       1.4
                                            Fertigation                                                                                       15.3                       2.1
                                            NH4NO3                                          Apr.-May                      3 (sensor)             1.9                     6.2
                                            scu                                                                                                  0.3                     1.0
                                            Fertigation                                                                                          0.3                     1.0
                                            NH4NO3                                                                        8 (daily)           56. 1                      18.9
                                            SCU                                                                                               14.4                        4.8
                                            Fertigation                                                                                          3.5                     1.2
                   *.Values significanty higher than unfertilized control plots (P - 0.05).
                   t Irrigation applied every other day.
                   t Riverhead, mixed. mesic Typic Dystrochrepts; Pompano. Typic Psammaquents.


                   of leaching were found to be soil type, irrigation, N                                       at 163 kg ha-1 (three times the normal rate from ber-
                   source, N rates, and season of application.                                                 mudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) greens in Texas).
                     Soil texture can have a dramatic effect on the leach-                                     However, the results from a Florida study (Svnder et
                   ability of N from turfgrass sites, because of its influ-                                    al., 198 1) with berm udagrass sand greens revealed that
                   encc on the rate and total amount of percolating water,                                     average N03 leaching loss from urea over a 2-yr period
                   extent of denitrification, and to some degree ability of                                    was only 1% of applied N (78 kg ha-1 bimonthly). The
                   soil to retain NH+4. On an irrigated site in upper Mich-                                    mean N03-N concentration in the drainage water from
                   igan, Rieke and Ellis (1974) followed the movement                                          this treatment was about 0.2 mg L-1, well below the
                   of N03 in a sandy soil (91% sand) to a depth of 60                                          drinking water standard of 10 mg L-1.
                   cm by periodic soil sampling. Applying 290 kg N ha-'1                                           The information on N03 leaching from cool and
                   as NH4NO3 each spring (six times the normal N single                                        warm season grasses grown on sandy loam soils is
                   application rate), significantly elevated the NO- con.                                      much more extensive. Brown et al. (1982), studying
                                                                                            
                   centration over that in the unfertilized plots in the 45-                                   N03 leaching in bermudagrass greens built with a
                   to 60-cm soil depth on only two of the 20 sampling                                          sandy loam soil, found that 9% of NH4NO-N leachcd
                   during the 2 yr of the study. The results suggest only                                      as N03 from a single application of NH4,N03 at 163
                   limited. potential for NO3. As expected, soil NOS con-                                      kg N ha-'1 (three times the normal N appiication rate).
                   centrations were highly elevated most of the 2 yr of                                        Significant N03 leaching occurred from 10 to 40 DAT.
                   the study in the surface 30 cm of the soil. Applying                                        Rieke and Ellis (1974) conducted a study in lower
                   the same total amount of N in three applications re-                                        Michigan on a sandy loam soil identical to the one
                   vealed a similar trend. Sheard et al. (1985) observed                                       they conducted in upper Michigan on sand. Even
                   that creeping bentgrass sand greens lost only 1.2 to                                       though N was applied at six times the normal single
                   2.0% of applied N in the drainage water (N rate of                                          N application rate (290 kg ha-1), none of the treatments
                   242-390 kg ha-'1 yr1). The results on N03 !caching                                           increased soil N03-N concentrations in the 45- to 60-
                   from a U.S. Golf Association specification putting                                          cm soil depth over concentrations measured in the
                   green were somewhat higher. The U.S. Golf Associa-                                          unfertilized Kentucky bluegrass plots. As before, soil
                   tion specification putting greens have a minimum of                                         N03-N concentrations in the surface soils were ele-
                   93% sand, a maximum of 3% silt and 5% clay, and an                                          vated but deeper movement Of N03 appeared not to
                   infiltration rate of at least 5 cm hr. Brown et al. (1982)                                  occur. Several others also have observed limited N03
                   noted that 22% of NH4N03-N leached as N03-N in                                             leaching and on sandy loam soils. especially at normal
                   the drainage water when N was applied in Februarv                                           N fertilization rates. Starr and DeRoo (1981) studied









                                                  PETROVIC. FATE OF NITROGENOUS FERTILIZERS


                                                                                                                                                 j
              the fate of 'IN-(NH,)2SO4 applied to Kentucky biue-                  N03-N onlv 4 d. Furthermore, ttlCv Ob---rved Con5l( -
              grass-red fescue turf. They observed NO-3-N concen-                  erably less @;O, leaching from activ'ated sewage sludgc
              tration in the saturated soil zone ( 1.8-2.4 m deep) to              (Milorganite) or ureaformialclehyde. ev,!ri when these
              range from 0.3 to 10 mg I.-' over the 3 yr of this field -           matenials were applied at very @Igh single N applica-
              study. In only one sample did.they find any 'IN and'                 tion rates of 146 to 244 kg ha-'.
              concluded that (NH,)2SO. applied at a yearly N rate                    Synder et al. (198 1) also studied the N-leaching po-
              of 180 kg ha-1 to a sandy loam soil in Connecticut did               tential from sand as influenced by the source and rate
              not result in N03 contamination of groundwater.                      of N. At a low rate of 39 kg N ha` applied bimonthly.
                 Information on N03 leaching from fertilizer N ap-                 they noted very little leaching with any N source. The
              plied to turfgrasses grown on finer-textured soil is lim-            highest leaching of inorganic N (NOj+NH,*) was for
              ited. Furthermore, the studies were conducted as                     CaN03, where 2.9% of applied N leached over 2 yr of
              short-term growth chamber experiments; thus, long-                   the study. However, at a higher N rate of 78 kg ha-1
              term field data are lacking. Nelson et al. ( 1980) studied           applied bimonthly, leaching occurred, in the order of
              the leaching potential of urea and IBDU applied to                   9.3 and 5% of applied N was leached from for CaN03
              Kentucky bluegrass underlaid with either 5 cm of a                   and IBDU, respectively. At the higher N rate, it ap-
              silt loam soil or thatch. Applying 253 kg ha-1 (five                 pears that the amount of N for these two sources was
              times the normal rate) and collecting leachate for 15                applied in excess of that used by the plant, stored in
              DAT, they found that 32 and 8 1 % of the applied urea                soil, or lost to the atmosphere; thus, more leaching
              leached as NOi from the silt loam soil and thatch,                   &curred. Less than 1% of the applied N was leached
              respectively. Only 5 to 23% of the applied IBDU-N                    from ureaformaldehyde, SCU. and urea. The mean
              was leached from the thatch and silt loam soil cores,                concentration of N in the leachate for CaN03 and
              respectively. Nitrogen leaching losses with 1BDU from.               IBDU-treated areas was 2.4 and 1.4 mg N L`, re-
              the thatch were lower than from soil. Thatch has been                spectively. far below the safe drinking water standard
              shown to have a lower moisture retention capacity                    of 10 mg L-1.
              than soil (Hurto et al., 1980); thus, thatch could have                Sheard et al. (1985) monitored N in the drainage
              dried between waterings and may not have been as                     water from creeping bentgrass sand greens. They ob-
              favorable an environment for IBDU hydrolysis as soil.                served that only 1.2 and 2.0% of the applied N (293
              A conclusion one can draw from this work is that if                  kg N ha-1 yr-1) was collected as N05 in the drainage
              N05 is present in a soluble form above a concentration               water for an entire year on greens fertilized with either
              that can be used by the plant and if water moves                     SCU or urea. respectively. They also noted very little
              through thatch or a silt loam soil (or any soil). then               difference between N leaching on acid (1.8%) on al-
              N03 leaching can occur. If the N is not readily avail-               kaline (1.4%) greens, from urea. Synder et al. (198 1)
              able, as in the case for IBDU. NO-3 leaching losses were             found a big difference in N leaching between the sol-
              significantly less.                                                  uble nitrate source (CaN03) and urea. They attnibuted
                The impact of the source and rate of N on the leach-               the lower leaching from urea to greater NH3 volatili-
              ability of N has received considerable attention. Most               zation on the slightly alkaline sands. However. neither
              of the studies were conducted under the "worst case                  reported their post-irrigation irrigation practice. which
              scenario," namely, sandy soils that were heavily irTi-               has a major impact on the degree of NH3 volatilization
              gated and fertilized at several times the normal use                 (Bowman et al., 1987).
              rate. Others studies were conducted under less extreme                 The last example of studies on sandy soils with high
              conditions.                                                          N rates was from Rieke and Ellis (1974). In the upper
              . Generally, worst case scenario studies have shown                  Michigan site. a sandy soil (91% sand) received 122
              that as the rate of N increased, the percent of the fer-             cm of rainfall plus irrigation the first year and 83 cm
              tilizer N that leaches decreases; however, the amount                the second, four N sources were applied in the spring
              of N03 leaching on an area basis was found to increase               at 378 kg ha-'. a rate of eight times the normal single
              with increasing rates. Brown et al. (1977) observed that             N application rate. As one would expect, N03-'N con-
              on putting greens containing root zone mixes of 80 to                centrations were significantly higher in the surface 30
              85% sand, 5 to 10% clay, and up to 10% peat, the                     cm of the soil most of the growing season. From their
              percent of N from (NH4)2SOI that leached as N03 in                   deepest sample (45 to 60 cm), N03-N concentrations
              the drainage water decreased from 38 to 16% as the                   were significantly higher than those in the unfertilized
              rate of N increased from 24 to 98 kg ha-1. However,                  plots one sampling date only. In this case more NO-3
              the amount of N03 leached increased from 9 to 15 kg                  leaching was noted from NH@1403, ureaformaidehyde.
              ha-1, which is important-in terms of the concentration               and IBDU than from activated sewage sludge. '
              of N03-N in the drainage water. They noted, however,                   Brown et al. (1982) studied the interaction of N
              that when a fine sandy loam soil was used as the root-               source and soil texture on NOi leaching from U.S.
              ing zone media, the percent of fertilizer N that leached             Golf Association specification greens of bermuclagrass.
              as N03 was reduced from 15 to 5% as the N rate in-                   Irrigation was provided to encourage some.leaching
              creased. More importantly, the amount of N03-N that                  into the drainage water. With root zone mixtures con-
              leached (4 to 5 kg ha-) on an area basis was essentially             taining greater than 80% sand. leaching losses were
              unchanged as the N rate increased. Thus, increasing                  22% from NH,N03, 9% from activated sewage sludge.
              the rate of N applied to highly sandy greens would                   and <2% from either ureaformaldehyde or IBDU. On
              lead to a deterioration in,the drainage water-quality;               greens constructed with a sandy loam soil. the losses
              whereas, on sandy loam greens, increased N fertiliz-                 were 9% from NH4N03, 1.7% trom activated sewage
              ation would not further reduce the drainage water                    sludge, and < 1% from either ureaformaldehvde or
              quality. Even at the high N rate of 98 kg ha-1 the                   IBDU.
              drainage water exceeded drinking water standards fnr                  There are several reports on the effect irrigation has







             12                                    J. EVIRON. QUAL VOL. 19. JANUARY-41 ARCH 1990

             on the leaching potential of fertilizer applied to turf-            MPa and the second was 3.75 cm water wk-1. The
             grass. Morton et al. ( 1988) studied the effect of two N             former did not result in water draining out of the root
             rates and two irrigation regimes on the leaching of N                zone, but the latter did. Drainage water was collected
             from a Kentucky bluegrass-red fescue lawn. The N                     and analyzed for NH; and N03. Irrigation based on
             rate was typical of a moderate to high lawn fertility                tensiometer reading did not cause a significantly (P
             program, of 50 urea and 50% flowable ureaformalde-                   0.05) higher mean annual N conrentration in the
             hyde (Fluf) applied at 98 and 244 kg N ha' yr'1. Two                   drainage water at either rate of N applied than was
             irrigation regimes were used; one applied 1.2 cm of                  found in the unfertilized control plots. However, ir-
             water when the tensiometer readings reached -0.05                  rigating at a higher rate resulted in significantly higher
                                                                                  N concentrations in the drainage water (1.8 and 4.0
                                                                                  mg L-1 for the low and high N rates, respectively).
                                           05 6                                  These values are still well below safe drinking water
                   Activated Sewage Sludge                                        standards of 10 mg NO3-N L-1.
               3 -                Rain                                              Snyder et al. (1984) studied the Interactive effect of
                                 35cm 125  cm     573   15cm 2.4                irrigation and N source on seasonal N leaching from
                                                                                  sand under bermudagrass. Ammonium nitrate and
                       Irrigtion rate                                             SCU were applied at a rate of 98 kg N ha-1 to plots
                       0 High
               2 -                                                              that were irrigated either on a fixed daily schedule or
                       0 Medium                                                   by tensiometer-activated irrigation (sensor). In addi-
                       a Low                                                      tion, N was also applied in the irrigation water (fer-
                                                                                  tigation). Soil water samples were extracted daily to
                                                                                  determine the amount of N (NH4 + NO3) leaching
                                                                                  past the root zone. The percent of applied N leached
                                                                                  ranged from 0.3 to 56% and was highly influenced by
                                                                                  N source, irrigation schedule, and season of the year.
                                                                                  The greatest leaching occurred in the February and
                                                                                  March period, less in April and May, and the least in
                3-                                                                the June and July. The decline in leaching loss was
                                                                                  probably due to both increased plant growth and in-
                  45cm 30cm 58cm                 12cm              2.5cm          creased evapotranspiration. In every case, N leached
                                                                                  from the daily-irrigated plots was 2 to 28 times greater
                                                                                than that leached from the sensor-irrigated plots. Gen-
           2-
                                                                                 erally, N leached from plots treated with NH4,N03 Was
                                        Ureaformaldehyde                          from 2 to 3.6 times greater than that leached from ones
                                                                                  treated with SCU. Generally, fertigation resulted in
                                                                                 lowest N leaching losses, except for the June and July
           NO3-N.mgL-1                                                                      period.
                                                                                    Brown et al. (1977) also evaluated the effect of N
                                                                                  source and rate of    Irrigation on NO3 leaching. Irriga-
                                                                                  tion had little effect on NO3 leaching   from plots treated
                                                                                  with very high rates of N (146-244 kg ha-'1) from either
               40-     45 72  92 56                                                 activated sewage sludge or ureaformaldehyde (Fig. 5).
                                                                                  In fact, N03 concentration in the drainage water never
                                    30cm  Rain         6.75cm                   exceeded the safe drinking water standard. However,
                                                                                  when NHN03 was applied at the extremely high sin-
               30-                                                                gle application rate of 163 kg, N ha-', medium to heavy
                                                                                  irrigation (0.8-1.2 cm d-1) resulted in substantial in-
                                                                                  creases in N03 concentration in the drainage water 5
                                                                                  to 30 DAT. Drainage water from greens irrigated with
                                        0                      NH4N03             less than 0.8 cm d-1 (low) did not have elevated
              20 -                                                                
                                                                                  NO3 concentrations.
                                      0    0
                                                   0                                In a 10-wk growth chamber study, Mosdell and
               10-                                                                Schmidt (1985) determined the N leaching by collect-
                                                                                  ing drainage water from pots of Kentucky bluegrass
                                                                                  containing a silt loam soil. They applied 74 kg N ha-'1
                                                                                  as either NH4NO3 or IBDU and irrigated the pots at
                                                                                  2.5 and 5.0 cm wk-1. At coot temperatures, (16 C/
                      5    10    15    20    25    30    35    40    45     50    4 C), the only treatment with high N concentration
                                      TIME (days)                                 in the drainage water was IBDU irrigated at 2.5 cm
                                                                                  wk-1. Correcting for the leaching from the unfertilized
           Fig. 5. Leachate concentration of NO3-N as a function of N source      check, this would amount to 2.7% of the applied N
             and irrigation (low, medium, high): Milorganite applied on 17        being leached. At a higher temperature regime (30 C/
             Oct. 1973 at a rate of 146 kg N ha-1 ureaformaidehyde applied
             on 6 June 1973 at a rate of 244 kg N ha-1; N04N03, applied on         24 C) leaching of N from the NH4,NO3 and IBDU
             16 Feb. 1973 at a rate of 163 kg N ha-1 (with permission from        pots occurred. but never in excess of 2.5% of applied
             Brown et al.. 1977).                                                 N. Leaching was not influenced by irrigation amount.









                                                   PETROVIC. FATF OFNITROGENGUS FERT11.1ZERS                                                   13


                  The season at    which the N Is appiled can have a               suits in soils with high infiltration capacity; thus. run-
               diroct effect on. the amount of N that Is leached. Leach-           off seldom occurs.
               ing is significant during periods when temperature'is
               low and precipitation (minus potential evapotransp'ir-                       SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
               ation) is high. e.g., Nc-,ember through April in north-
               ern climates. The @ool temperatures reduce denitrifi-                 The distribution of fertilizer N applied to turfgrass
               cation and NH3 volatilization. limit microbial                      has generally been studied as a series of components
               immobilizall  'on of N in the soil and limit plant uptake.          rather than a complete system. Only Starr and DeRoo
               However. low temperatures also reduce the rate of ni-               (198 1) attempted to study the entire system of the faTe
               trification. With low evapotranspiration by plants and              of N applied to turfigrass. However, their findings are
               relatively high precipitation, more water drains out of             limited to a small set of conditions (i.e., cool-season
               the root zone.                                                      turfigrass, unirrigated, sandy loam soil). Thus. more
                  The late fall has become an important time for N                 information of this nature is needed on a wide range
               fertilization of cool-season grasses (Street, 1988). How-           of conditions.
               ever, as stated above, this period may lead to a greater              Generally, the amount of fertilizer N recovered in
               potential of NOi leaching. This concept was tested in               the turfgrass plant (clippings, shoots, and roots) varied
               a cool season turfgrass study on Long Island, NY. Ni-               from 5 to 74%, depending on factors such as N source,
               trogen was applied at 97 kg ha-1 in November (Pe-                   fate and timing, species of grass, and other site-specific
               trovic et a]., 1986). The amount of N leached out of              -,conditions. The highest recovery of total fertilizer N
               the root zone (30 cm deep) was determined by trapping               was noted for'Kentucky bluegrass fertilized with a sol-
               the NOi with an anion exchange resin. The researchers               uble N source at a moderate rate (102 kg ha' yr')
               found. as expected, that significant N05 leaching can@              (Selleck et al., 1980). In contrast, the lowest recovery
               occur.when a soluble N source like urea is used. Nitrate            also occurred on Kentucky bluegrass fertilized with a
               leaching ranged from 21 to 47% of applied N for urez'               very slowly available N source (Mosdell et al.. 1987).
               depending on the site characterics. On the site with a              When accounting for recycled feriflizer N in the re-
               gravely sand B horizon, there was more N03- leaching                turned clippings, Starr and DeRoo (198 11) observed
               from urea. Losses from activated sewage sludge (Mil-                that about 29% of the fertilizer N was found in the
               organite), ureaformaidehyde, and'a resin coated urea.               turfgrass plant. Information on N recovery from
               were less than 2% of applied N, whereas, NOi leaching               warm-season grasses is lacking but very necessary to
               from plots treated with a nonsealed SCU was 12% of                  develop models that predict the fate of N applied to
               applied N. Even though the late fall N fertilization                warm-season turfigrasses.
               principle has many good agronomic benefits, the en-                   Atmospheric loss of fertilizer N can occur by NH3
               vironmental impact may overshadow the positive fac-                 volatilization or denitrification. Ammonium volatil'-
               tors in groundwater sensitive areas. Nitrate losses were            zation losses can range from 0 to 36% of the applied
               also greater on warm-season grasses fertilized in the               N. Reducing NH3 volatl     lizatIon can be accomplished
               cooler periods of the year (February or March) com-                 by irrigating the fertilizer into the soil (Bowman et !I.,
               pared with warmer seasons (Brown et al., 1977, Synder               1987). by using slowly available N sources and reduc-
               et al., 1984).                                                      ing the amount of thatch present (Nelson et al., 1980).
                                         Runoff                                      Information on denitrification is limited. Losses can
                                                                                   be substantial (93% of applied N) under conditions of
                  When fertilizer N is applied to any site, there is a             a saturated silt soil at high temperatures (Mancino et
               potential for some of it to run off into surface waters.            al., 1988). However, more information is needed on
               A limited number of studies have been conducted to                  a wider variety of site conditions (soil) and turfgrasses
               determine the quantity. of fertilizer containing N that             to more thoroughly understand the impact that de-
               will run off a turfgrass site. In a 2-yr field study in             nitrification has on the fate of N.
               Rhode Island, Morton et al. (1988) observed only two                  The storage of fertilizer N in the soil generally occurs
               natural events that lead to runoff of any water. One                in the soil organi'c matter phase or as undissolved fer-
               was from frozen ground and the other occurred from                  tilizer pellets of slow-release N sources (Hummel and
               wet soils receiving 12.5 cm of precipitation in one wk.             Waddingtion, 1981). The actual amount of fertilizer
               The concentration of inorganic N (NH4* + NOi) in                    found in the soil was determined by Starr and DeRoo
               the runoff water from the two events ranged from 1. 1               (1981). They found that between 36 to 47% of the
               to 4.2 mg L-1, far below the 10 mg L` drinking water                fertilizer N was in the soil-thatch pool.
               standard. This amount, regardless of the treatment,                   Leaching of fertilizer N applied to turfigrass has been
               accounted for less than 7% of the total N lost by leach-            shown to be Hghly influenced by soil texture. N
               ing and run off.                                                    source, rate and timing, and irrigation/rainfall. Ob-
                  Brown etal. (1977), studying theimpactof N source,               viously, if a significantly higher than normal rate of a
               rate and soil texture, only @Iound in one case (1-d pe-             soluble N source is applied to a sandy turfgrass site
               riod) that runoff water had NOi concentrations in ex-               that is highly irrigated, significant N03 1@aching could
               cess of 10 mg N03-N L-1.                                            occur (Brown et al., 1977). However, limiting irriga-
                  Watschke (persona! communication 1988), studying                 tion to only replace moisture used by the plant (Mor-
               runoff from turf sites on a 9 to 12% slope, silt loam               ton et al., 1988; Synder et al., 1984), using slow-release
               soil, also observed only one natural precipitation event            N sources (Brown et al.. 1982. Petrovic et al.. 1986,
               that led to runoff over 2 yr of the study. Results of               Synder et al.. 1984) and using less sandy soils (Brown
               these studies suggest that the turfigrass ecosystem re-             et al., 1977) will significantly reduce or efirninate

                                                                             __ I /









                  14                                         ENVIRON QUAL. VOL. 19. JANUARY-MARCH 1990

                  NO3 leaching from turfgrass sites. If turfgrass fertil-                     nation in the United States. Univ. of Pennsylvania Press. Phila-
                                                                                                delphia. P.A.
                  ization does pose a threat to groundwater quality, sev-                     Rieke. P.E.. and R.A. Bay. 1976. Soil research report. p. 1-6. In
                  eral management options are available to minimize or                          Proc. 46th Michigan Turfgrass Conf.. E. Lansing, M L 21-22 Jan-
                  eliminate the problern.                                                       uary. Michigan State Univ., E. Lansing, MI.
                                                                                              Rieke, P,E. and R.A. Bay. 1978. 1977 Turfgrass soils research re-
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                  Mosdell, D.K., W.H. Daniel, and R.P. Freeborg. 1987. Melamine                 volatilization from fertilized turfgrass stands. Agron. J 75:454-
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                  86.                                                                         Volk. G.M. 1959. Volatile loss of ammonia following surface ap-
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                  nitrogen applied to turf- Part 1. Research project technical com-             Agri. 37:845-854.
                  plete report. OWRT Project A-086-NY. Comell Univ., Ithaca,                  Weselv, R.W,. R.C. Shearman. and E.J. Kinbacher. 1988. 'Park'
                  NY.                                                                           Kentuckv bluegrass response to foliarly applied urea. Hortic. Sci.
                  Pye, V.I., R. Patrick, and J. Quarles. 1983. Groundwater contami              23:556-8q559.
















                                                                                        II-17



























                                       AppendiX C.



                 control measures for Storm Water Runoff and Infiltrate















              STORM WATER RUNOFF-RETENTION/DETENTION PONDS01
              RECONSTRUCTED WETLANDS




              Detention and Retention Ponds

              Detention and retention ponds are designed to hold runoff for extended period of
              time in order to reduce flooding, and to rembve suspended solids (silts, etc.) and
              their associated pollutants (metals or organic compounds adsorbed to particulates).

              Detention and retention ponds differ in the way that run-off is handled. Retention
              ponds are designed to capture and infiltrate runoff although some form of spillway
              is generally provided to handle large flood events. Detention ponds serve to detain
              and release runoff at a controlled rate. History has shown that if stormwater is
              detained for 24 hours or more, as much as 90% removal of pollutants is possible.
              Therefore, when using ponds for water quality benefits, extended runoff detention
              ponds or retention ponds should be provided. Ground water recharge is limited to
              the runoff which infiltrates through the pond bottom during the relatively
              infrequent times when the pond is flooded. While simple detention ponds are
              typically dry, extended detention ponds may be wet or dry. Figure 1 provides a
              schematic of a typical extended detention pond.

              Another design consideration is to prevent resuspension of deposited materials by
              scouring basin sediments by incoming runoff. Retention ponds are generally "wet
              ponds" which retain a permanent pool and prevent resuspension of particulates by
              slowing incoming water with the existing pool (see Figure 2).

              Retention and extended detention ponds are an effective water quality control
              measure. If properly designed and maintained, ponds are very effective in
              removing suspended solids and their associated compounds. Costs are site specific
              and vary considerably. In general,ponds cost between $15,000-$40,000. In cases
              where retention ponds are used, biological processes within the pond also remove
              soluble nutrients such as nitrate and. ortho-phosphorus. Artificial wetlands may be
              created in association with extended detention ponds and retention ponds to
              provide'further pollutant removal. Additional positive impacts of retention and
              detention ponds include the creation of local wildlife habitat and landscape
              amenities. Negative impacts include potential safety hazards, the need for regular
              maintenance and occasional nuisances such as algae, odor and debris.










                  FIGURE 2. SCHEMATIC OF WET POND











                              Top View
                                                                                                                                  Embankment




                                                                                                                                ZZ;, Y:

                                                                    sti
                       iniet                                        cfi          Wed    -sha
                                              Forebay
                                                                                 Perman mt
                                                                                 Pool



                                                                                                                                      Oulfall
                                                           >
                                                                                                                                      Protection
                                                    Safety Bench          e
                                                    (10 Feet Wide
                                                                                                                           Emergency
                                                                                                                    4.,    spillway

                             Side View                                                           %sh Hood
                                                        Sl  ormwe t;, storage                W;.r
                                        71 ix.
                                                                                                                     Embankment
                                                                                 Permanent PO
                                                                                                                            Anti-jeep
                                  Sediment Forebay
                                  (Planted as Marsh)                                                                        Collars


















                      SOURCE: T.Schueler, 1987















             Infiltration Basin

             A typical infiltration basin, shown in Figure 3, is an effective BMP for removing fine
             particulates and dissolved materials. Infiltration basins trap and hold runoff until it
             percolates into the soil.

             To function properly a site must have permeable soils and adequate (at least 2-4,feet)
             depths to bedrock and water table to allow percolation. When designing the basin,
             coarse particulates should be removed before-allowing runoff to enter the basin to
             lessen dogging of soil pores. Using a combined, detention-infiltration basin design
             which utilizes a modified riprap settling basin to trap coarse particulates is al@o an
             effective option. Design problems generally involve ensuring an even spread of
             flow over the basin floor; and handling a variety of storm intensities. A variety of
             design modifications exist to accommodate these problems (see Schueler, 1987 for
             further information).

             Construction and maintenance costs for infiltration basins are slightly more than
             those for extended detention ponds, o 'wing to the need to encourage infiltration.
             The primary disadvantages for their use include the need for high permeability
             soils, a backup drainage system in case of infiltration failure, failure due to soil
             freezing, and the potential danger of ground water contamination when used near
             public and private water supply wells.

             Infiltration Trench

             Figure 4 presents a schematic of an infiltration trench. As for infiltration basins,
             trenches will quickly clog unless coarse sediments are. removed from runoff prior to
             entering the trench. They are effective in removing fine suspended particles and
             dissolved pollutants. Infiltration trenches are a very flexible BMP because they can
             be tailored to a wide variety of runoff control situations.

             Infiltration trenches can be a desirable option for reducing runoff-borne pollution
             from parking lots and roadways because of their minimal space requirements, easy
             construction and relatively low cost. Figures 5-7 show several differur t trench
             system.

             Maintenance requirements and costs are generally low to moderate, but as for all
             infiltration structures, proper maintenance is essential for good performance.,
             Disadvantages include need for high permeability soils and high cost for large scale
             runoff control situations (>10 acres).









                FIGUREE 3. SCHEMATIC OF INFrLTRATION BASIN














                      Top View







                                         rE@



                                                     Flat Basin Floor with
                                                                                                                       Inlet
                                                     Dense Grass Turf
                                                                                                Riprap
                                                                                                Settling
                                                                                                Basin and
                                                                                                Level Spreader
                     Riprap
                     Outfall
                     Protection                             Back-up Underdrain
                                               Emergency Spillway






                 Side View






                                                             Exfiltration Storage

                 Valve
                                                                                                                        Inlet



                                           Back-up Underdrain Pipe in Case of Standing Water Problems















                                                  10Q'/





                            FIGURE 4. SCHEMATIC aF.INFILTRATION TRENCH



                                                                                                                                       WellC3P               Observation Well


                                                                                                                                   0.
                                                                                                                            V
                                 Fmergency Overflow Be
                                                                    rm

                                                                                                                                                         K:
                                                                                                                                     munaff Filters Throug
                                                                                                                                     2  Foot Wide Grass Suff er Strip



                                                                                                             Protective Layer of Filter Fabric


                                                                                                         Filter Fabric Lines Sides to
                                                                          Trench              .6. M      Prevent Soil Contamination
                                                                          3-8 Feet
                                                                          Deep Filled
                                                                          with t5-2.5
                                                                          inch Diameter
                                                               :4z@.      Clean Slone
                                                                       16


                                                                                          Cr.
                                                              ..................................                                     Sand Filter (642 Feet Deep)
                                                                     .........................:..............
                                                                          ......................
                                                                            .... ...      ..
                                                                                                                                     or Fabric Equivalent
                                                                          .......................... .....
                                                                                                         Runoff Exflltrates
                                                                                                         'Through Undisturbed Subsoils
                                                                                                         with a Minimum fe of 0.5 IncheslHour

                             SOURCE: T.Schueler, 1987



                          FIGURE 5. SCIiEMATIC OF MEDIAN STREP TRENCH


                                            Top View                                                                                 Side View

                                                                          inflow



                                    'A C11-7



                                                  $A
                                                                                                                                                 20' Qrji," Filter Strip


                                                                t
                                                    4to

                                                                                                                  ..........
                                               T f e n c: h



                                                                                                                                               Sides Uned with Permeable Filter Fabric
                                                                                              Permeable Filter               V.
                                                                                                                             e.
                                                            Filt*r
                                                                                              Fabric One Fact                                  Clean wasg"
                                                                                                                                                              ed Stone or Gravel
                                                                                              Below Surface.               0.   a.             (1.5-&0 Inch)
                                                                                              Traps Debris
                                                                                                                                               6-12 Inch Sand Filter
                                                                                                                                               at Permeable Filter
                                              .4.                         Screened Overflow Pipe                                               Cloth Lines Bottom





                                                                                              Outflow









                     FIGURE 6. SCHEMATIC OF PAI-,'@G LOT I.-RENCH












                       Top View                                           Side View


                                                                                                Oripline of Tree Should
                                                                                         q      Not Extend Over Trench


                                                              Berm (Grassed)

                        Slope of                                ......
                        Parking Lot
                                                                            Slotted Curbs Act
                                                                            as a LeW Spreader


                                       Cars
                                                                                                        Trench
                                                                           Filter Stn,p                                Protective Filter
                                                                           Directly Abuts                              Cloth Layer
                                                                           Pavement



                                                                                                                               ter
                                                                Storm Crain
                                Slotted Curb Spacers            (it Partial Eifittratioril






















                     SOURCE: T.Schueler, 1987










                  FIGURE 7. SCHEMATIC OF UNDERGROUND TRENCH
                                    WITH OIL/GRIT CHAMBER









                             Top View                                        Overflow
                                                                             Pipe
                                                     Manholes
                                                     for Clean-out
                                                     Acces


                               Starmdrain
                               Inlet                           0                                      Perforated Pipe Inlet



                                                Thr*e-chamber Water Ouslity Inlet                       Underground Trench






                            Side View


                                                                        Overflow Pipe                 Impermeable Filter Cloth     Te I
                                                                                                                           f
                                                                                                                            10,





                                                                                                                W ke.


                                                        6 inch        Inverted                 -----------I. ......   .......
                                                        Orifices      Elbow


                                                                                                  6 inch Sand Layer














                     SOURCE: T.Schueler, 1987
















            Porous Pavement

            Porous pavements, if constructed correctly, can eliminate any need for further
            pollution treatment because they act to infiltrate precipitation into the ground
            before it has a chance to become surface run-off. As shown in Figure 8, the
            pavement must be constructed over permeable soils and are limited to gentle slopes
            to prevent run-off. However, it can remove both suspended and dissol7ved
            pollutants.

            The major disadvantages of porous pavements are the need to prevent clogging
            from sediments carried onto the pavement, the tendency toward cracking due to
            freeze and thaw periods. The pavements are liable to clog if the roadway receives
            any eroded soil or sediments from the surrounding watershed. Likewise, it is
            unclear whether this pavement is a viable long-term option in the northeast due to
            its susceptibility for cracking due to winter cold. While the use of porous pavement
            offers many advantages: reduced land requirements, little or no need for curbs and
            gutters, and ease of maintenance, further research is needed to evaluate their use in
            the northeast.


            Grassed Swales

            Grassed swales (Figure 9) are constructed, grass-lined channels that utilize flat slopes
            or grasses to direct runoff and remove particulates. In many cases, grassed swales
            serve as an alternative to standard curb-gutter drainage systems since they are
            generally less expensive and allow at least some stormwater infiltration and
            pollutant removal on site. Swales aid to control peak discharges through reducing
            run-off velocities and allowing infiltration. However, the volume of infiltration is
            generally small. Grassed swales are capable of removing particulates from run-off,
            however, they are not effective in removing dissolved pollutants. Due to their
            limited capacity to provide infiltration and pollutant removal, grass swales are
            generally used in conjtL-iction with additional run-off control measures for large
            developments.

            Grassed swales can be very effective in reducing soil erosion because, if properly
            designed, the grass and gentle slopes slow down 'runoff flow velocities. They are
            much less costly in both construction and maintenance costs than curb-gutter
            drainage systems. Care must be taken not to use large amounts of fertilizers or
            pesticides to maintain grass cover because they can end up being tarried directly into
            the receiving body of water by storm runoff.












                  FIGURE 8. SCHEMATIC OF POROUS PAVEMENT














                                                                          tide View



                                           ------------- ---- ----------------
                                                                     ----------
                                                                                                             Porous Pavement Course
                                                                                                             (2.5-4.0 Inches Thick)
                                                                                                             Filter Course
                                                                                                             (0.5 Inch Diameter Gravel.
                                               4                                                    0.
                                                                                                             i.0 Inch Thick)
                                                                             W 1-.'
                                                  7ia
                                             .07

                                     tf
                                                                                         :0

                                          .0
                                                                    -0i
                           5
                                                                                 q
                                                                                      .0
                                                                                                A
                                                                                                             Stone Reservoir
                                       A
                                       P,                                             0*
                                                        ..a.                                                 (1.5-10 Inch
                                                                                                             Diameter Stone
                                      on
                                   A;        ' I  I     -
                                                    0
                                                  C;     M           ;4-7
                                               C                                                      C
                                                         .-:0                           4@ 0. 00'@o          Depth Variable Depending
                                       OA14 -                                                  q
                                                                     Ca %. -
                                                  ,70.0
                                                     Sz
                                                                                                * "'.4       an the Storage Volume
                            %=                                       0-0 **-1 , i @J.. .     --'W@ --
                                                                          0 - - -I
                       a -                                                   0 ?@@
                                                                                          19-.'.0*d %        No ed, Storage Provided
                                    )6                10                                                        ad
                                                                                                             by the Void Space Between
                                          OZ              S:                       *a
                                                                                                Mi           Stones

                                                       .;*a
                                                                                        U.0;
                           - %-i6N 0, 0:
                                              Sp

                                                                                                          Filter Course (Gravel, 2 Inch Deep)
                                                                                                             Filter Fabric Layer
                                                                                                          Undisturbed Sail




















                       SOURCE: T.Schueler, 1987









                FIGURE 9           SCHEMATIC OF GRASSED SWALE














                                                   Side-slopes
                                                   3: 1 o r L a a a                           Railroad Tie
                                Swale Slopes                                                         -dam
                                                                                              Chock
                                as Close to                                                   (increases intutrationi
                                Zero as Drainage
                                Will Permit


                                                                                                            .........





                                Dense Gr 3.th
                                                                                                                               J.
                                afGrass(Re*d
                                                  41;t@p,F, et
                                Canary or KY-31       rtlf et
                                T
                                all Fescue)
                                                             -,weep HoM
                                                                                                       n2
                                                                                                   w.


                                                                        its;



                                                                               Stone Pf events
                                                                               Downstream Scour





















                      S
                       ,OURCE: T.Schueler, 1987








                                     FIGUR.E 10. SCHEMATIC OF C.ONSTRUCTED WETLANID















                                                                                                                                                         urban Forestry







                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   .. ........




                                                                                                                                                                                        I A.Z.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    vegetated




                                                                                                                                                                                sin
                                                                                                                                                                           Landsc
                                                                                                                                                                                            ping

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                5A..
                                                                                                                                                          7@.   Sili0ow                                                                       . . . . . . .
                                                                                                                                                                marsh



























                                         SOURCE: T.Schueler, 1987
















             Constructed Wetlands

             Wetlands are generally constructed on-site as an extension to retention and
             detention ponds (Figure 10). When properly designed and constructed, man-made
             wetlands mimic a natural wetland's ability to remove large amounts of dissolved
             and suspended materials from runoff flow. Constructed wetlands are generally very
             successful at handling stormwater run-off generated on-site, but are expensive to
             construct and maintain.

             A summary of the pollution reduction benefits:of various runoff control structures
             is provided in Chapter 2 of the book, "Controlling Urban Run-off: A Practical
             Manual for Planning and Designing Urban BMPs" by Thomas Schueler, Department
             of Environmental Programs, Metropol   'itan Washington Council of Governments.
             A copy of this section is included in th',s course manual.

             Wastewater


             Septic systems are often a source of water pollution. Sewage effluent may enter
             lakes through ground water or surface water run-off. In lakes where groundwater
             represents a significant amount of water input, sewage from properly functioning
             septic systems may be a significant source of nutrient loading. If septic systems are
             not maintained, such that that it fails and sewage backs up at the land surface,
             effluent may travel in overland run-off, conveying nutrients, bacteria and viruses to
             the lake system. DEM staff may control nutrient loading from septic systems
             through their proper siting and maintenance.







                                               REFERENCES


             Cohen, SZ, S. Nickerson, R. Maxey, A, Dupuy, and J.A. Senita. 1990.
                   A ground water monitoring study for pesticides and nitrates associated
                   with golf courses on Cape Cod. Ground Water Monitoring Review. 1.0
                     1: 160-173.
















                                         REFERENCES (Continued)

             Schueler, T.R. 1987. Controlling urban runoff- a practical manual for planning and
                   designing urban BMPs. Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments.

             Synder, G.H., B.J., Augustin, and J.M. Davison. 1984. Moisture sensor-controlled
                  irrigation for reducing N leaching in Bermuda-grass turf. Agron. J. 76:964-969.






                        Fig- 5 WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT

                       >


                                                                                     AM
                                                           V,


                                                                               \j



                           Underdrain System       Water
                            for Tee or Green                       Forest Buffer
                                                  Quality
                                                   Basin






                   Fig. 6 WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT






                                L 41




                                              ............. .
                 Underdrain System    Vegetated Swale
                 for Tee or Green                       Shallow Marsh
                                                                       Irrigation    Forested Buffer
                                                                         Pond






                     Fig. 7 WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT









                  Underdrain System
                    for Tee or Green
                                      Infiltration
                                        Trench






                                         Organic Layer

                                                  Sand


                                                 Stone



























                                       Appendix D.



              Pesticide Use on Golf Courses at a RepresentatiVe Golf
              course in New Jersey and NJDEPE Laboratory Routine
              Capability for-Pesticide Analysis




                                        Pesticide Use




               April -

                May -

                June -

                 July -

             August -

        September -

            October -

         November -                                                              Fiingi6ide
                      60    50    40    30    20    10     0     10   20    30 40 50 60
                        Ibs al'applied - 1996                           Ibs a.i.-applied - 1991

 ital acreage  226
 mrse acreage = loo



                                          resticide Use




                 April -

                   May-

                 June -


                                        111 fj 1@1,;
                   July-
                                                J
              August -

          September -

             Octo'ber -
           No.vember-                                                            OH'erbi:cide

                        10      8..     6      4      2       0      2.     4       6      8      10
                          lbs a.J., -applied - 1990,                      lbs a.i. applied -  1991
                                                  1-11 MMPM...





 'otal acreage   226
 lourse acreage = 100




                                        Pesticide Use




              April -

                 May-

               June -

                July -

            August -                                .11

       September -

           -October -

        November -                                                                Insedicide

                                                                       I    T----- T_  I     T_
                      60 50 40 30              20    10     0 10      20   30 40 50 60 70
                        Ibs al'applied - 1990                            lbs a.i. applied - 1991

 a.] acreage   226
 irse acreage = 100








                                         60
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   60





                                         50
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   50





                                         40
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   40




                                         30                                                                                                                                                                                                                             .:i     61  b. -
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   30


                                                                          ... ... .. ..






                                         20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            .........................
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   20





                                         10                                                                                                                           . . . . . . .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   10
                                                                                                                ..... . ......



                                                                          m;::::!            a
                                                          .............I    - ...           @:::




                                             0                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     0
                                                 4/22 516                          5/20              6/3             6/ 17              7/1            7/15, 7/29                        8/12             8/26               ?/9             9/23             10/7            10/21 11/4
                                                                                                   Fuingicides                                    E --- JI Insecticides                                           LLJ Herbicides




                                                                                                Fungicide Use


                                  lbs a.i. applied

                                     ................
                          3 5                 ........
                                     ................                                                                             .. .................
                                                                                                                ...............................
                                                                                                                                  ..................
                                                                                                ..........................  ..........................
                                                                                                                                  ..............................
                                                                                                                .............................
                                                                                                                                                            ................
                                                                                                                                                                                   Year
                                     ...............................
                                     ............. .........  .......               .....................
                                   ....                 ..............................
                          30
                                                                                                                ......... ...........
                                                                                                ............................
                                                        .............................
                                                                                                :"* ................
                                                             ......................
                                                                                                                          ..........
                                                                                                ....................
                                                                                  ..................
                                                                             .. ..........  ......
                                                                                                    ......      ...................                                                 0 + 199@
                                                        ......... .....................                                                .....................
                                                                                                                ...............I.............. .            ..........
                                     .............  .......
                                                                                                                ..........................                  .............
                          25
                                                                                                ......................

                                                                                                                                                                                  ..........
                                                        ...............................
                                                             ......................                                                                                      ...............
                                                                                                                                  ... ........................
                                                                                                                                                            ................ .          ......

                                                                                                                                                                                             .........................
                                                                                                4
                                                        ..........................
                                     ... ... .. ... ... .. ..... .............  ..................
                          20


                                                                                                ................... ...... ..
                                                                                                   ................. ...                                    ..............
                                                                                                . . .......................
                                                                                                ....... .....                                                         ......
                                                                                .........  .......                                                                       .......
                                                                                                                       ........ ................ ............ ..... ...... .......
                                                                                                                                    .. ...........            ............... ....................
                                                                                                                                  ....... .................
                                                                                                ........  ......
                                                                                                        ..........
                                                                                                                                                            ...         ......... ... PA..
                                                              ...........                                                                                               .......
                                                                                                                                                                      ...        ............ .............
                          15                                                                                                .................
                                                                          :....................  ......... ..............................                   .... ........
                                                                          .................. ::           .......
                                                                     ....... ...................  ...........                                               ....... ..........
                                              ..........................               ...............................
                                                                                                                                       . .....              .....
                                                                                                                . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .               . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
                                                                 . . . . . . . . . . . . .      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
                                                                                                . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .:.
                                                                                                .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .
                                                                                                                                                            ::::: :: ::::::: @: :@ @:q::::::::::::::::;;:::. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
                                                                                                :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Aj. . . . . . .
                                                                                                                                       ..........           ........... ..... ................. ............... :::::: ...................... ............................
                                                        ..........
                                              ...........  ... :: @riiM. ..- - -!!!!II!i  ::::::;::
                                              .............  ...... .        .. . ...           .......................... ......
                                                                                                                            ............                                       ......... ................
                                                                                      ..............                                                                                             . ..........................
                          10
                                                                   ............ . ..... . .........................
                                                                                                                      .......... ........ . . . .......................
                                                                          .. ......
                                                                             .... V.
                                                                             ....... ..
                                                                                   .................
                                                                          ...............

                                                                          ...............................                         .......
                                                                   ...... .............................. .
                                                        ....................                                                                                        ......
                              5                                                                                                                                 ............
                                     .....................  ................  ...............                                                               ....
                                                                                                                                                                 ............
                                                                                                                                                                         .....................
                                                                                                                                     ...........            ..............

                                                                                                                          ..........                        .. ..
                                        ....... ............. ....... ................. ......... . ........ ....... ........... ............. ....... ........... .........


                                                                                                                                                                                                     Q$
                                      Q)           Q@ (@O                                                                                                                   Q@ .
                                                                                                                                                            A@@ rp              'r P-                    (-p

                                                                                                                                       Z9
                                                                                                                                                            NO



       Atlantic Co.
        Representive                          golf course







                        SOP APPENDIX,                           NIM-11C LASORATDRY ROU71NE CAPABILITY FOR PESTICIDE ANALYSIS                                                                                UPDATED 8/1/92 (PCPrrEAM/AMW)

                        rcr              rr-vnctDp                                                       ..SA       PLIR k      .ATRIX.                       Ex  .I.uc   .. Tift
                        coniq comwea chemical Name                                           Svftb         Water         son          Ak         Otheir          SOLVI-w4T                        TRADENAMB           SYN(WYUS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 :STABLnj4f:tAPlOIl


                        40    24.5-T                                                         SWAB          WATER         SOIL                    FORM         MeCI2/ACrD                                                                                         rif 2
                        41    14..5-TP (SILVEX)                                              SWAB          WATER         SOIL                    FORM         MeCIVACID                           SILVEX                                                         tit 2
                        39    ZA-13           -                                              SWAB          WATER         SOIL                    FORM         MeCIVACID                           P-STPRON;DACAMTNP:WPPDONr
                        44    Z4-De (DICHLORPROP)                                            SWAB          WATER         SOIL                    FORM         McCIVACID                           BLITYRAC                                                       p116-7cilei
                        9     ACEPHATIR                                                      SWAB          WATER         SOIL                                 14PXANE                             ORTHENE;TORNADO;PT- t100                                       tit 7
                        47    ALACHLOR                                                       SWAB          WATER                                              ACETONE/MeCI2                       APENXLASSO.LAZOALANPX
                        22    ALDICARIB                                                      SWAB          WATER         SOIL                    FORM         MMANOL or PCP                       TEMtK                                                          pFI J-6
                        29    ALDRIN                                                         SWAB          WATER         SOIL                                 HEXANE                              TERMINIX A-4                                                   rAl 5-7
                        is    ALLPTIIRIN                                                     SWAB                                                             IIEXANE                             PYNAMIN                                                              -6
                        97    ARSENIC (INORGANIC.)                                                                                                            AA/ICP                              ARSENIC                                                        Fit 4
                        .15   KrRAZINE                                                       SWAB          WATER         SOIL                                 METMANOI,*tMeCI2                    AATREX:-PRIMA*I'OI,iATRATOl-                                   fil 7
                        7     AZINPIIOS-MFTlIYl. (GlrIllION)                                 SWAB          WATER         son,                                 IIVXANE                             rilmiloN                                                       14f 7
                        19    BENDIOCARR                                                     SWAB          WATER         soft,                                MEVANOL OR PCP                      FICAM. DYCARII; TURCAM                                         Of I  ......
                        95    RENTUIRALIN'                                                   SWAB                                                                                                 BFNPrIN; 1311NMURALIN; TRAMI (52)
                        49    DENOMYL                                                        SWAB        N.@ It          SOIL                    FORM         ACPTONITRILE                        HUNLATP; TERSAN I"I:                                           rif 7 ......
                        110   111INSMIDS                                                     SWAB          WATER         soft,                   FORM         ACPTONE(ISOOCTANE                   BPTASAN;PRl!r-ARJlP-TAMFC@R4461                                pil 3-6
                        126   BIFENTIIRIN                                                    SWAB          WATER         son,                    FORM         ACPTONPJMeCI2                       TALSTAR: BRIGADE
                        1.17  Be M Y'L                                                       SWAn                                                             ACPTONEIFTIIANOL                    MY BAIT GRITS
                        92    BORON; BORATVS: BORIC ACID                                                                              DUST                    AA / ICP                            DORIC ACID
                        63    BROMACIL                                                       SWAB                        SOIL                                 METIIANOL                           BROMACIL. IIYVAR X                                             p117-9
                        73    rAPTAFOL                                                       SWAB          WATPR         SOIL                    r-ORM        IIEXANP                             DIFOLATAN
                        72    CAPTAN                                                         SWAB          WATER         SOIL                                 11EXANE                             ORTI-IOCIDE:CAPTAN                                             ril 2-4
                        21    CARDARYL                                                       SWAB          WATER         Son,                                 METIIANOL                           CAR BARY`L;SPVlN:SAVIT:.SEVIMOI,                               pi. 13 .....
                        23    CARBOFURAN                                                     SWAB          WATER         SOIL                    FORM         MEIHANOL                            FURADAN                                                        tit 3-5
                        27    C-IILORDANE                                                    SWAB          WATER         SOIL         AIR                     HPXANE                              CtfLORDANE;C-100-. TPRMIDP (MIX)                               ril 3-c
                              CIILOROBROMILTRON                                              SWAB                                                                                                 MALORAN
                        101   CHLOROT14ALONIL                                                SWAB          WATER         SOIL                                 AC11TONPIXYLEN17                    13RAVO:F)A('ONTL:(EXOIMP-RM)TP-mn.                             rill 3-8
                        2     C-IILORPYRIFOS                                                 SWAB          WATER         SOIL         AIR                     HEXANE                              DLIRSBANLORSBAN@EMPIRPTLIRLOE                                  pll 3-4
                        309   CLOi4AZONF (IDIMET14A70NE)                                                                                         FORM         MET"ANOL                            C(TVMANDCOMMPNCE*: (52)
                              COPPER (CUPROLISC.IIPRIC MTS)                                                                                                   AA / ICP COPPER                     COPPER SULFATEAlYDROXIDIIJOXIDE
                        57    CYANAZINE                                                      SWAB                                                             METIIANOL'                          BIADEX-. EXTRA7tNr" (55)                                       pill 6-8
                        138   CYFL11TVIRIN                                                   SWAB          WATER         SOIL                                 IIFXANP                             TENIPO@ BAYTHROID@LASVR                                        Tit 5-6
                        109   CYPERMET11RIN                                                  SWAB          WATER         SOIL                                 IfP.XANE                                                                                           pil 5-6
                        210   DALAPON                                                        SWAB          WATER         SOIL                                                                     DALAPON; DOWPON
                        175   DDD4.4-                                                        SWAB          -',VATPR      SOIL                                 IIPXANE

                        176   DDP 4,4-                                                       SWAB          WATER         SOIL                                 I I I- Xf@ N P,
                        177   DDT4.41-                                                       SWAB          WATER         SOIL                                 IIEXANP
                              DEET                                                                                                               FORM         IIP.XANP/ACVTONP.                   DEETPOWDER r-0RMl.n.ATION
                        178   DPMPTON                                                        SWAB          WAT12R        sort,                   FORM         lll!XANf'                           SYSTOX
                        3     DIAZINON                                                       SWAB          W@TER         SOIL         AIR                     IIr--XANF                           DIA71WON;SPV.Cl RACII)F:KNOX Otrl'                             p117  .....  VkAl







                 SOP APPENDIX                           N)Dr-.PE LABORATORY ROUTINE CAPABILITY FOR PES71CIDE ANALYSIS                                                                            UPDATED 8/1)92               (PCPfMAWAMW)

                 rcr              PrISTIC11311                                                     I A*MFLlft:W-AT'Vk'VJC@.'::                      kX%*AC1!OjN
                 CODE COMMON Cbeftleal News                                          Swab        wa*r           361         Air        10ther          Sovvim                          TRAD04AME tiWottVjift



                 42    DICAMBA                                                       SWAB        WATER          SOIL                                MeOH/ETHER/ACOD                    BANVEL;                                                       PH 2-8
                 14    DICHLORVOS (DDVP)                                             SWAB                       SOIL        AIR                     HEXANE                             DDVP; VAPONA                                                  fit 3-6 .....
                       DICOFOL (KELTIIANE)                                           SWAB        WATER          SOIL                   FORM         METHANOL                           DICOPOL:KELTHANE
                 184   DIELDRIN                                                      SWAB        WATER          SOIL                   FORM         HEXANE                                                                                           PH 7-8
                 183   hipNoctit-OR                                                              WATER          SOIL                   Vegetation HEXANE                               PENTAC
                 105   DIFLUBPNZURON                                                 SWAB                                                           ACETONITRILE                       DIMILIN; VIGILANTE                                            r413-6

                       DIMET1110ATIR                                                 SWAB        WATER          SOD,                   FORM HPXANE'                                    CYGON-.DEFP-ND
                 136   DINOSPX (DNBP)                                                            WATER          SOIL                                ACID                               DINOSEB-.DNBP:PREMl71RGP                                      tA 1 4 -6
                 83    DIPHAC.INONE                                                                                                    FORM                                            RAMIK
                 -91   VIQUAT                                                                    WATER                                 FORM         Solid Phase 11mraction             DIQUAT. AOUACIDE
                 135   DIVRON                                                        SWAB        WATER          SOIL                                METIJANOLJMeC12                    DIURON; KARMEX: DIRPX

                 124   IDORMANTOIL                                                   SWAB                                              FORM         IIPXANe
                 120   DSMA (DISODO.TM METHANE ARSENATP)                                                                                            AAACP ARSENIC                      ANSAR: DI -TAC.; WEED-17- RAD
                 I"    P-DB(E-nIYLENE DIBROMIDE)                                     SWAB        IVATER         SOIL                                MeC12/IIPXANP-                     DIRROME. BROMOFUMP
                 200   EDC(E711iI.PNEDICHLORIDE)                                     SWAB        %@'ATFR        SOIL                                MeC12/1-1EXANI!,                   11ROCIDE
                 30    ENDOSULFAN. 1. 11'. (ALPHA. BETA)                             SWAB        WATER          SOIL                                IIEXANE                            T1410DANTNDOCIDE:TIOVM:                                       r4f 7
                 .89   ENDOTTIAL                                                                                                       FORM         Direct lojection of Liquid         AQUASHALUENDOTIIALl.                                          rJI 3-6
                 193   ENDRIN                                                        SWAB        WATER          SOIL                                IIEXANP                            ENDRIX:"EXADRtN                                               rill 7-8
                 69    Erm.                                                          SWA13                                                          14EXANP                            POTAKERADICANE                                                141 S-A
                 197   E7MION                                                        SWAB        WATPR                                              McC12                              PTHION
                 I"    12THYLENP DIBROMIDE(ED13)                                     SWAI        WATER          son.                                MeC12/llr-.XANP                    IIROMOFUMR@DIBROMP

                 200   ETtlYLFNE DK'IILORII-E (PDC)                                  SWAB        WATER          SOO,                                McCl2/HEXANe                       BROCIDE
                       ETU (EIMYLEN11 1111OUREA)                                     SWAB                                              FORM         ME114ANOL                          DEGRADATE OF EBDC'S:MANPD@ZtNEB
                 129   FPNAMIP"OS                                                    SWAB        WATER                                              HPXANE                             PQMACUR                                                       fill 6-7
                 137   FENOXYCARB                                                    SWAB        WATER                                              ME711ANOL                          TORUS
                 39    FENVALERATE                                                   SWAB        WATER          SOIL                                AC.CTONPAIEXANE                    PYDRIN; TRIKITP; ASANA                                        rAl 4-7
                 216   FOLPET                                                        SWAB        WATER          SOIL                                HEXANP                             FOLPET; FOLPAN@ PHkLTAN
                 71    GLYPAOSATE                                                                WATER          SOIL                   FORM         BUFFERS                            Rdt?110@ROUNDUPXLEPNUP@                                       NONE
                 7     OUTHION (AZtNPHOS-METHYL)                                     SWAB        WATER          SOIL                                IIEXANE                            GtrfmoN                                                       rill 7
                       HCH ALPHA (BHC/HEXAC.HLOR014EXANE)                            SWAB.       WATER          SOIL                   FORM         IIEXANE/MeCl2
                       HCH BETA (BI-IC/1-11EXACI-111.0110"EXANE)                     SWAB        WATER          SOIL                   FORM         IIEXANPJMcC[2

                 31    HCH GAMMA (BHC / LINDANE)                                     SWAB        WATPR          SOIL                   FORM         HPXA?4E
                       HCH DELTA (BHCIHPXACHLOROHEXANE)                              SWAB        WATER          SOIL                   FORM         HEXANE
                 29    HEPTACHLOR                                                    SWAB        WATER          SOIL        AIR        FORM         IIEXANE                            TERMIDF-C-l       -00                                         ril 4-6
                 106   IIEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE                                           SWAB        WATER          SOIL        AIR        FORM         IIEXANE                            IIPPTACIILOR DEGRADATM                                                            1(7
                 225   IIEXAZINONE                                                   SWAB                       SOIL                                METHANOL                           VFLPAR
                 123   ISAZOFOS                                                      SWAB        WATER                                 FIS11        IIEXANE                            TRIUM!"ll                                                     pit 3-6
                 1     ISOFINP"OS                                                    SWAB        WATER          SOIL        AIR        FORM         fleXANP                            PRYFON6: OFTANOL@ AMAZV:                                      fit 3-7
                 31    LINDANP (GAMAIICII)                                           SWA13       WATER          SOIL        AIR                     Ilf!XANP                           ISOTOX                                                        rwill- 6






                   SOP APPENDIX                          NJDEPF, LABORATORY ROUTINE CAPA131LITY FOR PESTICIDE ANALYSIS                                                                      UPDATED 8/1/92              (PCP(I`EAM/AMW)

                   rcr             rp-STICIDS                                                     SAPAPLI3 %dAf*tX-                                                                                                                                   stir s
                                                                                                                                                            "ON
                   CODE -commoachemical Name                                         1"ll        Wolof        son         Air.       dituts        SOLVFNT:


                   66    LINLIRON                                                    SWAB        WATER                                          ACETONE                            OEMINI;LOROX:LrNPX                                         pit 7@0
                   8     MALATHION                                                   SWAB        WATER        SOIL        AIR                   HFXANE                             MALATHION.CY711ION                                         Fit 5.6 Burr-na
                   79    MANCO7PB                                                                                                    FORM       METHANOL                           PENNCOZP-B;DITIIANP M-45;
                   78    MANEB                                                                                                       FORM       METHANOL                           MAN1113J)IIIIANE; MANZATU: MANPX                           .....
                         MCPA (METHYLCHLOROPHPNOXYXCETtC                             SWAB        WATER        SOIL                   FORM       METIIANOL                          WEEDONE.
                   43    MPCOPROP@ MCPP                                              SWAB        WATER        SOIL                              MeOHIP"I"ERfACID                   TRIM13C(MC*.PP+24D+Dï¿½C.AMBA)-.CMPP                         ril 2-8
                   25    M11RCAPTODIME"lUR                                           SWAB                                                       MrTHANOI4W.R                       MESUROL                                                    jil 3-5
                   102   MPTALAXYL                                                   SWAB                                                       MV'n-IANOF                         SUBDUP P; RIDOMM: APRON
                   12    MPIHAMIDOP"OS                                               SWAB        WATER        SOIL                              ACETONE                            MONITOR; ACENIAT11, MPT                                    rill 4-6
                   234   MPTHANE ARSONIC ACID (MAA)                                                                                             AAfK',P ARSENIC.
                   2.5   MPTHIOCARR                                                  SWAB        WATER        SOIL                              MCOHIMCC12/1'CT                    MESUROL
                   26    METHOMYL (LANNATE)                                          SWAB                                                       METHANOL                           [ANNATP@ Ntrr)RIN                                          ril 4-6
                   32    ME711OXYCIfLOR                                              SWAB        WATER        SOIL                              14EXANE                            MARLATP                                                    fit 3-6
                   6     METHYL PARATITION                                           SWAB        AVATFR       SOIL                   FORM       HV.XANN`McC,12                     PENNCAP-M
                   45    ME701-ACIILOR                                               SWAB        '@ATPR.      SOIL                              MPTHANOL                           nlCEP';DUAI.@Pr-NNANT                                      Fit 5-7
                   58    METRIBLIZIN                                                 SWAB        WATER        SOIL                              MFTIIANOL'                         SENCOR: LEXON174 SAUTTE'                                   Fit 5-8
                   107   MEVINPHOS                                                   SWAB                                                       HEXANP,                            PIIOSDRIN                                                  ril 2-5
                   308   MGK 264                                                     SWAB        WATER        SOIL                              IIEXANF                            a-OCTYL I)ICYCI.01112FIrPNPDICARF)OXIMIDP,
               .241      MONURON                                                     SWAB        WATER        SOIL                              MPTSIANOL/MeCI2                    VROX
                   242   NALED                                                       SWAB        WATER        SOIL                              IIPXANEtMeCL2                      DIBROM
                   308   n - OCTYLBICYCLOtIEPTEN PD ICA R13OXI M It) P.              SWAB        WATPR        SOIL                              IIEXANE                            MOK 264
                   123   OIL(DORMANTOIL)                                                                                             FORM       ISOOCTANE                          SCALECIDE: DORMANT OIL
                   50    ORYZALIN                                                    SWAB        WATER        SOIL                              ACETON!TRILE                       SVRFl-AN-,XL-2Q ROLTT
                   53    OXADIAZON                                                   SWAB        WATER        SOIL                              HEXANE                             RONSTAR                                                    ril 4-8
                   24    OXAMYL                                                      SWAB        WATER        SOIL                              METHANOL                           VYDATE;TIIIOXAMYL                                          rAl 3.....
                   16    OXYDEPROFOS                                                 SWAB                                                       IIEXANR                            MPTASYSTOX-S
                   90    PARAOUAT                                                                WATER                               FORM       Solid Pbose Pitrielloo             GRAMOXONM PARAQUAT                                         [413-6
                   3     PARA@MION (ETHYL)                                           SWAB        WATER     -70 -IT                              HEXANE                             (A011A)PHosm; PPNNCAP-E                                    rif 3-6
                   6     PARATH110N-METHYL                                           SWAB        WATER        SOIL                              HEXANP                             PENNCAP-M                                                  rit 5-6
                   31    PENDIMPT"AUN                                                SWAB                                                       HEXANE/AC.ETONP-                   PROWL: HERBADOX; STOMP
                   93    PPNTACRLOROPHENOL (PCP)                                     SWAB        WATER        SOIL                              HEXANE/Mle(12                      PCP
                   36    PERMET11RIN                                                 SWAB        WATER                                          HEXANP                             TOR PPDO;DRAGNET;POUNCP;AMBt]Sl I                          rill 5-6.
                                                                                                         R          ---1lFXANE                                                  I  PROLATV; IMIDAN                                            rol 1-6
                   to    PHOSMET                                                     SWAB        WATP          0
                   34    PIPPRONYL 8trrOXME (Pno)                                    SWAB                                            rORM       IIFXANE                            PIJQ R(rrACtDV                                             4f 2-9
                   56    PROMIRTONI                                                                                                                                                                                                           .1
                                                                                                              SOIL                              METHANOL'                          PRAMMOL, OR7140 TRIOX                                      ri 6-7
                   1
                   W
                   -co


























                   4     PROPPITAMPHOS                                               SWAB        WATER        SOIL        AIR                   IIFXANE                            SAFROTIN                                                   01.5-6
                   20    PROPOXUR                                                    SWAB        WATER        SOIL                              MUTMANOL                           DAYGON                                                     r413-7
                   33    PYRETHRIN                                                   SWAB                                                       IlFXANP                            CIIRYSANTIIPMAIPS(l)@PYREIIIRA'rPS(II)                     rol 5-6
                   133   QUATERNARY AMMONIUM (01.IAT)                                                                                FORM       '97RATION                          1) - ALGA' t-1: 'QUAT*







               SOP APPENDIX                        NIDEPE LABORATORY ROUTINE CAPABILITY FOR PESTICIDE ANALYSIS                                                                  UPDAT`ED 8/1/92 (PCPn`EAWAMW)


                                                                                          9     IAIPL                                                                                         .... .. d,
                                                                                            A                                                        ON
            CODE CommosCLeakslNofte                                          3"fb        Water        son        Air       01heir         SOLV04T                      TRADIEN
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                STAICIB pit P-4JkOR



            37     RESMETHRIN                                                SWAB        WATER        SOIL                             NEXANE                          VECTRIN, SYNTURIN                                        rAI 5-6
            272'   RONNEI,                                                   SWAB        WATER        SOIL                             HEXANE                          KORLAN.. Disr-'D BY DOW
            100    ROTENONE                                                  SWAB                                                      ACETONrrRILE                    NOXFISIJ-. ROTACIDE, CIIEMPIS"

            67     SIDURON                                                   SWAB        WATER        SOIL                             METHANOI./McCI2                 TUPPRSAN
            59     SIMAZINE                                                  SWAB                                                      METHANOL*                       AOtIAZINE:PRINCEP;PRIMAML S                              ril 6-7
            97     STRYCHNINE SULFATE (ALKALOID)                             SWAB                                          STOM.       BUFFER                          NUX VOMICA                                               11113
            131    SVLFOMETITRON METHYL                                                               SOIL                             HEXANE                          OUST                                                     rd[7-9
            68     72811THIURON                                              SWAB                                                      METHANOL                        SPIKE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ral 6-8
            is     TEMEPHOS                                                  SWAB                                                      HEXANE                          AHATE                                                    rif 6-8
                   TETRADIFON                                                            WATER        SOIL                             METHANOL
            287    TETRAMET"RIN                                                                                            FORM        14EXANE                         NEO-PYNAMIN
            7.5    rtfIRAM                                                   SWAB                                                      METHANOL                        SPOTRETE-F-. SLUG-GETA: POLYRAM                          ......
            52     TRIFLIVRALIN                                              SWAB        WATER        SOIL                 FORM        MeOll:[IEXIACPTONE              TREFLAN:TRILIN:TVAM':SALt"*                              ril 3-8

            81     WARFARIN                                                                                                FORM        IIPXANE/ACETONP                 WARFARIN
            so     ZINEB                                                                                                   FORM        M121HANOI.                      DITIIANP Z 78                                            ......



                                                                ----------- -
            Pesticide Stability        Water Sample Stable pH Range Marked with                               Indicates that the Pesticide may be Unstable or Labile
                               Started Pestf'cides Are Considered Unstable or Labile; They Should Be Analyzed On a Priority Basis

            ***'*E&A        - EXTrIACT AND ANALYZE AS SOON AS POSSIBLEI
            @A,A   ICP      - Analysis Requires Atomic Absorption (Flame or Graphite Furnace AA) or Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Spectroscopy

























                                       Appendix E.


                                                                      I


 0

                                                           1992 Supplement to
                                                                             the 1990

                                                NATIONAL STANDARD
                                                         PLUMBING CODE

                                                                            Published By
                                                             The National Association of
                                                              Plumb in g- Heating-Cooli ng
                                                                             Contractors


                                       Chapter 13  -Storm Drains

                                       p. 13-1     Amend Section 13.1.5 - Subsoil Drains to read
                                                          *13.1.5 Subsoil Drains.
                                                      a. Subsoil Drains. Subsoil drains shall be provided around the Perim-
                                                   eter of all buildings having basements. cellars. or crawl spaces or floors
                                                   below grade. Such subsoil drains may be positioned inside or outside of
                                                   the footings. and shall be of perforated. or open joint approved drain tile
                                                   or pipe not less than 3- in diameter. and be laid in gravel. slag. crushed
                                                   rock. approved 34" crushed-recycled glass aggregate or other approved
                                                   porous material with a minimum of 4" surrounding the pipe on all side.
                                                      b. Sub-soil drains shall be piped to a storm drain. or to an approved water
                                                   course. or to the front street curb or gunter. or to the alley. or the discharge
                                                   from the sub-soul drains shall be conveyed to the alley bv a concrete gunter.
                                                   Where a continuous flowing spring or ground water is encountered. sub-soil 
                                                   dra.ins shall be piped to a storm drain or an approved water course.
                                                      c. VVhere it is not possible to convey the drainage by gravity. sub-soil
                                                   drains shall discharge to an accessible sump pit provided with an ap-
                                                   proved automatic electric pump. Sump pit shall be at least 15" in diam-
                                                   eter. 18" in depth. and provided with a fined cover. The sump pump
                                                   shall have an adequate capacity to discharge all water coming into the
                                                   sump as it accumulates to the required discharge point. and in no event
                                                   shall the capacity of  the pump be lessthan  15 gallons 2 minute. The
                                                   discharge from the sump pump shall be a minimum of  1/4".
                                                      d. For separate dwellings. not serving continuous flowing springs or
                                                   ground water. the sump pipe shall discharge onto a concrete splash block
                                                   with a minimum length of 24". This discharge pipe shall be within 4- of
                                                   the spiash biock and positioned to Direct the flow parallel to the recessed
                                                   line of the splash block.
                                                      c. Sub-scil drains subject to backflow when discharging into a storm
                                                   drain shall be provided with a back-water valve in the drain line so
                                                   located as to be accessible for inspection and maintenance.
                                                      f. Nothing in this regulation shall prevent the discharge of drains
                                                   serving sub-soil drains. or areaways of detached buildings. which do not
                                                   serve continuous flowing springs or ground water. from discharging to a
                                                   properly graded open area. provided the point of discharge is at least ten
                                                   (10) feet from any property line. where it is impracticable to discharge
                                                   the drain or drains to the street gutter or curb. a storm drain. an approved
                                                   water course. or to an alley.



                                                                                    34
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                                                      Distribution of Submer ed
                                                                   Aquatic Vegetation




















                                                                                                                                                      SAV Present














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                                                                                                          0          5        1 0       15         20        25        30


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