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                                                                           Title Page  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     I

                                                                           Table of Contents   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     2

                                                                           Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     6
                                                                              Outline of the Metros   . . . . . . . . . . . . .    9
                                                                                 Regional Description   . . . . . . . . . . . .   10
                                                                                 Publicly-Administered
                                                                                 Recreation Opportunities   . . . . . . . . . .   10
                                                                                    Land and Water Acreage    . . . . . . . . .   10
                                                                                    Parks and Acreage by Type of Park             12
                                                                                    Park and Recreation
                                                                                    Facilities by Type of Park    . . . . . . .   12
                                                                                    Conversion of Facilities
                                                                                    to Recreation Opportunities   . . . . . . .   13
                                                                                 Estimated Current and
                                                                                 Future Participation, 1970-2000    . . . . . .   13
                                                                                 Recreation Resource
                                                                                 Requirements, 1970-2000    . . . . . . . . . .   15

                                                                           Region 1
                                                            'djj                                      . . . . . . . . . . . . .   20
                                                                                   pal Description
                                                                              Publicly-Administered
                                                                              Recreation Opportunities    . . . . . . . . . . .   22
                                                                              Estimated Current and
                                                                              Future Participation, 1970-2000   . . . . . . . .   28
                                                                              Recreation Resource
                                                                              Requirements, 1970-2000   . . . . . . . . . . . .   30

                                                                           Region 4
                                                                              Regional Description    . . . . . . . . . . . . .   40
                                                                              Publicly-Administered
                                                                              Recreation Opportunities    . . . . . . . . . . .   42
                                                                              Estimated Current and
                                                                                                          -2000     . . . . . .   48
                        C&W                  COW                              Future Participation, 1970
                                                                              Recreation Resource
                                                                              Requirements, 1970-2000   . . . . . . . . . . . .   50

            2

             Region 5                                                             Region 13
                Regional Description       . . . . . . . . . . . . .     60          Regional Description      . . . . . . . . . . . . .     164
                Publicly-Administered                                                Publicly-Administered
                Recreation Opportunities       . . . . . . . . .. . .    62          Recreation Opportunities       . . . . . . . . . . .    166
                Estimated Current and                                                Estimated Current and
                Future Participation, 1970-2000       . . . . . . . .    68          Future Participation, 1970-2000       . . . . . . . .   172
                Recreation Resource                                                  Recreation Resource
                Requirements, 1970-2000      . . . . . . . .   o . . .   70          Requirements, 1970-2000      . . . . . . . . . . . .    174

             Region 7                                                             Region 14
                Regional Description       . . . . . . . . . . . . .     80          Regional Description      . . . . . . . . . . . . .     184
                Publicly-Administered                                                Publicly-Administered
                Recreation Opportunities       . . . . . . . . . . .     82          Recreation Opportunities       . . . . . . . . . . .    186
                Estimated Current and                                                Estimated Current and
                Future Participation, 1970-2000       . . . . . . . .    88          Future Participation, 1970-2000       . . . . . . . .   192
                Recreation Resource                                                  Recreation Resource
                Requirements, 1970-2000      . . . . . . . . . . . .     90          Requirements, 1970-2000      . . . . . . . . . .. . .   194

             Region 10                                                            Region 16
                Regional Description       . . . . . . . . . . . . .     100         Regional Description      . . . . . . . . . . . . .     204
                Publicly-Administered                                                Publicly-Administered
                Recreation Opportunities       . . . . . . . . . . .     103         Recreation Opportunities       . . . . . . . . . . .    207
                Estimated Current and                                                Estimated Current and
                Future Participation, 1970-2000       . . . . . . . .    109         Future Participation, 1970-2000       . . . . . . . .   213
                Recreation Resource .                                                Recreation Resource
                Requirements, 1970-2000      . . . . . . . . . . . .     Ill         Requirements, 1970-2000      . . . . . . . . . . . .    215

             Region 11                                                            Region 17
                Regional Description       . . . . . . . . . . . . .     122         Regional Description      . . . . . . . . . . . . .     227
                Publicly-Administered                                                Publicly-Administered
                Recreation Opportunities       . . . . . . . . . . .     125         Recreation Opportunities       . . . . . . . . . . .    229
                Estimated Current and                                                Estimated Current and
                Future Participation, 1970-2000       . ... . . . . .    131         Future Participation, 1970-2000       . . . . . . . .   235
                Recreation Resource                                                  Recreation Resource
                Requirements, 1970-2000      . . . . . . . . . . . .     133         Requirements, 1970-2000      . . . . . . . . . . . .   /237

             Region 12                                                            Region 18 Midland
                Regional Description       . . . . . . . . . . . . .     144         Regional Description      . . . . . . . . . . . . .     247
                Publicly-Administered                                                Publicly-Administered,
                Recreation Opportunities       . . . . . . . . . . .     146         Recreation Opportunities       . . . . . . . . . . .    249
                Estimated Current and                                                Estimated Current and
                Future Participation,      1910-2000  . . . . . . . .    152         Future Participation, 1970-2000       . . . . . . . .   255
                Recreation Resource                                                  Recreation Resource
                Requirements, 1970-2ObO      . ... . . . . . . . . .     154         Requirements, 1970-2000      . . . . . ... . . . . .    257
                                                                                                                                                3

            Region 18 Odessa                                              Region 27
               Regional Description    . . . . . . . . . . . . .  267        Regional Description    . . . . . . . . . . . . .  370
               Publicly-Administered                                         Publicly-Administered
               Recreation Opportunities    . . . . . . . . . . .  269        Recreation Opportunities    . . . . . . . . . . .  372
               Estimated Current and                                         Estimated Current and
               Future Participation, 1970-2000   . . . . . . . .  275        Future Participation, 1970-2000                    378
               Recreation Resource                                           Recreation Resource
               Requirements, 1970-2000   . . . . . . . . . . . .  277        Requirements, 1970-2000   . . . . . . . . . . . .  380

            Region 20                                                     Region 28
               Regional Description    . . . . . . . . . . . . .  287        Regional Description    . . . . . . . . . . . . .  391
               Publicly-Administered                                         Publicly-Administered
               Recreation Opportunities    . . . . . . . . . . .  289        Recreation Opportunities    . . . . . . . . . . .  393
               Estimated Current and                                         Estimated Current and
               Future Participation, 1970-2000   . . . . . . . .  295        Future Participation, 1970-2000   . . . . . . . .  399
               Recreation Resource                                           Recreation Resource
               Requirements, 1970-2000   . . . . . . . . . . . .  297        Requirements, 1970-2000   . . . . . . . . . . . .  401

            Region 21                                                     Region 29
               Regional Description    . . . . . . . . . . . . .  307        Regional Description    . . . . . . . . . . . . .  411
               Publicly-Administered.                                        Publicly-Administered
               Recreation Opportunities    . . . . ... . . . . .  309        Recreation Opportunities    . . . . . . . . . . .  413
               Estimated Current and                                         Estimated Current and
               Future Participation, 1970-2000   . . . . . . . .  315        Future Participation, 1970-2000   . . . . . . . .  419
               Recreation Resource                                           Recreation Resource
               Requirements, 1970-2000   . . . . . . . . . . . .  317        Requirements, 1970-2000   . . . . . . . . . . . .  421

            Region 23                                                     Region 33
               Regional Description    . . . . . . . . . . . . .  327        Regional Description    . . . . . . . . . . . . .  432
               Publicly-Administered                                         Publicly-Administered
               Recreation Opportunities    . . . . . . . . . . .  329        Recreation Opportunities    . . . . . . . . . . .  434
               Estimated Current and .                                       Estimated Current and
               Future Participation, 1970-2000   . . . . . . . .  335        Future Participation, 1970-2000   . . . . . . . .  440
               Recreation Resource                                           Recreation Resource
               Requirements, 1970-2000   . . . . . . . . . . . .  337        Requirements, 1970-2000   . . . . . . . . . . . .  442
                                                                                              1
            Region 25                                                     Region 34 Brownsville-Harlingen-San Benito
               Regional Description    . . . . . . . . . . . . .  347        Regional Description    . . . . . . . . . . . . .  453
               Publicly-Administered                                         Publicly-Administered
               Recreation Opportunities    . . . . . . . . . . .  351        Recreation Opportunities    . . . . . . . . . . .  455
               Estimated Current and                                         Estimated Current and
               Future Participation, 1970-2000   . . . . . . . .  357        Future Participation, 1970-2000   . . . . . . . .  461
               Recreation Resource                                           Recreation Resource
               Requirements, 1970-2000   . . . . . . . . . . . .  359        Requirements, 1970-2000   . . . . . . . . . . . .  463

            4

                                                                             Region 34 McAllen-Edinburg-Pharr
                                                                                Regional Description    . . . . . . . . . . . . .   473
                                                                                Publicly-Administered
                                                                                Recreation Opportunities    . . . . . . . . . . .   475
                                                                                Estimated Current and
                                                                                Future Participation, 1970-2000    . . . . . . . .  481
                                                                                Recreation Resource
                                                                                Requirements, 1970-2000   . . . . . . . . . . . .   483

                                                                            Region 35
                                                                                Regional Description    . . . . . . . . . . . . .   493
                                                                                Publicly-Administered
                                                                                Recreation Opportunities    . . . . . . . . . . .   495
                                                                                Estimated Current and
                                                                                Future Participation, 1970-2000   . . . . . . . .   501
                                                                                Recreation Resource
                                                                                Requirements, 1970-2000   . . . . . . . . . . . .   503

                                                                            Appendices
                                                                 1 ----'------\Appendix A - Glossary    . . . . . . . . . . . . .   512
                                                                                Appendix B - Listing of Metropolitan Areas:
                                                                                Core Cities and Contiguous Urban Areas
                                                                                (Populations 50,000 and Over in 1970)    . . . . .  526

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                                 duc

                    The Texas Outdoor Recreation Plan (TORP) is the official statewide outdoor recreation plan developed by the Texas Parks
                    and Wildlife Department at the direction of the Legislature (Senate Bill 165, Acts of the 59th Legislature).      The TORP
                    serves to guide the provision of outdoor recreation opportunities for the people of Texas. The     'Texas Outdoor Recreation
                    Plan in its entirety consists of ten volumes. Each volume deals with a specific aspect of outdoor recreation      in the
                    State of Texas. Two of these ten volumes, Outdoor Recreation in the Rural Areas of Texas (referred to as the      Rural
                    Volume) and Outdoor Recreation in the Urban Areas of Texas (referred to as the Urban Volume) consist of three     and four
                    parts each respectively. Each part is bound and published under separate cover. This document, Part II--Metropolitan
                    Areas, is one of four parts which, combined, comprise the entire volume.Outdoor Recreation in the Urban Areas of Texas.

                    To understand the objectives of Part II--Metropolitan Areas it is important that the reader:

                         �    Relate the volume Outdoor Recreation in the Urban Areas of Texas to the other nine volumes of the TORP.
                         �    Visualize the relationship of Part II--Metropolitan Areas to Part I, Part III, and Part IV of Outdoor Recrea-
                              tion in the Urban Areas of Texas.
                         �    Review the Glossary to clarify the specific use of terms in the TORP. Data presented is most meaningful once
                              the terms used to describe the data are defined as they apply to the TORP.
                    Outlined  below are the ten volumes of the TORP, to include the various parts of the Urban and Rural Volumes, followed by
                    a brief statement defining the purpose of each:

                         Texas Outdoor Recreation Plan

                              .1. Outdoor Recreation in the Urban Areas of Texas
                                  ... analyzes outdoor recreation occurring in the urban areas of Texas with respect to existing recreation

                        opportunities, participation, and resource requirements now and in the future; also includes suggested
                        minimum facility requirements for small communities (urbanized areas ranging in population from 200 to
                        2,499 in 1970 and which are not contiguous to a metropolitan area) and identifies areas of special con-
                        cerns and associated problems in.the urban areas of Texas.

                        a.  Part I--An Overview
                            ...summarizes the analyses of outdoor recreation occurring in all types of urban areas combined on a
                            statewide and Analytical Planning Region basis.

                        b.  Part II--Metropolitan Areas
                            ... analyzes that,portion of urban outdoor recreation occurring in each of 24 urbanized areas referred
                            to as "metros" in the TORP. Metros are defined as*the core city or cities having populatiohs of
                            50,000 or more, according to 1970 population figures, plus all incorporated, and some unincorporated,
                            urbanized areas contiguous to the core city/cities. Data is organized for each metro area by Analyti-
                            cal Planning Region. The 24 metro areas are located in 22 different planning regions, with Regions 18
                            and 34 having two metros each, Midland and Odessa in Region 18 and Brownsville-Harlingen-San Benito
                            and McAllen-Edinburg-Pharr in Region 34.

                        C.  Part III--Cities
                            ... analyzes that portion of urban outdoor recreation occurring in urbanized areas with populations
                            ranging from 10,'000 to 49,999 in 1970 (referred to as "citiesit) and which are not part of or contig-
                            uous to a metropolitan area. Twenty-seven Analytical Planning Regions have one or more cities. Data
                            is combined for all cities within a region and presented on a regional basis.

                        d.  Part IV--Towns
                            ... analyzes that portion of urban outdoor recreation occurring in urbanized areas with populations
                            ranging from 2,500 to 9,999 in 1970 (referred to as "towns") and which are not part of or contiguous
                            to a metropolitan area. All 37 Analytical Planning Regions have at least one,or more towns. Data is
                            combined for all towns within a region and presented on a regional basis.

                    2.  Outdoor Recreation in the Rural Areas of Texas
                          -analyzes outdoor recreation occurring in the rural areas of Texas, areas having a country  atmosphere or
                        @owns.of less than 200 in population, with respect to existing recreation opportunities, participation and
                        resource requirements now and in the future; also identifies areas of special concerns and associated
                        probiems in the rural areas of Texas.

                        a. Part 1--An Overview
                            ... summarizes the analyses of outdoor recreation occurring in the rural areas of Texas on a statewide
                            and Analytical Planning Region basis.

                               b. Part II--Regions 1 - 18
                                   ... analyzes rural outdoor recreation occurring in Analytical Planning Regions 1   18.

                               c. Part III--Regions 19 - 37

                                   ... analyzes rural outdoor recreation occurring in Analytical Planning Regions 19   37.

                           3.  Outdoor Recreation on the Texas Gulf Coast

                               ...analyzes outdoor recreation for selected urban and rural activities occurring on saltwater or adjacent
                               land areas in the seventeen counties which are contiguous to the Gulf of Mexico or saltwater bays. Analy-
                               ses are with respect to existing recreation opportunities, participation, and resource requirements now
                               and in the future for each of the seventeen counties and the entire seventeen counties grouped together as
                               one coastal region.

                           4.  Outdoor Recreation Activities

                               ...analyzes participation patterns in certain activities as they are explained by various recreationists,
                               characteristics such as times of day for participation, seasons of the year, distances travelled, expendi-
                               tures of time and money, ability to participate, and facility preferences for residents of Texas and out-
                               of-state visitors.

                           5.  The Role of the Public and Private Sectors

                               ... compares the general influences on outdoor recreation in Texas by public agencies and the private sec-
                               tor engaged in providing recreational resources for public use, either for free or for profit.

                           6.  A Regional Environmental Analysis

                               ....addresses basic resource conservation problems by focusing on the rapidly developing eight county
                               Houston-Galveston region. The problems of conserving recreational resources, which include wildlife habi-
                               tats, recreational areas, and a variety of other recreational resources, are illustrated by a map inventory
                               of these resources. Also included are a series of maps showing various types of projected urban, indus-
                               trial and other types of development in the region and how these types of development conflict with recrea-
                               tion and damage or destroy recreational resources. Lastly, a series of maps and discussions addresses
                               selected examples of planning factors that should be considered in the comprehensive planning process.

                           7.  Techniques of Analysis
                               ... describes the methodology used in the TORP to determine recreational demand, recreation facility stan-
                               dards, opportunities, resource requirements, and recreation priorities in Texas.

                           8.  A Statewide Recreation Information System
                               ... describes the basic framework, uses, and operations of the recreational planning process in Texas.

                              Also discussed are the data previously collected to support recreation planning, previous and potential
                              methods of collection, and the data types to consider acquiring in the future. In addition, the impor-
                              tance of communication, coordination, and cooperation among recreation planners and those involved in pro-
                              viding outdoor recreation opportunities is emphasized.

                          9.  Regional Summary
                              ... synoptically analyzes outdoor recreation in Texas occurring in the urban areas, rural areas, and urban
                              and rural areas combined with respect to the planning region's description; recreation opportunities, par-
                              ticipation, and resource requirements now and in the future; potential recreation resources; and recommen-
                              dations and priorities for the region. Data is organized by region for Regions 1 - 37.

                         10.  State Summary
                              ... contains broad information, recommendations, and policy statements to guide the current and future
                              development of outdoor recreation resources in texas.

                With the above relationships of the various TORP volumes identified, the objectives of Part II--Metropolitan Areas
                (referred to as "Metrosit) are more easily viewed in their proper perspective.   "Metros" deals only with outdoor recrea-
                tion occurring in those urban areas defined as metros.   Again, m'etros are defined as the core city or cities with a pop-
                ulation of 50,000 or more, according to the 1970 census, plus all urbanized areas contiguous to the core city or cities.
                The contiguous urbanized areas may be of any population size, and may be either incorporated or unincorporated. Where
                several cities comprise a core, only the combined total population must equal or exceed 50,000 in order for the cities
                to qualify as a metro. Since 22 Analytical Planning Regions have urbanized areas defined as metros, these 22 regions
                are analyzed in "Metros." Emphasized in the "Metros" is the inventory of outdoor recreation resources and the compari-
                son of these resources with participation demands to determine resource requirements for various recreational facilities.

                The primary objectives of "Metros" are threefold:   (1) to provide an in-depth data base that will assist recreation
                planners within the metros in solving their current and future outdoor recreation problems, (2) to provide detailed
                information concerning the outdoor recreation problems facing the metros in order that Federal, State, and local govern-
                mental entities and private enterprises can more effectively, as well as efficiently, plan their outdoor recreation
                programs to help meet the needs of the metros across the State, and (3) to serve as one of the primary documents which
                can be used to allocate monies from the Land and Water Conservation Fund to all urban areas in an efficient and equit-
                able manner.

                OUTLINE OF THE "METROS11

                This volume is organized by Analytical Planning Regions. Major categories presented in    each regional analysis are a
                description of the metro of each region, the outdoor recreation opportunities available   in 1971, estimated participation
                for the years 1970, 1975, 19802 1990, and 2000 for selected urban outdoor recreation activities, and estimates of
                resource requirements for the years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000  'for selected types of urban outdoor recreation
                facilities. This outline briefly describes the contents of each of these major categories and explains how this mater-
                ial may be interpreted by the reader.

                                                                                                                                             9

                REGIONAL DESCRIPTION

                The Regional Description section contains three maps. One map is an outline of the State of Texas with the 37 analyti-
                cal planning regions depicted. The Analytical Planning Region presented is emphasized by black shading. This map
                serves to locate the region within the State and in relation to the other planning regions across the State. The second
                map outlines the county/counties comprising the region and also depicts the general location of the metro in the region.
                The third map is of the metropolitan area itself, and shows boundaries, major thoroughfares, and points of interest.
                This section also presents certain demographic characteristics of the population, including 1970 population, percentage
                change in population growth between 1960 and 1970, and age and racial composition of the populatiord/; describes impor-
                tant facets of the econo 2/; and lists important attractions and annual events.2/.
                                        my-t@

                PUBLICLY-ADMINISTERED RECREATION OPPORTUNITIES

                This section presents descriptive information on the supply of publicly-administered (Federal, State,,and local) recrea-
                tional lands, parks, facilities, and resources available within the urbanized areas of the metros of each regiorL4-/ and
                the number of opportunity days provided by these facilities and resources. The primary sources of this information
                were the 1969 Outdoor Recreation Facilities Inventory and the 1971 Municipal Inventory Update Survey. Supply and oppor-
                tunity days data describe conditions as they existed through December 31, 1971. Facility standards used to compute
                opportunity days (see Appendix C, Part I--An Overview of the Urban Volume) were derived primarily from the 1970 On-Site
                Demand Survey. This section is divid.ed into the headings as shown in the following explanatory discussions.

                Land and Water Acreage

                This page shows the total public park and recreation land acreage and the water acreage within or adjacent to those
                parks for the metro area of the region. The total park and recreation land is divided into developed and undeveloped
                recreational land. Average land and water acreages per metro statewide are also shown. Developed and undeveloped
                recreation land acreage is presented in table form and then depicted graphically using circle graphs, as percentages of
                the total recreation land for the metro in each region and for the statewide metro average.

                Facts pertinent to the interpretation of data presented in the "Land and Water Acreage Section" section are:

                    0    Land acreage figures include only public land set aside as park and recreation areas, and do not
                         include private recreation areas.

                1/ SOURCE: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.   1970.
                2/ SOURCE: Texas Almanac and State Industrial Guide: 1972-1973: A. H. Belo Corporation, Dallas, Texas.
                3/ The 1971 Texas Outdoor Recreation Chambers of Commerce Survey.
                4/ Parks located in rural areas were excluded, which means that parks owned and operated by the metros but located in
                   rural areas, even if the rural areas were within the city limits, were excluded. School-administered parks, play-
                   grounds, and facilities were also excluded, even though most schools in Texas are public.

            10

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                     9    Water acreage figures are in terms of surface acres, and include only the freshwater lakes within
                          or adjacent to the parks within the metro of that region. In other words, the total surface acres
                          of water within the metro area (shown in the "Recreation Resource Requirements, 1970-2000" section)
                          ,could conceivably be much greater than the amount presented in this table because there may be water
                          bodies in the metros not within, or adjacent to, a park. Rivers and streams are not included in the
                          water acreage figures.

                 Parks and Acreage by Type of Park

                 Purposes of this table are to statistically compare selected data for four types of urban parks ("DISTRICT," "Cammu-
                 NITY," "SPECIALTY," and "OPEN LAND") existing in the metro area of the region, to comb@ine the data for the four types
                 of parks into one "TOTAL" figure, and to show the "STATEWIDE AVERAGE METROS," which is the average per metro for all
                 metros in the State. For these categories, data selected includes the number of parks, the number of parks per thou-
                 sand population, the number of people per park, the total number of land acres of public parks, the number of acres
                 per thousand population, and the number of people per land acre. Following each table is a brief narrative summarily
                 describing conclusions drawn from the tabled data. In comparing the regional figures with the "STATEWIDE AVERAGE
                 METROS," caution should be exercised in drawing conclusions with respect to the need for additional parks or lands in
                 a particular region. The fact that a region falls below or above the statewide averages may or may not indicate that
                 additional parks or lands are needed. For additional parks and lands needed the reader is referred to Outdoor Recrea-
                 tion in the Urban Areas of Texas: Part I--An Overview. For definitions of the various types of parks, the reader is
                 referred to Appendix A, the Glossary.

                 Immediately following the table and narrative is a map of the metropolitan area entitled "Dispersion of Parks by Type,"
                 which shows the location of the various types of parks. Its purpose is to show park dispersion throughout the metro,
                 and it enables one to determine what types of parks are needed in the different areas of the metro. (See "Recreation
                 Resource Requirements, 1970-2000.")

                 Park and Recreation Facilities by Type of Park

                 This table presents detailed information on the number and types of facilities available in three types of urban parks
                 (district, community, and specialty-- open land parks are not listed since they, by definition, contain no facilities)
                 and for the three types of parks combined. Additional data included for each type of facility listed is presented
                 under the following columnar headings:

                     �    PEOPLE PER UNIT- Computed by dividing the combined population of the region metro by the total
                          number of facilities found in the three types of urban parks in the metro.
                     �    UNITS PER THOUSAND REGION 1-37 METROS-- Computed by dividing the total number of facilities in the
                          three types of urban parks in the region metro by the total population of the metro expressed in
                          thousands.
                     �    UNITS PER THOUSAND STATEWIDE AVERAGE METROS-- Computed by dividing the total-number of facilities
                          in the three types of urban parks in the metros of the State by the total population, expressed in
                          thousands, in the metros of the State.

             12

                For those regions bordering the Gulf Coast which have metro areas accessible to saltwater, data for selected facilities
                is included.  The reader is referred to Appendix A for precise definitions of the various types of facilities.

                Conversion of Facilities to Recreation Opportunities

                The opportunity days table shows the total annual days of recreation opportunity provided by selected types of facili-
                ties in the region's metro. Opportunity days are a quantitative measure of the recreation participation that can be
                satisfied by existing recreation facilities, given the current participation patterns and preferences of urban outdoor
                recreationists. Opportunity days were computed by multiplying the number of facilities available in 1971 for each
                activity times the standard for the facility. The terms "current," "present," etc., when used to refer to opportunity
                days , are referring to the year 1971.   (See Appendix C of Part I--An Overview for more information on urban facility
                standards.) The number of opportunity days per thousand population on a regional metro basis and statewide metro basis
                are shown in the last two columns. These figures were calculated by dividing opportunity days for the metros by the
                population of the metros expressed in thousands.

                It is recognized that, in reality, opportunity days are provided by facilities of activities which are not itemized in
                the opportunity tables. However, under TORP concepts, opportunity days calculations were limited by three criteria:
                (1) The activity for which opportunity days were calculated must have statewide significance in terms of the number of
                participants.   (2) The major facility or resource, which provides the opportunity to participate in the activity must
                be quantifiable. Some activities rank high in terms of total participation, such as driving for pleasure, but the
                facilities, or resources, necessary for participation are difficult to measure in terms of supply.       (3) Opportunity days
                computed were limited to those activities for which a standard could be developed, i.e., under TORP concepts, those
                facilities for which sufficient information could be compiled on which to base the standards.

                The following points should be noted about the opportunity days table:

                         Opportunity days were based on the total supply of publicly-administered recreational facilities
                         available. No adjustments were made for the quality of the facilities. Some facilities were in
                         need of repair and others may even need replacing. Also, the quality of facilities varies over
                         time, depending on maintenance, intensity of use, etc. Consequently, the number of opportunity
                         days provided may fluctuate with variations in facility quality.
                         Opportunity days for surface acres of freshwater lakes were calculated on the basis of the total,
                         number of urban surface acres in the metros (as shown in the "Conversion of Facilities to Recrea-
                         tion Opportunity Days" table) not simply the surface acres within or adjacent to parks (as tabled
                         under "Land and Water Acreage").

                EST124ATED CURRENT AND FUTURE PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000

                Participation for 16 urban activities and the combined activity totals is shown for residents and non-residents for the
                years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000 in terms of annual activity-days occurring in the metro of the respective inland
                regions. For those regions bordering the Gulf Coast., participation in saltwater fishing, boating, skiing, and surfing

                                                                                                                                                13

                is also shown. Several different methodologies were employed to project participation; these are explained in Appendix
                C to Part 1--An Overview.

                The resident participation tables show participation by a resident of a metro participating in an activity in the metro
                in which he resides. Total annual resident participation is presented in terms of total days, the relative ranking of
                each activity for each year by total days, average days per household for the metro in the region, and statewide average
                days per household for metros.

                Non-resident participation, or that participation by Texas residents not residing in the metro where the participation
                occurs, is presented in the next set of tables in terms of total annual activity days only.

                The following points should be noted with regard to curre nt and future participation.

                    �    Urban participation includes only participation which occurred while the participant was on a trip.
                         Participation occurring at the participant's home was not included. Participation was counted at.
                         both pAlic and private places as long as it occurred "away from home".
                    �    Urban participation by out-of-state residents was not presented because results of the Texas Outdoor
                         Recreation On-Site Survey showed that only about two percent of recreationists at 38 parks located in
                         six urban areas across the State were out-of-state residents. The narrow range of the percentage of
                         out-of-state residents, .6 to 3.1 percent supports the conclusion that out-of-state participation
                         comprises a small proportion of total urban outdoor recreation participation with the possible excep-
                         tion of regional amusement centers such as Six Flags Over Texas, Astroworld, Aquarena, etc.
                    �    The terms "current," "present," and similar terms used in the participation tables and narratives
                         refer to the year 1970, even though the verb tense implies a later projection year.
                    0    Estimated participation for some activities may not be actual participation pursued because projec-
                         tion techniques may have assumed higher levels of supply, or, in other words, estimates of participa-
                         tion measure expected demand, if supply levels are varied, moreso than participation likely to occur
                         based on existing supply levels. only by using varying supply levels can participation figures be
                         calculated most suited to compute resource requirements. This provides an estimate of "what people
                         wuld do if adequate facilities were available" rather than "what people will do using existing
                         facilities, which may be inadequate."
                    �    Survey data for some regions indicated no participation occurring for boating, skiing, and boat fish-
                         ing. This was thought to be due to the lack of adequate recreational water resources available, or
                         participation was not large enough to be picked up in sampling techniques. In these cases average
                         urban participation rates, such as the statewide average urban rate or a multi-regional urban partic-
                         ipation rate, were used for projections. This also provides an estimate of "what people would do if
                         adequate facilities were available."
                    �    Participation was not projected for archery, sport shooting, horseback riding, and visiting zoos,
                         rodeos, and cultural centers. This was due primarily to the fact that participation in these
                         activities tends to vary considerably across the State, apparently caused by differences in the
                         tastes and preferences of recreationists within the various urban locales. However, for planning
                         purposes, the statewide average rates of participation in the urban areas for each of these activi-
                         ties is presented in Outdoor Recreation in the Urban Areas of Texas: Part I--An Overview.

             14

                        Percentages quoted in narratives referring to changes in participation levels were computed utilizing
                        data shown in the tables.

               RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000

               Of all the data presented in the "Metros" document, information presented in the "Recreation Resource Requirements,
               1970-2000" section should be the most valuable to recreation planners having responsibilities for planning recreational
               development within the retros. Of most interest to the planners are the types and quantity of recreation facilities
               required to satisfy the needs of the people. Even though existing facility supply levels and projected participation
               are essential information to the planner, comparisons of the two must be made to produce resource requirement estimates.
               Only after supply levels and participation have been translated into resource requirements (what facilities are needed
               in what quantities) can the planner make the decisions, or recommendations, for which he is responsible. Recreation
               resource requirements were computed for the metros of each region for the years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000.

               For use as a planning document supplying information to recreation planners, projections for the year 1980 are considered
               most relevant for planning purposes. The year 1980 is the most realistic time period for most planning entities consid-
               ering that the final publication date for the 'Netros" is the year 1975. The five years between 1975 and 1980 allow
               planners a reasonable time to act on the data presented. Also, the longer the projection horizons, the less reliable
               the projections become simply because unpredictable changes in conditions are more likely over longer periods of time.
               Consequently, the more distant projection periods, particularly the year 2000, whould be interpreted as reflecting the
               general trends in participation that are expected. Facilities for which resource requirements were computed include
               square yards of swimming pools, acres of playgrounds, baseball/softball fields, picnic tables, football/soccer fields,
               holes of golf, tennis courts, basketball courts, surface acres of freshwater lakes, boat ramps-(freshwater and salt-
               water), and miles of trails for walking, bicycling, and nature study. Included in the resource requirements section is
               a map of the metro entitled "Predominant.Ethnic Background and Income Delineations," which shows the different socio-
               economic subsections of the area. When compared with the "Dispersion of Parks by Type" map in the recreation opportuni-
               ties section, this map enables one to examine park dispersion in regard to metro subsections characterized by residents
               of different income and ethnic backgrounds.

               In determining resource requirements for the metro within a region, a two-stage analysis was conducted. First, resource
               requirements were calculated by comparing projected participationwith opportunity days available in the metro. If a
               deficit resulted (participation greater than opportunity days), the deficit was divided by-the standard to determine
               resource requirements. Second, an analysis of the availability and spatial distribution of recreation opportunities
               provided by parks and recreation facilities was conducted with consideration given to the economic and ethnic subsections
               of the metro and the contiguous cities. Also given special attention were the areas expected to undergo rapid population
               growth and physical expansion in the future. Then, conclusions from the analysis were used to qualify, where necessary,
               the resource requirements calculated in the first step to compensate for inadequate dispersion of facilities. For
               example, those subsections and contiguous cities of a metro area which seemed to have relatively few, or no, facilities
               were singled out, and the suggestion made that they be considered in any future development of facilities. In cases
               where a surplus existed (opportunity days greater than participation), the resource requirement was simply stated as
               zero. Appendix C, Part I--An Overview, Outdoor Recreation in the Urban Areas of Texas, provides more detail on the
               methodology used to calculate resource requirements.

                                                                                                                                         15

               The first column of numbers in the resource requirements tables shows the "Total Participation" (resident and non-
               resident combined), in thousands of days, taking place in the metro of the region. Next follows "1971 Opportunity Days
               Available," which was explained earlier in the section dealing with recreation opportunities. "Net Opportunity Days"
               is the difference between total participation and opportunity days, which is either a deficit or a surplus. The last
               two columns show "Units of Recreation Resources Required." The "Cumulative" column is an additive total of all incre-
               mental requirements from 1970 up to, and including, the time period being considered. "Incremental" requirements are
               the number of units needed within a specified time period, assuming that the units of facilities needed for the previous
               time periods have been provided.

               In the development of resource requirements, it was assumed that the facility units listed in the resource requirements
               table satisfied the total demand for the activity, (excluding swimming pools and boat ramps, both of which had adjust-
               ments made so that the resource requirements reflect the facilities needed to satisfy participation occurring utilizing
               these type facilities. Miles of trails were also adjusted as shown below.) For instance, it was assumed that everyone
               who picnics away from home does so at a table, that all child's play away from home takes place at a playground, etc.
               Resource requirements represent facility development needed in addition to existing facilities, both public and private,
               within a given area, although the supply, or quantities of recreation opportunities, omitted privately-administered
               facilities due to the lack of inventory data. The private sector's contributions are insignificant for many of the
               selected activities; however, in some urban areas and for certain facilities, such as swimming pools, golf courses,
               tennis courts, etc., contributions by the private sector are significant. Therefore, where the private sector is pro-
               viding significant quantities of recreation opportunities, the resource requirements may need to be adjusted appropri-
               ately to reflect these contributions. Lastly, all relevant support facilities should be provided in addition to the
               major facilities stated in the tables. For example, relevant support facilities for picnic tables might include such
               items as grills and garbage cans.

               In considering these resource requirements, the reader should be mindful of the following:

                        Facility needs established by resource requirements should not imply that all of these facilities must
                        be provided by local parks and recreation departments. Recreation resources are also supplied by
                        other entities, such as Federal agencies, private concerns and school systems. Federal agencies
                        provide a minimal amount of outdoor recreation opportunities in the urban areas of Texas. Federal
                        involvement is currently limited to two U. S. Army Corps of Engineers parks; however, expected
                        expansion of the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex could envelop other Corps reservoirs. A wide range
                        of facilities, from tot lots, baseball/softball fields, tennis and basketball courts, to huge
                        stadiums housing football and track fields, have been constructed by school systems ranging in levels
                        from pre-elementary through university. While some schools permit public use of these facilities
                        during non-school hours and on weekends and holidays, many remain closed to the general public. The
                        quantities of these facilities are substantial in number and could satisfy some of the resource
                        requirements if made available to the public. Facilities provided by private or quasi-public con-
                        cerns are also varied and, in some cases, extensive. Included are facilities such as golf courses,
                        baseball/softball fields, tennis courts, and swimming pools. For more information on the roles of
                        the public and private sector in outdoor recreation in Texas the reader is referred to the State
                        Summary and the Roles of the Public and Private Sectors of the TORP.

             16

                          The use of the terms "current," "present," "existing," etc., in the "Recreation Resource Requirements,
                          1970-2000" narratives when referencing levels of supply or opportunity days available refer to the
                          year 1971; when referencing participation'or resource requirements these terms refer to the year
                          1970.
                          Resource requirements were not computed for the activities of surfing, sightseeing, and driving for
                          pleasure because of the difficulties involved in quantifying the facilities which satisfy the demand
                          for these activities.
                     �    In a few instances, participation occurring in the metro area of a region for some activities may
                          decline from one year to the next. Where this occurred, the resource requirements for that activity
                          were left at the previous highest level, rather than advocate what would amount to removing facilities
                          to meet a lessened demand.
                     �    Designated freshwater and saltwater swimming areas may be substituted for swimming poo   1 resource
                          requirements. However, in so doing, total swimming participation (figure in the participation table)
                          should be considered, not the participation figure given in the resource requirement table, which
                          was adjusted to reflect only participation occurring in pools. Further, these substitutions should
                          be made only if it is certain that swimmers would be satisfied with the substitution.
                     �    It should be emphasized that surface acre resource requirements take into consideration the combined
                          total participation in boating, water skiing, and fishing from a boat taking place in the metro of
                          a region.
                     �    In computing surface acre resource requirements two aspects of freshwater lakes considered were:
                          (1) the availability of the freshwater lakes to support boating, boat fishing, and skiing, and (2) the
                          suitability of the freshwater lakes to support the activities. Concerning availability, it was
                          assumed that all freshwater lake surface acreage reported within the metros was available for the
                          activities of boating, boat fishing, and skiing. This assumption-was made due to the limited data
                          available concerning the availability of lakes for participation in the water-related activities.
                          Exceptions to this assumption are caused by restrictions limiting participation, such as the lake
                          serving as a municipal water supply or the lake is not accessible for use due to a lack of boat
                          launching facilities or roads. Concerning suitability, adjustments were made which took into account
                          those portions of freshwater lakes that would not permit boating, boat fishing, and skiing. Water
                          may be unsuitable to support these activities for reasons such as the size of the lake was too small
                          to accommodate participation in an activity such as'water skiing, portions of the lake near the bank
                          were too shallow to support the activities, too much debris to allow water skiing or boating, or lake
                          too open to provide a high use intensity of quality fishing. Surface acre resource requirements
                          were first computed assuming all acreage was suitable to support the three water-related activities.
                          These figures were then expanded using a statewide suitability adjustment factor for all types of
                          urban.areas, so that the resource requirements printed in the tables are figures which have been
                          adjusted to compensate for portions of the lakes that would be unsuitable to support the activities.
                          In computing freshwater surface acre requirements, it was assumed that all boating, skiing, and boat
                          fishing took place on alake or reservoir, either public or private. Rivers and streams were not
                          considered because of the problems involved in trying to quantify the opportunity days provided by
                          them. However, it is recognized that river or stream participation could be substituted for lake
                          participation, depending upon the preferences of local residents, adequacy and quality of streams
                          for recreation, etc.

                                                                                                                                             17

                       0   In developing surface acres of fresh water in urban areas, consideration should be given to the
                           proximity of recreational water located in rural areas. In some planning regions the supply of
                           freshwater lakes in the rural areas.provides a surplus of opportunity days. If these are located
                           in close proximity to urban areas, rural lakes might be used to meet some of the demands for urban
                           recreational water. It should be recognized that the development of freshwater lakes within many
                           metros is not feasible. This is due to many factors, some of which the most limiting are the high
                           cost of urban lands needed for lake construction, climatic conditions (extremely high evaporation
                           rates and low annual rainfall rates) and poor soil conditions (soil too permeable to retain water).
                           A criterion of two boat lanes per boat ramp was adopted for the purposes of this volume, since it
                           was found that, statewide, the average amounted to approximately two lanes per ramp. The term
                           11ramp," as opposed to "lane," is the more commonly used term when referring to the means to launch
                           boats.
                       �   If the proper dispersion of boat ramp facilities is to be maintained in those metros having more
                           than one lake within themselves, the resource requirements estimates for boat ramps may have to
                           be exceeded. For example, the boat ramp resource requirements may show that only one ramp is needed,
                           through the year 2000. If the metro area has several lakes widely dispersed, obviously, this one
                           ramp would not provide reasonable access to all the surface acres. Planning should insure that
                           each separate lake has access provided by boat ramps.
                       �   In the computation of resource requirements for boat ramps, participation totals for boating, water
                           skiing, and boat fishing were adjusted downward to consider only the estimated proportion of partic-
                           ipation wherein a boat ramp was used. Many recreationists using boats leave their boats in the
                           water until the next time they are used, or may not use a ramp at all. The factor used to adjust
                           participation downward was based on data on the use of boating facilities and came from the 1968
                           Household Survey.
                       �   In calculating resource requirements for the different types of trails, participation data was
                           adjusted downward in order to consider only trails participation taking place at public recreation
                           areas. While this is a different treatment than that of other types of facilities, it was neces-
                           sary because it was found that a substantial amount of participation in these activities takes place
                           at other than designated recreation places, such as streets and sidewalks. For walking, bicycling,
                           and nature study, it was determined from 1968 Household Demand Survey data that .10.5, 4.0, and 20.1
                           percent, respectively, occurs at park and recreation areas.
                       �   The sum of the individual resource requirements for the different types of trails may not agree
                           exactly with the combined total due to rounding. Here, the combined resource requirement was
                           broken into resource requirements for the individual types of trails on the basis of participation
                           because the trails standard combines the activities of walking (hiking), bicycling, and nature
                           study.
                       �   In computing resource requirements for trails, horseback riding trails were included in the supply
                           figures to compute opportunity days only if the horseback trail was designed for multiple use.
                           Trails designated for horseback riding only were not included.

                  The purposes of this introduction have been: (1) to show how this document relates to, and forms an integral component
                  of, the entire ten volume Texas Outdoor Recreation Plan, and (2) to provide a synopsis of Part II of the 'Urban Volume
                  relative to structure, format, and contents. Also, this introduction has included facts pertinent to the regional

             18

              analyses; frequent reference back to this introduction is, therefore, strongly recommended.   Although some statements
              regarding methodologies and data sources have been included, the reader is referred to Appendix C, Part 1--An Overvie
              of the Urban Volume for more detailed discussions.

                                                                                                                                        19

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                 REGION 1                                    REGIONAL DESCRIPTION: AMARILLO METROPOLITAN AREA

                 Although Coronado's expedition came through the area, Amarillo                                     POPULATION
                 htgan much later as a small construction depot for the Fort Worth                                  1970 Metro Area Population:        127,010
                 and Denver City Railway in 1887. The dwellings at that time con-                                   Change 1960-70: -8%
                 sisted mostly of buffalo-skin huts, which gave rise to its origi-                                  Race Composition        1/
                 nal name of Ragtown. The Spanish term for yellow, amarillo, was                                       White    ..... 94% -
                 attached to the town when the first permanent buildings were                                          Negro    .....  5%
                 painted "amarillo." Following the railroad men, buffalo hunters,                                      Other    .....  1%
                 and bone collectors, ranchers brought a new stimulus to the area                                   Age Composition (years):
                 and a new industry to Amarillo.                                                                       13 or less     .....  27%
                                                                                                                       14 - 20        .... @. 13%
                 Major events in the Amarillo Metropolitan Area are the Amarillo                                       21 - 44        .....  31%
                 Stock Show and Rodeo (January), Greater Southwest Music Festival                                      45 - 64        .....  20%
                 (April), the Boy Scout N.J.R.A. Rodeo (spring), Will Rogers                                           65 and over    .....    9%
                 Range Riders Rodeo (July), Palo Duro Canyon Trail Ride (August),
                 Tri-State Fair (September)., Southwest Championship Auto Races                                     ECONOMY
                 (Labor Day weekend), and the National Hot Rod Association World                                    Agribusiness
                 Finals (October).                                                                                  Clothing
                                                                                                                    Oil Products
                 Amarillo College is a municipal-owned junior college. Cultural                                     Sand, Gravel and Cement
                 and economic attractions often exist side-by-side in the metro-
                 politan area. The Bibins Memorial Library features rare books on
                 Panhandle history; the Nielsen Memorial Museum contains Western, Spanish and Indian artifacts, including an outstanding
                 gun collection; and, Colony Catherine is a world-acclaimed artist colony that includes both working and living areas
                 for several artists.       Amarillo's air terminal has the second longest municipal runway in the United States. The world's
                 largest cattle auction is held here weekly. A helium monument commemorates the rare gas which is found more abundantly
                 here than anywhere else in the world. The world's largest natural gas development is located here. Pipelines from
                 the Amarillo Metropolitan Area connect many large cities and thousands of towns all the way to the Atlantic seaboard.

                 The fine arts are represented in Amarillo by the Little Theater, Symphony Orchestra, Civic Ballet, and Guild of
                 Organists.

                 Aaharillo is the county seat of Potter County and is a major trade and financial outlet for valuable agricultural pro-
                 ducts of the region.

                 I/ includes persons of Mexican and/or Spanish descent.

                                                                                                                                                                      21

                    REGION 1                                                                                            CITY SIZE: METRO

                            P U B L I C L Y     A D M I N I S T E R E D     R E C R E A T 1 0 N      0 P P 0 R T U N I T I E S

                                                                                                 LAND AND WATER ACREAGE'

                                                                                                                         ACRES
                                                                                                               REGION           STATEWIDE
                                                                                                                1                AVERAGE
                                                                                                              METRO            METRO AREAS
                                                  48%                             Developed Land               1,050             1,307
                      REGION                                                      Undeveloped Land             1,148                536
                         1
                      METRO                                                       Totaltand                    2,198             1,843
                                                  52%                             Water Within or Adjacent         55            1,006

                                                                                  Total Land and Water         2,253             2,849

                                        FM          DEVELOPED LAND

                                                    UNDEVELOPED LAND
                                                                                  Amarillo has a total of 2,198 acres of land set aside
                                                                                  as park and recreation-areas. In addition, 55 surface
                                                                                  acres of water either within or adjacent to these parks
                                                                                  were reported.
                                                      71%                         Of the total land acreage, 1,050 acres are developed
                     STATEWIDE                                                    with facilities leaving 1,148 acres available for future
                      AVERAGE                                                     development. With only 48 percent of the land acreage
                   METRO AREAS                                                    currently developed, Amarillo is well below the Statewide
                                                                                  Metro average of 71 percent.

                                             29%
                                                      717-
                                     (FF

             22

                     REGION                                                                                                      CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                                 PARKS AND ACREAGE BY TYPE OF PARK

                                                                                                                                            STATEWIDE
                                                  DISTRICT           COMMUNITY       SPECIALTY          OPEN LAND                            AVERAGE
                                                     PARK             PARK                PARK-            PARK              TOTAL         METRO AREAS

                     Number of Parks                    9.000            25.000             5.000              9.000           48.000             72.000

                     Parks Per Thousand                   .071             .197               .039              .071              .378              .267

                     People Per Park               14,112.000        5,080.000         25,402.000        14,112.000         2,646.000        3,754.000

                     .................................................        ...........................................        ....................

                     Land Acres                       563.000           230.000           261.000          1,144.000        2,198.000        1,843.000

                     Acres Per Thousand                 4.433             1.811             2.055              9.007           17.306              6.864

                     People Per Acre                  226.000           552.000           487.000            111.000           58.000            146.000

                     More than one-half of the 48 parks in Amarillo are Community Parks. Eighteen others are divided between
                     District and Open Land Parks with the remaining five being Specialty Parks. The land acreage in Open Land
                     Parks consists of approximately one-half of the total park acreage for Amarillo. Another quarter is in
                     District Parks with the remaining quarter divided almost evenly between Community and Specialty Parks.
                     The dispersion of the four types Pf urban parks are depicted graphically in the accompanying map titled
                     "Dispersion of Parks by Type."

                     Looking at the total park and acreage figures in relation to the population of Amarillo, .378 parks per
                     1,000 and 17.306 acres per 1,000 population exist.

                     Another way to present this data is that 2,646 people share each park while 58 people share each acre of
                     park land.

                     With .378 parks per 1,000,.Amarillo ranks well above the Statewide Metro average. However, the 17.306
                     acres per 1,000 gives Amarillo a figure almost three times that of the Statewide Metro average for acres
                     per 1,000.

                                                                                                                                                             23

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                           IT,

                  REGION 1                                                                                                              CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                             PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK

                                                                                                                                      UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                                DISTRICT COMKUNITY SPECIALTY                           PEOPLE         REGION       STATEWIDE
                                TYPE OF FACILITY                    PARK        PARK         PARK        TOTAL          PER              1          AVERAGE
                                                                 (UNITS)      (UNITS)      (UNITS)        UNITS          UNIT          METRO     METRO AREAS
                  Games and Sports:
                     Parks   ..........................               8          25            1            34         3,736           .268           .150
                     Tennis Courts   ..................              27          15            0            42         3,024           .331           .142
                     Basketball Courts   .... o .............        10          40            0            50         2*540           .394           .071
                     Baseball/Softball Fields    ......  ;....       24          80            2            106        1:198           .835           .186
                     Football/Soccer Fields     .............        11          50            0            61         2,082           .480           .032
                  Picnicking:
                     Parks   ..............................           8          25            0            33         3,849           .260           .124
                     Tables  .............................           117         50            0            167          761           1.315@         1.230
                  Playground:
                     Parks   ...............................          6          25            2            33         3,849           .260           .170
                     Acres Developed   ....................           6          11            5            22         5,773           .173
                  Swimming:
                     Parks   ........................                 2           1            0             3       42,337             024           .050
                     Pools (Sq. Yd.)   ....................        4,000         400           0          4,400            29         34.645         25.950
                     Designated Fresh Water (Sq. Yd.)       ...       0           0            0             0           ---            ---          52.242
                  Boating:
                     Parks   ..............................           0           0            0             0           ---                          .006
                     Ramp Lanes - Fresh Water    ... o .......        0           0            0             0           ---                          .008
                  Camping:
                     Parks   ............... oo  ..........           0           0            0             0.          ---                          .002
                     Campsites  ..................   o .......        0           0            0             .0          ---            ---           .121
                  Fishing:
                     Parks   ..............................           2           0            0             2       63,505            .016           .013
                     Pier/Barge/Marina-Fresh Water (Yd.)              0          .0            0             0           ---            ---           .049
                  Golfing:
                     Courses ............................             0           0            1             1       127,010           o008           .005
                     Holes   ...................... o........         0           0            27           27         4,704           .213           .100
                  Trails:
                     Parks   ..............................           2           0            0             2       63,505            .016           .006
                     Nature (Mi.)  ..... o .............. : ...       0           0            0             0           ---            ---           o009
                     Horseback (Mi.)   ...........  o.... ...         0           0            0             0           ---            ---           .003
                     Bicycle (Mi.)  .........  o ............         0           0            0             0           ---                          .007
                     Hiking (Mi.)  .....................     o.       5           0            0             5       25,402            .039           .006
                     Total Trails (Mi.)    .................          5           0            0             5       25,402            .039           .021

                                                                                                                                                               25

                  REGION 1                                PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK                            CITY SIZE:     METRO

                                                                                                                                 UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                              DISTRICT COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                         PEOPLE         REGION       STATEWIDE
                             TYPE OF FACILITY                   PARK         PARK        PARK         TOTAL        PER               1         AVERAGE
                                                              (UNITS)      (UNITS)     (UNITS)       UNITS         UNIT-          METRO     METRO AREAS

                  Sport Shooting:
                    Parks .............................           0            0          0             0             ---           ---          .002
                    ,Traps .....e .......................         0            0          0             0             ---           ---          .002
                    Shooting Targets   ..................         0            0          0             0             ---           ---          .004
                    Archery Targets   ...................         0            0          0             0             ---           ---          .011
                  Miscellaneous:
                    Parks .............................           2            2          1             5          25,402         .008           .038
                    Amphitheatre Seats  ....... o ........       200           50         0            250              508       1.969          1.077
                    Botanical Gardens (Acres)    .........        1            0          0             1          127,010        .008           .077
                    Zoos (Acres)   ......................         0            0          2             2          63,505         .016           .051
                    Comunity/Recreation Centers      ......       0            1          0             1          127,010        .008           .038

                  The developed park and recreation facilities       in Amarillo are about equally divided between the District         and Community
                  Park categories, with very few facilities in       Specialty Parks. The only parks with fishing water available or with
                  trails facilities are District Parks, while the only golf course is located in a Specialty Park.

                  Of the 48 parks, 34 have facilities for games and sports, 33 have playgrounds and 33 have picnic facilities. The most
                  common types of games and sports facilities are baseball/softball with 106 fields, followed by football/soccer with 61
                  fields, basketball with 50 courts and tennis with 42 courts.

                  Looking at selected facilities in relation to the number of potential users we           find the   following:

                       127,010 persons for each community/recreation center                2,540 persons   for each   basketball court
                        25,402 persons for each mile of trails                             2,082 persons   for each   football/soccer field
                          5,773 persons for each acre of playground                        1,198 persons   for each   baseball/softball field
                          4,704 persons for each golf hole                                    761 persons  for each   picnic table
                          3,024 persons for each tennis court                                  29 persons  for each   square yard of swimming pool

                  Amarillo is above the Statewide Metro average for facility units per 1,000 for           tennis courts, basketball courts, baseball/
                  softball fields, football/soccer fields, picnic tables, square yards of swimming pools, golf holes, trail miles, and
                  amphitheatre seats. Amarillo is below the average for playground acres, acres of botanical gardens, zoo acreage and
                  community/recreation centers. No designated fresh water swimming area, boat ramp lanes, campsites, yards of fishing
                  pier/barge/marina or sport shooting facilities were reported.

              26

                   REGION 1                            CONVERSION OF FACILITIES TO RECREATION OPPORTUNITY DAYS                  CITY SIZE: METRO

                   Current opportunity days for 1971 were calculated by multiplying the number of facilities available for each
                   activity in the metro area (determined from the Texas Outdoor Recreation Inventory of Parks, Recreation Areas,
                   and Facilities) times the standard for the facility.

                                                                                                                     DAYS PER THOUSAND POPULATION
                                                                                                   ANNUAL              REGION          STATEWIDE
                                                                                                    DAYS                  I             AVERAGE
                   ACTIVITY-FACILITY                                                              AVAILABLE            METRO             METRO

                         Swimming (Pools) - square yards     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         660,000             5,197             3,891
                         Child's Play - playground acres     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         607,706             4,785             7,137
                         Baseball/Softball - fields      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        1,463,224            11,521            2,577
                         Picnicking - tables    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          284,234             2,228             2,093
                         Football/Soccer - fields     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          440,664             3,470               235
                         Golf - holes    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           109,269               860               414
                         Tennis - courts, double    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          113,148.              891               384
                         Basketball - courts, full    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          439,750             3,463               625

                     Water-Related Activities:

                         Boating, Boat Fishing,    Skiing FW - surface acres     . . . . . .         22,943              181             2,962
                         Boating, Boat Fishing,    Skiing FW - boat ramps    . . . . . . . .               0                0              103

                     Trail Activities:

                         Combined Walking, Bicycling, and Nature Study - miles . . . .               42,320              333               164

                   The Amarillo Metro Area offers the most opportunity days for baseball/ softball, followed by swimming (in pools),
                   child's play and f ootball/ soccer. A comparison between the opportunity days per thousand population for the
                   Amarillo Metro Area and the Statewide Metro average shows that the Amarillo Metro Area surpasses the statewide
                   average for seven of the activity types -- swimming (in pools), baseball/softball, picnicking, football/soccer,
                   golf, tennis, basketball, and trails activities. The Amrillo Metro Area is below the Statewide Metro average
                   for child's play, and surface acres for freshwater boating, boat fishing and skiing, with no opportunity days
                   available for freshwater boat ramps.

                                                                                                                                                        27

                  REGION 1                        ESTIMATED CURRENT AND FUTURE PARTICIPATION, 100-2000                 CITY SIZE: METRO

                  The eleventh ranking metro area, based on population, Amarillo also ranked eleventh in total participation for the
                  year 1970. Estimates for 1970 indicate that residents and non-residents in the area spent over 4.6 million recreation
                  days in pursuit of urban outdoor recreation opportunities available within the metro area.

                                                                        Resident

                  Total days of participation in urb'an outdoor recreation activities by the residents of the Amarillo Metropolitan Area
                  were estimated to be 4.4-million days in 1970. Total participation is expected to increase to 6.1 million days in
                  1975 and to 7.8 million days in 1980. These projections represent increases of 37.7 percent in 1975 and 77.3 percent
                  in*1980. Participation on a household basis is expected to increase 31.5 percent and 63.5 percent over the 1970 level
                  for the years of 1975 and 1980, respectively. These percentages represent increases of 33 days in 1975 and 34 days
                  in 1980. In comparison to other metropolitan areas in Texas, the residents of the Amarillo Metropolitan Area are
                  expected to participate at a rate of 18, 23, and 30 days per household below the average for 1970, 1975, and 1980,
                  respectively. Both the total days of participation and the days per household are expected to increase through the
                  year 2000, but days per household will remain below the statewide average for all metropolitan areas.

                  In 1970, the six most popular activities, based on total participation@, were estimated to be bicycling, walking, swim-
                  ming, child's play, driving for pleasure, and golf. The relative ranking of these six activities is expected to remain
                  constant through 1980. All 16 activities will increase in total participation days and in days per household through
                  the year 2000.

                                                                      Non-Resident

                  Participation in urban outdoor recreation activities within the Amarillo Metropolitan Area by non-residents was esti-
                  mated to total 189,000 days for the activities specified for 1970. Compared to the 1970 level, total participation
                  is projected to increase 10 percent (to 208,000 days) by 1975, and 19.6 percent (to 226,000 days) by 1980. Similar
                  increases are anticipated through the years 1990 and 2000.

                  Of the specific activities for which estimates were developed, the most popular activities by non-residents for 1970
                  were: sightseeing, with 64,000 days; driving for pleasure, with 43,000 days; picnicking, with 24,000 days, child's
                  play, with 223,000 days; fishing, with 12,000 days; and swimming, with 10,000 days. Assuming adequate facilities are
                  made available, all activities, as specified, are expected to increase at a moderate rate through the year 2000, with
                  sightseeing, driving for pleasure, picnicking, child's play, fishing, and swimming retaining their ranking one through
                  six, respectively.

             28

                      REGION 1                                                                      CURRENT AND PROJECTED RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                                     CITY SIZE:     METROS
                                                                                                                   (OOO'S OF ANNUAL    ACTIVITY DAYS)

                                                            1970                                      1975                                     1980                                     1990                                    2000
                                                                          STATE-                                   STATE-                                      STATE-                                 STATE-                                   STRE-
                                                              REG. 1      WIDE                        REG. I       WIDE                          REG. I        WI DE                    REG. I       WIDE                            REG. I    WIDE
                                                              METROS      METROS                        METROS     METROS                        METROS        METRUS                     METROS     METROS                          METROS    METROS
                                               PART.          AVERAGE     AVERAGE        PART.          AVERAGE    AVERAGE        PART.          AVERAGE       AVERAGE    PART.          AVERAGE     AVERAGE      PART.              AVERAGE   AVERAGE
                      ACTIVITY                 DAYS    RANK   DAYS/H      DAYS/11H       DAYS  RANK     DAYq/HH    DAYS/HH        DAYS  RANK     DAYS/HH       DAYS/HH    DAYS   RANK    DAYS/HH    DAYS/HH       DAYS     RANK      DAYS/HH   DAYS/HH

                      Swimming                  634         3    14.88      27.41        741        3     16.60      36.52        864       3        18.70     47.17    1,149        4     23.43      75.28       1,302.      4      28.23     110.14
                      Child's Play              597         4    14.01      14.08        719        4     16.11      17.72        850       4        18.39     22.00    1,158.       3     23.61      32.20       1,367       3      29.64     43.99
                      Baseball/Softball          94         8    2.21         2.78       115        10    2.58        3.19        136    10          2.94      3.59              179 11     3.65        4.41        207       11     4.49        5.22
                      Picnicking                191         7    4.48         5.72       222        7     4.97        5.66        253       7        5.47      5.66              319 9      6.50        5.61        357       9      7.74        5.64
                      Football/Soccer            21    14          .49        1.43        22        15      .49       1.42         23    15          .50       1.41              25  15      .51        1.39         24       15       .52       1.38
                      Golf                      194         6    4.55         3.92       230        6     5.15        4.98        267       6        5.78      6.16              350 8      7.14        8.96        398       8      8.63      12.07
                      Tennis                     51    11        1.20         6.06        54        13    1.21        9.21         56    13          1.21      11.49             61  13     1.24      16.07          57       14     1.24      21.46
                      Basketball                 47    12        1.10         1.60       141        8     3.16        2.59        242       8        5.24      3.57              459 6      9.36        5.52        622       5      13.49       7.53
                      Walking                   937         2    21.98      18.21      1,381        2     30.95      23.09      1,844       2        39.90     29.20    2,837        2     57.84      39.89       3,495       2      75.78     50.31
                      Bicycling                 945         1    22.17      20.30      1,600        1     35.85      32.77      2,290       1        49.56     45.25    3,774        1     76.95      68.44       4,812       1      104.33    95.49
                      Nature Study               11    16          .26        .72         12        16      .27       1.67         12    16          .26       2.64              13  16      .27        4.63         12       16       .26       6.70
                      Fishing                    77    10        1.81         1.80        84        11    1.88        1.88         91    12          1.97      1.97              105 12     2.14        2.13        106       12     2.30        2.30
                      Boating                    38    13          .89        .88         71        12,   1.59        1.60        107    11          2.32      2.31              183 10     3.73        3.74        238       10     5.16        5.17
                      Skiing                     18    15          .42        .42         28        14      .63         .62        38    14          .82         .82             60  14     1.22        1.22         75       13     1.63        1.81
                      Surfing                   --- ---            ---                   --- ---            ---         ---       --- ---            ---         ---             --- ---     ---          ---       --- ---            ---
                      Sightseeing                78         9    1.83         2.25       132        9     2.96        2.34        193       9        4.18      2.50              365 7      7.44        2.70        606       6      13.14       3.01
                      Dr. for Pleas.            471         5    11.05      13.38        513        5     11.50      13.52        542       5        11.73     13.67             605 5     12.34      13.86         597       7      12.94     14.10

                          TOTAL               4,404             103.33    120.96       6,065             135.90    158.78       7,808            168.97        199.41   11,642             237.37     286.05    14,275               309.52    386.32

                                         CURRENT AND PROJECTED NON-RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                            TOTAL CURRENT AND PROJECTED PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000
                                                            (OOO'S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)                                                                                      (OOO'S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                      ACTIVITY                         1970               1975            1980              1990              2000       ACTIVITY                                1970       1975               1980             1990           -2000

                      Swimming                              10              11               12                 14              16       Swimming                                644,        752               876            1,163            1,318
                      Child's Play                          22              25               27                 32              36       Child's Play                            619         744               877            1,190            1,403
                      Baseball/Softball                     4                 4                4                5                 6      Baseball/Softball                       98          119               14D              184              213
                      Picnicking                            24              27               29                 35              40       Picnicking                              215         249               282              354              397
                      Football/Soccer                       8                 9              10                 12              14       Football/Soccer                         29           31                33                   37            38
                      Golf                                  2                 2                2                2                 2      Golf                                    196         232               269              352              400
                      Tennis                                                                                                             Tennis                                  51           54                56                   61            57
                      Basketball                                                                                                         Basketball                              47          141               242              459              622
                      Walking                                                                                                            Walking                                 937       1,381            1,844             2,837            3,495
                      Bicycling                                                                                                          Bicycling                               945       1,600            2,290             3,774            4,812
                      Nature Study                                                                                                       Nature Study                            11           12                12                   13            12
                      Fishing                               12              13               14                 17              19       Fishing                                 89           97               105              122              125
                      Boating                                                                                                            Boating                                 38           71               107              183              238
                      Skiing                                                                                                             Skiing                                  18           28                38                   60            75
                      Surfing                               ---           ---                ---                ---             ---      Surfing                                 ---         ---               ---              ---              ---
                      Sightseeing                           64              70               76                 91              104      Sightseeing                             142         202               269              456              710
                      Dr. for Pleas.                                        47               52                 62              70       Dr. for Pleas.                          514         560               594              667              667

                          TOTAL                             189           208                226                270             307            TOTAL                      4,593            6,273            8,034             11,912           14,582

                      Note:    Asterisks indicate that projected annual activity days were less than 500.                    Dashes indicate not applicable.          Zeros indicate that the activity was not ranked due to
                               insignificant participation days recorded.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 29

                                                                                                                    i

                REGION I                    R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E    R E Q U I R E M E N T S           CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                    1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                Estimates of urban outdoor recreation resource requirements were developed for the Amarillo Metropolitan Area for the
                years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000 by comparing currenrl/ and projected recreation participation with the current
                recreation opportunities.Z/ available* in the metro. In addition, the availability and spatial distribution of recrea-
                tion opportunities provided by parks and recreation facilities were analyzed with respect to subsections of the Amarillo
                Metro characterized by residents having similar incomes and ethnic backgrounds. Particular attention was given to those
                subsections expected to undergo relatively rapid population growth and physical expansion in the future.

                Conclusions reached from analyzing the distribution of recreation opportunities within the metropolitan area were used
                to qualify resource requirement estimates where a less than adequate distribution appeared to exist.

                In the discussions that follow, results of the distribution analysis of parks within subsections of the Amarillo Metro
                Area are presented. Then, estimates of current and future requirements for selected recreation facilities are presented
                for the metropolitan area and are qualified by conclusions reached from the distribution analysis of recreation facili-
                ties within subsections of the Amarillo Metro.

                PARK DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

                In analyzing the availability and distribution of parks in the Amarillo Metro Area, several characteristics were con-
                sidered: changes in population (or trends, in general, 1960 to 1970), areas of the metro which were expected to exhibit
                relatively major expansion, and the dispersion of existing parks among the income/ethnic subsections of the metro. From
                these interrelated characteristics general conclusions were reached with respect to future park developments for the
                metro area.

                Population trends affected estimations of future recreation participation. Projections of population growth for Amaril-
                lo's Metro Area indicated that the 1970 population of 127,010 would almost double to about 210,000 persons by the year
                2000. In addition, information provided by urban recreation planners of the area shows that major directions of future
                urban expansion are expected to occur (illustrated by arrows of decreasing size on the following map, titled "Predomi-
                nant Ethnic Background and Income Subsections") in the southwest-- between Interstate Highways 27 and 40; in the most
                northern portions-- in general vicinity of State Highways 87 and 287; and in the southeast-- around Interstate Highway
                40.

                1/ "Current" participation refers to levels of participation by type of selected recreation activity which were estimated
                   for the year 1970.
                2/ "Current" recreation opportunities refers to computed figures derived from the numbers of publicly-administered facil-
                   ities by type available within the metro area in 1971.

             30

               REGION 1                     R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S            CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                   1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

               The "Predominant Ethnic Background and Income Subsections" map shows ten subsections, as delineated by local recrea-
               tional planners from Amarillo, which characterize homogenous residential or demographic patterns by two major socio-
               economic factors. As illustrated by that map, the eastern one-third of the metro comprised two subsections of predomi-
               nantly low-income Anglo residents separated by Third Avenue. The southwestern third of the metro was populated predomi-
               nantly by middle-income Anglo residents, although there were two high-income Anglo subsections within this third of the
               metro. There was one subsection in northern Amarillo which was also predominantly middle-income Anglo. The remaining
               four subsections of the metro were made up of one subsection each populated predominantly by low-income Blacks (north-
               west central), middle-income Blacks (north central), low-income Mexican Americans (@outheast central), and middle-
               income Mexican Americans (south of 1-40, east of U.S. 60 and 87).

               The "Dispersion of Parks by Type" map shows the geographic distribution of parks in the Amarillo Metro Area. Among the
               ten subsections, community and district parks appeared to be adequately. distributed throughout Amarillo. Although two
               subsections-- the middle-income Anglo subsection in the far north and the high-income Anglo subsection in the far
               west had no parks of any type, specialty parks were located in the north central and south central subsections indicat-
               ing that future developments of specialty parks (i.e., those parks with one facility or a concentration of one type
               facility) should be considered in the eastern and southwestern subsections. Open land parks were concentrated in the
               southern half of the metro.   If resources permit, the entire northeastern one-third of the metro should be considered
               for additions of this type park when practical. Overall, it appeared that attention should.be given to the development
               of additional parks in the northern, northeastern, eastern, southeastern, and southwestern portions of the metro area.

               In addition to maintaining an adequate dispersion of parks in all portions of the metro area, the provision of different
               types of recreational facilities in parks is also an important consideration. An analysis of the current and future
               requirements for selected recreational facilities and the current dispersion of facilities in the Amarillo Metro Area is
               .presented in the following discussions.

               FACILITY REQUIREMENTS AND DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

               As mentioned previously, requirements for selected recreational facilities (see the following table) were calculated
               for the years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000. Then, an analysis of the dispersion of existing facilities among the
               predominant income/ethnic background.subsections and the major growth areas of the metro was conducted. Conclusions
               reached from the facility dispersion analysis were then used to qualify the facility requirement estimates, particularly
               in those cases where no additional facilities were estimated as being needed within the metropolitan area. Usually,
               special note is made where growth areas appeared to.have limited facilities. The methodology used to calculate facility,
               requirements in general is explained in Appendix C, Part I--An Overview of the Urban Volume. In the discussion that
               follows, resource requirements for recreational facilities are generally referred to by units of the most important
               feature necessary to allow participation. For example, when a requirement is shown for swimming pools, features such
               as a bathhouse, cleaning and filtering system, and other support features are implied when a requirement for the major
               facility is shown.

                                                                                                                                         31

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             REGION 1                     R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E    R E Q U I R E M E N T S            CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                   1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                                                                       Swimming

             Amarillo had 4,400 square yards of public swimming pools in 1971. Each square yard (unit) was estimated to provide 150
             days of swimming opportunity per year, which yielded an estimated 660,000 opportunity days. To determine if there was
             a surplus or deficit of opportunity, estimated participation days for 1970 and estimated opportunity days were compared.
             For swimming there appeared to be a surplus of opportunity in 1970, but relatively substantial deficits were shown in
             each planning year thereafter.    By 1975 the Amarillo Metro Area was estimated to require an additional 313 square yards
             of pools.   Cumulative 1980 requirements were estimated at 1,793 square yards.    By 1990 cumulative requirements should
             increase to 2,887 square yards and by the year 2000 Amarillo is projected to reach an additional 3,860 square yards
             above the 1971 supply.

             Only two parks were shown to have public swimming facilities in 1971, and they were located in northwest central and
             southeast central Amarillo, in predominantly middle-income Black and low-income Anglo neighborhoods, respectively. This
             may indicate that additional facilities were needed, especially in the eastern and western extremities of the metro with
             special considerations given to the more rapidly expanding residential sections in the southwest and southeast.

                                                                     Child's Play

             In 1971, Amarillo had twenty-two acres of playground, divided among thirty-three parks within the metro boundary. Mul-
             tiplying the twenty-two acre units by the playground standard (each acre was calculated to provide 27,623 days of recre-
             ation opportunity per unit per year), resulted in an estimated 608,000 annual opportunity (potential participation) days.
             Annual opportunity days were then compared with t  'he forecasted participation days, as shown in the Amarillo resource
             requirements table for the planning horizon years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000. Playground area deficits were
             apparent for all planning periods except 1970. The cumulative requirement for 1975 was five additional acres above the
             existing (1971) twenty-two acres. Requirements will grow incrementally by 5 acres, 11 acres, and 8 acres in the remain-
             ing planning horizon years, respectively, to a total cumulative requirement of 29 acres by the year 2000. Therefore, if
             all the playground areas expected to be required by the year 2000 are constructed, the total combined available play-
             ground area within the metro area should be approximately fifty-one acres (twenty-two acres available in 1971 combined
             with the cumulative requirement of 29 acres). Since the existing playgrounds were relatively well distributed in 1971,
             additions of playgrounds should be similarly dispersed with emphasis placed on the major growth areas.

                                                                  Baseball/Softball

             With an existing 106 public baseball/softball fie  lds providing approximately 1.5 million total opportunity days (the
             facility standard utilized was 13,804 opportunity days provided per field each Year), the Amarillo Metropolitan Area
             appeared to have a sufficient quantity of- fields to meet the activity requirements of their baseball/softball recrea-
             tionists through the year 2000,    However, since most of these facilities were located in only two of the ten socio-
             economic subsections, further local analysis may be required to insure an adequate distribution.

                                                                                                                                             33

                 REGION I                    R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S            CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                    1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                                                                       Picnicking

                 There were 167 publicly-administered picnic tables in the Amarillo Metro Area in 1971. At 1,702 days of opportunity per
                 table per year (standard), the existing tables provided approximately 284,000 days annually. Although the existing
                 number of tables was expected to provide adequate overall opportunity through 1980, additional tables will be required
                .in the years 1990 and 2000. A total of 41 tables will be needed by the year 1990, and an additional 25 tables will be
                 needed in 2000, bringing the cumulative requirement to 66 tables by the year 2000. The distribution analysis of picnick-
                 ing facilities indicated good dispersion among the existing populace; however, as the metro area grows, provision of
                 additional tables in growth areas should be considered.

                                                                     Football/Soccer

                 Each of the sixty-one football/soccer fields in the Amarillo Metro Area provided on the average 7,224 days of opportunity
                 annually. In total this amounted to approximately 441,000 available opportunity days per year in 1971, which was esti-
                 mated to be an adequate number of opportunities to meet requirements for these activities through the year 2000.
                 Although a dispersion analysis was not possible from available information, consideration should be given to providing
                 an equitable distribution relative to growth areas and the various income-ethnic subsections.

                                                                          Golf

                 Ross Rogers Municipal Golf Course, the only publicly-administered course in Amarillo, provided twenty-seven holes of
                 golf in,1971. Using the urban golf standard, each golf hole was shown to be capable of providing 4,047 days of recrea-
                 tion opportunity annually. Amarillo golfers, then, had about 109,000 days of opportunity provided by public courses in
                 1971. Comparing the expected participation for the projection years with the available opportunity days shows that the
                 golfers would have required an additional twenty-one holes (at least one eighteen-hole course or two nine-hole courses)
                 in 1970. Incrementally, additions of 9, 10, 20, and 12 holes will be required in the years 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000,
                 respectively, to meet expected increases in golfing participation. As a general rule, golf facilities are constructed
                 in multiples of nine holes or eighteen holes; therefore, by the year 2000 the Amarillo Metro Area will need eight
                 ,additional nine-hole courses (72 holes), or four eighteen-hole courses,' or some appropriate combination which
                 considers local resources.

                                                                         Tennis

                 The 113,000 opportunity days provided by the forty-two tennis courts available in 1971 (each court can make available
                 about 2,694 days of opportunity per year) apparently were adequate to meet facility requirements of Amarillo tennis
                 players through the year 2000. Although dispersion of these facilities cannot be discerned from available data, it is
                 important that an adequate distribution be considered in current and future planning efforts.

             34

              REGION 1                     R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E X E N T S            CITY SIZE: METROS,
                                                                   1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                                                                      Basketball

              Based on an urban basketball standard of 8,795 opportunity days per year per court, the fifty basketball courts in the
              Amarillo Metro Area provided approximately 440,000 opportunity days in 1971. By comparing available opportunity days
              with estimated participqtion for each projection year, as expressed in the Amarillo Recreation Resource Requirement
              table, it was apparent that the fifty courts that were available should be sufficient to meet expected metro needs
              through 1980. By 1990, 2 courts should be added, and by the year 2000, 19 more, bringing the cumulative total to 21
              courts by 2000.   Dispersion analysis of basketball facilities could not be accomplished with available data, but ade-
              quate distribution is an important consideration.

                                                                   Trails Activities

              A comparison of expected participation for walking, bicycling, and nature study occurring in the park and recreation
              areas with opportunity days provided by the current supply of trails in the Amarillo Metropolitan Area indicated that
              approximately eleven miles of combined trails should have been added to the existing five miles of trail in 1971. Given
              the expected growth in the trails activities participation, incremental additions of 9 additional miles are projected
              for 1975, 9 more miles in 1980, 19 miles in 1990, and 13 miles in 2000. Overall, a total of sixty-one miles of com-
              bined trails should be added to the existing five miles by the year 2000 to meet expected participation levels.

              A relatively small proportion of the total participation in trail and related activities was estimated to take place in
              publicly-administered park and recreation areas. It is likely, however, that as additional trail facilities are pro-
              vided, the relative proportion of total participation will increase at these recreation areas. Thus, the above esti-
              mates of additional resources required may be conservative in the long run and should be considered as minimum esti-
              mates.   In addition to the expectations for increases in participation in trail and related activities at publicly-
              administered park and recreation areas, it is clear that the major proportion of walking, bicycling, and nature study
              is occurring in places other than established recreation areas. The majority of this participation is most likely
              taking place in local neighborhoods, on city streets, and on available open lands within the area. This phenomenon
              has direct policy implications with respect to the provision of sidewalks within currently existing and newly develop-
              ing neighborhoods, the development of a system of bike lanes in high use areas, and the provision of adequate open
              space and green belt areas within the metro area.

                                              Water-Related Activities:   Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing

                                                           Surface Acres - Freshwater Lakes
                                                            (Boating, BoatFishing, Skiing)

              A total of fifty-five freshwater surface acres was located within the Amarillo Metro Area in 1971. Because of the
              limited area of freshwater available for skiing, no participation was reported for that activity in Amarillo in the
              Texas Outdoor Recreation Household Demand Survey. Using participation patterns of households recreating in the urban
              areas, it was estimated that boating would have totaled 38,000 days, boat fishing 19,000 days, and skiing 18,000 days

                                                                                                                                            35

                   REGION 1                   R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S            CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                      1 9 7 0  2 0 0 0

                   for a total of 75,000 days in 1970 if adequate freshwater lakes had been available. A comparison of estimated partici-
                   pation with the opportunities provided by the surface acres available in 1971 indicated that incremental resource
                   requirements were expected to expand from an additional 125 acres needed in 1970 to 105 acres in 1975, 115 acres in
                   1980, 245 acres in 1990, and 168 acres in the year 2000. This brings the cumulative resource requirement to an addi-
                   tional 758 surface acres by the year 2000.

                                                                  Freshwater Boat Ramps

                   No publicly-administered freshwater boat lanes were reported for the Amarillo Metro Area in 1971. By estimating the
                   1970 total freshwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation which would have occurred using freshwater boat
                   ramp facilities to gain access to the water if ramps were available, it was calculated that two boat ramps were needed
                   in 1970. Projected increases in freshwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation were expected to generate a
                   requirement for one additional freshwater boat ramp in 1975, one in 1980, three in 1990 and two in the year 2000,
                   bringing the cumulative resource requirement to nine ramps in the year 2000. Since boa@ ramps are the most frequently
                   used means by which boaters, skiers, and boat fishermen gain access to freshwater lakes, the provision of freshwater
                   surface acres and freshwater boat ramps required should be planned as joint projects, even though, in some cases, this
                   may require the construction of boat ramps prior to the years reflected in the boat ramp resource requirement projec-
                   tions.

                                                            Summary of Facilities Requirements

                   The only type of public facility which was not provided at all within the Amarillo Metro Area in 1971 was freshwater
                   boat ramps. Although facilities were provided for all other designated urban activities in 1971, additional facilities
                   were required in every planning year for golf holes, miles of trail, and surface acres of freshwater. Additional
                   public swimming pools and playgrounds were estimated to be required beginning in 1975, while additional picnic
                   tables and basketball courts were estimated to be required beginning in 1990. The 1971 supply of baseball fields,
                   football/soccer fields, and tennis.courts were projected to be adequate, for the metro as a whole, through the year
                   2000. Additional facilities should consider the distribution of existing facilities, relative to growth areas and
                   income/ethnic subsections.

                   1/ In calculating freshwater boat ramp resource requirements the assumption was made that each boat ramp has two lanes:
                     Supply'figures listed in the "Park and Recreation Facilities by Type of Park" table and quoted in the narratives are
                     in terms of single lanes.

             36

                   REGION                                                                         RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                              CITY SIZE: METROS

                                                                                           TOTAL           1971 OPPORTUNITY       NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                     PARTICIPATION          DAYS AVAILABLE                (000's OF                                 UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                        (000-S OF              (000-S OF              ACTIVITY DAYS)                                RESOURCES REQUIRED
                   YEAR       ACTIVITY                                                ACTIVI      DAYS)     ACTIVITY DAYS)         DEFICIT         SURPLUS               CUMULATIVE                        INCREMENTAL
                               Swimming (Pools)     . . . . . . . . . . .                    605                    660                                55                  0 square yards-2/                 0  square yards-2/
                               Child's-Play (Playgrounds)        . . . . . .                 619                    608                11                                <1  acre                          <1   acre
                               Baseball/Softball    . . . . . . . . . . .                     98                  1,463                              1,365                 0 fields                          0  fields
                               Picnicking     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    215                    284                                69                  0 tables                          0  tables
                               Football/Soccer    . . . . . . . . . . . .                     29                    441                                412                 0 fields                          0  fields
                               Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      196                    109                87                                21  holes                         21   holes
                               Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       51.                   113                                62                  0 courts, dbl.                    0  courts, dbl.
                               Basketball     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     47                    440                                393                 0 courts, full                    0  courts, full

                   1970       Water-Related Activities:
                               Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing         FW . . .                 75                     23                52                                125 surfaS@ acres                 125  surfac7 acres
                               Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing         FW . . .                 57                       0               57                                  2 ramps@                          2  rampsi

                              Trails*Activities:
                               Walking  ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       98  4/                                                                       8 miles                           8  miles
                               Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      38  @/                                                                       3 miles                           3  miles
                               Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                          24/                                                                    <1  mile                          <1   mile
                               Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                           Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                   138  4/                 42                96                                11  miles                         11   miles

                              ACTIVITY
                               Swimming (Pools)     . . . . . . . . . . .                    707  l/                660                47                                313 square yardsV                 313  square yardsV
                               Child's Play (Playgrounds)        . . . . . .                 744                    608               136                                  5 acres                           5  acres
                               Baseball/Softball    . . . . . . . . . . .                    119                  1,463                             1,344                  0 fields                          0  fields
                               Picnicking     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    249                    284                                35                  0 tables                          0  tables
                               Football/Soccer    . . . . . . . . . . . .                     31                    441                                410                 0 fields                          0  fields
                               Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      232                    109               123                                30  holes                           9  holes
                               Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       54                    113                                59                  0 courts, dbl.                    0  courts, dbl.
                               Basketball     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    141                    440                                299                 0 courts, full                    0  courts, full

                   1975       Water-Related Activities:
                               Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW         . . .                119                     23                96                                230 surfac acres                  105  aurfj@e acres
                                                                                                                                                                                mp  r37
                               Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW         . . .                 88                       0               88                                  3 ra                              I  ramP__

                              Trails Activities;
                               Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      145  4/                                                                     14  miles                           6  miles
                               Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      64  4/                                                                       6 miles                           3  miles
                               Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                          24/                                                                    <1  mile                            0  miles
                               Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                       4/                 42               169                                20  miles                           9  miles
                                           Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                   211 -

                                                                                                                                                                                                                             37

                    REGION I                                                                 RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                            CITY SIZE: METROS

                                                                                       TOTAL           1971 OPPORTUNITY      NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                   PARTICIPATION        DAYS AVAILABLE            (000-S OF                                 UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                    (OOOTS OF             (000-S OF              ACTI ITY DAYS)                             RESOURCES REQUIRED
                    YEAR      ACTIVITY                                            ACTIVITY DAYS)        ACTIVITY 21YS)       DEFICIT        SURPLUS                CUMULATIVE                       INCRI24ENTAL
                               Swimming (Pools)    . . . . . . . . . . .                  823                    660             163                           1,793 square yardsv             1,480 square yards!/
                               Child's Play (Playgrounds)      . . . . . .                877                    608             269                               10 acres                         5acres
                               Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                  140                 1,463                            1,323               0fields                          0fields
                               Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  282                    284                                2              0tables                          0tables
                               Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                   33                    441                            408                0fields                          0fields
                               Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   269                    109             160                               40 holes                         10 holes
                               Tennis                                                      56                    113                              57               0courts, dbl.                    0courts, dbl.
                               Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  242                    440                            198                0courts, full                    0courts, full

                              Water-Related Activities:
                               Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing       FW . . .               167                    23              144                               345 surfac acre                  115 surfa@e acres
                               Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing       FW . . .               121                      0             121                               4ramp    37                      1ra.P3

                              Trails Activities:

                               Walking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    194                                                                      20 miles                         6miles
                               Bicycling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    92 4/                                                                   9miles                           3miles
                               Nature Study   . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      24/                                                                   <1 mile                          0miles
                               Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                          Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                 288 4/                 42              246                               29 miles                         9miles

                              ACTIVITY
                               Swimming (Pools)    . . . . . . . . . . .                1,093                    660             433                          2,887 square yards-2/            1,094 square  yardsV
                               Child's Play (Playgrounds)      . . . . . .              1,190                    608             582                               21 acres                         11 acres
                               Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                  184                 1,463                           1,279                0fields                          0fields
                               Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  354                    284               70                              41 tables                        41 tables
                               Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                   37                    441                            404                0fields                          0fields
                               Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   352                    109             243                               60 holes                         20 holes
                               Tennis  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     61                    113                              52               0courts, dbl.                    0courts, dbl.
                               Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  459                    440               19                              2courts, full                    2courts, full

                    1990      Water-Related Activities:
                               Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW      . . .                269                    23              246                               590 surfac7 acres                245 surfj@e acres
                               Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW                           191                      0             19l                               7ramp    s                       3ramp-

                              Trails Activities:

                               Walking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    298                                                                      32 miles                         13 miles
                               Bicycling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   151 4/                                                                   16 miles                         6miles
                               Nature Study   . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      34/                                                                   <1 mile                          0miles
                               Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                          Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                 452 4/                 42              410                               48 miles                         19 miles

                  38

                 REGION                                                                     RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                             CITY SIZE:    METROS

                                                                                      TOTAL            1971 OPPORTUNITY      NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                 PARTICIPATION          DAYS AVAILABLE             (OOO'S OF                                  UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                    (OOO'S OF              (OOO'S OF            ACTIVITY DAYS)                         -RESOURCES REQUIRED
                 YEAR      ACTIVITY                                              ACTIVITY DAYS)          ACTIVITY DAYS)       DEFICIT       SURPLUS                CUMULATIVE                       INCREMENTAL
                             Swimming (Pools)    ... . . . . . . . . .                  1,239                 660               579                              3,860 square  yards-21             973 square yards-z'
                             Child's Play (Playgrounds)      . . . . . .                 1,403                608               795                                 29 acres                           8acres
                             Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                    213                1,463                           1,250                   0 fields                          0fields
                             Picnicking   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     397                 284               113                                 66 tables                        25 tables
                             Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                      38                441                              403                   0 fields                          0fields
                             Golf  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      400                 109               291                                 72 holes                         12 holes
                             Tennis  . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .                        57                113                                56                  0 courts, dbl.                    0courts, dbl.
                             Basketball   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     622                 440               182                                 21 courts, full                  19 courts, full

                 2000      Water-Related Activities:
                             Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW       . . .                 339                   23              316                                758 surfaS7 acres                168 surfas7 acres
                             Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW       . . .                 240                    0              240                                  9 ramps-                          2ramps@

                           Trails Activities:

                             Walking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      366                                                                       40 miles                           8miles
                             Bicycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      192  4/                                                                   21 miles                           5miles
                             Nature Study   . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        2                                                                      <1 mile                            0miles
                             Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                       Nature Study   . . . . . . . . .                   560  4/               42              518                                 61 miles                         13 miles

                 1/ Includes only swimming participation occurring in swimming poo             ls, 94 percent of the total in urban areas.
                 _@/ Designated freshwater swimming areas may be substituted for swimming Poole . When making substitutions consider total swimming participation.
                    Assumes 2.0 lanes per ramp.
                    Reflects estimated participation occurring in park and recreation areas; does not include participation occurring outside park and recreation areas.                               Of the total
                    walking, bicycling, and nature study participation it was determined that 10.5, 4.0, and 20.1 percent, respectively for each activity, occurs in park and recreation
                    areas.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                       39

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                   REGION 4                                REGIONAL DESCRIPTION: LUBBOCK METROPOLITAN AREA

                   Lubbock, the county seat of Lubbock County, is a relatively new                              POPULATION
                   city in Texas. Originally two tiny communities, the present                                  1970 Metro Area Population:      149,101
                   town was incorporated in 1909, with much of its growth resulting                             Change 1960-70: +16%
                   from the development of irrigated cotton farming in the South                                Race Composition      l/
                   Plains. It is now the nation's third largest inland market for                                  White   ..... 9276---
                   cotton and the world's largest cottonseed crushing center.             It                       Negro   .....  7%
                   also serves as a marketing and shipping point for surrounding                                   Other   .....  1%
                   areas.                                                                                       Age Composition (years):
                                                                                                                   13 or less           27%
                   Located in Lubbock is Texas Technological University, the third                                 14 - 20       .....  17%
                   largest state university in Texas, and the largest university                                   21 - 44       .....  3 4%
                   campus in the world. On campus is the West Texas Museum, with                                   45 - 64       .....  16%
                   emphasis on South Plains pioneer days. Ranch Headquarters, an                                   65 and over   .....    6%
                   outdoor museum developed in cooperation with Texas Tech and part
                   of the West Texas Museum, has gained the recognition of the                                  ECONOMY
                   American Revolution Bicentennial Commission as an illustration                               Agriculture
                   of the continuing ideals and principles of the American                                      Processing Plants
                   Revolution. Lubbock Christian College and the Texas A&M
                   Agricultural Research and Extension Center are also located
                   in the town. Reese Air Force Base Pilot Training Center is
                   just west of Lubbock.

                   Lubbock hosts the Panhandle-South Plains Fair (September), the Coaches' All American Football Game (June), Texas
                   Tech Intercollegiate Rodeo (April), the Southwest Junior Livestock Show (March), and the American Kennel Club Dog
                   Show (January).

                   Lubbock is one of the State's leading cultural centers with activities such as the Lubbock Symphony Orchestra,
                   Lubbock Theatre Center, Hayloft Dinner Theatre, the Moody Planetarium at the Museum, And the Garden and Arts
                   Center.

                   l/ Includes persons of Mexican and/or Spanish descent.

                                                                                                                                                              41

                    REGION 4                                                                                           CITY SIZE: METRO

                            P U B L I C L Y     A D M I N I S T E R E D     R E C R E A T 1 0 N      0 P P 0 R T U N I T I E S

                                                                                                 LAND AND WATER ACREAGE

                                                                                                                        ACRES
                                                                                                               REGION           STATEWIDE
                                                                                                                 4               AVERAGE
                                                                                                               METRO          METRO AREAS
                                                       62%                        Developed Land               1,055             1,307

                      REGION                                                      Undeveloped Land                651               536
                         4
                       METRO                                                      Total Land                   1,706             1,843
                                              38%
                                                                                  Water Within or Adjacent         72            1,006

                                                                                  Total Land and Water         1,778             2,849

                                                    DEVELOPED LAND

                                                    UNDEVELOPED LAND
                                                                                  Lubbock has a total of 1,706 acres of land set aside
                                                                                  as park and recreation areas. In addition, 72 surface
                                                                                  acres of water either within or adjacent to these parks
                                                                                  were reported.
                                                      71%                         Of the total land acreage, 1,055 acres are developed
                     STATEWIDE                                                    with facilities, leaving 651 acres available for future
                      AVERAGE                                                     development. With 62 percent of the land acreage
                                                                                  currently developed, Lubbock is below the Statewide Metro
                    METRO AREAS                                                   average of 71 percent.
                                             29%

            42

                     REGION 4                                                                                                      CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                                   PARKS AND ACREAGE BY TYPE OF PARK

                                                                                                                                             STATEWIDE
                                                    DISTRICT          COMMUNITY        SPECIALTY         OPEN LAND                            AVERAGE
                                                      PARK             PARK               PARK              PARK              TOTAL         METRO AREAS
                     Number of Parks                     5.000            17.000             5.000             13.000           40.000             72.000
                     Parks Per Thousand                    .034             .114               .034              .087              .268              .267
                     People Per Park                29,820.000        8,771.000         29,820.000        11,469.000         3,728.000         3,754.000
                     .................................................................................................................
                     Land Acres                        832.000           156.000            59.000            659.000        1,706.000         1,843.000
                     Acres Per Thousand                  5.580             1.046               .396             4.420           11.442              6.864

                     People Per Acre                   179.000           956.000         2,527.000           226.000            87.000           146.000

                     Of the 40 parks in Lubbock, the majority are either Community or Open Land Parks with 17 and 13 respectively.
                     The remaining 10 parks are equally divided between District and Specialty Parks. However, the acreage figures
                     show that almost one-half of the total land acreage is in District Parks followed closely by the total acreage
                     for Open Land Parks. The 17 Community Parks total only 156 acres while the 5 Specialty Parks consist of 59
                     acres of park land. The dispersion of the four types of urban parks are depicted graphically in the
                     accompanying map titled "Dispersion of Parks by Type."
                     Looking at the total park and acreage figures in relation to the population of Lubbock, .268 parks per
                     1,000 and 11.442 acres per 1,000 population exist.
                     Another way to present this data is that 3,728 people share each park while 87 people share each acre of
                     park land.
                     With .268 parks per 1,000, Lubbock just about matches the Statewide Metro average. The 11.442 acres per
                     1,000 gives Lubbock a figure almost twice that of the Statewide Metro average for acres per 1,000,

                                                                                                                                                             43

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                  REGION 4                                                                                                            CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                            PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK

                                                                                                                                   UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                                DISTRICT COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                         PEOPLE         REGION      STATEWIDE
                               TYPE OF FACILITY                    PARK       PARK         PARK        TOTAL         PER               4          AVERAGE
                                                                 (UNITS)    (UNITS)      (UNITS)       UNITS          UNIT           METRO    METRO AREAS
                  Games and Sports:
                     Parks   ...............................           5        17           2                24     6,213            .161           .150
                    .Tennis Courts   ......................            6        13           0                19     7,847            .128           .142
                     Basketball Courts    .............                1          4          0                5     29,820            .034           .071
                     Baseball/Softball Fields    ......              13           9          1                23     6,483            .154           .186
                     Football/Soccer Fields    .............           2          0          0                2     74,551            .013           .032
                  Picnicking:
                     Parks   ..............................            5        16           3                24     6,213            .161           .124
                     Tables  ..............................          25         20           6                51     2,924            .342          1.230
                  Playground:
                     Parks   ..............................            4        15           0                19     7-,847           .128           .170
                     Acres Developed  .....................          10         22           0                32     4,659            .215           .258
                  Swimming:
                     Parks   .........................                 4          2          0                6     24,850            .040           .050
                     Pools (Sq. Yd.)  ...............             2,938         855          0           3,793           39         25.456         25.950
                     Designated Fresh Water (Sq. Yd.)...               0          0          0                0        ---             ---         52.242
                  Boating:
                     Parks   ..............................            1          1          0                2     74,551            .013           .006
                     Ramp Lanes - Fresh Water    ...........           0          0          0                0        ---             ---           .008
                  Camping:
                     Parks   ..............................            1          0          0                1    149,101            .007           .002
                     Campsites  ..........................           82           0          0                82     1,818            .550           .121
                  Fishing:
                     Parks   ..............................            4          1          2                7     21,300            .047           .013
                     Pier/Barge/Marina-Fresh Water (Yd.)               0          0          0                0                        ---           .049
                  Golfing:
                     Courses ............................              1          0          0                1    149,101            .007           .005
                     Holes   ..............................          27           0          0                27     5,522            .181           .100
                  Trails:
                     Parks   ..............................            1          0          0                1    149,101            .007           .006
                     Nature (Mi.)   .......................          10           0          0                10    14,910            .067           .009
                     Horseback (Mi.)  ....................             0          0          0                0        ---             ---           .003
                     Bicycle (Mi.)   ......................          17           0          0                17     8,771            .114           .007
                     Hiking (Mi.)   .......................            0          0          0                0        ---                           .006
                     Total Trails (Mi.)    .................         27           0          0                27     5,522            .181           .021

                                                                                                                                                           45

                  REGION 4                                 PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK                           CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                                                                                                 UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                              DISTRICT COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                        PEOPLE          REGION     STATEWIDE
                              TYPE OF FACILITY                  PARK         PARK        PARK       TOTAL          PER              4         AVERAGE
                                                              (UNITS)      (UNITS)     (UNITS)      UNITS           UNIT           METRO    METRO AREAS

                  Sport Shooting:
                     Parks .............................           0           0          0             0           ---             ---          .002
                     Traps .............................           0           0          0             0           ---             ---          .002
                     Shooting Targets  ..................          0           0          0             0                           ---          .004
                     Archery Targets  ...................          0           0          0             0           ---             ---          .011
                  Miscellaneous:
                     Parks .............................           4          13          0             17        8,771             .114         .038
                     Amphitheatre Seats   ................         0           0          0             0           ---             ---         1.077
                     Botanical Gardens (Acres)   .........        96           0          0             96        1,553             .6,44        .077
                     Zoos (Acres)  ......................          0           0          0             0           ---             ---          .051
                     Community/Recreation Centers    ......        4          13          0             17        8,771             .114         .038

                  Most of the developed park and recreation facilities        in  Lubbock occur in the Community and     District   Parks, with  games
                  and sports, picnicking and fishing the only types of        facilities  in the 5 Specialty Parks.      All of the facilities for
                  trails, golf and camping are in the District Park category. It          should be noted that these     facilities are all in
                  MacKenzie State, Park, which is administered by the City of Lubbock. Ten miles of nature trails and 17 miles of bicycle
                  trails were reported. Seven parks have fishing waters available and two parks have boating available although no boat
                  ramps, fishing piers, barges or marinas were reported.

                  Of the 40 parks', 24 have facilities for games and sports and 24 for picnicking, 19 have playgrounds, and 17 have
                  community/recreation centers. The most common types of games and sports facilities are baseball/softball with 23
                  fields, followed by tennis with 19 courts, basketball with 5 courts and football/soccer with two fields.

                  Looking at   selected facilities in relation to the number of potential        users we find the following:

                        74,551 persons  for each  football/soccer field                   5,522  persons for each mile of trails
                        29,820 persons  for each  basketball court                        4,659  persons for each acre of playground
                        8,771  persons  for each  community/recreation center             2,924  persons for each picnic table
                        7,847  persons  for each  tennis court                            1$818  persons for each campsite
                        6,483  persons  for each  baseball/softball field                     39 persons for each square yard of swimming pool
                        5$522  persons  for each  golf hole

                  Lubbock is   above the Statewide Metro average for facility units per 1,000 only for campsites, golf holes, trail miles,
                  acres of botanical gardens and community/recreation centers, while falling below the average for tennis courts, basket-
                  ball courts, baseball1softball fields, football/soccer fields, picnic tables, playground acres and square yards of
                  swimming pools. No designated fresh water swimming area, boat ramp lanes, yards of fishing pier/barge/marina, sport
                  shooting facilities, amphitheatre seats or zoo acreage were reported.

              46

                 REGION 4                          -CONVERSION OF FACILITIES TO RECREATION OPPORTUNITY DAYS                 CITY SIZE: METRO

                 Current opportunity days for 1971 were calculated by multiplying the number of facilities available for each
                 acti vity in the metro area (determined from the Texas Outdoor Recreation Inventory of Parks, Recreation Areas,
                 and Facilities) times the standard for the facility.

                                                                                                                 DAYS PER THOUSAND POPULATION
                                                                                                ANNUAL              REGION         STATEWIDE
                                                                                                 DAYS                  4            AVERAGE
                 ACTIVITYs-FACILITY                                                           AVAILABLE             METRO            METRO

                      Swimming (Pools) - square yards     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         568,950             3,818            3,891
                      Child's Play - playground acres     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         883,936             5,932            7,137
                      Baseball/Softball - fields      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         317,492             2,131            2,577
                      Picnicking - tables    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           86,802               583            2,093
                      Football/Soccer - fields     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           14,448                 97             235
                      Golf - holes    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           109,269               733              414
                      Tennis - courts, double    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           51,186               344              384
                      Basketball - courts, full    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           43,975               295              625

                   Water7Related Activities:

                      Boating, Boat Fishing,    Skiing FW` - surface acres    . . . . . .        632407               426            2,962
                      Boating, Boat Fishing,    Skiing FW - boat ramps    . . . . . .                  0                 0             103

                   Trail Activities:

                      Combined Walking, Bicycling, and Nature Study - miles       . . . .       228,528             1)534              164

                  The Lubbock Metro Area offers the most opportunity days for       child's play, followed by swimming (in pools), baseball/
                  softball and the trails activities. A comparison between the opportunity days per thousand population for the
                  Lubbock Metro Area and the Statewide Metro average shows that the Lubbock Metro Area surpasses the statewide
                  average for two of the activity types -- golf and the trails activities. The Lubbock Metro Area is below-the
                  Statewide Metro average for swimming (in pools), child's play, baseball/softball, picnicking, football/soccer,
                  tennis, basketball, and surface acres for freshwater boating, boat fishing and skiing, with no opportunity
                  days available for freshwater boat ramps.

                                                                                                                                                      47

                 REGION 4                        ESTIMATED CURRENT AND FUTURE PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                CITY SIZE: METRO

                 The tenth ranking metro area, based on population, Lubbock also ranked tenth in total participation for the year 1970.
                 Estimates for 1970 indicate that residents and non-residents in the area spent over 5.3 million recreation days in
                 pursuit of urban outdoor recreation opportunities available within the metro area.

                                                                       Resident

                 Total days of participation in urban outdoor recreation activities by the resident of the Lubbock Metropolitan Area,
                 for the 16 activities shown, was estimated to be 4.6 million days in 1970. Total participation is expected to in-
                 crease to 7.4 million days in 1975 and to 10.9 million days in 1980. As compared to the 1970 level, this represents
                 an increase of 59.5 percent by 1975 and 134.3 percent by 1980. On a days per household basis, total participation
                 is projected to increase from 99.3 days in 1970 to 136.4 days in 1975, and to 174.8 days in 1980 (increases of 37.4
                 and 76.0 percent, respectively). The residents of the Lubbock Metropolitan Area, in comparison of other metropolitan
                 areas in Texas, are expected to participate at a rate of 24, 25, and 28 days per household below the average for 1970,
                 1975, and 1980, respectively. For the more distant years of 1990 and 2000, both total days of participation and days
                 per household are expected to increase, but days per household will remain below the statewide average for all metro-
                 politan areas.

                 Projections for specific activities indicate that each of the 16 activities will increase in total days of participa-
                 .tion through the years 1975 and 1980. On a. days per household basis, participation is expected to increase in the 16
                 activities by 1980. Based on total days of participation, the six most popular activities in 1970 were: bicycling,
                 swimming, driving for pleasure, walking, child's play, and picnicking. Participation in walking is expected to
                 increase substantially, replacing driving for pleasure as the number three activity by 1980. The six most popular
                 activities in the Lubbock Metropolitan Area in 1980 are expected to be: bicycling, swimming, walking, child's play,
                 driving for pleasure, and basketball, in that order.

                                                                     Non-Resident

                 When considering participation in urban outdoor recreation activities in 1970, a total of 684,000 days of participa-
                 tion, was recorded by non-residents inthe Lubbock Metropolitan Area. As compared to the 1970 level, total partici-
                 pation is expected to increase 11.7 percent to 764,000 days by 1975 and 23.8 percent to 847,000 days by 1980. This
                 trend of increased participation is expected to continue through the years 1990 and 2000.

                 The estimates for 1970 indicate that the top six ranked activities, in order of popularity, were sightseeing pic-
                 nicking, child's play, swimming, football, and driving for pleasure with totals of 158,000, 129,000, 86,000, 80,000,
                 79,000, and 77,000 days, respectively. It is anticipated that all 16 activities listed in the tab.1- will increase
                 in participation through the year 2000, while retaining their relative positions in popularity.

             48

                REGION 4                                                                        CURRENT AND PROJECTED RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                                          CITY SIZE:       MET90S
                                                                                                                 (OOO'S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                                                        1970          STATE-                        1975         STATE-                       1980          STATF                       1990          STATE-                     2000             STATE-
                                                          REG. 4      WIDE                          REG. 4       WIDE                               REG. 4 WIDE                         REG. 4        WIDE                             REG. 4     WIDE
                                                          METROS      METROS                          IMETROS    METROS                             METROS  METROS                        METROS      METROS                           METROS     METROS
                                           PART.          AVERAGE     AVERAGE        PART.           AVERAGE     AVERAGE         PART.              AVERAGE  AVERAGE        PART.         AVERAGE    AVERAGE         PART.             AVERAGE    AVERAGE
                ACTIVITY                   DAYS    RANK   DAYS/HH     DAYS/HH        DAYS   RANK     DAYS/HH     DAYS/HH         DAYS  RANK         DAYS/HH  DAYS/HH        DAYS RANK     DAYS/HH    DAYS/HH         DAYS   RANK       DAYS/HH    DAYS/H11
                Swimming                   866        2       18.53     27.41      1,272        2       23.44      36.52      1,804        2        29.01      47.17    3,531        2        42.57    75.28         5,889       2     58.92      110.14
                Child's Play               602        5       12.88     14.08         848       4       15.63      17.72      1,177        4        18.93      22.00    2,218        4        26.74    32.20         3,604       4     36.06      43.99
                Baseball/Softball            79    10         1.69         2.78       105       10      1.94        3.19         136    11          2.19       3.59         224    12         2.70      4.41         325     12        3.25       5.22
                Picnicking                 234        6       5.01         5.72       288       6       5.31        5.66         349       8        5.61       5.66         519      8        6.26      5.61         693         9     6.93       5.64
                Football/Soccer              76    11         1.63         1.43        89       12      1.64        1.42         103    14          1.66       1.41         138    15         1.66      1.39         168     15        1.68       1.38
                Golf                       200        7       4.28         3.92       279       7       5.14        4.98         377       7        6.06       6.16         667      7        8.04      8.96         1,018       7     10.19      12.07
                Tennis                       60    13         1.28         6.06        81       14      1.49        9.21         107    15          1.72       11.49        187    13         2.25     16.07         282     13        2.82       21.46
                Basketball                   70    12         1.50         1.60       237       8       4.37        2.59         449       6        7.22       3.57     1,075        6        12.96     5.52         1,868       5     18.69      7.53
                Walking                    629        4       13.46     18.21      1,019        3       18.78      23.09      1,500        3        24.12      29.20    2,886        3        34.79    39.89         4,544       3     45.46      50.31
                Bicycling                  872        1       18.66     20.30      1,916        1       35.31      32.77      3,231        1        51.96      45.25    7,070        1        85.24    68.44      11,847         1     118.53     95.49
                Nature Study                 16    16          .34         .72         59       15      1.09        1.67         115    13          1.85       2.64         279    11         3.36      4.63         487     11        4.87       6.70
                Fishing                      84       9       1.80         1.80       102       11      1.88        1.88         122    12          1.96       1.97         177    14         2.13      2.13         230     14        2.30       2.30
                Boating                      41    14          .88         .88         87       13      1.60        1.60         144    10          2.32       2.31         310    10         3.74      3.74         517     10        5.17       5.17
                Skiing                       20    15          .43         .42         34       16        .63         .62          51   16          .82        .82          101    16         1.22      1.22         162     16        1.62       1.81
                Surfing                    --- ---             ---         ---        --- ---             ---         ---        --- ---            ---        ---          --- ---                       ---        --- ---             ---        ---
                Sightseeing                150        8       3.21         2.25       210       9       3.87        2.34         283       9        4.55       2.50         512      9        6.17      2.70         812         8     8.12       3.01
                Dr. for Pleas.             640        3       13.69     13.38         775       1       14@28      13.52         920       5        l4m79      13.67    I.,3_1 3     5        15m83    13.86         1 6,78      6     16*79      14.10
                      TOTAL               4,639               99.27   120.96       7,401              136.40     158.78      10,868                 174.77  199.41      21,207             255.66      286.05        34,124            341.40     386.32

                                     CURRENT AND PROJECTED NON-RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                               TOTAL CURRENT AND PROJECTED PARTICIPATION,              1970-2000
                                                        (OOO-S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)                                                                                     (000-S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                ACTIVITY                           1970               1975             1980               1990              2000        ACTIVITY                            1970              1975             1980              1990             2000

                Swimming                              80                90                  100            125               141        Swimming                            946               1,362          1,90@               3,656            6,030
                Child's Play                          86                96                  106            133               150        Child's Play                        688               944            1,283               2,351            3,754
                Baseball/Softball                       2                  2                2                 2                  3      Baseball/Softball                      81             107               138              226                328
                Picnicking                            129             144                   160            199               225        Picnicking                          363               432               509              718                918
                Football/Soccer                       79                88                  98             122               138        Football/Soccer                     155               177               201              260                306
                Golf                                  27                31                  34                42              48        Golf                                227               310               411              709              1,066
                Tennis                                                                                                                  Tennis                                 60              81               107              187                282
                Basketball                              5                  6                6                 8                  9      Basketball                             75             243               455              1,083            1,877
                Walking                                 2                  2                3                 3                  4      Walking                             631               1,021          1,503               2,889            4,548
                Bicycling                                                                                                               Bicycling                           872               1,916          3,231               7,070            11,847
                Nature Study                            2                  2                2                 3                  3      Nature Study                           18              61               117              282                490
                Fishing                               22                24                  27                33              38        Fishing                             106               126               149              210                268
                Boating                               11                12                  13                17              19        Boating                                52              99               157              327                536
                Skiing                                  4                  4                5                 6                  7      Skiing                                 24              38                 56             107                169
                Surfing                               ---             ---                   ---            ---               ---        Surfing                             ---                                 ---              ---                ---
                Sightseeing                           158             177                   196            245               276        Sightseeing                         303               387               479              757              1,088
                Dr. for Pleas.                        _77               86                  95             119               134        Dr. for Pleas.                      -717              861            1,015               1,432            1,812

                      TOTAL                           684             764                   847         1,057              1,195              TOTAL                         5,323             8,165          11,715              22,264           35,319

                Note:    Asterisks indicate that projected annual activity days were less than 500.                        Dashes indicate not applicable.           Zeros indicate that the activity was not ranked due to
                         insignificant participation days recorded.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         49

                 REGION 4                   R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S             CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                   1 9 7 0   2 0 0 0

                 Estimates of urban outdoor recreation resource requirements were developed for the Lubbock Metropolitan Area for the
                 years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000 by comparing current-11 and projected recreation participation with the current
                 recreation opportunities-2/ available in the metro. In addition, the availability and spatial distribution of recrea-
                 tion opportunities provided by parks and recreation facilities were analyzed with respect to subsections of the Lubbock
                 Metro characterized by residents having similar incomes and ethnic backgrounds. Particular attention was given to those
                 subsections expected to undergo relatively rapid population growth and physical expansion in the future.

                 Conclusions reached from analyzing the distribution of recreation opportunities within the metropolitan area were used
                 to qualify resource requirement estimates where a less than adequate distribution appeared to exist.

                 In the discussions that follow, results of the distribution analysis of parks within subsections of the Lubbock Metro
                 are presented. Then, estimates of current and future requirements for selected recreation facilities are presented,
                 and are qualified by conclusions reached from the distribution analysis of recreation facilities within subsections of
                 the Lubbock Metro Area.

                 PARK DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

                 In analyzing the availability and distribution of parks in the Lubbock Metro, several characteristics were considered:
                 changes in population (or trends in general, 1960 to 1970), areas of the metro which were expected to undergo rela-
                 tively major expansion, and the dispersion of existing parks among the income/ethnic subsections of the metro. From
                 these interrelated characteristics, general conclusions were reached with respect to future park developments for the
                 metro area.

                 Population trends affected estimations of future recreation participation.  Lubbock has more than doubled in population
                 since 1950. Projections of population growth for the metro area indicate that rapid growth is.likely to continue to
                 the year 2000 when a population of 318,000 is projected. The major direction of growth is expected to be toward the
                 west and southwest, as illustrated by the arrows on the accompanying map, titled "Predominant Ethnic Background and
                 Income Subsections."

                 Urban planners reported sixteen income/ethnic subsections in 1971. Generally, these subsections were stratified
                 in an east/west direction. The southeastern part of the metro was populated predominantly by low-income Blacks,

                 I/ "Current" participation refers to levels of participation by type of selected recreation activity which were esti-
                    mated for the year 1970.
                 2/ "Current" recreation opportunities refers to computed figures derived from the numbers of publicly-administered
                    facilities by type available within the metro area in 1971.

             so

               REGION 4                    R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E    R E Q U I R E M E N T S             CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                   1 9 7 0    2 0 0 0

               while the northeastern and uppermost northwestern parts were predominantly low-income Anglos. A very large middle-
               income Anglo section was interspersed in the central, south central part of the metro and along the southern metro
               boundary. Middle-income Mexican-Americans dominated a subsection along! either side of Erskine Street in north central
               Lubbock.  High-income Anglo subsections were scattered throughout the western and southwestern parts of Lubbock; two
               high-income Anglo subsections were identified along the north central metro boundary. A small high-income Black sub-
               section was located in the southeastern portion of the metro south of 19th Street and east of Quint Avenue.        These
               subsections are expressed graphically on the "Predominant Ethnic Background and Income Subsections" map.

               The urban parks reported in the Lubbock Metro Area for 1971 appeared to be well distributed within     the circumference of
               Loop 289.  Only two income-ethnic subsections were completely devoid of parks of any kind and these were:       the smaller
               of the two high-income Anglo subsections in the north central portion of the metro and the high-income Black subsection
               in the east central portion of the metro near the.Brazos River. Around the metro periphery, i.e., outside of Loop 289,
               there appeared to be only two open land parks in the large north central low-income Anglo subsection and one open land
               park in the middle-income Anglo area southeast of the loop near Avenue H. Otherwise, approximately the eastern one-
               quarter of the metro including the major portions of the two low income Anglo and Black subsections east of Quint Ave-
               nue had three parks combined.    Given the reported array of parks by type only specialty parks appeared inadequately
               distributed. When selecting sights for future developments, considerations should be given to providing parks having
               recreational facilities outside of the loop giving particular attention to the major growth areas.

               In addition to maintaining an adequate dispersion of parks in all portions of the metro area, the provision of different
               types of recreational facilities in parks is also an important consideration. An analysis of the current and future
               requirements for selected recreational facilities and the current dispersion of facilities in the Lubbock Metro is pre-
               sented in the following discussions.

               FACILITY REQUIREMENTS AND DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

               As mentioned previously, requirements for selected recreational facilities (see the following table) were calculated
               for the years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000. Then, an analysis of the dispersion of existing facilities among the
               predominant income/ethnic background subsections and the major growth areas of the metro was conducted. Conclusions
               reached from the facility dispersion analysis were then used to qualify the facility requirement estimates, parti-
               cularly in those cases where no additional facilities were estimated as being needed within the metropolitan area.
               Usually, special note is made where growth areas appeared to have limited facilities.      The methodology used to cal-
               culate facility requirements in general is explained in Appendix C, Part 1-4n Overview of the Urban Volume. In the
               discussion that follows, resource requirements for recreational facilities are generally referred to by units of the
               most important feature necessary to allow participation. For example, when a requirement is shown for swimming pools,
               features such as a bathhouse, cleaning and filtering system, and other support features are implied whena requirement
               for the major facility is shown.

                                                                                                                                              51

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               REGION 4                   R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S             CITY SIZE: NETROS
                                                                 1 9 7 0   2 0 0 0

                                                                      Swimming

               In 1971, the Lubbock Netropolitan Area reported 3,793 square yards of public swimming pools which, when multiplied by
               the facility standard of 150 days per year per square yard, provided approximately 569,000 days of opportunity. Demand.
               was estimated to be about 889,000 participation days in 1970, or 320,000 days more than the 1971 supply. Accordingly,
               an estimated 2,133 additional square yards were required in 1970 to satisfy this deficit. An additional 2,607 square
               yards of pools will be required by 1975 bringing the cumulative requirement to 4,740 additional square yards above the
               1971 supply. The cumulative requirements will increase to 8,140 square yards in 1990, to 19,120 square yards in 1990,
               and to 33,993 square yards by the year 2000.

               The major areas where public swimming pools were unavailable'were in the south and the west portions of the metro. In
               particular, the areas    luded those south of 50th Street and west of Quaker Avenue. Two other areas which also seemed
               to have inadequate swiicing opportunities were in the central part of Lubbock within a one mile radius of. 19th and Ave-
               nue Q and in the southeast within a one mile radius of 50th and Avenue A.

                                                                    Child's Play

               Given a facility standard of 27,623 days per year per acre of developed playground, the thirty-two acres enumerated
               in 1971 provided approximately 884,000 days of opportunity for that year. This supply level was considered adequate
               to accommodate the estimated 688,000 days of participation in 1970. However, by 1975 an additional two acres were
               required to satisfy an estimated demand of 944,000 participation days. Assuming that these two additional acres were
               provided, a requirement of twelve more acres by 1980 will be necessary to satisfy an estimated demand of 1,283,000
               participation days. The cumulative requirement increases to fifty-three acres over the 197l.supply level in 1990, and
               to 104 acres by the year 2000.
               With the exceptions of the southeast'; generally an area bound on the south by 82nd Street, on the west by Avenue H, on
               the north by 34t1v Street, and on the east by Highway 331; the southwest; west of Quaker Avenue and south of 34th Street;
               and the area west of Slide Road, playgrounds appeared to be well dispersed in 1971. In addition to these areas, addi-
               tional playground facilities should probably be considered for growth areas.

                                                                  Baseball/Softball

               The twenty-three baseball fields reported in 1971 provided a combined total of approximately 317,000 days of opoor-
               tunity, given a conversion standard of 13,804 days per year per field. Estimates of demand for this activity suggest
               that the 1971 supply level should be adequate to the year 2000, when one additional field will be required. Although
               dispersion analysis was not possible from available information, consideration should be given to providing an equi-
               table distribution relative to growth areas and the various income-ethnic subsections.

                                                                                                                                         53

                REGION 4                   R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S            CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                  1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                                                                      Picnicking

                The Lubbock Metro area reported fifty-one public picnic tables in 1971. Using the facility standard of 1,702 days per
                year per picnic table, the 1971 supply amounted to approximately 87,000 opportunity days. A comparison of opportunities
                with estimated participation indicated a deficit of 276,000 opportunity days. A total of 162 additional tables was thus
                required to meet the 1970 requirements. Incremental increases of 41 tables in 1975, 45 tables in 1980, 123 tables in
                11990, and 117 tables in the year 2000, will be needed to meet the demand in those respective years. A cumulative total
                of 488 additional tables should be needed in the Lubbock Metro by the year 2000.

                Picnic tables appeared to be evenly distributed in 1971. When increasing the supply of picnic tables, consideration
                should be given to areas experiencing rapid growth.

                                                                    Football/Soccer

                In 1971 the Lubbock Metropolitan Area reported a total of two public football/soccer fields which, when multiplied by
                the facility standard of 7,224 days per year per field, provided approximately 14,000 days of opportunity. With a
                1970 estimated demand of 155,000 participation days, twenty additional fields would have been needed to satisfy demand.
                If the 1971 supply level remained unchanged, the cumulative resource requirement increases from 20 additional fields in
                1970, to 23 additional fields in 1975, to 26 additional fields in 1980, to 34 aaditional fields in 1990, and to 40 fields
                above the 1971 level by the year 2000. A dispersion analysis of football/soccer fields could not be accomplished using
                1971 data, nevertheless, additional fields should be located so as to maximize access to potential users.

                                                                         Golf

                The twenty-seven hole public golf course enumerated in 1971 provided an estimated 109,000 opportunity days as compared
                with an estimated demand of 227,000 participation days in 1970. Thus, in order to satisfy the 118,000 days deficit, a
                total of twenty-nine additional holes was required in 1970. On the other hand, if the 1971 supply level remained at
                twenty-seven holes, then the cumulative resource requirement was calculated to increase to 50 additional holes in 1975,
                and should increase to 75 holes over the 1971 level by 1980, to 148 golf holes in 1990, and to 236 holes by the year
                20006 Owing to the general scarcity of public courses in most areas of the metro, additional courses should be located
                so as to maximize access to users.

                                                                        Tennis

                There were nineteen public tennis courts in the Lubbock Metro Area in 1971. With a standard of 2,694 days per year per
                tennis court, these courts provided a combined total of 51,000 days of opportunity, which was slightly below the esti-
                mated demand of 60,000 participation days'. Accordingly, three additional courts were needed in 1970 to accommodate the
                1970 demand. With the 1971 supply level of nineteen courts taken as a base, the cumulative r .equirements for subsequent
                planning years were 11 courts by 1975 and 21 courts by 1980. The cumulative resource requirement has been projected to
                increase to 50 courts over the 1971 supply level in 1990 and to 86 courts by the year 2000. Available information for
                1971 did not permit a dispersion analysis of tennis courts; however, additional courts should be located so as to maxi-
                mize access to users.

             54

                REGION 4                  R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S           CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                                                                     Basketball

                With a conversion standard of 8,795 days per year per court, the five public basketball courts enumerated in 1971
                provided a combined total of 44,000 opportunity days. However, demand for this,activity was estimated at 75,000
                participation days, requiring four additional courts in 1970. The demand for basketball facilities is projected to
                increase rapidly, and thus require fourty-seven additional courts over the 1971 supply level in order to satisfy
                demand in 1980. The cumulative requirement has been projected to reach 118 courts in 1990, and 208 courts by the
                year 2000. A dispersion analysis of basketball courts could not be accomplished with 1971 supply data; however,
                additional courts should be located so as to maximize access to users.

                                                                  Trails Activities

                The twenty-seven miles of trail enumerated in 1971 provided approximately 229,000 opportunity days, given a conversion
                standard of 8,464 days per year per mile of trail. This level of opportunities was substantially above the estimated
                105,000 participation days in 1970; thus, no additional miles of trail were needed in 1970. The surplus was expected
                to continue into 1975; however, by 1980 the rapid rise in demand is expected to require an additional ten miles of
                trail for that year. The cumulative requirement has been projected to increase to 49 miles of trail, over the 1971
                .supply level, in 1990; and to 97 miles by the year 2000.

                A relatively small proportion of the total participation in trail and related activities was estimated to take place
                in publicly administered park and recreation areas. It is likely, however, that as additional trail facilities are
                provided, the relative proportion of total participation will increase at these recreation areas. Thus, the above
                estimates of additional resources required may be conservative in the long run and should be considered as minimum
                estimates. In addition.to the expectations for increases in participation in trail and related activities at publicly
                administered park and recreation areas, it is clear that the major proportion of walking, bicycling, and nature study.
                is occurring in places other than established recreation areas. The majority of this participation is most likely tak-
                ing place in local neighborhoods, on city streets, and on available open lands within the area. This phenomenon has
                direct policy implications with respect to the provision of sidewalks within currently existing and newly developing
                neighborhoods, the development of a system of bike lanes in high use areas, and the provision of adequate open space
                and green belt areas within the metro area.

                                              Water-Related Activities:- Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing

                                                          Surface Acres - Freshwater Lakes
                                                           (Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing)

                A total of 152 surf ace acres of freshwater lakes was located within the Lubbock Metro Area in 1971. Because of the
                limited freshwater available for skiing, no participation was reported in the.Texas Outdoor Recreation Household

                                                                                                                                        55

                .REGioN 4                 R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E   RE QUIRE MENTS                    CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                 1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                Demand Survey. Using participation patterns of households recreating in the urban areas, it was estimated that boat-
                ing would have totaled 52,000 days, boat fishing 22,000 days, and skiing 24,000 days for a total.of 98,000 days in
                1970 if adequate freshwater lakes had been available. A comparison of estimated participation with the opportunities
                provided by the surface acres existing in 1971 indicated that incremental resource requirements will expand from an
                additional 84 acres neededin 1970 to 158 acres in 1975, 192 acres in 1980, 561 acres in 1990, and 681 acres in the
                year 2000. This brings the cumulative resource requirement to an additional 1,676 surface acres by the year 2000.
                                                                Freshwater Boat Ramps-I/

                No publicly-administered freshwater boat lanes were reported for the Lubbock Metro Area in 1971.- By estimating the
                1970 total freshwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation which would have occurred using freshwater boat
                ramp facilities to gain access to the water if ramps were available, it was calculated that three boat ramps were
                needed in 1970. Projected increases in freshwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation are expected to
                require one additional freshwater boat ramp in 1975, three in 1980, six in 1990, and seven in the year 2000, bringing
                the cumulative resource requirement to twenty ramps in the year 2000. Since boat ramps are the most frequently used
                means by which boaters, skiers, and boat fishermen gain access to freshwater lakes, the provision of freshwater sur-
                face acres and freshwater boat ramps required should be planned as joint projects, even though, in some cases, this
                may require the construction of boat ramps prior to the years reflected in the boat ramp resource requirement pro-
                jections.

                                                          Summary of Facilities Requirements

                The only type of designated facility which was not available at all in the Lubbock Metro in 1971 was freshwater boat
                ramps; boat ramps were estimated to be needed in every planning horizon year. Although facilities for other urban
                recreational activities were available in 1971, an insufficient quantity existed in most cases. Incremental resource
                requirements were indicated for each planning horizon year for swimming pools, picnic tables, football/soccer fields,.
                holes of golf, tennis courts, basketball courts, and surface acres of freshwater. Playgrounds were estimated to be
                required beginning in 1975; trails were considered adequate through 1975, but by 1980 additional miles will be required;
                and baseball/softball fields were considered adequate through 1990, with one additional field needed by the year
                2000.

                An important criterion in planning for additional facilities for all outdoor recreation activities is a spatial distri-
                bution which considers urban growth areas, and as many different income/ethnic subsections as is practical.

                l/ In calculating freshwater boat ramp resource requirements the assumption was made that each boat ramp has two lanes.
                   Supply figures listed in the "Park and Recreation Facilities by Type of Park" table and quoted in the narratives are
                   in terms of single lanes.

             56

                    REGION 4                                                                      RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                                 CITY SIZE: METROS

                                                                                             TOTAL           1971 OPPORTUNITY        NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                        PARTICIPATION         DAYS AVAILABLE               (000fS OF                                   UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                          (OOO'S OF              (OOO'S OF .          - ACTIVITY DAYS)                                 RESOURCES REQUIRED
                    YEAR       ACTIVITY                                                ACTIVITY DAYS)         ACTIVITY DAYS           DEFICIT        SURPLUS               CUMULATIVE                         INCREMENTAL
                                 Swimming (Pools)     . . . . . . . . . . .                     889  1/                 569               @320                           2,133  square yards!'              2,133 square yards@/
                                 Child's Play (Playgrounds)        . . . . . .                  688                     884                               196                 0 acres                            0acres
                                 Baseball/Softball    . . . . . . . . . . .                       81                    317                               236                 0 fields                           0fields
                                 Picnicking     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     363                      87               276                              162  tables                        162 tables
                                 Football/Soccer    . . . . . . . . . . . .                     155                      14               141                               20  fields                         20 fields
                                 Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       227                     109               118                               29  holes                          29 holes
                                 Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                         60                     51                  9                                3 courts, dbl.                     3courts, dbl.
                                 Basketbali     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       75                     44                31                                 4 courts, full                     4courts, full

                    1970       Water-Related Activities:

                                 Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW         . . .                   98                     63                35                               84  surface acres                  84 surface acres
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW         . . .                   75                       0               75                                 3 ramps!/                          3ramps!/

                               Trails Activities:
                                 Walking  . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . .                         66 4/                                                                       0 miles                            0miles
                                 Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        35                                                                          0 miles                            0miles
                                 Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        4                                                                           0 miles                            0miles
                                 Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                        4/
                                             Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                    105  -                  229                               124                 0 miles                            0miles

                               ACTIVITY
                                 Swimming (Pools)     . . . . . . . . . . .                    1,280 1/                 569               711                            4,740  square yards                2,607 square yards
                                 Child's Play (Playgrounds)        . . . . . .                  944                     884                60                                 2 acres                            2acres
                                 Baseball/Softball    . . . . . . . . . . .                     107                     317                               210                 0 fields                           0fields
                                 Picnicking     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     432                      87               345                              .203 tables                         41 tables
                                 Football/Soccer    . . . . . . . . . . . .                     177                      14               163                               23  fields                           3fields
                                 Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       310                     109               201                               50  holes                          21 holes
                                 Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                         81                     51                30                               11  courts, dbl.                     8courts, dbl.
                                 Basketball     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     243                      44               199                               23  courts, full                   19 courts, full

                    1975       Water-Related Activities:

                                 Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW         . . .                 164                      63               101                              242  surface acres                 158 surface acres
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW         . . .                 120                        0              120                                 4 ramps!/                          Irap3/

                               Trails Activities:
                                 Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       107  4/                                                                       0 miles                            0miles
                                 Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        77                                                                          0 miles                            0miles
                                 Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        12                                                                          0 miles                            0miles
                                 Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                             Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                    196  4/                 229                                 33                0 miles                            0miles

                                                                                                                                                                                                                              57

                   REGION 4                                                                    RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                                CITY SIZE:  METROS

                                                                                          TOTAL           1971 OPPORTUNITY       NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                     PARTICIPATION         DAYS AVAILABLE             (OOO'S OF                                  UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                      (OOO'S OF              (000-S OF              ACTIVITY DAYS)                               RESOURCES REQUIRED
                   YEAR       ACTIVITY                                              ACTIVITY DAYS          ACTIVITY DAYS         DEFICIT        SURPLUS                  CUMULATIVE                       INCREMENTAL
                               Swimming (Pools)     . . . . . . . . . . .                 1,790                    569            1,221                             8,140 square  yards-21            3,400 square yards.Zl
                               Child's Play (Playgrounds)       . . . . . .               1,283                    884               399                                 14 acres                         12 acres
                               Baseball/Softball    . .... . . . . . . . .                  138                    317                              179                  0fields                          0 fields
                               Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    509                     87               422                                 248 tables                       45 tables
                               Football/Soccer    . . . . . . . . . . . .                   201                     14               187                                 26 fields                        3 fields
                               Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       *               411                    109               302                                 75 holes                         25 holes
                               Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . .      I. . .               107                     51                 56                                21 courts, dbl.                  10 courts, dbl.
                               Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    455                     44               411                                 47 courts, full                  24 courts, full

                   1980       Water-Related Activities:
                               Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing        FW . . .                244                     63               181                                 434 surfac7 acres                192 surfac7 acres
                               Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing        FW . . .                177                       0              177                                 7ramps-3                         3 ramps-3

                              Trails Activities:

                               Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     158  4/                                                                      5miles                           5 miles
                               Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    129  -41                                                                     4miles                           4 miles
                               Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      24                                                                         1mile                            1 mile
                               Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                           Nature Study . . . . . . . . .                   311  4j                229                 82                                10 miles                         10 miles

                              ACTIVITY
                               Swimming (Pools)     . . . . . . . . . . .                 3,437                    569            2,868                           19,120  square yards-21           10,980  square yards-2/
                               Child's Play (Playgrounds)       . . . . . .               2,351                    884            1,467                                  53 acres                         39 acres
                               Baseball/Softball    . . . . . . . . . . .                   226                    317                               91                  0fields                          0 fields
                               Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    718                     87               631                                 371 tables                       123 tables
                               Football/Soccer    . . . . . . . . . . . .                   260                     14               246                                 34 fields                        8 fields
                               Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     709                    109               600                                 148 holes                        73 holes
                               Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .                        187                     51               136                                 50 courts, dbl.                  29 courts, dbl.
                               Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . .                      1,083                     44            1,039                                  118 courts, full                 71 courts, full

                   1990       Water-Related Activities:
                               Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW        . . .                478                     63               415                                 995 surfaS7 acres                561 surfac7 acres
                               Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW        . . .                340                       0              340                                 13 ramps-                        6 ramps3

                              Trails Activities:
                               Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     303  4/                                                                      23 miles                         18 miles
                               Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    283  4/                                                                      22 miles                         17 miles
                               Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      57 4/                                                                      4miles                           4 miles
                               Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                           Nature Study ... . . . . . . .                   643  4/                229               414                                 49 miles                         39 miles

                   58

                REGION    4                                                             RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                          CITY SIZE:  METROS

                                                                                  TOTAL            1971 OPPORTUNITY     NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                              PARTICIPATION        DAYS AVAILABLE             (000 - S OF                              UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                 (OOO'S or             (000-S OF           ACTIVITY DAYS)                              RESOURCES REQUIRED
                YEAR      ACTIVITY                                             ACTIVITY DAYS)       ACTIVITY  DAYS)       DEFICIT      SURPLUS              CUMULATIVE                       INCREMENTAL
                           Swimming (Pools)                                       5,668                   569              5,099                         33,993 square yards-21          14,873 square yards, 2/
                           Child's Play (Playgroundsi                             3,754                   884              2,870                            104 acres                        51 acres
                           Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                328                   317                  11                              1field                         I field
                           Picnicking   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 918                      87              831                            488 tables                       117 tables
                           Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                306                      14              292                             40 fields                        6 fields
                           Golf  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                1,066                   109                957                            236 holes                        88 holes
                           Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 282                      51              231                             86 courts, dbl.                 36 courts, dbl.
                           Basketball   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .               1,877                      44            1,833                            208 courts, full                 90 courts, full

                2000      Water-Related Activities:
                           Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW      . . .              762                      63              669                          1,676 surfa  c acres               681 surfac7 acres
                           Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW      . . .              536                      0               536                             20 ramps3                        7 ramps-3

                          Trails Activities:
                           Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 478 4/                                                                   44 miles                        22 miles
                           Bicycling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 474 4/                                                                   44 miles                        22 miles
                           Nature Study   . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   98                                                                       9miles                         4 miles
                           Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                     Nature Study   . . . . . . . . .             1,050                   229                821                             97 miles                        48 miles

                1/ Includes only swimming participation occurring in swimming pools, 94 percent of the total in urban areas.
                @@/ Designated freshwater swimming areas may be substituted for swimming pools.              When making substitutions consider total swimming participation.
                3/ Assumes 2.0 lanes per ramp.
                4/ Reflects estimated participation occurring in park and recreation areas; does not include participation occurring outside park and recreation areas.                       Of the total
                   walking, bicycling, and nature study participation it was determined that 10.5, 4.0, and 20.1 percent, respectively for each activity, occurs in park and recreation
                   areas.

                                                                                                                                                                                                              59

                                                  10

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                            Fn

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                  REGION 5                             REGIONAL DESCRIPTION: WICHITA FALLS METROPOLITAN AREA

                  Wichita Falls, county seat of Wichita County,-progressed from an                             POPULATION
                  Indian tent village, to trading post, railroad terminal, cattle                              1970 Metro Area Popul'ation:       97,564
                  town, business center, and independent oil capital of the world.                             Change 1960-1970:     -4%
                  Home of one of the nation's largest U.S. Ai       r Force Technical Training                 Race Composition:     1/
                  Air Bases, it is one of the younger Texas cities, and was named                                 White   ..... 90%  -
                  for a waterfall which was long ago washed out by a flood. The                                   Negro   .....   9%
                  town was laid out in 1876 by the family of J. A. Scott, a Mississippian                         Other   .....   1%
                  who won the land in a poker game in 1837.                                                    Age Composition (years):
                                                                                                                  13 or less    .....  24%
                  While cattle was the first large industry in the area, the discovery                            14 - 20       .....  17%
                  of oil made the oil industry dominant.        Natural gas Attracted                             21 - 44       .....  32%
                  industry in the early 1900's, and Wichita Falls had the first                                   45 - 64       .....  18%
                  municipal gas supply in the West. A large number of independ           *ent                     65 and over   .....    9%
                  oil companies are headquartered there today. Cultural attractions
                  include the Wichita Falls Symphony Orchestra, the Theatre Arts                               ECONOMY
                  Group, Wichita Falls Museum and Arts Center, North Texas Center                              Agribusiness
                  of the.Arts, Midwestern University Artist Lecture Series, Civic                              Manufacturing
                  Music Association, Art Association, Broadway Theatre League, and                             Oil
                  Civic Playhouse Association.

                  Located in the city are Midwestern University, Wichita Falls State Hospital, and Sheppard Air Force Base.

                  Annual events include Faith City Kennel Club Show (March), Midwestern University's Science Fair (March), Antique Sales
                  Show (March), Wichita County Junior Livestock Show (March), Art Expo (April), Flower Show (April), Red River Rodeo
                  (June), Texas & Oklahoma Tennis Tournament (Summer), Texas & Oklahoma Golf Tournament (Summer), Oil Bowl Football
                  Game (August), Pioneer Bowl (December), and Burn's-Christmas Display (December).

                  I/ Includes persons of Mexican and/or Spanish descent.

                                                                                                                                                             61

                      REGION 5                                                                                                  CITY SIZE: M  .ETRO

                               P U B L I C L Y      A D M I N I S T E R E D       R E C R E A T 1 0 N       0 P P 0 R T U N I T I E S

                                                                                                         LAND AND WATER ACREAGE
                                                                                                                       REGION     ACRES -STATEWIDE
                                                                                                                          5               AVERAGE
                                                                                                                       METRO            METRO AREA'.;

                                                            88%                         Developed Land                    .881            1,307

                        REGION                                                          Undeveloped Land                   119                536
                            5
                         METRO                                                          Total Land                     1,000              1,843
                                              12%
                                                                                        Water Within or Adjacent       2,330              1,006

                                                                                        Total Land and Water           3,330              2,849

                                            FM           DEVELOPED LAND

                                                         UNDEVELOPED LAND
                                                                                        Wichita Falls has a total of 1,000 acres of land set
                                                                                        aside as park and recreation areas.       In addition, 2,330
                                                                                        surface acres of water either within or adjacent to
                                                                                        these parks were reported.

                                                                                        Of the total land acreage, 881 acres are developed with
                       STATEWIDE                           71%                          facilities, leaving 119 acres available for future
                        AVERAGE                                                         development. With 88 percent of the land acreage
                      METRO AREAS                                                       currently developed, Wichita Falls is well above the
                                                                                        Statewide Metro average of 71 percent.

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                 REGION 5                                                                                                            CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                           PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK

                                                                                                                                   UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                              DISTRICT COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                          PEOPLE        REGION       STATEWIDE
                              TYPE OF FACILITY                    PARK       PARK         PARK         TOTAL          PER            5          AVERAGE
                                                               (UNITS)     (UNITS)      (UNITS)        UNITS          UNIT         METRO      METRO AREAS
                .Games and Sports:
                   Parks    ..............................           8           17         1              26       3,752            .265          .150
                   Tennis Courts   ......................          19            9          0              28       3,484            .286          .142
                   Basketball Courts    ..................           1           4          0              5      19,513             .051          .071
                   Baseball/Softball Fields    ...........         15            5          0              20       4,878            .204          .186
                   Football/Soccer Fields     .............          5           3          1              9      10,840             .092          .032
                 Picnicking:
                   Parks    ..............................           8           18         2              28       3,484            .286          .124
                   Tables   .............................          80            66         4            150          650          1.531          1.230
                 Playground:
                   Parks    ..............................           7           17         1              25       3,903            .255          .170
                   Acres Developed   .....................           7           17         1              25       3,903            .255          .258
                 Swimming:
                   Parks    .............' .................         2           1          0              3      32,521             .031          .050
                   Pools (Sq. Yd.)   ....................          130        120           0            250          390          2.551         25.950*
                   Designated Fresh Water (Sq. Yd*.)      ...   4,840            0          0         4,840             20        49.387         52.242
                 Boating:
                   .Parks   ..............................           1           0          0              1      97,564             .010          .006
                   Ramp Lanes - Fresh Water    ...........           0           0          0              0          ---            ---           .008
                 Camping:
                   Parks    ..............................           0           0          0              0                         ---           .102
                   Campsites  ..........................             0           0          0              0          ---            ---
                 Fishing:
                   Parks    ..............................           4           0          0              4      24,391             .041          .013
                   Pier/Barge/Marina-Fresh Water (Yd.)               0           0          0              0          ---            ---           .049
                 Golfing:
                   Courses  ............................             1           .0         0              1      97,564             .010          .005
                   Holes    ..............................         18            0          0              18       5,420            .184          .100
                 Trails:
                   Parks    ...i..........................           2           0          0              2      48,782.            .020          .006
                   Nature (Mi.)   .......................            1           0          0              1      97,564             .010          .009
                   Horseback (Mi.)   ....................            0           0          0              0          ---            ---           .003
                   Bicycle (Mi.)    ......................           3           0          0              3      32,521             .031          .007
                   Hiking (Mi.)   .......................            1           0          0              1      97,564             .010          .006
                   Total Trails (Mi.)    .................           4           0          0              4      24,391             .041          .021

                                                                                                                                                            65

                    REGION 5                                 PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK                          CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                                                                                                   UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                                DISTRICT COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                        PEOPLE         REGION       STATEWIDE
                               TYPE OF FACILITY                   PARK         PARK        PARK        TOTAL         PER               5          AVERAGE
                                                                (UNITS)      (UNITS)     (UNITS)       UNITS         UNIT           METRO     METRO AREAS

                    Sport Shooting:
                      Parks .............................          0            0           0             0          ---                            .002
                      Traps .............................          0            0           0             0          ---            ---             .002
                      Shooting Targets  .................          0            0           0             0          ---            ---             .004
                      Archery Targets  ... o.............          0            0           0             0          ----           ---             .011
                    Miscellaneous:
                      Parks ...................  oo  ........      0            0           0             0                         ---             .038
                      Amphitheatre Seats   ...o ............       0            0           0             0          ---            ---            1.077
                      Botanical Gardens (Acres)     .........      0            0           0             0                         ---             .077
                      Zoos (Acres)   ......................        0            0           0             0          ---            ---             .051
                      Community/Recreation Centers     ......      0            0           0             0          ---            ---             .038

                   The District Park category contains all of the parks with boating,          fishing,   golf and trails facilities, although no boat
                   ramps or fishing,piers were reported. One of the District Parks has an area designated as fresh water swimming area.

                   Of the 35 parks, 28 have picnic facilities, 26 have facilities for games and           sports and 25 have playgrounds. The most
                   common types of games and sports facilities are tennis with 28 courts, followed by baseball/softball with 20 fields,
                   football/soccer with 9 fields and basketball with 5 courts.

                   Looking at selected   facilities in relation to the number of potential users we find the following:

                        24,391 persons   for each mile of trails                              3,903 persons for   each acre of playground
                        19,513 persons   for each basketball court                            3,484 persons for   each tennis court
                        10,840 persons   for each football/soccer fi.eld.                       650 persons for   each picnic table
                          5,420 persons  for each golf hole                                     390 persons for   each square yard of swimming pool
                          4,878 persons  for each baseball/softball field

                   Wichita Falls is above the Statewide Metro average for facility units per 1,000 for            tennis courts, baseball/softball
                   fields, football/soccer fields, picnic tables, golf holes and trail miles. Wichita             Falls is below the average for
                   basketball courts, playground acres, square yards of swimming pools and designated fresh water swimming area. No boat
                   ramp lane6, campsites, yards of fishing pier/barge/marina, sport shooting facilities, amphitheatre seats, acres of
                   botanical gardens, zoo acreage or community/recreation centers were reported.

              66

                 REGION 5                           CONVERSION OF FACILITIES TO RECREATION OPPORTUNITY DAYS                 CITY SIZE: METRO

                 Current opportunity days for 1971 were calculated by multiplying the number of facilities available for each
                 activity in the metro   area (determined from the Texas Outdoor Recreation Inventory of Parks, Recreation Areas,
                 and Facilities) times the standard for the facility.

                                                                                                                 DAYS PER THOUSAND POPULATION
                                                                                                ANNUAL              REGION         STATEWIDE
                                                                                                 DAYS                 5             AVERAGE
                 ACTIVITY-FACILITY                                                            AVAILABLE             METRO            METRO

                      Swimming (Pools) - square yards     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          37,500               383            3,891
                      Child's Play - playground acres     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         690,575             7,047            7,137
                      Baseball/Softball - fields      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       276,080             2,817            2,577
                      Picnicking - tables    . . . . . . . .  4  . . . . . . . . . . . .        255,300             2,605            2,093
                      Football/Soccer - fields     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           65,016               663              235
                      Golf - holes    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .            72,846               743              414
                      Tennis - courts, double    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           75,432               770              384
                      Basketball - courts, full    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           43,975               449              625.

                  Water-Related Activities:

                      Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW - surface acres        . . . . . .       971,966             9,918            2,962
                      Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW - boat ramps      . . . . . . . .               0                 0             103

                  Trail Activities:

                      Combined Walking, Bicycling, and Nature Study - miles       . . . .        33,856               345              625

                 The Wichita Falls Metro Area offers the most opportunity       days for surface acres for freshwater boating, boat fishing
                 and skiing, followed by child's play, baseball/softball and picnicking. A comparison between the opportunity days
                 per thousand population for the Wichita Falls Metro Area and the Statewide Metro average shows that the Wichita Falls
                 Metro Area surpasses the statewide average for six types of facilities -- baseball/softball. fields, picnic tables,
                 football/soccer fields, golf courses (holes), tennis courts, and surface acres for freshwater boating, boat fishing,
                 and skiing.   The Wi_Chita Falls Metro Area is below the Statewide Metro average for swimming (in pools), child's
                 play, basketball and the trails activities, with no opportunity days available for freshwater boat ramps.

                                                                                                                                                      67

                  -REGION 5                      ESTIMATED CURRENT AND FUTURE PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                CITY SIZE: METRO

                  The thirteenth ranking metro area based on population, Wichita Falls ranked fifteenth in total participation for the
                  year,1970. Estimates for 1970 indicate that residents and non-residents in the area spent over 2.5 million recreation
                  days in pursuit of urban outdoor recreation opportunities available within the metro area.

                                                                       Resident

                  Total days of participation by residents of the Wichita Falls Metropolitan Area were estimated to be 2.4 million days
                  in 1970 and are estimated to be 3.6 million days in 1975 and 4.9 million days in 1980. These projections for the
                  years 1975 and 1980 represent increases of 48.3 and 101.8 percent, respectively, over the 1970'participation level,
                  and for the years 1975 and 1980, on a days per household basis, represent increases of from 73.4 days in 1970 to 108.3
                  days in 1975, and to 146.5 days in 1980. On a comparative basis, this is below the average for households in the
                  other metropolitan areas across the State. The projections for 1975 and 1980 indicate increases of 47.6 and 99.6 per-
                  cent, respectively, over the 1970 estimate for participation on a days per household basis.

                  All activities are projected to increase, both in total days of participation and participation on a days per house-
                  hold basis, through the year 2000 but will remain below the statewide average for all metropolitan areas. In regard
                  to specific activities, swimming, driving for pleasure, child's play, walking, golf, and picnicking ranked one through
                  six, respectively, in total participation days in 1970. However, the order of popularity is anticipated to change
                  somewhat by 1975 with swimming ranking first, child's play second, driving for pleasure third, walking fourth, bicycl-
                  ing fifth, and golf as the sixth ranked activity. The order is expected to change again by 1980    Swimming will retain
                  its number one ranking with child's play, walking, driving for.pleasure, bicycling, and golf following in that order.

                                                                     Non-Resident

                  Participation in urban outdoor recreation activities within the Wichita Falls Metropolitan Area by non-residents was
                  estimated to total 95,000 days for the activities specified for 1970. By 1975, total participation is expected to
                  remain steady at 95,000 days, and decrease I percent (to 94,000 days) by 1980. Slight decreases are anticipated
                  through the years 1990 and 2000.

                  Of the specific activities selected, the most popular activities by non-residents for 1970 were: sightseeing, with
                  34,000 days;.fishing, with 19,000 days; golf, with 14,000 days; swimming, with 11,000 days; dtiving for pleasure, with
                  8,000 days; and picnicking, with 4,000 days.' Assuming adequate facilities are made available, 12 activities are
                  expected to remain constant and'four activities are expected to decrease through the year 2000. All activities are
                  expected to retain their respective rankings of popularity through the year 2000.

             68

                   REGION 5                                                                      CURRENT AND PROJECTED RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                                       CITY SIZE: -METROS
                                                                                                                   (OOO'S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                                                          1970                                       1975                                     1980                                     1990                                    2000
                                                                            STATE-                                 STATE-                                  STATE-                                    STATE-                                         STATE-
                                                           REG. 5           WIDE                     REG. 5        WIDE                                REG. 5 WIDE                     REG. 5       WIDE                            REG. 5          WIDE
                                                           METROS           METROS                   METROS        METROS                              METROS  METROS                  METROS       METROS                          METROS          METROS
                                             PART          AVERAGE          AVERAGE    PART          AVERAGE       AVERAGE      PART.                  AVERAGE  AVERAGE  PART.         AVERAGE     AVERAGE         PART.            AVERAGE         AVERAGE
                   ACTIVITY                  DAYS    RANK  DAYSJHH          DAYS/HH    DAYS  RANK    DAYR/HH       DAYS/HH      DAYS  RANK             DAYS/  DAYS/HH    DAYS   RANK   DAYS/HH     DAYS/HH         DAYS  RANK       DAYS/HH         DAYSJHH
                   Swiuming                   536         1    16.26        27.41      773       1          23.32  36.52      1,059       1            31.76  47.17    1,780        1        53.21   75.28         2,679       1    80.95           110.14
                   Child's Play               482         3    14.62        14.08      665       2          20.06  17.72        897       2            26.90  22.00    1,472        2        44.00   32.20         2,185       2    66.02           43.99
                   Baseball/Softball           59         8    1.79         2.78        77       8          2.32    3.19          96      9            2.88   3.59         141      9        4.22     4.41         192         9    5.80            5.22
                   Picnicking                 139         6    4.22         5.72       155       7          4.68    5.66        171       7            5.13   5.66         206      8        6.16     5.61         244         8    7.37            5.64
                   Football/Soccer             24         13       73       1.43        24       13         72      1.42          25    14             75     1.41         26    14          78       1.39          26    14            79          1.38
                   Golf                       159         5    4182         3.92       222       6          6'70    4.98        297       6            8'91   6.16         475      6        14*20    8.96         681         6    20.'58          12.07
                   Tennis                      36         11   1.09         *6.06       38       12         1.15   ,9.21          39    12             1.17   11.49        41    12          1.23    16.07          43    13        1.30            21.46
                   Basketball                    5        15     .15        1.60             5   15         .15     2.59            5   15             .15    3.57            5  15          .15      5.52             5  15          .15           7.53
                   Walking                    220         4    6.67         18.21      513       4          15.47  23.09        809       3            24.27  29.20    1,399        3        41.82   39.89         1,966       3    59.40           50.31
                   Bicycling                   93         .7   2.82         20.30      328       5          9.89   32.77        564       5            16.92  45.25    1,039        4        31.06   68.44         1,494       4    45.14           95.49
                   Nature Study                  1        16     .03        .72              1   16         .06     1.67            2   16             .06    2.64            3  16          .06      4.63             4  16          .06           6.70
                   Fishing                     59         8    1.79         1.80        62       10         1.87    1,88          66    11             1.98   1.97         71    11          2.12     2.13          76    11        2.30            2.30
                   Boating                     29         12     .88        .88         53       11         1.60    1.60          77    10             2.31   2.31         125   10          3.74     3.74         171    10        15.17           5.17
                   Skiing                      14         14     .42        .42         21       14         .63       .62         27    13             .81    .82          41    12          1.23     1.22          54    12        1.63            1.81
                   Surfing                    --- ---            ---        ---        --- ---                        ---       --- ---                ---    ---          --- ---           ---        ---        --- ---            ---           ---
                   Sightseeing                 49         10   1.49         2.25        75       9          2.26    2.34        108       8            3.24   2.50         210      7        6.28     2.70         383         7    11.57           3.01
                   Dr. for Pleas.             514         2    15.59        13.38      576       3          17.38  13.52        641       4            19.23  13.67        783      5        23.41   13.86         934         5    28.22           14.10

                        TOTAL               2,419              73.37        120.96    3,588            108.26      158.78     4,883                    146.47  B9.41   7,817             233.67      286.05    11,137               336.45          386.32

                                       CURRENT AND PROJECTED NON-RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                            TOTAL CURRENT AND PROJECTED PARTICIPATION,            1970-2000
                                                          (OOO'S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)                                                                                  (OOO'S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                   ACTIVITY                               1970              1975        1980                1990              2000                                                           1975            1980              1990                 2000
                   Swinming                               11                11               11             11                11        Swirniriing                        547               784           1,076               1,791                2,690
                   Child's Play                           2                 9                2              2                 2         Child's Play                       484               667             899               1,474                2,187
                   Baseball/Softball                                                                                                    Baseball/Softball                     59             77                96              141                  192
                   Picnicking                             4                 4                4              4                 3         Picnicking                         143               159             175               210                  247
                   Football/Soccer                        2                 2                2              2                 2         Football/Soccer                       26             26                27                   28              28
                   Golf                                   14                14               14             13                13        Golf                               173               236             311               488                  694
                   Tennis                                                                                                               Tennis                                36             38                39                   41              43
                   Basketball                                                                                                           Basketball                            5                 5                  5                5               5
                   Walking                                                                                                    I         Walking                            221               514             810               1,400                1,967
                   Bicycling                                                                                                            Bicycling                             93             328             564               1,039                1,494
                   Nature Study                                                                                                         Nature Study                          1                 1                  2                3               4
                   Fishing                                19                19               18             18                18        Fishing                               78             81                84                   89              94
                   Boating                                                                                                              Boating                               29             53                77              125                  171
                   Skiing                                                                                                               Skiing                                14             21                27                   41              54
                   Surfing                                                  ---         ---                 ---          ---            Surfing                            ---               ---             ---               ---                  ---
                   Sightseeing                            34                34               34             34                33        Sightseeing                           83             109             142               244                  416
                   Dr. for Pleas.                         8                 8                8              8                 8         Dr. for Pleas.                                                                         791                  942

                        TOTAL                             95                95               94             93                91              TOTAL                      2,514               3,683         4,977               7,910                11,228

                   Note:     Asterisks indicate that projected annual activity days were less than 500.                       Dashes indicate not applicable.       Zeros indicate     that the activity was       not ranked due to
                             insignificant participation days recorded.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    69

                 REGION 5                    R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S           CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                     1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                 Estimates of urban outdoor recreation resource requirements werl /developed for the Wichita Falls Metropolitan Area for
                 the years 1970, 1975, 198    1990, and 2000 by comparing current-' and projected recreation participation with the 1971
                 recreation opportuniti-Plavailable in the metro. In addition, the availability and spatial distribution of recreation
                 opportunities provided by parks and"recreation facilities were analyzed with respect to the subsections of the metro
                 characterized by residents having similar incomes and ethnic backgrounds. Particular attention was given to those sub-
                 sections expected to undergo relatively rapid population growth and physical expansion in the future.

                 Conclusions reached from analyzing the distribution of recreation opportunities within the metropolitan area were used
                 to qualify resource requirement estimates where a less than adequate distribution appeared to exist.

                 In the discussions that follow, results of the distribution analysis of parks within subsections of the metro are pre-
                 sented. Then, estimates of current and future requirements for selected recreation facilities are presented, and qual-
                 ified by conclusions reached from the distribution analysis of recreation facilities within subsections of the Wichita
                 Falls Metro Area.

                 PARK DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

                 In analyzing the availability and djqtribution of parks in the Wichita Falls Metro, several charaoteristics were con-
                 sidered: changes in population (or trends in general, 1960 to 1970), areas of the metro which were expected to undergo
                 relatively major expansion, and the dispersion of existing parks among the income/ethnic subsections of the metro. From
                 these interrelated characteristics, general conclusions were reached with respect to future park developments for the
                 metro area.

                 Populati6n growth affected current and future participation estimates used to project recreation resource requirements.
                 Projections of population growth indicate that the 1970 population of 94,546 in Wichita Falls will remain relatively
                 constant through the year 2000. Information provided by urban recreation planners of the area shows that the major
                 direction of future urban expansion was expected to occur in the extreme southwestern edge along U.S. Highway 82 or
                 Seymour Road as illustrated by the arrow on the following map titled "Predominant Ethnic Background and Income Subsec-
                 tions.

                 A total of nine subsections was reported by urban planners in 1971. The delineated subsections characterize the homo-
                 geneous residential, or demographic patterns existing in 1971 by income and ethnic background. Two of the nine were

                 I/ "Current" participation refers to levels of participation by type of selected recreation activity which were esti-
                    mated for the year 1970.
                 2/ "Current" recreation opportunities refers to computed figures derived from the numbers of publicly-administered
                    facilities by type available within the metro area in 1971.

              70

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                REGION 5                    R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S           CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                    1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                low-income subsections, both predominantly Anglo and located in the northeastern quadrant of the metro. There were four
                middle-income subsections one of which,,the Anglo subsection, comprised seventy to eighty percent of the entire metro
                area. In the northeastern quadrhnt of Wichita Falls were two middle-income Black subsections on either side of a
                middle-income Mexican-American subsection. The remaining three high-income subsections were predominantly characterized
                by Anglo residents. One was located on the west central periphery, another was centrally located southwest of the core
                area on either side of the Southwest Parkway, and the remaining subsection was east and immediately adjacent to the core
                area.

                An analysis of parks dispersion among the subsections was conducted by comparing the "Dispersion of Parks by Type" map
                with the "Predominant Ethnic Background and Income Subsections" map. Overall, the distribution of parks appea   'red ade-
                quate. However, two subsections had no parks of any type: the large low-income Anglo area east of the central business
                district and the west central high-income Anglo subsection west of the intersection of Highways 11 and 82. The few
                open-land parks were located in the northern half of the metro area leading to the conclusion that consideration should
                be given to the southern half when additions of open land parks are planned. The major growth area in the southwest,
                along Highway 82, contained very few parks. In general, the metro appeared to need additional parks in the east, north-
                west, and southwest subsections.

                In addition to maintaining an adequate dispersion of parks in all portions of the metro area, the provision of different
                types of recreational facilities in parks is also an important consideration. An analysis of the current and future
                requirements for selected recreational facilities and the current dispersion of faciliities in the Wichita Falls Metro
                is presented in the following discussions.

                FACILITY REQUIREMENTS AND DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

                As mentioned previously, requirements for selected recreational facilities (see the following table) were calculated for
                the years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000. T  hen, an analysis of the dispersion of existing facilities among the pre-
                dominant income/ethnic background subsections and the major growth areas of the metro was conducted. Conclusions
                reached from the facility dispersion analysis were then used to qualify the facility requirement estimates, particularly
                in those'cases where no additional facilities were estimated as being needed within the metropolitan area. Usually,
                special note is made where growth areas appeared to have limited facilities. The methodology used to calculate faci-
                lity requirements in general is explained in Appendix C, Part I--An Overview of the urban volume. In the discussion
                that follows, resource requirements for recreational facilities are generally referred to by units of the most important
                feature necessary to allow participation. For example, when a requirement is shown for swimming pools, features subh as
                a bathhouse, cleaning and filtering system, and other support features are implied when a requirement for the major
                facility is shown.

              72

                REGION 5                    R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S          CITY SIZF: METROS
                                                                    1 9 7 0   2 0 0 0

                                                                        Swimming

                The Wichita Falls 1,16tro Area had two public pools in 1971 for a combined total of 250 square yards. Each square yard
                provides approximately 150 days of swimming opportunity per year; therefore, the   two pools provided about 38,000
                opportunity days.  The estimated participation in 1970 was 514,000 days, leaving a deficit of 476,000 days or an addi-
                tionally required 3,167 square yards.  It was estimated that an additional 1,493 square yards would be required to pro-
                vide for the 1975 participation. By 1980 another 1,793 square yards will bring the cumulative requirements to 6,453
               .square yards of pools. A substantial increase was shown for 1990 and 2000 with incremental additions of 4,520 and
                5,634 square yards, respectively.

                Ine two existing pools were in the middle-income Mexican- American neighborhood in the north central edge of the metro
                and within a few blocks of each other. This may indicate that additional facilities were especially needed across
                the entire central portion ofthe metro with special consideration due the eastern and southern extremities.

                                                                      Child's Play

                There were twenty-five parks in 'operation in 1971, each with one acre of playground area, providing a total of approxi-
                mately 691,000 days of recreation opportunity per year. Each acre was calculated to provide 27,623 opportunity days
                per year. The comparison of total days of opportunity to the projected demand, as shown in the Wichita Falls recrea-
                tional resource requirements table,indicates that Wichita Falls should have a surplus of opportunity days through 1975.
                By 1980 the demand should surpass the supply and eight additional acres will be needed. Requirements will grow incre-
                mentally by 20 acres for 1990 and 26 acres for the year 2000. The cumulative requirement for all planning horizon
                years is fifty-four. The existing playgrounds were located throughout the metro with only three small income/ethnic
                subsections of the metro lacking facilities. Two subsections were low-income Anglo on the north central and north-
                eastern edges, and the other was high-income Anglo located in the west central extremity of the metropolitan area.
                These subsections with no facilities and the major growth area in the extreme southwestern edge of the city should be
                considered when more playgrounds are developed.

                                                                    Baseball/Softball

                The Wichita Falls Metro Area had twenty baseball/softball fields in 1971.' One field should provide 13,804 opportunity
                days; thus, the total days of opportunity for Wichita Falls was over 276,000. This 'number should meet the needs of the
                metro area through the year 2000. Although a dispersion analysis was not possible from available information, consider-
                ation'should be given to providing an equitable distribution relative to growth areas and the various income-ethnic
                subsections.

                                                                                                                                          73

                REGION 5                    R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E    R E Q U I R E M E N T S          CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                    1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                                                                      Picnicking

                With a conversion standard of 1,702 days of opportunity per table per year, the 150 picnic tables within the metropoli-
                tan area should provide over 255,000 opportunity days. This was expected to be sufficient to meet the proj  ected demand
                through the year 2000. The dispersion of tables appeared to.be quite adequate with two-thirds of them in the one large
                middle-income Anglo, subsection. When planning new picnicking areas, the major growth areas should be considered.

                                                                    Football/Soccer

                The nine football/soccer fields available in 1971 provided 7,224 days of opportunity each, for a combined total of
                65,000 days. The 1970 participation was only 26,000 days, and in the year 2000 participation is projected to be no
                higher than 28,000 days. Therefore, the nine fields should adequately handle all the projected demand. Although a
                dispersion analysis was not possible from available information, consideration should be given to providing an equitable
                distribution relative to growth areas and the various income-ethnic subsections.

                                                                          Golf

                In 1971 Wichita Falls had one publicly administered eighteen hole golf course; it was located in the south central por-
                tion of the large middle-income Anglo subsection of the metro closely proximal to the south central high-income Anglo
                subsection. Each golf hole was estimated to provide 4,047 days of recreation opportunity annually. An eighteen hole
                golf course would then provide 73,000 days of recreation opportunity. The participation for 1970 indicated a need for
                twenty-five additional holes. For the planning horizon years 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000 incremental additions of 15,
                19, 44, and 50, respectively, will be needed to meet expected increases in golfing participation. Any future develoD-
                ments should be considered'for subsections in the northeast and northwest.

                                                                         Tennis

                The 75,000 opportunity days provided by the twenty-eight public tennis courts available in 1971 (each court provides
                about 2,694 opportunity days per year) are apparently adequate to meet facility requirements of Wichita Falls tennis
                players through the year 2000. However, dispersion analysis of these facilities indicates that the only tennis courts
                available were located in Jaycee Park in the extreme southeast and in Lucy Park in the extreme north central portion
                of the metro. Since all courts were located in the large middle-income Anglo subsection, future developments should
                most likely be considered in the northeast in the two middle-income Black, two low-income Anglo, one middle-income
                Mexican-American, and one low-income Black subsections.

                                                                       Basketball

                The five basketball courts in the metropolitan area should each provide 8,795 opportunity days for a total of 44,000
                days.per year. The Wichita Falls recreation resource requirement table makes it apparent that the five courts should

            14

                REGION 5                    R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S          CITY SIZE METROS
                                                                    1 9 7 0   2 0 0 0

                be sufficient to meet expected demands through the year 2000. Analysis of the dispersion of basketball facilities was
                not possible, but adequate distribution is an important consideration in determining future requirements, as- is consid-
                eration of adequate facilities to support the expanding residential areas of the metro.

                                                                    Trails Activities

                With an urban trails facilities standard of 8,464 opportunity days per mile per year, the four miles of trails (some of
                which were miltiple use) available in 1971 should provide about 34,000 opportunity days. This should have been adequate
                for the 1970 demand; but by 1975, an additional four miles should be added and by 1980, another five miles of trails
                would bring the cumulative requirements total to nine miles. Incremental additions are-projected to amount to ten miles
                in 1990 and nine miles in 2000. overall, a total of twenty-eight miles of combined additional trails should be added to
                the existing four miles.

                A relatively small proportion of the total participation in trail and related activities was estimated to take place in
                publicly-administered park and recreation areas.   It is likely, however, that as additional trail facilities are pro-
                vided, the relative proportion of total participation will increase at these recreation areas. Thus, the above esti-
                mates of additional resources required may be conservative in the long run and should be considered as minimum estimates.
                In addition to the expectations for increases in participation in trail and related activities at publicly- administered
                park and recreation areas, it is clear that the major Oroportion of walking, bicycling, and nature study is occurring
                in places other than established recreation areas. The majority of this participation is most likely taking place in
                local neighborhoods, on city streets, and on available open lands within the area. This phenomenon has direct policy
                implications with respect to the provision of sidewalks within currently existing and newly developing neighborhoods,
                the development of a system of bike lanes in high use areas, and the provision of adequate open space.and green belt
                areas within the metro area.

                                               Water-Related Activities: Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing

                                                            Surface Acres - Freshwater Lakes
                                                            (Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing)

                A total of 2,330 surface acres of freshwater lakes was located within the Wichita Falls Metropolitan Area in 1971.
                Using participation patterns of households recreating in the urban areas, it was estimated that boating totaled 29,000
                days, boat fishing 16,000 days, and skiing 14,000 days for a total of 59,000 days in 1970.   Comparing estimated partici-
                pation with the opportunities provided by the surface acres existing in 1971 indicates that existing freshwater lakes
                should provide adequate opportunities through the year 2000.

                                                                                                                                           75

                 REGION 5                    R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E-S 0 U R C E    R E Q U I R E M E N T S           CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                     1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                                                                 Freshwater Boat Ramps I/

                 No publicly-administered freshwater boat lanes were reported for the metropolitan area in 1971. By estimating the 1970
                 total freshwater,boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation which would have occurred using freshwater boat ramp
                 facilities to gain access to the water if ramps were available, it was calculated that two boat ramps were needed in
                 1970. Projected increases in freshwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation should require one additional
                 freshwater boat ramp in 1975, none in 1980, two in 1990, and one in the year 2000, bringing the   cumulative resource
                 requirement to six ramps in 2000. Since boat ramps are the most frequently used means by which    boaters, skiers, and
                 boat fishermen gain access to freshwater lakes, the provision of freshwater boat ramps required   could be constructed on
                 existing freshwater lakes if the lakes are available for water related activities.

                                                           Summary of Facilities Requirements

                 Swimming areas and golf courses are the only facilities which were found to be required in each planning horizon year.
                 In 1975 the demand for trails should exceed the supply. In 1980 more playgrounds will be needed, and the increase in
                 demand should continue for both activities through all remaining planning horizon years. Both swimming pools were in
                 the small middle-income Mexican-American subsections near the intersection of Highway 240 and the Big Wichita River.
                 The location of these two pools is such that most of the metro residents may have limited or difficult access to a
                 public pool. The single municipal golf course was located in the district park on the south central edge of the metro.
                 When planning for new golf courses and swimming pools, insuring an adequate dispersion should be an important consider-
                 ation. The dispersion of trails cannot be discerned from available data, but adequate dispersion should be considered
                 when additional trails are provided. Playground areas were well dispersed throughout the metro, except for three small
                 subsections of the metro in the far north central (low-income Anglo), northeastern (low-income Anglo), and west central
                 (middle-income Black) areas which had no recreational facilities for any activity. Although surface acres of fresh
                 water for boating, fishing, and skiing wze projected to be adequate to the year 2000, several boat ramps may be needed
                 to accommodate demand. Public facilities for basketball, baseball, picnicking, football, and tennis were projected to
                 be adequate through the year 2000. For all activities, adequate distribution of facilities should be considered with
                 emphasis placed on the major growth area in the extreme southwest near Lake Wichita.

                 1/ In calculating freshwater boat ramp resource requirements the,assumption was made that each boat ramp has two lanes.
                   Supply figures listed in the "Park and Recreation facilities by Type of Park" table and quoted in the narratives are
                   in terms of single lanes.

             76

                     REGION 5                                                                     RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                             CITY SIZE: METROS

                                                                                            TOTAL           1971 OPPORTUNITY       NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                       PARTICIPATION         DAYS AVAILABLE              (OOO'S CF                                  UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                         (OOO'S OF              (OOO'S OF             ACTIVITY DAYS)                                RESOURCES REQUIRED
                     YEAR       ACTIVITY                                              ACTIVITY DAYS          ACTIVITY DAYS          DEFICIT        SURPLUS          -----CUMULATIVE                       INCREMENTAL
                                 Swimming (Pools)     . . . . . . . . . . .                    514 1/                 38               476                            3,167 square   yards-2/           3,167 square yards2/
                                 Child's Play (Playgrounds)        . . . . . .                 484                   691                               207                 0acres                           0 acres
                                 Baseball/Softball    . . . . . . . . . . .                     59                   276                               217                 0fields                          0 fields
                                 Picnicking     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    143                   255                               112                 0tables                          0 tables
                                 Football/Soccer    . . . . . . . . . . . .                     26                    65                                39                 0fields                          0 fields
                                 Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      173                    73               100                                25 holes                        25  holes
                                 Tennis                                                         36                    75                                39                 0courts, dbl.                    0 courts, dbl.
                                 Basketb.li                                                       5                   44                                39                 0courts, full                    0 courts, full

                     1970       Water-Related Activities:
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing,       Skiing  FW . . .                  59                   972                               913                 0surfac@ acres                   0 surfa    acres
                                                                                                47                      0                47                                2ramps3                          2 ramps�7
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing,       Skiing  FW . . .                                                                                                                                       3

                                Trails Activities:

                                 Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       23                                                                         0miles                           0 miles
                                 Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        4                                                                        0miles                           0 miles
                                 Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                                                 0miles                           0 miles
                                 Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                             Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                    27                    34                                   7               0miles                           0 miles

                                ACTIVITY
                                 Swimming (Pools)     . . . . . . . . . . .                    737                    38               699                            4,660 square  yards-V             1,493 square yards-V
                                 Child's Play (Playgrounds)        . . . . . .                 667                   @691                               24                 0acres                           0 acres
                                 Baseball/Softball    . . . . . . . . . . .                     77                   276                               199                 0fields                          0 fields
                                 Picnicking     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    159                   255                                96                 0tables                          0 tables
                                 Football/Soccer    . . . . . . . . . . . .                     26                    65                                39                 0fields                          0 fields
                                 Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      236                    73               163                               40 holes                         15  holes
                                 Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       38                    75                                37                 0courts, dbl.                    0 courts, dbl.
                                 Basketball     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       5                   44                                39                 0courts, full                    0 courts, full

                     1975       Water-Related Activities:
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW        . . .                  91                   972                               881                 0*surfap acres                   0 surface acres,
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW        . . .                  68                      0                68                                3 ramps3                         I rap-3/

                                Trails Activities:
                                 Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       54 4/                                                                      3 miles                          3 miles
                                 Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      13 4/                                                                      1 mile                           I mile
                                 Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        *4/                                                                   <1 mile                           <1  mile
                                 Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                   67 4/
                                             Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                                          34                 33                                4 miles                          4 miles

                                                                                                                                                                                                                         77

                    REGION 5                                                                     RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                                CITY SIZE: METROS

                                                                                          TOTAL           1971 OPPORTUNITY       NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                    PARTICIPATION          DAYS AVAILABLE              (OOO'S OF                                   UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                       (000-S OF              (OOO'S OF              ACTIVITY DAYS)                                RESOURCES REQUIRED
                    YEAR        ACTIVITY                                            ACTIVITY DAYS)         ACTIVITY DAYS          DEFICIT       SURPLUS                   CUMULATIVE                        INCREMENTAL
                                Swimming (Pools)    . . . . . . . . . . .                  1,006                      38             968                            6,453 square   yardsV             1,793 square   yards 2/
                                Child's Play (Playgrounds)       . . . . . .                     899                  69'1           208                                  8acres                            8acres
                                Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                        96                   276                          180                    0fields                           0fields
                                Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        175                  255                          80                     0tables                           0tables
                                Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                        27                   65                           38                     0fields                           0fields
                                Golf  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                          311                  73             238                                  59 holes                          19 holes
                                Tennis  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                          39                   75                           36                     0courts, dbl.                     0courts, dbl.
                                Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        5                    44                           39                     0courts, full                     0courts, full

                    1980        Water-Related Activities:
                                Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing       FW . . .                     122                  972                          850                    0surfac@ acres                    0surfac@ acres
                                Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing       FW                           88                   0                                                   3ramp    S3                       0ramps-3

                                Trails Activities:
                                Walking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                          85 4/                                                                    7miles                            4miles
                                Bicycling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                         23 z/                                                                    2miles                            Imile
                                Nature Study   . . . . . . . . . . . . .                         4/                                                                       <1 mile                           0miles
                                Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                           Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                       108 4/               34               74                                 9miles                            5miles

                                ACTIVITY

                                Swimming (Pools)    . . . . . . . . . . .                  1,684                      38           1,646                           10,973 square   yards-V           4,520  square  yards-2/
                                Child's Play (Playgrounds)       . . . . . .               1,474                      691            783                                  28 acres                          20 acres
                                Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                        141                  276                          135                    0fields                           0fields
                                Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        210                  255                          45                     0tables                           0tables
                                Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                        28                   65                           37                     0fields                           0fields
                                Golf  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                          488                  73             415                                  103 holes                         44 holes
                                Tennis  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                          41                   75                           34                     0courts, dbl.                     0courts, dbl.
                                Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        5                    44                           39                     0courts, full                     0courts, full

                    1990        Water-Related Activities:

                                Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing.FW       . . .                     185                  972                          787                    0surfac acres                     0surf    acres
                                Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW       . . .                     132                  0              132                                  5ramp,37                          2ramps-

                                Trails Activities:
                                Walking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                          147 4/                                                                   15 miles                          8miles
                                Bicycling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                         42 @/                                                                    4miles                            2miles
                                Nature Study   . . . . . . . . . . . . .                         34/                                                                      <1 mile                           0miles
                                Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                     4/                   34             158                                  19 miles                          10 miles
                                           Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                       192-

                  78

                 REGION    5                                                                 RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                       CITY SIZE:    METROS

                                                                                     TOTAL           1971 OPPORTUNITY      NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                 PARTICIPATION        DAYS AVAILABLE            (000-S OF                                 UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                  (OOO'S OF              (OOO'S OF            ACTIVITY DAYS)                              RESOURCES REQUIRED
                 YEAR      ACTIVITY                                             ACTIVITY DAYS)         ACTIVITY DAYS)       DEFICTT      SURPLUS               CUMULATIVE                      INCRIIIENTAL
                            Swimming (Pools)    ... . . . . . . . . .                  2,529 1/              38               2,491                         16,607 square  yardsV             5,634 square yards 2/
                            Child's Play (Playgrounds)      . . . . . .                2,187                691               1,496                              54 acres                        26 acres
                            Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                   192                 276                             84                    0fields                         0 fields
                            Picnicking   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    247                 255                               8                   0tables                         0 tables
                            Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                        28              65                             37                    0fields                         0 fields
                            Golf  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     694                  73                 621                             153 holes                        50 holes
                            Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                         43              75                             32                    0courts, dbl.                   0 courts, dbl.
                            Basketball   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                         5               44                             39                    0courts, full                   0 courts, full

                 2000      Water-Related Activities:
                            Boating, Boat Fishing,     Skiing FW   . . .                245                 972                             727                   0surfac7 acres                  0 surfa@e acres
                            Boating, Boat Fishing,     Skiing  FW  . . .                172                    0                172                               6ramps-3                        1 ramp3

                           Trails Activities:
                            Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    207  4/                                                                  21 miles                         6 miles
                            Bicycling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                         60 4/                                                                6miles                          2 miles
                            Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        4-41                                                                 1mile                           I mile
                            Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                       Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                  271  4/              34                 237                              28 miles                         9 miles

                 Note: Asterisks indicate that.projected annual activity days were less than 500.
                 l/ Includes only swimming participation occurring in swimming pools, 94 percent of the total in urban areas.
                    Designated freshwater swimming areas may be substituted for swimming pools. When making substitutions consider total swimming participation.
                    Assumes 2.0 lanes per ramp.
                 4/ Reflects estimated participation occurring in park and recreation areas; does not include participation occurring outside park and recreation areas.                          Of the total
                    walking, bicycling, and nature study participation it was determined that 10.5, 4.0, and 20.1 percent, respectively for each activity, occurs in park and recreation
                    areas.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                79

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                  REGION 7                                REGIONAL DESCRIPTION: ABILENE METROPOLITAN AREA

                  Abilenei  the county seat of Taylor     County, was established by                          POPULATION
                  cattlemen as a livestock shipping point on the Texas and Pacific                            1970 Metro Area Population: 89,653
                  Railroad in 1881. The town soon became a major sheep and wool                               Change 1960-1970: -1%
                  producing area as well and is now a center for various agricultural                         Race'Composition:
                  pursuits.   Oil production is also important to Abilene's economy.                              White   ..... 93%
                  Other industries in Abilene process dairy and livestock products;                               Negro   .....  6%
                  while clothing, watches, and aircraft parts are the chief manu-                                 Other   .....  1%
                  facturing industries. Major annual events in Abilene include the                            Age Composition (years):
                  Abilene Fat Stock Show (January), the Abilene Festival of Arts                                  13 or less    ..... 26%
                  (April), and the We9t Texas Fair (September). Abilene is the                                    14 - 20       ..... 15%
                  home of Abilene Christian College, Hardin-Sinnnons University,                                  21 - 44             32%
                  McMurry College, and Dyess Air Force Base. Abilene has two                                      45 - 64       ..... 18%
                  museums:    the Abilene Fine Arts Museum and the American Heritage                              65 and over   .....   9%
                  Museum.
                                                                                                              ECONOMY
                                                                                                              Agribusiness
                                                                                                              Food Products
                                                                                                              Manufacturing
                                                                                                              Oil

                     Includes persons of Mexican and/or Spanish descent.

                                                                                                                                                            81

                       REGION 7                                                                                                 CITY SIZE: METRO

                                P U B L I C L       A D M I N I S T E R E D       R E C R E A T 1 0 N       0 P P 0 R T U 1@ I T I E S

                                                                                                        LAND AND WATER ACREAGE

                                                                                                                                 ACRES
                                                                                                                        REGION           STATEWIDE
                                                                                                                           7              AVERAGE
                                                                                                                         METRO         METRO AREAS

                                                          .70%                          Developed Land                  352                1,307

                        REGION                                                          Undeveloped Land                153                   536
                           7
                         METRO                                                          Total Land                      505                1,843
                                                  30%
                                                                                        Water Within or Adjacent           2               1,006

                                                                                        Total Land and Water            507                2,849

                                                         DEVELOPED.LAND
                                                                                        Abilene has a total of 505 acres of land set aside as
                                                         UNDEVELOPED LAND               park and recreation areas. In addition, 2 surface acres
                                                                                        of water either within or adjacent to these parks were
                                                                                        reported.

                                                                                        Of the total land acreage, 352 acres are developed with
                                                                                        facilities, ieaving 153 acres available for future
                                                           71%                          development. With 70 percent of the land acreage
                        STATEWIDE                                                       currently developed, Abilene is about equal to the
                         AVERAGE                                                        Statewide Metro average of 71 percent.
                       METRO AREAS

                                                 29%
                                          %7 0 -1.
                                         e7 1 -1. D
              82

                     REGION 7                                                                                                    CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                                 PARKS AND ACREAGE BY TYPE OF PARK

                                                                                                                                            STATEWIDE
                                                  DISTRICT           COMKUNITY       SPECIALTY          OPEN LAND                            AVERAGE
                                                     PARK             PARK                PARK-            PARK              TOTAL         PETRO AREAS

                     Number of Parks                    5.000             7.000             2.000              1.000           15.000             72.000

                     Parks Per Thousand                   .056             .078               .022              .011              .167
                     People Per Park               17,931.000       12,808.000         44,827.000       89,653.000          5,977.00.01       3,754.000
                     ...................    .................................................         ............................................

                     Land Acres                       186.000            57.000           255.000              7.000        505.000           1,843.000
                     Acres Per Thousand                  2.074              636              2.844             ..078             5.633         -   6.864
                     People Per Acre                  482.000        1,57.3.000           352.000       12,808.000            178.000            146.000

                     Of the 15 parks in Abilene, 7 are Community Parks and 5 are District Parks. Only 2 Specialty Parks and 1 Open
                     Land Park were reported. However, the acreage figures show that the 2 Specialty Parks occupy more than one-half
                     of the total acreage. District Parks follow with 186 acres, Community Parks total 57 acres, while the one Open
                     Land Park contains 7 acres. The dispersion of the four types of urban parks are depicted graphically in the
                     accompanying map titled "Dispersion of Parks by Type."

                     Looking at the total park and acreage figures in relation to the population of             Abilene, .167 parks per 1,000
                     and 5.633 acres per 1,000 population exist.

                     Another way to present this data is that 5,977 people share each park while 178 people must share each acre
                     of park land.
                     With only .167 parks per 1,000, Abilene ranks well below the Statewiae Metro average. The 5.633 acres per
                     1,000 also gives Abilene a figure below the Statewide Metro average for acres per 1,000.

                                                                                                                                                             83

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                REGION 7                                                                                                           CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                          PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK

                                                                                                                                 UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                             DISTRICT COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                         PEOPLE         REGION       STATEWIDE
                             TYPE OF FACILITY                   PARK        PARK         PARK       TOTAL          PER              7           AVERAGE
                                                              (UNITS)     (UNITS)      (UNITS)      UNITS          UNIT           METRO     METRO AREAS
                Games and Sports:
                   Parks   ...............................        5            5           1           11          8,150          .122            .150
                   Tennis Courts  ......................          17           0           0           17          5,274          .188            .142
                   Basketball Courts    ..................        4            3           0            7         12,808          .077            .071
                   Baseball/Softball Fields    ............       8            4           0           12          7,471          .133            .186
                   Football/Soccer Fields    .............        4            0           0            4         22,413          .044            .032
                Picnicking:
                   Parks   ..............................         5            7           0           12          7,471          .133            .124
                   Tables  .......& .....................         4Q           34          0           83          1,080          .922            1.230
                Playground:
                   Parks   ..............................         5            7           0           12          7,471          .133            .170
                   Acres Developed   ....................         4            4           0            8         11,207          .088            .258
                Swimming:
                   Parks   ..............................         1            0           0            1         89,653          .011            .050
                   Fools (Sq. yd.)   .....................       378           0           0           378            237         4.200          25.950
                   Designated Fresh Water (Sq..Yd.)...            0            0           0            0             ---          ---           52.242              N
                Boating:
                   Parks   ...............................        0            0           0            0             ---          ---            .006
                   Ramp Lanes - Fresh Water    ...........        0            0           0            0             ---          ---            .008
                Camping:
                   Parks   ..............................         0            0           0            0             ---                         .002
                   Campsites  ..........................          0            0           0            0             ---          ---            .121
                Fishing:
                   Parks   ..............................         2            1           0            3         29,884          .033            .013
                   Pier/Barge/Marina"Fresh Water (Yd.)            0            0           0            0             ---          ---            .049
                Golfing:
                   Courses ............................           0            0           1            1         89,653          .011            .005
                   Holes   ..............................         0            0           18          18          4,981          .200            .100
                Trails:
                   Parks   ................... I...........       0            0           0            0             -            ---            .006
                   Nature (Mi.)   ........................        0            0           0            0             ---          ---            .009
                   Horseback (Mi.)   ....................         0            0           0            0             ---          ---            .003
                   Bicycle (Mi.)  ......................          0            0           0            0             ---          ---            .007
                   Hiking (Mi.)   .......................         0            0           0            0             ---          ---            .006
                   Total Trails (Mi.)    .................        0            0           0            0             ---          ---            .021

                                                                                                                                                           85

                  REGION 7                                PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK                         CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                                                                                               UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                             DISTRICT COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                        PEOPLE        REGION      STATEWIDE
                             TYPE OF FACILITY                  PARK         PARK        PARK        TOTAL         PER              7         AVERAGE
                                                             (UNITS)      (UNITS)     (UNITS)       UNITS         UNIT          METRO     METRO AREAS

                  Sport Shooting:
                    Parks .............................          0           0           0           0              ---          ---           .002
                    Traps .............................          0           0           0           0              ---          ---           .002
                    Shooting Targets   ..................        0           0           0           0              ---          ---           .004
                    Archery Targets   ...................        0           0           0           0              ---          ---           .011
                 Miscellaneous:
                    Parks .............................          2           2           0           4            22,413        .044           .038
                    Amphitheatre Seats   ................        0           0           0           0              ---          ---           1.077
                    Botanical Gardens (Acres)   .........        0           0           0           0              ---          ---           .077
                    Zoos (Acres)  ......................         0           0           0           0              ---          ---           .051
                    Community/Recreation Centers    ......       2           2           0           4           22,413         .044           .038

                 Most of.Abilene's park and recreation facilities are in       either the  District  or Community Park categories. The only
                 types of facilities in the two Specialty Parks are for golf and games and sports. Only one swimmi*g pool was reported
                 and that in a District Park, while one of the Specialty Parks contains the only golf course. Four community/recreation
                 centers exist, two in District Parks and two in Community Parks. A total of three parks have fishing waters available
                 although no specific facilities were reported,

                 Of the 15 parks, 12 have facilities for picnicking, 12 have playgrounds and 11 have facilities for games and sports. The
                 most common types of games and sports facilities are tennis with 17 courts (all in District Parks), followed by baseball/
                 softball with 12 fields, basketball with 7 courts, and football/soccer with 4 fields.

                 Looking at the facilities in    relation to the number of potential users     we find   the following:

                      22,413 persons for each    football/soccer field                   5,274 persons   for each tennis court
                      22,413 persons for each    community/recreation center             4,981 persons   for each golf hole
                      12,808 persons for each    basketball court                        1,080 persons   for each picnic table
                      11,207 persons for each    acre of playground                         .237 persons for each square yard of swimming pool
                       7,471 persons for each    baseball/softball field

                 Abilene is above the Statewide Metro average for facility units per 1,000 only          for tennis courts, basketball courts, foot-
                 ball/soccer fields, golf holes and community/recreation centers, while falling          below the average for baseball/softball
                 fields, picnic tables, playground acres and square yards of swimming pools. No designated fresh water swimming area, boat
                 ramp lanes, campsites, yards of fishing pier/barge/marina, trail miles, sport shooting facilities, amphitheatre seats,
                 acres of botanical gardens or zoo acreage were reported.

               86

                  REGION 7                          CONVERSION OF FACILITI  .ES TO RECREATION OPPORTUNITY DAYS            CITY SIZE: METRO

                  Current opportunity days for 1971 were calculated by multiplying the number of facilities available for each
                  activity in the metro area (determined from the Texas Outdoor Recreation Inventory of Parks, Recreation Areas,
                  and Facilities) times the standard for the facility.

                                                                                                               DAYS PER THOUSAND POPULATION
                                                                                              ANNUAL              REGION        STATEWIDE
                                                                                               DAYS                 7            AVERAGE
                  ACTIVITY-FACILITY                                                          AVAILABLE            METRO            METRO
                       Swimming (Pools)    square yards   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        56,700               630            3,891
                       Child's Play - playground acres    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       220,984             2,455            7,137
                       Baseball/Softball - fields    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        165,648             1,841            2,577
                       Picnicking - tables   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        141,266             1,570            2,093
                       Footb'all/Soccer - fields   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         28,896               321              235
                       Golf - holes   . . . . .  * ' * *  * * * * ' ' * *  * ' * ' '  * '      72,846               809              414
                       Tennis - courts, double   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         45,798               509              384
                       Basketball - courts, full   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         61,565               684              625

                   Water-Related Activities:

                       Boating, Boat Fishing,   Skiing FW - surface acres    . . . . . .     2,320,621           25,785            2,962
                       Boating, Boat Fishing,   Skiing FW - boat ramps   . . . . . . . .             0                 0             103

                   Trail Activities:

                       Combined Walking, Bicycling, and Nature Study - miles . . . .                 0                0              164

                  The Abilene Metro Area offers,the most opportunity days for surface acres for freshwater boating, boat fishing and
                  @skiing, followed by child's play, baseball/softball, and picnicking. A comparison between the opportunity days per
                  thousand population for the Abilene Metro Area and the Statewide Metro average shows that the Abilene Metro Area
                  surpasses the statewide average for five types of facilities -- football/soccer fields, golf courses (holes),
                  tennis courts, basketball courts, and surface acres for freshwater boating, boat fishing, and skiing. The Abilene
                  Metro Area is below the Statewide Metro average for swimming (in pools)., child's play, baseball/softball and
                  picnicking, with no opportunity days available for freshwater boat ramps and the trails activities.

                                                                                                                                                 87

            REGION 7                        ESTIMATED CURRENT AND FUTURE PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                CITY SIZE: METRO

            The fourteenth ranking metro area, based on population, Abilene ranked seventeenth in total participation for the
            year 1970. Estimates for 1970 indicate that residents and non-residents in the area spent over 2.5 million recrea-
            tion days in pursuit of urban outdoor recreation opportunities available within the metro area.

                                                                  Resident

            Total days of participation by residents of the Abilene Metropolitan Area were estimated to be 2.3 miftion days in
            1970 and are projected to be 3.1 million days in 1975 and 3.9 million days in 1980. These projections for the years
            1975 and 1980 represent increases of 32.7 and 67.2 percent, respectively, over the 1970 participation level. Partici-
            pation on a days per household basis will increase from 76.9 days in 1970 to 101.5 days in 1975, and to 127.7 days in
            1980. On a comparative basis, this is significantly below the average for households in the other metropolitan areas
            across the State. The estimates for 1975 and 1980 indicate increases of 32.0 and 66.0 percent, respectively, over the
            1970 estimate for participation on a days per household basis.

            Of the activities pursued on a days per household basis, all the activities are expected to increase in participation
            through the year 2000. With respect to total days of participation, all 16 activities will increase in participation.
            When considering the ranking of activities, driving for pleasure, walking, swimming, child's play, bicycling, and
            golf ranked one through six in that order in total days of participation in 1970, and were projected to retain those
            positions in 1975 and 1980.

                                                                Non-Resident.

            For the urban outdoor recreation activities specified for 1970, participation within the Abilene-Metropolitan Area by
            non-residents was estimated to total 152,000 days. Compared to the 1970 level, total participation is expected to
            decrease 5.3 percent (to 144,000 days) by 1975 and 10.5 percent (to 136,000 days) by 1980. Similar decreases are
            anticipated for the years 1990 and 2000.

            In terms of days of participation for 1970, the most popular non-resident activities were: driving for pleasure, with
            47,000 days; sightseeing, with 43,000 days; football, with 20,000 days; swimming, with 9,000 days; picnicking, with
            8,000 days; and boating, with 6''000 days. A moderate decrease in participation for all activities except fishing and
            skiing is expected through the year 2000 by non-residents. Neither the character nor relative ranking of the top six
            activities, over that of 1970, is projected to change by the year 2000.

             88

                   REGION 7                                                                    CURRENT AND PROJECTED RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                                    CITY SIZE:       METROS
                                                                                                               (OOO'S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                                                           1970         STATE-                     1975        STATE-                      1980  1         STATF                   1990         STATE-                    2000             STATE-
                                                           REG. 7       WIDE                       REG. 7      WIDE                              REG. 7    .WIDE                    REG. 7      WIDE                           REG. 7      WIDE
                                                           METROS     METROS                       METROS      METROS                            METROS    METROS                   METROS    METROS                           METROS  METROS
                                             PART.         AVERAGE    AVERAGE        PART.         AVERAGE     AVERAGE        PART.              AVERAGE   AVERAGE    PART.         AVERAGE    AVERAGE        PART.            AVERA,,E  AVERAGE
                   ACTIVITY                  DAYS   RANK   DAYSIHH    DAYS/HH        DAYS   RANK   DAYq/HH     DAYS/HH        DAYS   RANK        DAYS/     DAYS/HH    DAYS  RANK    DAYS/HH    DAYS/HH        DAYS   RANK      DAYS/HH  DAYS/1111

                   Swimming                   331          3  10.89     27.41         436      4        14.23    36.52        553        3       18.01     47.17       870     3         27.26   75.28        1,194            38.50       110.14
                   Child's Play               319          4  10.50     14.08         408      5        13.32    17.72        509        4       16.58     22.00       776     4         24.31   32.20        1,044       4    33.67       43.99
                   Baseball/Softball           16    14         .53        2.78        19      14       .62       3.19         23    15          .75       3.59        32    14          1.00     4.41         40    13        1.29        5.22
                   Pinnicking                 114          7  3.75         5.72       125      7        4.08      5.66        139        7       4.53      5.66        173     8         5.42     5.61        200         8    6.45        5.64
                   Football/Soccer             35    11       1.15         1.43        35      12       1.14      1.42         36    12          1.17      1.41        39    12          1.22     1.39         39    14        1.26        1.38
                   Golf                       115          6  3.78         3.92       145      6        4.73      4.98        178        6,      5.80      6.16        260     6         8.15     8.96        334         7    10.77       12.07
                   Tennis                      26    13         .86        6.06        27      13       .88       9.21         28    13          .91       @11.49      31    15          .97     16.07         32    15        1.03        21.46
                   Basketball                  89          8  2.93         1.60        90      9        2.94      2.59         90        9       2.93      3.57        94    10          2.94     5.52         91    10        2.93        7.53
                   Walking                    415          2  13.65     18.21         529      2        17.26    23.09        641        2       20.87     29.20       897     2         28.10   39.89        1,095       3    35.31       50.31
                   Bicycling                  289          5  9.51      20.30         626      1        20.43    32.77        963        1       31.36     45.25     1,699     1         53.23   68.44        2,329       1    75.10       95.49
                   Nature Study                  1   16         .03        .72            1    16       .03       1.67            2  16          .07       2.64           3  16          .09      4.63           4   16          .13       6.70
                   Fishing                     55    10       1.66         1.80        58      10       1.89      1.88         60    11
                   Boating                                                                                                                       1.95      1.97        68    11          2.13     2.13         71    11        2.29        2.30
                                               27    12         .82        .88         49      11       1.60      1.60         71        7       2.31      2.31        119     9         3.73     3.74        160         9    5.16        5.17
                   Skiing                      13    15         .39        .42         19      15       .62         .62        25    14          .81       .82         39    12          1.22     1.22         50    12        1.61        1.81
                   Surfing                    --- ---           ---        ---        --- ---           ---         ---       --- ---            ---
                   Sightseeing                 71          9  2.34         2.25        94      8        3.07      2.34        130        8       4.23      2.50        235     7         7.36     2.70        381         6    12.29       3.01
                   Dr. for Pleas.             429          1  14e!2     13.38         450      3        14-69    13.52        47-3               19.4o     13.67       533     5         16.70   13.86        558         5    17.99       14,10

                         TOTAL              2,345             76.91     120.96      3,111            101.53    158.78       3,921                127.68    199.41   5,868             183.83    286.05        7,622            245.78      386.32

                                       CURRENT AND PROJECTED NON-RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                         TOTAL CURRENT AND PROJECTED PARTICIPATION,          1970-2000
                                                           (000-S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)                                                                             (OOO'S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                   ACTIVITY                          1970             1975                                                    0      ACTIVITY                          1970              1975            1980             1990             2000

                   Swimming                                9               9                8              8                8        Swimming                          340               445             561              878              1,202
                   Child's Play                            1               1                1              i@                        Child's Play                      320               409             510              776              1,044
                   Baseball/Softball                       2               2                2              1                1        Baseball/Softball                    18             21               25                   33             41
                   Picnicking                              8               7                7              7                6        Picnicking                        122               132             146              180              205
                   Football/Soccer                         20           19                18            17               17          Football/Soccer                      55             54               54                   56             56
                   Golf                                    5               5                4              4                4        Golf                              120               150             182              -264             338
                   Tennis                                                                                                            Tennis                               26             27               28                   31             32
                   Basketball                              2               2                2              1                1        Basketball                           91             92               92                   95             92
                   Walking                                 4               4                4              4                3        Walking                           419               533             645              901              1,098
                   Bicycling                                                                                                         Bicycling                         289               626             963              1,699            2,329
                   Nature Study                                                                                                      Nature Study                         1                1                  2                3              4
                   Fishing                                 1               1                1              1                1        Fishing                              56             59               61                   69             72
                   Boating                                 6               5                5              5                5        Boating                              33             54               76              124              165
                   Skiing                                  4               4                4              4                4        Skiing                               17             23               29                   43             54
                   Surfing                                 ---          ---               ---           ---              ---         Surfing                                             ---             ---              ---              ---
                   Sightseeing                             43           41                38            36               36          Sightseeing                       114               135             168              271              417
                   Dr. for Pleas.                          47           44                42            39               39          Dr. for Pleas.                    476               494             515              572              597

                         TOTAL                             152          144               136           127              125               TOTAL                      2,497              3,255        4,057               5,995            7,747

                   Note:     Asterisks indicate that projected annual activity days were less than 500.                  Dashes indicate not applicable.         Zeros indicate that the activity was         not ranked due to
                             insignificant participation days recorded.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              89

                 REGION 7                   R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q UJ R E M E N T S              CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                   1 9 7 0   2 0 0 0

                 Estimates of urban outdoor recreation resource requirements were developed for the Abilene Metropolitan Area for the
                 years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000 by comparing current-1/ and projected recreation participation with the current
                 recreation opportunities-2/ available in the metro. In addition, the availability and spatial distribution of recrea-
                 tion opportunities provided by parks and recreation facilities were analyzed with respect to subsections of Abilene
                 characterized by residents having similar incomes and ethnic backgrounds. Particular attention was given to those subr
                 sections expected to undergo relatively rapid population growth and physical expansion in the future.

                 Conclusions reached from analyzing the distribution of recreation opportunities within the metropolitan area were used
                 to qualify resource requirement estimates where a less than adequate distribution appeared to exist.

                 In the discussions that follow, results of the distribution analysis of parks within subsections of the Abilene metro
                 Area are presented. Then, estimates of current and future requirements for selected recreational facilities are pre-
                 sented, and are qualified by conclusions reached from the distribution ana.lysis of recreational facilities within sub-
                 sections of the Abilene Metro Area.

                 PARK DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

                 In analyzing the availability and distribution of parks in the Abilene Metro Area, several characteristics were con-
                 sidered: changes in population (or trends in general, 1960 to 1970), areas of the metrowhich were expected to ex-
                 hibit relatively major expansion, and the dispersion of existing parks among the income/ethnic subsections of the
                 metro. From these interrelated characteristics general conclusions were reached with respect to future park develop-
                 ments for the metro area.

                 Population trends affected estimations of future recreation participation. Projections of population growth for the
                 Abilene Metro indicated that the 1970 population of 89,653 would increase to 92,412 persons by the year 2000. In
                 addition, information provided by urban recreation planners of the area shows that major directions of future urban
                 expansion were expected to occur (illustrated by arrows of decreasing size on the following map, titled "Predominant
                 Ethnic Background and Income Subsections")  in the southwest--near Dyess Air Force Base; in the northwest--in the gen-
                 eral vicinity of State Highway 351; and in the southeast--around State Highway 36.

                 For the Abilene Metropolitan Area, local metro area planners delineated nineteen subsections which are indicated on the
                 map titled "Predominant Ethnic Background and Income Subsections". The delineated subsections characterize the homo-
                 geneous residential, or demographic, patterns existing in 1971 by two major socio-economic factors.

                 I/ "Current" participation refers to levels of participation by type of selected recreation activity which were estimated
                    for the year 1970.
                 2/ "Current" recreation opportunities refers to computed figures derived from the numbers of publicly administered faci-
                    lities by type available within the metro area in 1971.

             90

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                  REGION.7                  R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S'O U R C E    R E Q U I R E M E N T S          CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                    1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                  There were six low-income subsections reported. The two small Anglo subsections were located in the central core
                  area and in the north central area north of Interstate Highway 20. The single small Black subsections was southeast
                  of the core area, and the three small low-income Mexican-American subsections were located in the vicinity of the
                  central core area. Seven of the subsections were characterized by middle-income residents making up well over half
                  of the metro area. One Anglo subsection comprised the majority of the southern half and extended all the way through
                  the north central portion of the metro. The other Anglo subsection was northeast of the core area. There,were four
                  middle-income Black subsections, three near the eastern core area and one in the northwestern quadrant toward Dyess
                  Air Force Base and the western growth area. Also toward the air base was a middle-income Mexican-American subsection
                  immediately south of the mid-income Black area. Six high-income Anglo subsections were located around, but not
                  immediately adjacent to, the central core area with one approximately three miles south near Kirby Lake.

                  An analysis of parks dispersion among the subsections was conducted by comprising the "Dispersion of Parks by Type"
                  map with the "Predominant Ethnic Background and Income Subsections" map. overall, parks appeared to be adequately
                  distributed in the core area of the metro. Ten subsections had no publicly available urban parks of any type. Both
                  low-income Anglo subsections and the low-income Mexican-American subsection just south of the core area had no parks.
                  Four middle-income subsections were completely devoid of parks, the northeastern Anglo section, the most eastern and
                  the most western Black subsections, and the western Mexican-American subsection. Three high-income Anglo subsections
                  lacked parks, the very small subsection east of the core area and the subsections near Lakes Lytle and Kirby. All of
                  those subsections, however, appeared to be relAtively close to a park of some type, i.e., within two to three miles.
                  Parks with recreation facilities appeared to be needed throughout the metro area, with consideration most apparently
                  needed for the peripheral and growth areas particularly in the west, southwest, east, and northeast. Open land parks
                  should be considered throughout the metro where resources are available. @

                  In addition to maintaining an adequate dispersion of parks in all portions of the metro area, the provision of different
                  types of recreational facilities in parks is also an important consideration. An-analysis of the current and future
                  requirements for selected recreational facilities and the current dispersion of facilities in the Abilene Metro Area is
                  presented in the following,discussions.

                  FACILITY REQUIREMENTS AND DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

                  As mentioned previously, requirements for selected recreational facilities (see the following table) were calculated
                  for the years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000. Then, an analysis of the dispersion of existing facilities among the
                  predominant income/ethnic background subsections and the major growth areas of the metro was conducted. Conclusions
                  reached from the facility dispersion analysis were then used to qualify the facility requirement estimates, particularly
                  in those cases where no additional facilities were estimated as being needed within the metropolitan area. Usually,
                  special note is made where growth areas appeared to have limited facilities. The methodology used to calculate facility
                  requirements in general is explained in Appendix C, Part I--An Overview of the urban volume. In the discussion that
                  follows, resource requirements for recreational facilities are generally referred to by units of the most important

             92

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                 REGION 7                  R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S            CITY SIZE: NETROS
                                                                  1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                                                                      Picnicking

                 There were eighty-three public picnic tables in Abilene in 1971. At 1,702 days of opportunity per table per year
                 (standard) the existing tables provided approximately 141,000 days annually. Although the existing number of tables
                 was expected to be adequate through 1975, additional tables will be required in the planning years subsequent to 1975.
                 Three additional tables will be needed by the year 1980, another 20 needed by 1990, and an additional 15 tables will
                 be needed by the year 2000, to bring the Abilene Metro Area total requirement to 38 tables. The distribution analysis
                 of picnicking facilities indicated adequate dispersion among the existing subsections, except for the outlying sub-
                 sections of northern, western, and southern Abilene. As the metro area grows, provision of additional tables in the
                 growth areas should be considered.

                                                                     Football/Soccer

                 Each of the four football/soccer fields in the Abilene Metro Area provided on the average 7,224 days of opportunity
                 annually. In to 'tal, this amounted to approximately 29,000 available opportunity days in 1971. In 1970, there was a
                 need for four additional fields which was estimated to be adequate to meet facility requirements through the year 2000.
                 The distribution of football/soccer facilities could not be discerned from available data, but local analysis can insure
                 adequate distribution and attention to growth areas.

                                                                         Golf

                 The only publicly-administered course in Abilene in 1971 provided eighteen holes of golf. Each golf hole was cal-
                 culated to be capable of providing 4,047 days of recreation opportunity annually. Abilene golfers, then, should have
                 had about 73,000 days of opportunity provided annually by this public course. Comparing the expected participation
                 for the projection years with the number of opportunity days available in 1971 shows that an additional twelve holes
                 (at least one nine-hole course would have been required) in 1970. Incremental additions of 7, 8, 20, and 18 holes
                 were calculated to be needed in the years 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000, respectively, to meet expected increases in
                 golfing participation. As a general rule, golf courses are constructed in multiples of nine holes; ther,efore, by
                 the year 2000, the Abilene Metro Area will need slightly over seven additional nine-hole courses (sixty-five holes)
                 or three eighteen-hole courses and one nine-hole course, or some appropriate combination which-considers local re-
                 sources.

                                                                         Tennis

                 The 46,000 opportunity days provided by the seventeen public tennis courts available in 1971 (each court can make avail-
                 able about 2,694 days of opportunity per year) apparently were adequate to meet facility requirements for the metro
                 through the year 2000. Although dispersion of these facilities cannot be discerned from available data, it is important
                 that an adequate distribution be considered in current and future planning efforts.

             94

              REGION 7-                  R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E    R E Q U I R E M  E N T S           CITY SIZE: NETROS
                                                                 1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                                                                      Basketball

              Based on a standard of 8,795 days per year per court-, the seven basketball courts reported in 1971 provided approxi-
              mately 62,000 opportunity days. By co   'mparing available opportunity days with estimated demand for each projection
              year, as expressed in the Abilene recreation resource requirement table, it is apparent that three additional courts
              were needed for 1970 with one additional court needed by 1990 to make a cumulative requirement of four courts through
              the year 2000. Dispersion analysis of basketball facilities could not be accomplished with available data for 1971.,
              but adequate distribution is an important planning consideration.

                                                                   Trails Activities

              There were no walking, bicycling, and nature study trails reported in the Abilene Metropolitan Area in 1971.       Estimates
              of expected participation for walking, bicycling, and nature study occurring in the park and recreation areas compared
              with the absence of opportunity days indicates that approximately seven miles of combined trails would have been re-
              quired in 1970.  Given the expected increase in participation in trails activities, incremental additions were project-
              ed to be 3 miles in 1975, 3 miles in 1980, 6 miles in 1990, and 6 miles in the year 2000.     Overall, a total of twenty-
              five miles of additional trails should be added by the year 2000 to meet expected participation levels.

              A relatively small proportion of the total participation in trail and related activities was estimated to take place in
              publicly-administered park and recreation areas.    It is likely, however, that as trail facilities are provided, the
              relative proportion of total participation will increase at these recreation areas. Thus, the above estimates of
              resources required may be conservative in the long run and should be considered as minimum estimates.      In addition to
              the expectations for increases in participation in trail and related activities at publicly- administered park and re-
              creation areas, it is clear that the major proportion of walking, bicycling, and nature study is occurring in places
              other than established recreation areas. The majority of this participation is most likely taking place in local
              neighborhoods, on city streets, and on available open lands@within the area. This phenomenon has direct policy impli-
              cations with respect to the provision of sidewalks within currently existing and newly developing neighborhoods, the
              development of a system of bike lanes in high use areas, and the provision of adequate open space and green belt areas
              within the metro area.

                                              Water-Related Activities: Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing

                                                           Surface Acres - Freshwater Lakes
                                                           (Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing)

              A total of 5,563 surface acres of freshwater lakes were reported as available for water-related recreation within the
              Abilene Metro in 1971. Using participation patterns of the households recreating within' the urban areas, it was esti-
              mated that a total of 62,000 days of freshwater boating', boat fishing, and skiing participation occurred in 1970. Of
              these 62,000 days, 33,000 were boating participation days, 12,000 were boat fishing days, and 17,000 were skiing days.
              Projections developed for the water-related activities indicated no additional resource requirements for surface acres
              of freshwater lakes through the year 2000.

                                                                                                                                            95

                REGION 7                   R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S             CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                  1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                                                                 Freshwater Boat Rampsl/

                No publicly administered freshwater boat lanes were reported for the Abilene Metro in 1971. By estimating the 1970
                total freshwater boat @ishing, skiing, and boating participation which would occur using boat ramp facilities to gain
                access to the water, it was estimated that two boat ramps were needed in 1970. Increases in boat fishing, skiing, and
                boating participation were projected to require incremental freshwater boat ramp additions of one by 1980, two by 1990,
                and one by the year 2000, bringing the cumulative requirement to six ramps by the year 2000. Since boat ramps are the
                most frequently used means by which boaters, skiers, and boat fishermen gain access to freshwater lakes, the provision
                of freshwater boat ramps required could be constructed on existing freshwater lakes if the lakes are available for water-
                related activities.

                                                          Summary of Facilities Requirements

                The following selected types of recreational facilities were found to be required in every planning horizon year:
                swimming pools; playgrounds; football/soccer fields; golf courses; basketball courts; and designated trails for
                walking, bicycling, and/or nature study. In addition, freshwater boat ramps were needed in all planning horizon years
                except 1975.

                The only existing public swimming pool was located in the district park located in a predominantly middle-income Black
                neighborhood south of Abilene Christian College. Location of additional swimming pools should be an important consider-
                ation in providing adequate dispersion throughout the metro.

                Dispersion of football/soccer fields.and basketball courts was not discernable from available data; therefore, require-
                ments for the income/ethnic subsections were not determined, but indications were that many of the subsections needed
                facilities. Playgrounds appeared to be relatively well dispersed among the eighteen socio-economic subsections. Fu-
                ture playground development should focus on maintaining this distribution with special attention given to growth areas.
                The only publicly-administered golf course was at the specialty park adjacent to Cedar Creek and east of Treadway
                Boulevard in south central Abilene. It appeared that any new golf courses should be considered for the northeastern
                half of the metro. The dispersion analysis revealed that no existing trails or publicly-administered boat ramps were
                available.

                In terms of the other designated activities, additional picnicking facilities will be required beginning in 1980;
                baseball fields, tennis courts, and surface acres of fresh water were calculated to be adequate through the year 2000.

                l/ In calculating freshwater boat ramp-resource requirements the assumption was made that each boat ramp has two lanes
                   Supply figures listed in the "Park and Recreation Facilities by Type of Park" table and quoted in the narratives are
                   in terms of single lanes.

             96

                REGION 7                                                                     RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                                 CITY SIZE-. METROS

                                                                                       TOTAL            1971 OPPORTUNITY       NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                  PARTICIPATION          DAYS AVAILABLE              (OOO'S OF                                   UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                    (OOO'S OF              (OOO'S OF                 ACTIVITY DAYS)                              RESOURCES REQUIRED
                YEAR      ACTIVITY                                                ACTIVITY DAYS)         ACTIVITY DAYS          DEFICIT        SURPLUS                 CUMULATIVE                        INCREMENTAL
                            Swimming (Pools)     . . . . . . . . . . .                     320                      57               263                           1,753 square  yards-2/           1,753  square  yards!/
                            Child's Play (Playgrounds)        . . . . . .                  320                      221              99                                4 acres                           4 acres
                            Baseball/Softball    . . . . . . . . . . .                     18                       166                             148                0 fields                          0 fields
                            Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      122                      141                              19                0 tables                          0 tables
                            Football/Soccer4     . . . . . . . . . . .                     55                       29               26                                4 fields                          4 fields
                            Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       120                      73               47                                12 holes                          12 holes
                            Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       26                       46                               20                0 courts, dbl.                    0 courts, dbl.
                            Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      91                       62               29                                3 courts, full                    3 courts, full

                1970      Water-Related Activities:
                            Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW        . . .                  62                  2,321                             2,259                 0 surfac acres                    0 surfac7 acres
                            Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing        FW . . .                  47                       0                47                                2 ramps-37                        2 ramps-3

                          Trails Activities:

                            Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       44                                                                          5 miles                           5 miles
                            Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      12   4/                                                                     2 miles                           2 miles
                                                                                                -4/
                            Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                           T_                                                                     <l,mile                           <1 mile
                            Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                        Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                    56                       0                56                                7 miles                           7 miles

                          ACTIVITY
                            Swimming (Pools)     . . . . . . . . . . .                     418                      57               361                          2,413  square  yards-2/                660 square yards!/
                            Child's Play (Playgrounds)        . . . . . .                  409                      221              188                               7 acres                           3 acres
                            Baseball/Softball    . . . . . . . . . . .                     21                       166                             145                0 fields                          0 fields
                            Picnicking    . . . . . . . . .                                132                      141                                9               0 tables                          0 tables
                            Football/Soccer    . . . . . . .                               54                       29               25                                4 fields                          0 fields
                            Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       150                      73               77                                19 holes                          7 holes
                            Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       27                       46                               19                0 courts, dbl.                    0 courts, dbl.
                            Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      92                       62               30                                3 courts, full                    0 courts, full

                1975      Water-Related Activities:
                            Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW        . . .                  89                  2,321                             2,232                 0 surfaS@ acres                   0 surfac@ acres
                            Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW        . . .                  65                       0                65                                2 ramps-                          0 ramps2

                          Trails Activities:
                            Walking  . . .  I  . . . . . . . . . . . .                     56   4/                                                                     7 miles                           2 miles
                            Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      25   4/                                                                     3 miles                           I mile
                            Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                                                  <1 mile                           0 miles
                            Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                        Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                    81   4/                  0                81                                10 miles                          3 miles

                                                                                                                                                                                                                          97

                    REGION 7                                                                   RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                             CITY SIZE: METROS

                                                                                          TOTAL           1971 OPPORTUNITY      NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                     PARTICIPATION         DAYS AVAILABLE               (OOO'S OF                                UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                       (OOO'S OF             (OOO'S OF             ACTIVITY DAYS)                                RESOURCES REQUIRED
                    YEAR       ACTIVITY                                             ACTIVITY DAYS          ACTIVITY DLYS)        DEFICIT        SURPLUS                 CUMULATIVE                     INCREMENTAL___
                                Swimming (Pools)    . . . . . . . . . . .                   527                     57              470                            3,133 square yardsV                 720 square   yardsV
                                Child's Play (Playgrounds)       . . . . . .                510                    221              289                                 11 acres                         4 acres
                                Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                    25                    166                               141                0fields                          0 fields
                                Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   146                    141                  5                               3tables                          3 tables
                                Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                    54                     29                  25                              4fields                          0 fields
                                Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    182                     73              109                                 27 holes                         8 holes
                                Tennis  . . .                                                28                     46                                18                0courts, dbl.                    0 courts, dbl.
                                Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    92                     62                  30                              3courts, full                    0 courts, full

                    1980       Water-Related Activities:
                                Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing       F14                     118                  2,321                            2,203                 0surfac                          0 surfac7 acres
                                                                                                                                                                                 3@ acres
                                Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing       FW . . .                 85                       0                 85                               ramps@                          I ramp -

                               Trails Activities:

                                Walking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      68                                                                         8miles                           I mile
                                Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    39  4/                                                                     5miles                           2 miles
                                Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        W/                                                                     < Imile                          0 miles
                                Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                            Nature Study . . . . . . . . .                  107  4/                   0             107                                 13 miles                         3 miles

                               ACTIVITY
                                Swimming (Pools)    . . . . . . . . . . .                   825  1/                 57              768                            5,120 square yards-2/            1,987  square   yards2/
                                Child's Play (Playgrounds)       . . . . . .                776                    221              555                                 20 acres                         9 acres
                                Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                    33                    166                               133                0fields                          0 fields
                                Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   180                    141                  39                              23 tables                      20  tables
                                Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                    56                     29                  27                              4fields                          0 fields
                                Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    264                     73              191                                 47 holes                       20  holes
                                Tennis                                                       31                     46                                15                0courts, dbl.                    0 courts, dbl.
                                Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    95                     62                  33                              4courts, full                    1 court, full

                    1990       Water-Related Activities:

                                Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW       . . .                182                  2,321                            2,139                 0surface acres                   0 surface acres
                                Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW       . . .                128                       0             128                                 5ramps-3/                        2 ramps-3/

                               Trails Activities:
                                Walking . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .                     95  4/                                                                     11 miles                         3 miles
                                Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    68  4/                                                                     8miles                           3 miles
                                Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      1 4/                                                                     <1 mile                          0 miles
                                Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                            Nature Study . . . . . . . . .                  164  4/                   0             164                                 19 miles                         6 miles

                   98

              REGION    7                                                          RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                   CITY SIZE:   METROS

                                                                              TOTAL          1971 OPPORTUNITY     NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                         PARTICIPATION        DAYS AVAILABLE           (000's OF                              UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                            (000-S OF         . (000's OF           ACTIVITY DAYS)                            RESOURCES REQUIRED
              YEAR      ACTIVITY                                          ACTIVITY DAYS)      ACTIVITY DAYS)       DEFICIT     SURPLUS             CUMULATIVE-                     INCREMENTAL
                         Swimming (Pools)   ... . . . . . . . . .             1,130 -11                57            1,073                        7,153 square yards-21         2,033 square yards-21
                         Child's Play (Playgrounds)    . . . . . .            1,044                   221             823                           30  acres                       10 acres
                         Baseball/Softball  . . . . . . . . . . .               41                    166                          125                0 fields                       0fields
                         Picnicking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .               206                    141              65                           38  tables                      15 tables
                         Football/Soccer  . . . . . . . . . . . .               56                     29              27                             4 fields                       0fields
                         Golf  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .               338                     73             265                           65  holes                       18 holes
                         Tennis  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                32                     46                           14                0 courts, dbl.                 0courts, dbl.
                         Basketball  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                92                     62              30                             4 courts, full                 0court, full

              2000      Water-Related Activities:
                         Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FINT                    234                   2,321                       2,087                0 surfaS7 acres                0surface acres
                         Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW . . .                164                       0            164                             6 ramps@                       1ramp 3/

                        Trails Activities:
                         Walking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .               115 4/                                                               14  miles                        3miles
                         Bicycling . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .               93 4/                                                               11  miles                        3miles
                         Nature Study   . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  141                                                              <1  mile                         0miles
                         Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                   Nature Study . . . . . . . . .              209                       0            209                           25  miles                        6miles

                                                                  q
              Note: Asterisks indicate that projected annual activity days were less than 500.
              I/  Includes only swimming participation occurring in swimming pools, 94 percent of the total in urban arpn@.
              @/  Designated freshwater swimming areas may be substituted for swimming pools. When making substitutions consider total swimming participation.
              2J  Assumes 2.0 lanes per ramp.
              4/  Reflects estimated participation occurring in park and recreation areas; does not include participation occurring outside park and recreation areas.               Of the total
                  walking, bicycling, and nature study participation it was determined that 10.5, 4.0, and 20.1 percent, respectively for each activity, occurs in park and recreation
                  areas.

                                                                                                                                                                                                    99

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                 REGION 10                               REGIONAL DESCRIPTION: FORT WORTH NETROPOLITAN AREA

                 The Fort Worth Metropolitan Area.is composed of the cities of Fort                            POPULATION
                 Worth, Arlington, Halt9m City, Hurst, North Richland Hills, White                             1970 Metro Area Population: 636,143
                 Settlement, and Bedford, and the towns of Richland, Forest Hill,                              Change 1960-1970: +28%
                 River Oaks, Benbrook, Lake Worth Village, Sansom Park Village,                                Race Composition:I/
                 Westworth Village, Kennedale, Saginaw, Pantego, Edgecliff Village,                                White  .....  88% 1/
                 Dalworthington Gardens, and Westover Hills. Contrary to its name,                                 Negro  .....  11%
                 Fort Worth has never been a fort.        It began as a camp where federal                         Other  .....   1%
                 troops under General Winfield Scott were stationed in 1849 to main-                           Age Composition (years).      l/
                 tain control over Indian tribes, particularly the Comanches.             The                      13 or less    .....  28%
                 name came from General William Jenkins Worth, a hero of the Mexican                               14 - 20       .....  13%
                 War.   Fort Worth's first prosperity came from the livestock and                                  21 - 44       .....  33%
                 meat packing industry, then shipping        oil and oil well supplies                             45 - 64       .....  19%
                 became major aspects of the economy. Aerospace and various other                                  65 and over   .....    7%
                 industries contribute further to the        city's economy.
                                                                                                               ECONOMY
                 Fort Worth, known as "where the West        begins," has several museums                      Aerospace
                 and sites which reflect the frontier        heritage of the Old West.                         Agribusiness
                 The Amon G. Carter Museum of Western        Art features among other                          Transportation
                 things a permanent collection of paintings by Frederic Remington
                 and Charles Russell. Heritage Hall describes the early develop-
                 ment of the Fort Worth Metropolitan Area and life in the old Southwest. Seven authentic pioneer homes built in the
                 1850's are grouped together in Forest Park and are known as Log Cabin Village. The stockyards area has western-
                 style stores and'restaurants.

                 Other museums include the Fort Worth Museum of Science and History and the Fort Worth Art Center. The Lord's Supper
                 is a life-sized wax model exhibit of Leonardo da Vinci's famous painting. The Dr. May Owen Hall of Medical Science
                 is the largest health museum in the world. This metropolitan area also has a large botanical garden at Trinity Park,
                 the James R. Record Aquarium, and ForA-st Park Zoo at Forest Park. The longest miniature train in the world is there.
                 The Greer Island Nature Center and Refuge, nine miles northwest of town, is designed to teach principles of conserva-
                 tion and nature appreciation to young people.

                 The performing arts are represented by the Casa Manana Theater (a nationally-known theater- in-the-round in which
                 summer musicals are held) , William Edrington Scott Theater, and the Will Rogers Memorial Coliseum, Auditorium and
                 Exhibit Buildings, which span 14 blocks of downtown Fort Worth.

                 The fine arts are further represented by the Fort Worth Community Theater, Civic Opera, Fort Worth Symphony, Ballet
                 Theater, Texas Boys' Choir, Children's Theater, Civic Music, and the Woman's Club.

                 I/ Due to lack of information for some suburbs in the metropolitan area, data for the entire county was used
                    from the 1970 Census.
                 2/ Includes persons of Mexican and/or Spanish descent.

                                                                                                                                                              101

                  REGION 10   Continued

                  The institutions of higher education in the Fort Worth Metropolitan Area include Texas Christian University, South-
                  western Baptist Theological Seminary, Texas Wesleyan College, Fort Worth Christian College, and Tarrant County Junior
                  College.

                  Major events include the Automobile Show (January), Fort Worth Fat Stock Show & Rodeo (late January and early
                  February), World-Wide Antique Show (February), State Golden Gloves Tournament (Februa'ry), Boat Show (February),
                  Mardi Gras Carnival (week before Lent), Southwestern Track & Field & Golf Tournament (March), Six Flags Park
                  (Easter through Thanksgiving), Tarrant County Art Show,(April), Colonial National Invitational Golf Tournament
                  (May), Miss Texas Pageant (July), Texas League Baseball (summer months), and National Cutting Horse Festivity
                  (December).

                  Arlington is the location of Six Flags Over Texas, the top tourist attraction in Texas according to the Texas
                  Tourist Development Agency, and the site of Seven Seas, an amusement park featuring sea life and attractions from
                  each of the seven seas of the world. Turnpike Stadium is the home of the Texas League Baseball Spurs.

                  Surpassing its beginnings as a rail stop between Dallas and Fort Worth, Arlington is now home for the world's
                  largest planned industrial development, the Great Southwest Industrial District. The University of Texas at
                  Arlington is located there along with Bible Baptist Junior College and Bible Baptist Seminary.

                  Annual attractions are the Pecan Bowl, the Arlington Relays (one of the outstanding outdoor meets in the State),
                  the Starving Artist Art Show (May and September), the Miss Arlington Contest (May), and the Miss Flame Contest
                  (September). The former Washington Senators Baseball Club, now named the Texas Rangers, began the 1972 season
                  in Turnpike Stadium.

             102

                   REGION 10                                                                                             CITY SIZE: METRO

                           P U B L I C L Y      A D M I N I S T E R E D      R E C R E A T 1 0 N      0 P P 0 R T U N I T I E S

                                                                                                   LAND AND WATER ACREAGE

                                                                                                                          ACRES
                                                                                                                 REGION           STATEWIDE
                                                                                                                   10              AVERAGE
                                                                                                                 METRO           METRO AREAS

                                                       90%                         Developed Land                7,903              1,307

                      REGION                                                       Undeveloped Land                 868                .536
                        10                 10%
                                                                                   Total Land                    8,771              1,843
                       METRO

                                                                                   Water Within or Adjacent      9,964              1,006

                                                                                   Total Land and Water          18,735             2,849

                                                    DEVELOPED LAND

                                                     UNDEVELOPED LAND              The Fort Worth Metro Area has a total of 8,771 acres of
                                                                                   land set aside as park and recreation   areas. In addition,
                                                                                   ,9,964 surface acres of water either within or adjacent to
                                                                                   these parks were reported.

                                                                                   Of the total land acreage, 7,903 acres are developed with
                                                        71%                        facilities, leaving 868 acres available for future
                    STATEWIDE                                                      development. With 90 percent of the land acreage
                     AVERAGE                                                       currently developed, the Area is well above the Statewide
                   METRO AREAS                                                     Metro average of 71 percent.

                                             29%
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                  REGION 10                                                                                                             CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                             PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK

                                                                                                                                      UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                                DISTRICT COMKUNITY SPECIALTY                          PEOPLE           REGION      STATEWIDE
                               TYPE OF FACILITY                    PARK         PARK        PARK         TOTAL         PER              10           AVERAGE
                                                                (UNITS)      (UNITS)      (UNITS)        UNITS         UNIT             METRO    METRO AREAS
                  Games and Sports:
                     Parks ..............................            28           53           6             87        7,311            .136            .150
                     Tennis Courts  ......................           36           19           1             56       11,359            .088            .142
                     Basketball Courts    ..................          3            7           1             11       57,831            .017            .071
                     Baseball/Softball Fields      ...........       48           23           3             74        8,596            .116            .186
                     Football/Soccer Fields     .............         6            7           1             14       45,439            o022            .032
                  Picnicking:
                     Parks .......  o....................    o.      28           41           4             73        8,714            .114            .124
                     Tables....  ..................   o......        229          123          43           395        1,610            .621           1.230
                  Playground:                                        30           68           7            105        6,058            .165            .170
                     Parks ............................      o.
                     Acres Devel6ped.   .............  o .....       27           70           6            103        6,176            .161            .258
                  Swimming:
                     Parks ..........................                11            8           0             19       33,481            .029            .050
                     Pools (Sq. Yd.)   ................           7,353        4,765           0         12,118             52         19.053         25.950
                     Designated Fresh Water (Sq. Yd.)      ...    5,000            0           0          5,000            127          7.86.1        52.242
                  Boating:
                     Parks ....................    o .........        4            5           8             17       37,420            .026            .006
                     Ramp Lanes - Fresh Water      ...........       10            8           2             20       31,807            .031            .008
                  Camping:
                     Parks ..... o........................            0            1           0              1      636,143            .001            .002
                     Campsites  ................   o .........        0            0           0              0            ---            ---           .121
                  Fishing:
                     Parks ........ oo ....................           8            4           9             21       30,292            .033            .013
                     Pier/Barge/Marina-Fresh Water (Yd.)              0           80           0             80        7,951            .125            .049
                  Golfing:
                     Courses  ............................            2            0           4              6      106,023            .009            .005
                     Holes ..............................            27            0          81            108        5,890            .169            .100
                  Trails:
                     Parks ..............................             2            0           1              3      212,047            .004            .006
                     Nature (Mi.)   .......................           0            0           8              8       79,518            .013            .009
                     Horseback (Mi.)   ....................           2            0           0              2      318,071            .003            .003
                     Bicycle (Mi.)  .................    o ....       3            0           0              3      212,047            .004            .007
                     Hiking (Mi.)   .......................           3            0           0              3      212,047            .004            .006
                     Total Trails (Mi.)    ....... o .........        8            0           8             16       39,758            o025            .021

              106

                 REGION 10                               PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK                          CITY SIZE:     METRO

                                                                                                                              UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                            DISTRICT COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                         PEOPLE        REGION       STATEWIDE
                            TYPE OF FACILITY                   PARK        PARK        PARK        TOTAL         PER             10         AVERAGE
                                                             (UNITS)     (UNITS)     (UNITS)       UNITS         UNIT           METRO    METRO AREAS

                 Sport Shooting:
                   Parks .............................           0           0          1             1         636,143          .001         .002
                   Traps ...............................         0           0          6             6         106,023          .009         .002
                   Shooting Targets   ..................         0           0          0             0             ---            ---        .004
                   Archery Targets   ....................        0           0          0             0             ---            ---        .011
                 Miscellaneous:
                   Parks .............................           8           7          2             17         37,420          .026         .038
                   Amphitheatre Seats   ................         0           0          0             0                            ---        1.077
                   Botanical Gardens (Acres)    .........       125          0          0            125         5,089           .196         .077
                   Zoos (Acres)   .......................       150          0          0            150         4,240           .235         .051
                   Community/Recreation Centers    ......        8           7:         3             18         35,341          .028         .038

                 Most of the park and recreation facilities in the Fort       Worth Metro Area are in the District      and Community Park categories
                 where all of the swimming facilities exist.       Designated fresh water swimming area was also reported in the District Park
                 category.   One Specialty Park has sport shooting facilities while the District Park category has zoo and botanical
                 garden facilities.    Twenty-one parks have water acreage for fishing although most of these have no specific fishing
                 facilities.   Camping is permitted in only one park, and that a Community Park.          Eighteen community/recreation centers
                 and 16 miles of trails were reported.       Seventeen parks have boating waters available and 6 have golf courses.

                 of the 167 parks, 105 have playgrounds, 87 have facilities for games and sports, 73 have picnicking facilities and 19
                 have swimming facilities. The most common types of games and sports           facilities are baseball/softball with 74 fields,
                 followed by tennis with 56 courts, football/socc6r with 14 fields and         basketball with 11 courts.

                 Looking at  selected facilities in relation to the number of potential        users we find the following:

                     57,831  persons for   each basketball court                        8,596  persons  for  each baseball/softball field
                     45,439  persons for   each football/soccer field                   6,176  persons  for  each acre of playground
                     39,758  persons for   each mile of trails                          5,890  persons  for  each golf.hole
                     35,341  persons for   each community/recreation center             1,610  persons  for  each picnic table
                     11,359  persons for   each tennis court                                 52 persons for  each square yard of swimming pool

                 The Fort Worth Metro Area is above the Statewide Metro       average for facility units     per 1,000 for boat ramp lanes, yards
                 of fishing pier/barge/marina, golf holes, trail miles,       shooting traps, acres of botanical gardens and zoo acreage.         The
                 Area is below the average f or tennis courts, basketball courts, baseball/sof tball f ields, f ootball/soccer f ields, picnic
                 tables, playground acres, square yards of swimming pools, designated fresh water swimming area and community/recreation
                 centers. No campsites, shooting targets, archery targets or amphitheatre seats were reported.

                                                                                                                                                      107

                     REGION 10                          CONVERSION OF FACILITIES TO RECREATION OPPORTUNITY DAYS                 CITY SIZE: METRO

                     Current opportunity days for 1971 were calculated by multiplying the number of facilities available for each
                     activity in the metro area (determined from the Texas Outdoor Recreation Inventory of Parks, Recreation Areas,
                     and Facilities) times the standard for'the facility.

                                                                                                                     DAYS PER THOUSAND POPULATION
                                                                                                    ANNUAL             REGION          STATEWIDE
                                                                                                    DAYS                  10            AVERAGE
                     ACTIVITY-FACILITY                                                            AVAILABLE            METRO             METRO

                          Swimming (Pools)     square yards   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       1,817,700            2,858             3,891
                          Child's Play - playground acres     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       2,845,169            4,474             7,137
                          Baseball/Softball - fields      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       1,021,496            1,606             2,577
                          Picnicking - tables    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          672,290            1,057             2,093
                          Football/Soccer - fields     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          101,136               159               235
                          Golf - holes    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           437,076               687               414
                          Tennis - courts, double    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          150,864               237               384
                          Basketball - courts, full    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .            96,745              152               625

                       Water-Related Activities:

                          Boating, Boat Fishing,    Skiing FW - surface acres     . . . . . .     4,156,510            6,535             2,962
                          Boating, Boat Fishing,    Skiing FW - boat ramps    . . . . . . . .       269,720               424               103

                       Trail Activities:

                          Combined Walking, Bicycling, and Nature Study - miles       . . . .       118,496               186               164

                     The Fort Worth Metro Area offers the most opportunity days for surface acres for freshwater boating, boat fishing
                     and skiing, followed by child's play, swimming (in pools) and baseball/softball. A comparison between the oppor-
                     tunity days per thousand population for the Fort Worth Metro Area and the Statewide Metro average shows that the
                     Fort Worth Metro Area surpasses the statewide average for four types of facilities -- golf courses (holes),
                     surface acres for freshwater boating, boat fishing and skiing, freshwater boat ramps and the miles of trails for
                     the trails activities. The Fort Worth Metro Area is below the Statewide Metro average for swimming (in pools),
                     child's play, baseball/softball, picnicking, football/soccer, tennis and basketball.

             108

                REGION 10                       ESTIMATED CURRENT AND FUTURE PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                CITY SIZE:. METRO

                The fourth ranking metro area, based on population, Fort Worth ranked fourth in total participation for the year 1970.
                Estimates for 1970 indicate that residents and non-residents in the area spent over 30.4 million recreation days in
                pursuit of urban outdoor recreation opportunities available within the metro area.

                                                                      Resident

                Total days of participation in urban outdoor recreation activities by the residents of the Fort Worth Metropolitan
                Area for the 16 activities shown were estimated to be 28.9 million days in 1970. Total participation is expected to
                increase to 42.7 million days in 1975 and to 59.2 million days in 1980. These projections represent increases of
                47.8 percent by 1975 and 104.6 percent by 1980. Participation on a days per household basis is projected to increase
                from 138.6 days in 1970 to 178.5 days in 1975, and to 220.6 days in 1980--increases of 28.8 and 59.1 percent, respec-
                tively, over the 1970 level. Residents of the Fort Worth Metropolitan Area are expected to participate at a rate of
                15, 17, and 18 days per household above the statewide average for the other Texas metropolitan areas in 1970, 1975,
                and 1980, respectively. For the more distant years of 1990 and 2000, total days of participation and days per house-
                hold are expected to increase and days per household will remain above the statewide average for all metropolitan
                areas.

                Projections for specific activitie's indicate that each of the 16 activities will increase in total days of participa-
                tion through the years of 1975 and 1980.  On a days'per household bas 'is, participation is expected to increase in 15
                activities by 1980, while football will decline slightly. Based on total days of participation, the six most popular
                activities in 1970 were: bicycling, walking, swimming, child's play, driving for pleasure, and picnicking. Partici-
                pation in golf is expected to increase 50.5 percent by 1975 and this activity will replace picnicking as the sixth
                ranked activity. By 1980 the six most popular activities in the Fort Worth Metropolitan Area are expected to be:
                bicycling, swimming, walking, child's play, driving for pleasure, and golf.

                                                                    Non-Resident

                Participation in urban outdoor recreation activities within the Fort Worth Metropolitan Area by non-residents was
                estimated to total 1,491,000 days for the activities specified for 1970. Compared to the 1970 level, total participa-
                tion is expected to increase 17.3 percent (to 1,749,000 days) by 1975, and 34.1 percent (to 2,000,000 days) by 1980.
                Similar increases are anticipated through the years 1990 and 2000.

                Of the specified activities, the most popular activities by non-residents for 1970 were:   picnicking, with 311,000 days-,
                swimming, with 292,000 days; sightseeing, with 282,000 days; fishing, with 163,000 days; driving for pleasure, with
                141,000 days; and baseball, with 87,000 days. Assuming adequate facilities are made available, all activities are
                expected to increase significantly through the year 2000, but the relative ranking of individual activities should
                remain the same as the 1970 standings.

                                                                                                                                        109

                        REGION 10                                                                           CURRENT AND PROJECTED RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                                               CITY SIZE:       IETROS
                                                                                                                              (000-S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                                                                  1970                                         1975                                        1980                                        1990                                       2000
                                                                                    STATE-                                    STATE-                                      STATE-                                      STATE-                                       STATE-
                                                                   REC,10           WIDE                        REG.10        WIDE                             REC.10     WIDE                          REG.10        WIDE                           REG.10        WIDE
                                                                   NETROS      MEMOS                            =ROS          METROS                           METROS  ISTROS                           MFTROS      METROS                           METROS     METROS
                                                   PART.           AVERAGE     AVERAGE         PART.            AVERAGE       AVERAGE        PART.             AVERAGE AVERAGE           PART.          AVERAGE     AVERAGE         PART.            AVERAGE    AVERAGE
                        ACTIVITY                   DAYS     RANK   DAYS/1111   DAYS/HH         DAYS    RANK     DAYq/HH       DAYS/1111      DAYS   RANK       DAYS/   DAYS/HH           DAYS   RANK    DAYS/HH     DAYS/HH         DAYS     RANK    DAYS/HH    DAYS/HH

                        Swimming                   4,300          3  20.62          27.41      6,747        3    28.18        36.52          9,975      2      37.07      47.17     19,990          2        59.54    75.28       33,780          2   87.99        110.14
                        Child's Play               2,661          4  12.76          14.08      3,974        4    16.60        17.72          5,642      4      20.97      22.00     10,510          4        31.30    32.20       16,720          4   43.55        43.99
                        Baseball/Softball            430          10   2.06         2.78          585    10          2.44      3.19          763     10        2.84        3.59       1,225      12          13.65     4.41         1,723     12        4.49        5.22
                        Picnicking                   936          6    4.49         5.72       1,092        9        4.56      5.66          1,244      9      4.62        5.66       1,592         9        4.74      5.61         1,856     11        4.83        5.64
                        Football/Soccer              285          13   1.37         1.43          326    15          1.36      1.42          365     15        1.36        1.41          452     15          1.35      1.39           513     16        1.34        1.38
                        Golf                         842          7    4.04         3.92       1,267        6        5.29      4.98          1,803      6      6.70        6.16       3,356         6        10.00     8.96         5,331         5   13.89        12.07
                        Tennis                       786          9    3.77         6.06       1,248        7        5.21      9.21          1,658      7      6.16       11.49       2,655         7        7.91     16.07         3,721         7     9.69       21.46
                        Basketball                   825          8    3.96         1.60       1,112        8        4.64      2.59          1,436      8      5.34        3.57       2,254         8        6.71      5.52         3,108         8     8.10        7.53
                        Walking                    5,286          2  25.34          18.21      7,391        2    30.87        23.09          9,791      3      37.05      29.20     15,923          3        47.43    39.89       22,445          3   58.39        50.31
                        Bicycling                  9,462          1  45.37          20.30     14,872        1    62.-ll       32.77          21,217     1      78.84      45.25     37,712          1   112.33        68.44       55,973          1  145.80        95.49
                        Nature Study                 120          15    .53         .72           378    14          1.58      1.67          706     11        2.62        2.64       1,582      10          4.71      4.63         2,611         9     6.80        6.70
                        Fishing                      374          11   1.79         1.80          450    11          1.88      1.88          529     13        1.97        1.97          717     14          2.14      2.13           885     14        2.31        2.30
                        Boating                      184          14    .88         .88           382    13          1.60      1.60          622     12        2.31        2.31       1,256      11          3.74      3.74         1,985     10        5.17        5.17
                        Skiing                         87         16    .42         .42           148    16          .62         .62         220     16         .82           .82        409     16          1.22      1.22           622     15        1.62        1.81
                        Surfing                      --- ---            ---                       --- ---            ---                     --- ---            ---          ---         ---     ---         ---                      --- ---
                        Sightseeing                  320          12   1.53         2.25          412    12          1.72      2.34          510     14        1.90        2.50          744:    13          2.22      2.70           960     13        2.50        3.01
                                                                                    13.38                                     13.52          2,685      5      9a 98      13.67       3,435         5        M23      13.86         4
                        Dr. for Pleas.               0.17         5    9.61                    2                                                                                                                                      012         6   10.45        14.10
                                                                                               .j.3.55 .j            M3

                              TOTAL               28,915             138.60         120.96    42,739            178.49        158.78         59,166            220.55     199.41 103,812                309.22        286.05     156,245             406.92        213.83

                                             CURRENT AND PROJECTED NON-RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                                    TOTAL CURRENT AND PROJECTED PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000
                                                                  (OOO'S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)                                                                                         (000-S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                        ACTIVITY                                  1970         1975               1980               1990               2000         ACTIVITY                            1970                1975              1980               1990              2000
                        Swimming                                  292               342              391                  506                602     Swimming                            4,592               7,089           10,366           20,496               34,382
                        Child's Play                              68                80               91                   118                140     Child's Play                        2,729               4,054           5,733            10,628               16,860
                        Baseball/Softball                         87                102              116                  151                179     Baseball/Softball                    517                687               879                1,376            1,902
                        Picnicking                                311               364              417                  539                641     Picnicking                          1,247               1,456           1,661                2,131            2,497
                        Football/Soccer                           43                50               57                   74                 88      Football/Soccer                      328                376               422                526                 601
                        Golf                                      67                78               89                   115                137     Golf                                 909                1,345           1,892                3,471            5,468
                        Tennis                                    I                 1                  1                  2                  2       Tennis                               787                1,249           1,659                2,657            3,723
                        Basketball                                                                                                                   Basketball                           825                1,112           1,436                2,254            3,108
                        Walking                                   19                22               25                   32                 39      Walking                             5,305               7,413           9,816            15,955               22,484
                        Bicycling                                                                      I                  I                  I       Bicycling                           9,462          14,872               21,218           37,713               55,974
                        Nature Study                                                                                                                 Nature Study                         120                378               706                1,582            2,611
                        Fishing                                   163               196              224                  290                345     Fishing                              537                646               753                1,007            1,230
                        Boating                                   16                19               21                   28                 33      Boating                              200                401               643                1,284            2,018
                        Skiing                                    1                 1                  1                  2                  2       Skiing                                 88               149               221                411                 624
                        Surfing                                   ---               ---              ---                  ---                ---     Surfing                              ---                                  ---                ---
                        Sightseeing                               282               330              378                  489                581     Sightseeing                          602                742               888                1,233            1,541
                        Dr. for Pleas.                            141               164              188                  243                289     Dr. for Pleas.                      2,158               2,519           2,873                3,678            4,301

                              TOTAL                         1,491             @1,749              2,000              2,590             3,079               TOTAL                      30,406            44,488               61,166           106,402           159;324

                        Note:     Asterisks indicate that projected annual activity days were less than 500.                           Dashes indicate not applicable.             Zeros indicate that the activity was not ranked due to
                                  insignificant participation days recorded.

                      110

                REGION 10                    R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E    R E Q U I R E M E N T S           CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                      1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                Estimates of urban outdoor   recreation resource requirements,7ere developed for the Fort Worth Metropolitan Arei for the
                years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1790, and 2000 by comparing current-L and projected recreation participation with the current
                recreation opportunitie&I available in the metro.      In addition, the availability and spatial distribution of recr(2@a-
                tion opportunities provided by parks and recreation facilities were analyzed with respect to subsections of the metro
                characterized by residents having similar incomes and ethnic backgrounds. Particular attention was given to those sub-
                sections expected to undergo relatively rapid population growth and physical expansion in the future.

                Conclusions reached from analyzing the distribution of recreation opportunities within the metropolitan area were used
                to qualify resource requirement estimates where a less than adequate distribution appeared to exist.

                In the discussions that follow, results of the distribution analysis of parks within subsections of the Fort      Worth
                Metro Area are presented.   Then, estimates of current and future requirements for selected recreation facilities are
                presented, and are qualified by conclusions reached from the distribution analysis of recreation facilities within sub-
                sections of the Fort Worth Metro Area.

                PARK DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

                In analyzing the availability and distribution of parks in the Fort Worth Metro Area, several characteristics were con-
                sidered:   changes in population (or trends in general from 1960 to 1970), areas of the metro which were expected to
                exhibit relatively major expansion, and the dispersion of existing parks among income/ethnic subsections of the metro.
                From these interrelated characteristics, general conclusions were reached with respect to future park developments for
                the metro area.

                Population trends affected estimations of future recreation participation.     Projections of population growth for the
                Fort Worth Metro indicated that the 1970 population of 636,143 would more than double to about 1,358,555 persons by the
                year 2000.   In addition, information provided by urban recreation planners of the area showed that major directions of
                future urban expansion were expected to occur (illustrated by arrows of decreasing size on the following map titled
                "Predominant Ethnic Background and Income Subsections") in the north-- north of Haltom City; in the northwest-- in the
                general vicinity of Lake Worth; and in the east along the Dallas Fort Worth Toll Road and Trinity River. An area direct-
                ly south of the core area also appeared to be rapidly expanding along Interstate Highway 35 south, even though not indi-
                cated as such by the planners of the area.

                l/ "Current" participation refers to levels of participation by type of selected recreation activity which were esti-
                   mated for the year 1970.
                2/ "Current" recreation opportunities refers to computed figures derived from the numbers of publicly- administered
                   facilities by type available within the metro area in 1971.

                REGION 10                    R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S           CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                     1 9 7 0   2 0 0 0

                For the 'Fort Worth Metropolitan Area, local metro area recreation planners also delineated over fifty subsections which
                are indicated on the accompanying map titled "Predominant Ethnic Background and Income Subsections." The delineated
                subsections characterize the homogeneous residential, or demographic, patterns existing in 1971 by two major socio-
                economic factors, income and ethnic background. As shown on the map, approximately thirty subsections comprised low-
                income residents, fifteen were predominantly characterized by middle-income residents, and ten comprised high-income
                residents. As this general distribution indicated, low-income residents lived in a significant percentage of the area.
                The majority of the low-income areas were found in the Fort Worth core area and the northeastern quadrant of the metro
                where Anglos and Blacks predominated. Arlington, Forest Hills, Haltom City, North Richland Hills, Pantego, and Richland
                Hills also had significant compliments of low-income residents, mainly Anglos and Mexican-Americans. Fort Worth was
                typical of most other metro areas in Texas wherein middle-income Anglo residents were predominant in the major portions
                of the metro. Rather than a large number of small subsections, in Forth Worth, most of the southern half and north-
                eastern quadrant of the metro area was characterized by four or five large middle-income Anglo subsections. There were
                three middle-income Black subsections in the metro area, one located in the central core area, one northwest of Lake
                Arlington, and one comprising all of Edgecliff Village and some of the surrounding area south of Loop 820. The single
                small middle-income Mexican-American subsection was west of Kennedale and southeast of Forest Hills. Only two high-
                income subsections were reported in the metro area and those were Anglo subsections adjacent to Texas Christian Univer-
                sity on the west side, one on each side of the south fork of the Trinity River. Other high income subsections were
                also Anglo areas located in the contiguous urban areas of Arlington, Bedford, Benbrook, Dalworthington Gardens, and
                Hurst.

                An analysis of parks dispersion among the subsections was conducted by generally comparing the"bispersion of Parks by
                Type" map with the "Predominant Ethnic Background and Income Subsections" map. Overall, the analysis revealed that the
                distribution for all park types among the different subsection patterns was generally good. However, several of the
                contiguous urban areas (specifically Benbrook, Westover Hills, Westworth Village, Sansom Park Village, Saginaw, and Pan-
                tego) indicated no parks at all in 1971.    With the exception of Benbrook, those areas are relatively small and in all
                cases were located within three miles of a park. In addition, two small subsections (predominantly low-income Anglo
                and Black) in Arlington, the low-income Anglo subsection in North Richland Hills, the low-income Mexican-American sub-
                section north of Haltom City (and west of North Richland Hills), and the small middle-income Mexican-American subsection
                south of Forest Hills did not have parks. All of those subsections were close to parks in other subsections, however.
                The major inadequacy appeared to be the lack of parks of any type in the major areas of expected growth to the north
                and northeast. Parks with recreation facilities, i.e., community, district, and/or specialty, may need to be considered
                in those areas. Other portions of the metro with apparent inadequacies were indicated to the south and east along
                Interstate Highway 35 South, south of Edgecliff Village. The northeastern extremity of the metro (east of Bedford,
                north of the Trinity River) appeared to be rapidly changing land uses as the Fort Worth and Dallas metropolitan areas
                are converging. Efforts by both metros and the affected contiguous urban areas will be necessary to assure that an
                adequate dispersion of parks of all types is attained and-maintained between them. Open land parks are especially
                important in urban areas like Fort Worth. While the reported parks of this type were fairly well distributed in the
                metro area, the southeastern quadrant especially, and much of the eastern half may need consideration for additional
                open land parks where resources are available.

              112

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                 REGION 10                   R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S           CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                     1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                 In addition to maintaining an adequate dispersion of parks in all portions of the metro area, the provision of differ-
                 ent types of recreational facilities in parks is also an important consideration. An analysis of the current and future
                 requirements for selected recreational facilities and the current dispersion of facilities in the Fort Worth Metro Area
                 is presented in the following discussions.

                 FACILITY REQUIREMENTS AND DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

                 As mentioned previously, requirements for selected recreational facilities (see the following table) were calculated for
                 the years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000. Then, an analysis of the dispersion of existing facilities among the pre-
                 dominant income/ethnic subsections and the major growth areas of the metro was conducted. Conclusions reached from the
                 facility dispersion analysis were then used to qualify the facility requirement estimates, particularly in those cases
                 where no additional facilities were estimated as being needed  within the metropolitan area. Usually, special note is
                 made where growth areas appeared to have limited facilities.   The methodology used to calculate facility requirements
                 in general is explained in Appendix C, Part I--An Overview of  the Urban Volume. In the discussions that follow, re-
                 source requirements for recreational facilities are generally  referred to by units of the most important feature neces-
                 sary to allow participation. For example, when a requirement   is shown for swimming pools, features such as a bathhouse,
                 cleaning and filtering system, and other support features are  implied when a requirement for the major facility is shown.

                                                                        Swimming

                 The Fort Worth Metro had 12,118 square yards of public swimming pools in 1971. Each square yard (unit) was estimated to
                 provide 150 days of swimming opportunity per year, which resulted in approximately 1,818,000 opportunity days in 1971.
                 To determine if there was a surplus or deficit of opportunity, estimated participation days and estimated opportunity
                 days were compared. For swimming, there appeared to be a deficit of opportunity in 1970-- 2,498,000 opportunity days,
                 or 16,653 square yards. Deficits were shown in each planning year thereafter. By 1975, the metro area was estimated
                 to require an incremental addition of 15,654 square yards of pools. Cumulative 1980 requirements are estimated at
                 52,840 square yards. The years 1990 and 2000 will require incremental additions of 63,480 and 87,020 square yards,
                 respectively. Additional swimming facilities may be indicated for the southern portions of the metro, and all contig-
                 uous urban areas except White Settlement, Hurst, and Arlington, which appeared to have an adequate distribution in 1971.
                 Special consideration should be given to the more rapidly expanding portions of the metro, especially in the north.

                                                                      Child's Play

                 The Fort Worth Metro in 1971 had a total of 103 acres of playgrounds divided among 105 parks within the metro boundary.
                 Multiplying the 103 acres by the playground standard (each acre was calculated to provide 27,623 days of recreation
                 opportunity per unit per year) yielded an estimated 2,845,000 annual opportunity (potential participation) days. Annual
                 opportunity days were then compared with the forecasted demands, in terms of participation days, as shown in the Fort
                 Worth resource requirements table. Playground area deficits were apparent for all planning periods after 1970. The

             114

              REGION 10                   R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S           CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                  1 9 7 0   2 0 0 0

              The cumulative requirement for 1975 was forty-four additional acres above the existing 103 acres in 1971. Requirements
              should grow incrementally by 61 acres, 177 acres-, and 225 acres in the remaining planning horizon years of 1980, 1990,
              and 2000, respectively, to a cumulative requirement of 507 acres by the year 2000. The existing playgrounds appeared-
              to be relatively well distributed among the population except for noted deficiencies in Lake Worth Village, Sansom Park
              Village, North Richland Hills, Bedford, Kennedale, Everman (a small community on the south central extremity of the
              metro area near 1-35 south; not noted on the 1971 map), Edgecliff Village, Benbrook, Westover Hills, and Westworth
              Village. Additions of playgrounds should be similarly dispersed with emphasis placed on the major growth areas.

                                                                  Baseball/Softball

              With an existing seventy-four baseball/softball fields providing approximately one million total opportunity days. (the
              facility standard utilized was 13,804 opportunity days provided per field each year), the Fort Worth metropolitan area
              appeared to have a sufficient quantity of fields to meet the activity requirements of their baseball/softball recrea-
              tionists through the year 1980. Thereafter, in 1990, 26 fields will be needed with 38 additional fields needed for
              2000, which brings the cumulative total to 64 fields by the year 2000. Although dispersion analysis could not be accom-
              plished with available data, local analysis may indicate that additional fields are required prior to 1980 to insure an
              adequate distribution and to fulfill growth area requirements.

                                                                     Picnicking

              There were 395 public picnic tables in 'the Fort Worth Metro in 1971. At 1,702 days of opportunity per table per year
              (standard) the existing tables provided approximately 672,000 days annually.   An additional 338 tables are estimated to
              be required for 1970 with 123 and 120 tables needed for the years 1975 and 1980, respectively.   Another 276 tables will
              be needed by the year 1990, and an additional 215 tables will be needed to bring the year 2000 Fort Worth Metro Area
              total requirements to 1,072 tables over the 1971 supply. The distribution analysis of picnicking facilities indicated
              relatively good dispersion among the existing populace, except for Westover Hills, Westworth Village, Sansom Park Vil-
              lage, North Richland Hills, Bedford, Kennedale, Everman, Edgecliff Village, and Benbrook. Picnic tables should be con-
              sidered for these areas. The area north and west of Haltom City also appeared to be particularly devoid of public
              picnicking facilities.

                                                                   Football/Soccer

              Each of the fourteen football/soccer fields in the Fort Worth Metro Area provides on the average 7,224 days of opportun-
              ity annually. In total, this amounts to approximately 101,000 available opportunity days per year. The estimated
              requirement for 1970 is thirty-one additional fields with an additional 7, 6, 15, and 10 fields needed in the planning
              years 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000, respectively. Although dispersion analysis of football/soccer facilities could not be
              performed from available data, additional fields may be needed to provide a more adequate dispersion within the metro
              area. This factor should be considered in any future expansions of facilities with attention to growth area requireA
              ments.

                                                                                                                                        115

                 REGION 10                    R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S            CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                     1 9 7 0   2 0 0 0

                                                                           Golf

                 In 1971 there were six golf courses in the Fort Worth Metro providing 108 holes of golf. Using the urban golf standard,
                 each golf hole was shown to be capable of providing 4,047 days of recreation opportunity annually. Fort Worth golfers,
                 then, should have about 437,000 days of opportunity provided annually by public courses. Comparing the expected partic-
                 ipation for the projection years with the available opportunity days shows that the golfers would have required an addi-
                 tional 117 holes (at least thirteen nine-hole courses) in 1970. Incrementally, additions of 107, 136, 390, and 493
                 holes would be needed in the years 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000, respectively, to meet expected increases in golfing par-
                 ticipation. As a general rule, golf courses are constructed in multiples of nine holes; therefore, by the year 2000
                 the Fort Worth Metro Area will need slightly over 138 additional nine-hole courses (1,243 holes) or sixty-nine eighteen-
                 hole courses, or some appropriate combination which considers local resources.

                                                                          Tennis

                 Comparison of 1970 participation estimates with the 151,000 opportunity days provided by the fifty-six tennis courts
                 available in 1971 (each court can make available about 2,694 days of opportunity per year) resulted in a requirement of
                 236 additional courts for that year. Incremental additions of 172 courts in 1975, 152 in 1980, 370 in 1990, and 396 in
                 2000 were projected. Tennis facilities in Fort Worth were concentrated in a portion just southeast of the metro center.
                 It is important that an adequate distribution throughout the metro be considered in current and future planning efforts.

                                                                        Basketball

                 According to the urban basketball standard, each of the eleven basketball courts in the Fort Worth Metro Area should
                 provide approximately 8,795 days of opportunity per year for a total of about 97,000 basketball opportunity days. In
                 1970, there was an estimated requirement of eighty-three basketball courts. Incremental addition's of 32, 37, 93, and
                 97 courts were needed for the years 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000, respectively. Dispersion analysis of basketball facili-
                 ties could not be accomplished with available data, but adequate distribution is an important consideration.

                                                                     Trails Activities

                 Analyzing and comparing expected participation for walking, bicycling, and nature study occurring in the park and recre-
                 ation areas with opportunity days provided by the 1971 supply of trails in the Fort Worth Metropolitan Area indicates
                 that approximately ninety-nine miles of combined trails should have been added to the existing 14 miles of trail by 1970.
                 (Although the total actually amounted to sixteen miles, two of these were horseback riding trail miles. Because re-
                 source requirements were not computed for urban horseback riding trails and because these two miles in the Fort Worth
                 Metro Area.were not designated for other types of trail usage, they were excluded from the computation of opportunity
                 days.) Given the expected participation growth in the trails activities, incremental additions are projected for 58
                 miles in 1975, 68 miles in 1980, 175 miles in 1990, and 191 miles in 2000. Overall, a total of 591 miles of combined
                 trails should be added to the existing fourteen miles by the year 2000 to meet expected participation levels.

              116

              REGION 10                   R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E    R E Q U I R E M E N T S          CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                  1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

              A relatively small proportion of the total participation 1 in trail and related activities was estimated to take place in
              publicly-administered park and recreation areas.   It is likely, however, that as additional trail facilities are pro-
              vided, the relative proportion of total participation will increase at these recreation areas. Thus, the above esti-
              mates of additional res rces required may be conservative in the long run and should be considered as.minimum estimates.
              In addition to the expe tations for increases in participation in trail and related activities at publicly- administered
              park and recreation areas, it is clear that the major proportion of walking,. bicycling, and nature study is occurring
              in places other than established recreation areas. The majority of this participation is most likely taking place in
              local neighborhoods, on city streets, and on available open lands within the area. This phenomenon has direct policy
              implications with respect to the provision of sidewalks within currently existing and newly developing neighborhoods,
              the development of a system of bike lanes in high use areas, and the provision of adequate open space and green belt
              areas within the metro.area.

                                             Water-Related Activities:   Boating,'Boat Fishing, Skiing

                                                         Surface Acres    Freshwater Lakes
                                                          (Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing)

              A total of 9,964- surface acres of freshwater lakes was located within the Fort Worth Metro Area in 1971.  Using partici-
              pation patterns of households recreating in the urban area, it was estimated that boating totaled 200,000  days, boat
              fishing 113,000 days, and skiing 88,000 days for a total of 401,000 days in 1970. _@omparing estimated participation
              with the opportunities provided by the surface acres existing in 1971 indicates that existing freshwater lakes should
              be adequate through the year 2000 to support the water-related activities.

                                                              Freshwater Boat Ramps

              Twenty publicly- administered freshwater boat lanes were reported for the Fort Worth Metro Area in 1971. By estimating
              the 1970 total freshwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation which would have occurred using freshwater
              boat ramp facilities to gain access to the water if sufficient ramps were available, it was calculated that one boat
              ramp was needed in 1970.  Projected increases in freshwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation are expected
              to require eight additional freshwater boat ramps in 1975, nine in 1980, twenty-three in 1990, and twenty-five in the
              year 2000, bringing the cumulative resource requirement to sixty-six ramps in 2000. Since boat ramps are the most fre-
              quently used means by which boaters, skiers, and boat fishermen gain access to freshwater lakes, freshwater boat ramps
              required could be constructed on existing freshwater lakes since they appear to be sufficient.

              l/ In calculating freshwater boat ramp resource requirements the assumption was made that each boat ramp has two lanes.
                Supply figures listed in the "Park and Recreation Facilities by Type of Park" table and quoted in the narratives are
                 in terms of single lanes.

                                                                                                                                         117

                  REGION 10                   R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S          CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                     1 9 7 0   2 0 0 0

                                                            Summary of Facilities Requirements

                  The aggregate analysis indicates that the Fort Worth Metro had, in 1971, at least some facilities for all activities
                  specified. However, in order to increase  the number of opportunity days to a level which matches participation days,
                  additional public facilities were estimated to.be required for every planning horizon year for swimming, child's play,
                  picnicking, football, golf, tennis, basketball, trail activities, and activities requiring freshwater boat ramps. Also,
                  additional public baseball/softball fields were estimated to be required (to accommodate estimated demand), beginning
                  in 1990. The only type of facility which was estimated to be sufficient in number through the year 2000 (for the metro
                  as a whole) was surface acres of freshwater lakes.

                  Dispersion analysis was possible only for a few types of facilities. There were apparent inadequacies in the supply of
                  public swimming pools for all of the contiguous urban areas except White Settlement, Hurst, and Arlington. An inade-
                  quate supply of playground acres was apparent for Lake Worth Village, Sansom. Park Village, North Richland Hills, Bedford,
                  Kennedale, Everman, Edgecliff Village, Benbrook, Westover Hills, and Westworth Village. There appeared to be an inade-
                  quate supply of public picnic tables for the area north and west of Haltom City, for Westover Hills, Westworth Village,
                  Sansom. Park Village, North Richland Hills, Bedford, Kennedale, Everman, Edgecliff Village, and Benbrook.

             118

                REGION 10                                                                        RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIRF14ENTS, 1970-2000                                                                  CITY SIZE: METROS

                                                                                           TOTAL            1971 OPPORTUNITY          NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                      PARTICIPATION          DAYS AVAILABLE               (OOO'S OF                                    UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                        (OOO'S OF               (OOO'S OF              ACTIVITY DAYS)                                  RESOURCES REQUIRED
                YEAR         ACTIVITY                                                ACTIVITY DAYS)          ACTIVITY DAYS            DEFICIT        SURPLUS                CUMULATIVE                         INCREMENTAL
                             Swimming (Pools)      . . . . . . . . . . .                   4,316   1/              1,818              2,498                             16,653 square yardsl/              16,653  square yards!/
                             Child's Play (Playgrounds)         . . . . . .                2,729                   2,,845                                116                  0acres                             0 acres
                             Baseball/Softball     . . . . . . . . . . .                     517                   1,021                                 504                  0fields                            0 fields
                             Picnicking     . . ... . . . . . . . . . .                    1,247                      672               575                                 338 tables                         338 tables
                             Football/Soccer     . . . . . . . . . . . .                     328                      101               227                                 31 fields                          31  fields
                             Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        909                      437               472                                 117 holes                          117 holes
                             Tennis    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       787                      151               636                                 236 courts, dbl.                   236 courts, dbl.
                             Basketball     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      825                        97              728                                 83 courts, full                    83  courts, full

                1970         Water-Related Activities:
                             Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW          . . .                 401                   4,157                               3,756                  0surfj@e acres                     0 surfpe acres
                             Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW          . . .                 310                      270                 40                                  1ramp--                            I ramp-,

                             Trails Activities:
                             Walking   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       557   4/                                                                       58 miles                           58  miles
                             Bicycling    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      378   4/                                                                       39 miles                           39  miles
                             Nature Study     . . . . . . . . . . . . .                         22                                                                            2miles                             2 miles
                             Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                          Nature Study  . . . . . . . .                      957                      118               839                                 99 miles                           99 miles

                             ACTIVITY
                             Swimming (Pools)      . . . . . . . . . . .                   6,664                   1,818              4@846                             32,307 square yards-2/             15,654  square yards-2/
                             Child's Play (Playgrounds)         . . . . . .                4,054                   2,845              1,209                                 44 acres                           44  acres
                             Baseball/Softball     . . . . . . . . . . .                     687                   1,021                                 334                  0fields                            0 fields
                             Picnicking     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    1,456                      672               784                                 461 tables                         123 tables
                             Football/Soccer     . . . . . . . . . . . .                     376                      101               275                                 38 fields                            7 fields
                             Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    1,345                      437               908                                 224 holes                          107 holes
                             Tennis    . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .                     1,249                      151             1,098                                 408 courts, dbl.                   172 courts, dbl.
                             Basketball     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    1,112                        97            1,015                                 115 courts, full                   32  courts, full

                1975         Water-Related Activities:

                             Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW          . . .                 686                   4,157                               3,471                  0surfacy acres                     0 surfac7 acres
                             Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW          . . .                 512                      270               242                                   9ramps3                            8 ramps!

                             Trails Activities:
                             Walking   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       778   4/                                                                       84 miles                           26  miles
                             Bicycling    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      595                                                                            65 miles                           26  miles
                             Natu@e Study     . . . . . . . . . . . . .                         76                                                                            8miles                             6 miles
                             Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                          Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                  1,449   4/                 118             1,331                                 157 miles                          58  miles

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 119

                     REGION 10                                                                 RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                            CITY SIZE: METROS

                                                                                         TOTAL           1971 OPPORTUNITY       NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                     PARTICIPATION        DAYS AVAILABLE             (OOO'S OF                                   UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                      (OOO'S OF              (OOO'S OF             ACTIVITY DAYS)                                RESOURCES REQUIRED
                     YEAR       ACTIVITY                                            ACTIVITY DAYS)        ACTIVITY DAYS         DEFICIT        SURPLUS               CUMULATIVE                       INCREMENTAL
                                Swimming (Pools)    . . . . . . . . . . .                9,744                  1,818            7,926                           52,840  square  yards-2/         20,533  square yard&V
                                Child's Play (Playgrounds)       . . . . . .             5,733                  2,845            2,888                               105 acres                        61  acres
                                Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                   879                 1,021                               142                0 fields                         0 fields
                                Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                1,661                    672               989                              581 tables                       120 tables
                                Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                   422                   101               321                              44  fields                         6 fields
                                Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 1,892                    437            1,455                               360 holes                        136 holes
                                Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 1,659                    151            1,508                               560 courts, dbl.                 152 courts, dbl.
                                Basketball    . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .               1,436                      97           1,339                               152 courts, full                 37  courts, full

                     1980       Water-Related Activities:

                                Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW                         1,023                  4,157                             3,134                0 surface acres                  0 surface acres
                                Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW       . . .                747                   270               477                              18  ramp,3/                        9 ramps-3/

                                Trails Activities:

                                Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 1,031                                                                       115 miles                        31  miles
                                Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   849 4/                                                                   94  miles                        29  miles
                                Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   142                                                                      16  miles                          8 miles
                                Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                            Nature Study . . . . . . . . .               2,022  4/                118            1,904                               225 miles                        68  miles

                                ACTIVITY
                                Swimming (Pools)    . . . . . . . . . . .                19,266                 1,818            17,448                         116,320  square yards-2/          63,480  square   yards 2/
                                Child's Play (Playgrounds)       . . . . . .             10,628                 2;845            7,783                               282 acres                        177 acres
                                Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                1,376                  1,021               355                              26  fields                       26  fields
                                Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                2,131                    672            1,459                               857 tables                       276 tables
                                Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                   526                   101               425                              59  fields                       15  fields
                                Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 3,471                    437            3,034                               750 holes                        390 holes
                                Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 2,657                    151            2,506                               930 courts, dbl.                 370 courts, dbl.
                                Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                22254                      97           2,157                               245 courts, full                 93  courts, full

                     1990       Water-Related Activities:
                                Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW       . . .             1,907                  4,157                            2,250                 0 surfaS@ acres                  0 surfa    acres
                                Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing       FW . . .             1,364                    270            1,094                               41  ramps-                       23  rampsl

                                Trails Activities:

                                Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 1,675                                                                       192 miles                        77  miles
                                Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                1,508  4/                                                                   172 miles                        78  miles
                                Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   318 4/                                                                   36  miles                        20  miles
                                Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                            Nature Study . . . . . . . . .               3,501  4/                118            3,383                               400 miles                        175 miles

                  120

                 REGION 10                                                               RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                         CITY SIZE: METROS

                                                                                   TOTAL           1971 OPPORTUNITY     NET OPPORTUNITY.DAYS
                                                                                PARTICIPATION       DAYS AVAILABLE            (OOO'S OF                               UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                 (OOO'S OF            (OOO'S OF            ACTIVITY DAYS)                             RESOURCES REQUIRED
                 YEAR       ACTIVITY                                           ACTIVITY DAYS)        ACTIVITY DAYS)       DEFICIT      SURPLUS             CUMULATIVE                        INCREMENTAL

                                                                                                                                                                                                            2/
                             Swimming (Pools)   ... . . . . . . . . .                32,319             1,818              30,501                       203,340 square yards!'         87,020 square yards-
                             Child's Play (Playgrounds)    . . . . . .               16,860             2,845              14,015                          507  acres                        225 acres
                             Baseball/Softball  . . . . . . . . . . .                1,902              1,021                 881                            64 fields                       Hfields
                             Picnicking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 2,497                672              1,825                         .1,072 tables                       215 tables
                             Football/Soccer  . . . . . . . . . . . .                   601               101                 500                            69 fields                       10 fields
                             Golf  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 5,468                437              5,031                          1,243 holes                        493 holes
                             Tennis  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 3,723                151              3,572                          1,326 courts, dbl.                 396 courts, dbl.
                             Basketball  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 3,108                  97             3,011                           342  courts, full                 97 courts, full

                 2000       Water-Related Activities:

                             Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW     . . .              2,902              4,157                          1,255                   0surface acres                0surface acres
                             Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing     FW . . .              2,054                270              1,784                             66 ramp,3/                      25 ramps-3/

                            Trails Activities:
                             Walking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 2,358 4/                                                              272  miles                        80 miles
                             Bicycling . . . . ... . . . . . . . . .                 2,239 4/                                                              258  miles                        86 miles
                             Nature Study   . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   525 4/                                                               61 miles                        25 miles
                             Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                  4/
                                       Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .               5,122 -              118              5,004                           591  miles                        191 miles

                 1/  Includes only swimming participation occurring in swimming pools, 94 percent of the total in urban areas.
                 _@/ Designated freshwater swimming areas may be substituted for swimming pools. When making substitutions consider total swimming participation.
                     Assumes 2.0 lanes per ramp.
                     Reflects estimated participation occurring in park and recreation areas; does not include participation occurring outside park and recreation                   areas.  Of the total.
                     walking, bicycling, and nature study participation it was determined that 10.5, 4.0, and 20.1 percept, respectively for each activity, occurs                  in park  and recreation
                     areas.

                                                                                                                                                                                                          121

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                  REGION 11                                 REGIONAL DESCRIPTION: DALLAS METROPOLITAN AREA

                  The Dallas Metropolitan Area consists of the cities of Dallas,                              POPULATION.
                  Irving, Garland, Mesquite, Grand Prairie, Richardson, Farmers                               1970 Metro Area Population:        1,302,242
                  Branch, University Park, Duncanville, Carrollton, Lancaster,                                Change 1960-1970:     +@.2%
                  Balch Springs, and Highland Park; and of the towns of Kleberg,                              Race Composition,  .   .1
                  Seagoville, Cockrell Hill, and Hutchins.         Dallas or "Big D"                              White   ..... 82% V
                  began as a trading post on the Trinity River, with no special                                   Negro   ..... 17%
                  advantages in natural resources or geography to predestine it.                                  other          1%
                  The advantage proved to be people. When two railroads planned                               Age Composition (years):      V
                  to bypass the tiny town, the Dallasites used imagination,                                       13 or less    .....  28%
                  pressure and gifts of money and land to change the minds of                                     14 - 20       .....  12%
                  railroad officials. After this success, Dallas produced many                                    21 - 44       .....  35%
                  more achievements.                                                                              45 - 64       .....  18%
                                                                                                                  65 and over   .....    7%
                  The metropolitan area boasts the site of the State Fair of
                  Texas (the nation's largest annual exposition in attendance),                               ECONOMY
                  the hub for a huge highway network, and the 11th District Federal                           Business
                  Reserve Bank. A channel was dug for the Trinity River to reclaim                            Distribution
                  10,000 acres of flood plain in the heart of the area.           It has                      Education
                  achieved a leading position in the nation's airline transporta-                             Industry
                  tion system. Far-sighted master plans for the physical and                                  Manufacturing
                  aesthetic development of the area have been implemented. The                                Transportation
                  Dallas Metropolitan Area has one of the most sustained growth
                  records of any major metropolitan center. Of a total exceeded
                  only by New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles, there are now 619 companies based here, each with assets of one                 million
                  dollars or more. Forty-seven degree-granting institutions are within a 100-mile radius of the metropolitan                  area, and
                  the seven-campus Dallas     Junior College District will put a junior college within 20 minutes driving time of             every
                  resident in the county.

                  The Dallas Metropolitan     Area has required and supported visitor accommodations and attractions disproportionate to its
                  population rank because     of the size and character of its visitor trade. Dallas, according to the Texas Highway Depart-
                  ment, is the number one     destination for out-of-stat.e visitors entering Texas.         The city is among the top five conven-
                  tion/expositlon centers     in the country.

                  This metropolitan area is a marketing center, the 12th largest in the United States, servicing 1/5 of the nation's
                  marketing areas. The largest market center in the nation in square footage devoted to display is the Dallas Market
                  Center, which is a permanent international trade fair.           The gross annual sales here exceed $1 billion.         Dallas is
                  one of the nation's principal fashion centers and one of the world's biggest international cotton markets.

                  l/ Due to lack of information for some suburbs in the metropolitan area, data for the entire county was used from
                     the 1970 Census.
                  2/ Includes persons of Mexican and/or Spanish descent.

                                                                                                                                                          123

                 REGION 11   Continued

                 The area is also a financial center, claiming the largest bank in the South. Transportation, too, is important here.
                 Dallas is the most accessible city from any point in the nation. The Dallas/Fort Worth Regional Airport is the world's
                 largest and is able to accommodate any future supersonic aircraft. This 18,000-acre facility is within 35 minutes
                 driving time of all major office buildings.

                 Education, conventions, and insurance all play important roles in the area's economy. Dallas has the largest number
                 of headquarterd life insurance companies of any city in the United States. It is also the leader in the Southwest
                 in medical research in the areas of kidney transplants, heart research and surgery, circulatory diseases, cancer,
                 and leukemia.

                 Fun is a password in the city, with events for everyone. There is the Cotton Bowl Classic (January), Southwest Boat
                 Show (January-February), United Sports & Vacation Show (March), Byron Nelson Golf Classic -- Greater Dallas Open
                 (April), Dallas Flower & Garden Show (April), Dallas Invitational Tennis Tournament (April), Dallas Gun Club Metro-
                 politan Open (April or May) , Southwest Home Builders Show (April) , Texas Palomino Horse Show (April) , Dallas Charity
                 Horse Show (May), Dallas Civitan Women's Open Golf Tournament (May), Metropolitan Opera of New York (May), Dallas
                 Summer Musicals (June-August), Annual Fourth of July Parade (July), Dallas Symphony Orchestra (September-April),
                 Pan American Livestock Exposition (October), State Fair of Texas (October), Dallas Civic Opera (November), and the
                 National Junior Indoor Tennis Championship (November).

                 Professional sports may be seen throughout the year. The metropolitan area is home to the Dallas Cowboys of the
                 National Football League, the Dallas Chidparrals of the American Basketball League, the Dallas Black Hawks.of the
                 Central Hockey League, and the Dallas Rockets of the Continental Football League.

                 In addition to these special events are numerous other places and attractions. State Fair Park is open year round
                 for various events. The Summer Musicals are presented in the State Favir Music Hall. The Dallas Museum of Fine
                 Arts, the Age of Steam Historical Wax Museum, the Texas Hall of State which records 400 years of Texas history in
                 its decorative motifs, and the Texas Sports Hall of Fame are located in Fair Park.

                 Educational institutions include Southern Methodist University, University of Dallas, Bishop College, Dallas Baptist
                 College, Dallas Theological Seminary, Baylor University College of Dentistry, and the University of Texas Southwestern
                 Medical School.

             124

                  REGION 11                                                                                            CITY SIZE: METRO
                          P U B L I C L Y      A D M I N I S T E R E D     -R E C R E A T. 1 0 N    0 P P 0 R T U N I T I E S

                                                                                                 LAND AND WATER ACREAGE

                                                                                                                        ACRES
                                                                                                               REGION           STATEWIDE
                                                                                                                 11              AVERAGE
                                                                                                               METRO          METRO-AREAS
                                               47%
                                                                                 Developed Land                4,909             1,307
                    REGION
                      11                                                         Undeveloped Land              5,621                536
                     METRO                          -                            Total Land                    10,530            1,843

                                                  53%                            Wate r Within or Adjacent     2,860             1,006

                                                                                 Total Land and Water          13,390            2,849

                                      Im           DEVELOPED LAND

                                                   UNDEVELOPED LAND
                                                                                 The Dallas Metro Area has a total of.10,530 acres of
                                                                                .land set aside as park and recreation areas. In addition,
                                                                                 2,860 surface acres of water either within or adjacent
                                                                                 to these parks were reported.
                                                      71%
                                                                                 Of the total land acreage, 4,909 acres are developed with
                   STATEWIDE                                                     facilities, leaving 5,621 acres available for development
                    AVERAGE                                                      in the future. With only 47 percent of the land acreage
                  METRO AREAS                                                    currently developed, the Area is well below the. Statewide
                                                                                 Metro average of 71 percent.
                                            29%

                                                                                                                                               125

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              c

                       REGION 11                                                                                                                CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                                  PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK

                                                                                                                                             UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                                     DISTRICT COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                            PEOPLE          REGION       STATEWIDE
                                    TYPE OF FACILITY                     PARK         PARK         PARK        TOTAL          PER               11          AVERAGE
                                                                       (UNITS)      (UNITS)     (UNITS)        UNITS          UNIT             METRO     METRO AREAS
                       Games and Sports:
                         Parks   ...............................            40           145         10           195           6,678           .150           .1-50
                         Tennis Courts   .................                  90           144          5           239           5,449           .184           .142
                         Basketball Courts    ............   ::::*:         23            52          0            75         17,363            .058           .071
                         Baseball/Softball Fields     ...........          116           138         114          268           4,859           .206           .186
                         Football/Soccer Fields      ..............         16            22          0            38         34,270            .029           .032
                       Picnicking:
                         Parks   ..............................             40           155          8           203           6,415           .156           .124
                         Tables  .............................           1,110           756         38          1,904            684          1.462           1.230
                       Playground:
                         Parks   ..............................             39           168         20           227           5,737           .174           .170
                         Acres Developed   ....................             99           275         25           399           3,265           .306           .258
                       Swimming:
                         Parks   .........................  ::  ....        30            93          3           126         10,335            .097           .050
                         Pools (Sq. Yd.)   ..............      ....     17,111        25,321      3,000        45,432               29       36.894           25.950
                         Designated Fresh Water (Sq. Yd.)        ...     5,000         8,140         10        13,140               99       10.0912          52.242
                       Boating,
                         Parks   ..............................               2            0          0              2       651,121            .002           .006
                         Ramp Lanes - Fresh Water     ...........           14             0          0            14         93,017            .Oil           .008
                       Camping:
                         Parks   ..............................               1            0          0              1      1,302,242           '.001          .002
                         Campsites  ..........................                0            0          0              0            ---            ---           .121
                       Fishing:
                         Parks   ..............................               4            1          2              7       186,035            .005           .013
                         Pier/Barge/Marina-Fresh Water (Yd.)               186             0          0           186           7,001           .143           .049
                       Golfing:
                         Courses ............................                 2            0          2              4       325,561            .003           .005
                         Holes   ..............................             45             0         36            81         16,077            .062           .100
                       Trails:
                         Parks   ..............................               3            2          4              9       144,694            .007           .006
                         Nature (Mi.)   .......................               4            2          9            15         86,816            .012           .009
                         Horseback.(Mi.)   ....................               0            0          0              0            ---            ---           .003
                         Bicycle (Mi.)    ......................              1            0          0              1      1,302,242           .001           .007
                         Hiking (Mi.)   .......................               1            0          0              1      1,302,242           .001           .006
                         Total Trails (Mi.)    ........ ;  ........           5            2          9            16         81,390            .012           .021

               128

                REGION 11                                PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK                           CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                                                                                               UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                            DISTRICT COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                         PEOPLE        REGION       STATEWIDE
                           TYPE OF FACILITY                   PARK         PARK        PARK         TOTAL         PER             11         AVERAGE
                                                             (UNITS)_    (UNITS)     (UNITS)        UNITS         UNIT          METRO     METRO AREAS

                Sport Shooting:
                  Parks .............................            0          0             0            0                                       .002
                  Traps .............................            0          0             0            0             ---          ---          .002
                  Shooting Targets    ..................         0          0             0            0             ---          ---          .004
                  Archery Targets   ...................          0          0             0            0             ---          ---          .011
                Miscellaneous:
                  Parks .............................            19         25            6           50          26,045        .038           .038
                  Amphitheatre Seats    .................       700         0             0          700            1,860       .538           1.077
                  Botanical Gardens (Acres)    .........         0          1             0            1       1,302,242        .001           .077
                  Zoos (Acres)   ......................          1          0            48           49          26,576        .038           .051
                  Community/Recreation Centers     ......        19         24            5           48          27,130        .037           .038

                The majority of the park and recreation      facilities in the Dallas Metro     Area are in either the District or Community Park
                categories.   All of the boating facilities are in two of the District Parks.           In addition, one District Park has a
                camping area available, although no specific camping facilities were reported.             Seven parks with fishing waters available
                were inventoried.    A total of 126 parks were reported with swimming facilities. -In addition to the swimming pools,
                designated fresh water swimmirig area was reported in both the District and Community Park categories.               Two zoos, one in
                a District Park and one in a Specialty Park were reported. A total of 16 miles of trails, with all but one mile of this
                nature trails, were inventoried.      The Dallas Metro Area has a total of 48 community/recreation centers.            Only four parks
                with golf courses were reported.

                .Of the 338 parks, 227 have playgrounds, 203 have picnicking facilities, 195 have games and sports facilities and 126 have
                swimming facilities.     The most common types of games and sports facilities are baseball/softball with 268 fields, followed
                by tennis with 239 courts, basketball with 75 courts and football/soccer with 38 fields.

                Looking at  selected facilities in relation to the number of potential         users we find the following:

                    81,390  persons for each    mile of trails                            5,449 persons for  each tennis court
                    34,270  persQns for each    football/soccer field                     4,859 persons for  each baseball/softball field
                    27,130  persons for each    community/recreation center               3,265 persons for  each acre of playground
                    17,363  persons for each    basketball court                            684 persons for  each picnic table
                    16,077  persons for each    golf hole                                    29 persons for  each square yard of swimming pool

                The Dallas  Metro Area is above the Statewide Metro average for facility units          per  1,000 for tennis courts, baseball/soft-
                ball fields, picnic tables, playground acres, square yards of swimming pools,           boat ramp lanes and yards of fishing pier/
                barge/marina.    The Area is below the average for basketball courts, football/soccer fields, designated fresh water
                swimming area, golf holes, trail miles, amphitheatre seats, acres of botanical gardens, zoo acreage and community/recrea-
                tion centers. No campsites or sport shooting facilities were reported.

                                                                                                                                                        129

                      REGION 11                          CONVERSION OF FACILITIES TO RECREATION OPPORTUNITY DAYS                 CITY SIZE: METRO

                      Current opportunity days for 1971 were calculated by multiplying the number of facilities available for each
                      activity in the metro area (determined from the.Texas Outdoor Recreation Inventory of Parks, Recreation Areas,
                      and Facilities) times the standard for the facility.

                                                                                                                      DAYS PER THOUSAND POPULATION
                                                                                                    ANNUAL              REGION         STATEWIDE
                                                                                                     DAYS                 11            AVERAGE
                      ACTIVITY-FACILITY                                                            AVAIIABLE            METRO             METRO

                           Swimming (Pools) - square yards     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      6,819,800             5,238             3,891
                           Child's Play - playground acres     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      11,021,577            8,465             7,137
                           Baseball/Softball - fields     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       3,699,472             2,841             2,577
                           Picnicking - tables    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       3,240,608             2,489             2,093
                           Football/Soccer - fields     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         274,512               211               235
                           Golf - holes    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          327,807               252               414
                           Tennis - courts, double    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         643,866               495               384
                           Basketball - courts, full    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         659,625               507               625

                        Water-Related Activities:

                           Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW - surface acres            . . . .    1,193,057               916             2,962
                           Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW - boat ramps      . . . . . . . .       188,804               145               103

                        Trail Activities:

                           Combined Walking, Bicycling, and Nature Study - miles       . . . .      135,424               104               164

                      The Dallas Metro Area offers the most opportunity days for child's play, followed by swimming (in pools), baseball/
                      softball and picnicking. A comparison between the opportunity days per thousand population for the Dallas Metro
                      Area and the Statewide Metro average shows that the Dallas Metro Area surpasses the statewide average for six types
                      of facilities -- swimming pools, children's playgrounds (in acres), baseball/softball fields, picnic tables, tennis
                      courts, and freshwater boat ramps. The Dallas Metro Area is below the Statewide Metro average for football/soccer,
                      golf, basketball, surface acres for freshwater boating, boat fishing and skiing, and the trails activities.

              130

              REGION 11                          ESTIMATED CURRENT AND FUTURE PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                     CITY SIZE: METRO

              The second ranking metro area, based on population, Dallas ranked first in total participation for the year 1970.
              Estimates for 1970 indicate that residents and non-residents in the area spent over 63.8 million recreation days in
              pursuit of urban outdoor recreation opportunities available within the metro area.

                                                                         Resident

              Total days of participation in urban outdoor recreation activities by the residents of the Dallas Metropolitan Area for
              the 16 activities shown were estimated to be 62.5 million days in 1970. Total participation is expected to increase to
              94.8 million days in 1975 and to 137.9 million days in 1980. These projections represent increases of 51.8 percent by
              1975 and 120.7 percent by 1980.    Participation on a days per household basis is projected to increase from 145.9 days
              in 1970 to 185.2 days in 1975, and to 226.7 days in 1980--increases of 26.9 and 55.4 percent, respectively, over the
              1970 level. Residents of the Dallas Metropolitan Area are expected to participate at a rate of 22, 24, and 24 days per
              household above the statewide average for the other Texas metropolitan areas in 1970, 1975, and 1980, respectively.
              For the more distant years of 1990 and 2000, both total days of participation and days per household are expected to
              increase, and days per household will remain above the statewide average for the other Texas metropolitan areas.

              Projections for specific activities indicate that each of the 16 activities will increase in total days of participa-
              tion through the years 1975 and 1980. On a days per household basis, participation is expected to increase in 15 acti-
              vities, while football will decline slightly.     Based on total days of participation, the six most popular activities in
              1970 were:   swimming, walking, bicycling, child's play, driving for pleasure, and tennis, respectively.        By 1975 bicy-
              cling will replace walking as the second ranked activity and tennis will move into fifth place replacing driving for
              pleasure.   In 1980 the six most popular activities in the Dallas Metropolitan Area are expected to be:        swimming, bi-
              cycling, walking, child's play, tennis, and driving for pleasure, respectively.

                                                                       Non-Resident

              Participation in urban outdoor recreation activities     within the Dallas Metropolitan Area by non-residents was'estimated
              to total 1,266,000 days for the activities specified     for 1970.   Compared to the 1970 level, total participation is e.x-
              pected to increase 21.3 percent (to 1,536,000 days) by 1975 and 42.6 percent (1,805,000 days) by 1980.         Similar increases
              are anticipated through the years 1990 and 2000.

              Of the specific activities selected, the most popular activities by non-residents for 1970 were:         sightseeing, with
              500,000 days; football, with 232,000 days; swimming, with 195,000 days; driving for pleasure, with 123,000 days; golf,
              with 83,000 days, and picnicking with 37,000 days. Assuming adequate facilities are made available, all activities
              are expected to increase at a moderate rate through the year 2000 and retain their relative ranking in terms of popula-
              rity.

                                                                                                                                                131

                        REGION 11                                                               CURRENT AND PROJECTED RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                              CITY SIZEi       IIETROS
                                                                                                               (OOO'S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                                                            1970                                    1975                                  1980                                   1990                                  2000
                                                                         STATE-                                STATE-                                     STATE-"                            STATE-                                   STATE-
                                                             REG.11      WIDE                        REG.11    WIDE                            REG. 11    WIDE                       REG.11   WIDE                      REG. 11       WIDE
                                                             METROS     METROS                       NETROS    METROS                          METROS     ICTROS                     METROS  METROS                     METROS        NETROS
                                               PART.         AVERAGE    AVERAGE      PART.           AVERAGE   AVERAGE        PART.            AVERAGE    AVERAGE  PART.             AVERAGE  AVERAGE    PART.          AVERAGE       AVERAGE
                        ACTIVITY               DAYS    RANK  DAYS/H     DAYS/HH      DAYS    RANK    DAYS/HH   DAYS/HH        DAYS RANK        DAYS/      DAYS/HH  DAYS   RANK       DAYS/HH  DAYS/HH    DAYS   RANK    DAYS/HH       DAYS/111i
                        Swimming              17,580      1    41.06        27.41   28,470      1    .55.61      36.52        44,300   1       73.17      47.17  98,670      1       117.77   75.28    179,200      1   174.35        110.14
                        Child's Play           8,077      4    18.86        14.08   12,170      4    23.77       17.72        17,970   4       29.68      22.00  36,340      3       43.37    32.20     60,880      3      59.23      43.99
                        Baseball/Softball      1,018      9      2.38       2.78     1,435      9       2.80      3.19        1,948    9       3.22       3.59   3,405       9       4.06      4.41      5,032      9      4.90       5.22
                        Picnicking             1,915      8      4.47       5.72     2,327      8       4.55      5.66        2,784    8       4.60       5.66   3,958       8       4.72      5.61      4,972      10     4.84       5.64
                        Football/Soccer         555       12     1.30       1.43        661     13      1.29      1.42        780    14        1.29       1.41   1,074     14        1.28      1.39      1,310      15     1.27       1.38
                        Golf                   2,404      7      5.61       3.92     3,679      7       7.19      4.98        5,400    7       8.92       6.16   10,730      6       12.81     8.96     17,640      6      17.16      12.07
                        Tennis                 3,780      6      8.83       6.06     6,695      5    13.08        9.21        9,996    5       16.51      11.49  20,110      5       24.00    16.07     33,760      5      32.85      21.46
                        Basketball              600       11     1.40       1.60        748     12      1.46      2.59        921    13        1.52       3.57   1,375     13        1.64      5.52      1,810      13     1.76       7.53
                        Walking               10,712      2    25.02        18.21   14,286      3    27.90       23.09        18,641   3       29.78      29.20  30,630      4       36.56    39.89     43,505      4      42.33      50.31
                        ,Bicycling             9,370      3    2f.89        20.30   15,487      2    30.25       32.77        23,380   2       38.61      45.25  46,370      2       .55.34   68.44     74,078      2      72.07      95.49
                        Nature Study            164       16     .38        .72         560     14      1.09      1.67        1,092  12        1.80       2.64   2,701     11        3.22      4.63      4,773      11     4.64       6.70
                        Fishing                 769       10     1.80       1.80        963     10      1.88      1.88        1,190  11        1.97       1.97   1,789     12        2.14      2.13      2,369      12     2.30       2.30
                        Boating                 377       13     .88        .88         817     11      1.60      1.60        1,399  10        2.31       2.31   3,134     10        3.74      3.74      5,314      8      5.17       5.17
                        Skiing                  179       15     .42        .42         317     16      .62         .62       496    16        .82        .82    1,021     15        1.21      1.22      1,664      14     1.62       1.81
                        Surfing                 --- ---          ---        ---         --- ---         ---         ---       --- ---          ---        ---      ---     ---       ---           ---     --- ---           ---        ---
                        Sightseeing             301       14     .70        2.25        413     15      .81       2.34        532    15        .88        2.50     852     16        1.02      2.70      1,148      l6     1.12       3.01
                        Dr. for Pleas.         4,685      5    10.94        13.38    5,810      6    11.35       13.52        7,057    6       11.66      13.67  10,261      7       12.25    13.86     13,094      7      12-74      14.10
                            TOTAL             02,486         145.93      120.96     94,838           185.25    158.78         137,886          226.74     199.41  272,420            325.13   286.05   450,549          438.35        386.32

                                          CURRENT AND PROJECTED NON-RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                     TOTAL CURRENT AND PROJECTED PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000
                                                            (000-S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)                                                                          (OOOIS OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                        ACTIVITY                          1970          1975            1980            1990                  2000   ACTIVITY                        1970            1975             1980            1990            2000

                        Swimming                          195            237                 278          379                 471    Swimming                    17,775              28,707        44,578           99,049            179,671
                        Child's Play                      13                16               19              26               32     Child's Play                  8,090             12,186        17,989           36,366            60,912
                        Baseball/Softball                   9               11               13              18               23     Baseball/Softball             1,027             1,446         1,961            3,423             5,055
                        Picnicking                        37                44               52              71               89     Picnicking                    1,952             2,371         2,836            4,029             5,051
                        Football/Soccer                   232            281                 330          451                 560    Football/Soccer                 787             942           1,110            1,525             1,870
                        Golf                              83             101                 119          162                 201    Golf                          2,487             3,780         5,519            10,892            17,841
                        Tennis                              6               7                9               12               15     Tennis                        3,786             6,702         10,005           20,122            33,775
                        Basketball                        11                14               16              22               28     Basketball                      611             762               937          1,397             1,838
                        Walking                           15                19               22              30               37     Walking                     10,727              14,305        18,663           30,660            43,542
                        Bicycling                           2               2                3               4                4      Bicycling                     9,372             15,489        23,383           46,374            74,082
                        Nature Study                                                                                                 Nature Study                    164             560           1,092            2,701             4,773
                        Fishing                           28                34               40              54               67     Fishing                         797             997           1,230            1,843             2,436
                        Boating                             9               11               13              17               22     Boating                         386             828           1,412            3,151             5,336
                        Skiing                              3               4                5               7                8      Skiing                          182             321               501          1,028             1,672
                        -Surfing                          ---            ---                 ---          ---                 ---    Surfing                         ---             ---               ---
                        Sightseeing                       500            606                 711          971                 1,206  Sightseeing                     801             1,019         1,243            1,823             2,354
                        Dr. for Pleas.                    123            149                 175          238                 296    Dr. for Pleas.                4,808             5,959         7,232            10,499            13,390

                            TOTAL                      1,266            1,536           1,805           2,462                 3,059       TOTAL                  63,752              96,374        139,691          274,882           453,608

                        Note: Asterisks indicate that projected annual activity days were less than 500. Dashes indicate not applicable. Zeros indicate that the activity was not ranked due to
                                 insignificant participation days recorded.

                    132

               REGION 11                   R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S           CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                  1 9 7 0   2 0 0 0

               Estimates of urban outd oor recreation resource requirements were developed for the Dallas Metropolitan Area for the
               years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000 by comparing currenfl/ and projected recreation participation with the 1971
               recreation opportunities!/ available within the metro. In addition, the availability and spatial distribution of recre-
               ation opportunities provided by parks and recreation facilities were analyzed with respect to subsections of the Dallas
               Metro characterized by residents having similar incomes and ethnic backgrounds. Particular attention was given to those
               subsections expected to undergo relatively rapid population growth and physical expansion in the future.

               Conclusions reached from analyzing the distribution of recreation opportunities within the metropolitan area were used
               to qualify resource requirement estimates where a less than adequate distribution appeared to exist.

               In the discussions that follow, results of the distribution analysis of parks within subsections of the Dallas Metro
               Area are presented. Then, estimates of current and future requirements for selected recreation facilities are presented,
               and are qualified -by conclusions reached from the distribution analysis of recreation facilities within subsections of
               the Dallas Metro.

               PARK DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

               In analyzing the availability and distribution of parks in the 'Dallas Metro Area, several characteristics were consid-
               ered: changes in population (or trends in general, 1960 to 1970), areas of the metro which were expected to exhibit
               relatively major expansion, and the dispersion of existing parks among the income/ethnic subsections of the metro.
               From these interrelated characteristics general conclusions were reached with respect to future park developments for
               the metro area.

               Population trends affected estimations of future recreation participation. Projections of population growth for Dallas
               indicated that the 1970 metro population of 1,302,242 will increase to about 3,186,193 persons by the year 2000. The
               observed growth and physical expansion has been greatest in the northwestern, northern, northeastern, and southwestern
               portions of the metropolitan area @nd those portions likely will continue to be the major growth areas.

               The "Predominant Ethnic Background and Income Subsec tions" map shows that in 1971 the Dallas Metro had over thirty
               income/ethnic subsections, as delineated by recreation planners from Dallas and the contiguous urban areas. Dallas was
               populated predominantly by Anglos and Blacks. There were only two small Mexican-American subsections, a low-income
               and a middle-income subsection located on either side of the largest low-income Black subsection located in the central
               core area. Other than the large low-income Black subsection in Dallas' central core area, there were two smaller low-

               l/ "Current" participation refers to levels of participation by type of selected recreation activity which were esti-
                 mated for the year 1970.
               2/ "Current" recreation opportunities refers to computed figures derived from the numbers of publicly- administered
                  facilities by type available within the metro area in 1971.

                                                                                                                                        133

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             REGION 11                   R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E    R E Q U I R E M E N T S           CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                 1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

             income Black subsections located in Carrollton, one more located between Grand Prairie and Irving, and another in Lan-
             caster. There was a large middle-income Black subsection south of -the central core area, and two more very small middle-
             income Black subsections located in Farmer's Branch and one within the core area about a mile southwest of Richardson.
             The remaining Black subsection was a small high-income area northeast of the intersection of Illinois Avenue and High-
             ways 67 and 77 in the south central core area. Most of the northeastern one-half of the metro was composed of inter-
             spersed middle and high-income Anglo subsections including the two contiguous areas of University Park and Highland
             Park (both high-income Anglo). The western third of the metro was also predominantly characterized by middle and high-
             income Anglos. All of the seven low-income Anglo subsections were relatively small. One of these was located in the
             central core area; one each was located in Irving, Duncanville, and Lancaster. Another was located just north of Dun-
             canville in the core area, and the remaining two were located to the southeast of the core area on either side of a
             relatively large middle-income Anglo area.

             The "Dispersion of Parks by Type" map indicates the geographic distribution of parks in Dallas and most of the contig-
             uous urban areas for 1971.  Analysis of parks distribution with regard to the income-ethnic background characteristics
             reveals that all types of parks were generally well-distributed in the metro area.    All but six very small subsections
             had at least one or more parks.  Those six specific subsections, however, were within one mile of a park. The two low-
             income-Black subsections and the one high-income Anglo subsection in Carrollton had no parks. The low-income Black
             subsection between Irving and Grand Prairie, the low-income Anglo subsection north of, and the high-income Anglo sub-
             section within Duncanville also had no parks.   Information relevant to the dispersion of parks among subsections in
             Richardson and Kleberg was not available.   With the exception of those two contiguous urban areas, all of the remaining
             contiguous areas had parks,. indicating that the metro as a whole had an adequate distribution of parks in 1971, when
             analyzed according to income and ethnic subsections. . Regarding new developments of parks, the major growth areas in
             the northwest, north, northeast, and southwest should receive consideration.

             In addition to maintaining an adequate dispersion of parks in all portions of the metro area, the provision of different
             types of recreational facilities in parks is also an important consideration.    An analysis of the current and future
             requirements for selected recreational facilities and the current dispersion of facilities in the Dallas Metro is pre-
             sented in the following discussions.

             FACILITY REQUIREMENTS AND DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

             As mentioned previously, requirements for selected recreational facilities (see the following table) were calculated for
             the years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000. Then, an analysis of the dispersion of existing facilities among the pre-
             dominant income/ethnic subsections and the major growth areas of the metro was conducted. Conclusions reached from the
             facility dispersion analysis were then used to qualify the facility requirement estimates, particularly in those cases
             where no additional facilities were estimated as being needed within the metropolitan area.    Usually, special note is
             made where growth areas appeared to have limited facilities. The methodology used to calculate facility requirements
             in general is explained in Appendix C, Part I--An Overview of the Urban Volume.    In the discussions that follow,

                                                                                                                                          135

                 REGION 11                   R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S           CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                    1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                 resource requirements for recreational facilities are generally referred to by units of the most important feature neces-
                 sary to allow participation. For example, when a requirement is shown for swimming pools, features such as a bathhouse,
                 cleaning and filtering system, and other support features are implied when a requirement for the major facility is shown.

                                                                        Swimming

                 The Dallas Metro had 45,432 square yards of public swimming pools in 1971. Each square yard (unit) was estimated to
                 provide 150 days of swimming opportunity per year, which yielded an estimated 6,815,000 opportunity days. To determine
                 if there was a surplus or deficit of opportunity, estimated participation days and estimated opportunity days were com-
                 pared. For swimming there appeared to be a deficit of 9,894,000 days of opportunity in 1970, which translated to 65,960
                 square yards of pools. Additional deficits were estimated in each planning year thereafter. By 1975, the metro area
                 was estimated to require an additional 68,507 square yards of pools. Cumulative 1980 requirements were estimated at
                 233,920 square yards. Requirements should continue to grow incrementally by 341,353 square yards and 505,234 square
                 yards in 1990 and 2000, respectively. Only one subsection on the northeast edge of the Dallas core area had no pools,
                 but four contiguous urban areas (Balch Springs, Kleberg, Cockrell Hill, and Hutchins) had no public outdoor pools, and
                 several other contiguous urban areas and subsections had only one pool. Future consideration probably should be given
                 to these areas as well as the more rapidly expanding residential sections in the northwestern, northern, northeastern,
                 and southwestern portions of the metro.

                                                                      Child's Play

                 The Dallas Metro in 1971 had 399 acres of playground dispersed through 227 parks. Multiplying the 399 acre units by
                 the playground standard (each acre was calculated to provide 27,623 days of recreation opportunity per unit per year)
                 resulted in an estimated 11,022,000 annual opportunity (potential participation) days. Annual opportunity days were
                 then compared with the forecasted demands, as shown in the Dallas resource requirements table. Playground area deficits
                 were apparent for all planning periods after 1970. The cumulative requirement for 1975 was forty-two additional acres
                 above the 399 acres existing in 1971. Requirements should grow incrementally by 210 acres, 665 acres, and 889 acres in
                 the remaining planning horizon years, respectively, to a total requirement of 1,806 acres by the year 2006. Except for
                 the high-income Anglo subsection in the northeast, which had no public playgrounds, the existing playgrounds were rela-
                 tively well distributed among the core area population. Balch Springs, Kleberg, Cockrell Hill, and Seagoville had no
                 public playgrounds. Additions of playgrounds should be made with emphasis also placed on the major growth areas.

                                                                    Baseball/Softball

                 With an existing 268 baseball/softball fields providing approximately 3.7 million opportunity days (the facility stan-
                 dard utilized was 13,804 opportunity days provided per field each year), the Dallas Metropolitan Area appeared to have
                 a sufficient quantity of fields in 1971 to meet the activity requirements of their baseball/softball recreationists
                 through the year 1990. By the year 2000, an estimated ninety-eight more fields may be needed. Although dispersion of
                 these facilities cannot be discerned from available data, it is important that an adequate distribution be considered
                 in current and future planning efforts.

              136

               REGION 11                    R E C R E A T 1 0 N     R E S 0 U R C E    R E Q U I R E M E N T S            CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                     1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                                                                        Picnicking

               There were 1,904 public picnic tables in the Dallas Metro in 1971.      At 1,702 days of opportunity per table per year
               (standard) the existing tables provided approximately 3,241,000 days annually. Although the 1971 supply level was
               expected to provide adequate overall opportunity through 1980, additional picnic facilities will be required in the
               years from 1980 through 2000. Another 463 tables will be needed by the year 1990, and an additional 606 tables will
               be needed by the year 2000 to bring the cumulative total to 1,069 tables. These tables, when added to tables existing
               in 1971, would bring the Dallas Metro Area total to 2,973 tables in the year 2000.       The distribution analysis of picnick-
               ing facilities indicated good dispersion among the existing populace with only the northern growth area, Balch Springs,
               Cockrell Hill, Kleberg, and Seagoville showing no picnic tables in 1971.

                                                                       Football/Soccer

               Each of the thirty-eight football/soccer fields in the Dallas Metro Area provided approximately 7,224 days of opportuni-
               ty annually. This amounts to approximately 275,000 available opportunity days per year, which was estimated to be in-
               sufficient for 1970, with another seventy-one fields needed to meet demand. If these fields had been provided, 21 more
               fields would have been necessary to meet the 1975 requirement, and in 1980 an additional 24 fields would bring the cumu-
               lative requirement to 116 fields. The incremental requirements for 1990 and 2000 were estimated to be 57 fields and 49
               fields, respectively. Data were not available to determine the distribution in Dallas, but seven contiguous urban areas
               had no fields, or had only one.

                                                                           Golf

               The four publicly- administered golf courses in the Dallas Metropolitan Area provided eighty-one holes in 1971. Using
               the urban golf standard of 4,047 days per year per hole, a total of 328,000 days of opportunity were, provided annually
               by the public courses.   A comparison of projected participation days with the available opportunity days (1971) showed
               that the golfers would have required an additional 533 holes (at least fifty-nine, nine-hole courses) in 1970.         Incre-
               mentally, additions of 320, 430, 1,327, and 1,717 holes would be required in 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000, respectively,
               to meet expected increases in golfing participation. As a general rule, golf courses 'are constructed in multiples of
               nine holes; therefore, by the year 2000 the Dallas Metro Area will     'need nearly 481 additional nine-hole courses (4,327
               holes) or 240 eighteen-hole courses, or some other appropriate combination of eighteen and nine-hole courses which con-
               siders local resources.

                                                                          Tennis

               The 644,000 opportunity days provided by the 239 public tennis courts available in 1971 (each court can make available
               about 2,694 days of opportunity per year) apparently were insufficient to meet facility requirements for the Dallas
               Metro. Tennis court deficits were indicated for all planning periods. The 1970 deficit was approximately 3,142,000
               opportunity days, or 1,166 courts. Requirements will grow incrementally by 1,083 courts, 1,227 courts, 3,754 courts,

                                                                                                                                              137

                 REGION 11                   R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S           CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                     1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                 and 5,068 courts in the remaining horizon years, respectively, to a total requirement of 12,298 courts by the year 2000.
                 Because of a general absence of courts throughout the metropolitan area, most sections should be given consideration in
                 current and future planning efforts.

                                                                        Basketball

                 Based on an urban basketball standard of 8,795 days per year per court, a total of 660,000 opportunity days was provided
                 by the seventy-five basketball courts enumerated in 1971. By comparing available opportunity days with estimated par-
                 ticipation for each projection year as expressed in the Dallas recreation resource requirement table, it appeared that
                 the seventy-five courts would meet only the 1970 requirements. By 1975, an additional twelve courts would be needed.
                 An incremental addition of nineteen courts in 1980 would bring the cumulative total to thirty-one . For 1990 and 2000
                 incremental additions of 53 courts and 50 courts respectively were estimated. Dispersion analysis of basketball facil-
                 ities could not be accomplished with available data. However, consideration should be given to a balanced distribution
                 relative to growth areas and income/ethnic subsections, in the allocation of additional basketball facilities.*

                                                                     Trails Activities

                 Comparing expected participation for walking, bicycling, and nature study occurring in the park and recreation areas
                 with opportunity days provided by the 1971 supply of trails in the Dallas Metro Area indicated that approximately 165
                 miles of combined trails were needed in 1970, in addition to the sixteen miles of trail (some of which were multiple
                 use) enumerated in 1971.  Given the expected increase in participation for the trail activities, incremental additions
                 were projected to increase by 83 miles'in 1975, by 96 miles in 1980, by 304 miles in 1990, and by 340 miles in 2000.
                 Overall, a total of 988 miles of combined trails should be added to the existing 16 miles by the year 2000 to meet
                 expected participation levels.

                 A relatively small proportion of the total participation in trail and related-activities was estimated to take place in
                 publicly-administered park and recreation areas. It is likely, however, that as additional trail facilities are pro-
                 vided, the relative proportion of total participation will increase at these recreation areas. Thus, the above esti-
                 mates of additional resources required may be conservative in the long run and should be considered as minimum estimates.
                 In addition to the expectations for increases in participation in trail and related activities at publicly-administered
                 park and recreation areas, it is clear that the major proportion of walking, bicycling, and nature study is occurring
                 in places other than established recreation areas. The majority of this participation is most-likely taking place in
                 local neighborhoods, on city streets, and on available open lands within the area. This phenomenon has direct policy
                 implications with respect to the provision of sidewalks within currently existing and newly developing neighbornoods,
                 the development of a system of bike lanes in high use areas, and the provision of adequate open space and green belt
                 areas within the metro area.

            138

                REGION 11                   R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E    R E Q U I R E M E N T S           CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                     1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                                                Water-Related Activities: Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing

                                                            Surface Acres - Freshwater Lakes
                                                             (Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing)

                A total of 2,860 surface acres of freshwater lakes was located within the Dallas Metropolitan Area in 1971.     Using par-
                ticipation patterns of households recreating in the urban areas, it was estimated that boating would have totaled 386
                386,000 days, boat fishing 168,000 days; and skiing 182,000 days for a total of 736,000 days in 1970.     A comparison of
                estimated participation with the opportunities provided by the surface acres existing in 1971 indicated that from an
                adequate supply in 1970, incremental resource requirements were expected to increase by 398 acres in 1975, 1,951 acres
                in 1980, 5,742 acres in 1990, and 7,081 acres in the year 2000, bringing the cumulative resource requirement to an addi-
                tional 15,172 surface acres needed by the year 2000.
                                                                 Freshwater Boat Rampsi/

                Fourteen publicly-administered freshwater boat lanes were reported for the Dallas Metro Area in 1971.     By estimating the
                1970 total freshwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation which would have occurred using freshwater boat
                ramp facilities to gain access to the water if sufficient ramps were available, it was calculated that fourteen addi-
                tional boat ramps were needed in 1970. Projected increases in freshwater boat fishing, skiing, andboating participa-
                tion were expected to require sixteen additional freshwater boat ramps in 1975, twenty-one in 1980, sixty-two in 1990,
                and seventy-six in the year 2000, bringing the cumulative resource r&quirement to 189 ramps in 2000. Since boat ramps
                are the most frequently used means by which boaters, skiers, and boat fishermen gain access to freshwater lakes, the
                provision of freshwater surface acres and freshwater boat ramps required should be planned as joint projects, even
                though, in some cases, this may require the construction of boat ramps prior to the years reflected in the boat ramp
                resource requirement projections.

                                                           Sununary of Facilities Requirements

                Although the Dallas Metio had at least some public facilities for all of the   designated outdoor recreation activities in
                1971, additional square yards of swimming pool, football/soccer fields, holes of golf, tennis courts, miles of desig-
                nated trail, and freshwater boat ramps were estimated to be required (to adequately accommodate demand) in every plan-
                ning horizon year. Resource requirements appeared, beginning in 1975, for playgrounds, basketball courts, and acres of
                freshwater lakes.  It should be emphasized that while no additional acres of freshwater lakes were needed in 1970, the
                number of surface acres required beginning in 1975 increases very rapidly through the year 2000. Existing facilities
                for baseball/softball and picnicking appeared to be sufficient through most of the planning horizon years.

                1/ In calculating freshwater boat ramp resource requirements the assumption was made that each boat ramp has two lanes.
                   Supply figures listed in the "Park and Recreation Facilities by Type of Park" table and quoted in the narratives are
                   in terms of single lanes.

                                                                                                                                           139

                 REGION 11                   R E C R E A T 1 0 N  R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S          CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                    1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                 A dispersion analysis was possible only for a few types of facilities. Many subsections in Dallas and the contiguous
                 urban areas apparently needed considerably more facilities,particularly the types required for all planning horizon
                 years. Areas which appear to have had an especially serious deficiency of public swimming pools included the high-
                 income Anglo subsections on the northeast edge of Dallas, and the contiguous urban areas of Balch Springs, Kleberg, and
                 Hutchins, none of which had public pools in 1971; also some of the subsections in the northeast, northwest, and west
                 portions of the metro had only one public pool each. Playgrounds appear to have been reasonably well distributed
                 throughout the metro. Some of the contiguous urban areas, however, (Balch Springs, Kleberg, Cockrell Hill, and Seago-
                 ville) had no playgrounds. Public picnic tables also appear to have been reasonably well distributed in 1971. Balch
                 Springs, Cockrell Hill, Kleberg, and Seagoville did not have any public picnic facilities, however.

             140

                  REGION                                                                       RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                              CITY SIZE: METROS

                                                                                         TOTAL            1971 OPPORTUNITY        NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                    PARTICIPATION          DAYS AVAILABLE              (OOO'S OF                                  UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                      (OOO'S OF              (0001S OF               ACTIVITY DAYS)                               RESOURCES REQUIRED
                  YEAR       ACTIVITY                                               ACTIVITY DAYS)         ACTIVITY 281L          DEFICIT        SURPLUS               CUMULATIVE                       INCREMENTAL
                              Swimming (Pools)     . . . . . . . . . . .                 16,709                 6,815             9,894                            65,960 square yards-V            65,960  square yardsil
                              Child's Play (Playgrounds)        . . . . . .              8,090                  11,022                            2,932                  0acres                           0 acres
                              Baseball/Softball    . . . . . . . . . . .                 1,027                  3,699                             2,672                  0fields                          0 fields
                              Picnicking     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 1,952                  3,241                             1,289                  0tables                          6 tables
                              Football/Soccer    . . . . . . . . . . . .                    787                    275               512                               71 fields                        71  fields
                              Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   2,487                     328            2,159                                533 holes                        533 holes
                              Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   3,786                     644            3,142                             1,166 courts, dbl.                1,166 courts, dbl:
                              Basketball     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    611                    660                                 49                0courts, full                    0 courts, full

                  1970       Water-Related Activities:

                              Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW         . . .                736                 1,193                                457                 0surface acres                   0 surface acres
                              Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW         . . .                560                    189               371                               14 ramps-3/                      14  ramps-3/

                             Trails Activities:
                              Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   1,126   4/                                                                    121 miles                        121 miles
                              Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     375  4/                                                                    40 miles                         40  miles
                              Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       33 z/                                                         -  .         4miles                           4 miles
                              Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                       4/
                                          Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                1,534   -                 135            1,399                                165 miles                        165 miles

                             ACTIVITY
                              Swimming (Pools)     . . . . . . . . . . .                 26,985  1/             6,815             20,170                         134,467  square yards  2/          68,507  square yards!/
                              Child's Play (Playgrounds)        . . . . . .              12,186                 11,022            1,164                                42 acres                         42  acres
                              Baseball/Softball    . . . . . . . . . . .                 1,446                  3,699                             2,253                  0fields                          0 fields
                              Picnicking     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 2,371                  3,241                                870                 0tables                          0 tables
                              Football/Soccer    . . . . . . . . . . . .                    942                    275               667                               92 fields                        21  fields
                              Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   3,780                     328            3,452                                853 holes                        320 holes
                              Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   6,702                     644            6,058                             2,249 courts, dbl.                1,083 courts, dbl.
                              Basketball     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    762                    660               102                               12 courts, full                  12  courts, full

                  1975       Water-Related Activities:
                              Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing F14        . . .             1,359                  1,193                166                               398 surfaS7 acres                398 surfac@ acres
                              Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing F14 .        .  .                                                                                                                                     3
                                                                                            997                    189               808                               30 ramps=                        16  ramps@

                             Trails Activities:
                              Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   1,502   4/                                                                    167 miles                        46  miles
                              Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     -620 4/                                                                    69 miles                         29  miles
                              Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     113                                                                        12 miles                           8 miles
                              Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                       4/                135            2,100                                248 miles                        83  miles
                                          Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                2,235   -

                                                                                                                                                                                                                         141

                     REGION 11                                                                      RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                                 CITY SIZE: METROS

                                                                                            TOTAL            1471 OPPORTUNITY          NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                       PARTICIPATION          DAYS AVAILABLE              (OOO'S OF                                   UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                         (OOO'S OF              (OOO'S OF              ACTIVITY DAYS)                                 RESOURCES REQUIRED
                     LF,a        ACTIVITY                                              ACTIVITY DAYS          ACTIVITY DAYS)           BEFICIT     SUR11LUS               CUMULATIVE                            INCREMENTAL
                                 Swimming (Pools)     . . . . . . . . . . .                 41,903                 6,815               35,088                        233,920  square  yards-2/          99,453  square  yards-2/
                                 Child's Play (Playgrounds)        . . . . . .              17,989                 11,022              6,967                              252 acres                             210 acres
                                 Baseball/softball    . . . . . . . . . . .                 1,961                  3,699                             1,738                    0fields                           0fields
                                 Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  2,836                  3,241                                405                   0tables                           0tables
                                 Football/Soccer    . . . . . . . . . . . .                 12110                     275                 835                             116 fields                            24 fields
                                 Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   5,519                     328              5,191                          1,283   holes                             430 holes
                                 Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   10,005                    644              9,361                          3,476   courts, dbl.               1,227  courts, dbl.
                                 Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     937                    660                 277                             31  courts, full                      19 courts, full

                     1980        Water-Related Activities:
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW        . . .              2,173                  1,193                  980                         2,349   surfac@ acres              1,951  surfac
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        37 acres
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing        FW . . .              1,566                     189              1,377                              51  ramps-3                           21 ramps=

                                 Trails Activities:
                                 Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   1,895   4/                                                                    214 miles                             47 miles
                                 Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     935                                                                        105 miles                             36 miles
                                 Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     219                                                                        25  miles                             13 miles
                                 Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                             Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                3,049   4/                135              2,914                              344 miles                             96 miles

                                 ACTIVITY
                                 Swimming (Pools)     . . . . . . . . . . .                 93,106                 6,815               36,291                        575,273  square  yards-2/         341,353  square  yards-V
                                 Child's Play (Playgrounds)        . . . . . .              36,366                 11,022              25,344                             917 acres                             665 acres
                                 Baseball/Softball    . . . . . . . . . . .                 32423                  3,699                               276                    0fields                           0fields
                                 Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  4,029                  3,241                  788                             463 tables                            463 tables
                                 Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                  1,525                     275              1,250                              173 fields                            57 fields
                                 Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   10,892                    328              10,564                         2,610   holes                      1,327  holes
                                 Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   20,122                    644              19,478                         7,230   courts, dbl.               3,754  courts, dbl.
                                 Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  1,397                     660                 737                             84  courts, full                      53 courts, full

                     1990        Water-Related Activities:

                                 Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing        FW . . .              4,568                  1,193               3,375                          8,091   surface acres              5,742  surface acres
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing        FW . . .              3,235                     189              3,046                              113 ramp,3/                           62 ramps-3/

                                 Trails Activities:
                                 Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .                  3,219                                                                         371 miles                             157 miles
                                 Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  1,855                                                                         214 miles                             109 miles
                                 Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     543                                                                        63  miles                             38 miles
                                 Combined Walking, Bicycling,                               5,617   4/
                                             Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                                          135              5,482                              648 miles                             304 miles

                   142

                 REGION 11                                                               RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                          CITY SIZE:  METROS

                                                                                   TOTAL            1971 OPPORTUNITY      NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                PARTICIPATION        DAYS AVAILABLE            (OOO'S OF                                UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                  (OOO'S OF             (OOOtS OF            ACTIVITY DAYS)                             RESOURCES REQUIRED
                 YEAR      ACTIVITY                                            ACTIVITY DAYS)         ACTIVITY DAYS)       DEFICIT      SURPLUS              CUMULATIVE                       INCREMENTAL

                                                                                                                                                                                                               2/
                             Swimming (Pools)   ... . . . . . . . . .               168,891              6,815              162,076                    1,080,507  square yards!/         505,234 square yardS`__
                             Child's Play (Playgrounds)     . . . . . .              60,912             11,022               49,890                         1,806 acres                       889 acres
                             Baseball/Softball  . . . . . . . . . . .                5,055               3,699               1,356                             98 fields                      98 fields
                             Picnicking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 5,061               3,241               1,820                          1,069 tables                      606 tables
                             Football/Soccer  . . . . . . . . . . . .                1,870                 275               1,595                           221  fields                      48 fields
                             Golf  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 17,841                328               17,513                        4,327  holes                     1,717 holes
                             Tennis  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 33,775                644               33,131                        12,298 courts, dbl.             5,068 courts, dbl.
                             Basketball  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 1,838                 660               1,178                           134  courts, full                50 courts, full

                 2000      Water-Related Activities:
                             Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW      . . .             7,522               1,193               6,329                        15,172  surface acres             7,081 surfac@ acres
                                                                                                                                                                                                       3
                             Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing     FW  . . .             5,280                 189               5,091                           189  ramps-3/                    76 ramps-

                           Trails Activities:
                             Walking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 4,572  4/                                                               532 miles                        161 miles
                             Bicycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 2,963  4/                                                               345 miles                        131 miles
                             Nature Study   . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   959                                                                  Ill miles                        48 mile@s
                             Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                       Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .               8,494  4/             135               8,359                           988 miles                        340 miles

                 I/  Includes only swimming participation occurring in swimming pools, 94 percent of the total in urban areas.
                     Designated freshwater swimming areas may be substituted for swimming pools. When making substitutions consider total swimming participation.
                     Assumes 2.0 lanes per ramp.
                     Reflects estimated participation occurring in park and recreation areas; does not include participation occurring outside park and recreation areas.                       Of the total
                     walking, bicycling, and nature study participation it was determined that 10.5, 4.0, and 20.1 percent, respectively for each activity, occurs in park and recreation
                     areas.

                                                                                                                                                                                                            143

                                                                                                                .rn

                                                                                                                  z
                                                                                                40

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                                      R

                 REGION 12                         REGIONAL DESCRIPTION: SHERMAN-DENISON METROPOLITAN AREAS

                 Sherman and Denison lie only a short distance apart at the                                     POPULATION: Sherman
                 northern extremity of Central Texas near the Red River and                                     1970 Metro Area Population: 29,061
                 form one metropolitanlarea.                                                                    Change 1960-70: +16%
                                                                                                                Race Composition
                 Sherman is the older of the two cities and is the county seat                                     White   .....  89%
                 of Grayson County. The city is a conmercial, industrial, and                                      Negro   .....  10%
                 educational center. Products of industry in the city include                                      Other   ..... <.5%
                 cottonseed, grain and food processing, business machines,                                      Age Composition (years):
                 petroleum, and aluminum products. Austin College and Grayson                                      13 or less     ..... 24%
                 County Junior College are located in the city along with                                          14 - 20        ..... 14%
                 Perrin Air Force Base. Annual events in Sherman include the                                       21 - 44        ..... 30%
                 Arts Festival (March), Grayson County Livestock Fair (April),                                     45 - 64        ..... 2 07.
                 and the Old Settlers Picnic (August).                                                             65 and over    ..... 12%

                 Denison is the site of large railroad        shops and yards. In addi-                         ECONOMY:    Sherman
                 tion, electronic components, boats, petroleum products, and food                               Agribusiness
                 products are manufactured here. Denison is distinguished as the                                Business
                 birthplace of Dwight D. Eisenhower. Major annual events in                                     Manufacturing
                 Denison are the Texoma Junior Livestock Show (April), National                                 Transportation: Motor Freight,
                 Sand Bass Festival (June), and the Texoma Rockhounds Show                                                          Railroads
                 (October).

                                                                                                                POPULATION: Denison
                                                                                                                1970 Metro Area Population: 24,923
                                                                                                                Change 1960-70: +10%
                                                                                                                Race Composition
                                                                                                                   White   .....  88%
                                                                                                                   Negro   .....  11%
                                                                                                                   Other   .....    0.5%
                                                                                                                Age Composition (years):
                                                                                                                   13 or less     ..... 26%
                                                                                                                   14 - 20        ..... 12%
                                                                                                                   21 - 44        ..... 28%
                                                                                                                   45 - 64        ..... 21%
                                                                                                                   65 and over    ..... 13%

                                                                                                                ECONOMY:    Denison
                                                                                                                Agribusiness
                                                                                                                Manufacturing
                 I/ Includes persons of Mexican and/or Spanish descent.                                         Transportation: Railroads

                                                                                                                                                             145

                     REGION   12                                                                                          CITY SIZE: METRO

                              P U B L I C L Y     A D M I N I S T E R E D     R E C R E A T 1 0 N     0 P P 0 R T U N,I  T I E S

                                                                                                   LAND AND WATER ACREAGE

                                                                                                                          ACRES
                                                                                                                 REGION           STATEWIDE
                                                                                                                    12             AVERAGE
                                                                                                                  METRO          M
                                                        64%                        Developed Land                 173              1,307

                        REGION                                                     Undeveloped Land                 97                536
                         12
                         METRO                                                     Total Land                     270              1,843
                                                36%                                Water Within or Adjacent          0             1,006

                                                                                   Total Land and Water           270              2,849

                                                      DEVELOPED LAND

                                                      UNDEVELOPED LAND

                                                                                   Sherman and Denison have a total of 270 acres of land set
                                                                                   aside as park and recreation areas. No surface acres of
                                                                                   water either within or adjacent-to the parks were reported.
                                                        71%                        Of the total land acreage, 173 acres are developed with
                      STATEWIDE                                                    facilities, leaving 97 acres available for future
                       AVERAGE                                                     development. With 64 percent of the land acreage
                                                                                   currently developed, Sherman and Denison are below the
                     METRO AREAS                                                   Statewide Metro average of 71 percent.
                                               29%
                                       %647

             146

                      REGION 12                                                                                                         CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                                     PARKS AND ACREAGE BY TYPE OF PARK

                                                                                                                                                   STATEWIDE
                                                     DISTRICT           COMMUNITY         SPECIALTY          OPEN LAND                              AVERAGE
                                                       PARK               PARK              'PARK                PARK              TOTAL          METRO AREAS

                      Number of Parks                      2.000            15.000               3.000            0                   20.000             72.000

                      Parks Per Thousand                     .037              .278               .056            0                     .370                .267

                      People Per Park               26,992@.000          3,599.000         17,995.000             0               2,699.000          3,754.000

                      ................................       .................................................................................

                      Land Acres                         186.000            80.000               4.000            0                 270.000          1,843.000

                      Acres Per Thousand                   3,445              1.482                .074           0                   5. 000              6.864

                      People Per Acre                    290.000           675.000         13,496.000             0                  200.000            146.000

                      Three-fourths of the total of 20 parks are Community Parks. Three Special@y Parks were reported along with
                      two District Parks. The District Parks comprise about two-thirds of the total land acreage followed by Com-
                      munity Parks with a total of 80 acres. The four Specialty Parks average a little over one acre each. The
                      dispersion of the three types of urban parks are depicted graphically in the accompanying map titled "Dis-
                      ersion of Parks by Type."

                      Looking at the total park       and acreage figures in relation to the total population of the two cities. .370
                      parks per 1,000 and 5.000       acres per 1,000 population exist.

                      Another way to present this data is that 2,699 people share each park while 200 people must share each acre
                      of park land.

                      With .370 parks per 1,000, Sherman and Denison rank well.above the Statewide Metro average. However, the
                      5.000 acres per 1,000 gives the area a figure well below the Statewide Metro average for acres per 1,000.

                                                                                                                                                                   147

                DISPERSION OF PARKS BY TYPE

                URBAN PARKS

                  E3 DISTRICT PARK

                  0 COMMUNITY PARK                                     0
                    SPECIALTY PARK                                    SHERMAN        0

                  0 OPEN-LAND PARK                                                        0

                  Source: 1971 Municipal Inventory Update                                 0

                                                                                 75
                                                                                            0

                                                                                                                                                     0

                                                                                  0
                                                                                                                                      DENISON 0
                                                                                                                                        FCP 24,923  0
                                                                                                                                                         0

                                                                                                                                                          75
                                                                                                                                             0

                                                                                                                                               75-A

                                 REGION 12

                    SHERMAN-DENISON AREA

                            METRO BOUNDARY

               148

                 REGION 12                                                                                                          CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                          PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK

                                                                                                                                 UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                              DISTRICT COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                         PEOPLE         REGION      STATEWIDE
                              TYPE OF FACILITY                   PARK         PARK       PARK         TOTAL         PER             12          AVERAGE
                                                              (UNITS)       (UNITS)    (UNITS)        UNITS         UNIT           METRO    METRO AREAS
                 Games and Sports:
                   Parks   ..............................           2           12         0            14          3,856           .259           .150
                   Tennis Courts   ......................           2            8         0            10          5,398           .185           .142
                   Basketball Courts    ..................          0            2         0             2         26,992           .037           .071
                   Baseball/Softball Fields    ...........          5           13         0            18          2,999           .333           .186
                   Football/Soccer Fields     .............         1            0         0             1         53,984           .018           .032
                 Picnicking:
                   Parks   ..............................           2            9         0            11          4,907           .203           .124
                   Tables  .............................           50           30         0            80            674          1.481          1.230
                 Playground:
                   Parks   ..............................           2           15         1            18          2,999           .333           .170
                   Acres Developed    ....................          7           15         1            23          2,347           .425           .258
                 Swimming:
                   Parks   ..............................           2            3         0             5         10,796           .092           .050
                   Pools (Sq. Yd.)    ....................      2,280         3,280        0          5,560             10       102.962         25.950
                   Designated Fresh Water (Sq. Yd.)      ...        0            0         0             0            ---            ---         52.242
                 Boating:
                   Parks   ..............................           0            0         0             0            ---            ---           .006
                   Ramp Lanes - Fresh Water    ...........          0            0         0             0            ---            ---           .008
                 Camping:
                   Parks   ..............................           0            0         0             0            ---            ---           .002
                   Campsites  ..........................            0            0         0             0            ---            ---           .121
                 Fishing:
                   Parks   ..............................           0            0         0             0                                         .013
                   Pier/Barge/Marina-Fresh Water (Yd.)              0            0         0             0            ---                          .049
                 Golfing:
                   Courses ............................             0            0         1             1         53,984           .018           .005
                   Holes   ...............................          0            0         9             9          5,998           .166           .100
                 Trails:
                   Parks   ..............................           1            0         0             1         53,984           .018           .006
                   Nature (Mi.)_..                                  2            0         0             2         26,992           .037           .009
                   Horseback                                        2            0         0             2         26,992           ..037          .003
                   Bicycle (Mi.)  ................                  1            0         0             1         53,984           .018           .007
                   Hiking (Mi.)   .......................           0            0         0             0            ---            ---           .006
                   Total Trails (Mi.)    .................          5            0         0             5         10,796           .092           .021

                                                                                                                                                         149

                    REGION    12                              PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES       BY TYPE OF PARK                        CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                                                                                                       UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                                 DISTRICT COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                           PEOPLE          REGION      STATEWIDE
                                TYPE OF FACILITY                    PARK         PARK         PAAK       TOTAL           PER              12         AVERAGE
                                                                  (UNITS)      (UNITS)      (UNITS)      UNITS           UNIT            METRO     METRO AREAS

                    Sport Shooting:
                      Parks .............................            0             0           1            1           53,984            .018          .002
                      Traps ..............................           0             0           0            0              ---             ---          .002
                      Shooting Targets   .... i.............         0             0           0            0              ---             ---          .004
                      Archery Targets    ...................         0             0           4            4           13,496            .074          .011
                    Miscellaneous:
                      Parks ..........................               0             0           1            1           53,984            .018          .038
                      Amphitheatre Seats    ................         0             0           0            0              ---             ---          1.077
                      Botanical Gardens (Acres)     .........        0             0           0            0              ---             ---          .077
                      Zoos (Acres)   ......................          0             0           0            0              ---             ---          .051
                      Community/Recreation Centers      ......       0             0           1            1           53,984            .018          .038

                    Almost all of the park and recreation facilities in          Sherman and   Denison are in the District      and Community Park categories.
                    The three Specialty Parks have facilities only for archery, golf, a playground, and a conmunity/recreation center. Ail
                    of the trail facilities are in the District Park category. A total of 5,560 square yards of swimming pool area in 5
                    parks was reported.

                    of the 20 parks, 18 have playgrounds, 14 have games and sports            facilities and 11 have picnicking facilities. The most
                    common types qk games and sports facilities are baseball/softball with 18 fields, followed by tennis with 10 courts,
                    basketball with 2 courts and football/soccer with 1 field.

                    Looking at   selected facilities in relation to the number of potential           users we find the following:

                         53,984  persons   for each  football/soccer field                     2,999  persons for each baseball/softball field
                         53,984  persons   for each  community/recreation center               2,347  persons for each acre of playground
                         26,992  persons   for each  basketball court                              674 persons for each picnic table
                         10,796  persons   for each  mile of trails                                 10 persons for each square yard of swimming pool
                           5,998 persons   for each  golf hole
                           5,398 persons    for each tennis court

                    Sherman and Denison are above the Statewide Metro ave          .rage for facility   units per 1,000 for tennis courts, baseball/soft-
                    ball fields, picnic tables, playground acres, square yards of swimming              pools, golf holes, trail miles and archery tar-
                    gets. Sherman and Denison are below the average for basketball courts, football/soccer fields, and community/recreation
                    centers. No designated freshwater swimming area, boat ramp lanes, campsites, yards of fishing pier/barge/marina, shooting
                    traps, shooting targets, amphitheatre seats, acres of botanical gardens or zoo acreage were reported.

               150

                 REGION 12                         CONVERSION OF FACILITIES TO RECREATION OPPORTUNITY DAYS               CITY SIZE: METRO

                 Current opportunity days for 1971 were calculated by multiplying the number of facilities available for each
                 activity in the metro area (determined from the Texas Outdoor Recreation Inventory of Parks, Recreation Areas,
                 and Facilities) times the standard for the facility.

                                                                                                              DAYS PER THOUSAND POPULATION
                                                                                             ANNUAL             REGION         STATEWIDE
                                                                                              DAYS                12            AVERAGE
                 ACTIVITY-FACILITY                                                         AVAILABLE            METRO            METRO
                      Swimming (Pools) - square yards   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        834,000            15,444           3,891
                      Child's Play - playground acres   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        635,329            11,765           7,137
                      Baseball/Softball - fields    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        248,472            4,601            2,577
                      Picnicking - tables   . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .        136,160            2,521            2,093
                      Football/Soccer - fields    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           @,224             134              235
                      Golf - holes   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          36,423              676              414
                      Tennis - courts, double   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         26,940              499              384
                      Basketball - courts, full   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         17,590              326              625

                  Water-Related Activities:

                      Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW      surface acres   . . . . . .             0                0           2,962
                      Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW     boat ramps  . . . . . . . .              0                0             103

                  Trail Activities:

                      Combined Walking, Bicycling, and Nature Study - miles . . . .           25,392              470              164

                 The Sherman-Denison Metro Area offers the most opportunity days for swimming (in pools), followed by child's play
                 and'baseball/softball. A comparison between the opportunity days per thousand population for the Sherman-Denison
                 Metro Area and the Statewide Metro average shows that the Sherman-Denison Metro Area surpasses the statewide
                 average for seven of the activity types -- swimming (in pools), child's play, baseball/softball, picnicking, golf,
                 tennis and the trails activities. The Sherman-Deni*son Metro Area is below the Statewide Metro average for football/
                 soccer and basketball, with no opportunity days available for surface acres for freshwater boating, boat fishing,
                 and skiing, and freshwater boat ramps.

                  REGION,12                        ESTIMATED CURRENT AND FUTURE PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                  CITY SIZE: METRO

                  The twenty-second ranking metro area, based on population, Sherman-Denison ranked twenty-second in total participation
                  for the year 1970. Estimates for 1970 indicate that residents and non-residents in the area spent over 1.4 million
                  recreation days in pursuit of urban outdoor recreation opportunities available within the metro area.

                                                                          Resident

                  For the 16 activities shown, total participation in urban outdoor recreation activities by the residents of the Sherman-
                  Denison Metropolitan Area is expected to increase, as compared to the 1970 level of 843,000 days by 25.6 percent to
                  nearly 1.1 million days in 1975 and by 54.9 percent to 1.3 million days in 1980. Participation on a days per household
                  basis is projected to increase from 45.4 days in 1970 to 53.6 days in 1975, and to 62.3 days in 1980--increases of 17.9
                  and 37.1 percent, respectively. In comparison to the other metropolitan areas across the State, residents of the Sher-
                  man-Denison Metropolitan Area ar6 expected to participate at a rate of 78, 108, and 140 days per household below the
                  average for 1970, 1975, and 1980, respectively. For the years 1990 and 2000, both total days of participation and days
                  per household are expected to increase, but -days per household will still remain below the stat6wide average for all
                  metropolitan areas.

                  Projections for specific activities indicate that 14 of the 16 activities will increase in total days of participation
                  through the year 1980. Participation on a days per household basis is expected to increase in 15 of the activities,
                  while football will decrease slightly. In 1970, the six most popular activities based on total participation were esti-
                  mated to be: driving for pleasure, swimming, child's play, picnicking, golf, and sightseeing, respectively. By 1980,
                  the top three activities will remain the same, but picnicking will be replaced by basketball as the fourth ranked acti-
                  vity, with picnicking ranked as fifth and golf in the sixth position.

                                                                        Non-Resident

                  For the urban outdoor recreation activities specified for 1970, participation within the Sherman-Denison Metropolitan
                  Area by non-residents was estimated to total 539,000 days. Compared to the 1970 level, total participation is expected
                  to increase 5.8 percent (to 570,000 days) by 1975 and 11.7 percent (to 602,000 days) by 1980. Similar increases are
                  anticipated for the years 1990 and 2000.

                  in terms cf days of participation for 1970, the popular ranking of the specific activities estimated is: fishing, with
                  243,000 days; picnicking, with 90,000 days; sightseeing, with 72,000 days; boating, with 66,000 days; skiing, with
                  23,000 days; and walking, with 15,000 days. Assuming adequate facilities are made available, a moderate increase in
                  participation for all activities is expected through the year 2000, with the activities retaining their order of pop-
                  ularity.

             152

                    REGION 12                                                                  CURRENT AND PROJECTED RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                               CITY SIZE!          METROS
                                                                                                              (000-S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                                                         1970                                    1975                                   1980                                   1990                                  2000
                                                                      STATE-                                  STATE-                                 STATE-                                 STATE-                                       STATE-
                                                          REG.12      WIDE                       REG.12       WIDE                      REG.12       WIDE                      REC.12      WIDE                           REG.12'        WIDE
                                                          METROS     METROS                      METROS       METROS                    METROS     METROS                      NETROS     METROS                          METROS  METROS
                                             PART.        AVERAGE     AVERAGE       PART.        AVERAGE      AVERAGE       PART.       AVERAGE    AVERAGE        PART.        AVERAGE     AVERAGE       PART.            AVERAGE  AVrRACE
                    ACTIVITY                 DAYS   RANK  DAYS/HH     DAYS/HH       DAYS   RANK  DAYS/HH      DAYS/HH       DAYS RANK   DAYS/      DAYS/HH        DAYS   RANK  DAYS/HH     DAYS/HH       DAYS   RANK      DAYS/HH  DAYS/HH
                    Swimming                 154         2    8.30         27.41     202       2    10.22      36.52        258      2       12.31      47.17     398        1   17.03       75.28           579     1    22.45          110.14
                    Child's Play             141         3    7.60         14.08     186       3     9.41      17.72        240      3       11.45      22.00     378        2   16.17                       560     2    21.72          43.99
                    Baseball/Softball         34         7    1.83         2.78       42       8     2.13       3.19         52      8       2.48       3.59       76        9      3.25      4.41           104     9    .4.03          5.22
                    Picnicking                82         4    4.42         5.72       89       4     4.50       5.66,        95      5       4.53       5.66      109        6      4.66      5.61           122     8    4.73           5.64
                    Football/Soccer              2  15        .11          1.43            2   15    .10        1.42           2   15        .10        1.41           2  15        .09       1.39           2   15        .08           1.38
                    Golf                      42         5    2.26         3.92       57       6     2.89       4.98         76      6       3.0        6.16      124        5      5.31      8.96           189     5    7.33           12.07
                    Tennis                    12    12        .65          6.06       13       12    .66        9.21         14    13        .67        11.49      16     13        .68      16.07           17  13        .66           21.46
                    Basketball                24         9    1.29         1.60       59       5     2.99       2.59         98      4       4.67       3.57      189               8.09      5.52           295     4    11.44          7.53
                    Walking                   20    10        1.08         18.21      21       11    1.06      23.09         23    11        1.10       29.20      25     12        1.07     39.89           28  12       1.09           50.31
                    Bicycling                            0    ---          20.30           *   16    ---       32.77           *   16        ---        45.25             16        ---      68.44           *   16        ---           95.49
                    Nature Study                 3  14        .16          .72             3   14    .15        1.67           3   14        .14        2.64           4  14        .17       4.63           4   14        .16           6.70
                    Fishing                   33         8    1.78         1.80       37       9     1.87       1.88         41    10        1.96       1.97       50     10        2.14      2.13           59  10       2.29           2.30
                    Boating                   16    11        .86          .88        32       10    1.62       1.60         48      9       2.29       2.31       87        8      3.72      3.74           133     7    5.16           5.17
                    Skiing                       8  13        .43          .42        12       13    .61          .62        17    12        .81        .82        28     11        1.20      1.22           42  11       1.63           1.81
                    Surfing                  --- ---          ---          ---       --- ---         ---          ---       --- ---          ---        ---       --- ---           ---         ---          --- ---       ---           ---
                    Sightseeing               40         6    2.16         2.25       52       7     2.63       2.34         66      7       3.15       2.50       97        7      4.15      2.70           134     6    5.20           3.01
                    Dr. for Pleas.           232         1   12.51         13.38     252       1    12.75      13.52        273      1       13.02      13.67     314        3   13.43       13.86           354     3    13.73          14.10

                        TOTAL                843            45.44     120.96       1,059            53.59     158.78        1,306            62.31   199.41     1,897            81.16       286.05      2,622            101.70         386.32

                                       CURRENT AND PROJECTED NON-RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                      TOTAL CURRENT AND PROJECTED PARTICIPATION,           1970-2000
                                                         (OOOIS OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)                                                                               (OOO'S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)       -

                    ACTIVITY                                                          1980-            1990             2000       ACTIVITY                        1970 - - -------- -1975           1980            1990                2000
                    Swinniing                            7                 7               7               7                8      Swimming                            161          209              265             405                 587
                    Child's Play                                                                                                   Child's Play                        141          186              240             378                 560
                    Baseball/Softball,                   3                 4               4               4                4      Baseball/Softball                   37               46            56                  80             108
                    Picnicking                           90                95              100             101          113        Picnicking                          172          184              195             210                 235
                    Football/Soccer                      5                 5               5               5                6      Football/Soccer                     7                7                7                7              8
                    Golf                                 1                 1               1               1                1      Golf                                43               58            77             125                 190
                    Tennis                                                                                                         Tennis                              12               13            14                  16             17
                    Basketball                                                                                                     Basketball                          24               59            98             189                 295
                    Walking                              15                16              17              17               19     Walking                             35               37            40                  42             47
                    Bicycling                                                                                                      Bicycling
                    Nature Study                                                                                                   Nature Study                        3                3                3                4              4
                    Fishing                              243          257                  272             274          307        Fishing                             276          294              313             324                 366
                    Boating                              66                70              74              75               83     Boating                             82           102              122             162                 216
                    Skiing                               23                24              26              26               29     Skiing                              31               36            43                  54             71
                    Surfing                              ---          ---                  ---             ---          ---        Surfing                             ---          ---
                    Sightseeing                          72                76              80              81               91     Sightseeing;                        112          128              146             178                 225
                    Dr. for Pleas.                       14                15                                               8      Dr. for Pleas.                      246          267              289             330                 372

                        TOTAL                            539          570                  602             607          679             TOTAL                     1,382             1,629         1,908              2,504               3,301

                    Note:    Asterisks indicate that projected annual activity days were less than 500.                Dashes indicate not applicable.        Zeros indicate that the activity was not ranked due to
                             insignificant participation days recorded.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         153

                REGION 12                  R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S             CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                   1 9 7 0   2 0 0 0

                Estimates of urban outdoor recreation resource requirements were developed for the Sherman-Denison Metropolitan Area for
                the years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000 by comparing currenal and projected recreation participation with the current
                recreation opportunities-V available in the.metro. In addition, the availability and spatial distribution of recreation
                opportunities provided by parks and recreation facilities were analyzed with respect to subsections of the Sherman-
                Denison Metro characterized by residents having similar incomes and ethnic backgrounds. Particular attention was given
                to those subsections expected to undergo relatively rapid,population growth and physical expansion in the future.

                Conclusions reached from analyzing the distribution of recreation opportunities within the metropolitan area were used
                to qualify resource requirement estimates where a less than adequate distribution appeared to exist.

                In the discussions that followresults of the distribution analysis of parks within subsections of the Sherman-Denison
                Metro Area are presented. Then, estimates of current and future requirements for selected recreation facilities are
                presented, and qualified by conclusions reached from the distribution analysis of recreation facilities within sub-
                sections of the metro.

                PARK DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

                In analyzing the availability and distribution of parks in the Sherman-Denison Metro Area, several characteristics were
                considered: changes in population (or trends in general, 1960 to 1970), areas of the metro which were expected to ex-
                hibit relatively major expansion, and the dispersion of existing parks among the income/ethnic subsections of the metro.
                From these interrelated characteristics general conclusions were reached with respect to future park developments for
                the metro area.

                Population trends affected estimations of future recreation participation. Projections of population growth for Sherman-
                Denison indicated that the 19'70 metro population of 53,984 would increase by about one-third by the year 2000. In addi-
                tion, information provided by urban recreation planners in 1971 shows that major direction of future urban expansion is
                expected to occur in the southwest area of Denison toward Sherman along U.S. Highway 75, as illustrated by.arrows on the
                accompanying map, titled "Predominant Ethnic Background and Income Delineations."

                This same map shows twenty-one income/ethnic subsections which characterize homogenous residential or demographic pat-
                terns by two major socio-economic factors. As illustrated by that map, the northern half of Denison was populated
                mainly by low-income and middle-income Anglo residents with one low-income Black subsection. The southwest corner con-
                sisted of middle-income and high-income Anglo and low-income Black subsections. The southeast corner was comprised of

                l/ "Current" participation refers to levels of participation by type of selected recreation activity which were estimated
                   for the year 1970.
                2/ "Current" recreation opportunities refers to computed figures derived from the numbers of publicly administered faci-
                   lities by type available within the metro area in 1971.

              154

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                 REGION 12                 R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R.E.SOURCE        R E Q U I R E M E N T S          CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                  1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                 middle-income Black, low-incom e and middle-income Anglo households. The western half of Sherman was primarily high-
                 income AnglQ, while the center area, from north to south and west of Highway 75, was chiefly middle-income Anglo fami-
                 lies. The area east of Highway 75 was made up of low-income Anglo and Black and middle-income Anglo subsections.
                 An examination of the "Dispersion of Parks by Type" map reveals that community parks appeared to be fairly well distri-
                 buted throughout the metro area. District parks and specialty parks did not appear to be adequately distributed, how-
                 ever, and no open-land parks were reported. One district park (located in the high-income Anglo subsection in north-
                 western Sherman) and one district park (located in the low-income Black subsection in northeastern Denison) were reported,
                 and specialty parks appeared to be confined to.the central'area of Sherman and western half of Denison. In Denison,
                 areas without parks of any type included one small low-income Anglo subsection in the northeast tip of the metro east
                 of Highway 75 and two middle-income Anglo subsections on the eastern and western extremities. Subsections in Denison
                 for which no parks were reported were: two small low-income subsections at the south end of the city, one Black and
                 one Angloi two were middle-in@ome Anglo subsections, one on the southeastern city limits and one in the north central
                 portion of the metro; and one was a high-income Anglo subsection in the western portion of the metro. The growth areas
                 of the Sherman-Dbnison Metro also appeared to be without parks of any type. Therefore, in any new park developments,
                 consideration should be given to those subsections without parks, and the faster-growing areas, such as the section
                 between Denison and Sherman.
                 In addition to maintaining an adequate dispersion of parks in all portions of the metro area, the provision of dif-
                 ferent types of recreational facilities in parks is also an important consideration. An analysis of the current and
                 future requirements for selected recreational facilities and the current dispersion of facilities in the Sherman-
                 Denison Metro Area is presented in the following discussions.

                 FACILITY REQUIREMENTS AND DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

                 As mentioned previously, requirements for selected recreational facilities (see the following table) were calculated
                 for the years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000. Then, an analysis of the dispersion of facilities reported in 1971
                 among the predominant income/ethnic background subsections and the major growth areas of the metro was conducted.
                 Concluqions reached from the facility dispersion analysis were then used to qualify the facility requirement estimates,
                 particularly in those cases where no additional facilities were estimated as being needed within the metropolitan area.
                 Usually, special note is made where growth areas appeared to have limited facilities.. The methodology used to calcu-
                 late facility requirements in general is explained in Appendix C, Part I--An Overview of the Urban Volume. In the
                 discussion that follows, resource requirements for recreational facilities are generally referred to by units of the
                 most important feature necessary to allow participation. For example, when a requirement is shown for swimming pools,
                 features such as a bathhouse, cleaning and filtering system, and other support features are implied when a requirement
                 for the major facility is shown.

              156

               P@EGION 12                R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S           CITY SIZE   METROS
                                                                 1 9 7 -0 2 0 0 0

                                                                     Swimming

               The Sherman-Denison Metro Area had 5,560 square yards of public swimming pools in 1971. Each square yard was esti-
               mated to provide 150 days of swimming opportunity per year, yielding a total of 834,000 opportunity days. Projected
               participation for each year was then compared to opportunity days to determine if a surplus or deficit of opportunity
               existed. For each year a surplus resulted, indicating that the existing facilities should be adequate to satisfy
               participation through the year 2000. Distribution of swimming facilities appeared to be even; although, in any
               future expansion of facilities, consideration should be given to maintaining an even dispersion of facilities, parti-
               cularly in the faster growing areas.

                                                                   Child's Play

               In 1971, there were twenty-three acres of public playground within the Sherman-Denison Metropolitan Area. These
               twenty-three acres were estimated to provide some 635,000 opportunity days annually (assuming a standard of 27,623
               opportunity days per acre per year).   It was estimated that these facilities will be sufficient to meet demand for
               all planning years, 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000. @The distribution of playgrounds in Sherman-Denison appeared to
               be adequate,as all subsections either had a playground, or were within reasonable distance to one. However, in order
               to insure adequate dispersions in the future, playgrounds may be needed in the growth areas.

                                                                  Baseball/Softball

               The eighteen baseball/softball fields existing in 1971 provided approximately 248,000 opportunity days annually (assum-
               ing a standard of 13,804 days of opportunity provided by a field per year). These eighteen fields were expected to be
               sufficient to meet demand for baseball/softball through the year 2000. Although a dispersion analysis was not possible
               from available information, consideration should be given to providing a balanced distribution relaItive to growth areas
               and the various income/ethnic subsections..

                                                                     Picnicking

               There were,eighty public picnic tables in Sherman-Denison in 1971. At 1,702 opportunity days per table per year, these
               eight tables provided 136,000 days of opportunity annually. These opportunity days were then compared with projected
               participation for each year to determine facility surpluses or deficits, and facility requirements were found to exist
               in all planning years. For 1970, it was estimated that twenty-one additional tables were required. By 1975, twenty-
               eight tables should be required. Between 1975 and 1980, seven more tables should be added for a cumulative requirement
               to thirty-five by 1980. Another eight tables should be required by 1990, and another fifteen by 2000, bringing the
               cumulative requirement to fifty-eight tables by 2000. The dispersion of picnicking facilities seemed adequate within
               Sherman. It appears that facilities for picnicking were needed in the western and northwestern portion of Denison, how-
               ever, in any future picnicking facility development, consideration should be given to these areas, as well as the fast
               growing areas to the south of Denison.

                                                                                                                                      157

                 REGION 12                 R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S            CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                  1 9 7 0   2 0 0 0

                                                                    Football/Soccer

                 In 1971 the one football/soccer field provided a total of approximately 7,224 opportunity days per field per year (the
                 same as the standard). It is expected that this field, located in Sherman, will be adequate to meet expected participa-
                 tion through the year 2000 for the metro as a whole. However, since Sherman and Denison are physically separated, it
                 appeared that there may be a requirement for a field in Denison.

                                                                          Golf

                 In 1971, there was one publicly administered golf course in the Sherman-Denison Metropolitan Area. Projections for golf
                 indicated that increments of 2, 3, 5, 1*2, and 16 holes should be added to meet expected participation for the years
                 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000, respectively. This would bring the cumulative requirement for 2000 to thirty-eight
                 holes; or the equivalent of four nine-hole courses, two eighteen-hble courses, or some more appropriate combination
                 which considers available resources.

                                                                         Tennis

                 The Sherman-Denison Metro Area in 1971 reported ten tennis courts which, when multiplied by the standard of 2,694 days
                 per court per year, yields nearly 27,000 opportunity days annually. These ten public courts were expected to be suffi-
                 cient to meet participation levels for all planning years. However, the distribution of tennis facilities appeared to
                 be uneven. There was only one public tennis facility in Sherman, and it was located in the northwest corner; and, while
                 Denison had several facilities, all were located in the north. Therefore, although no requirements for tennis courts
                 wereprojected, in any future development of tennis facilities planners should carefully consider dispersion and try to
                 achieve and maintain an adequate distribution.

                                                                       Basketball

                 Based on a conversion standard of 8,795 days of opportunity per court per year, the two public basketball courts enumer-
                 ated in 1971 provided a combined total of approximately 18,000 opportunity days. A comparison of this total.with pro-
                 jected participation for each year indicates that I additional court was needed in 1970, 4 more in 1975, 4 more in 1980,
                 bringing the cumulative requirement to 9 by 1980. Ten additional courts should be added between 1980 and 1990, and
                 twelve more between 1990 and 2000 for a cumulative requirement of 31 courts by the year 2000. hithough distribution
                 could not be discerned from available information, maintaining an even distribution should be an important considera-
                 tion in the future development of basketball courts.

              158

               REGION 12                  R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E    R E Q U I R E M E N T S           CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                 1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                                                                  Trails Activities

               There were in 1971, three miles of trails in Sherman-Denison for walking, bicycling, and nature study. This total
               multiplied by the standard of 8,464 days per mile per year yields over 25,000 days of opportunity annually. (Although
               the total actually amounted to five  miles, two of these were horseback riding trail miles.   Because resource require-
               ments were not computed for urban horseback riding trails and because these two miles in the Sherman-Denison Metro
               Area were not designated for other types of trail usage, they were excluded from the computation of opportunity days.)
               A comparison of the opportunity days with projected participation indicated no expected requirements for trails for all
               projection years.

               A relatively small proportion of the total participation in trail and related activities was estimated to take place
               in publicly-administered park and recreation areas. It is likely, however, that even though nd resource requirements
               are shown through the year 2000, the relative proportion of total participation may increase at these recreation
               areas. Thus, the above estimates of additional resources required may be conservative in the long run and should be
               considered as minimum estimates. It is clear that the major proportion of walking, bicycling, and nature study is
               occurring in places other than established recreation areas. The majority of this participation is most likely taking
               place in local neighborhoods, on city streets, and on available open lands within the area. This phenomenon has direct
               policy implications with respect to the provision of sidewalks within currently existing and newly developing neighbor-
               hoods, the development of a system of bike lanes in high use areas, and the provision of adequate open space and green
               belt areas within the metro area.

                                               Water-Related Activities:   Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing

                                                           Surface Acres - Freshwater Lakes
                                                            (Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing)

               No surface acres of freshwater lakes were reported available for water-related   recreation within the Sherman-Denison
               Metro Area in 1971. Using participation patterns of the households recreating    within the urban areas, it was estimated
               that a total of 171,000 days of freshwater boating, boat fishing, and skiing participation would have occurred in 1970
               if adequate freshwater lakes had been available. Of these 171,000 days, 82,000 were boating participation days, 58,000
               were boat fishing days, and 31,000 were skiing days. Sherman and Denison are very close to Lake Texoma; as a result,
               some of the demand for water-oriente 'd activities may have been satisfied by this reservoir.  Projections developed for
               the water-related activities indicate incremental resource requirements of 410 surface acres   in 1970, 69 surface acres
               .in 1975, 75 surface acres in 1980, 127 surface acres in 1990, and 192 surface acres in 2000. This brings the cumulative
               resource requirement to 873 surface acres by the year 2000.

                                                                                                                                         159

                 REGION 12                  R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S           CITY SIZE: NETROS
                                                                   1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                                                                 Freshwater Boat Rampsl/

                 No publicly-administered freshwater boat lanes were reported for the Sherman-Denison Metro Area in 1971. By estimating
                 the 1970 total freshwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation which would have occurred using freshwater
                 boat ramp facilities to gain access to the water if ramps were available, it was calculated that five boat ramps were
                 needed in 1970. Projected increases in freshwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation are expected to
                 require 'one additional freshwater boat ramp in 1975, one in 1980; one in 1990, and two in the year 2000, bringing the
                 cumulative resource requirement to ten ramps in 2000. Since boat ramps are the most frequently used means by which
                 boaters, skiers, and boat fishermen gain access to freshwater lakes, the provision of freshwater surface acres and
                 freshwater boat ramps required should be planned as joint projects, even though, in some cases, this may require the
                 construction of boat ramps prior to the years reflected in the boat ramp resource requirement projections.

                                                           Summary of Facilities Requirements

                 In 1971 the only two types of designated facilities not available within the metro boundary were surface acres of re-
                 creational freshwater, and freshwater boat ramps. However, much of the demand for water-oriented activities probably
                 was fulfilled by Lake Texoma located only a few miles from the metro.

                 A comparison of opportunity days with estimated participation days for other activities showed a requirement in each
                 planning year for public picnic tables, holes of golf, and basketball courts. It appears that there was a scarcity of
                 picnic tables in the western and northwestern subsections of Denison.

                 Although the one public football field was*estimated to be adequate through the year 2000 for the metro as a whole, no
                 public fields were reported in Denison in 1971. Facilities for swimming, child's play, baseball, and tennis were esti-
                 mated to be adequate through the year 2000. In planning additional facilities, a major criterion should be the geo-
                 graphic distribution of existing facilities relative to growth areas and major income/ethnic subsections.

                 I/ In calculating freshwater boat ramp resource requirements the assumption was made that each boat ramp has two lanes.
                    Supply figures listed in the "Park and Recreation Facilities by Type of Park" table and quoted in the narratives are
                    in terms of single lanes.

              160

                REGION 12                                                                       RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                                  CITY SIZE: METROS

                                                                                          TOTAL            1971 OPPORTUNITY        NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                     PARTICIPATION          DAYS AVAILABLE                (OOO'S OF                                   UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                       (OOO'S OF              (OOO'S OF               ACTIVITY DAYS)                                  RESOURCES REQUIRED
                YEAR         ACTIVITY                                               ACTIVITY DAYS)          ACTIVITY DAYS          DEFICIT        SURPLUS                 CUMULATIVE                         INCREMENTAL
                             Swimming (Pools)     . . . . . . . . . . .                     151                     834                              683                    0 square yards:2-/                 0 square yards-2/
                             Child's Play (Playgrounds)        . . . . . .                  141                     635                              494                    0 acres                            0 acres
                             Baseball/Softball    . . . . . . . . . . .                       37                    248                              211                    0 fields                           0 fields
                             Picnicking     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     172                     136                   36                               21 tables                         21  tables
                             Football/Soccer.*    . . . . . . . . . . .                         7                       7                 0             0                   0 fields                           0 fields
                             Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                         43                      36                  7                                 2 holes                            2 holes
                             Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                         12                      27                                15                  0 courts, dbl.                     0 courts, dbl.
                             Basketball     . . . . . . . . . . . . .    1                    24                      18                  6                                 1 court,.full                      I court, full

                1970         Water-Related Activities:
                             Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW         . . .                 171                         0              171                                410 surfaS7 acres                  410 surfacy acres
                             Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW         . . .                 134                         0              134                                  5 ramps-                           5 ramps3

                             Trails Activities:
                             Walking.                                                            4/                                                                         0 miles                            0 miles
                             Bicycling. :     : :    :      *. *.                                -@/
                                                                                                                                                                            0 miles                            0 miles
                             Nature Study     . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                                                     0 miles                            0 miles
                             Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                         Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                        54/                   25                                20                  0 miles                            0 miles

                             ACTIVITY
                             Swimming (Pools)     . . . . . . . . . . .                     196                     834                              638                    0 square  yardsZ/                  0 square yards-2/
                             Child's Play (Playgrounds)        . . . . . .                  186                     635                              449                    0 acres                            0 acres
                             Baseball/Softball    . . . . . . . . . . .                       46                    248                              202                    0 fields                           0 fields
                             Picnicking     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     184                     136                   48                               28 tables                           7 tables
                             Football/Soccer    . . . . . . . . . . . .                         7                       7                 0             0                   0 fields                           0 fields
                             Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                         58                      36                  22                                5 holes                            3 holes
                             Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                         13                      27                                14                  0 courts,   dbl.                   0 courts, dbl.
                             Basketball     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       59                      18                  41                                5 courts,   full                   4 courts, full

                1975         Water-Related Activities:

                             Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW         . . .                 200                         0              200                               479  surfa57 acres                  69  surface acres
                             Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW                               155                         0              155                                  6 ramps-                           I ramp-3/

                             Trails Activities:

                             Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                           4                                                                           0 miles                            0 miles
                             Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                           4/                                                                         0 miles                            0 miles
                             Nature Study     . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                                                     0 mile@                            0 miles
                             Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                                                                                                           I
                                         Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                        54/                   25                                20                  0 miles                            0 miles

                                                                                                                                                                                                                               161

                        REGION 12                                                                   RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                                 CITY SIZE: METROS

                                                                                              TOTAL           1971 OPPORTUNITY        NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                         PARTICIPATION         DAYS AVAILABLE                (000ts OF                                 UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                           (OOO'S OF .            (OOO'S OF              ACTIVITY DAYS)                                RESOURCES RE)QUIRED
                        YEAR       ACTIVITY                                             ACTIVITY DAYS)         ACTIVITY DAYS          DEFICIT         SURPLUS               CUMULATIVE                          INCREMENTAL
                                   Swimming (Pools)     . . . . . . . . . . .                    249 V                  834                               585                 0square   yards-21                0 square yards2l
                                   Child's Play (Playgrounds)        . . . . . .                 240                    635                               395                 0acres                            0 acres
                                   Baseball/Softball    . . . . . . . . . . .                     56                    248                               192                 0fields                           0 fields
                                   Picnicking     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    195                    136                  59                               35 tables                         7 tables
                                   Football/Soccer    . . . . . . . . . . . .                       7                      7                 0                0               0fields                           0 fields
                                   Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       77                     36                  41                               10 holes                          5 holes
                                   Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       14                     27                                13                 0courts, dbl.                     0 courts, dbl.
                                   Basketball     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   98                     18                  80                               9courts, full                     4 courts, full

                        1980       Water-Related Activities:
                                   Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW        . . .                 231                       0              231                              554 surfac7 acres                    75 surface acres
                                   Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing        FW . . .                 177                       0              177                                 7ramps-3                          1 ramp-37

                                   Trails Activities:
                                   Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       44/                                                                       0miles                            0 miles
                                   Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        *4/                                                                       0miles                            0 miles
                                   Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        14/                                                                       0miles                            0 miles
                                   Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                               Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                      54/                  25                                20                 0miles                            0 miles

                                   ACTIVITY
                                   Swimming (Pools)     . . . . . . . . . . .                    381                    834                               453                 0square yards!/                   0 square yards  2/
                                   Child's Play (Playgrounds)        . . . . . .                 378                    635                               257                 0acres                            0 acres
                                   Baseball/Softball    . . . . . . . . . . .                     80                    248                               168                 0fields                           0 fields
                                   Picnicking     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    210                    136                  74                               43 tables                         8 tables
                                   Football/Soccer    . . . . . . . . . . . .                       7                      7                 0                0               0fields                           0 fields
                                   Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      125                     36                  89                               22 holes                          12 holes
                                   Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       16                     27                                11                 0courts, dbl.                     0 courts, dbl.
                                   Basketball     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    189                     18               171                                 19 courts, full                   10 courts, full

                        1990       Water-Related Activities:
                                   Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW        . . .                 284                       0              284                              681 surfa57 acres                    127 surfa  acres
                                   Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW        . . .                 214                       0              214                                 8ramp  a-                         I ramp

                                   Trails Activities:
                                   Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                         44/                                                                       0miles                            0 miles
                                   Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                                                  0miles                            0 miles
                                   Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                                                  0miles                            0 miles
                                   Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                     54/                  25                                20                 0miles                            0 miles
                                               Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                       -

                    162

               REGION     12                                                             RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                         CITY SIZE:    METROS

                                                                                   TOTAL           1971 OPPORTUNITY      NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                               PARTICIPATION        DAYS AVAILABLE             (0001S or                                UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                (OOO'S OF             (OOOfS OF             ACTIVITY DAYS)                              RESOURCES REQUTRED
               YEAR       ACTIVITY                                            ACTIVITY DAYS)        ACTIVITY DAYS)         DEFICIT       SURPLUS             CUMULATIVE                        INCREMENTAL
                           Swimming (Pools)    ... . . . . . . . . .                  552   1/               834                              282              0  square yards- 2/              0 square  yardsg/
                           Child's Play (Playgrounds)     . . . . . .                 560                    635                               75              0  acres                         0 acres
                           Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                  108                    248                              140              0  fields                        0 fields
                           Picnicking   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   235                    136                99                            58  tables                       15 tables
                           Football/Soccer  . . . . . . . . . . . .                      8                      7                 1                            0  fields                        0 fields
                           Golf  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    190                     36              154                             38  holes                        16 holes
                           Tennis  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       17                   27                               10              0  courts, dbl.                  0 courts, dbl.
                           Basketball   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   295                     18              277                             31  courts, full                 12 courts,  full

               2000       Water-Related Activities:
                           Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW      . . .                364                       0             364                             873 surfac7 acres               192 surfa    acres
                                                                                                                0             271                             to  ran,                          2 rampsP
                           Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW      . . .                271                                                                                                              3

                          Trails Activities:
                           Walking . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .                       5  4/                                                                 0  miles                         0 miles
                           Bicycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                          4/                                                                 0  miles                         0 miles
                           Nature Study   . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                                            0  miles                         0 miles
                           Combined Walking, Bicycling,        .
                                     Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                     6                    25                               19              0  miles                         0 miles

               Note: Asterisks indicate that projected annual activity days were              less than 500.
               1/  Includes only swimming participation occurring in swim. ing pools, 94 percent of the total in urban areas,
               2/  Designated freshwater swimming areas may be substituted for swimming pools. When making substitutions consider total swimming participation.
               3/  Assumes 2.0 lanes per ramp.
               4/  Reflects estimated participation occurring in park and recreation areas; does not include participation occurring outside park and recreation areas.                         Of the total
                   walking, bicycling, and nature study participation it was determined that 10.5, 4.0, and 20.1 percent, respectively for each activity, occurs in park and recreation
                   areas.

                                                                                                                                                                                                              163

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                         TEXAS
                        ARKANSAS
                   F7)

             REGION 13                              REGIONAL DESCRIPTION: JEXARKANA METROPOLITAN AREA

             Texarkana   is located on the Texas-Arkansas-border and is commercially                      POPULATION
             one city,   but consists of two municipalities, one in Texas and the                         1970 Metro Area Population:       51,585
             other in Arkansas.     The city is the site of varied industries and is                      Change 1960-1970: +1%
             a distribution center of industrial products for a three-state area.                         Race Composition
             Located near Texarkana is the Red River Army Depot which stores,                                White         71%.!/
             reconditions, and issues supplies for the U.S. Army. A major annual                             Negro   ..... 28%
             event in Texarkana is the Four States' F.air and Rodeo (September).                             Other   ..... <.5%
             The city is also the site of Texarkana College.                                              Age Composition (years):
                                                                                                             13  or less   .....  24%
                                                                                                             14  - 20      .....  13%
                                                                                                             21  - 44      .....  26%
                                                                                                             45    64      .....  23%
                                                                                                             65  and over ......  14%

                                                                                                          ECONOMY
                                                                                                          Agribusiness
                                                                                                          Distribution
                                                                                                          Lumbering

             l/ Includes persons of Mexican and/or Spanish descent.

                                                                                                                                                         165

                     REGION 13                                                                                            CITY SIZE: METRO

                             P U B L I C L Y     A D M I N I S T E R E D      R E C R E A T 1 0 N      0 P P 0 R T U N I T I E S

                                                                                                   LAND AND WATER ACREAGE

                                                                                                                           ACRES.
                                                                                                                 REGION           STATEWIDE
                                                                                                                    13              AVERAGE
                                                                                                                  METRO          METRO AREAS
                                                 35%
                                                                                   Developed Land                 149               1,307

                       REGION                                                      Undeveloped Land               280                  536
                         13
                        METRO                                                      Total Land                     429               1,843
                                                    65%                            Water Within or Adjacent          6              1,006

                                                                                   Total Land and Water           435               2,849
                                         FM          DEVELOPED LAND

                                                     UNDEVELOPED LAND
                                                                                   The Texarkana Metro Area has a total of 429 acres of
                                                                                   land set aside as park and recreation areas. In addition
                                                                                   6 surface acres of water either within or adjacent to
                                                        71%                        these parks were reported.

                                                                                   Of the total land acreage, 149 acres are developed with
                      STATEWIDE                                                    facilities, leaving 280 acres available for future ,
                       AVERAGE                                                     development. With only 35 percent of the land acreage
                     METRO AREAS                                                   currently developed, the Area is well below the Statewide
                                                                                   Metro average of 71 percent.

                                               29%
                                                      V-

                                                       7 1 T-1.

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              DISPERSION OF PARKS BY TYPE

              URBAN PARKS                                                                                           13

               0 DISTRICT PARK

               0 COMMUNITY PARK
                  SPECIALTY PARK                                                                           93
                  OPEN-LANDPARK                                                                                        0                 0

                                                            82

                                                                                                  0

                                                                                                                                                       0

                                                                                 67

                                                                                          TEXARKANA
                                                                                            POP 52,179       0                                  0
                                N                                                          TEXAS 30,497
                                                                                         ARKANSAS 21,682

                                                                                                59

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                                                                                       CORRECTIONAL

                                                                                        INSTITUTION
                                      REGION 13                                      1
                      TEXARKANA AREA                                  1/2 o         lu             Source: 1971 Municipal Inventory Update
             168                  METRO BOUNDARY                   t I

                 REGION 13                                                                                                         CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                          PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK

                                                                                                                                 UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                              DISTRICT COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                        PEOPLE          REGION     STATEWIDE
                              TYPE OF FACILITY                   PARK       PARK         PARK        TOTAL         PER             13          AVERAGE
                                                               (UNITS)     (UNITS)     (UNITS)       UNITS         UNIT            METRO    METRO AREAS
                 Games and Sports:
                    Parks  ...............................            2        7           1             10        5,158           .192           .150
                    Tennis Courts   ......................            0        5           0              5       10,317           .096           .142
                    Basketball Courts   ..................            1        6           1              8        6,448           .154           .071
                    Baseball/Softball Fields   ...........            6        1           0              7        7,369           .134           .186
                    Football/Soccer Fields    .............           1        0           0              1       51,585           .019           .032
                 Picnicking:
                    Parks  ..............................             2       11           1             14        3,684           .269           .124
                    Tables .............................             51       28           2             81          636           1.557          1.230
                 Playground:
                    Parks  ..............................             3       11           .5            19        2,715           .366           .170
                    Acres Developed  ....................             7       24           4             35        1,473           .673           .258
                 Swimming:
                    Parks  ..............................             1        1           0              2       25,792           .038           .050
                    Pools (Sq. Yd.)  ....................           800       333          0           1,133            46        21.788        25.950
                    Designated Fresh Water (Sq. Yd.)...         24,200         0           0         24,200              2      465.384         52.242
                 Boating:
                    Parks  ..............................             0        0           0              0          ---            ---           .006
                    Ramp Lanes    Fresh Water  ...........            0        0           0              0          ---            ---           .008
                 Camping:
                    Parks...                                          0        0           0              0          ---            ---           .002
                                                                      0        0           0              0          ---            ---
                    Campsites                                                                                                                     .121
                 Fishing:
                    Parks  ..............................             1        1           0              2       25,792           .038           .013
                    Pier/Barge/Marina-Fresh Water (Yd.)               0        0           0              0          ---            ---           .049
                 Golfing:
                    Courses ............................              0        0           0              0          ---            ---           .005
                    Holes  .............................              0        0           0              0          ---            ---           .100
                 Trails:
                    Parks  ..............................             0        0           0              0                         ---           .006
                    Nature (Mi.)   .......................            0        0           0              0          ---            ---           .009
                    Horseback (Mi.)  ....................             0        0           0              0          ---            ---           .003
                    Bicycle (Mi.)   ......................            0        .0          0              0          ---            ---           .007
                    Hiking (Mi.)  .......................             0        0           0              0          ---            ---           .006
                    Total Trails (Mi.)   .................            0        0           0              0          ---            ---           ;,021

                                                                                                                                                        169

                   REGION 13                                PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK                          CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                                                                                                 UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                               DISTRICT COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                         PEOPLE        REGION       STATEWIDE
                              TYPE OF FACILITY                   PARK        PARK         PARK       TOTAL          PER             13         AVERAGE
                                                               (UNITS)      (UNITS)     (UNITS)      UNITS          UNIT            METRO    METRO AREAS

                   Sport Shooting:
                     Parks .............................            0           0          0             0                           ---          .002
                     Traps .............................            0           0          0             0            ---            ---          .002
                     Shooting Targets    ..................         0           0          0             0            ---            ---          .004
                     Archery Targets   ...................          0           0          0             0            ---            ---          .011
                   Miscellaneous:
                     Parks .............................            3           4          2             9          5,731           .172          .038
                     Amphitheatre Seats    ................        20           20         0            40          1,289           .769         1.077
                     Botanical Gardens (Acres)     .........        0           0          1             1          51,585          .019          .077
                     zoos (Acres)   ......................          0           0          0             0            ---            ---          .051
                     Community/Recreation Centers     ......        1           2          1             4          12,896          .077          .038
                   Most of the park and recreation facilities are in District or Community Parks.            The only facilities    in Specialty Parks
                   are for games and sports (one basketball court), picnicking, playgrounds, a community/recreation center and a small
                   botanical garden. One District Park and one Community Park have water acreage for fishing although no specific
                   fishing facilities were reported. Along with a swimming pool, the District Park category shows designated fresh water
                   swimming area. A total of-4 community/recreation centers were reported.
                   Of the 23 parks, 19 have playgrounds, 14 have picnicking facilities, and 10 have games and sports facilities. The most
                   common types of games and sports facilities are basketball with 8 courts, followed by baseball/softball with 7 fields,
                   tennis with 5 courts and football/soccer with one field.

                   Looking at selected facilities in relation to the number of potential users we find the following:
                        51,585 persons for each football/soccer-field                      6,448 persons for each basketball court
                        12,896 persons for each community/recreation center                1,473 persons for each acre of playground
                        10,317 persons for each tennis court                                 636 persons for each picnic table
                         7,369 persons for each baseball/softball field                        46 persons for each square yard of swimming pool

                   The Texarkana Metro Area is above the Statewide Metro average for facility units per 1,000 only for basketball courts,
                   picnic tables, playground acres, designated fresh water swimming area and community/recreation centers, while falling
                   below the average for tennis courts, baseball/softball fields, football/soccer fields, square yards of swimming pools,
                   amphitheatre seats and acres of botanical gardens. No boat ramp lanes, campsites, yards of fishing piertbarge/marina,
                   golf holes, trail miles, sport shooting facilities or zoo acreage were reported.

              170

                     REGION 13                           CONVERSION OF FACILITIES TO RECREATION OPPORTUNITY DAYS                   CITY SIZE: METRO

                     Current opportunity days for 1971 were calculated by multiplying the number of facilities available for each
                     activity in the metro area (determined from the Texas Outdoor Recreation Inventory of Parks, Recreation Areas,
                     and Facilities) times the standard for the facility.

                                                                                                                        DAYS PER THOUSAND POPULATION
                                                                                                      ANNUAL              REGION          STATEWIDE
                                                                                                       DAYS                  13            AVERAGE
                     ACTIVITY-FACILITY                                                               AVAILABLE            METRO             METRO

                          Swimming (Pools) - square yards      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          169,950             3,268             3,891
                          Child's Play - playground acres      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          966,805             18,592            7,137
                          Baseball/Softball - fields       . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           96,628             1,858             2,577
                          Picnicking - tables . i .                                                   137,862             2,651             2,093
                          Football/Soccer - fields                                                       7,224               139               235
                          Golf - holes    . . . . .    ;. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 0                  0               414
                          Tennis - courts, double      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           13,470                259               384
                          Basketball - courts, full     . . . . . . . . . . .    ;  . . . . . .        70,360             1,353                625

                      Water-Related Activities:

                          Boating, Boat Fishing,     Skiing FW - surface acres      . . . . . .            417                 8            2,962
                          Boating, Boat Fishing,     Skiing FW - boat ramps    . . . .. . . .               0                  .0              103

                       Trail Activities:

                          Combined Walking, Bicycling, and Nature Study          miles  . . . .             0                  0               164

                     The Texarkana Metro Area offers the most opportunity days for child's play, followed by swimming (in pools) and
                     picnicking. A comparison between the opportunity days per thousand population for the Texarkana Metro Area and
                     the Statewide Metro average shows that the Texarkana Metro Area surpasses the statewide average for three of the
                     activity types-- child's play, picnicking, and basketball.           The Texarkana Metro Area is below the Statewide Metro
                     average for swimming (in pools), baseball/ softball, football/ soccer, tennis, and surface acres for freshwater
                     boating, boat fishing and skiing, with no opportunity days a@yailable for golf, freshwater boat ramps and the trails
                     activities.

                                                                                                                                                         171

                 REGION 13                        ESTIMATED CURRENT AND FUTURE PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                  CITY SIZE: METRO

                 The twenty-third ranking metro area, based on population, Texarkana ranked twenty-third in total participation for the
                 year 1970. Estimates for 1970 indicate that residents and non-residents in the area spent over 1.2 million recreation
                 days in pursuit of urban outdoor recreation opportunities available within the metro area.

                                                                        Resident

                 For the 16 activities shown, total days of participation in urban outdoor recreation by residents of the Texarkana
                 Metropolitan Area was estimated to be 1.1 million days in 1970. Total participation is expected to increase to 1.6
                 million days in 1975 and to 2.2 million days in 1980. These projections represent increases of 45.5 percent by 1975
                 and 98.9 percent by 1980. Participation on a days per household   'basis is projected to increase from 61.8 days in 1970
                 to 89.4 days in 1975, and to 121.7 days in 1980--increases of 44.8 percent and 97.0 percent, respectively. Residents
                 of the Texarkana Metropolitan Area are expected to participate at a rate of 62, 72, and 81 days per household below
                 the statewide average for the other Texas metropolitan areas in 1970, 1975, and 1980, respectively. For the more dis-
                 tant years of 1990 and 2000, bbth total days of participation and days per household are expected to increase, but days
                 per household will remain below the statewide average for all metropolitan areas.

                 Projections for specific activities-indicate that 13 of the 16 activities will'increase in total days of participation
                 through the year 1975 and 1980. Participation on a days per h6usehold basis is expected to increase in 11 activities
                 by 1980, while.football and bicycling will decline. Basketball and nature study will remain relatively constant. In
                 1970, the six most popular activities based on total participation were estimated to be: swimming, child's play, driv-
                 ing for pleasure, walking, picnicking, and golf, respectively. By 1975, participation days in walking is expected to
                 increase by 65.7 percent and the activity will replace driving for pleasure as the number three ranked activity. Driv-
                 ing for pleasure will then become the fourth most popular activity. Child's play, which ranked second in 1970, will
                 remain the second most popular activity. Picnicking, which ranked fifth, will exchange places with golf, which was
                 sixth. In 1980 swimming is expected to remain the first ranked activity, child's play second, and walking will remain
                 third. Driving for pleasure, golf, and picnicking will continue to be the fourth, fifth, and sixth ranked activities.

                                                                       Non-Resident

                 For the urban outdoor recreation activities specified for 1970, participation within the Texarkana Metropolitan Area
                 by non-residents was estimated to total 93,000 days. Compared to the 1970 level, total participation is expected to
                 remain constant at 93,000 days in 1975 and increase by 2.2 percent (to 95,000 days) by 1980. A decrease of 6.4 percent
                 (to 87,000 days) is expected in 1990 with an increase in the year 2000 of 1.0 percent (to 94,000 days) in comparison to
                 1970 figures.

                 In terms of days of participation for 1970, the most popular non-resident activities, of the specific activities pro-
                 jected, were: sightseeing, with 45,000 days; driving for-pleasure, with 17,000 days; picnicking and walking, with 9,000
                 days; child's play, with 5,000 days; and football, with 4,000 days. Assuming adequate facilities are made available,
                 participation for all activities is expected to remain relatively constant through the year 2000, with no anticipated
                 change in popularity.

              172

                 REGION 13                                                                    CURRENT AND PROJECTED RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                                     CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                                                            (000-S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                                                       1970-                                    1975                                    1980                                    1990                                      2000
                                                                       STATE-                                 STATE-                                 STATE-                                  STATE-                                  STATE-
                                                          REG.13       WIDE                       REG.13      WIDE                           REG.13   WIDE                      REG.13      WIDE                          REG. 13    WIDE
                                                          METROS       METROS                     METROS     METROS                          METROS  METROS                     METROS      METROS                        METROS    METROS
                                          PART.           AVERAGE      AVERAGE     PART.          AVERAGE   AVERAGE        PART.             AVERAGE  AVERAGE     PART.         AVERAGE     AVERAGE       PART.           AVERAGE  AVERAGE
                 ACTIVITY                  DAYS   RANK    DAYS/H       DAYS/HH     DAYS   RANK    DAYS/HH.  DAYS/H11       DAYS   RANK       DAYS/  DAYS/HH       DAYS   RANK   DAYS/HH     DAYS/HH       DAYS   RANK     DAYS/HH  DAYS/11H
                 Swimming                  265         1  14.54        27.41           429    1   23.42       36.52        645      1        35.05    47.17     1,212       1     67.54       75.28       1,960     1     112.03     110.14
                 Child's Play              249         2  13.66        14.08           387    2   21.13       17.72        557      2        30.27    22.00       959       2     53.44       32.20       1,483     2     84@77      43.99
                 Baseball/Softball          16         8    .88         2.78           25     10   1.37         3.19        35    10         1.90      3.59          50     9     2.79         4.41         67      9     3.83         5.22
                 Picnicking                 79         5   4.33         5.72           85     6    4.64         5.66        89      6        4.84      5.66          89     6     4.96         5.61         89      7     5.09         5.64
                 Football/Soccer            12         12   .66         1.43           12     12      .66       1.42        12    13         .65       1.41          11   13         .61       1.39         11    13        .63        1.38
                 Golf                       66         6   3.62         3.92           ill    5    6.06         4.98       169      5        9.18      6.16       310       4     17.27        8.96       491       4     28.07      12.07
                 Tennis                     10         13   .55         6.06           11     13      .60       9.21        11    14         .60      11.49          11   13         .61      16.07         11    13        .63      21.46
                 Basketball                   3        15   .16         1.60           3      15      .16       2.59          3   15         .16       3.57          2    15         .11       5.52            2  15        .11        7.53
                 Walking                   137         4   7.52        18.21           227    3   12.39       23.09        317      3        17.23    29.20       483       3     26.91       39.89       641       3     36.64      50.31
                 Bicycling                  14         11   .77        20.30           14     11      .76     32.77         14    12         .76      45.25          14   12         .78      68.44         13    12        .74      95.49
                 Nature Study                          0    ---           .72          1      16      .05       1.67.         1   10         .05       2.64          2    15         .11       4.63            2  15        .11        6.70
                 Fishing                    33         7   1.81         1.80           34     7    1.86         1.88        36      9        1.96      1.97          38   10      2.12         2.13         40    10      2.29         2.30
                 Boating                    16         8    .88           .88          29     9    1.58         1.60        43      8        2.34      2.31          67     8     3.73         3.74         90      6     5.14         5.17
                 Skiing                       8        14   .44           .42          11     13      .60         .62       15    11         .82          .82        22   11      1.23         1.22         28    11      1.60         1.81
                 Surfing                   --- ---          ---           ---          --- ---        ---         ---      --- ---           ---         ---      --- ---            ---         ---      --- ---           ---            ---
                 Sightseeing                15         10   .82         2.25           34     7    1.86         2.34        53      7        2.88      2.50          70     7     3.90         2.70         86      8     4.92         3.01
                 Dr. for Pleas.            203         3  11.14        13.38           225    4   12.29       13.52        240      4        13.04    13.67       243       5     13.54       13.86       245       5     14.00      14.10

                      TOTAL              1,126            61.78        120.96     1,638           89.43       158.78       2,240             121.73   199.41    3,583           199.65        286.05      5,259           300.60     386.32

                                     CURRENT AND PROJECTED NON-RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                       TOTAL CURRENT AND PROJECTED PARTICIPATION,           1970-2000
                                                       (0001S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)                                                                               (OOO'S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                 ACTIVITY                              1970            1975            1980           1990             2000       ACT-IVITY                          1970            1975           1980                  1990       2000

                 Swimming                              2               2               2                 2                 2      Swimming                           267             431             647            1,214            1,962
                 Child's Play                          5               5               5                 5                 5      Child's Play                       254             392             562                  964        1,488
                 Baseball/Softball                                                                                                baseball/Softball                  16               25              35                  50               67
                 Picnicking                            9               9               9                 9                 9      Picnicking                         88               94              98                  98               98
                 Football/Soccer                       4               4               4                 4                 4      Football/Soccer                    16               16              16                  15               15
                 Golf                                                                                                             Golf                               66              ill             169                  310          491
                 Tennis                                                                                                           Tennis                             10               11              11                  11               11
                 Basketball                            I               I               1                 1                 1      Basketball                           4                4                 4               3                3
                 Walking                               9               9               9                 9                 9      Walking                            146             236             326                  492          650
                 Bicycling                                                                                                        Bicycling                          14               14              14                  14               13
                 Nature Study                                                                                                     Nature Study                                          1                 1               2                2
                 Fishing                               I               1               1                 1                 1      Fishing                            34               35              37                  39               41
                 Boating                                                                                                          Boating                            16               29              43                  67               90
                 Skiing                                                                                                           Skiing                               8              11              15                  22               28
                 Surfing                               ---             ---             ---            ---              ---        Surfing                            ---             ---                                  ---          ---
                 Sightsecing                           45              45              46             46                46        Sightseeing                        60               79              99                  116          132-
                 Dr. for Pleas.                        17              17              18             18                17        Dr. for Pleas.                     220             242             258                  265          262

                      TOTAL                            .93             93              95             95                94             TOTAL                      1,219           1,731             2,335           3,678            52353

                 Note:       Asterisks indicate that   projected annual activity       days were less than 500.       Dashes indicate not applicable.        Zeros indicate that the activity was         not ranked due to
                             insignificant participation days recorded.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           173

                REGION 13                  R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 UR C E    R E Q U I R E M E N T S             CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                  1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                Estimates of urban outdoor recreation resource requirements were developed for the Texarkana Metropolitan Area for the
                years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000 by comparing current-I/ and projected recreation participation with the current
                recreation opportunities.Z/ available in the metro. In addition, the availability and spatial distribution of recreation
                opportunities provided by parks and recreation facilities were analyzed with respect to subsections of the Texarkana
                Metro characterized by residents having similar incomes and ethnic backgrounds. Particular attention was given to those
                subsections expected to undergo relatively rapid population growth and physical expansion in the future.

                Conclusions reached from analyzing the distribution of recreation opportunities within the metropolitan area were used
                to qualify resource requirement estimates where a less than adequate distribution appeared to exist.

                In the discussions that follow, results of the distribution analysis of parks within subsections of the Texarkana Metro
                Area are presented. Then, estimates of current and future requirements for selected recreation facilities are presented,
                and are qualified by conclusions reached from the distribution analysis of recreation facilities within subsections of
                the Texarkana Metro.

                PARK DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

                in analyzing the availability and distribution of parks in the Texarkana Metro, several characteristics were considered:
                changes in population (or trends in general, 1960 to 1970), areas of the metro which were expected to exhibit relatively
                major expansion, and the dispersion of existing parks among the income/ethnic subsections of the metro. From these
                interrelated characteristics general conclusions were reached withrespect to future park developments for the metro
                area.

                Population trends affected estimations of future recreation participation. Projections of population growth for
                Texarkana indicated that the 1970 population of 51,585 would decline slightly to about 49,512 persons by the year 2000.
                In addition, information provided by urban recreation planners of the area shows that the major direction of future
                urban expansion was expected in the west (as illustrated by the arrow on the map, titled "Predominant Ethnic Background
                and Income Subsections").

                In the Texarkana, Texas portion of the metropolitan area there were four subsections, as in dicated by local urban re-
                creation planners in 1971, which are delineated on the accompanying "Predominant Ethnic Background and Income Sub-
                sections" map. Socio-economic data were not available were not available for Texarkana, Arkansas. The four subsections

                l/ "Current" participation refers to levels of participation by type of selected recreation activity which were esti-
                   mated for the year 1970.
                2/ "Current" recreation opportunities refers to computed figures derived from the numbers of publicly-administered faci-
                   lities by type available within the metro area in 1971.

              174

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                 REGION 13                 R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S            CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                   1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                 in Texas comprised as follows: two subsections of low-income Blacks; one, a relatively large subsection, located in
                 southwestern portion of the metro and generally between Highways 59 and 67 before their junction, and the other.a
                 smaller subsection, located close to the business district of the metro between Highways 14 and'93 and north of High-
                 way 82; one very large subsection of middle-income Anglos comprising the majority of the metro area west and south of
                 the core area excepting only the larger Black subsectional area; and one large high-income Anglo subsection located in
                 the north central portion of the metro.

                 In analyzing the dispersion of parks among the subsections, a comparison of the "Dispersion of Parks by Type" map and
                 the "Predominant Ethnic Background and,Income Subsections" map indicated that the community, district, and specialty
                 parks reported in 1971 were adequate distributed with two exceptions. One, there were no parks reported in the smaller
                 of the two Black subsections, and two, there no parks indicated in the western major growth area. While the dispersion
                 of parks having facilities appeared to be adequate, the metro area had only one open land park located in the western
                 major growth area. Also, parks in the Arkansas portion of the metro appeared to be concentrated in the southern half
                 of the area, leaving the northeastern portion of the whole metro area lacking in parks of any type. Future develop-
                 ments of additional parks probably should be considered for the entire metro area with emphasis on the outlying por-
                 tions northeast, northwest, west., and southwest of the central core area. Where resources are available, considera-
                 tion should be given to providing open-land parks throughout the metropolitan area.

                 In addition to maintaining an adequate dispersion of parks in all portions of the metro area, the provision of dif-
                 ferent types of recreational facilities in parks is also an important consideration. An analysis  of the current and
                 future requirements for selected recreational facilities and the current dispersion of facilities in the Texarkana
                 Metro is presented in the following discussions.

                 FACILITY REQUIREMENTS AND DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

                 As mentioned previously, requirements for selected recreational facilities (see the following table) were calculated
                 for the years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000. Then, an analysis of the dispersion of existing facilities among
                 the predominant income/ethnic subsections and potential growth areas of the metro was conducted. Conclusions reached
                 from the facility dispersion analysis were then used to qualify the facility requirement estimates, particularly in
                 those cases where no additional facilities were estimated as being needed within the metropolitan area. Usually,
                 special note is made where growth areas appeared to have limited facilities. The methodology used to calculate
                 faciliiy requirements in general is explained in Appendix C, Part I--An Overview of the Urban Volume. In the dis-
                 cussion that follows, resource requirements for recreational facilities are generally referred to by units of the
                 most important feature necessary to allow participation. For example, when a requirement is shown for swimming pools,
                 features such as a bathhouse, cleaning and filtering system, and other support features are implied when a requirement-
                 for the major facility is shown.

              176

               REGION 13                  R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E    R E Q U I R E M E N T S       CITY SIZEe METROS
                                                                  1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                                                                       Swimmin

               Based on a facility standard of 150 days per year per square yard of pool, the 1,133 square yards reported in 1971 pro-
               vided approximately 170,000 opportunity days. Accordingly, an additional 540 square yards would have been required to
               adequately accommodate demand, estimated at 251,000 participation days in 1970.    On the basis of the 1971 opportunities
               level, the cumulative resource requirement was calculated to increase from 540 square yards in 1970 to 1,567 square
               yards in 1975, to 2,9@O square yards in 1980, to 6,473 square yards in 1990, and to 11,160 square yards by the year
               2000. A dispersion analysis indicates that there were no public swimming pools in the central or southern portions
               of the metro.

                                                                     Child's Play

               The Texarkana Metro in 1971 had thirty-f ive acres of playground dispersed through nineteen parks within the metro.
               Multiplying the thirty-five acre units by the playground standard (each acre was calculated to provide 27,623 days of
               recreation opportunity per unit per year) provided an estimated 967,000 annual opportunity (potential participation)
               days. Annual opportunity days were then compared with the forecasted demands, as shown in the Texarkana resource
               requirements table. Playgrounds appear to be adequate for all planning periods until the year 2000 when nineteen
               additional acres will be needed.   Since the existing playgrounds were relatively well distributed among the population
               in 1971, additional playgrounds should be similarly dispersed with emphasis placed on potential growth areas.

                                                                   Baseball/Softball

               With an existing seven baseball/ softball fields providing approximately 97,000 opportunity days (the facility standard
               utilized was 13,804 opportunity days provided per field each year), overall the Texarkana Metro Area appeared to have
               a sufficient number of fields to meet facility requirements through the year 2000. Although dispersion analysis could
               not be performed from available data, maintaining a distribution which considers growth areas and the various income/
               ethnic subsections is important in the allocation of additional fields.

                                                                      Picnicking

               There were eighty-one public picnic tables in Texarkana in 1971. At 1,702 'days of opportunity per table per year
               (standard), the existing tables provided approximately 138,000 days annually. The existing number of tables was
               expected to provide adequate overall opportunity through the year 2000. The distribution of picnicking facilities
               appeared to be balanced.   Additional picnic tables probably should be considered for potential growth areas.

                                                                    Football/Soccer

               The one football/soccer field in the Texarkana Metro Area provided about., 7,000 days of opportunity annually. The
               addition of one field in 1970, was estimated to be an adequate number of fields to meet requirements for these

                                                                                                                                         177

                 REGION 13                  R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S         CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                    1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                 activities through the year 2000. The distribution of football/soccer facilities could not be discerned from data
                 available for 1971, but local analysis can insure an equitable distribution with attention to potential growth areas
                 and income/ethnic subsections.

                                                                           Golf

                 There were no publicly-administered golf courses in Texarkana in 1971. Using the urban golf standard, each golf hole
                 was calculated to be capable of providing 4,047 days of recreation opportunity annually. Comparing the expected parti-
                 cipation for the projection years with the available opportunity days shows that the metro would have required sixteen
                 holes (or at least one eighteen-hole course) in 1970. Incrementally, additions of 11, 15, 35, and 44 holes would be
                 needed in the years 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000, respectively, to meet expected increases in golfing participation.
                 As a general rule, golf courses are constructed in multiples of nine holes; therefore, by the year 2000 the Texarkana
                 Metro Area will need slightly over.thirteen nine-hole courses (121 holes), six eighteen-hole courses and one nine-hole
                 course, or some appropriate combination which considers local-resourses.

                                                                          Tennis

                 The 13,000 opportunity days provided by the five tennis  courts available in 1971 (each court can provide about 2,694
                 days of opportunity per year) should be adequate to meet resource requirements through the year 2000. Although dis-
                 persion of these facilities could not be discerned from available data, adequate distribution should be considered
                 in current and future planning efforts.

                                                                        Basketball

                 Based on the urban basketball standard, each of the eight basketball courts  in the Texarkana Metro Area provided
                 approximately 8,795 days of opportunity per year, for a total of about 70,000 annual basketball opportunity days.
                 By comparing available opportunity days with demand for each projection year as expressed in the Texarkana recreation
                 resource requirement table, the eight courts available appeared to be sufficient to meet expected requirements through
                 the year 2000. Dispersion analysis of basketball facilities could not be accomplished with available data, but main-
                 taining an adequate distribution is an important consideration relative to growth areas and income/ethnic subsections.

                                                                    Trails Activities

                 Since there were no designated trails reported for the Texarkana Metro Area in 1971, analysis of expected participation
                 for walking, bicycling, ana nature study indicated a need for two miles of trail by 1970. Given the expected growth
                 in participation in trail activities, incremental needs were projected for one mile in 1975, one mile in 1980, two
                 miles in 1990, and two miles by the year 2000, bringing the cumulative resource requirement to eight miles of trail
                 by the year 2000.

             178

                REGION 13                     R E C R E A T 1 0 N     R E S 0 U R C E     R E Q U I R E M E N T S            CITY SIZE: NETROS
                                                                       1 9 7 0    2 0 0 0

                A relatively small proportion of the total participation in trail and related activities was estimated to take place
                in publicly-administered park and recreation areas. It is likely, however, that as trail facilities are provided,
                the relative proportion of total participation will increase at these recreation areas. Thus, the above estimates
                of resources required may be conservative in the long run and should be considered as minimum estimates. In addition
                to the expectations for increases in participation in trail and related activities at publicly-administered park and
                recreation areas, it is clear that the major proportion of walking, bicycling, and nature study is occurring in places
                other than established recreation areas. The majority of this participation is most likely taking place in local
                neighborhoods, on city streets, and on available open lands within the area. This phenomenon has direct policy impli-
                cations with respect to the provision of sidewalks within currently existing and newly developing neighborhoods, the
                development of a system of bike lanes in high use areas, and the provision of adequate open space and green belt areas
                within the metro area.

                                                 Water-Related Activities: -Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing

                                                              Surface Acres - Freshwater Lakes
                                                                (Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing)

                A total of one surface acre of freshwater was located within the Texarkana        lletrc rolitan Area in 1971.   Because of the
                limited freshwater available, no boating, boat fishing, or skiing participation was reported          in the Texas Outdoor
                Recreation Household Demand Survey. Using participation patterns of households re         'creating in the urban areas, it
                was estimated that boating would have totaled 16,000 days, boat fishing 7,000 days, and skiing 8,000 days for a
                total of 31,000 days in 1970 if adequate freshwater lakes had been available. An analysis of estimated participa-
                tion indicated that incremental resource requirements should increase from an additional 74 acres needed in 1970,
                to 39 acres by 1975, 45 acres by 1980, 75 acres in 1990, and 71 acres in the year 2000.           This brings the cumulative
                resource requirement to an additional 304 surface acres by the year 2000.
                                                                    Freshwater Boat Ramps  l/

                No publicly-administered freshwater boat lanes were reported for the Texarkana Metro in 1971. By estimating the 1970
                total freshwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participatioA which would have occurred using freshwater boat ramp
                facilities to gain access to the water if ramps were available, it was calculated that one boat ramp was needed in
                1970. Projected increases in freshwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation are expected to require one
                additional in 1980, one in 1990, and no    *ne in the year 2000, bringing the cumulative resource requirement to three
                ramps by 2000. Since boat ramps are the most frequently used means by which boaters, skiers, and boat fishermen gain

                l/ In calculating freshwater boat ramp resource requirements the assumption was made that each boat ramp has two
                   lanes.   Supply figures listed in the "Park and Recreation Facilities by Type of Park" table and quoted in the
                   narratives are in terms of single lanes.

                                                                                                                                                   179

                                                                                             Q

                   REGION 13                 R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S          CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                    1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                   access to freshwater lakes, the provision of freshwater surface acres and freshwater boat ramps required should be
                   planned as joint projects, even though, in some cases, this may require the construction of boat ramps prior to the
                   years reflected in the boat ramp resource requirement projections.

                                                            Summary of Facilities Requirements

                   In 1971 the Texarkana Metro reported no public golf courses, designated trails, or freshwater boat ramps. In order
                   for the number of opportunity days to equal the estimated number of participation days, incremental resource require-
                   ments were indicated in all planning horizon years for golf courses and designated trail facilities, and were indi-
                   cated as necessary in 1970, 1980, and 1990 for freshwater boat ramps. The metro had one football/soccer field, with
                   one additional field estimated to be required in 1970 to adequately accommodate demand for all subsequent planning
                   horizon years. Also, only one acre of freshwater lake was available within the metro boundary, with incremental
                   resource requirements indicated for all planning horizon years.

                   To augment existing facilities, additional square yards of public swimming facilities were estimated to be required
                   in 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000. Additional acres of playground were estimated to be necessary, beginning in the
                   year 2000. On the other hand, the number of existing baseball/softball fields, public picnic tables, tennis courts,
                   and basketball courts was calculated to be adequate through the year 2000.

                   A dispersion analysis was possible only for a few of the facility types. There was an apparent absence of public
                   swimming pools in the central and southern portions of the metro. Playgrounds and picnic tables appeared to be
                   reasonably well dispersed in 1971. In the provision of additional facilities for all types of outdoor recreation
                   activities, an important criterion is a balariced distribution which considers the various income/ethnic subsections
                   and growth areas.

             180

                REGION 13                                                                RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                           CITY SIZE: METROS

                                                                                    TOTAL          1971 OPPORTUNITY      NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                               PARTICIPATION        DAYS AVAILABLE              (OOOIS OF                               WITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                 (OOO'S OF             (OOO'S OF            ACTIVITY DAYS)                              RESOURCES REQUIRED
                YEAR        ACTIVITY                                          ACTIVITY DAYS)        ACTIVITY DAYS         DEFICIT        SURPLUS             CUKULATIVE                        INCREMENTAL
                            Swimming (Pools)   . . . . . . . . . .                    251                   170                 81                           540 square yards-V                540 square yards 2/
                            Child's Play (Playgrounds)     - -  ... .  :              254                   967                              713               0 acres                         0 acres
                            Baseball/Softball  . . . . . . . . . . .                   16                    97                              81                0 fields                        0 fields
                            Picnicking   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   88                   138                              50                0 tables                        0 tables
                            Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                  16                      7                9                              1 field                         I field
                            Golf  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    66                      0                66                           16  holes                         16 holes
                            Tennis  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    10                    13                                 3              0 courts, dbl.                  0 courts, dbl.
                            Basketball   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     4                   70                              66                0 courts, full                  0 courts, full

                1970        Water-Related Activities:
                            Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW      . . .                31                      0                31                           74  surfac                        74 surfac7 acres
                            Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW                           24                      0                24                             1 ramp   37 acres               I ramp

                            Trails Activities:
                            Walking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    15  4/                                                                  2 miles                         2 miles
                            Bicycling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     1 4/                                                                <1  mile                          <1 mile
                            Nature Study   . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       41                                                                <1  mile                          <1 mile
                            Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                       Nature Study . . . . . . . . .                  16  4/                  0                16                             2 miles                         2 miles

                            ACTIVITY
                            Swimming (Pools)   . . . . . . . . . . .                  405                   170               235                          1,567 square yardsV             1,027 square yards-2/
                            Child's Play (Playgrounds)     . . . . . .                392                   967                              575               0 acres                         0 acres
                            Baseball/Softball  . . . . . . . . . . .                   25                    97                              72                0 fields                        0 fields
                            Picnicking   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   94                   138                              44                0 tables                        0 tables
                            Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                  16                      7                9                              1 field                         0 fields
                            Golf  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   ill                      0              ill                            27  holes                         11 holes
                            Tennis  . . . . . . .   I. . . . . . . . .                 11                    13                                 2              0 courts, dbl.                  0 courts,  dbl.
                            Basketball   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     4                   70                              66                0 courts, full                  0 courts,  full

                1975        Water-Related Activities:
                            Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW                           47                      0                47                           113 surfac@ acres                 39 surf    acres
                            Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW                           35                      0                35                             1 'ramp                         0 ramP32

                            Trails Activities:
                            Walking . . . . . . . . . . .                              25  4/                                                                  3 miles                         i mile
                            Bicycling  . . . . . . . . .   : : '.                        I z/                                                                <1  mile                          0 miles
                            Nature Study   . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                                         <1  mile                          0 miles
                            Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                       Nature Study . . . . . . . . .                  26                      0                26                             3 miles                         I mile

                                                                                                                                                                                                               181

                      REGION 13                                                                 RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                            CITY SIZE: METROS

                                                                                          TOTAL           1971 OPPORTUNITY       NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                      PARTICIPATION        DAYS AVAILABLE               (OOO'S OF                                 UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                       (GOO'S OF              (OOO'S OF             ACTIVITY DAYS)                                RESOURCES REQUIRED
                      YEAR       ACTIVITY                                            ACTIVITY DAYS         ACTIVITY DAYS          DEFICIT        SURPLUS              CUMULATIVE                       INCREMENTAL
                                 Swimming (Pools)    . . . . . . . . . . .                   608                   170               438                           2,920  square  yards!'            1,353 square  yardsv
                                 Child's Play (Playgrounds)       . . . . . .                562                   967                               405                0 acres                          0 acres
                                 Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                    35                    97                               62                 0 fields                         0 fields
                                 Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    98                   138                               40                 0 tables                         0 tables
                                 Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                    16                      7                 9                               1 field                          0 fields
                                 Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    169                      0              169                              42  holes                        15  holes
                                 Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     11                    13                                  2               0 courts, dbl.                   0 courts, dbl.
                                 Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      4                   70                               66                 0 courts, full                   0 courts, full

                      1980       Water-Related Activities:
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW       . . .                 66                      0                 66                            158 surfa@? acres                45  surfas7 acres
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW       . . .                 47                      0                 47                              2 ramps-                         I ramp -

                                 Trails Activities:
                                 Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     34 4/                                                                     4 miles                          I mile
                                 Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      14/                                                                   <1  mile                           0 miles
                                 Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                                            <1  mile                           0 miles
                                 Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                             Nature Study . . . . . . . . .                   35 4/                   0                 35                              4 miles                          I mile

                                 ACTIVITY
                                 Swimming (Pools)    . . . . . . . . . . .                 1,141                   170               971                           6,473  square yards-2/           3,553  square yards-2/
                                 Child's Play (Playgrounds)       . . . . . .                964                   967                                  3               0 acres                          0 acres
                                 Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                    50                    97                               47                 0 fields                         0 fields
                                 Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    98                   138                               40                 0 tables                         0 tables
                                 Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                    15                      7                 8                               1 field                          0 fields-
                                 Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    310                      0              310                              77  holes                        35  holes
                                 Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     11                    13                                  2               0 courts, dbl.                   0 courts, dbl.
                                 Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      3                   70                               67                 0 courts, full                   0 courts, full

                      1990       Water-Related Activities:
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW                             97                      0                 97                            233 surface acres                75  surfac7 acres
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW       . . .                 69                      0                 69                              3 ramps-3/                       I ramp

                                 Trails Activities:

                                 Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     52                                                                        6 miles                          2 miles
                                 Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      14/                                                                   <1  mile                           0 miles
                                 Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                                            <1  mile                           0 miles
                                 Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                             Nature Study . . . . . . . . .                   S3 4/                   0                 53                              6 miles                          2 miles

                  182

                REGION 13                                                                 RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                        CITY SIZE:    METROS

                                                                                    TOTAL          1971 OPPORTUNITY      NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                               PARTICIPATION        DAYS AVAILABLE              (OOO'S OF                               UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                 (000's OF             (000-S OF             ACTIVITY DAYS)                             RESOURCES REQUIRED
                YEAR      ACTIVITY                                            ACTIVITY DAYS)        ACTIVIr     DAYS)     DEFICIT       SURPLUS               CUMULATIVE                      INCREMENTAL
                           Swimming (Pools)    ... . . . . . . . . .                 1,844 l/                   170        1,674                           11,160 square yards2/            4s687 square yards-2/
                           Child's Play (Playgrounds)      . . . . . .               1,488                      967          521                               19 acres                       19  acres
                          ,Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . .    111                   67                    97                          30                  0 fields                        0 fields
                           Picnicking   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       98                    138                         40                  0 tables                        0 tables
                           Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                      15                    7               8                               1 field                         0 field
                           Golf  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     491                      0            491                              121 holes                       44  holes
                           Tennis  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        11                    13                            2                 0 courts, dbl.                  0 courts,-dbl.
                           Basketball   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       3                     70                          67                  0 courts, full                  0 courts, full

                2000      Water-Related Activities:
                           Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing      FW  . . .                 127                     0            127                              304 surfa@y acres               71  surfa3c7 acres
                           Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing      FW . . .                    88                    0              88                               3 ramps-                        0 ramps=

                          Trails Activities:
                           Walking . . . . . . . . . .                                    68 4/                                                                 8 miles                         2 miles
                           Bicycling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       14/                                                                 <1  mile                          0 miles
                           Nature Study   . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        4/                                                                 <1  mile                          0 miles
                           Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                     Nature Study   . . . . . . . . .                     69 4/                 0              69                               8 miles                         2 miles

                Note: Asteris   ks indicate that projected annual activity days were          less than 500.
                I/ Includes only swimming participation occurring in swimming pools, 94 percent of the total in urban areas.
                _@/ Designated freshwater swimming areas may be substituted for swimming pools. When making substitutions consider total swimming participation.
                51 Assumes 2.0 lanes per ramp.
                4/ Reflects estimated participation occurring in park and recreation areas; does not include participation occurring outside park and recreation areas.                         Of the total
                   walking, bicycling, and nature study participation it was determined that '10.5, 4.0, and 20.1 percent, respectively for each activity, occurs in park and recreation
                   areas.

                                                                                                                                                                                                               183

                          m >

                   REGION 14                                 REGIONAL DESCRIPTION: TYLER METROPOLITAN AREA

                   Tyler, once a quiet farming community, made its real surge for                                POPULATION
                   development in 1930 with the discovery of the great East Texas                                1970 Metro Area Population:      57,770
                   Oil Field. Since that time, Tyler has become East Texas'                                      Change 1960-70: +13%
                   largest and foremost city of commerce and industry.                                           Race Composition l/
                                                                                                                    White         77%7
                   Tyler boasts the nation's largest rose garden and is the                                         Negro   ..... 22%
                   center of a vast rosebush growing area. The city hosts the                                       Other   ..... <.5%
                   Texas Rose Festival (October), East Texas Fair (September),                                   Age Composition (years):
                   and the Azalea Trail (March or April). Tyler also has a sym-                                     13 or less    .....  25%
                   phony orchestra, civic theater, and is the home of Tyler Junior                                  14 - 20       .....  14%
                   College, with an enrollment of over 5,000.                                                       21 - 44       .....  29%
                                                                                                                    45 - 64              21%
                   Numerous medical facilities are in Tyler,        the Medical Center                              65 and over   .....  11%
                   Hospital being one of the most modern and        best-equipped facil-
                   ities in the Southwest.                                                                       ECONOMY
                                                                                                                 Lumbering
                   Tyler is the center of a diversified agricultural area. Live-                                 Manufacturing
                   stock and pasture improvement, dairying, forestry, vegetables,                                Oil
                   and fruit@growing are among agricultural pursuits. Tyler is also                              Processing
                   the main headquarters for major and independent oil exploration
                   and development companies. The ci@y has approximately 125 man-
                   ufacturing and processing plants, which make a wide variety of
                   products.

                   I/ Includes persons of Mexican and/or Spanish descent.

                                                                                                                                                            185'

                     REGION 14                                                                                           CITY SIZE: METRO

                             P U B L I C L Y     A D M I N I S T E R E D      R E C R E A T 1 0 N     0 P P 0 R T U N I T I E S

                                                                                                   LAND AND WATER ACREAGE

                                                                                                                          ACRES
                                                                                                                REGION            STATEWIDE
                                                                                                                    14             AVERAGE
                                                                                                                 METRO          METRO AREAS

                                                        85%                        Developed Land                321               1,307

                       REGION                                                      Undeveloped Land                55                536
                         14
                        METRO                                                      Total Land                    376               1,843
                                            15%
                                                                                   Water Within or Adjacent         0              1,006

                                                                                   Total Land and Water          376               2,849
                                         FM          DEVELOPED LAND

                                                     UNDEVELOPED LAND
                                                                                   Tyler has a total of 376 acres of land set aside as
                                                                                   park and recreation areas. No surface acres of water
                                                                                   either within or adjacent to the parks were reported.
                                                         71%                       Of the total land acreage, 321 acres are developed with
                                                                                   facilities, leaving 55 acres available for future
                      STATEWIDE                                                    development. With 85 percent of the land acreage
                       AVERAGE                                                     currently developed, Tyler is well above the Statewide
                     METRO AREAS                                                   Metro average of 71 percent.

                                               29%
                                                         7 1

              186

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                   REGION 14                                                                                                          CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                            PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK

                                                                                                                                   UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                                DISTRICT COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                        PEOPLE          REGION      STATEWIDE
                               TYPE OF FACILITY                    PARK        PARK        PARK         TOTAL        PER              14          AVERAGE
                                                                (UNITS)      (UNITS)     (UNITS)        UNITS        UNIT            METRO    METRO AREAS
                   Games and Sports:
                     Parks   ..............................          2           9            1            12        4,814            .206          .150
                     Tennis Courts   ......................          5           5            0            10        5,777            .172          .142
                     Basketball Courts    ..................         1           0            0            1        57,770            .017          .071
                     Baseball/Softball Fields    ...........         4           9            3            16        3,610            .275          .186
                     Football/Soccer Fields     .............        0           0            1            1        57,770            .017          .032
                   Picnicking:
                     Parks   ..............................          2           2            1            5        11,554            .086            124
                     Tables  .............................           11          4            2            17        3,398            .293          1:230
                   Playground:
                     Parks   ..............................          2           9            4            15        3,851            258           .170
                     Acres Developed   ....................          4          15            7            26        2,221            :448          .258
                   Swimming:
                     Parks   ..............................          2           0            0            2        28,885            .034          .050
                     Pools (Sq. Yd.)   ....................       1,700          0            0        1,700              34        29.310         25.950
                     Designated Fresh Water (Sq. Yd.)...             0           0            0            0           ---            ---         52.242
                   Boating:
                     Parks   ........................                0           0            0            0           ---                          .006
                     Ramp Lanes - Fresh Water    .....               0           0            0            0           ---            ---           .008
                   Camping:
                     Parks   ..............................          0           0            1            1        57,770            .017          .002
                     Campsites   ..........................          0           0            0            0           ---            ---           .121
                   Fishing:
                     Parks   ..............................          0           0            0            0           ---            -7-           .013
                     Pier/Barge/Marina-Fresh Water (Yd.)             0           0            0            0           ---            ---           .049
                   Golfing:
                     Courses ............................            0           0            0            '0          ---            ---           .005
                     Holes   ...............................         0           0            0            0           ---            ---           .100
                   Trails:
                     Parks   ..............................          0           0            2            2        28,885            .034          .006
                     Nature (Mi.)   .......................          0           0            3            3        19,256            .051          .009
                     Horseback (Mi.)   ...................           0           0            0                        ---            ---           .003
                     Bicycle (Mi.)   ......................          0           0            0            0                                        .007
                     Hiking (Mi.)   .......................          0           0            0            0           ---            ---           .006
                     Total Trails (Mi.)    .................         0           0            3            3        19,256            .051          .021

                                                                                                                                                         189

                  REGION 14                               PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK                         CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                                                                                              UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                             DISTRICT COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                        PEOPLE        REGION      STATEWIDE
                             TYPE OF FACILITY                  PARK         PARK       PARK        TOTAL         PER             14         AVERAGE
                                                             (UNITS)     (UNITS)      (UNITS)     UNITS          UNIT            METRO    METRO AREAS

                  Sport Shooting:
                    Parks .............................          0             0          0           0            ---            ---         .002
                    Traps .............................          0             0          0           0            ---            ---         .002
                    Shooting Targets   ..................        0             0          0           0            ---            ---         .004
                    Archery Targets   ...................        0             0          0           0            ---            ---         .01-1
                  Miscellaneous:
                    Parks .............................          0             1          1           2          28,885          .034         .038
                    Amphitheatre Seats   ................        0         3,000          0        3,00          1,925          51.724        1.077
                    Botanical Gardens (Acres)    .........       0             0          20          2C         2,888           .344         .077
                    Zoos (Acres)  ......................         0             0          0           0            ---            ---         .051
                    Community/Recreation Centers    ......       0             0          0           0            ---            ---         .038

                  The park and recreation facilities in Tyler      are distributed among all three    park categories. Both of the District
                  Parks have swimming pools, the only two in the city. The Specialty Park category contains a park with camping permitted
                  although no specific camping facilities were reported. An amphitheatre in a Community Park and a botanical gardens in
                  a Specialty Park were inventoried. In addition the only trail miles are found in the Specialty Park category.

                  Of the 19 parks, 15 have playgrounds, 12 have facilities for games and sports and 5 have picnicking facilities. The most
                  common types of games and sports facilities are baseball/softball with 16 fields, followed by tennis with 10 courts,
                  basketball  with one court and football/soccer with one field.

                  Looking at  selected facilities in relation to the number of potential users we find the following:
                        57,770 persons for each football/soccer field                     3,610 persons for each baseball/softball field
                        57,770 persons for each basketball court                          3,398 persons for each picnic table
                        19,256 persons for each mile of trails                            2,221 persons for each acre of playground
                         5,777 persons for each tennis courts                                34 persons for each square yard of swimming pool
                  Tyler is above the Statewide Metro average      for facility units per 1,000 for tennis courts, baseball/softball fields,
                  playground acres, square yards of swimming      pools, trail miles, amphitheatre seats and acres of botanical gardens. Tyler
                  is below the average for basketball courts, football/soccer fields and picnic tables. No designated fresh water
                  swimming area, boat ramp lanes, campsites, yards of fishing pier/barge/marina, golf holes, sport shooting facilities,
                  zoo acreage or community/recreation centers were reported.

               190

                   REGION 14                           CONVERSION OF FACILITIES TO RECREATION OPPORTUNITY DAYS                 CITY SIZE: METRO

                   Current opportunity days for 1971 were calculated by multiplying the number of facilities available for each
                   activity in the metro area (determined from the Texas Outdoor Recreation Inventory of Parks, Recreation Areas,
                   and Facilities) times the standard for the facility.

                                                                                                                   DAYS PER THOUSAND POPULATION
                                                                                                  ANNUAL              REGION         STATEWIDE
                                                                                                   DAYS                 14            AVERAGE
                   ACTIVITY-FACILITY                                                             AVAILABLE            METRO             METRO

                         Swimming (Pools) - square yards     . . . . .                            255,000             4,397             3,891
                         Child's Play - playground acres     . . . . .                            718,198             12,383            7,137
                         Baseball/Softball - fields     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         220,864             3,808             2,577
                         Picnicking - tables   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           28,934               499             2,093
                         Football/Soccer     fields   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .            7,224              125               235
                         Golf - holes    .   ' * ' *  * '  * * ' ' *  * * * ' * '  * ' * *  *            0                0               414
                         Tennis - courts  , double  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          26,940               464               384
                         .Basketball - courts, full   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .            8,795              152               625

                     Water-Related Activities:

                         Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW` - surface acres      . . . . . .              0                0             2,962
                         Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW - boat ramps      . . . . . . . .              0                0               103

                     Trail Activities:

                         Combined Walking, Bicycling, and Nature Study - miles       . . . .       25,392               438               164

                    The Tyler Metro Area offers the most opportunity days for child's play, followed by swimming (in pools) and baseball/
                    softball. A comparison between the opportunity days per thousand population for the Tyler Metro Area and the State-
                    wide Metro average shows that the Tyler Metro Area surpasses the statewide average for five of the activity types--
                    swimming (in pools), child's play, baseball/softball, tennis, and the trails activities.            The Tyler Metro Area is
                    below the Statewide Metro average for picnicking, football/soccer, and basketball, with no opportunity days available
                    for golf, surface acres for freshwater boating, boat fishing, and skiing, and freshwater boat ramps.

                                                                                                                                                     191

                REGION 14                        ESTIMATED CURRENT AND FUTURE PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                 CITY SIZE: METRO

                The twenty-first ranking metro area, based on population, Tyler ranked nineteenth in total participation for the year
                1970. Estimates for 1970 indicate that residents and non-residents in the area spent over 1.7 million recreation days
                in pursuit of urban outdoor recreation opportunities available within the metro area.

                                                                       Resident

                Total days of participation in urban outdoor recreation activities by the residents of the Tyler Metropolitan Area for
                16 activities shown was estimated to be 1.6 million days in 1970. Total participation is expected to increase to 2.4
                million days in 1975 and to 3.4 million days in 1980. These projections represent increases of 52.1 percent by 1975
                and 112.2 percent by 1980. Participation on a days per household basis is projected to increase from 81.2 days in 1970
                to 115.7 days in 1975, and to 151.6 days in 1980--increases of 42.3 and 86.8 percent, respectively, over the 1970 level.
                Residents of the Tyler Metropolitan Area are expected to participate at a rate of 43, 46, and 51 days per household
                below the statewide average for the other Texas metropolitan areas in 1970, 1975, and 1980, respectively. For the more
                distant years of 1990 and 2000, both total days of participation and days per household are expected to increase, but
                will remain below the statewide average for all metropolitan areas.

                Projections for specific activities indicate that each of the 16 activities will increase in total days of participa-
                ,tion through the years 1975 and 1980. On a days per household basis, participation is expected to increase in 14 acti-
                vities by 1980, while football and tennis will decrease. Based on total participation, the six most popular activities
                in 1970 were: bicycling, swimming, driving for pleasure, child's play, picnicking, and basketball. In 1980 the six
                most popular activities in the Tyler Metropolitan Area are expected to be bicycling, swimming, driving for pleasure,
                child's play, basketball, and walking.

                                                                     Non-Resident

                For the urban outdoor recreation activities specified for 1970, participation within the Tyler Metropolitan Area by non-
                residents, was estimated to total 157,000 days. Compared to the 1970 level, total participation is expected to increase
                3.2 percent (to 162,000 days) by 1975 and 7.6 percent (to 169,000 days) by 1980. Similar increases are projected for
                the years 1990 and 2000.

                In terms of days of participation for 1975, the most popular non-resident activities were: sightseeing, with 61,000
                days; golf, with 25,000 days; fishing, with 19,000 days; and picnicking, with 16,000 days. Assuming adequate facilities
                are made available, a moderate increase in participation for all activities is expected through the year 2000, with no
                change in the order of activity popularity anticipated.

              192

                  REGION 14                                                                     CURRENT AND PROJECTED RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                                   CITY SIZE:      METROS
                                                                                                               (OOO'S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                                                         1970                                     1975                                     1980                                    1990                                   2000
                                                                                                                                                          STATE-                               STATE                                      STATF-
                                                                      STATE-                                   STATE
                                                          REG.14      WIDE                        REG.14       WIDE                         REG.14        WI DE                     REG.14      WIDE                         REG.14       WIDE
                                                          METROS      METROS                      METROS       IIETROS                      METROS        METROS                    METROS    NETROS                         METROS       METROS
                                            PART.         AVERAGE     AVERAGE       PART.         AVERAGE      AVERAGE       PART.          AVERAGE       AVERAGE    PART.          AVERAGE    AVERAGE         PART.         AVERAGE      AVERAGE
                  ACTIVITY                  DAYS   RANK   DAYS/       DAY`S/HH      DAYS   RANK   DAYq/HH      DAYSIHH       DAYS   RANK    DAYS/         DAYS/HH    DAYS   RANK    DAYSIRR    DAYS/HH         DAYS  RANK    DAYS/HH      DAYS/HH
                  Swimming                  247          2    12.70    27.41         354        2    17.06      36.52        494        2    22.36        47.17       862       2    35.22       75.28         1,397      2  51.44        110.14
                  Child's Play              172          4    8.84    . 14.08        242        4    11.66      17.72        330        3    14.94        22.00       555       3    22.68       32.20         888        3  32.70        43.99
                  Baseball/Softball             7    14        .36        2.78        10     14        .48       3.19         13      14        .59       3.59         20     14        .82       4.41         29     13       1.07       5.22
                  Picnicking                 80          5    4.11        5.72        87        7     4.19       5.66         94        7     4.25        5.66        108       8      4.41       5.61         122        9    4.49       5.64
                  Football/Soccer            23      10       1.18        1.43        24     il       1.16       1.42         25      11      1.13        1.41         28     12       1.14       1.39         30     12       1.10       1.38
                  Golf                       44          7,   2.26        3.92        65        8     3.13       4.98         93        8     4.21        6.16        169       7      6.9i       8.96         286        7  10.53        12.07
                  Tennis                     18      11        .93        6.06        19     12        .92       9.21         20      12        .91       11.49        22     13        .90      16.07         23     15         .85      21.46
                  Basketball                 63          6    3.24        1.60       132        5     6.36       2.59        210        5     9.50        3.57        386       4    15.77        5.52         598        5  22.02        7.53
                  Walking                    40          8    2.06     18.21         114        6     5.49      23.09        196        6     8.87        29.20       383       5    15.65       39.89         609        4  22.42        50.31
                  Bicycling                 596          1    30.64    20.30       1,003        1    48.33      32.77      1,458        1    6.5.99       45.25     2,480       1   101.33       68.44         3,712      1  136.68       95.49
                  Nature Study                  1    16        .05        .72              1 16        .05       1.67            1    16        .05       2.64            2   16        .08       4.63           3    16         .11      6.70
                  Fishing                    35          9    1.80        1.80        39        9     1.88       1.88         43      10      1195        1.97         52     10       2.12       2.13         63     10       2.32       2.30
                  Boating                    17      12        .87        .88         33     10       1.59       1.60         51        9     2.31        2.31         92       9      3.76       3.74         140        8    5.15       5.17
                  Skiing                        8    13        .41        .42         13     13        .63         .62        18      13        .81           82       30     11       1.23       1.22         -44    11       1.62       1.81
                  Surfing                   --- ---            ---        ---        --- ---
                  Sightseeing                   6    15        .31        2.25             9 15        .43       2.34         11      15        .50       2.50         18     1.5       .74       2.70         28     14       1.03       3.01
                  Dr. for Pleas.            222          3    11.41    13.38         256        3    12.33      13.52        293        4    13.26        13.67       374       6    15.28       13.86         472        6  17.38        14.10
                       TOTAL               1,579              81.17   120.96       2,401            115.69     158.78      3,350            151.63        199.41    5,581           228.04      286.05         8,444         310.91       386.32

                                      CURRENT AND PROJECTED NON-RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                         TOTAL CURRENT AND PROJECTED PARTICIPATION,           1970-2000
                                                         (0001S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)                                                                               (OOOIS OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                  ACTIVITY                           1970             1975            1980             1990              2000        ACTIVITY                         1970             1975              1980             1990            2000
                  Swimming                               2                2                3                3                3       Swimming                          249              356              497              865             1,400
                  Child's.Play                                                                                                       Child's Play                      172              242              330              555              888
                  Baseball/Softball                                                                                                  Baseball/Softball                    7              10               13                 20             29
                  Picnicking                             16            16                  17               17             18        Picnicking                           95            103              ill              125              140
                  Football/Soccer                        8                8                8                9                9       Football/Soccer                      31             32               33                 37             39
                  Golf                                   25            26                  27               28             29        Golf                                 69             91              120              197              315
                  Tennis                                                                                                             Tennis                               18             19               20                 22             23
                  Basketball                                                                                                         Basketball                           63            132              210              386              598
                  Walking                                13            14                  14               15             16        Walking                              53            128              210              398              625
                  Bicycling                                                                                                          Bicycling                         596           1,003            1,458               2,480           3,712
                  Nature Study                                                                                                       Nature Study                         1                1                   1             2                 3
                  Fishing                                19            20                  21               21             23        Fishing                              54             59               64                 73             86
                  Boating                                                                                                            Boating                              17             33               51                 92            140
                  Skiing                                                                                                             Skiing                               8              13               18                 30             44
                  Surfing                            ---              ---                  ---           ---              ---        Surfing                           ---              ---              ---              ---              ---
                  Sightseeing                            61            63                  65               68             71        Sightseeing                          67             72               76                 86             99
                  Dr. for Pleas.                         13            13                  14               14             15        Dr. for Pleas.                    235              269              307              388              487

                       TOTAL                         157              162                  169.          175               184            TOTAL                      1,736           2,563            3,519               5,756           8,628

                  Note:     Asterisks indicate that projected annual activity days were.less than 500.                  Dashes indicate not applicable.          Zeros indicate that the activity was not ranked due to_
                            insignificant participation days recorded.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           193

                 REGION 14                  R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E    R E Q U I R E M E N T S            CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                    1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                 Estimates of urban outdoor recreation resource require ents were developed for the Tyler Metropolitan Area for the years
                 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000 by comparing currentV and projected recreati6n participation with the current recrea-
                 tion opportunities-2/ available in the metro. In addition, the availability and spatial distribution of recreation oppor-
                 tunities provided by parks and recreation facilities were analyzed with respect to subsections of Tyler characterized by
                 residents having similar incomes and ethnic backg rounds.

                 Conclusions reached from analyzing the distribution of recreation opportunities within the metropolitan area were used
                 to qualify resource requirement estimates where a less than adequate distribution appeared to exist.

                 In the discussions that follow, results of the distribution analysis of parks within subsections of Tyler are presented.
                 Then, estimates of current and future requirements for selected recreation facilities are presented for the metropolitan
                 area and are qualified by conclusions reached from the distribution analysis of recreation facilities within subsections
                 of Tyler.

                 PARK DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

                 In analyzing the availability and distribution of parks in Tyler, two characteristics were considered: changes in pop-
                 ulation (or trends in general, 1960-1970), and the dispersion of existing parks among the income/ethnic subsections of
                 the metro. From these characteristics, general conclusions were reached with respect to future park developments for
                 the metro area.

                 Population trends affected estimations of future recreation participation. Projections of population growth for Tyler
                 indicated that the 1970 population of 57,770 would increase about 40 percent by the year 2000. Information on the major
                 directions of future urban expansion was not available.

                 The "Predominant Ethnic Background and Income Subsections" map shows nine subsections, as delineated by planners in
                 1971. Low-income households tended to be concentrated in the northern portion of Tyler, particularly north of Highway
                 31. This area had a mixture of low-income Blacks and Anglos. A large part of the southern half of the metro was
                 made up of predominantly middle-income Anglos. Middle-income Anglos and Blacks were located in the northwest third
                 of Tyler. Planners reported two subsections of predominantly high-income Anglos, both in the southern portion of the
                 metro.

                 I/ "Current" participation refers to levels of participation by type of selected recreation activity which were estimated
                    for the year 1970.
                 2/ "Current" recreation opportunities refers to computed figures derived from the numbers of publicly-administered faci-
                    lities by type available within the metro area in 1971.

              194

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                 REGION 14                 R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S           CITY SIZE: NETROS
                                                                   1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                 A comparison of the "Predominant Ethnic Background and Income Subsections" map with the "Dispersion of Parks by Type"
                 map indicates that park distribution was not evenly balanced in 1971. Two income/ethnic subsections had no parks at
                 all: the small low-income Black area on the northern fringe of the metro, and a small middle-income Anglo area in
                 the northeastern corner of Tyler. Moreover, the southeastern half of the metro (the area roughly south and south-
                 east of Highway 31, on the map) had only a few parks in spite of the fact that a substantial proportion of the popu-
                 lation (predominantly middle and high-income Anglos) resided in this part of the metro. District parks, the larger
                 parks with facilities for at least two major urban activities, were located in the northwest third of Tyler. Although
                 community parks appear to have been fairly well dispersed throughout the metro, specialty parks tended to be highly
                 concentrated in west central Tyler. In 1971 there were two open land parks. This type of park is important in pro-
                 viding a balanced and aesthetically pleasing environment. In the development of additional parks, consideration
                 should be given to providing a balanced distribution relative to growth areas and the various income/ethnic subsections.

                 In addition to maintaining an adequate dispersion of parks in all portions of the metro area, the provision of different
                 types of recreational facilities in parks is also an important consideration. An analysis of the current and future
                 requirements for selected recreational facilities and the current dispersion of facilities in Tyler is presented in the
                 following discussions.

                 FACILITY REQUIRENENTS AND DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

                 As mentioned previously'. requirements for selected recreational facilities (see the following table) were calculated for
                 the years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000. Then, an analysis of the dispersion of existing facilities among the pre-
                 dominant income/ethnic background subsections of the metro was conducted. Conclusions reached from the facility dis-
                 persion analysis were then used to qualify the facility requirement estimates, particularly in those cases where no
                 additional facilities were estimated as being needed within the metropolitan area. The methodology used to calculate
                 facility requirements in general is explained in Appendix C, Part I--An Overview of the urban voiume. In the discussion
                 that follows, resource requirements for recreational facilities are generally referred to by units of the most impor-
                 tant feature necessary to Allow participation. For example, when a requirement is shown for swimming pools, features
                 such as a bathhouse, cleaning and filtering system, and,other support features are implied when a requirement for the
                 major facility is shown.

                                                                        Swimming

                 The Tyler Metropolitan Area in 1971 had 1,700 square yards of public swimming pools, which, using a standard of 150
                 days of swimming opportunity per year, provided an estimated 255,000 swimming days annually. It was estimated that the
                 existing facilities were sufficient to meet participation in 1970. A comparison of opportunity days with projected
                 participation days revealed, however, that 527 additional square,yards of swimming pools would be needed by 1975. An
                 incremental addition of 886 square yards will be needed by 1980, bringing the cumulative requirement to 1,413 square
                 yards in 1980. Incremental additions of 2,307 square yards and 3,353 square yards should be made by 1990 and 2000,
                 respectively. This would bring the cumulative requirement to 7,073 square yards over all projection years. The two

             196

                 REGION 14                  R E C R E A T 1 0 N     R E S 0 U R C E    R E Q U I R E M E N T S             CITY SIZE: NETROS
                                                                     1 9 7 0    2 0 0 0

                 swimming facilities in Tyler were located in the northern and northwestern portions of the metro in predominantly
                 middle-income Black and Anglo areas.     In the development of additional facilities, consideration should be given to
                 maintaining a balanced distribution relative to growth areas and the various income/ethnic subsections.

                                                                        Child's Play

                 Tyler had twenty-six acres of public playground in 1971. Each acre was estimated to provide 27,623 opportunity days
                 per year, which yielded approximately 718,000 opportunity days annually. Annual opportunity days were then compared
                 with projected participation for each planning year to determine deficits or surpluses.        It was estimated that the
                 reported twenty-six acres of playground should be sufficient to meet participation through the year 1990.         By 2000,
                 six acres of playground should be added for a cumulative requirement of six acres for the thirty-year period. Since
                 virtually all of the parks had at least some playground facilities, the distribution of playgrounds was essentially
                 the same as the distribution of parks.     In view of this, any additional facilities probably should be considered for
                 the two small subsections which had no public recreation facilities, the southern and southeastern parts of Tyler
                 (predominantly middle and high-income Anglo), and growth areas.

                                                                      Baseball/Softball

                 With an existing sixteen baseball/softball fields providing an estimated 221,000 days of opportunity (the facility
                 standard utilized was 13,804 opportunity days per field annually), the Tyler Metro Area appeared to have a sufficient
                 number to meet activity requirements for baseball /sof tbal I through the year 2000. Although a dispersion analysis was
                 not possible from available information, consideration should be given to providing a balanced distribution relative
                 to growth areas and the various income/ethnic subsections.

                                                                         Picnicking

                 Given a standard of 1,702 opportunity days per table per year, the seventeen public picnic tables existing in Tyler
                 in 1971 should provide approximately 29,000 opportunity days for picnicking each year. A comparison of these oppor-
                 tunity days with expected participation revealed that, in 1970, there was a requirement for an additional thirty-nine
                 public picnic tables.   By 1975, a requirement for 43 tables should exist, and by 1980 it it estimated that a cumul@L-
                 tive total of 48 tables will be needed.     Incremental additions of 8 tables and 9 tables should be made by 1990 and
                 2000, respectively, which will bring the cumulative requirement to 65 tables needed by 2000. There were no public
                 picnicking facilities at all reported south of Highway 31; therefore, in the future, consideration should be given to
                 the placement of public picnic tables in the southern half of the metro (comprised of predominantly middle and high-
                 income Anglos).

                                                                                                                                               197

                 REGION 14                  R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E    R E Q U I R E M E N T S             CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                    1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                                                                      Football/Soccer

                 In 1971, there existed only one football/soccer field in the Tyler Metro Area and it provided 7,224 opportunity days
                 an nually.  In 1970., there was a requirement for three additional fields, the provision of which is expected to satisfy
                 participation until 1975. Between 1975 and 1980, another field should be added for a cumulative total of four by 1980.
                 It is expected that no additional fields will be required until 2000, when one more should be added, bringing the cumu-
                 lative total to five. Although a dispersion analysis was not possible from available information, consideration should
                 be given to providing a balanced distribution relative to growth areas and the various income/ethnic subsections.

                                                                           Golf

                 In 1971, there were no publicly-administered   golf courses within the Tyler Metro Area.    In 1970 it was estimated that
                 a requirement existed for seventeen holes of   golf (the equivalent of two nine-hole courses or one eighteen-hole course).
                 It is projected that incremental additions of 5, 8, 19, and 29 holes will be necessary for the years 1975, 1980, 1990,
                 and 2000, respectively. This will bring the cumulative requirement to seventy-eight holes by the year 2000. Since
                 golf courses are usually constructed in multiples of nine holes, this would mean that the Tyler Metro Area would re-
                 quire by 2000 nine nine-hole courses, or slightly over four eighteen-hole courses and a nine-hole course, or some
                 other appropriate combination that considers local resources. In the allocation of municipal golf courses, considera-
                 tion should be given to locations which would maximize access for the largest number of potentiallusers, as well as
                 provide convenient access for persons in the various income/ethnic subsections.

                                                                          Tennis

                 In 1971, the Tyler Metro Area reported ten public tennis courts which provided an estimated 27,000 opportunity days
                 annually. A comparison of opportunity days with participation days showed that the ten tennis courts should be suffi-
                 cient to satisfy participation through the year 2000.    Although a dispersion analysis was not possible from available
                 information, consideration should be given to providing a balanced distribution relative to growth areas and the
                 various income/ethnic subsections, if additional facilities are provided.

                                                                        Basketball

                 The one basketball court enumerated in 1971 provided about 8,800 days of opportunity per year. A comparison of esti-
                 mated participation with the existing opportunity showed that six additional basketball courts were needed in 1970.
                 Another eight were needed in 1975, and nine more between 1975 and 1980. This brings the cumulative requirement to
                 twenty-three by 1980. The incremental addition of twenty courts in 1990, and twenty-four in the year 2000 brings the
                 cmulative requirement to sixty-seven courts by the year 2000. Although a dispersion analysis was not possible from
                 available information, consideration should be given to providing a balanced distribution relative to growth areas
                 and the various income/ethnic subsections.

             198

              REGION 14                  R E C R E A T'I 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E    R E Q U I R E M E N T S           CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                 1 9 7 0   2 0 0 0

                                                                  Trails Activities

              The three miles of trail available in the Tyler Metropolitan Area should provide approximately 25,000 opportunity days
              per year, assuming a standard for combined walking, bicycling, and nature study trails of 8,464 days per mile per year.
              A comparison of opportunity days with participation days shows that I mile of trail was required in 1970 to meet parti-
              cipation in trails activities, and incremental additions of 2 miles by 1975, 3 miles by 1980, 8 miles by 1990, and 9
              miles by the year 2000 were expected in order to satisfy participation levels. These additions will bring the cumula-
              tive requirement to twenty-three miles of trail (for walking, bicycling, and nature study) by the year 2000.

              A relatively small proportion of the total participation in trail and related activities was estimated to take place in
              publicly-administered park and recreation areas. It is likely, however, that as additional trail facilities are pro-
              vided, the relative proportion of total participation will increase at these recreation areas. Thus, the above estimates
              of additional resources required may be conservative in the long run and should be considered as minimum estimates.    In
              addition to the expectations for increases in participation in trail and related activities at publicly administered
              park and recreation areas, it is clear that the major proportion of walking, bicycling, and nature study is occurring
              in places other than established recreation areas. The majority of this participation is most likely taking place in
              local neighborhoods, on city streets, and on available open lands within the area. This phenomenon has direct policy
              implications with respect to the provision of sidewalks within currently existing and newly developing neighborhoods,
              the development of a system of bike lanes in high use areas, and the provision of adequate open space and green belt
              areas within the metro area.

                                             Water-Related Activities: Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing

                                                          Surface Acres - Freshwater Lakes
                                                          (Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing)

              No surface acres of freshwater lakes were reported available for water-related recreation within the Tyler Metro Area
              in 1971. Using participation patterns of the households recreating within other urban areas, it was estimated that a
              total of 36,000 days o,f freshwater boating, boat fishing, and skiing participation would have occurred in 1970 if'ade-
              quate freshwater lakes had been available. Of the 36,000 days, about 17,000 were boating participation days, ll,*000
              were boat fishing days, and 8,000 were skiing days. Projections developed for the water-related activities indicated
              incremental metro area resource requirements of 86 surface acres in 1970, 53 surface acres in 1975, 60 surface acres in
              1980, 129 surface acres in 1990, and 156 surface acres in 2000. This brings the cumulative resource requirement to 484
              surface acres by the year 2000.

                                                                                                                                        199

                REGION 14                 R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S           CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                 1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                                                                 Freshwater Boat Ramps=l/

                No publicly-administered freshwater boat lanes were reported for the Tyler Metro Area,in 1971. By estimating the 1970
                total freshwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation which would have occurred using freshwater boat ramp
                facilities to gain access to the water if ramps were available, it was calculated that one boat ramp was needed in 1970.
                Projected increases in freshwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation were expected to require one additional
                freshwater boat ramp in 1975, none in 1980, two in 1990, and one in the year 2000, bringing the cumulative resource re-
                quirement to five ramps in 2000. Since boat ramps are the most frequently used means by which boaters, skiers, and boat
                fishermen gain access to freshwater lakes, the provision of freshwater surface acres and freshwater boat ramps required
                should be planned as joint projects, even though, in some cases, this may require the construction of boat ramps prior
                to the years reflected in the boat ramp resource requirement projections.

                                                         Summary of Facilities Requirements

                in 1971 three types of outdoor recreation facilities were unavailable within the Tyler Metro Area: public golf courses,
                surface acres of freshwater lakes, and freshwater boat ramps. Resource requirements for golf holes, and acres of
                freshwater lakes were shown for all planning horizon years. Freshwater boat ramps were estimated to be required in
                all planning horizon years except 1980. At least some public facilities were reported for all other selected activi-
                ties; however, opportunities were estimated to be inadequate for all except baseball/softball fields and tennis courts,
                both of which were estimated to be adequate through the year 2000.

                The distribution analysis indicated that parks and facilities tended to be concentrated in the northern half of Tyler,
                particularly toward the northwest. The southern half of the metro (comprised mainly of middle and high-income Anglos),
                on the other hand, had relatively few parks and facilities. Although information was not available regarding direc-
                tions of major urban expansion, this consideration, together with the distribution of facilities relative to the
                various income/ethnic subsections, is an important criterion in locating additional facilities.

                I/ In calculating freshwater boat ramp resource requirements the assumption was made that each boat ramp has two lanes.
                  Supply figures listed in the "Park and Recreation Facilities by Type of Park" table and quoted in the narratives are
                  in terms of single lanes.

             200

                 REGION 14                                                                     RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                                     CITY SIZE: METROS

                                                                                         TOTAL            1971 OPPORTUNITY       NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                    PARTICIPATION          DAYS AVAILABLE                (00ofs OF                                  UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                      (OOO'S OF              (OOO'S OF              ACTIVITY DAYS)                                  RESOURCES REQUIRED
                 YEAR                                                              ACTIVITY DAYS           ACTIVITY DAYS          DEFICIT        SURPLUS                   CUMULATIVE                          INCREMENTAL
                             Swimming (Pools)     . . . . . . . . . . .                      234 -11                  255                              21                  0square yards!'                     0square yar  2/
                             Child's Play (Playgrounds)        . . . . . .                   172                      718                            546                   0acres                              0acres
                             Baseball/Softball    . . . . . . . . . . .                        7                      221                            214                   0fields                             0fields
                             Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       96                       29                 67                                39 tables                           39 tables
                             Football/Soccer    . . . . . . . . . . . .                      31                       7                  24                                3fields                             3fields
                             Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        69                       0                  69                                17 holes                            17 holes
                             Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        18                       27                                 9                 0courts, dbl.                       0courts, dbl.
                             Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       63                       9                  54                                6courts, full                       6courts, full

                 1970       Water-Related Activities:
                             Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW         . . .                  36                       0                  36                                86 surfaS7 acres                    86 surfac7 acres
                             Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW         . . .                  29                       0                  29                                1ramp                               Iramp

                            Trails Activities:

                             Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                          6                                                                           <1 mile                             <1 mile
                             Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       24                                                                            1mile                               1mile
                             Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                                                     1mile                               < Imile
                             combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                         Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                     30 4/                    25                 5                                 1mile                               Imile

                            ACTIVITY
                             Swimming (Pools)     . . . . . . . . . . .                      335V                     255                80                                527 square yards!/                  527 square yards-2/
                             Child's Play (Playgrounds)       . . . . . .                    242                      718                            476                   0acres                              0acres
                             Baseball/Softball    . . . . . . . . . . .                      10                       221                            211                   0fields                             0fields
                             Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       103                      29                 74                                43 tables                           4tables
                             Football/Soccer    . . . . . . . . . . . .                      32                       7                  25                                3fields                             0fields
                             Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        91                       0                  91                                22 holes                            5holes
                             Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        19                       27                                @8                 0courts, dbl.                       0courts, dbl.
                             Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       132                      9               123                                  14 courts, ifull                    8courts, full

                 1975       Water-Related Activities:
                             Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing         FW . . .                  46                       0                  46                                139 surfac7 acres                   53 surface acres
                             Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing         FIAT . . .                44                       0                  44                                2ramps-3                            1ramp-3/

                            Trails Activities:

                             Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        13                                                                            1mile                               1mile
                             Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       40 4/                                                                         2miles                              Imile
                             Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                                                     < Imile                             0miles
                             Combined Walking, Bicycling, .
                                         Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                     53 4/                    25                 28                                3miles                              2miles

                                                                                                                                                                                                                           201

                   REGION 14                                                                 RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                            CITY SIZE: METROS

                                                                                       TOTAL           1971 OPPORTUNITY       NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                   PARTICIPATION        DAYS AVAILABLE             (OOO'S OF                                  UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                    (0001S OF              (OOO'S OF             ACTIVITY DAYS)                               RESOURCES REQUIRED
                   YEAR       ACTIVITY                                            ACTIVITY DAYS)        ACTIVITY DAYS         DEFICIT        SURPLUS                 CUMULATIVE                     INCRERENTAL
                              Swimming (Pools)    . . . . . . . . . . .                   467  1/               255               212                           1,413 square yards-2/               886 square yards-  2
                              Child's Play (Playgrounds)       . . . . . .                330                   718                              388                 0acres                           0 acres
                              Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                    13                   221                              208                 0fields                          0 fields
                              Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   111                    29                82                                48 tables                        5 tables
                              Football/Soccer    . . . . . . . . . . . .                   33                      7               26                                4fields                          I field
                              Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    120                      0              120                                30 holes                         8 holes
                              Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     20                    27                                  7               0courts, dbl.                    0 courts, dbl.
                              Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   210                      9              201                                23 courts, full                  9 courts, full

                   1980       Water-Related Activities:

                              Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW       . . .                 83                      0               83                                199 surface acres              60  surface acres
                              Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW       . . .                 61                      0               61                                2ramp,3/                         0 ramps2/

                              Trails Activities:
                              Walking  . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .                     22  4/                                                                    2miles                           1 mile
                              Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      58                                                                        4miles                           2 miles
                              Nature Study   . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       *                                                                       <1 mile                          0 miles
                              Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                     4/                25                55                                6miles                           3 miles
                                          Nature Study . . . . . . . . .                   80  -

                              ACTIVITY
                              Swimming (Pools)    . . . . . . . . . . .                   813  1/               255               558                           3,720 square yards2/             2,307  square  yards-2/
                              Child's Play (Playgrounds)       . . . . . .                555                   718                              163                 0acres                           0 acres
                              Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                    20                   221                              201                 0fields                          0 fields
                              Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   125                    29                96                                56 tables                        8 tables
                              Football/Soccer    . . . . . . . . . . . .                   37                      7               30                                4fields                          0 fields
                              Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    197                      0              197                                49 holes                       19  holes
                              Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     22                    27                                  5               0courts, dbl.                    0 courts, dbl.
                              Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   386                      9              377                                43 courts,  full               20  courts, full

                   1990       Water-Related Activities:

                              Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW       . . .                137                      0              137                                328 surface acres              129 surface acres
                                                                                                                                                                            3/                        2 ramps-3/
                              Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW       . . .                 99                      0               99                                4rampsl

                              Trails Activities:
                              Walking  . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . .                     42  4/                                                                    4miles                           2 miles
                              Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    99  4/                                                                    10 miles                         6 miles
                              Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      * z/                                                                    <1 mile                          0 miles
                              Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                     4/                25               116                                14 miles                         8 miles
                                          Nature Study . . . . . . . . .                  141  -

                   202

                REGION 14                                                                RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                      CITY SIZE:   METROS

                                                                                   TOTAL          1971 OPPORTUNITY     NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                               PARTICIPATION       DAYS AVAILABLE            (000-S OF                               UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                (OOO'S OF             (OOO'S OF           ACTIVITY DAYS)                             RESOURCES REQUIRED
                YEAR       ACTIVITY                                           ACTIVITY DAYS)        ACTIVITY DAYS)      DEFICIT       SURPLUS              CUMULATIVE                     INCREMENTAL
                            Swimming (Pools)   ... . . . . . . . . .                1,316                 255             1,061                          7,073 square yards- 21         3,353 square yards-2/
                            Child's Play (Playgrounds)    . . . . . .                 888                 718               170                              6acres                         6 acres
                            Baseball/Softball  . . . . . . . . . . .                   29                 221                           192                  0fields                        0 fields
                            Picnicking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   140                  29               ill                            65 tables                        9 tables
                            Football/Soccer  . . . . . . . . . . . .                   39                   7                 32                             5fields                        1 field
                            Golf  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   315                   0               315                            78 holes                       29  holes
                            Tennis  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    23                  27                             4                  0courts, dbl.                  0 courts, dbl.
                            Basketball  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   598                   9               589                            67 courts, full                24  courts, full

                2000       Water-Related Activities:

                            Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW     . . .                202                   0               202                            484 surface acres              156 surface acres
                            Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing     FW                      143                   0               143                              5ramp,3/                       I ramp 2/

                           Trails Activities:
                            Walking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    67 4/                                                                 7miles                         3 miles
                            Bicycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   148 4/                                                               16 miles                         6 miles
                            Nature Study   . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     IZ/                                                               <1 mile                          0 miles
                            Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                  4/               25               191                            23 miles                         9 miles
                                      Nature Study  . . . . . . . . . .               216 -

                Note: Asterisks indicate that projected annual activity days were            less than 500.
                I/  Includes only swimming participation occurring in swimming pools, 94 percent of the total in urban areas.
                _f/ Designated freshwater swimming areas may be substituted for swimming pools. When making substitutions consider total swimming participation.
                51  Assumes 2.0 lanes per ramp.
                    Reflects estimated participation occurring in park and recreation areas; does not include participation occurring outside park and recreation areas.                    Of the total
                    walking, bicycling, and nature study participation it was determined that 10.5, 4.0, and 20.1 percent, respectively for each activity, occurs in park and recreation
                    areas.

                                                                                                                                                                                                        203

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                 REGION 16                             REGIONAL DESCRIPTION: SAN ANTONIO NETROPOLITAN AREA

                 The San Antonio Metropolitan Area consists of the city of San                                  POPULATION
                 Antonio and of the towns of Alamo Heights, Castle Hills, Terrell                               1970 Metro Area Population:       684,265
                 Hills, Windcrest, Kirby, Balcones Heights, Olmos Park, and Leon                                Change 1960-70: +@2%
                 Valley.    San Antonio is one of the oldest and most colorful of                               Race Composition 1
                 Texas' cities.     In 1691, a group of Spanish priests and soldiers                               White    ..... 92%
                 dedicated the site. Fearing the westward expansion of France,                                     Negro    .....  7%
                 New Spain determined to strengthen its hold on Texas by construct-                                Other    .....   1%
                 ing a fort  .and mission system from East Texas to New Spain. The                              Age Composition (years):l/
                 San Antonio settlement, midway between the line of missions, was                                  13 or less     ..... 29%
                 to serve as a feeder and support mission for the others. After                                    14 - 20        ..... 15%
                 the French threat dissipated in the 1760's, the East Texas                                        21 - 44        ..... 30%
                 missions were closed and their inhabitants relocated here. At                                     45 - 64              18%
                 the peak of Spanish influence in the West, it was the most                                        65 and over    .....    8%
                 important northern mission of New Spain.
                                                                                                                ECONOMY
                 The area was wrested from the newly independent Republic of                                    Agribusiness
                 Mexico in 1836 by the Republic of Texas.          It became the head-                          Business
                 quarters for the Army of the Republic and for the Texas Rangers.                               Federal Government
                 During the Civil War, it was the center of Confederate activity                                Manufacturing
                 in Texas. In 1898 the Rough Riders, who saw action in the                                      Tourism
                 Spanish-American War, trained here.

                 During World War I, this metr      *opolitan area was a major training and recruiting center for the U. S. Army. The
                 U. S. Air Corps was organized here in 1910. Today it is the site of one Army base, Fort Sam Houston, and four Air
                 Force bases, Brooks, Kelly, Lackland, and Randolph. A museum dedicated to astronaut Edward H. White, II is located
                 here in Hangar 9, the oldest aircraft hangar in the Air Force.

                 The San Antonio Metropolitan Area is the headquarters of major research in technical, medical, and surgical fields.
                 The Southwest Research Center is comprised of several institutes conducting naval research, bio-medical, and agri-
                 cultural research.      The Aerospace Medical Division at Brooks Air Force Base is the United States' most comprehensive
                 military research establishment.         The Surgical-Research Institute at Brooks Army Medical Center is another major
                 research facility.

                 Numerous 18th century Spanish missions still stand throughout the area. These include Mission Concepcion, the
                 oldest church in Texas intact and still in use as a church, Mission San Juan Capistrano, praised for the graceful

                 l/ Due   to lack of information for some suburbs in the metropolitan area, data for the entire county was used
                     from the 1970 census.
                 .2/ Includes persons of Mexican and/or Spanish descent.

                                                                                                                                                             205

                   REGION 16 - Continued

                   proportions of its chapel, Mission San Jose, the "Queen of the Missions" and noted for its Rose Window, and Mission
                   San Francisco de la Espada, used as a church for Indians.

                   La Villita, another major attraction in downtown San Antonio, is a replica of the village built on the same site
                   some 200 years earlier. The Buckhorn Hall of Horns, now located at the Lone Star Brewery, contains hundreds of
                   horns from the symbolic longhorn cattle and from a wide variety of wild game. Here, also, is the Hall of Fins with
                   specimens of marine life. In Brackenridge Park is the famous San Antonio Zoo, the second largest in America. Two
                   important museums are the Witte Memorial Museum and the Pioneer Memorial Building. On the grounds of Fort Sam
                   Houston are the former headquarters of Teddy Roosevelt, John J. Pershing, and Dwight D. Eisenhower. Also of inter-
                   est are the O'Henry House, Alligator Garden, McNay Art Institute, and the Sunken Gardens.

                   In 1968, San Antonio sponsored the Hemisfair, which drew tourists from all parts of America and a number of foreign
                   countries. A large complex of buildings known as Hemisfair Plaza now houses numerous shops, restaurants, museums,
                   and exhibits of interest to tourists. Still open to the public are the Mexican-American Institute of Culture, the
                   Institute of Texan Cultures which traces the origin and impact of immigrants in Texas, the.Tower of the Americas,
                   the Plaza Dinner Theater with an entertainment package that includes a Broadway show and gourmet dinner, the Witte
                   Confluence Museum, and the Lone Star Pavilion Hall of Texas History-Museum.

                   The San Antonio River, which winds its way across the metropolitan area, has been developed into a delightful
                   tourist attraction known as the Paseo del Rio. Heavily trafficked downtown streets form overpasses as the quiet
                   stream flows between tree-shaded banks. Opening onto the river on both sides are a variety of shops and restaur-
                   ants. At one bend in the river is the Arneson Theater with open-air seating for 1,000 persons. It is the setting
                   for Fiesta Noche del Rio.

                   Schools of higher learning include two junior colleges, St. Phillips College and San Antonio College, and five
                   senior colleges: our Lady of the Lake College;.St. Mary's University; Trinity University; Incarnate Word College;
                   and the University of Texas Medical School at San Antonio.

                   Among the annual events held in San Antonio are: Ice Capades (September); Arf League Jamboree (September); River
                   Art Show (October); San Antonio Symphony (October-May); Alsafar Shrine Circus (October); Noche De Luna (October);
                   Los Pastores, a Christmas miracle play (December); Christmas Pilgrimage (December); Las Posadas (December); and
                   the Sport & Boat Show (January).

                   Others include the Junior Livestock Show - Bexar County (January), San Antonio Symphony Pops Concert (January,
                   April, November, December), San Antonio Livestock Exposition & Rodeo (February) Southwest Gem and Mineral Show
                   (March), Grand Opera Festival (March), Shrine Charity Horse Show'(March), Home & Hobby Show (April), Fiesta
                   Noche Del Rio (June-August), International Film Festival (June), and Fun-Tier Nights (July).

                   Fiesta Week, held in April, includes: The Jaycees' Food Festival; Noche Mexicana; Coronation of King Antonio XLX;
                   Patriotic & Historical Ball; Band Concert & Retreat Review: King's River Parade; Pilgrimage to the Alamo; Flower &
                   Fashion Shaw; "A Night in Old San Antonio;" Mariachi Festival; Battle of Flowers Band Festival; Battle of Flowers
                   Parade; Square & Round Dance Festival; and the Fiesta Flambeau Parade (the largest night parade in America).

             206

                 REGION 16                                                                                             CITY SIZE: METRO

                          P U B L I C L Y     A D M I N I S T E,R E D      R E C R E A T 1 0 N      0 P P 0 R T U N I T I E S

                                                                                                LAND AND WATER ACREAGE

                                                                                                                        ACRES
                                                                                                              REGION           STATEWIDE
                                                                                                                 16             AVERAGE
                                                                                                               METRO          METRO AREAS
                                                     747%
                                                                                 Developed Land               2,107             1,307

                   REGION                                                        Undeveloped Land                739                536
                      16
                    METRO                                                        Total Land                   2,846             1,843
                                           26%                                   Water Within or Adjacent         60            1,006

                                                                                 Total Land and Water         2,906             2,849

                                                   DEVELOPED LAND
                                                   UNDEVELOPED.LAND              The San Antonio Metro Area has a total of 2,846 acres of
                                                                                 land set aside as park and recreation areas. In addition,
                                                                                 60 surface acres of water either within or adjacent to
                                                                                 these parks were reported.
                                                      71%
                                                                                 Of-the total land acreage, 2,107 acres are developed
                   STATEWIDE                                                     with facilities, leaving 739 acres available for future
                    AVERAGE                                                      development. With 74 percent of the land acreage
                  METRO AREAS                                                    currently developed, the Area ia just above the State-
                                                                                 wide Metro average of 71 percent.
                                             29%
                                                    774/

                                                                                                                                              207

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                     REGION     16
                                                                                                                                            CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                                PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK

                                                                                                                                         UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                                   DISTRICT COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                          PEOPLE           REGION      STATEWIDE
                                  TYPE OF FACILITY                    PARK         PARK        PARK         TOTAL         PER               16          AVERAGE
                     Games and Sports:                              (UNITS)     (UNITS)      (UNITS)        UNITS         UNIT             METRO    METRO AREAS
                       Parks    ..............................           12          22            8            42        16,292            .061           .150
                       Tennis Courts    ......................           27          18            6            51        13,416            .074           .142
                       Basketball Courts    ..................             5         13            0            18        38,014            .026           .071
                       Baseball/Softball Fields      ...........         27          20            4            51        13,416            .074           .186
                       Football/Soccer Fields     .............          11            6           2            19        36,013            .027           .032
                     Picnicking:
                       Parks    ..............................           12          11            0            23        29,750            .033           .124
                       Tables   .............................            479        325            0           804            851          1.175          1.230
                     Playground:
                       Parks    ..............................           13          23            3            39        17,545            .057           .170
                       Acres Developed   ....................            13          14            1            28        24,438            .040           .258
                     Swimming:
                       Parks    ..............................             7         10            1            18        38,014            026            .050
                      'Pools (Sq. Yd.)   ....................         6,240       7,340         800         14,380              48        21.023         25.950
                       Designated Fresh Water (Sq. Yd.)...          290,400            0           0       290,400               2      424.561          52.242
                     Boating:
                       Parks    ..............................             3           0           0             3       228,088            .004           .006
                       Ramp Lanes - Fresh Water     ...........            1           0           0             1       684,265            .001           .008
                     Camping:
                       Parks    ..............................             2           0           0             2       342,132            .002           .002
                       Campsites  ..........................               0           0           0             0            ---           ---            .121
                     Fishing:
                       Parks    ..............................             4           0           0             4       171,-066           .005           .013
                       Pier/Barge/Marina-Fresh Water (Yd.)               15            0           0            15        45,617            .021           .049
                     Golfing:
                       Courses  .............................              2           0           2             4       171,066            .005           .005
                       Holes    ..............................           45            0         38             83          8,244           .121           .100
                     Trails:
                       Parks    ..............................             3           0           1             4       171,066            .005           .006
                       Nature (mi.)   .......................              0           0           1             1       684,265            .001           .009
                       Horseback (Mi.)   ....................              2           0           0             2       342,132            .002           .003
                       Bicycle (Mi.)   .......................             0           0           0             0            ---           ---            .007
                       Hiking (Mi.)   .......................              0           0           0             0            ---           ---            .006
                       Total Trails (Mi.)    .................             2           0           1             3       228,088            .004           .021

              210

                REGION 16                                PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK                            CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                                                                                                 UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                             DISTRICT COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                         PEOPLE          REGION      STATEWIDE
                           TYPE OF FACILITY                    PARK         PARK        PARK         TOTAL         PER             16         AVERAGE
                                                             (UNITS)_     (UNITS)     (UNITS)        UNITS         UNIT            METRO    METRO AREAS

                Sport Shooting:
                  Parks .............................             1           0           0            1          684,265          @.001         .002
                  Traps .............................             6           0           0            6          114,044          .008          .002
                  Shooting Targets    ..................          0           0           0            0             ---             ---         .004
                  Archery Targets    ...................         18           0           0           18          38,014           .026          .011
                Miscellaneous:
                  Parks .............................             4           9           2           15          45,617           .021          .038
                  Amphitheatre Seats   ................         400           0           0           400          1,710           .583          1.077
                  Botanical Gardens (Acres)     .........         4           0           0            4          171,066          .005          .077
                  Zoos (Acres)   .......................          50          0           0-          50          13,685           .073          .051
                  Community/Recreation Centers      ......        8           12          2           22          31,102           .032          .038

                Most of the developed park and recreation facilities          in the San  Antonio Metro   Area are in the District and Community
                Parks. The District Park category contains all of the parks with boating, fishing and sport shooting facilities. Two
                of the District Parks have camping areas available, however, no specific camping facilities were reported. Amphitheatre
                seats, the San Antonio Zoo and botanical gardens are also in the District Park category. Eighteen parks have swimming
                facilities including a designated fresh water swimming area. Eighty-three gol-f holes and twenty-two community/recreation
                centers were reported.

                Of the 78 parks, 42 have facilities for games        and sports, 39 have playgrounds, 23 have picnicking facilities and 18
                have swimming facilities. The most common types of games and sports facilities are baseball/softball with 51 fields and
                tennis with 51 courts, followed by football/soccer with 19 fields and basketball with 18 courts.

                Looking at selected    facilities in relation to the number of potential users we          find the  following:

                     228,088 persons   for each mile of trails                            13,416 persons   for each  tennis court
                      38,014 persons   for each basketball court                          13,416 persons   for each  baseball/softball field
                      36,013 persons   for ehch football/soccer field                      8,244 persons   for each  golf hole
                      31,102 persons   for each community/recreation center                  851 persons   for each  picnic table
                      24,438 persons   for each acre of playground                            48 persons   for each  square yard of swimming pool

                The San Antonio Metro Area is above the Statewide Metro average for facility units             per  1,000 only for designated fresh
                water swimming area, golf holes, shooting traps, archery targets and zoo acreage, while falling below the average for
                tennis courts, basketball courts, baseball/softball fields, football/soccer fields, picnic tables, playground acres,
                square yards of swimming pool, boat ramp lanes, yards of fishing pier/barge/marina, trail miles, amphith               -eatre seats,
                acres of botanical gardens and community/recreation centers. No campsites or shooting targets were reported.

                                                                                                                                                         211

                     REGION 16                          CONVERSION OF FACILITIES TO RECREATION OPPORTUNITY DAYS                 CITY SIZE: METRO

                     Current opportunity days for 1971 were calculated by multiplying the n'mber of facilities available for each
                     activity in the metro area (determined from t.he Texas Outdoor Recreation Inventory of Parks, Recreation Areas,
                     and Facilities) times@ the standard for. the facility.

                                                                                                                     DAYS PER THOUSAND POPULATION
                                                                                                   ANNUAL              REGION          STATEWIDE
                                                                                                    DAYS                  16            AVERAGE
                     ACTIVITY-FACILITY                                                            AVAILABLE            METRO             METRO

                          Swimming (Pools) - square yards     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       2,157,000            3,154             3,891
                          Child's Play - playground acres     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        773,444             1,131             7,137
                          Baseball/Softball - fields     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         704,004             1,029             2,577
                          Picnicking     tables . . . I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        1,368,408            2,001             2,093
                          Football/Soccer - fields     . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .         137,257                201              235
                          Golf - holes    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .         335,901                491              414
                          Tennis - courts, double    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         137,394                201              384
                          Basketb@all - courts, full   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         158,310                231              625

                       Water-Related Activities:

                          Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW       surface acres    . . . . . .        25,029                 37           2,962
                          Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW       boat ramps  . . . . . . .           13,486                120             103

                       Trail Activities:

                          Combined Walking, Bicycling, and Nature Study - miles       . . . .          8,464                12             164

                      The San Antonio Metro Area offers the most opportunity days for swimming (in pools),f'ollowed by picnicking, child's
                      play and baseball /softball. A comparison between the opportunity days per thousand population for the San Antonio
                      Metro Area and the Statewide Metro average shows that the San Antonio Metro Area surpasses 'the statewide average for
                      one of the activity types-- golf. The San Antonio Metro Area is below the Statewide Metro average for all of the
                      other types of facilities.

              212

             REGION 16                         ESTIMATED CURRENT AND FUTURE PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                     CITY SIZE: METRO

             The third ranking metro area, based on population, San Antonio ranked third in total participation for the year 1970.
             Estimates for 1970 indicate that residents and non-residents in the area spent over 34.2 million recreation days in
             pursuit of urban outdoor recreation opportunities available within the metro area.

                                                                        Resident

             Total days of participation in urban outdoor recreation activities by the residents of the San Antonio Metropolitan Area
             for the 16 activities shown were estimated to be 26.0 million days in 1970.      Total participation is expected to increase
             to 33.3 million days in 1975.and to 41.1 million days in 1980.      These projections represent increases of 28.1 percent by
             1975-and 58.1 percent by 1980.    Participation on a days per household basis is projected to increase from 128.4 days in
             1970 to 146.6 days in 1975, and to 162.8 days in 1980--increases of 14.3 and 26.8 percent, respectively, over the 1970
             level.  Residents of the San Antonio Metropolitan Area are expected to participate at a rate of 5 days per hou.sehold
             above the statewide average for the other Texas metropolitan areas in 1970; however, their participation will drop below
             the average by 15 and 40 days per household by 1975 and 1980, respectively. For the more distant years of 1990 and 2000
             both total days of participation and days per household are expected to increase, but will remain below the statewide
             average-for all metropolitan areas.

             Projec'tions for specific activities indicate that each of the 16 activities will increase in total days of participa-
             tion through the years 1975 and 1980.    Participation on a days per household basis is expected to increase in 13 acti-
             vities by 1980, while walking will remain constant and picnicking and football will decline slightly.        In 1970 the six
             most popular activities based on total participation were estimated to be:      swimming, driving for pleasure, walking,
             child's play, picnicking, and sightseeing. By 1975, the six mo     'st popular activities will rank as follows:    swimming,
             driving for pleasure, child's play, walking, pi:cnicking, and sightseeing.     Total'participation in 1980 will   produce the
             following changes in rank: swimming, child's play, driving for pleasure, walking, tennis, and picnicking.

                                                                     Non-Resident

             When considering pa rticipation in urban outdoor recreation activities in 1970, a total of 8,151,000 days of participa-
             tion, according to the projections, was recorded by non-residents in the San Antonio Metropolitan Area.        Compared to
             the 1970 level, total participation is expected to increase 11.4 percent, to 9,081,000 days by 1975, and 22.8 percent,
             to 10,008,000 days by 1980.   This trend of increased participation is expected to continue through the years 1990 and
             2000.

             The estimates for 1970 indicate that the top six ranked activities, in order of popularity, were sightseeing, swimming,
             driving for pleasure, picnicking, walking, and child's play, with totals of 5,004,000, 813,000, 757,000, 540,000,
             517,000, and 299,000 days, respectively.    It is anticipated'that all 13 activities will increase in participation, and
             no changes in the order of popularity are anticipated through the year 2000.

                                                                                                                                              213

                          REGION 16                                                                        CURRENT AND PROJECTED RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                                         CITY SIZE:         NETROS
                                                                                                                           (OOO'S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                                                                  1970                                       1975                                       1980                                      1990                                     2000
                                                                                    STATE-                                 STATE-                                     STATE-                                    STATE-                                        STATE-
                                                                    REG.16          WIDE                      REG,16       WIDE                         REG.16        WIDE                         REG. 16       WIDE                          REG. 16        WIDE
                                                                    METROS          METROS                    @ETROS       14ETROS                      @ETROS        METROS                       NETROS      METROS                          NETROS         METROS
                                                     PART.          AVERAGE         AVERAGE    PART.          AVERAGE      AVERAGE       PART.          AVERAGE       AVERAGE           PART,      AVERAGE     AVERAGE        PART.            AVERAGE        AVERAGE
                          ACTIVITY                   DAYS  RANK     DAYS/HH         DAYS/HH    DAYS   RANK    DAYS/HH      DAYS/HH       DAYS    RANK   DAYS/         DAYS/HH           DAYS  RANK DAYS/HH     DAYS/HH        DAYS    RANK     DAYS/HH        DAYS/HH
                          Swinming                5,677           1   28.04         27.41    8,317         1      36.65     36.52      11,390         1       45.11   47.17             20,890 1       69.29.    75.28     33,300          1   95.93          110.14
                          Child's Play            2,917           4   .14.41        14.08    4,214         3      18.57     17.72      5,798          2       22.97   22.00             10,280 2       34.10     32.20     16,180          2   46.61          43.99
                          Baseball/Softball       1,349           8    6.66         2.78     1,703         9      7.50       3.19      2,061          8       8.16       3.59           2,965  7       9.83       4.41        3,905        6   11.25          5.22
                          Picnicking              2,167           5   10.70         5.72     2,372         5      10.45      5.66      2,540          6       10.06      5.66           3,046  6       10.10      5.61        3,484        8   10.04          5.64
                          Football/Soccer            342      12       1.69         1.43       365      12        1.61       1.42        381      13          1.51       1.41           1 433 13       1.44       1.39        469      15       1.35          1.38
                          Golf                       550      10       2.72         3.92       780      10        3.44       4.98      1,045      10          4.14       6.16           1,763 10       5.85       8.96        2,625    10       7.56          12.07
                          Tennis                  1,293           9    6.39         6.06     2,052         7      9.04       9.21      2,582          5       10.23   11.49             3,674  5       12.19     16.'07       4,969        5   14.31          21.46
                          Basketball                   81     15        .40         1.60       149      14        .66        2.59        230      14          .91        3.57           428  14        1.42       5.52'       670      13       1.93          7.53
                          Walking                 3,498           3   17.28         18.21    3,920         4      17.27     23.09      4,362          4       17.28   29.20             5,209  4       17.28     39.89        5,997        4   17.28          50.31
                          Bicycling               1,572           7    7.77         20.30    1,775         8      7.82      32.77      1,990          9       7.88    45.25             2,413  9       -8.00     68.44        2,820        9    8.12          95.49
                          Nature Study                 60     16        .30         .72          73     16        .32        1.67          88     16          .35        2.64           120  16        .40        4.63        156      16          .45        6.70
                          Fishing                    363      11       1.79         1.80       427      11        1.88       1.88        496      12          1.96       1.97           644  12        2.14       2.13        800      12       2.30          2.30
                          Boating                    178      13        .88         .88        362      13        1.60       1.60        583      11          2.31       2.31           1,128 11       3.74       3.74        1,795    11       5.17          5.17
                          Skiing                       85     14        .42         .42        140      15        .62          .62       207      15          .82        .82            368  15        1.22       1.22        562      14       1.62          1.81
                          Surfing                    ---     ---        ---         ---        ---    ---         ---          ---       ---     ---          ---        ---                                        ---       ---      ---        ---         ---
                          Sightseeing             1,785           6    8.82         2.25     2,056         6      9.06       2.34      2,313          7       9.16       2.50           2,901  8       9.62       2.70        3,520        7   10.14          3.01
                          Dr. for Pleas.          4,082           2   20*16         13.38    4,573         2      20m15     13.52      5,033          3       l9o94   13.67             6,105  3       20v25     13.86        7,067        3   20v36          14.10
                               TOTAL              25,999            128.43          120.96  33,278            146.64       158.78      41,099           162.79        199.41            62,367     206.87       286.05     88,319              254.42         386.32

                                              CURRENT AND PROJECTED NON-RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                                TOTAL CURRENT AND PROJECTED PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000
                                                                  (OOOIS OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)                                                                                       (OOO'S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                          ACTIVITY            ---- - -        1970                                                1990               2000        ACTIVITY                               1970           1975              __1980            1990               2000
                          Swiming                             813                   905               998         1,191             1,364        SwiTmning                              6,490          9,222             12''388       22,081                 34,664
                          Child's Play                        299                   333               367           438                502       Mild's Play                            3,216          4,547             6,165         10,718                 16,682
                          Baseball/Softball                       4                 5                 5                6                 7       Baseball/Softball                      1,353          1,708             2,066             2,971              3,912
                          Picnicking                          540                   601               663           791                906       Picnicking                             2,707          2,973             3,203             3,837              4,390
                          Football/Soccer                         31                35                39               46              53        Football/Soccer                        373            400               420               479                522
                          Golf                                    52                58                64               77              88        Golf                                   602            838               1,109             1,840              2,713
                          Tennis                                  1                 1                 1                1                 1       Tennis                                 1,294          2,053             2,583             3,675              4,970
                          Basketball                              1                 2                 2                2                 2       Basketball                             82             151               232               430                672
                          Walking                             517                   576               634           758                867       Walking                                4,015          4,496             4,996             5,967              6,864
                          Bicycling                               3                 3                 3                4                 4       Bicycling                              1,575          1,778             1,993             2,417              2,824
                          Nature Study                            48                54                59               71              81        Nature Study                           108            127               147               191                237
                          Fishing                                 40                44                49               58              67        Fishing                                403            471               545               702                867
                          Boating                                 41                45                50               60              68        Boating                                219            407               633               1,188              1,863
                          Skiing                                                                                                                 Skiing                                 85             140               207               368                562
                          Surfing                             ---                   ---               ---           ---                ---       Surfing                                ---            ---               ---
                          Sightseeing                      5,004              5,575            6,144              7,335             8,399        Sightseeing                            6,789          7,631             8,457         10,236                 11,919
                          Dr. for Pleas.                      757                   844               930         1,110             1,271        Dr. for Pleas.                         4,839          5,417             5,963             7,215              8,338
                               TOTAL                       8,151              9,081            10,008             11,948          13,680              TOTAL                             34,150     42,359                51,107        74,315                 101,999

                          Note:    Asterisks indicate      that projected annual activity days were less than 500.                  Dashes indicate not applicable.           Zeros indicate that the activity was not ranked due to
                                   insignificant participation days recorded.

                      214

              REGION 16                  R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S             CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                 1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

              Estimates of urban outdoor recreation resource requirements were developed for the San Antonio Metropolitan Area for
              the 'years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000 by comparing current-1/ and projected recreation participation with the cur-
              rent recreation opportunities2/ available in the metro.   In addition, the availability and spatial distribution of re-
              creation opportunities provided by parks and recreation 'facilities were analyzed with respect to subsections of the
              metro area characterized by residents having similar incomes and ethnic backgrounds.    Particular attention was given to
              those subsections expected to undergo relatively rapid population growth and physical   expansion in the future.

              Conclusions reached from analyzing the distribution of recreation opportunities within the metropolitan area were used
              to qualify resource requirement estimates where a less than adequate distribution appeared to exist.

              In the discussions that follow, results of the distribution analysis of parks within subsections of the San Antonio
              Metro Area are presented.  Then, estimates of current and future requirements for selected recreation facilities are
              presented for the metropolitan area, and qualified by conclusions reached from the distribution analysis of recreation
              facilities within subsections of the San Antonio Metro Area.

              PARK DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

              The accessibility of a park to the people who use it determines to a significant extent the frequency and length of time
              that recreationists will participate in the activities provided at that park.    The distribution of parks among the
              people of any municipality determines the extent to which parks are accessible to recreationists.    In analyzing the
              distribution and availability of parks to people in the San Antonio Metro, several characteristics   were considered:
              changes in population (or trends in general, 1960 to 1970), areas of the metro which exhibited the   strongest growth
              tendencies, and the dispersion of existing parks among subsections characterized by residents of different incomes
              and ethnic backgrounds. From these interrelated characteristics certain conclusions have been reached with specific
              inferences drawn to requirements for additional parks.

              Population growth directly affects recreation participation, which affects the amount of resources required.    Projections
              for San Antonio indicate that the 1970 metro population of 684,265 will increase over 75 percent by the year 2000.     In
              1971 planners indicated that the metro was likely to expand toward the northwest, the northeast, (along Interstate 35),
              and the east.  These patterns are indicated by arrows on the map, titled "Predominant Ethnic Background and Income Sub-
              sections."

              I/ "Current" participation refers to levels of participation by type of selected recreation activity which were estimated
                 for the year 1970.
              2/ "Current" recreation opportunities refers to computed figures derived from the numbers of publicly-administered faci-
                 lities by type available within the metro area in 1971.

                                                                                                                                          215

                REGION 16                  R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S             CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                  1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                This same map shows fifteen income/ethnic subsections, as delineated by planners in 1971. A brief analysis of this map
                is presented beginning with low-income areas.

                Low-income households tended to be located in central, western, and some parts of southern San Antonio. The area adja-
                cent to the central business district was occupied mainly by low-income Anglos. Immediately east of this area was a
                subsection made up largely of low-income Blacks, with a relatively small Mexican-American neighborhood situated along
                Interstate 10 (near Coliseum Road). A large portion of western and southwestern San Antonio was comprised of predomi-
                nantly low-income Mexican-Americans, with smaller subsections of low-income Anglos and Mexican-Americans in southeastern
                San Antonio (near the USAF Aerospace Medical Center).

                Almost the entire northern half of the metro, which included the contiguous urban areas of Alamo Heights, Balcones
                Heights, Castle Hills, Olmos Park, and Terrell Hills, was made up of predominantly middle-income Anglos. Southwestern
                and south central San Antonio also had large concentrations of middle-income Anglos, as well as middle-income Mexican-
                Americans. A large middle-income Black subsectionwas situated on the eastern edge of the metro. The only high-income
                Anglo area reported was in northeast San Antonio.

                The "Dispersion of Parks by Type" map shows the geographic distribution of parks as of 1971. The only subsection which
                had no parks at all was the low-income Mexican-American neighborhood near the USAF Medical Center in southeast San
                Antonio. Also, the small low-income'Mexican-American area situated along Interstate 10 (near Coliseum Road) in east
                central San Antonio had two parks located on the fringe of the subsection.

                Perhaps even more germane than the general lack of parks in these two small subsections is the fact that large areas of
                north and northwest San Antonio had no public parks. The contiguous urban areas of Balcones Heights, Castle Hills,
                Olmos Park, Terrell Hills, Kirby, and Windcrest (most of which were middle-income Anglo areas in the northern portion
                of the metro) reported no public parks.

                With one exception,. district parks, the large parks with facilities for at least two major urban activities, were absent
                from that part of the metro north of Trinity University (near Olmos Park, on the accompanying map). Community and
                specialty parks appear to have been well distributed, but somewhat infrequent, in view of the heavy concentrations of
                population in most parts of the metro. The few open land parks tended to be clustered in central San Antonio; most
                other parts of the metro had few or none.

                In addition to achieving an adequate dispersion of parks in all portions of the metro area, the provision of different
                types of recreational facilities in parks is also an important consideration. An analysis of the current and future
                requirements for selected recreational facilities and the current dispersion of facilities in the San Antonio Metro is
                presented in'the following discussions.

              216

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                REGION 16                  R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S             CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                  1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                FACILITY REQUIREMENTS AND DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

                Cumulative and incremental requirements for selected recreational facilities, as shown in the following table, were
                analyzed in this section with emphasis placed on overall metropolitan area facility needs. Then, an evaluation of the
                dispersion of existing facilities among the predominant income/ethnic subsections and the growth areas of the metro was
                conducted. When overall metro requirements for a selected facility type were not shown in the calculations, but observ-
                able concentrations of facilities left some subsections with a potentially inadequate number of facilities, mention was
                made of the need to consider the under-supplied subsections more strongly. Usually, special note is made where growth
                areas appeared to have limited facilities. An example of the methodology used to calculate facility requirements in
                general was explained in Appendix C, Part I--An Overview of the urban volume.

                Resource requirements for recreational facilities are generally referred to by units of the most important feature nec-
                essary to allow participation. For example, when a requirement is shown for swimming facilities, most persons would
                correctly assume that there is a need for additional swimming pools, often not realizing that a bathhouse, cleaning and
                filtering system, and other ancillary or supporting features are required to make the facility useable. These support
                features are implied as part of the requirement expressed below when a requirement for the major facility is shown.

                                                                       Swimming

                In 1971 the San Antonio Metro Area had 14,380 square yards of public swimming pools. Each square yard (unit) was esti-
                mated to provide 150 days of swimming opportunity per year, which yielded an estimated 2,157,000 opportunity days. Par-
                ticipation days were then compared to opportunity days to determine if there was a surplus or deficit. In 1970 it was
                estimated that 26,293 square yards of pools were required. In 1975 an additional 17,120 square yards should be required,
                and an additional 19,840 by 1980, bringing the 1980 cumulative requirement to 63,253 square yards of pools. Estimated
                incremental requirements of 60,740 square yards in 1990, and 78,854 square yards in 2000 will bring the cumulative re-
                quirement for all projection years to 202,847 square yards of swimming pools.

                It appears that most of the swimming facil ities were concentrated in certain areas of the southern half of the metro.
                Large areas of the north side composed chiefly of middle-income Anglo households were without public swimming faciT
                lities. Of the contiguous urban areas within the San Antonio Metropolitan Area, only three, Leon Valley, Alamo Heights,
                and Windcrest had swimming facilities, while Castle Hills, Balcones Heights, Olmos Park, Terrell Hills and Kirby had
                none. This may indicate that additional swimming pool facilities were needed throughout the entire northern half of the
                metro, especially since large portions of the northside were expected to expand. fn addition, the eastern and western
                edges of the metropolitan area, composed chiefly of middle-income Blacks and Anglos and low-income Mexican-Americans,
                and certain portions of the southern half of the metro appeared to be in need of additional swimming facilities.

              218

               REGION 16                     R E C R E A T 1 0 N     R E S 0 U R C E     R E Q U I R E M E N T S                CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                      1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                                                                         Child's Play

               Twenty-eight acres of public playground existed in 1971 in the San Antonio Metropolitan Area.           The standard of 27,623
               opportunity days per acre of playground per year multiplied by the twenty-eight acres given a total of 773,000 oppor-
               tunity days available within the metro area.      Comparing this total with projected participation for each year revealed
               that deficits existed for all years.      Incremental requirements for playground acres amounted to 88 acres, 49 acres, and
               58 acres for the years 1970, 1975, and 1980, for a cumulative requirement of 195 acres by 1980.           Total requirements are
               expected to amount to 360 acres by 1990 and 576 acres by the year 2000.

               W-ithin the central core of the metro area, playground distribution appeared to be adequate; however, need for playgrounds
               may have existed in the southeastern and southwestern corners of the metro and in most of the entire northern half of the
               metro area. These areas were made up chiefly of low and middle-income Mexican-Americans and Anglos.            In addition to
               these subsections, the fringe areas completely surrounding the metro appeared to be lacking in playground 'facilities.
               Of the eight contiguous urban areas in the San Antonio Metro only one, Alamo Heights, had playground facilities.             Con-
               .sideration should be given to developing a more even dispersion of these facilities.

                                                                       Baseball/Softball

               The existing fifty-one baseball/softball fields provided an estimated 704,000 opportunity days per year, given a standard
               of 13,804 days per field per year.     Comparing the total opportunity days with projected participation for 1970, 1975,
               1980, 1990, and 2000 reveals that the cumulative requirements amount to an estimated 47 fields in 1970, 73 fields by
               1975, and 99 fields by 1980.     The continued growth of participation in this activity showed that approximately another
               65 fields would be required by 1990, and an additional 68 fields by 2000 for a cumulative requirement of 232 fields by
               the year 2000.

               Castle Hills, Balcones Heights, Kirby, Olmos Park, Terrell Hills, and Windcrest reported no baseball fields in 1971. In
               the remainder of the San Antonio Metro, it appeared that an inadequate dispersion of faciliti,es existed in some of the
               southwestern subsections of the city as well as the northwestern, northern, and northeastern subsections.           These sub-
               sections were-comprised mainly of low and middle-income Mexican-Americans and middle-income Anglos; therefore, it appears
               that consideration should be given to these areas for future development of baseball fields.

                                                                          Picnicking

               A total of 804 public picnic-tables were reported in the San Antonio Metro in 1971. With a standard of 1,702 oppor-
               tunity days of picnicking per table per year, the existing tables should provide 1,368,000 days annually. A compari-
               son of the opportunity days with participation days indicates requirements for picnic tables f6r each projection year.
               For 1970 and 1975 the cumulative requirements for picnic tables amounted to 787 and 943 tables         , respectively.   It is
               expected that another 135 tables should be added between 1975 and 1980 for a cumulative total of 1,078 tables by 1980.
               Cumulative requirements for 1990 and 2000 are projected to increase to 1,451 and 1,776 tables, respectively.

                                                                                                                                                  219

                 REGION 16                 R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S             CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                  1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                 Most areas of the metro appeared to be lacking an adequate supply of picnic tables, although the deficiency appeared to
                 be more serious in some areas, such as the faster-growing northern subsections, inhabited mostly by middle-income Anglos,
                 and certain parts of the southern subsections, inhabited chiefly by low and middle-income Mexican-Americans and Anglos.
                 Also, none of the eight contiguous areas had public picnic tables. As facilities are added, it is important that an
               .adequate distribution be achieved.

                                                                    Football/Soccer

                 Metropolitan area residents had nineteen public football/soccer fields available for their use in 1971. With a standard
                 of 7,224 days per field per year, these fields provided about 137,000 days of opportunity annually. In 1970 the addi-
                 tion of thirty-three fields was necessary to meet projected demand. It was estimated that the cumulative requirements
                 for football/soccer will amount to 36 fields by 1975 and 39 fields by 1980. Incremental requirements of eight fields
                 and six fields will bring the cumulative.requirements for the years 1990 and 2000 to 47 and 53, respectively.

                 Subsections of the metro which appeared to have especially serious inadequacies relative to football/soccer fields in-
                 cluded those in the northeastern, the northern, the northwestern portions, and certain ones in the southwest portion of
                 the metro. These areas were inhabited mainly by low and middle-income Mexican-Americans and Anglos.

                                                                         Golf

                 In 1971 there were four publicly administered golf courses, and they provided a combined total of eighty-three holes.
                 With a facility standard of 4,407 days of opportunity per year per hole, these four courses provided about 336,000
                 opportunity days of golf annually. A comparison of the estimated opportunity days with projected participation days
                 indicated that sixty-six additional holes of golf were needed in 1970, with another fifty-eight needed by 1975, bringing
                 the cumulative requirement to 124 holes for 1975. Between 1975 and 1980, another 67 holes should be added, bringing the
                 cumulative requirement to 191 holes by 1980. Between 1980 and 1990, another 181 holes should be added and another 215
                 between 1990 and 2000. This brings the cumulative requirement to 587 holes of golf by the year 2000. Assuming nine
                 holes or eighteen holes per.course, this amounts to approximately 65 nine-hole courses, or 32 eighteen-hole courses
                 with an additional nine-hole course, or some other appropriate combination which considers local resources.

                 All four existing courses reported in 1971 were located in middle-income Anglo neighborhoods. Consequently, in the
                 development of additional publicly administered golf courses, consideration should be given to making the courses as
                 accessible as practical, particularly with respect to the southern and the rapidly expanding northern subsections of
                 the metro area.

                                                                        Tennis

                 In 1971 the San Antonio Metro Area had fifty-one publicly administered tennis courts of which four were located in Alamo
                 Heights. Multiplying the standard of 2,694 days per court per year by the total number of courts gives a product of
                 137,000 opportunity days which were available within the metro area. A comparison of these opportunities with estimated

              220

               REGION 16                  R E  C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S              CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                  1 9 7 0   2 0 0 0

               participation for each projection year revealed a cumulative requirement of 429 additional tennis courts in 1970, 711
               tennis courts in 1975, and 908 courts by 1980.   The requirement for tennis courts should continue to increase as parti-
               cipation continues to rise.  Between 1980 and 1990 an additional 405 courts should be added.   By 2000 an additional 481
               courts should be built for a cumulative requirement of 1,794 for the thirty-year period.

               In 1971, the most pressing requirement for tennis courts appears to have been in the expanding north and east sides of
               the metropolitan area as well as in some subsections on the south side.   In view of the metro areas' rapid growth and
               large expected requirements for tennis courts, careful consideration should be given to maintaining an adequate dis-,
               tribution of facilities..

                                                                      Basketball

               The urban basketball standard of 8,795 days per basketball court per year multiplied by the eighteen existing courts
               gives a total of 158,000 opportunity days of basketball which were available in 1971. A comparis  on of opportunity days
               to participation days indicated that there should be no immediate requirements for basketball courts.   Between 1975 and
               l980, eight courts should be added. A total of twenty-three courts should be added between 1980 and 1990 for a cumula-
               tive total of thirty-one. 'In addition to these, twenty-seven more should be added by 2000, bringing the cumulative
               requirement to fifty-eight courts for the thirty year period.

               Of the eight contiguous urban areas, only Alamo Heights had basketball facilities in 1971. When providing additional
               basketball courts, consideration should be given to maintaining an adequate dispersion of facilities, particularly in
               the faster growing areas, and areas where no facilities are available.

                                                                   Trails Activities

               In 1971 only one mile of trail was reported in the San Antonio Metro  Area.   (Although the total acutally amounted to
               three miles, two of these were horseback riding trail miles. Because resource requirements were not computed for urban
               horseback riding trails and because these two miles in the San Antonio Metro Area were not designated for other types
               of trail usage, they were excluded from the computation of opportunity days.) The combined trail standard of 8,464
               days per combined walking, bicycling, and nature study trail multiplied times one mile of trail thus gives 8,464 oppor-
               tunity days for the Region 16 metro area.   In 1970 it-was estimated that a requirement existed for approximately fifty-
               nine miles of combined walking, bicycling, and nature study trails.   (In the table the total is also broken down by
               individual trail activity type.) For 1975 it was estimated that the requirement amounted to sixty-six miles. Another
               eight miles should be added between 1975 an 'd 1980 for a 1980 cumulative requirement of seventy-four miles; Additions
               of fifteen miles by 1990 and fourteen miles by 2000 will bring the cumulative requirements to eighty-nine miles and 103
               miles, respectively, if participation levels are to be met.

                                                                                                                                        221

                 REGION 16                 R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E    R E Q U I R E M E N T S             CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                   1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                 A relatively small proportion of the total participation in trail and related activities was estimated to take place in
                 publicly administered park and recreation areas. It is likely, however, that as additional trail facilities are pro-
                 vided, the relative proportion of total participation will increase at these recreation areas. Thus, the above esti-
                 mates of additional resources required may be conservative in the long run and should be considered as minimum esti-
                 mates. In addition to the expectations for increases in participation in.trail and related activities at publicly
                 administered park and recreation areas, it is clear that the major proportion of walking, bicycling, and nature study
                 is occurring in places other than established recreation areas. The majority of this participation is most likely
                 taking place in local neighborhoods, on city streets, and on available open lands within the area. This phenomenon has
                 direct policy implications with respect to the provision of sidewalks within currently existing and newly developing
                 neighborhoods, the development of a system of bike lanes in high use areas, and the provision of adequate open space
                 and green belt areas within the metro area.

                                               Water-Related Activities: Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing

                                                            Surface Acres - Freshwater Lakes
                                                            (Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing)

                 Sixty surface acres of freshwater lakes were located within the San Antonio Metro Area in 1971. Because of the limited
                 freshwater available for skiing, no participation was reported in the Texas Outdoor Recreation Household Demand Survey.
                 Using participation patterns of households recreating in the urban areas, it was estimated that boating would have
                 totaled 219,000 days, boat fishing 85,000 days, and skiing 85,000 days for a total of 389,000 days in 1970, if-adequate
                 freshwater lakes had been available. A comparison of estimated participation with the opportunities provided by the
                 surface acres existing in 1971 indicated that incremental resource requirements should expand from an additional 873
                 acres needed in 1970 to 616 acres in 1975, 740 acres in 1980, 1,796 acres in 1990, and 2,167 acres in the year 2000.
                 This brings the cumulative resource requirement to an additional 6,192 surface acres by the year 2000.

                                                                  Freshwater Boat Rampsl/

                 One publicly administered freshwater boat lane was reported for the San Antonio Metro Area in 1971. By estimating the
                 1970 total freshwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation which would have occurred using freshwater boat
                 ramp facilities to gain access to the water' it was calculated that ten boat ramps were needed in 1970. Projected
                 increases in freshwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation are expected to require seven additional fresh-
                 water boat ramps in 1975, eight in 1980, nineteen in 1990, and twenty-three in the year 2000, bringing the cumulative

                 I/ In.calculating freshwater boat ramp resource requirements the assumption was made that each boat ramp has two lanes.
                    Supply figures listed in the "Park and Recreation Facilities by Type of Park" table and quoted in the narratives are
                    in terms of single lanes.

              222

               REGION 16                    R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S               CITY SIZE: NETROS
                                                                    1 9 7 0   2 0 0 0

               resource requirement to sixty-seven ramps in 2000.     Since boat ramps are the most frequently used means by which
               boaters, skiers, and boat fishermen gain access to freshwater lakes, the provision of freshwater surface acres and
               freshwater boat ramps required should be planned as joint projects, even though, in some cases, this may require the
               construction of boat ramps prior to the years reflected in the boat ramp resource requirement projections.

                                                           Summary of Facilities Requirements

               It was found that resource requirements existed in the San Antonio Metro Area for each and every planning year for all
               types of recreational facilities except basketball courts; and even for this facility, resource requirements appeared
               by 1980.   it was found consistently that a requirement for parks and most-types of recreational facilities appeared to
               exist in much of the northern half of the San Antonio Metro Area, especially in the faster growing areas, which include
               the west, northwest, and northeast sectors.    These areas were populated chiefly by middle-income Anglo households.
               Certain areas of the south side also seemed to consistently show requirements for parks and facilities.       These areas are
               inhabited mainly by low and middle-income Mexican-Americans and Anglos.      It, therefore, appears that consideration should
               be given to equalizing dispersion in the future development of recreational facilities within these general areas of the
               metro.

               Another poin@ that surfaces repeatedly was the lack of parks and recreational facilities in the contiguous 'urban areas.
               With the exception of Alamo Heights, these areas had minimal or no facilities for recreation; and, consequently, must
               rely on San Antonio's parks and facilities.    Moreover, most of them had become completely enveloped by the growth of
               San Antonio; hence, no further expansion of their boundaries appeared possible.

               With regard to water-oriented recreation, San Antonio did have a minimal amount of surface acres of lakes in 1971,        but
               was determined to be inadequate to satisfy a rapidly increasing demand over the next thirty years. Also, the analysis
               pointed out the critical need for a considerable number of additional boat ramps, if additional water resources can be
               developed.

                                                                                                                                            223

                    REGION 16                                                                      RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIRIMENTS, 1970-2000                                                                        CITY SIZE: HETROS

                                                                                             TOTAL            1971 OPPORTUNITY           NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                        PARTICIPATION          DAYS AVAILABLE                (OOO'S OF                                     UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                          (OOO'S OF               (000-S OF                ACTIVITY DAYS)                                  RESOURCES REQUIRED
                    YEAR        ACTIVITY                                               ACTIVITY DAYS)          ACTIVITY DAYS             DEFICIT       SURPLUS                    CUMULATIVE                          INCRI24ENTAL
                                Swimming (Pools)      . . . . . . . . . . .                  6,101      l/           2,157               3,944                             26,293 square   yards-21           26,293  square   yardJ1
                                Child's Play (Playgrounds)         . . . . . .               3,216                      773              2,443                                    88 acres                            88 acres
                                Baseball/Softball     . . . . . . . . . . .                  1,353                      704                649                                    47 fields                           47 fields
                                Picnicking     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   2,707                   1,368               1,339                                    787 tables                          787 tables
                                Football/Soccer     . . . . . . . . . . . .                     373                     137                236                                    33 fields                           33 fields
                                Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        602                     336                266                                    66 holes                            66 holes
                                Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     1,294                      137              1,157                                    429 courts,  dbl.                   429 courts, dbl.
                                Basketball     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       82                     158                               76                      0courts,   full                     0courts, full

                    1970        Water-Related Activities:

                                Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW          . . .                 389                        25              364                                    873 surface acres                   873 surfacacres
                                Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW          . . .                 293                        13              280                                    10 ramps=3,                         10 ramps3

                                Trails Activities:
                                Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        422     4/                                                                        49 miles                            49 miles
                                Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        63     41                                                                        7miles                              7miles
                                Nature Study     . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       22     4/                                                                        3miles                              3miles
                                Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                            4/                 8               499                                    59 miles                            59 miles
                                            Nature Study   . . . . . . . . .                    507     -

                                ACTIVITY
                                Swimming (Pools)      . . . . . . . . . . .                  8,669                   2,157               6,512                            43,413  square   yards-2/           17,120  square yards-2/
                                Child's Play (Playgrounds)         . . . . . .               4,547                      773              3,774                                    137 acres                           49 acres
                                Baseball/Softball     . . . . . . . . . . .                  1,708                      704              1,004                                    73 fields                           26 fields
                                Picnicking     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   2,973                   1,368               1,605                                    943 tables                          156 tables
                                Football/Soccer     . . . . . . . . . . . .                     400                     137                263                                    36 fields                           3fields
                                Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        838                     336                502                                    124 holes                           58 holes
                                Tennis   . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . .                     2,053                      137              1,916                                    711 courts, dbl.                    282 courts, dbl.
                                Basketball     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      157                     158                                7                      0courts, full                       0courts, full

                    1975        Water-Related Activities:
                                Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW          . . .                 646                        25              621                             1,489  surfa�7 acres                       616 surfac7 acres
                                Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing          FIAT . . .               472                        13              459                                    17 ramps-                           7ramps-3

                                Trails Activities:
                                Walking  . . . . . . .     : . . . . . . . .                    472     4/                                                                        55 miles                            6miles
                                Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       .71                                                                               8miles                              1mile
                                Nature Study     . . . . . . . . . .. . . .                      26                                                                               3miles                              0miles
                                Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                            Nature Study   . . . . . . . . .                    569     4/                 8               561                                    66 miles                            7miles

                    224

                 REGION 16                                                                RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIRM4ENTS, 1970-2000                                                          CITY SIZE: METROS

                                                                                    TOTAL           1971 OPPORTUNITY       NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                PARTICIPATION        DAYS AVAILABLE             (OOO'S OF                                UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                  (OOO'S OF             (OOO'S OF             ACTIVITY DAYS)                             RESOURCES REQUIRED
                 YEAR       ACTIVITY                                           ACTIVITY DAYS)        ACTIVITY P YJS        DEFICIT       SURPLUS              CUMULATIVE                       INCREMENTAL
                                                                                                                 L
                            Swimming (Pools)    . . . . . . . . . . .               11,645                 2,157            9,488                          63,253 square  yardsV            19,840 square yards-21
                            Child's Play (Playgrounds)      . . . . . .              6,165                   773            5,392                             195 acres                        58  acres
                            Baseball/Softball   . . . . .   . . . . . .              2,066                   704            1,362                              99 fields                       26  fields
                            Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                3,203                 1,368            1,835                          1,078  tables                       135 tables
                            Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                  420                   137               283                             39 fields                         3 fields
                            Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 1,109                   336               773                            191 holes                        67  holes
                            Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 2,583                   137            2,446                             908 courts, dbl.                 197 courts, dbl.
                            Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  232                   158                 74                              8courts, full                   8 courts, full

                 1980       Water-Related Activities;
                            Boating, Boat Fishing,      Skiing FW  . . .               955                    25               930                         2,229  surfa3c7 acres               740 surfac acres
                            Boating, Boat Fishing,      Skiing FW  . . .               686                    13               673                                                                       32
                                                                                                                                                               25 ramps-                         8 ramps@

                            Trails Activities:

                            Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   525                                                                     61 miles                          6 miles
                            Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   80                                                                       9miles                          1 mile
                            Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   30                                                                       4miles                          I mile
                            Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                        Nature Study . . . . . . . . .                 635   4/                 8              627                             74 miles                          8 miles

                            ACTIVITY
                            Swimming (Pools)    . . . . . . . . . . .               20,756   L/            2,157            18,599                        123,993 square yardsV             60,740 square yardsV
                            Child's Play (Playgrounds)      . . . . . .             10,718                   773            9,945                             360 acres                        165 acres
                            Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                2,971                   704            2,267                             164 fields                       65  fields
                            Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                3,837                 1,368            2,469                          1,451  tables                       373 tables
                            Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . ..                 479                   137               342                             47 fields                         8 fields
                            Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 1,840                   336            1,504                             372 holes                        181 holes
                            Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 3,675                   137            3,538                          1,313  courts, dbl.                 405 courts, dbl.
                            Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  430                   158               272                             31 courts, full                 23  courts, full

                 1990       Water-Related Activities:
                            Boating, Boat Fishing,      Skiing FW  . . .             1,704                    25            1,679                          4,025  surfa57 acres              1,796 surfaS7 acres
                            Boating, Boat Fishing,      Skiing FW  . . .             1,205                    13            1,192                              44 ramps-                       19  ramps-

                            Trails Activities:
                            Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   627   4/                                                                73 miles                        12  miles
                            Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .                  97   4/                                                                11 miles                          2 miles
                            Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   38   4/                                                                  5miles                          I mile
                            Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                     4/
                                        Nature Study . . . . . . . . .                 762   -                  8              754                             89 miles                        15  miles

                                                                                                                                                                                                              225

                   REGION   16                                                         RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                     CITY SIZE:  METROS

                                                                                 TOTAL           1971 OPPORTUNITY     NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                             PARTICIPATION        DAYS AVAILABLE           (OOO'S OF                              UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                               (0001S or            (OOO'S OF           ACTIVITY DAYS)                            RESOURCES REQUIRED
                   YEAR     ACTIVITY                                         ACTIVITY DAYS)       ACTIVITY DAYS)       DEFICIT     SURPLUS             CUMULATIVE                      INCREMENTAL
                             Swimming (Pools)   ... . . . . . . . . .              32,58-4 l/            2,157          30,427                      202,847 square yards-2          78,854 square yards-2
                             Child's Play (Playgrounds)    . . . . . .             16,682                 773           15,909                         576  acres                      216 acres
                             Baseball/Softball  . . . . . . . . . . .              3,912                  704           3,208                          232  fields                     68 fields
                             Picnicking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .               4,390                 1,368          3,022                         1,776 tables                     315 tables
                             Football/Soccer  . . . . . . . . . . . .               @ 522                 137              385                          53  fields                       6fields
                             Golf  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .               2,713                  336           2,377                          587  holes                      215 holes
                             Tennis                                                4,970                  137           4,833                         1,794 courts, dbl.               481 courts, dbl.
                             Basketball  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  672                 158              514                          58  courts, full               27 courts, full

                   2000     Water-Related Activities:

                             Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing    FW                   2,608                    25          2,583                         6,192 surfac acres             2,167 surface acres
                             Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing    FW                   1,829                    13          1,816                           67  rampsP                     23 ramps-3/

                            Trails Activities:
                             Walking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  7211 4/                                                           84  miles                      11 miles
                             Bicycling . . . . . . . . .                                 4/                                                             13  miles                        2miles
                             Nature Study   . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  48                                                                 6 miles                        1mile
                             Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                4/                                874                         103  miles                      14 miles
                                       Nature Study . . . . . . . . .                 882-                   8

                   l/  Includes only swimming participation occurring in swimming pools, 94 percent of the total in urban areas.
                   @/  Designated freshwater swiTmning areas may be substituted for swimming pools. When making substitutions consider total swimming participation.
                       Assumes 2.0 lanes per ramp.
                       Reflects estimated participation occurring in park and recreation areas; does n-1 include participation occurring outside park and recreation areas. Of the total
                       walking, bicycling, and nature study participation it was determined that 10.5, 4.0, and 20.1 percent, respectively for each activity, occurs in park and recreation
                       areas.

                  226

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                      REGION 17                              REGIONAL DESCRIPTION: SAN ANGELO METROPOLITAN AREA

                      "Over the River," known now as San Angelo, began as a trading                               POPULATION
                      post established by Bar Dewitt for Fort Concho. A stage route                               1970 Metro Area Population: 63,884
                      and two major cattle trails once passed through the town. Today,                            Change 1960-70: +9%
                      San Angelo is known as the "Trading Post of the Southwest."                                 Race Composition
                                                                                                                      White   ..... 9 47@ l/
                      This metropolitan area is the largest raw wool market in the                                    Negro   .....   5%
                      United States, as 40 percent of the nation's sheep and wool and                                 Other   .....  .1%
                      90 percent of the goats     and mohair are produced in its trade area.                      Age Composition (years):
                      In keeping with its title of "Wool Capital of the World," San                                   13 or less    ..... 25%
                      Angelo hosts the Miss Wool of America Pageant annually in June.                                 14 - 20       ..... 14%
                                                                                                                      21 - 44       ..... 307.
                      Educational facilities include Angelo State University and the                                  45 - 64       ..... 20%
                      world-renowned San Angelo Central High School. The high school's                                65 and over   ..... 11%
                      notoriety stems from the campus type plant and adjustable class-
                      room space, a new concept in education at that level.                                       ECONOMY
                                                                                                                  Agribusiness
                      Goodfellow Air Force Base, a security training installation, is                             Industry
                      also located here.

                      Culture is represented by the Angelo State University Entertainment Series, the             San Angelo Symphony Orchestra, the
                      Helen King Kendall Memorial Art Gallery, the Annual Art Club Show, and the Angelo State University Youth Symphony.

                      In March the San Angelo Fat Stock Show and Rodeo is held. There are several interesting facts about the area. San
                      Angelo's metropolitan center, which encompasses 'entertainment, shopping, medical facilities, and recreation serves
                      an area as large as the State of Ohio. Also, the State Health Department has classified San Angelo as one of the
                      most air pollution-free cities in the state.

                      1/ Includes persons of Mexican and/or Spanish descent.

               228

                  REGION 17                                                                                              CITY SIZE: METRO

                           P U B L I C.L Y      A D M I N I S T E R E D      R E C R E A T 1 0 N      0 P P 0 R T U N I T I E S

                                                                                                  LAND AND WATER ACREAGE

                                                                                                                          ACRES
                                                                                                                 REGION           STATEWIDE
                                                                                                                    17             AVERAGE
                                                                                                                  METRO         METRO AREAS

                                                                                  Developed Land                  227              1,307
                     REGION              5%                  95%                  Undeveloped Land                  11                5136
                       17                                                         Total Land                      238              1,843
                      METRO

                                                                                  Water Within or Adjacent          64             1,006

                                                                                  Total Land and Water            302              2,849

                                                    DEVELOPED LAND
                                                                                  San Angelo has a total of   238 acres of land set aside as
                                                    UNDEVELOPED LAND              park and recreation areas. In addition, 64 surface acres
                                                                                  of water either within or adjacent to these parks were
                                                                                  reported.

                                                                                  Of the total land acreage, 227 acres are developed with
                                                                                  facilities, leaving 11 acres available for future develop-
                                                      71%                         ment. With 95 percent of the land acreage currently
                    STATEWIDE                                                     developed, San Angelo is well abovethe Statewide Metro
                     AVERAGE                                                      average of 71 percent.
                  METRO AREAS

                                             29%

                                                                                                                                                229

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                  .REGION 17                                                                                                         CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                            PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK

                                                                                                                                  UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                               DISTRICT COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                        PEOPLE          REGION      STATEWIDE
                               TYPE OF FACILITY                  PARK          PARK       PARK        TOTAL         PER              17          AVERAGE
                                                               (UNITS)       (UNITS)    (UNITS)       UNITS         UNIT            METRO    METRO AREAS
                   Games and Sports:
                     Parks   ..............................        1             10          2           13         4,914            .203          .150
                     Tennis Courts   ......................        1             20          0           21         3,042            .328          .142
                     Basketball Courts    ..................       0               0         1            1        63,884            .016          .071
                     Baseball/Softball Fields    ...........       2               9         1           12         5,324            .188          .186
                     Football/Soccer Fields    .............       0               0         0            0            ---           ---           .032
                   Picnicking:
                     Parks   ...............................       1             13          2           16         3,993            .250          .124
                     Tables  .............................         4             64         22           90            710          1.406          1.230
                   Playground:
                     Parks   ..............................        1             12          1           14         4,563            .219          .170
                     Acres Developed  ....................         1               6         1            8         7,986            .125          .258
                   Swimming:
                     Parks   ..............................        0               2         0            2        31,942            .031          .050
                     Pools (Sq. Yd.)  ....................         0           1,400         0         1,400             46        21.875         25.950
                     Designated Fresh Water (Sq. Yd.)      ...     0               0         0            0            ---           ---          52.242
                   Boating:
                     Parks   ..............................        1               0         0            1        63,884            .016          .006
                     Ramp Lanes - Fresh Water    ...........       1               0         0            1        63,884            .016          .008
                   Camping:
                     Parks   ..............................        0               0         0            0            ---           ---           .002
                     Campsites   ..........................        0               0         0            0            ---           ---           .121
                   Fishing:
                     Parks   ............................          1               5         7           13         4,914            .203          .013
                     Pier/Barge/Marina-Fresh Water (Yd             0               0         0            0            ---           ---           .049
                   Golfing:
                     Courses ............................          0               0         1            1        63,884            .016          .005
                     Holes   ..............................        0               0         9            9         7,098            .141          .100
                   Trails:
                     Parks   ..............................        0               0         0            0            ---           ---           .006
                     Nature (Mi.)   .......................        0               0         0            0            ---           ---           .009
                     Horseback (Mi.)  ....................         0               0         0            0                          ---           .003
                     Bicycle (Mi.)   ......................        0               0         0            0            ---           ---           .007
                     Hiking (Mi.)   .......................        0               0         0            0            ---           ---           .006
                     Total Trails (Mi.)    .................       0               0         0            0                          ---           .021

              232

                 REGION 1   7                             PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK                           CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                                                                                                UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                              DISTRICT COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                         PEOPLE       REGION       STATEWIDE
                             TYPE OF FACILITY                   PARK        PARK         PARK       TOTAL          PER             17          AVERAGE
                                                              (UNITS)    '(UNITS)      (UNITS)      UNITS          UNIT           METRO    METRO AREAS

                 Sport Shooting:
                   Parks  .............................          0            0           0           0              ---           ---          .002
                   Traps  .............................          0            0           0           0              ---           ---          .002
                   Shooting Targets   .................   ;      0            0           0           0                            ---            004
                   Archery Targets   ...................         0            0           0           0              ---           ---          :011
                 Miscellaneous:
                   Parks  .............................          0            0           3           3            21,297         .047          .038
                   Amphitheatre Seats    ................        0            0           0           0              --m-          ---          1.077
                   Botanical Gardens (Acres)     .........       0            0           2           2            31,942         .031          .077
                   Zoos (Acres)   ......................         0            0           0           0              ---           ---          .051
                   Community/Recreation Centers     ......       0            0           0           0              ---                        .038

                 Most of the developed park and recreation facilities         in San Angelo are in Community Parks, where all of       the swimming
                 facilities exist. The one District Park is the only          'park with boating facilities, while the only golf course is in a
                 Specialty Park.      Two of the Specialty Parks have botanical gardens.          Thirteen parks have fishing waters available,
                 principally in the Specialty or Community Park categories, however, none of these parks have fishing piers, barges or
                 marinas.

                 of the 32 parks,    16 have facilities for picnicking, 14 have playgrounds, 13 have fishing waters av          .ailable and 13 have,
                 games and sports    facilities.   The most common types of games and sports facilities are tennis with 21 courts (all but
                 one of these in Community Parks), followed by baseball/softball with 12 fields and basketball with one court.

                 Looking at selected facilities in relation to the number of potential users we find the following:

                      63,884 persons for each basketball court                            3,042 persons for each tennis court
                       7,986 persons for each acre of playground                            710 persons for each picnic table
                       7,098 persons for each golf hole                                      46 persons for each square yard of swimming pool
                       5,324 persons for each baseball/softball field

                 San Angelo is above the Statewide Metro average for facility units per 1,000 only for tennis courts, baseball/so               ftball
                 fields, picnic tables, boat ramp lanes and golf holes, while falling below the average for basketball courts, playground
                 acres, square yards of swimming pools and acres of botanical gardens. No football/soccer fields, designated fresh water
                 swimming area, campsites, yards of fishing pier/barge/marina, trail miles, sport shooting facilities, amphitheatre seats,
                 zoo acreage or community/recreation centers were reported.

                                                                                                                                                       233

                    REGION 17                         CONVERSION OF FACILITIES TO RECREATION OP@ORTUNITY DAYS              CITY SIZE: METRO

                    Current opportunity days for 1971 were calculated by multiplying the number of facilities available for each
                    activity in the metro area (determined from the Texas Outdoor Recreation Inventory of Parks, Recreation Areas,
                    and Facilities) times the standard for the facility.

                                                                                                                -DAYS PER THOUSAND POPULATION
                                                                                                ANNUAL             REGION         STATEWIDE
                                                                                                 DAYS                17            AVERAGE
                    ACTIVITY-FACILITY                                                         AVAILABLE            METRO            METRO

                         Swimming (Pools) - square yards   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        210,000            3,281            3,891
                         Child's Play - playground acres   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        220,984            3,453            7,137
                         Baseball/Softball - fields    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        165,648            2,588            2,577
                         Picnicking - tables   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        153,180            2,393            2,093
                         Football/Soccer - fields    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .               0                0             235
                         Golf - holes   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       . 1    36,423              569              414
                         Tennis - courts, double   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         56,574              884              384
                         Basketball - courts, full   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           8,795             137              625

                      Water-Related Activities:

                         Boating, Boat Fishing,   Skiing FW - surface acres    . . . . . .       60,487              945            2,962
                         Boating, Boat Fishing,   Skiing FW` - boat ramps . . . . . . . .        13,486              211              103

                      Trail Activities:

                         Combined Walking, Bicycling, and Nature Study - miles . . . .                 0                0             .164

                    The San Angelo Metro Area offers the most opportunity days for.child's play, followed by swimming (in pools),
                    baseball/softball and picnicking. A comparison between the opportunity days per thousand population for the San
                    Angelo Metro Area and the Statewide Metro average shows that the San Angelo Metro Area surpasses the statewide
                    average for five types of facilities -- baseball/softball-fields, picnic tables, golf courses (holes), tennis
                    courts, and freshwater boat ramps. The San Angelo Metro Area is below the Statewide Metro average for swimming
                    (in pools), child's play, basketba. '11 and surface acres for freshwater boating, boat fishing and skiing, with no
                    opportunity days available for football/soccer and the trails activities.

             234

               REGION 17                           ESTIMATED CURRENT AND FUTURE PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                     CITY SIZE: METRO

               The nineteenth ranking metro area, based on population, San Angelo ranked twentieth in total participation for the year
               1970. Estimates for 1970 indicate that residents and non-residents in the area spent over 1.7 million recreation days
               in pursuit of urban outdoor recreation opportunities available within the metro area.

                                                                           Resident

               For the 16 activities shown, total days of participation in urban outdoor recreation activities by the residents of the
               San Angelo Metropolitan Area was estimated to be 1.5 million days in 1970.        Total participation is expected to increase
               to 2.4 million days in 1975 and to nearly 3.2 million days in 1980.        These projections represent increases of 53.1 per-
               cent by 1975 and 106.7 percent by 1980.      Participation on a days per household basis is projected, to increase from 72.3
               days in 1970 to 109.3 days in 1975, and eo 146.3 days in 1980--increases of 51.3 and 102.5 percent, respectively, over
               the 1970 level. Residents of the San Angelo Metropolitan Area are expected         to participate at a rate of 51, 52, and 56
               days per household below the statewide average for the other Texas metropolitan areas in 1970, 1975, and 1980, respec-
               tively.   For the more distant years of 1990 and 2000, both total days of participation as well as days per household are
               expected  to increase substantially; however, they will remain below the statewide average for all metropolitan areas.

               Projections for specific activities indicate'that 13 of the 16 activities will increase in total days of participation
               through the years 1970 and 1980. Football, is expected to decrease in total participation, while the activities of tennis
               and basketball are anticipated to remain relatively constant. Participation on a days per household basis is expected
               to increase in 15 activities by 1980, while football will decline slightly.         In 1970', the six most popular activities
               based on total participation were:     driving for pleasure, child's play, swimming, sightseeing, bicycling, and walking.
               By 1975, bicycling will replace driving for pleasure as the most popular activity with walking, driving for pleasure,
               child's play, swimming, and sightseeing ranked two through six, respectively.         The six most popular activities in 1980
               are as follows: bicycling, walking, child's play, 'swimming, driving for pleasure, and sightseeing.

                                                                         Non-Resident

               For the urban outdoor recreation activities specified for 1970, particip      ation within the    an Angelo Metropolitan Area by
               non-residents was estimated to total 169,000 days.       Compared to the 1970 level, total participation is expected to de-
               crease 1.2 percent (to*167,000 days) by 1975 and 1.8 percent (to 164,000 days) by 1980. Decreases are anticipated for
               the years 1990 and 2000.

               In terms of days of participation for 1970, the most popular non-resident activities, of the specific activities pro-
               jected, were:    boating, with 37,000 days; sightseeing, with 30,000 days; swimming, with 28,000 days; fishing, with 21,000
               days; football, with 16,000.days; and driving for pleasure with 13,000 days, respectively. A moderate decrease in par-
               ticipation for all activities is expected through the year 2000.        In relative order, the six most popular activities are
               expected to remain the same.

                                                                                                                                                 235

                       REGION 17                                                                     CURRENT AND PROJECTED RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                                     CITY SIZE:         METROS
                                                                                                                    (DOD'S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                                                              1970                                     1975                                     1980                                     1990                                    2000
                                                                            STATE-                                  STATE-                                    STATE-                                   STATE-                                       STATE-
                                                               REG.,l 7     WIDE                        REG.17      WIDE                          REC.17      WIDE                         REG.17      WIDE                          REG. 17        WIDE
                                                               METROS     METROS                        NETROS      METROS                        METROS     METROS                        METROS     METROS                         METROS    METROS
                                                 PART.         AVERAGE    AVERAGE         PART.         AVERAGE     AVERAGE        PART.          AVERAGE    AVERAGE       PART.           AVERAGE    AVERAGE       PART.            AVERAGE   AVERAGE
                       ACTIVITY                  DAYS   RANK   DAYS/HH    DAYS/HH         DAYS  RANK    DAY/HH      DAYS/HH        DAYS   RANK    DAYS/      DAYS/HH       DAYS    RANK    DAYS/IfH   DAYS/HH       DAYS    RANK     DAYS/HH   DAYSIHH
                       Swimming                  197          3    9.25      27.41        269        5    12.49      36.52         345        4    15.87         47.17      509        4    24.50      75.28         740         3   35.35          110.14
                       Child's Play              217          2   10.19      14.08        292        3    13.56      17.72         366        3    16.83         22.00      523        3    25.18      32.20         740         3   35.35          43.99
                       Baseball/Softball          71          8    3.33        2.78        85        9     3.95        3.19         98        9     4.51         3.59       118        8   . 5.68        4.41        144         8    6.88          5.22
                       Picnicking                111          7    5.21        5.72       113        7     5.25        5.66        115        8     5.29         5.66       Ill        9     5.34        5.61        113         9    5.40          5.64
                       Football/Soccer            16          14    .75        1.43        16      15        .74       1.42         16     16         .74        1.41        15     16        .72        1.39         15      16         .72        1.38
                       Golf                       70          9    3.29        3.92        94        8     4.37        4.98        118        7     5.43         6.16       168        7     8.09        8.96        235         6   11.23          12.07
                       Tennis                     21          11    .99        6.06        22      12      1.02        9.21         22     13       1.01         11.49       21     14       1.01      .16.07         21      14      1.00          21.46
                       Basketball                 18          13    .85        1.60        18      14        .84       2.59         18     14         .83        3.57        18     15        .87        5.52         18      15         .86        7.53
                       Walking                   128          6    6.01      18.21        319        2    14.81      23.09         513        2    23.59         29.20      855        2    41.16      39.89        1,229        2   58.71          50.31
                       Bicycling                 151          5    7.09      20.30        533        1    24.75      32.77         923        1    42.45         45.25    1,616     .1      77.79      68.44        2,368        1   113.12         95.49
                       Nature Study                  7        16    .33        .72         19      13        .88       1.67         31     12       1.43         2.64        51     11       2.46        4.63         74      11      3.53          6.76
                       Fishing                    38          10   1.78        1.80        40      10      1.86        1.88         43     11       1.98         1.97        44     12       2.12        2.13         48      12      2.29          2.30
                       Boating                    19          12    .89        .88         34      11      1.58        1.60         50     10       2.30         2.31        78     10       3.75        3.74        108      10      5.16          5.17
                       Skiing                        9        15    .42        .42         13      16        .60         .62        18     14         .83        .82         25     13       1.20        1.22         34      13      1.62          1.81
                       Surfing               - --- ---              ---        ---        --- ---            ---         ---       --- ---            ---        ---        --- ---           ---          ---       --- ---             ---        ---
                       Sightseeing               183          4    8.59        2.25       195        6     9.06        2.34        205        6     9.43         2.50       211        6    10.16        2.70        225         7   10.75          3.01
                       Dr. for Pleas.            283          1   13.29      13.38        292        3    13.56      13.52         300        5    13.80         13.67      296        5    14.25      13.86         306         5   14.62          14.10
                            TOTAL               1,539             72.26     120.96      2,354             109.32    158.78       3,181            146.32      199.41      4,659            224.28      286.05       6,418            306.59         386.32

                                           CURRENT AND PROJECTED NON-RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                           TOTAL CURRENT AND PROJECTED PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000
                                                              (OOO'S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)                                                                                (OOO'S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                       ACTIVITY                           1970            1975             1980              1990              2000       ACTIVITY                          1970'            1975               1980             1990               2000
                       Swimming                               28             27                 27               24              23       Swimming                           225              296               372              533                763
                       Child's Play                           1                1                1                1                 1      Child's Play                       218              293               367              524                741
                       Baseball/Softball                                                                                                  Baseball/Softball                      71             85               98              118                144
                       Picnicking                             11             11                 11               9                 9      Picnicking                         122              124               126              120                122
                       Football/Soccer                        16             16                 16               14              14       Football/Soccer                        32             32               32                  29             29
                       Golf                                   1                1                1                1                 1      Golf                                   71             95              119              169                236
                       Tennis                                                                                                             Tennis                                 21             22               22                  21             21
                       Basketball                                                                                                         Basketball                             18             18               18                  18             18
                       Walking                                8                8                8                7                 7      Walking                            136              327               521              862                1,236
                       Bicycling                                                                                                          Bicycling                          151              533               923              1,616              2,368
                       Nature Study                                                                                                       Nature Study                           7              19               31                  51             74
                       Fishing                                21             21                 20               18              17       Fishing                                59             61               63                  62             65
                       Boating                                37             36                 35               32              30       Boating                                56             70               85              110                138
                       Skiing                                 3                3                3                3                 3      Skiing                                 12             i6               21                  28             37
                       Surfing                                ---           ---                 ---              ---             ---      Surfing                                             ---               ---              ---                ---
                       Sightseeing                            30             30                 29               26              25       Sightseeing                        213              225               234              237                250
                       Dr. for Pleas.                         13             13                 13               11              11       Dr. for Pleas.                     296              305               313              307                317
                            TOTAL                             169           167                 164              146             141            TOTAL                       1,708           2,521            3,345               4,805              6,559

                       Note:     Asterisks indicate that projected annual activity days were less than 500.                   Dashes indicate not applicable.          Zeros indicate that the activity was          not ranked due to
                                 insignificant participation days recorded.

                     236

               REGION 17                    R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E    R E Q U I R E M E N T S         @CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                    1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

               Estimates of urban outdoor recreation resource requirements ere developed for the San Angelo Metropolitan Area for the
               years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000 by comparing currently and projected recreation participation with the current
               recreation opportunities!/ available in the metro. In addition, the availability and spatial distribution of recrea-
               tion opportunities provided by parks and recreation facilities were analyzed with respect to subsections of the San
               Angelo Metro, characterized by residents -having similar incomes and ethnic backgrounds. , Particular attention was given
               to those subsections expected to undergo relatively rapid. population growth and physical expansion in the future.

               Conclusions reached from analyzing the distribution of recreation opportunities within the metropolitan area were used
               to qualify resource requirement estimates where a less than adequate distribution appeared to exist.

               In the discussions that follow, results of the distribution analysis of parks within subsections of the   San Angelo Metro
               Area are presented. Then, estimates of current and future requirements for selected recreation facilities are presented,
               and are qualified by conclusions reached from the distribution analysis of recreation facilities wit1iin subsections of
               the San Angelo Metro Area.

               PARK DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

               in analyzing the availability and distribution of parks in the San Angelo Metro Area, several characteristics were con-
               sidered:  changes in population (or trends, in general, 1960 to 1970), areas of the metro which were expected to exhibit
               relatively major expansion, and the dispersion of existing parks among the income/ethnic subsections of the metro. From
               these interrelated characteristics general conclusions were reached with respect to future park developments for the
               metro area.

               Population trends affected estimations of future recreation participation. Projections of population growth for San
               Angelo indicated that the 1970 metro population of 63,884 will decrease very slightly to about 62,801 persons by the
               year 2000.   In addition, information provided by urban recreation planners of the area shows that major directions of
               future urban expansion are expected to occur in the southwest, northwest, and southeast (as illustrated by arrows of
               decreasing size on the map, titled "Predominant Ethnic Background and Income Subsections") .

               For the San Angelo Metropolitan Area, local metro area recreation planners' delineated fourteen subsections which are
               indicated on the map titled "Predominant Ethnic Background and Income Subsections." The delineated subsections charac-
               terize the homogeneous residential, or demographic, patterns existing in 1971 by two major socio-economic factors.

               I/ "Current" participation refers to levels of participation by type of selected recreation activity which were esti-
                  mated for the year 1970.
               2/ "Current" recreation opportunities refers to computed figures derived from the numbers of publicly- administered
                  facilities by type available within the metro area in 1971.

                                                                                                                                        237

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               REGION 17                   R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S           CITY SIZE: METROS,
                                                                   1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

               overall, San Angelo was reported to contain a large percentage of low-income residents, mostly Anglos and Mexican-
               Americans. There were two subsections composed predominantly of low-income Anglos-- one comprised almost the entire
               northern half of -the metro, and the other much smaller area was indicated to the south of the core area.' The only low-
               income Black subsection in the metro was also located in the northern half of the metro just north of the core area.
               The relatively large low-income Mexican- American subsection was located to the south of the core area on either side of
               Highway 87. There were six. middle- income subsections, five were predominantly Anglo and one predominantly Black. One
               very small Anglo subsection was located west of the low-income Black subsection in the northern half of the metro. The
               largest middle-income Anglo area was located to the southwest of the core -area along either side of Highway 67. The
               three remaining middle-income Anglo subsections were located in the southeastern quadrant of the metro. The very small
               middle-income Black subsection was located in the northwestern quadrant immediately north of the low-income Black sub-
               section. The four high-income subsections were all predominantly characterized by Anglo residents. The two largest
               subsections were located along a line to the southwest of the core area toward the major growth area. The smallest
               was located to the west of the core area in the northern half of the metro, and the remaining subsection was on the
               western periphery of Goodfellow Air Force Base in southeastern San Angelo.

               An analysis of parks dispersion among the subsections was conducted by comparing the "Dispersion of Parks by Type" map
               with the "Predominant Ethnic Background and Income Subsections" map. Overall, the parks reported in 1971 appeared to
               be adequately distributed; although, seven subsections had no parks of any type, the low and the middle-income Black
               subsections, two middle-income Anglo, and three high-income Anglo subsections. Those seven subsections, however, were
               all within one mile of a park. Community, specialty, and open land parks were the most numerous in the metro area with
               community parks having the widest dispersion of all types.   Specialty and open land parks were concentrated in the@
               central portion of the metro.   Areas appearing to need additional parks of all types were generally located in the
               direction of major growth and in the northeast and southeast. Since open land parks were indicated only in the south-
               ern half of the metro, consideration should be given to providing open land parks where the resources are available in
               the northern half and in the major growth areas of the metro.

               In addition to maintaining an adequate dispersion of parks in all portions of the metro area, the provision of differ-
               ent types of recreational facilities in parks  'is also an important consideration. An analysis of the current and future
               requirements for selected recreational facilities and the current dispersion of facilities in the San Angelo Metro Area
               is presented in the following discussions.

               FACILITY REQUIRE24ENTS AND DISTRIBUTION, ANALYSIS

               As mentioned previously, requirements for selected recreational facilities (see the following table) were calculated for
               the years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000. Then, an analysis of the dispersion of existing facilities among the pre-
               dominant income/ethnic subsections and the major growth areas of the metro was conducted.    Conclusions reached from the
               facility dispersion analysis were then used to qualify the facility requirement estimates, particularly in those cases
               where. no additional facilities were estimated as being needed within-the metropolitan area. Usually, special note is

                                                                                                                                        239

                 REGION 17                   R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S O-U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S           CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                     1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                 made where growth areas appeared to have limited facilities. The methodology used to calculate facility requirements in
                 general is explained in Appendix C, Part I--An Overview of the Urban Volume. In the discussions that follow, resource
                 requirements for recreational facilities are generally referred to by units of the most important feature necessary to
                 allow participation. For example, when a requirement is shown for swimming pools, features such as a bathhouse, clean-
                 ing and filtering system, and other support features are implied when a requirement for the major facility is shown.

                                                                         Swimming

                 San Angelo had 1,400 square yards of public swimming pools in 1971. Each square yard (unit) was estimated to provide
                 150 days of swimming opportunity per year which resulted in an estimated 210,000 opportunity days in 1971. To deter-
                 mine if there was a surplus or deficit of opportunity, estimated participation days and estimated opportunity days were
                 compared. For swimming pools there appeared to be a deficit of 2,000 opportunity days, or thirteen square yards in
                 1970. By 1975 the metro area was estimated to require an additional 440 square yards of pools. Cumulative 1980 re-
                 quirements were estimated at 933 square yards. In the years 1990 and 2000, an additional 1,007 and 1,440 square yards,
                 respectively, will be needed for an estimated cumulative requirement of 3,380 square yards by the year 2000. The two
                 parks with swimming facilities were in the metro center. This may indicate that additional facilities were needed in
                 the southeast and north central portions of the metro, with consideration also given to the more rapidly expanding
                 residential sections to the southwest and northwest.

                                                                       Child's Play

                 San Angelo in 1971 had eight acres of playground,divided among fourteen parks within the metro boundary. Multiplying
                 the eight acres by the playground standard (each acre was calculated to provide 27,623 days of recreation opportunity
                 per unit per year) resulted in an estimated 221,000 opportunity days in 1971. The number of opportunity days was then
                 compared with forecasted participation days, as shown in the San Angelo resource requirements table. Playground area
                 deficits were apparent for all planning periods except 1970. The cumulative requirement for 1975 was three acres above
                 the existing eight in 1971. Requirements will grow incrementally by 5 acres, 11 acres, and 19 acres in the remaining
                 planning horizon years, respectively, to a cumulative requirement of 38 acres by the year 2000. Since the existing
                 playgrounds were relatively well distributed among the subsections, additional playgrounds should be considered for the
                 major growth areas.

                                                                     Baseball/Softball

                 With an existing twelve baseball/softball fields providing approximately 166,000 total opportunity days (the facility
                 standard utilized was 13,804 opportunity days provided per field each year), the San Angelo Metropolitan Area appeared
                 to have a sufficient quantity of fields to meet estimated demand through the year 2000. Although a dispersion analysis
                 was not possible from available information, consideration should be given to maintaining a balanced distribution rela-
                 tive to growth areas and the various income/ethnic subsections.

              240

              REGION 17                    R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E    R E Q U I R E M E N T-S           CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                   1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                                                                      Picnicking

              There were ninety public picnic tables in San Angelo in 1971. At 1,702 days of opportunity per table per year (stan-;
              dard) the existing tables provided approximately 153,000 opportunity days in 1971. The existing number of tables was
              expected.to provide sufficient opportunities through the year 2000.     Analysis of picnicking facilities indicated ade-
              quate dispersion among the existing subsections; however, as the metro area grows, provision of additional facilities
              should be considered for the southwest and northwest areas of the metro.

                                                                    Football/Soccer

              The San Angelo Metro Area reported no public football/soccer fields in 1971. With a standard of 7,224 days per year
              per field, it was estimated that four fields would have been required to adequately accommodate demand in 1970. No
              additional fields were estimated to be required until the year 2000 when three more fields will be needed.      In the pro-
              vision of football/soccer fields consideration should be given to a balanced distribution relative to growth areas and
              income/ethnic s'ubsections.

                                                                         Golf

              The only publicly-administered course in San Angelo provided nine holes for golf in 1971.     Using the urban golf stan-
              dard, each golf hole was calculated to be capable of providing 4,047 days of-recreation opportunity annually. There-
              fore, San Angelo had about 36,000 days of opportunity provided in 1971. A -comparison of the expected participation in
              projection years with available opportunity days showed that the metro needed an additional nine holes (at least one
              niae-hole course) in 1970 to adequately accommodate demand. Incrementally, additions of 6, 6, 12, and 16 holes would
              be needed in the years 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000, respectively, to meet expected increases in golfing participation.
              As a general rule, golf courses are constructed in multiples of nine holes; therefore, by the year 2000 the San Angelo
              Metro Area will need slightly over six additional nine-hole courses (49 holes) or three eighteen-hole courses, or some
              appropriate combination which considers local resources. The one public course was located in central San Angelo; con-
              sequently, any additional courses probably should be considered for the fringe areas.

                                                                        Tennis

              The 57,000  opportunity days provided by the twenty-one tennis courts available in 1971 (each court can make available
              about 2,694 days of opportunity per year) were apparently adequate to accommodate demand in 1970, and were estimated to
              be adequate through the year 2000.    Although dispersion of these facilities could not be discerned from available data,
              it is important that a balanced distribution be considered relevant to growth areas and income/ethnic subsections.

                                                                      Basketball

              Based on a standard of 8,795 days per year per court, the one public basketball court enumerated in 1971 provided approx-

                                                                                                                                           241

                 REGION 17                   R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S           CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                     1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                 imately 8,000 opportunity days in 1971. One additionalcourt was estimated to be necessary in order to accommodate
                 demand through the year 2000. Although a dispersion analysis was not possible from available information, a balanced
                 distribution-should be considered relative to growth areas and the various income/ethnic subsections.

                                                                     Trails Activities

                 There were no trails reported in the San Angelo Metro Area in 1971. Analysis of expected participation for walking,
                 bicycling, and nature study indicated that approximately two miles of combined trails should have been added by 1970.
                 Given the expected growth in participation in the trails activities, incremental additions were projected to be 5'miles
                 in 1975, 5 miles in 1980, 8 miles in 1990, and 8 miles in the year 2000. Overall, a total of twenty-eight miles of
                 combined trails should be provided by the year 2000 to meet expected participation levels.

                 A relatively small proportion of the total participation in trail and related activities was estimated to take place
                 in publicly-administered park and recreation areas. It is likely, however, that as trail facilities are provided, the
                 relative proportion of total participation will increase at these recreation areas. Thus, the above estimates of re-
                 sources required may be conservative in the long run and should be considered as minimum estimates. In addition to the
                 expectations for increases in participation in trail and related activities at publicly-administered park and recrea-
                 tion areas, it is.clear that the major proportion of walking, bicycling, and nature study is taking place in local
                 neighborhoods, on city streets, and on available open lands within the area. This phenomenon has direct policy impli-
                 cations with respect to the provision of sidewalks within currently existing and newly developing neighborhoods, the
                 development of a system of bike lanes in high use areas, and the provision of adequate open space and green belt areas
                 within the metro area.

                                                 Water-Related Activities: Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing

                                                             Surface Acres - Freshwater Lakes
                                                              (Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing)

                 A total of 145 surface acres of freshwater lakes was located within the San Angelo Metropolitan Area in 1971 not in-
                 cluding San Angelo Reservoir which was not within the metro area. Using participation patterns of households recreating
                 in the urban areas it was estimated that boating participation would have totaled 56,000 days, boat fishing 12,000
                 days, and skiing 12,000 days for a total of 80,000 days in 1970 if adequate freshwater lakes had been available. A
                 comparison of estimated participation with the opportunities provided by the surface acres existing in 1971 indicated
                 that incremental resource requirements were expected to expand from an additional 48 acres needed in 1970, another 45
                 acres by 1975, 48 acres more by 1980, 82 acres by 1990, and another 86 acres by the year 2000. This brings the cumula-
                 tive resource requirement to 309 surface acres by the year 2000.

              242

               REGION 17                    R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E    R E Q U I R E M E N T S            CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                     1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                                                                 Freshwater Boat Ramps  1

               One publicly-administered freshwater boat lane was reported for the San    Angelo Metropolitan Area in.,1971.   By estimating
               the 1970 total freshwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation which would have occurred using boat ramp
               facilities to gain access to the water, two additional boat ramps were needed in 1970. Projected increases in fresh-
               water boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation were not expected to require any additional freshwater boat ramps
               in 1975; however, one would be required by 1980 and one more by the year 2000, bringing the cumulative resource require-
               ment to four ramps in 2000.    Since boat ramps are the most frequently used means by which boaters, skiers, and boat
               fishermen gain access to freshwater lakes, the provision of freshwater surface acres and freshwater boat ramps required
               should be planned as joint projects, even though in some cases, this may require the construction of boat ramps prior
               to the years reflected in the boat ramp resource requirement projections.

                                                           Summary of Facilities Requirements

               In 1971 the San Angelo Metro had at least some public facilities for all designated outdoor recreation activities except
               football/soccer and trail activities (walking, bicycling, and nature study). Incremental resource requirements were
               indicated in all planning horizon years for trails, and in 1970 and the year 2000 for football/soccer.

               To augment existing facilities, additional square yards of swimming pools, acres for playground facilities,
               holes of golf, acres of freshwater lakes, and freshwater boat ramps were estimated to be required in all, or in some
               cases nearly all, planning horizon years.    One additional public basketball court also was indicated as necessary for
               the year 1970. Existing facilities for baseball/softball, picnicking, and tennis were estimated to be sufficient for
               the metro as a whole through the year 2000.

               A dispersion analysis was possible only for a few facility types. Additional swimming facilities probably should be
               considered for the southeast and the north central portions of the metro, as well as for the rapidly growing southwest
               and northwest portions of San Angelo. The municipal golf course was located in central San Angelo; consequently, if
               additional public courses are provided, consideration should be given to the fringe areas. The dispersion of playgrounds
               and public picnic tables was considered relatively balanced.

               In the provision of additional facilities for all types of outdoor recreation activities, consideration should be given
               to maintaining a balanced distribution relative to growth areas and the various income/ethnic subsections.

               I/ In calculating freshwater boat ramp resource requirements the assumption was made that each boat ramp has two lanes.
                  Supply figures listed in the "Park and Recreation Facilities by Type of Park" table and quoted in the narratives are
                  in terms of single lanes.

                                                                                                                                            243

                     REGION 17                                                                 RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                           CITY SIZE: METROS

                                                                                          TOTAL           1971 OPPORTUNITY      NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                    PARTICIPATION         DAYS AVAILABLE              (OOO'S OF                                 UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                        (OOO'S OF             (0001S OF            ACTIVITY DAYS)                               RESOURCES REQUIRED
                     YEAR      ACTIVITY                                              ACTIVITY  DAYS        ACTIVITY  DAYS        DEFICIT       SURPLUS               CUMULATIVE                       INCREMENTAL
                                 Swimming (Pools)    . . . . . . . . . . .                212  1/                210                  2                              13  square  yards 2/              13  square  yards  2/
                                 Child's Play (Playgrounds)      .    . . . .             218                    221                                3                  0 acres                           0 acres
                                 Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                 71                    166                                95                 0 fields                          0 fields
                                 Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                122                    153                                31                 0 tables                          0 tables
                                 Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                 32                       0               32                                 4 fields                          4 fields
                                 Golf  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   71                     36                35                                 9 holes                           9 holes
                                 Tennis  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 21                     57                                36                 0 courts, dbl.                    0 courts, dbl.
                                 Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 18                       9                 9                                1 court,  full                    1 court, full

                     1970      Water-Related Activities:
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW      . . .               80                     60                20                               48  surfas? acres                 48  surfap acres
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW      . . .               58                     13                45                                 2 ramps-                          2 ramps

                               Trails Activities:
                                 Walking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   14  4/                                                                      1 mile                            1 mile
                                 Bicycling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    6                                                                         1 mile                            1 mile
                                 Nature Study   . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    1                                                                       <1  mile                          <1  mile
                                 Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                            Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                21  4/                   0               21                                 2 miles                           2 miles

                               ACTIVITY
                                 Swimming (Pools)    . . . . . . . . . . . .              278  1/                210                68                               453 square yards!/                440 square  yardsY
                                 Child's Play (Playgrounds)      . . . . . .              293                    221                72                                 3 acres                           3 acres
                                 Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                 85                    166                                81                 0 fields                          0 fields
                                 Picnicking    . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .               124                    153                                29                 0 tables                          0 tables
                                 Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                 32                       0               32                                 4 fields                          0 fields
                                 Golf  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   95                     36                59                               15  holes                           6 holes
                                 Tennis  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   22                     57                                35                 0 courts, dbl.                    0 courts, dbl.
                                 Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 18                       9                 9                                1 court,  full                    0 courts, full

                     1975      Water-Related Activities:
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW      . . .               99                     60                39                               93  surfaS7 acres                 45  surfa 7 acres
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW      . . .               71                     13                58                                 2 ramps-                          0 rampsl

                               Trails Activities:

                                 Walking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   34                                                                          4 miles                           3 miles
                                 Bicycling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  21  4/                                                                      3 miles                           2 miles
                                 Nature Study   . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    4                                                                       <1  mile                            0 miles
                                 Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                            Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                59  4/                   0               59                                 7 miles                           5 miles

                   244

               REGION 17                                                               RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                        CITY SIZE:    METROS

                                                                                  TOTAL           1971 OPPORTUNITY     NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                             PARTICIPATION         DAYS AVAILABLE             (OOO'S OF                               UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                (OOO'S OF             (OOO'S OF         -ACTIVITY DAYS)                               RESOURCES-REQUIRED
               LFL&      ACTIVITY                                             ACTIVITY DAYS)        ACTIVITY DAYS       DEFICIT       SURPLUS              CUMULATIVE                      INCREMENTAL
                          Swimming (Pools)    . . . . . . . . . . .                350                    210              140                             933 square  yardsv               480 square  yards!'
                          Child's Play (Playgrounds)      . . . . . .              367                    221              146                                8acres                          5 acres
                          Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . .                       98                    166                             68                  0fields                         0 fields
                          Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                126                    153                             27                  0tables                         0 tables
                          Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                 32                      0               32                                4fields                         0 fields
                          Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 119                    36                83                                21 holes                        6 holes
                          Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  22                    57                              35                  0courts, dbl.                   0 courts, dbl.
                          Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 18                      9                 9                               1court,  full                   0 courts, full

               1980      Water-Related Activities:
                          Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW      . . .              119                    60                59                             141 surface acres                  48 surfar acres
                          Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW      . . .               84                    .13               71                                3ramps!/                        1 ramP3

                         Trails Activities:
                          Walking  . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  55 4/                                                                     7miles                          3 miles
                          Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 37                                                                        4miles                          1 mile
                          Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   6                                                                       1mile                           I mile
                          Combined Walking, Bicycling,                              98 4/
                                      Nature Study . . . . . . . . .                                        0               98                                12 miles                        5 miles

                         ACTIVITY
                          Swimming (Pools)    . . . . . . . . . . .                501                    210              291                           1,940 square yards@/             1,007 square yardsZ/
                          Child's Play (Playgrounds)      . . . . . .              524                    221              303                                19 acres                        11 acres
                          Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                118                    166                             48                  0fields                         0 fields
                          Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                120                    153                             33                  0tables                         0 tables
                          Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                 29                      0               29                                4fields                         0 fields
                          Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 169                    36               133                                33 holes                        12 holes
                          Tennis   . . . . . . . . . .                              21                    57                              36                  0courts, dbl.                   0 courts, dbl.
                          Basketball    . . . . . . . .                             18                      9                 9                               1court,  full                   0 courts, full

               1990      Water-Related Activities:

                          Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing       FW . . .             151                    60                91                             223 surface acres                  82 surfa   a res
                          Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing       FW . . .             106                    13                93                                3rampsi/                        0 rampX C

                         Trails Activities:
                          Walking  . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . .                  91 4/                                                                     11 miles                        4 miles
                          Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 65 4/                                                                     8miles                          4 miles
                          Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 10                                                                        1mile                           0 miles
                          Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                      Nature Study . . . . . . . . .               166 4/                   0              166                                20 miles                        8 miles

                                                                                                                                                                                                           245

                     REGION 17                                                                 RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                            CITY SIZE: METROS

                                                                                          TOTAL           1971 OPPORTUNITY       NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                    PARTICIPATION          DAYS AVAILABLE             (OOO'S OF                                  UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                        (OOO'S OF              (OOO'S OF            ACTIVITY DAYS)                               RESOURCES REQUIRED
                     YEAR      ACTIVITY                                              ACTIVITY  DAYS)        ACTIVITY  DAYS)      DEFICIT        SURPLUS               CUMULATIVE                       INCREMENTAL
                                Swimming (Pools)     ... . . . . . . . . .                 717 l/                210                507                             3,380 square  yards!'             1,440 square yards!
                                Child's Play @Playgrounds)       . . . . . .               741                   221                520                               38  acres                            19 acres
                                Baseball/Softball    . . . . . . . . . . .                 144                   166                                22                   0fields                           0fields
                                Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  122                   1153                               31                   0tables                           0tables
                                Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                   29                      0                 29                                 7fields                           3fields
                                Golf  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    236                    36                200                               49  holes                            16 holes
                                Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    21                    57                                36                   0courts, dbl.                     0courts, dbl.
                                Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   18                      9                  9                                 1court,  full                     0courts, full

                     2000      Water-Related Activities:

                                Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW        . . .              189                    60                129                               309 surface acres                    86 surf    acres
                                Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW        . . .              131                    13                118                                  4ramps.2/                         IrampaV

                               Trails Activities:
                                Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   130 4/                                                                     15 miles                             4miles
                                Bicycling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    95                                                                        11 miles                             3miles
                                Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   15                                                                           2 miles                           1mile
                                Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                   4/                   0               240                               28 miles                             8miles
                                           Nature Study   . . . . . . . . .                240 -

                     I/  Includes only swimming participation occurring in swimming pools, 94 percent of the total in urban areas.
                     2/  Designated freshwater swimming areas may be substituted for swimming pools.                When making substitutions consider total swimming participation.
                     3/  Assumes 2.0 lanes per ramp.
                     4/  Reflects estimated participation occurring in park and recreation areas; does not include participation occurring outside park and recreation areas.                              'Of the total
                         walking, bicycling, and nature study participation it was determined that 10.5, 4.0, and 20.1. percent, respectively for each activity, occurs in park and recreation
                         areas.

                    246

                                                                                                       05

                                                                                                  a: z
                     GO

                      REGION 18                                REGIONAL DESCRIPTION: MIDLAND METROPOLITAN AREA

                      Midland, the county seat of Midland County, received its name                               POPULATION
                      from its midway location on the railroad between Fort Worth and                             1970 Metro Area Population: 59,463
                      El Paso. Midland was once a thrifty farming community until the                             Change 1960-70: -5%
                      discovery of oil in the Permian Basin. Today, the Midland Metro-                            Race Composition
                                                                                                                     White    ..... 887
                      politan Area is the site of more than 650 petroleum and related                                                  @1/
                      businesses which provide the basis for its economy. It is also                                 Negro    ..... 11%
                      the distribution center for one of Texas' principal cattle ranch-                              Other    .....   1%
                      ing regions.                                                                                Age Composition (years):
                                                                                                                     13 or less     ..... 29%
                      The amount of office space in this metropolitan area ranks it                                  14 - 20        ..... 14%
                      high among Texas cities in this category. Wholesaling and                                      21 - 44      . ..... 32%
                      banking are two other prime contributors to the area's economy.                                45 - 64        ..... 20%
                      Midland College, a part of the Permian Junior College System, is                               65 and over    .....   5%
                      located here and the new University of Texas of the Permian Basin
                      will be shared with the Odessa Metropolitan Area. The Midland                               ECONOMY
                      County Museum and the Museum of the Southwest which include                                 Cattle Distribution
                      exhibits which relate to the past within the region are also                                Petrochemical Industry
                      located here.                                                                               Petroleum Distribution
                                                                                                                  Wholesaling

                      J/ Includes persons of Mexican and/or Spanish descent.

                    REGION 18 MIDLAND                                                                                              CITY SIZE: METRO

                             P U B L I   C L Y     A D M I N I S T E R E D         R E C R E A T 1 0 N        0 P P 0 R T U N I T I E S

                                                                                                          LAND AND WATER ACREAGE

                                                                                                                                    ACRES
                                                                                                                       REGION 18            STATEWIDE
                                                                                                                        MIDLAND              AVERAGE
                                                                                                                         METRO            METRO AREAS

                                                           60%                           Developed Land                    307                1,307

                     REGION 18                                                           Undeveloped Land                  202                   536
                      MIDLAND                        :::@ I
                        METRO                                                            Total Land                        509                1,843
                                                    40%                                  Water Within or Adjacent             0               1,006

                                                                                         Total Land and Water              .509               2,849

                                           FM           DEVELOPED LAND

                                                        UNDEVELOPED LAND
                                                                                         Midland has a total of 509 acres of land set aside.as
                                                                                         park and recreation areas. No surface acres of water
                                                                                         either within or adjacent to the parks were reported.

                                                            71%                          Of the total land acreage, 307 acres are developed
                                                                                         with facilities, leaving 202 acres available for future
                     STATEWIDE                                                           development. With 60 percent of the land acreage
                      AVERAGE                                                            currently developed, Midland is below the Statewide
                    METRO AREAS                                                          Metro average of 71 percent.

                                                29%
                                                          6 0 T%

                                                                                                                                                           249

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                                                                                                       00         PV                                     4--                                >
                                                                         0                         rt                                   ON                         4-1
                                                                                                   =r             0
                                                                                                   (D             rt                    0       00       0                          o
                                                            0                                                                           0       C@       0         0        ON      CD      >
                                                                                                                                        0

              DISPERSION OF PARKS BY TYPE
                                                                                                                                 E3

              URBAN PARKS

              13 DISTRICT PARK
               0 COMMUNITY PARK                                                       MIDLAND
                  SPECIALTY PARK
                                                                                                                      0
                  OPEN-LAND PARK                                                                                                   0

             Source: 1971 Municipal Inventory Update

                                                                                               0

                                                                                            0
                                                                                                                                  011-1

                                                                           0                                                          0

                                                                                                                 0       0
                                                                                              0
                                                                             0

                                                               0

                                                                                                              REGION 18

                                                                                                           MIDLAND AREA

                                                                                                              METRO BOUNDARY

                                                                                                   1 1/2 0           1

                                                                                                                                                           251

                   REGION 18 MIDLAND                                                                                                    CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                             PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK

                                                                                                                                     UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                                DISTRICT COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                          PEOPLE       REGION 18      STATEWIDE
                                TYPE OF FACILITY                   PARK         PARK        PARK         TOTAL         PER           MIDLAND        AVERAGE
                                                                 (UNITS)      (UNITS)     (UNITS)        UNITS         UNIT         METRO        METRO AREAS
                   Games and Sports:
                     Parks    ..............................         1             11          3             15        3,964            .254           .150
                     Tennis Courts    .......................        0             12          4             16        3,716            .271           .142
                     Basketball Courts    ..................         0              0          0              0          ---            ---            .071
                     Baseball/Softball Fields      ...........       6             19          4             29        2,050            .491           .186
                     Football/Soccer Fields     .............        0              0          0              0          ---            ---            .032
                   Picnicking:
                     Parks    ..............................         1              0          0              1       59,463            .016           .124
                     Tables   .............................          69             0          0             69          862           1.169           1.230
                   Playground:
                     Parks    ..............................         1             12          8             21        2,831            .351           .170
                     Acres Developed   ....................          3             13          14            30        1,982            .508           .258
                   Swimming:
                     Parks    ..............................         1              3          1              5       11,892            .084           .050
                     Pools (Sq. Yd.)   ....................         660          1,200       150          2,010             30        34.067         25.950
                     Designated Fresh Water (Sq. Yd.)...             0              0          0              0          ---                         52.242
                   Boating:
                     Parks    ..............................         0              0          0              0          ---            ---            .006
                     Ramp Lanes --Fresh Water      ...........       0              0          0              0          ---            ---            .008
                   Camping:
                     Parks    ...............................        1              0          0              1       59,463            .016           .002
                     Campsites   ..........................          3              0          0              3       19,821            .050           .121
                   Fishing:
                     Parks    ..............................         0              0          0              0          ---            ---            .013
                     Pier/Barge/Marina-Fresh Water (Yd.)             0              0          0              0          ---            ---            .049
                   Golfing:
                     Courses  ............................           1              0          0              1       59,463            .016           .005
                     Holes    ..............................         18             0          0             18        3,303            .305           .100
                   Trails:
                     Parks    ..............................         0              0          0              0          ---            ---            .006
                     Nature   (Mi.)  .......................         0              0          0              0                         ---            .009
                     Horseback (Mi.)   ....................          0              0          0              0          ---            ---            .003
                     Bicycle (Mi.)    ......................         0              0          0              0          ---            ---            .007
                     Hiking (Mi.)   .......................          0              0          0              0          ---            ---            .006
                     Total Trails (Mi.)     .................        0              0          0             .0          ---            ---            .021

                252

                 REGION 18 MIDLAND                       PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK                          CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                                                                                               UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                             DISTRICT COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                       PEOPLE      REGION 18      STATEWIDE
                            TYPE OF FACILITY                 . PARK        PARK         PARK       TOTAL         PER          MIDLAND       AVERAGE
                                                             (UNITS)     (UNITS)      (UNITS)      UNITS         UNIT           METRO     METRO AREAS

                 Sport Shooting:
                   Parks .............................          0            0           0            0             ---          ---           .002
                   Traps ...............................        0            0           0            0                          ---           .002
                   Shooting Targets   ..................        0            0           0            0             ---          ---           .004
                   Archery Targets  .................... .      0            0           0            0             ---          ---           .011
                 Miscellaneous:
                   Parks .............................          0            0           1            1         59,463           .016          .038
                   Amphitheatre Seats   ................        0            0           0            0             ---          ---         1.077
                   Botanical Gardens (Acres)    .........       0            0           0            0             ---                        .077
                   Zoos (Acres)  ......................         0            0           0            0             ---          ---           .051
                   Community/Recreation Centers     ......      0            0                        1         59,463           .016          .038

                 The park and recreation facilities in Midland are distributed among         all three of the   park categories.    However,   the
                 only picnicking, camping and golf facilities are in the one District Park. One community /recreation center was
                 reported and that in a Specialty Park. Five parks have swimming pools totalling 2,010 square yards.'

                 Of the 29 parks, 21 have playgrounds, 15 have games and sports facilities, and 5 have swimming pools. The only                types
                 of games and sports facilities are baseball/softball with 29 fields and tennis with 16 courts.

                 Looking at the facilities in relation to the number of potential users we find the following:

                      59,463 persons for each community/recreation center                2,050 persons for each baseball/softball field
                      19,821 persons for each campsite                                   1,982 persons for each acre of playground
                        3,716 persons for each tennis court                                862 persons for each picnic table
                        3,303 persons for each golf hole                                    30 persons for each square yard of swim     ming pool

                 Midland is  above the Statewide Metro average for f     acility units   per 1,000 only for tennis courts, baseball/softball
                 fields, playground acres, square yards of swimming pools and golf holes, while falling below the average for picnic
                 tables, campsites and community/recreation centers. No basketball courts, football/soccer fields, designated fresh
                 water swimming area, boat ramp lanes, yards of fishing pier/barge/marina, trail miles, sport shooting facilities,
                 amphitheatre seats, acres of botanical gardens or zoo acreage were reported.

                                                                                                                                                     253

                     REGION 18 MIDLAND                  CONVERSION OF FACILITIES TO RECREATION OPPORTUNITY DAYS                 CITY SIZE: METRO

                     Current opportunity days for,1971 were calculated by multiplying the number of facilities available for each
                     activity in the metro area (determined from the Texas Outdoor Recreation Inventory of Parks, Recreation Areas,
                     and Facilities) times the standard for the facility.

                                                                                                                  DAYS PER THOUSAND POPULATION
                                                                                                   ANNUAL              REGION          STATEWIDE
                                                                                                    DAYS                  18            AVERAGE
                     ACTIVITY-FACILITY                                                            AVAILABLE        MIDLAND METRO         METRO

                          Swimming (Pools) - square yards     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        301,500             5,110             3,891
                          Child's Play - playground acres     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        828,690             14,046            7,137
                          Baseball/Softball - fields     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         400,316             6,785             2,577
                          Picnicking - tables   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          117,438             1,990             2,093
                          Football/Soccer - fields     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                0                 0              235
                          Golf - holes    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .            72,846            1,235               414
                          Tennis - courts, double    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           43,104                731             384
                          Basketball - courts, full    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                0                 0              625

                       Water-Related Activities:

                          Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW - surface acres        . . . . . .             0                 0            2,962
                          Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW - boat ramps      . . . . . . . .                                0              103

                       Trail Activities:

                          Combined Walking, Bicycling, and Nature Study - miles       . . . .             0                 0              164

                     The Midland Metro Area offers the most opportunity days for child's play, followed by baseball/softball and swimming
                     (in pools). A comparison between the opportunity days per thousand population for the Midland Metro Area and the
                     Statewide Metro average shows that the Midland Metro Area surpasses the statewide average for five of the activity
                     types -- swimming (in pools), child's play, baseball/softball, golf and tennis. The Midland Metro Area is below
                     the Statewide Metro average for picnicking, with no opportunity days available for football/soccer, basketball,
                     surface acres for freshwater boating, boat fishing, and skiing, freshwater boat ramps and the trails activities.

               254

               REGION 18 MIDLAND                    ESTIMATED CURRENT AND FUTURE PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                       CITY SIZE: METRO

               The twentieth ranking metro area based on population, Midland ranked thirteenth in total participation for the year
               1970.  Estimates for 1970 indicate that residents and non-residents in the area spent over 2.7 million recreation days
               in pursuit of urban outdoor recreation opportunities available within the metro area.

                                                                            Resident

               Total days of participation in urban outdoor recreation activities by the residents of the Midland Metropolitan Area
               were estimated to be 2.6 million days in 1970.       Total participation is expected to increase.to 3.3 million days in 1975
               and to 4.1 million days in 1980.      These projections represent increases of 29.1 percent by 1975 and 59.5 percent by
               1980 over the 1970 participation level.      Participation on a days per household basis is projected to increase 39.6 per-
               cent by 1975 and 78.5 percent by 1980 over the 1970 level.         These percentages, compared to the 1970.1evel of 107.2 days,
               represent increases in 1975 to 149.7 days and in 1980 to 191.4 days. Relative to other metropolitan areas, participa-
               tion on a days per household basis is projected to be below the statewide averages by 16, 12, and 11 days in 1970, 1975,
               and 1980, respectively.     Both the total days of participation and the days per household are expected to increase through
               the year 2000, but they will remain below the statewide average for all metropolitan areas.

               In 1970, the six most popular activities, based on total participation, were estimated to be:             swimming, child  's play,
               walking, driving for pleasure, golf, and bicycling.        The six most popular activities   ' in 1975 were anticipated to be swim-
               ming, bicycling, walking, child's play, driving for pleasure, and golf.          These activities are expected to hold their
               respective rankings through 1980. Of the 16 activities shown, 13 are expected to increase in days of total participa-
               tion. However, the activities of football and tennis are expected to decrease in participation through the year 2000.
               Fishing is expected to remain relatively constant through 2000. With respect to participation on a day            s per household
               basis, all 16 activities are expected to increase in participation through the year 2000.

                                                                          Non-Resident

               Participation in urban outdoor recreation activities within the Midland Metropolitan Area by non-residents was estimated
               to total 169,000 days for the activities specified for 1970.         Compared to the 1970 level, total participation is expected
               to remain-constant through 1975 and is expected to decrease .6 percent (to 168,000 days) by 1980.             The projected years
               1990 and 2000 indicate that participation will increase gradually through 2000.

               Of the specific activities projected, the most popular activities by non-residents for 1970 were:             driving for pleasure,
               with 122,000 days, sightseeing, with 22,000 days; picnicking, with 11,000 days; child's play, with            5,000 days; and foot-
               ball, with 5,000 days. All activities are expected to remain relatively constant in participation             through the year 2000
               with driving for pleasure, sightseeing, picnicking, child's play, and football retaining their 1970 ranking of one through
               five, respectively.

                                                                                                                                                    255

                       REGION 18 HIDLAND                                                           CURRENT AND PROJECTED RESIDENT PARTICIPATION            1970-2000                                                          CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                                                                  (OOO'S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                                                             1970                                     1975                                    1980                                     1990                                   2000
                                                                            STATE-                                STATE-                                   STATE-                                   STATE-                                  STATE-
                                                             REG.18         WIDE                      REG.18      WIDE                        REG.18       WI DE                       REG. 18      WIDE                       REG. 18      WIDE
                                                             METROS         METROS                    METROS      METROS                      METROS       METROS                      METROS       METROS                     METROS       METROS
                                                PART.        AVERAGE        AVERAGE     PART.         AVERAGE     AVERAGE        PART.        AVERAGE     AVERAGE        PART.         AVERAGE     AVERAGE      PART.          AVERAGE     AVERAGE
                       ACTIVITY                 DAYS   RANK  DAYS/          DAYS/HH     DAYS   RANK   DAYSMH      DAYS/HH        DAYS   RANK  DAYS/HH     DAYS/HH        DAYS   RANK   DAYS/HH     DAYS/HH      DAYS     RANK  DAYS/HH     DAYS/HH
                       Swimming                 824          1    34.38     27.41        882       1      39.79     36.52        953        1       44.51     47.17     1,135       2      56.68    75.28       1,296         2    69.74    110.14
                       Child's Play             452          2    18.86     14.08        484       4      21.84     17.72        536        4       25.04     22.00        644      4      32.16    32.20         70          4    40.31     43.99
                       Baseball/Softball          56         8    2.34         2.78       60       9      2.71       3.19         64      10        2.99      3.59         74     11       3.70      4.41          83     11       4.47       5.22
                       Picnicking                 84         7    3.50         5.72       84       7      3.79       5.66         87        9       4.06      5.66         95       9      4.74      5.61         102         9    5.49       5.64
                       Football/Soccer              5        16    .21         1.43          5   16        .23       1.42            5    16        .23       1.41            4   16           .20   1.39            4    16         .22      1.38
                       Golf                     183          5    7.63         3.92      192       6      8.66       4.98        207        6       9.67      6.16         237      6      11.84     8.96         260         6    13.99     12.07
                       Tennis                     26         11   1.08         6.06       25     13       1.13       9.21         25      14        1.17      11.49        24     14       1.20     16.07          23     15       1.24      21.46
                       Basketball                 29         10   1.21         1.60       73       8      3.29       2.59        115        7       5.37      3.57         191      7      9.54      5.52         254         7    13.67      7.53
                       Walking                  352          3    14.69     18.21        520       3      23.46     23.09        690        3       32.23     29.20        998      3      49.84    39.89       1,253         3    67.43     50.31
                       Bicycling                170          6    7.09      20.30        549       2      24.77     32.77        909        2       42.46     45.25     1,558       1      77.80    68.44       2,102         1    113.12    95.49.
                       Nature Study               20         13    .83         .72        59     10       2.66       1.67         96        8       4.48      2.64         163      8      8.14      4.63         219         8    11.79      6.70
                       Fishing                    43         9    1.79         1.80       42     11       1.90       1.88         42      12        1.96      1.97         43     12       2.15      2.13          43     13       2.31       2.30
                       Boating                    21         12    .88         .88        35     12       1.58       1.60         49      11        2.29      2.31         75     10       3.75      3.74          96     10       5.17       5.17
                       Skiing                     10         15    .42         .42        14     15        .63         .62        18      15        .84       .82          24     14       1.20      1.22          30     14       1.61       1.81
                       Surfing                  --- ---            ---         ---       --- ---           ---                                      ---       ---          __M.   ___          ---      ---       --- ---            ---       ---
                       Sightseeing                15         14    .63         2.25       20     14        .90       2.34         26      13        1.21      2.50         42     13       2.10      2.70          66     12       3.55       3.01
                       Dr. for Pleas.           280          4    11.68     13.38        274       5      12.36     13.52        276        5       12.89     13.67        283      5      14-.13   13.86         281         5    15.12     14,10
                           TOTAL               2,570            107.22      120.96     3,318            149.70    158.78         4,098              191.40 199.41       5,596            279.17     286.05      6,861              369.23   386.32

                                          CURRENT AND PPOJECTED NON-RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                         TOTAL CURRENT AND PROJECTED PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000
                                                             (OOO'S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)                                                                               (OOO'S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                       ACTIVITY                          1970               1975          1980             1990              2000       ACTIVITY                           1970            1975              1980             1990            2000

                       Swimming                              1                 1               1                1                1      Swimming                           825                 883           954              1,136          1,297
                       Child's Play                          5                 5               5                5                5      Child's Play                       457                 489           541              649              754
                       Baseball/Softball                     I                 I               1                1                1      Baseball/Softball                     57               61             65               75                  84
                       Picnicking                            11             11               10                 11               11     Picnicking                            95               95             97              105              113
                       Football/Soccer                       5                 5               5                5                5      Football/Soccer                       10               10             10                   9               9
                       Golf                                                                                                             Golf                               183                 192           207              237              260
                       Tennis                                                                                                           Tennis                                26               25             25               24                  23
                       Basketball                                                                                                       Basketball                            29               73            115              191              254
                       Walking                               2                 2               2                .2               2      Walking                            354                 522           692              1,000          1,255
                       Bicycling                                                                                                        Bicycling                          170                 549           909              1,558          2,102
                       Nature Study                                                                                                     Nature Study                          20               59             96              163              219
                       Fishing                                                                                                          Fishing                               43               42             42               43                  43
                       Boating                                                                                                          Boating                               21               35             49               75                  96
                       Skiing                                                                                                           Skiing                                10               14             18               24                  30
                       Surfing                               ---            ---              ---                ---              ---    Surfing                            ---                 ---           ---              ---
                       Sightseeing                           22             22               22                 23               23     Sightseeing                           37               42             48               65                  89
                       Dr. for Pleas.                        122            122              122                123              125    Dr. for Pleas.                     402                 396           398              406              40

                           TOTAL                             169            169              168                171              173          TOTAL                      2,739             3,487          4,266               5,761          7,034

                       Note: Asterisks indicate that projected annual activity days were less than 500. Dashes indicate not applicable. Zeros indicate that the activity was not ranked due to
                                insignificant participation days recorded.

                      256

              REGION 18 MIDLAND        R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S            CITY SIZE: METROS.
                                                               1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

              Estimates of urban outdoor recreation resource requirementslyere developed for the Midland Metropolitan Area for the
              years 1970, 1975, 1980 'J?90, and 2000 by comparing current-- and projected recreation participation with the 1971
              recreation opportunities- available in'the metro.    In addition, the availability and spatial distribution of recrea-
              tion opportunities provided by parks and recreation -facilities were analyzed with respect to subsections of the Midland
              Metro characterized by residents having similar incomes and ethnic backgrounds. Particular attention was given to
              those subsections expected to undergo relatively rapid population growth and physical expansion in the future.

              Conclusions reached from analyzing the distribution of recreation opportunities within the-metropolitan area were
              used to qualify resource requirement estimates where a less than adequate distribution appeared to exist.

              In the discussions that follow, results of the distribution analysis of parks within subsections of the Midland
              Metro Area are presented. Then, estimates of current and future requirements for selected recreation facilities
              are presented, and are qualified by conclusions reached from the distribution analysis of recreation facilities
              within subsections of the Midland Metro.

              PARK DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

              In analyzing the availability and distribution of parks in the Midland Metro Area, several characteristics were con-
              sidered: changes in population (or trends in general, 1960 to 1970), areas of the metro which were expected to
              exhibit relatively major expansion, and the dispersion of existing parks among the income/ethnic subsections of
              the metro. From these interrelated characteristics general conclusions were reached with respect to future park
              developments for the metro area.

              Population trends affected estimations of future recreation participation. Projections of population growth for
              Midland indicated that the 1970 population of 59,463 would fluctuate only slightly through the year 2000. In addi-
              tion, information provided by urban recreation planners of the area showed that the major direction of future urban
              expansion was expected to occur in the northwest (illustrated by an arrow on the map, titled "Predominant Ethnic
              Background and Income Subsections 11).

              l/ "Current" participation refers to levels of participation by type of selected recreation activity@which were
                 estimated,for the year 1970.
              2/ "Current" recreation opportunities refers to computed figures derived from the numbers of publicly@administered
                 facilities by type available within the metro area in 1971.

                                                                                                                                      257

                 REGION 18 MIDLAND        R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S,           CITY SIZE: NETROS
                                                                 1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                 For the Midland Metropolitan Area, local metro area recreation planners delineated six subsections which are indicated
                 on the accompanying map titled "Predominant Ethnic Background and Income Subsections." The delineated subsections
                 characterize the homogeneous residential, or demographic, patternsexisting in 1971 by two major socio-economic
                 factors. There were three low-income subsections, one each characterized chiefly by Anglo, Black, and Mexican American
                 residents, all of which were in the southeastern one-third of the metro area. Two of the subsections were predominantly
                 characterized by middle-income residents. One was a predominantly Black subsection located in the northeastern portion
                 of the metro, and the other was predominantly Anglo and located in the southwest. The remaining subsection was a
                 large predominantly high-income Anglo area in the northwestern portion of the metro.

                 An analysis of parks dispersion among the subsections was conducted by comparing the "Dispersion of Parks by Type"
                 map with the "Predominant Ethnic.Backgro,und and Income Subsections" map. Overall, Midland appeared to have very good
                 distribution of the existing parks with all six subsections having at least two parks each. There were only three
                 open land parks in the metro. Two of the parks were located in the metro center, and the other was on the northwest
                 edge of the metro. Parks of this type should be considered for the remainder of the metro when resources are avail-
                 able. In general, parks with recreational facilities appear to be most needed in the northwest toward the area of
                 expected major growth and in the south.

                 In addition to maintaining an adequate dispersion of parks in all portions of the metro area, the provision of differ-
                 ent types of recreational facilities in parks is also an important consideration. An analysis of the current and
                 future requirements for selected recreational facilities and the current dispersion of facilities in the Midland
                 Metro is presented in the following discussions.

                 FACILITY REQUIREMENTS AND DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

                 As mentioned previously, requirements for selected recreational facilities (see the following table) were calculated
                 for the years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000. Then, an analysis of the dispersion of existing facilities among the
                 predominant income/ethnic subsections and the major growth area of the metro was conducted. Conclusions reached from
                 the facility dispersion analysis were then used to qualify the facility requirement estimates, particularly in those
                 cases where no additional facilities were estimated as being needed within the metropolitan area. Usually, special
                 note is made where growth areas appeared to have limited facilities. The methodology used to calculate facility
                 requirements in general is explained in Appendix C, Part I--An Overview of the Urban Volume. In the discus.sions
                 that follow, resource requirements for recreational facilities are generally referred to by units of the most
                 important feature necessary to allow participation. For example, when a requirement is shown for swimming pools,
                 features such as a bathhouse, cleaning and filtering system, and other support features are implied when a require-
                 ment for the major facility is shown.

             258

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                    REGION 18 MIDLAND        R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E    R E Q'U I R E M E N T S            CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                     1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                                                                           Swimming

                    Midland had 2,010 square yards of public swimming pools in 1971. Each square yard (unit) was estimated to provide
                    150 days of swimming opportunity per year which yielded an estimated 302,000 opportunity days. To determine if there
                    was a surplus or deficit of opportunity, estimated participation days and estimated opportunity days were compared.
                    For swimming there appeared to be a deficit of 3,160 square yards in 1970, and deficits were shown in each planning
                    year thereafter. By 1975 the metro area was estimated to require an additional 360 square yards of pools and 447
                    square yards by 1980. Cumulative 1980 requirements were estimated at 3,967 square yards. Incremental requirements
                    of 1,146 square yards and 1,000 square yards were estimated for 1990 and 2000, respectively.   Public outdoor swimming
                    pools appeared to be absent in the high-income Anglo subsection in the northern portion of Midland and in the low-
                    income Mexican-American subsection in east central Midland.

                                                                         Child's Play

                    Midland in 1971 had thirty acres of playground divided among twenty-one parks within the metro boundary. Multiplying
                    the thirty acres by the playground standard (each acre was calculated to provide 27,623 days of recreation opportunity
                    per unit per year) provided an estimated 829,000 annual opportunity (potential participation) days. Annual oppor-
                    tunity days were then compared with forecasted participation days as shown in the Midland resource requirements table.
                    The existing playground areas appear to be adequate for all planning horizon years. Since the existing playgrounds
                    were relatively well distributed among the subsections, additional playground areas should be similarly dispersed with
                    emphasis placed on the major growth area.

                                                                      Baseball/Softball

                    With an existing twenty-nine baseball/softball fields providing approximately 400,00 '0 opportunity days (the facility
                    standard utilized was 13,804 opportunity days provided per field each year), the Midland Metropolitan Area appears to
                    have a sufficient quantity of fields to meet the activity requirements of their baseball/softball recreationists
                    through the year 2000. Although a dispersion analysis was not possible from information available for 1971, con-
                    sideration should be given to providing a balanced distribution which takes into account the growth area and income/
                    ethnic subsections, when allocating additional facilities.

                                                                         Picnicking

                    There were sixty-nine public picnic tables in Midland in 1971. At 1,702 days of opportunity per table per year
                    (standard) the existing tables provided approximately 117,000 days annually. Although the existing number of tables
                    was expected to provide adequate overall opportunity through the year 2000, all of the tables were located in the
                    district park in the northeastern corner of the metro. In the provision of additional facilities, areas other than
                    northeastern Midland should be considered at present as well as in the future.

             260

              REGION 18 MIDLAND         R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E    R E Q U I R E M E N T S            CITY SIZE- METROS
                                                                1 9 7 0 @ 2 0 0 0

                                                                  Football/Soccer

              Information provided in 1971 indicates that there were no public f optball /soccer fields in Midland in 1971. Estimates
              of the number of participation days suggest that the provision of one field, located so as to maximize access (rela-
              tive to income/ethnic subsections and the major growth area), should be adequate through the year 2000.

                                                                        IG if
                                                                        10

              The district park located in the extreme northeastern corner of the metro provided an 18 hole public golf course in
              1971. Using the urban golf standard, each golf hole was calculated to be capable of providing 4,047 days of recrea-
              tion opportunity annually. Midland golfers, then, should have had about 73,000 days of opportunity provided by this
              public course.   Comparing the estimated participation with the available opportunity days shows that the golfers would
              have required an additional twenty-seven holes (at least three nine-hole courses) in 1970.    Incrementally, additions
              of 2, 4, 8, and 5 holes would be required in the years 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000, respectively, to meet expected
              inc'reases in golfing participation. As a general rule, golf courses are constructed in multiples of nine holes;
              therefore, it was estimated that by the year 2000, the Midland Metro Area will need five additional nine-hole courses
              (forty-five holes) or two eighteen-hole courses and a nine-hole course, or some appropriate combination which con-
              siders local resources.   In view of the location of the existing course, areas of the metro other than northeastern
              Midland should be considered in the allocation of additional courses.

                                                                       Tennis

              The 43,000 opportunity days provided by the sixteen public tennis courts available in 1971 (each court can make avail-
              able about 2,694 days of opportunity per year) apparently were adequate to meet facility requirements for Midland
              through the year 2000. Although a dispersion analysis of these facilities could not be made from available data,
              it is important that a balanced distribution (relative to income-ethnic subsections and the major growth area) be
              considered in the allocation of additional facilities.

                                                                     Basketball

              Based on a standard of 8,795 days per year per court, an estimated three courts would have been required in 1970 to
              adequately accommodate demand.   Information indicates that there were no publicly-administered basketball courts
              available in Midland in 1971.   Incremental resource requirements were estimated to be 5 courts in 1975, 5 courts in
              1980, 9 courts in 1990, and 7 courts in the year 2000; this brings the cumulative resource requirement to 29 courts
              by the year 2000. Although a dispersion analysis was not possible, the various income/ethnic subsections and the
              major growth area should be considered in the allocation of additional basketball facilities.

                                                                                                                                         261

                REGION 18 MIDLAND        R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S            CITY SIZE: NETROS
                                                                1 9 7 0   2 0 0 0

                                                                  Trails Activities

                In 1971, Midland reported no miles of,designated tra3' -1, and projected participation for walking, bicycling, and
                nature study occurring in the park and recreation areas indicates that approximately six miles of combined trails
                were needed in 1970. Given the expected participation growth in the trails activities, incremental additions were
                projected to increase by 5 miles in 1975, 4 miles in 1980, 9 miles in 1990, and 7 miles in 2000. overall, a total
                of thirty-one miles of combined trails should be added by the year 2000 to. meet expected participation levels.

                A relatively small proportion of the total participation in trail and related activities was estimated to take place
                in publicly administered park and recreation areas. It is likely, however, that as trail facilities are provided,
                the relative proportion of total participation will increase at these recreation areas. Thus, the above estimates
                of resources required may be conservative in the long run and should be considered as minimum.estimates. In addition
                to the expectations for increases in participation in trail and related activities at publicly administered park and
                recreation areas, it is clear that the major proportion of walking, bicycling, and nature study is occurring in
                places other than established recreation areas. The majority of this participation is most likely taking place in
                local neighborhoods; on city streets, and on available open lands within the area. This phenomenon has direct
                policy implications with respect to the provision of sidewalks within currently existing and newly developing neigh-
                borhoods, the development of a system of bike lanes in high use areas, and the provision of adequate open space and
                green belt areas withinthe metro area.

                                             Water-Related Activities: Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing

                                                           Surface Acres-Freshwater Lakes
                                                           (Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing)

                No surface acres of freshwater lakes were reported available for water-related recreation within the Midland Metro
                Area in 1971. Using participation patterns of the households recreating within the urban areas, it was estimated
                that a total of 40,000 days of freshwater boating, boat fishing, and skiing participation would have occurred in
                1970 if adequate freshwater lakes had been available. Of these 40,000 days, 21,000 were boating participation days,
                9,000 were boat fishing days, and 10,000 were skiing days. Projections developed for the water-related activities
                indicate incremental resource requirements of 96 surface acres in 1970, 43 surface acres in 1975, 43 surface acres
                in 1980, 77 surface acres in 1990, and 65 surface acres in 2000. This brings the cumulative resource requirement to
                324 surface acres by the year 2000.

              262

                REGION 18 MIDLAND        R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S             CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                 1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                                                                Freshwater Boat Rampsi/

                No publicly-administered freshwater boat lanes were reported for the Midland Metro Area in 1971. By estimating the
                1970 total freshwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation which would have occurred using freshwater
                boat ramp facilities to gain access to the water if ramps were available, it was calculated that one boat ramp was
                needed in 1970.  Projected increases in freshwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation are expected to
                require one additional freshwater boat ramp in 1975, none in 1980, one in 1990, and one in the year 2000, bringing
                the cumulative resource requirement to four ramps in 2000. Since boat ramps are the most frequently used means by
                which boaters, skiers, and boat fishermen gain access to freshwater lakes, the provision of freshwater surface acres
                and freshwater boat ramps required should be planned as joint projects, even though, in some cases, this may require
                the construction of boat ramps prior to the years reflected in the boat ramp resource requirement projections.

                                                          Summary of Facilities Requirements

                Information provided in 1971 indi6ates that there were no public football/soccer fields, basketball courts, designated
                trails, surface acres of freshwater lakes, or freshwater boat ramps. Resource requirements were indicated for all,
                or nearly all, planning horizon years for basketball courts, trail facilities, acres of freshwater lakes, and fresh-
                water boat ramps. The provision of one football/soccer field was estimated to be required to adequately accommodate
                demand through the year 2000. In terms of water-oriented recreation, low annual rainfall rates an"d very high evapora-
                tion rates in many parts of West Texas makes the construction of freshwater lakes difficult.

                To augment existing facilities, additional square yards of swimming pool, and additional holes of golf were calculated
                to be required in each planning horizon year. Existing facilities for child's play, baseball/softball, picnicking,
                and tennis were estimated to be adequate through the year 2000, for the metro as a whole.

                A dispersion analysis was possible only for a few facility types. Public outdoor swimming pools appeared to be absent
                in the high-income Anglo subsection in the northern portion of the metro and in the low-income Mexican-American sub-
                section in east central Midland. Although the number of public picnic tables was estimated to be adequate for the
                metro as a whole, all of the facilities were located in the district park in the extreme northeastern part of Midland.
                This same park also had the only public golf course; consequently, if additional picnicking facilities or golf courses
                are provided, areas of the metro,other than Northeast Midland should be taken into consideration. Playground facil-
                ities appeared to be reasonably well distributed in 1971

                l/ In calculating freshwater boat ramp resource requirements the assumption was made that each boat ramp has two lanes.
                   Supply figures listed in the "Park and Recreation Facilities by Type of Park" table and quoted in the narratives
                   are in terms of single lanes.

                                                                                                                                        263

                     REGION 18 MIDLAND                                                             RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                                 CITY SIZE: METROS

                                                                                             TOTAL          1971 OPPORTUNITY       NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                      PARTICIPATION          DAYS AVAILABLE              (OOO'S OF    .                             UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                         (OOO'S    OF           (0001S  OF             ACTIVITY DAYS)                               RESOURCES REQUIRED
                     YEAR      ACTIVITY                                                ACTIVITY    DAYS       ACTIVITY  DAYS        DEFICIT       SURPLUS                    CUMULATIVE                        INCRI24ENTAL
                                 Swimming (Pools)    . . . . . . . . . . .                   776   1/              302                 474                            3,160  square yards   2/          3,160  square yards, 2/
                                 Child's Play (Playgrounds)       . . . . . .                457                   829                              372                      0acres                            0acres
                                 Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                   57                    400                              343                      0fields                           0fields
                                 Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   95                    117                                22                     0tables                           0tables
                                 Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                   10                       0                10                                    1field                            1field
                                 Golf  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     .183                     73               110                                   27 holes                          27 holes
                                 Tennis  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     26                       43                              17                     0courts, dbl.                     0courts, dbl.
                                 Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   29                       0                29                                    3courts, full                     3courts, full

                     1970      Water-Related Activities:          I
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW        . . .               40                       0                40                                    96 surfar acres                   96 surface acres
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW                            30                       0                30                                    1    3                            1ramp-3

                               Trails Activities:
                                 Walking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     37    4/                                                                        5miles                            5miles
                                 Bicycling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      7   -41                                                                       1mile                             1mile
                                 Nature Study   . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      4   4/                                                                        <1 mile                           <1 mile
                                 Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                      4/
                                            Nature Study,                                    48    -                  0                48                                    6miles                            6miles

                               ACTIVITY
                                 Swimming (Pools)    . . . . . . . . . . .                   830   1/              302                 528                            3,520  square yards'  2/                 360 square yards 2/
                                 Child's Play (Playgrounds)       . . . . . .                489                   829                              340                      0acres                            0acres
                                 Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                   61                    400                              339                      0fields                           0fields
                                 Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   95                    117                                22                     0tables                           0tables
                                 Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                   10                       0                10                                    1field                            0fields
                                 Golf  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     192                      73               119                                   29 holes                          2holes
                                 Tennis  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     25                       43                              18                     0courts, dbl.                     0courts, dbl.
                                 Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   73                       0                73                                    8courts, full                     5courts, full

                     1975      Water-Related Activities:
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW        . . .               58                       0                58                                    139 surfa�? acres                 43 surfas? acres
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW                            43                       0                43                                    2ramps-                           1ramp

                               Trails Activities:
                                                                                                   4/
                                 Walking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     55                                                                              7miles                            2miles
                                 Bicycling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    22                                                                              3miles                            2miles
                                 Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   12                                                                              1mile                             Imile
                                 Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                      4/                 0                89                                    11 miles                          5miles
                                            Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                  89    -

                   264

                  REGION 18 MIDLAND                                                             RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREHENTS, 1970-2000                                                              CITY SIZE: METROS

                                                                                          TOTAL           1971 OPPORTUNITY        NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                    PARTICIPATION          DAYS AVAILABLE              (OOO'S OF                                  UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                        (OOO'S  OF             (OOO'S OF             ACTIVITY DAYS)                               RESOURCES REQUIRED
                  YEAR       ACTIVITY                                                ACTIVITY   DAYS)       ACTIVITY  DAYS        DEFICIT        SURPLUS                CUMULATIVE                       INCR24ENTAL
                               Swimming (Pools)     . . . ... . . . . . .                  897  1/                302                595                             3,967  square yards,  2/            447 square yardsv
                               Child's Play (Playgrounds)       . . . . . .                541                    829                              288                    0 acres                           0acres
                               Baseball/Softball    . . . . . . . . . . .                   65                    400                              335                    0 fields                          0fields
                               Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    97                    117                                20                   0 tables                          0tables
                               Football/Soccer    . . . . . . . . . . . .                   10                       0                10                                  1 field                           0fields
                               Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    207                     73                134                                33  holes                           4holes
                               Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     25                     43                                18                   0 courts, dbl.                    0courts, dbl.
                               Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   115                       0               115                                13  courts, full                    5courts, full

                  1980       Water-Related Activities:                                     -

                               Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW        . . .                76                       0                76                                182 surfas? acres                  43 surfas? acres
                               Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW        . . .                55                       0                55                                  2 ramps-                          0ramps-

                             Trails Activities:
                                                                                            73  4/                                                                        9 miles                           2miles
                               Walking  . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .                        41                                                                        4 miles                           Imile
                               Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    36                                                                            2 miles                           1mile
                               Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    19
                               Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                     4/
                                           Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                 128                       0               128                                15  miles                           4miles

                             ACTIVITY
                               Swimming (Pools)     . . . . . . . . . . .                1,068  1/                302                767                             5,113  square yards,  2/          1,146 square yards    2/
                               Child's Play (Playgrounds)       . . . . . .                649                    829                              180                    0 acres                           0acres
                               Baseball/Softball    . . . . ... . . . . .                   75                    400                              325                    0 fields                          0fields
                               Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   106                    117                                11                   0 tables                          0tables
                               Football/Soccer    . . . . . . . . . . . .                     9                      0                  9                                 1 field                           0fields
                               Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    237                     73                164                                41  holes                           8holes
                               Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     24                     43                                19                   0 courts, dbl.                    0courts, dbl.
                               Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   191                       0               191                                22  courts, full                    9courts, full

                  1990       Water-Related Activities:

                               Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW        . . .               108                       0               108                                259 surface acres                  77 surface acres
                               Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW        . . .                77                       0                77                                  3 ramps-3/                        Iramp3-/

                             Trails Activities:
                               Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    105  4/                                                                      13  miles                           4miles
                               Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    62  @/                                                                        7 miles                           3miles
                               Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    33  4/                                                                        4 mile  s                         2miles
                               Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                     4/
                                           Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                 200                       0               200                                24  miles                           9miles

                                                                                                                                                                                                                         265

                     REGION 19 MIDLAND                                                         RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                           CITY SIZE: METROS

                                                                                          TOTAL          1971 OPPORTUNITY       NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                    PARTICIPATION         DAYS AVAILABLE              (OOO'S OF                                 UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                       (OOO'S  OF             (OOO'S OF            ACTIVITY DAYS)                               RESOURCES REQUIRED
                     YEAR      ACTIVITY                                              ACTIVITY  DAYS)       ACTIVITY  DAYS)       DEFICIT       SURPLUS              -CUMULATIVE                       INCREMENTAL
                                Swimming (Pools)    ... . . . . . . . . .                1,219 l/               302                917                             6,113 square yards-2/            1,000 square yards-2/
                                Child's Play (Playgrounds)      . . . . . .               754                   829                                75                  0 acres                          0 acres
                                Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                  84                   400                               316                  0 fields                         -0 fields
                                Picnicking   ... . . . . . . . . . . . .                  113                   117                                 4                  0 tables                         0 tables
                                Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                    9                      r                 9                                1 field                          0 fields
                                Golf  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   260                                      187                               46  holes                          5 holes
                                Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   23                     43                               20                  0 courts, dbl.                   0 courts, dbl.
                                Basketball   . . . . . . . . . . . .                      254                       0              254                               29  courts, full                   7 courts, full

                     2000      Water-Related Activities:
                                                                                          135                       0              135                               324 surfaS7 acres                 65 surfac7 acres
                                Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW . . .                                                                                                                                          3
                                Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW                           95                       0                95                                4 ramps--                        1 ram,

                               Trails Activities:
                                                                                               4/
                                Walking  . . . . . . . . ... . . . .                      132                                                                        16  miles                          3 miles
                                Bicycling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   84  4/                                                                    10  miles                          3 miles
                                Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  44 -                                                                        5 miles                          1 mile
                                Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                   4/                                  260                               31  miles                          7 miles
                                           Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                260  -                    0

                     I/ Includes only swimming participation occurring in swimming pools, 94 percent of the total in urban areas.
                     2/ Designated freshwater swimming areas may be substituted for swimming pools. When making substitutions consider total swimming participation.
                     3/ Assumes 2.0 lanes per ramp.
                     4/ Reflects estimated participation occurring in park and recreation areas; does not include participation occurring outside park and recreation areas. Of the total
                        walking, bicycling, and nature study participation it was determined that 10.5, 4.0, and 20.1 percent, respectively for each activity, occurs in park and recreation
                        areas.

                   266

                                                                                                                                                                                                         04

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                           GO

                     REGION 18                                REGIONAL DESCRIPTION: ODESSA METROPOLITAN AREA

                     Odessa, the county seat of Ector County, was founded in 1881 with                          POPULATION
                     the coming of the Texas & Pacific Railway. Legend says that the                            1970 Metro Area Population: 78,380
                     city got its name from the Russian railroad workers who were                               Change 1960-70: -2%
                     working on the line, because of the wide, flat prairies of the                             Race Composition j/
                     local terrain which reminded them of their native Odessa, Russia.                             White  .....  937.-
                     This metropolitan area is located in the heart of the vast oil-                               Negro  .....   6%
                     rich area known as the Permian Basin, a magic oval created by the                             Other  .....   1%
                     Permian Sea thousands of years ago. The Odessa Metropolitan Area                           Age Composition (years):
                     is the home of the largest inland petrochemical complex in the                                13 or less    .....  29%
                     nation. Its economy is based upon the oil and petrochemical                                   14 - 20       .....  14%
                     industry.                                                                                     21 - 44       .....  33%
                                                                                                                   45 - 64       .....  19%
                     Odessa College, a part of the Permian Junior       College System, is                         65 and over   .....    5%
                     located here and the new University of Texas       of the Permian Basin
                     which is scheduled to open in 1973 will be shared with the Midland                         ECONOMY
                     Metropolitan Area. The Odessa Metropolitan Area is also rich in                            Industry
                     culture. It is the home of the only Shakespeare Festival in the                            Petrochemical Plants
                     Southwest, held annually during the summer months. Other note-                             Petroleum
                     worthy attractions include the Globe Theater, the Presidential
                     Museum, and the Prairie Dog Park. Annual events here include:
                     (1) the Shrine Circus (January), (2) the West Texas Relays
                     (March), (3) the Rattlesnake Round-up (may), and, (4) the Ice
                     Capades (September).

                     l/ Includes persons of Mexican and/or Spanish descent.

              268

                   REGION 18 ODESSA                                                                                       CITY SIZE: METRO

                            P U B L I C L Y     A D M I N I S T E R E D       R E C R E A T 1 0 N     0 P P 0 R T U N I T I E S

                                                                                                   LAND AND WATER ACREAGE

                                                                                                                           ACRES
                                                                                                               REGION 18            STATEWIDE
                                                                                                                 ODESSA            AVERAGE
                                                                                                                 METRO           METRO AREAS

                                                      .86%                         Developed Land                  191               1,307
                    REGION 18                  1
                      ODESSA                                                       Undeveloped Land                 30                  536
                      METRO
                                                                                   Tot.a Lan                       221               1,843
                                           14%
                                                                                   Water Within or Adjacent          0               1,006

                                                                                   Total Land and Water            221               2,849

                                                     DEVELOPED LAND

                                                     UNDEVELOPED LAND
                                                                                   Odessa has a total of 221 acres of land set aside as
                                                                                   park and recreation areas. No surface acres of water
                                                                                   either within or adjacent to the parks were reported.

                                                        71%                        Of the total land acreage, 191 acres are developed with
                                                                                   facilities, leaving 30 acres available for future
                    STATEWIDE                                                      development. With 86 percent of the land acreage
                     AVERAGE                    -                                  currently developed,.Odessa is well above the Statewide
                   METRO AREAS                                                     Metro average of 71 percent.

                                              29%
                                                      8 6 T-1.

                                                       7 1 T1-

                                                                                                                                                269

                        REGION 18 ODESSA                                                                                             CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                                    PARKS AND ACREAGE BY TYPE OF PARK

                                                                                                                                                STATEWIDE
                                                     DISTRICT           COMMUNITY        SPECIALTY         OPEN LAND                            AVERAGE
                                                        PARK             PARK               PARK              PARK              TOTAL         METRO AREAS

                        Number of Parks                    3.000            13.000             3.000              4.000           23.000             72.000

                        Parks Per Thousand                   .038             .167               .038              .051              .293              .267

                        People Per Park               26,127.000        6,029.000        26,127.000        19,595.000          3,408.000         3,754.000

                        ............................................................................            6 ....................................

                        Land Acres                       125.000            87.000             5.000              4.000          221.000         1,843.000

                        Acres Per Thousand                 1.603             1.115               .064              .051             2.820             6.864

                        People Per Acre                  627.000          901.000        15,676.000        19,595.000            355.000            146.000

                        The 23 parks in Odessa are all under the administration of the county. Thirteen of these parks are Community
                        Parks followed by four Open Land Parks. The District and Specialty Park categories have three parks each. More
                        than one-half of the total acreage is in District Parks.          The thirteen Community Parks average about seven acres
                        each while the Specialty and Open Land Parks have a total         of 5 and 4 acres, respectively. The dispersion of the
                        four types of urban parks are depicted graphically in the         accompanying map titled "Dispersion of Parks by Typre.11

                        Looking at the total park and acreage figures in relation         to the population of Odessa, .293 parks per 1,000 and
                        2.820 acres per 1,000 population exist.

                        Another way to present this data is that 3,408 people share each park while 355 people must share each acre of
                        park land.

                        With .293 parks per 1,000, Odessa is just above the Statewide Metro average. However, the 2.820 acres per 1,000
                        gives Odessa a figure of less than half that of the Statewide Metro average for acres per 1,000.

              270

           DISPERSION OF PARKS BY TYPE

           URBAN PARKS

           0 DISTRICT PARK

           0 COMMUNITY PARK

              SPECIALTY PARK

              OPEN-LAND PARK

          Source: 1971 Municipal Inventory Update

                                                                                                                                    0

                                                                                                             0   0     0       0

                                                                                                  5                  ODESSA
                                                                                                                      Pop 78,380
                                                                                                           0       0       0        0
                                                                                                                385         0

                                                                                                              0

                                                                                                                              0

                                                                                                        .0
                                                                                                                    \ 0
                                                                                                                                0

                                                                                                                         13
                                                                                             REGION 18
                                                                                   ODESSA AREA

                                                                                           METRO BOUNDARY
                                                                                      1/2 0       1      2      3
                                                                                                                                                          271

                    REGION 18 ODESSA                                                                                                  CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                             PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK

                                                                                                                                   UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                                DISTRICT COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                        PEOPLE       REGION 18      STATEWIDE
                                TYPE OF FACILITY                   PARK         PARK       PARK        TOTAL         PER           ODESSA         AVERAGE
                    Games and Sports:                           (UNITS)      (UNITS)      (UNIITS)     UNITS         UNIT          METRO - METRO AREAS
                      Parks   ..............................          2          13         0             15         5,225            .192          .150
                      Tennis Courts   ......................          4          13         0             17         4,611            .218          .142
                      Basketball Courts    ..................         0           0         0              0            ---           ---           .071
                      Baseball/Softball Fields   ...........          6          12         0             18         4,354            .231          .186
                      Football/Soccer Fields    .............         1           3         0              4        19,595            .051          .032
                    Picnicking:
                      Parks   ..............................          3           8         0             11         7,125           1.410          .124
                      Tables  .............................          167         31         0             198           396          2.538          1.230
                    Playground:
                      Parks   ..............................          3          13         2             18         4,354            .231          .170
                      Acres Developed  ....................           11          7         2             20         3,919            .256          .258
                    Swimming:
                      Parks   ..............................          3           1         0              4        19,595            .051          .050
                      Pools (Sq. Yd.)  ....................       2,700          555        0           3,255             24       41.730          25.950
                      Designated Fresh Water (Sq. Yd.)...             0           0         0              0            ---           ---          52.242
                    Boating:
                      Parks   ..............................          0           0         0              0            ---           ---           .006
                      Ramp Lanes - Fresh Water   ...........          0           0         0              0            ---           ---           .008
                    Camping:
                      Parks   ..............................          0           1         0              1        78,380            .013          .002
                      Campsites  ..........................           0          .0         0              0            ---           ---           .121
                    Fishing:
                      Parks   ..............................          0           0         0              0            ---           ---           .013
                      Pier/Barge/Marina-Fresh Water (Yd.)             0           0         0              0            ---           ---           .049
                    Golfing:
                      Courses ............................            0           0         0              0            ---           ---           .005
                      Holes   ..............................          0           0         0              0            ---           ---           .100
                    Trails:
                      Parks   ..............................          1           0         0              1        78,380            .013          .006
                      Nature (Mi.)   ........................         0           0         0              0                          ---           .009
                      korseback (Mi.)  ....................           0           0         0              0            ---           ---           .003
                      Bicycle (Mi.)   ......................          1.5         0         0              1.5      52,253            .019          .007
                      Hiking (Mi.)   .......................          1.5         0         0              1.5      52,253            .019          .006
                      Total Trails (Mi.).    ................         1.5         0         0              1.5      52,253            .019          .021

              272,

                REGION     18 ODESSA                     PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK                          CITY SIZE:     METRO

                                                                                                                              UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                            DISTRICT COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                        PEOPLE      REGION 18       STATEWIDE
                            TYPE OF FACILITY                    PARK        PARK       PARK        TOTAL         PER           ODESSA        AVERAGE
                                                             (UNITS)      (UNITS)    (UNITS)       UNITS          UNIT        METRO       METRO AREAS

                Sport Shooting:
                   Parks .............................            0            0         0             0          ---              ---          .002
                   Traps .............................            0            0         0             0          ---              ---          .002
                   Sh'poting Targets ..................           0            0         0             0          ---              ---          .004
                   Archery Targets   ....................         0            0         0             0          ---              ---          .011
                Miscellaneous:
                   Parks .... .........................           1            3         1             5        15,676             .064         .038
                   Amphitheatre Seats   ................         500         300         0            800           98           10.256        l.b77
                   Botanical Gardens (Acres)    .........         0            0         0             0          ---              ---          .077
                   Zoos (Acres)   ......................          0            0         0             0          ---              ---          .051
                   Community/Recreation Centers     ......        1            3         1             5        15,676             .064         .038

                Most of the park and recreation facilities in      Odessa are   in Community or District Parks. The three Specialty        Parks
                have only a community/recreation center and two playgrounds. 'The District Park category contains trail facilities, while
                the Community Park category contains a park with camping permitted although no specific camping facilities were reported.
                A total of 800 amphitheatre seats were reported in Odessa.

                Of the 23 parks, 18 have playgrounds, 15 have facilities for games and sports, 11 have picnicking facilities and 4 have
                swimming pools.    The most common types of games and sports facilities are baseball/softball with 18 fields, tennis with
                17 courts and football/soccer with 4 fields.

                Looking at selected   facilities in relation to the number of potential users we find the following:

                     52,253 persons   for each mile of trails                            4,354 persons for each baseball/softball field
                     19,595 persons   for each football/soccer field                     3,919 persons for each acre of     playground
                     15,676 persons   for each community/recreation center                 396 persons for each picnic table
                      4,611 persons   for each tennis court                                 24 persons for each square yard of swimming pool

                Odessa is above the   Statewide Metro average for facility units per 1,000 for tennis courts, baseball/softball fields,
                football/soccer fields, picnic tables, square yards of swimming pools, amphitheatre seats, and community/recreation
                centers. Odessa is below the average for playground acres and trail miles., No basketball courts, designated fresh
                water swimming area, boat ramp lanes, campsites, yards of fishing pier/barge/marina, golf holes, sport shooting facilities,
                acres of botanical gardens or zoo acreage were reported.

                                                                                                                                                     273

                  REGION 18 ODESSA                    CONVERSION OF FACILITIES TO RECREATION OPPORTUNITY DAYS                 CITY SIZE: METRO

                  Current opportunity days for 1971 were calculated by multiplying the number of facilities availab-le for each
                  activity in the metro area (determined from the Texas Outdoor Recreation Inventory of Parks, Recreation Areas,
                  and Facilities) times the standard for the facility.

                                                                                                                 DAYS PER THOUSAND POPULATION
                                                                                                 ANNUAL               REGION         STATEWIDE
                                                                                                   DAYS                 18            AVERAGE
                  ACTIVITY-FACILITY                                                             AVAILABLE         ODESSA METRO          METRO

                        Swimming (Pools) - square yards    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         488,250              6,260             3,891
                        .Child's Play - playground acres   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         552,460              7,083             7,137
                        Baseball/Softball - fields     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         248,472              3,186             2,577
                        Picnicking - tables   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          336,996              4,320             2,093
                        Football/Soccer     fields   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           28,896               370               235
                        Golf - holes   .    * ' * '  * *  .     * * *  * * * *  * * * *  *  *           0                 0               414
                        Tennis - courts, double    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           45,798               587               384
                        Basketball - courts, full    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                0                 0               625

                    Water-Related Activities:

                        Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW - surface acres        . . . . . ..            0                 0             2,962
                        Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW - boat ramps      . . . . . . . .              0                 0               103

                    Trail Activities:

                        Combined Walking, Bicycling, and Nature Study - miles                      12,696               163               164

                  The Odessa Metro Area offers the most opportunity days for child's play, followed by swimming (in pools), picnicking,
                  and baseball/softball. A comparison between the opportunity days per thousand population for the Odessa Metro Area
                  and the Statewide Metro average shows that the Odessa Metro Area surpasses the.statewide average for five of the
                  activity types -- swimming (in pools), baseball/softball, picnicking, football/soccer, and tennis. The Odessa Metro
                  Area is below the Statewide Metro average for child's play and the trails activities, with no opportunity days avail-
                  able for golf, basketball, surface acres for freshwater boating, boat fishing and skiing and freshwater boat ramps.

              274

               REGION 18 ODESSA               ESTIMATED CURRENT AND FUTURE PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000               CITY SIZE: METRO

               The sixteenth ranking rnetro area, based on population, Odessa ranked twenty-first in total participation for the
               year 1970. Estimates for 1970 indicate that residents and non-residents in the area   spent over 1.7 million recrea-
               tion days in pursuit of urban outdoor recreation opportunities available within the metro area.

                                                                      Resident

               For the 16 activities shown, total participation in urban outdoor recreation activities by the residents of the
               Odessa Metropolitan Area is expected to increase, as compared to the 1970 level of nearly 1.6 million days, by 32.3
               percent to nearly 2.1 mil'lion days by 1975 and by67.1 percent to 2.6 million days by 1980. Participation on a days
               per household basis is projected to increase from 86.7 days in 1970 to 122.9 days in 1975, and to 159.7 days in 1980--
               increases of 41.8 and 84.3 percent, respectively, over the 1970 level. Residents of the Odessa Metropolitan Area are
               expected to participate at a rate of 37, 39, and 43 days per household below the statewide average for the other Texas
               metropolitan areas in 1970, 1975, and 1980, respectively. For the more distant years of 1990 and 2000, both total
               days of participation and days per household are expected to increase at substantial rates, but will remain below
               the statewide average for all metropolitan areas.

               Projections for specific activities indicate that 14 of the 16 activities will increase in total days of participa-
               tion through the years 1975 and 1980, the exceptions being football and tennis, which are declining. Participation
               on a days per household basis is expected to increase in 15 activities by 1980, while participation in football will
               decrease slightly. In 1970, the six most popular activities, based on total participation, were estimated to be:
               swimming, driving for pleasure, child's play, walk:rng, bicycling, and golf, respectively.  By 1975, the six most
               popular in order of preference, will be bicycling, walking, swimming, child's play, driving for pleasure, and golf.
               These six activities are expected to hold their respective rankings through 1980.

                                                                    Non-Resident

               Participation in urban outdoor recreation activities within the Odessa Metropolitan Area by non-residents was esti-
               mated to total 110,000 days for the activities specified for 1970. Compared to the 1970 level, total participation
               is expected to remain at this level through the year 2000.

               Of the specific activities projected, the most popular activities by non-residents for 1970 were:    sightseeing,
               with 32,000 days; driving for pleasure, with 25,000 days; football, with 21,000 days; child's play, with 14,000
               days; and 'picnicking, with 9,000 days. Assuming adequate facilities are made available, all activities are expected
               to remain fairly constant through the year 2000 with no changes from 1970 expected in the order of popularity.

                                                                                                                                       275

                       REGION 18 ODESSA                                                           CURRENT AND PROJECTED RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                                CITY SIZE:    NETROS
                                                                                                                (OOO'S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                                                             1970                                   1975                                   1980                                    1990                                  2000
                                                                              STATE-                            STATE-                                    STATE-                                STATE-                                 STATE-
                                                             REG.18           WIDE                   REG.18     WIDE                         REG. I       WIDE                      REG. 18     WIDE                        REG. 18    WIDE
                                                             METROS           NETROS                 METROS     =ROS                         METROS       METROS                    METROS      METROS                      METROS     METROS
                                               PART.         AVERAGE          AVERAGE  PART.         AVERAGE    AVERAGE        PART.         AVERAGE      AVERAGE    PART.          AVERAGE     AVERAGE     PART.           AVERAGE    AVERAGE
                       ACTIVITY                 DAYS   RANK  DAYS/            DAYS/HH  DAYS   RANK   DAYS/HH    DAYS/HH        DAYS  RANK    DAYS/HH      DAYS/HH    DAYS   RANK    DAYS/HH     DAYS/HH     DAYS    RANK    DAYS/HH    DAYS/HH
                       Swimming                 326          1 17.98          27.41    335        3    19.81      36.52        357       3     21.72      47.17           410   3    26.30      75.28        458         3  31.15      110.14
                       Child's Play             234          3 12.91          14.08    249        4    14.72      17.72        274       4     16.67      22.00           332   4    21.30      32.20        391         4  26.59      43.99
                       Baseball/Softball         44          8   2.43         2.78         46  10       2.72       3.19        49     10       2.98       3.59            57  12        3.66     4.41         65     12      4.42       5.22
                       Picnicking                82          7   4.52         5.72         81     7     4.79       5.66        84        7     5.11       5.66            93    9       5.97     5.61        101     10      6.87       5.64
                       Football/Soccer             7         16    .39        1.43         6   16        .35       1.42           6   16        .37       1.41            6   16        .38      1.39           5    16         .34     1.38
                       Golf                      87          6   4.80         3.92         90     6     5.32       4.98        98        6     5.96       6.16            113   7       7.25     8.96        127         8   8.64      12.07
                       Tennis                    17          13    .94        6.06         16  14        .95       9.21        15     14        .91       11.49           15  15        .96     16.07         14     15         .95    21.46
                       Basketball                35          9   1.93         1.60         53     8     3.13       2.59        71        9     4.32       3.57            105   8       6.74     5.52        134         7   9.11       7.53
                       Walking                  215          4 11.86          18.21    350        2    20.69      23.09        484       2     29.45      29.20           733   2    47.02      39.89        950         2  64.61      50.31
                       Bicycling                166          5   9.16         20.30    453        1    26.78      32.77        731       1     44.47      45.25     1,245       1    79.86      68.44       1,694        1  115.21     95.49
                       Nature Study              26          12  1.43         .72          51     9     3.02       1.67        75        8     4.56       2.64            120   6       7.70     4.63        159         6  10.81       6.70
                       Fishing                   33          10  1.82         1.80         32  12       1.89       1.88        32     13       1.95       1.97            33  13        2.12     2.13         34     13      2.31       2.30
                       Boating                   16          14    .88        .88          27  13       1.60       1.60        38     12       2.31       2.31            58  11        3.72     3.74         76     11      5.17       5.17
                       Skiing                      8         15    .44        .42          10  15        .59         .62       13     15        .79         .82           19  14        1.22     1.22         24     14      1.63       1.81
                       Surfing                  --- ---            ---        ---                        ---         ---       --- ---          ---         ---           --- ---       ---        ---       --- ---            ---      ---
                       Sightseeing               27          11  1.49         2.25         33  11       1.95       2.34        42     11       2.56       2.50            69  10        4.43     2.70        108         9   7.35       3.01
                       Dr. for Pleas.           248          2 13*68          13.38    247        5    14.60      13.52        256       5     15.57      13.67           2h    5    18.03      13.86        306         5 -20.81      14.10

                            TOTAL              1,571           86.66          120.96  2,079          122.91     158.78         2,625         159.70       199.41    3,689           236.66      286.05      4,646           315.97     386.32

                                           CURRENT AND PROJECTED NON-RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                     TOTAL CURRENT AND PROJECTED PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000
                                                             (OOO'S OF ANNUAL   ACTIVITY DAYS)                                                                            (OOO'S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                       ACTIVITY                              1970             1975         1980          1990              2000       ACTIVITY                            1970          1975            1980             1990           2000

                       Swimming                              3                3               3                 3              4      Swimming                            329           338             360              413             462
                       Child's Play                          14               14           14                   14             16     Child's Play                        248           263             2.88             346             407
                       Baseball/Softball                     1                1               1                 1              11     Baseball/Softball                   45             47              50                 58             66
                       Picnicking                            9                9               9                 9              10     Picnicking                          91             90              93              102             ill
                       FootballtSoccer                       21               21           21                   21             24     Football/Soccer                     28             27              27                 27             29
                       Golf                                  3                3                                 3              3      Golf                                90             93             101              116             130
                       Tennis                                                                                                         Tennis                              17             16              15                 15             14
                       Basketball                                                                                                     Basketball                          35             53              71              105             134
                       Walking                               2                2               2                 2              2      Walking                             217           352             486              735             952
                       Bicycling                                                                                                      Bicycling                           166           453             731              1,245         1,694
                       Nature Study                                                                                                   Nature Study                        26             51              75              120             159
                       Fishing                                                                                                        Fishing                             33             32              32                 33             34
                       Boating                                                                                                        Boating                             16             27              38                 58             76
                       Skiing                                                                                                         Skiing                              8              10              13                 19             24
                       Surfing                               ---              ---          ---                  ---            ---    Surfing                             ---           ---             ---              ---             ---
                       Sightseeing                           32               32           32                   32             36     Sightseeing                         59             65              74              101             144
                       Dr. for Pleas.                        91;              25           25                   25             28     Dr. for Pleas.                      273           272             281              306             314

                            TOTAL                            110              110          110                  110            124         TOTAL                     1,681           2,189            2,735              3,799         4,770

                       Note:     Asterisks indicate that projected annual activity days were less than 500.               Dashes indicate not applicable.        Zeros indicate that the activity was not ranked due to
                                 insignificant participation days recorded.

                    276

                REGION 18 ODESSA          R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E    R E Q U I R E M E N T S            CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                  1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                Estimates of urban outdoor recreation resource requirements  I ere developed for the Odessa Metropolitan Area for the
                years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000 by comparing current-7 and projected recreation participation with the current
                recreation opportunities-21 available in the metro.   In addition, the availability and spatial distribution of recrea-
                tion opportunities provided by parks and recreation facilities were analyzed with respect to subsections of the Odessa
                Metro characterized by residents having similar incomes and ethnic backgrounds.     Particular attention was given to
                those subsections expected to undergo relatively rapid population growth and physical expansion in the future.
                Conclusions reached f@om analyzing the distribution of recreation opportunities within the metropolitan area were
                used to qualify resource requirement estimates where a less than adequate distribution appeared to exist.

                In the discussions that follow, results of the distribution analysis of parks within subsections of the Odessa Metro
                Area are presented. Then, estimates of current and future requirements for selected recreation facilities are pre-
                sented, and are qualified by conclusions reached from the distribution analysis of recreation facilities within sub-
                sections of the Odessa Metro.

                PARK DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

                In analyzin g the availability and distribution of parks in the Odessa Metro, several characteristics were considered:
                changes in population (or trends, in general, 1960 to 1970), areas of the metro which were expected to exhibit rela-
                tively major expansion, and the dispersion of existing parks among the income/ethnic subsections of the metro. From
                these interrelated characteristics general conclusions were reached with respect to future park developments for the
                metro area.

                Population trends affected estimations of future recreation participation.     Projections of population growth for
                Odessa indicate that the 1970 metro population of 78,380 will decline slightly for the next several decades.      In 1971
                planners indicated that the direction of major urban expansion was expected to be toward the northeast (as illustrated
                by the arrow on the map, titled "Predominant Ethnic Background and Income Subsections").

                The "Predominant Ethnic Background and Income Subsections" map indicates that there were    five income/ethnic subsec-
                tions, as delineated by planners in 1971. The western one-third was composed of two low-income subsections: a
                Mexican-American area roughly one mile either side of the main east-west highway, and a Black neighborhood extending
                several miles south of Highway 450. Most of Odessa, however, was comprised of middle-income residents, with Mexican-

                I/ "Current" participation refers to levels of participation by type of selected recreation activity which were
                   estimated for the year 1970.
                2/ "Current" recreation opportunities refers to computed figures derived from the numbers of publicly administered
                   facilities by type available within the metro area in 1971.

                                                                                                                                           277

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               REGION 18 ODESSA           R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S           CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

               Americans located primarily south of the main east-west highway, and Anglos located north and northeast of it. The
               northern fringe of Odessa was composed predominantly of high-income Anglos.

               Comparison of the "Dispersion of Parks by Type" map with the "Predominant Income and Ethnic Subsections" map indi-
               cates that parks in general appeared to be well dispersed in 1971. All five income/ethnic subsections had at least
               one public park. The only subsection which may not have had a wide variety of facilities was the low-income Black
               area in west central Odessa; the only-park was a specialty park which, by definition, has facilities for no more
               than one major urban activity.

               District parks were located in three of the subsections, but tended to be situated toward the fringe of the metro;
               an absence of district parks was evident in central Odessa. Community parks were confined to the two middle-income
               subsections, while specialty parks were dispersed through three subsections. There was an absence of open land parks
               in the high-income Anglo area in north Odessa, the low-income Black neighborhood in west central Odessa, and the low-
               income Mexican-American subsection in southwest Odessa. In the provision of additional parks,consideration should be
               given to a balanced distribution relative to the growth area and the various income/ethnic subsection.

               In addition to maintaining an adequate dispersion of parks in all portions of the metro area, the provision of differ-
               ent types of recreational facilities in parks is also an important consideration. An analysis of the current and
               future requirements for selected recreational facilities and the current dispersion of facilities in Odessa is pre-
               sented in the following discussions.

               FACILITY REQUIREMENTS AND DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

               As mentioned previously, requirements for selected recreational facilities (see  the following table) were calculated
               for the. years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000. Then, an analysis of the dispersion of existing facilities among the
               predominant income/ethnic background subsections and the major growth areas of the metro was conducted. Conclusions
               reached from the facility dispersion analysis were then used to qualify the facility requirement estimates, particu-
               larly in those cases where no additional facilities were estimated as being needed within the metropolitan area.
               Usually, special note is made where growth areas appeared to have limited facilities. The methodology used to cal-
               culate facility requirements in general is explained in Appendix C, Part I--An Overview of the Urban Volume. In
               the discussions that follow, res'ource requirements for recreational facilities are generally referred to by units
               of the most important feature necessary to allow participation. For example, when a requirement is shown for swim-
               ming pools, features such as a bathhouse, cleaning and filtering system, and other support features are implied when
               a requirement for the major'facility is shown.

                                                                      Swimming
               A total of 3,255 square yards of public swimming pools in 1971 provided approximately 488,000 opportunity days, on the
               basis of 150 days per year per square yard of pool. A comparison of opportunity days with the 1970 estimated demand

                                                                                                                                       279

                  REGION 18 ODESSA          R E C R E A T 1 0 N  R E S 0 U R C E    R E Q U I R E M E N T S           CITY SIZE: NETROS
                                                                   1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                  of 309,000 participation days indicates that the 1971 supply level was adequate at that time, and should continue to
                  be adequate to the year 2000. The distribution of public swimming pools, however, was not altogether balanced in
                  1971. The low-income Black neighborhood in west central Odessa, and the large middle-income Anglo subsections in
                  central Odessa had no public pools.

                                                                     Child's Play

                  With a facility standard of 27,623 days per year per acre of developed playground, the 1971 supply level of twenty
                  acres provided approximately 552,000 opportunity days, which should be adequate through the year 2000. The distribu-
                  tion of playgrounds seemed relatively balanced. All five income/ethnic subsections had at least some playground
                  facilities.

                                                                    Baseball/Softball

                  In 1971 there were eighteen baseball/softball fields which, when multiplied by a standard of 13,804 days per year per
                  field, provided about 248,000 days of opportunity. When compared with estimates of demand, the 1971 opportunities level
                  should be adequate through the year 2000. Although a dispersion analysis was not possible from available information,
                  consideration should be given to providing a balanced distribution relative to growth areas and the various income/
                  ethnic subsections, if additional facilities are provided.

                                                                      Picnicking

                  The 198 public picnic tables enumerated in 1971 provided about 337,000 opportunity days, given a facility standard of
                  1,702 days per year per picnic table. Barring an unexpectedly rapid increase in demand, the 1971 supply level should
                  be adequate through the year 2000. The only subsection which did not have public picnic facilities in 1971 was the
                  low-income Black area in west central Odessa.

                                                                    Football/Soccer

                  The Odessa Metropolitan Area reported four public football fields in 1971 which, when multiplied by a conversion
                  standard of 7,224 days per year per field, provided approximately 29,000 days of opportunity. A comparison with esti-
                  mated demand indicates that the number of participation days was slightly below the number of opportunity days in 1970,
                  and should remain so to the year 2000. Therefore, no additional fields were required. Although a dispersion analysis
                  was not possible from available information, consideration'should be given to providing a balanced distribution rela-
                  tive to growth areas and the various income/ethnic subsections.

                                                                         Golf

                  The Odessa Metro Area reported no public golf courses in 1971. In 1970, a requirement for twenty-two holes of golf

            280

                REGION 18 ODESSA            R E C R E A T 1 0 N     R E  S 0 U R C E    R E Q U I R E M E N T S              CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                    1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                was calculated from the 90,000 participation days, given a conversion standard of 4,047 days per year per hole of
                golf.  The cumulative resource requirement was calculated to increase from 22 holes in 1970, to 23 holes in 1975, to
                25 holes in 1980, to 29 holes in 1990, to 32 holes by the year 2000. This requirement suggests the provision of not
                more than two eighteen-hole courses, or four nine-hole courses, or some other combination which considers local re-
                sources.  The lack of public golf courses also suggests that consideration should be given to areas which will pro-
                vide maximum access to potential users.

                                                                            Tennis

                There were seventeen public tennis courts in the Odessa Metro Area in 1971, and these courts provided a combined
                total of 46,000 opportunity days, given a facility standard of 2,694 days per year per tennis courts. The resource
                requirements table indicates that the seventeen courts should be adequate through the year 2000. Although a dis-
                persion analysis was not possible from available information, consideration should be given to providing a balanced
                distribution relative to growth areas and the various income/ethnic subsections.

                                                                          Basketball

                The Odessa Metro Area reported no public basketball courts in 1971. With a standard of 8,795 days per year per bas-
                ketball court, a total of four courts would have been required in 1970 to obviate a deficit of 35,000 opportunity
                days.  Assuming that the 1971 supply level has remained at zero, the cumulative requirement increases from 4 courts
                in 1970, to 6 courts in 1975, to 8 courts in 1980, to 12 courts in 1990, and to 15 courts by the year 2000.             Although
                a dispersion analysis was not possible from available information, consideration should be given to providing a
                balanced distribution relative to growth areas and the various income/ethnic subsections.

                                                                       Trails Activities

                One and one-half miles of trail were reported in 1971 (some of which was multiple use). When multiplied by, a standard
                of 8,464 days per year per mile of trail, these one and one-half miles provided approximately 13,000 opportunity days.
                This compared to 35,000 participation days, and resulted in a resource requirement of three additional miles in 1970.
                On the assumption that the 1971 supply level has remained constant, the cumulative resource requirement will increase
                from 3 additional miles in 1970 to 6 miles in 1975, to 10 miles in 1980, to 16 miles in 1990, and to 22 miles by the
                year 2000.

                A relatively small proportion of the total participation in'trail and related activities was estimated to take place
                in publicly-administered park and recreation areas. It is likely, however, that as additional trail facilities are
                provided, the relative proportion of total participation will increase at these recreation areas. Thus, the above
                estimates of additional resources required may be conservative in the long run and should be considered as minimum
                estimates.   In addition to the expectations for increases in participation in trail and related activities at publicly-
                administered park and recreation areas, it is clear that the major proportion of walking, bicycling, and nature study

                                                                                                                  A, :1"
                                                                                                        )j" o"
                                                                                                     C                                             281

                                                                                                             ta,

                  REGION 18 ODESSA          R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S          CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                  1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                  is occurring in places other than established recreation areas. The majority of this participation is most likely
                  taking place in local neighborhoods, on city streets, and on available open lands within the area. This phenomenon
                  has direct policy implications with respect to the provision of sidewalks within currently existing and newly devel-
                  oping neighborhoods, the development of a system of bike lanes in high use areas, and the provision of adequate open
                  space and green belt areas within the metro area.

                                                Water-Related Activities: Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing

                                                            Surface Acres - Freshwater Lakes
                                                             (Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing)

                  No surface acres of freshwater lakes were reported available for water-related recreation within the Odessa Metro Area
                  in 1971. Using participation patterns of  the households recreating within the urban areas, it was estimated that a
                  total of 31,000 days of freshwater boating, boat fishing, and skiing participation would have occurred in 1970 if ade-
                  quate freshwater lakes had been available. Of these 31,000 days, 16,000 were boating participation days, 7,000 were
                  boat fishing days, and 8,000 were skiing days. Projections developed for the water-related activities indicate in-
                  cremental resource requirements of 74 surface acres in 1970, 31 surface acres in 1975, 34 surface acres in 1980, 62
                  surface acres in 1990, and 56 surface acres in 2000. This brings the cumulative resource requirement to 257 addi-
                  tional surface acres by the year 2000.
                                                                 Freshwater Boat Rampsl/

                  No publicly-administered freshwater boat lanes were reported for the Odessa Metro Area in 1971. By estimating the
                  1970 total freshwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation which would have occurred using freshwater boat
                  ramp facilities to gain access to the water if ramps were available, it was calculated that one boat ramp was needed
                  in 1970. Projected increases in freshwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation are expected to require no
                  additional freshwater boat-ramps in 1975, one in 1980, none in 1990, and one in the year 2000, bringing the cumulative
                  resource requirement to three ramps in 2000.  Since boat ramps are the most frequently used means by which boaters,
                  skiers, and boat fishermen gain access to freshwater lakes, the provision of freshwater surface acres and freshwater
                  boat ramps required should be planned as joint projects, even though, in some cases, this may require the construction
                  of boat ramps prior to the years reflected in the boat ramp resource requirement projections.

                  I/ In calculating freshwater boat ramp resource requirements the assumption was made that each boat ramp has two lanes.
                     Supply figures listed in the "Park and Recreation Facilities by Type of Park" table and quoted in the narratives are
                     in terms of single lanes.

             282

              REGION 18 ODESSA            R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S          CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                  1 9 7 0   2 0 0 0

                                                         Summary of Facilities Requirements

              In 1971 the most obvious deficiencies were a complete lack of public golf courses, basketball courts, surface acres of
              freshwater, and freshwater boat ramps. Golf courses and basketball courts should, if practical, be located in areas
              which provide maximum access for potential users. With regard to water-oriented resources, it is sometimes difficult
              to provide recreational water bodies in far west Texas due to the low annual rainfall and high evaporation rates. The
              metro reported a surplus of opportunity days for all other activity facilities. except miles of trail, which were esti-
              mated to be required in each planning horizon year.

              A dispersion analysis was possible only for a few types of facilities. There was a lack of public outdoor swimming
              facilities in the low-income Black area in west central Odessa, as well as in the large middle-income Anglo subsection
              in central Odessa. Also, the low-income Black area lacked picnicking facilities. Playgrounds apparently were well
              dispersed through the metro.   In the provision of additional public facilities for all types of outdoor activities,
              consideration should be given to a balanced distribution relative to growth areas and the various income/ethnic subsec-
              tions.

                                                                                                                                       283

                   REGION 18 ODESSA                                                           RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                             CITY SIZE: METROS

                                                                                         TOTAL           1971 OPPORTUNITY       NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                   PARTICIPATION          DAYS AVAILABLE              (OOO'S OF                                 UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                       (0001S OF             (OOO'S OF             ACTIVITY DAYS)                               RESOURCES REQUIRED
                   YEAR      ACTIVITY                                               ACTIVITY  DAYS         ACTIVITY DAYS        DEFICIT       SURPLUS                CT34ULATIVE                      INCREMENTAL
                               Swimming (Pools)    . . . . . . . . . . .                 309  11                488                              179                    0square yardsil                   0 square yards!'
                               Child's Play (Playgrounds)       . . . . . .              248                    552                              304                    0acres                            0 acres
                               Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                  45                    248                              203                    0fields                           0 fields
                               Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  91                    337                              246                    0tables                           0 tables
                               Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                  28                     29                                 1                   0fields                           0 fields
                               Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   90                       0                90                               22  holes                          22  holes
                               Tennis  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    17                     46                                 29                  0courts, dbl.                     0 courts, dbl.
                               Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  35                       0                35                                  4courts,,, full                   4 courts, full

                   1970      Water-Related Activities:

                               Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW       . . .               31                       0                31                               74  surface acres                  74  surface acres
                               Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW       . . .               24                       0                24                                  1ramp                             1 ramp

                             Trails Activities:

                               Walking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    23                                                                            2miles                            2 miles
                               Bicycling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     7 4/                                                                        1mile                             1 mile
                               Nature Study   . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     5 4/                                                                     <1  mile                           <1  mile
                               Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                          Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                 35  41                 13                 22                                  3miles                            3 miles

                             ACTIVITY
                               Swimming (Pools)    . . . . . . . . . . .                 318  -1/               488                              170                    0square yardJ/                    0 square yards!/
                               Child's Play (Playgrounds)       . . . . . .              263                    552                              289                    0acres                            0 acres
                               Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                  47                    248                              201                    0fields                           0 fields
                               Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  90                    337                              247                    0tables                           0 tables
                               Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                  27                     29                                 2                   0fields                           0 fields
                               Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   93                       0                93                               23  holes                            1 hole
                               Tennis  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    16                     46                                 30                  0courts, dbl.                     0 courts, dbl.
                               Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  53                       0                53                                  6courts, full                     2 courts, full

                   1975      Water-Related Activities:

                               Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW       . . .               44                       0                44                               105 surface acres                  31  surfac   acres
                               Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW       . . .               32                       0                32                                  1ramp                             0 ramps3

                             Trails Activities:

                               Walking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    37                                                                            3miles                            1 mile
                               Bicycling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   18  4/                                                                        2miles                            I mile
                               Nature Study   . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   10  A/                                                                        1mile                             I mile
                               Combined Walking, Bicycling,                               65  4/
                                          Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                                        13                 52                                  6miles                            3 miles

                   284

                REGION 18 ODESSA                                                              RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                               CITY SIZE:     METROS

                                                                                        TOTAL            1971 OPPORTUNITY       NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                   PARTICIPATION          DAYS AVAILABLE               (DOO'S OF                                  UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                      (OOO'S  OF              (OOO'S OF             ACTIVITY DAYS)                                RESOURCES REQUIRED
                YEAR       ACTIVITY                                                ACTIVITY   DAYS)        ACTIVITY  DAYS)       DEFICIT        SURPLUS               CUMUL IVE                         INCREMENTAL
                            Swimming (Pools)      . . . . . . . . . . .                  338                    488                                150                    0square  yardsV                    0 square  yards@l
                            Child's Play (Playgrounds)        . . . . . .                288                    552                                264                    0acres                             0 acres
                            Baseball/Softball     . . . . . . . . . . .                   50                    248                                198                    0fields                            0 fields
                            Picnicking     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    93                    337                                244                    0tables                            0 tables
                            Football/Soccer     . . . . . . . . . . . .                   27                      29                                  2                   0fields                            0 fields
                            Golf    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    101                        0               101                                25  holes                             2 holes
                            Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      15                      46                                 31                   0courts, dbl.                      0 courts, dbl.
                            Basketball     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    71                        0                71                                   8courts, full                      2 courts, full

                1980       Water-Related Activities:

                            Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW         . . .                58                        0                58                                139 surface acres                    34 surface acres
                            Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW         . . .                42                        0                42                                   2rampsi/                           1 ramp3/

                           Trails Activities.

                            Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      51                                                                              5miles                             2 miles
                            Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     29  4/                                                                          3miles                             I mile
                            Nature Study     . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    15                                                                              2miles                             1 mile
                            Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                        Nature Study   . . . . . . . . .                  95  4/                  13                 82                                10  miles                             4 miles

                           ACTIVITY
                            Swimming (Pools)      . . . . . . . . . . . .                388  1/                488                                100                    0square yardsZ/                    0 square yardsv
                            Child's Play (Playgrounds)        . . . . . .                346                    552                                206                    0acres                             0 acres
                            Baseball/Softball     . . . . . . . . . . .                   58                    248                                190                    0fields                            0 fields
                            Picni@king     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   102                    337                                235                    0tables                            0 tables
                            Football/Soccer     . . . . . . . . . . . .                   27                      29                                  2                   0fields                            0 fields
                            Golf    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                            116                        0               116                                29  holes                             4 holes
                            Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . .                              15                      46                                 31                   0courts, dbl.                      0 courts, dbl.
                            Basketball     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   105                        0               105                                12  courts, full                      4 courts, full

                1990       Water-Related Activities:
                            Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW         . . .                84                        0                84                                201 surface acres                    62 surfac@ acres
                            Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW         . . .                60                        0                60                                   2ramp.l/                           0 ramps-3

                           Trails Activities:
                            Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      77  4/                                                                          8miles                             3 miles
                            Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     50  4/                                                                          5miles                             2 miles
                            Nature Study     . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    24                                                                              3miles                             I mile
                            Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                        Nature Study   . . . . . . . . .                 151  4/                  13                138                                16  miles                             6 miles

                                                                                                                                                                                                                           285

                      REGION 18 ODESSA                                                            RECREATION RESOURCE R2QUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                               CITY SIZE:    METROS

                                                                                            TOTAL            1971 OPPORTUNITY       NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                       PARTICIPATION          DAYS AVAILABLE               (OOO'S OF                                 UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                          (OOO'S  OF             (OOOIS  OF             ACTIVITY DAYS)                               RESOURCES REQUIRED
                      YEAR      ACTIVITY                                                ACTIVITY  DAYS)        ACTIVI TY DAYS)       DEFICIT       SURPLUS                CUMULATIVE                          INCREMENTAL
                                  Swimming (Pools)    ... . . . . . . . . .                  434  1/                 488                                54                   0square    yards, 2/               0 square  yards!/
                                  Child's Play (Playgrounds)      . . . . . .                407                     552                              145                    0acres                             0 acres
                                  Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                   65                     248                              182                    0fields                            0 fields
                                  Picnicking   . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .                  ill                     337                              226                    0tables                            0 tables
                                  Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                   29                     29                    0             0                   0fields                            0 fields
                                  Colf  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    130                       0                130                                32 holes                             3 holes
                                  Tennis  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     14                     46                                 32                   0courts, dbl.                      0 courts, dbl.
                                  Basketball   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   134                       0                134                                15 courts, full                      3 courts, full

                      2000      Water-Related Activities:

                                  Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW        . . .              107                       0                107                               257 surface acres                    56 surface acres
                                  Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW        . . .               75                       0                  75                                 3rampsi/                           1 ramp 1/

                                Trails Activities:

                                  Walking . . . . . . . ..      . . . . . . .                100                                                                           11 miles                             3 miles
                                  Bicycling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    68  4/                                                                         7miles                             2 miles
                                  Nature Study   . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    32  4/                                                                         4miles                             1 mile
                                  Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                    4/                 13                 187                                22 miles                             6 miles
                                            Nature Study   . . . . . . . . .                 200  -

                      I/ Includes only swimming participation occurring in swimming pools, 94 percent of the total in urban areas.
                      I/ Designated freshwater swimming areas may be substituted for swimming pools. When making substitutions consider total swimming participation.
                      3/ Assumes 2.0 lanes per ramp.
                      4/ Reflects estimated participation occurring in park and recreation areas; does not include participation occurring outside park and recreation areas. Of the total
                         walking, bicycling, and nature study participation it was determined that 10.5, 4.0, and 20.1 percent, respectively for each activity, occurs in park and recreation
                         areas.

                    286

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                     REGION 20                                  REGIONAL DESCRIPTION: WACO METROPOLITAN AREA

                     The Waco Metropolitan Area consists of the city of Waco and the                             POPULATION
                     towns of Bellmead, Beverly Hills, Lacy-Lakeview, Northcrest,                                1970 Metro Area Population: 118,166
                     Robinson, and Woodway. Nestled in a gentle curve of the Brazos                              Change 1960-70: +6%
                     River, Waco is the county seat of McLennan County. It was                                   Race Composition      I/
                     originally occupied by a village of Waco Indians. The first                                     White  .....   79%--
                     white men to inhabit the site were Texas Rangers, who established                               Negro  .....   20%
                     a post known as Fort Fisher for the purpose of guarding the western                             Other  ..... . 5%
                     line of Texas settlements from Comanches and other Indians. Today,                          Age Composition (years):
                     this bustling, prosperous metropolitan area has over 180 manufac-                               13 or less     ..... 23%
                     turing firms and is a major distribution and processing center                                  14 - 20        ..... 15%
                     for the many agricultural products that are raised in the region.                               21 - 44        ..... 27%
                                                                                                                     45 - 64        ..... 22%
                     With four hospitals, the Waco Metropolitan Area is one of the                                   65 and over    ..... 13%
                     leading medical centers in the Southwest. Located here is Baylor
                     University, Baylor University School of Nursing, Paul Quinn                                 ECONOMY
                     College, Texas State Technical Institute, and McLennan Com-                                 Aerospace
                     munity College. Also located in this metropolitan area is the                               Apparel
                     Homer Garrison Memorial Texas Ranger Museum, which is a replica                             Foods
                     of Fort Fisher, and two classic Southern homes which have been                              Rubber Products
                     restored: Fort House and East Terrace. Major annual events
                     include the Brazos River Festival and Pilgrimage (April),
                     Cotton Palace Pageant (April), and the Heart O'Texas Fair
                     (October).

                     l/ Includes persons of Mexican and/or Spanish descent.

              288

                  REGION 20                                                                                             CITY SIZE: METRO
                          P U B L I C L Y      A D M I N I S T E R E D      R E C R E A T 1 0 N      0 P P 0 R T U N I T I E S

                                                                                                  LAND AND WATER ACREAGE

                                                                                                                         ACRES
                                                                                                                REGION           STATEWIDE
                                                                                                                   20             AVERAGE
                                                                                                                 METRO          METRO AREAS
                                                      57%
                                                                                  Developed Land               1,145               1,307

                    REGION                                                        Undeveloped Land                854                 .516
                      20                                                          Total Land                   1,999               1,843
                     METRO
                                                43%
                                                                                  Water Within or Adjacent,    7,347               1,006

                                                                                  Total Land and Water         9,346               2,849

                                       M1           DEVELOPED LAND

                                                    UNDEVELOPED LAND
                                                                                  The Waco Metro Area has a total of 1,999 acres of land
                                                                                  set aside as park and recreation areas. In addition,
                                                                                  7,347 surface acres of water either within or adjacent
                                                                                  to these parks were reported.
                                                       71%
                                                                                  Of the total land acreage, 1,145 acres are developed
                    STATEWIDE                                                     with facilities, leaving 854 acres available for future
                     AVERAGE                                                      development. With only 57 percent, of the land acreage
                  METRO AREAS                                                     currently developed, the Waco Area is well    below the
                                                                                  Statewide Metro average of 71 percent.
                                             29%
                                                       7
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                                                                                                                                                289

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                     REGION 20                                                                                                        CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                             PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK

                                                                                                                                    UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                                 DISTRICT COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                        PEOPLE          REGION     STATEWIDE
                                 TYPE OF FACILITY                   PARK        PARK        PARK        TOTAL         PER             20          AVERAGE
                                                                 (UNITS)     (UNITS)      (UNITS)       UNITS         UNIT            METRO    METRO AREAS
                     Games and Sports:
                       Parks   ..............................         3           20         3             26         4,544           .220           .150
                       Tennis Courts   ......................         3           34         0             37         3,193           .313           .142
                       Basketball Courts   ..................         0           12         0             12         9,847           .101           .071
                       Baseball/Softball Fields   ...........         6           22         3             31         3,811           .262           .186
                       Football/Soccer Fields    .............        0            1         0              1       118,166           .008           .032
                     Picnicking:
                       Parks   ..............................         2           18         1             21         5,627           .177           .124
                       Tables  .............................         210          57         1            268           440           2.271          1.230
                     Playground:
                       Parks   ..............................         2           15         3             20         5,908           .169           .170
                       Acres Developed  ....................          10          26         4             40         2,954           .338           .258
                     Swimming:
                       Parks   .........................              3            3         0              6        19,694           .050           .050
                       Pools (Sq. Yd.)  ...............            3,105       2,092         0          5,197             23         44.042        25.950
                       Designated Fresh Water (Sq. Yd.)     ...       0            0         0              0           ---            ---         52.242
                     Boating:
                       Parks   ..............................         1            0         0              1       118,166           .008           .006
                       Ramp Lanes - Fresh Water   ...........         0            0         0              0           ---            ---           .008
                     Camping:
                       Parks   ..............................         2            0         0              2        59,083           .016           .002
                       Campsites ..........................           2            0         0              2        59,083           .016           .121
                     Fishing:
                       ,Parks  ..............................         2            0         0              2        59,083           .016           .013
                       Pier/Barge/Marina-Fresh Water (Yd.)            0            0         0              0           ---            ---           .049
                     Golfing:
                       Courses ............................           0            0         0              0           ---            ---           .005
                       Holes   ..............................         0            0         0              0           ---            ---           .100
                     Trails:
                       Parks   ..............................         1            0         1              2        59,083           .016           .006
                       Nature (Mi.)   .......................         1            0         0              1       118,166           .008           .009
                       Horseback (Mi.)  ....................          6            0         0              6        19,694           .050           .003
                       Bicycle (Mi.)   ......................         0            0         1              1       118,166           .008           .007
                       Hiking (Mi.)   .......................         0            0         0              0           ---            ---           .006
                       Total Trails (Mi.)  ................           7            0         1              8        14,770           .067           .021

              292

                 REGION 20                                    PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK                                  CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                                                                                                          UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                                 DISTRICT COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                              PEOPLE          REGION       STATEWIDE
                              TYPE OF FACILITY                       PARK         PARK         PARK         TOTAL          PER                20          AVERAGE
                                                                   (UNITS)     (UNITS)       (UNITS)        UNITS          UNIT             METRO     METRO AREAS

                 Sport Shooting:
                    Parks .............................                1           0             0              1         118,166             .008            .002
                    Traps ..............................               0           0             0              0             ---             ---             .002
                    Shooting Targets     ..................            0           0             0              0             ---             ---             .004
                    Archery Targets     ...................            10          0             0             10          11,816             .084            .011
                 Miscellaneous:
                    Parks ..............................               2           1             1              4          29,541             '033            .038
                    Amphitheatre Seats     ................            0           0             0              0             ---             ---            1.077
                    Botanical Gardens (Acres)       .........          0           0             2              2          59,083             .016            .077
                    Zoos (Acres)    ......................             0           0             0              0             ---             ---             .051
                   iCommunity/Recreation Centers        ......         2           1             0              3          39,388             .025            .038

                 Most of the park and recreation facilities in            the Waco  Metro    Area are in Community or      District Parks.     The nine Specialty
                 Parks have f acilities only f or games and sports (3 baseball/sof tball f ields) , picnicking, a bicycle trail, botanical
                 gardens and three playgrounds.         The District Park category has a park with water surface available for boating and two
                 parks with fishing waters available, however, no specific boating or fishing facilities were reported. Also in the
                 District Park category are the only facilities for camping and sport shooting.                    A total of eight miles of trails were
                 reported.

                 Of the 44   parks, 26 have games-and sports facilities, 21 have picnicking facilities, 20 have playgrounds, and 6 have
                 swimming facilities. The most common types of games and sports facilities are tennis with 37 courts, followed by base-
                 ball/softball with 31 fields, basketball with 12 courts (all of these courts in Community Parks) and football/soccer
                 with one field.

                 Looking at selected facilities in relation to            the number of potential users we        find the   following:

                       118,166 persons for each football/soccer           field                  3,811 persons    for each   baseball/softball field
                        59,083 persons for each campsite                                         3,193 persons    for each   tennis court
                        39,388 persons for each community/recreation center                      2,954 persons    for each   acre of playground
                        14,770 persons for each mile of trails                                     440 persons    for each   picnic table
                          9,847 persons for each basketball court                                   23 persons    for each   square,yard of swimming pool

                 The Waco Metro Area is above the Statewide Metro            average for facility units per 1,000 for tennis courts, basketball
                 courts, baseball/softball fields, picnic tables,            playground acres, square yards of swimming pools, trail miles and
                 archery targets.      The Area is below the average for football/soccer fields, campsites, acres of botanical gardens and
                 community/recreation centers.         No designated fresh water,swimming area, boat ramp lanes, yards of fishing pier-/barge/
                 marina, golf holes, shooting traps, shooting targets, amphitheatre seats or zoo acreage were reported.

                                                                                                                                                                    293

                       REGION 20                          CONVERSION OF FACILITIES TO RECREATION OPPORTUNITY DAYS                 CITY SIZE: METRO

                       Current opportunity days for    1971 were calculated by multiplying the number of facilities available for each
                       activity in the metro area (deter@iined from the Texas Outdoor Recreation Inventory of Parks, Recreation Areas,
                       and Facilities) times the standard for the facility.

                                                                                                                       DAYS PER THOUSAND POPULATION
                                                                                                    .ANNUAL              REGION          STATEWIDE
                                                                                                      DAYS                  20            AVERAGE
                       ACTIVITY-FACILITY                                                            AVAILABLE            METRO             METRO
                            Swimming (Pools)     square yards  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         779,550             6,606             3,891
                            Child's Play - playground acres    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        1,104,920            9,364             7,137
                            Baseball/Softball - fields     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         427,924             3,626             2,577
                            Picnicking - tables   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          456,136             3,866             2,093
                            Football/Soccer - fields     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .            7,224                 61             235
                            Golf - holes   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   0                 0             414
                            Tennis - courts, double   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .            99,678               845              384
                            Basketball - courts, full    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         105,540                894              625

                        Water-Related Activities:

                            Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW - surface acres _        . . . . .     3,064,822            25,973            2,962
                            Boating, Boat Fishing,   Skiing FW - boat ramps    . . . . . . . .               0                 0             103

                        Trail Activities:

                            Combined Walking, Bicycling, and Nature Study - miles       . . . .        16,928               143              164

                       The Waco Metro Area offers the most opportunity days for surface acres for freshwater boating, boat fishing and
                       skiing, followed by child's play, swimming (in pools), and picnicking. A comparison between the opportunity days
                       per thousand population for the Waco Metro Area and the Statewide Metro average shows that the Waco Metro Area sur-
                       passes the statewide average for seven types of facilities-- swimming pools, children's playgrounds (in acres),
                       baseball/softball fields, picnic tables, tennis courts, basketball courts, and surface acres for freshwater boating,
                       boat fishing and skii9g. The Waco Metro Area is below the Statewide Metro average for football/soccer and the
                       trails activities, with no opportunity days available for golf and freshwater boat ramps.

              294

              REGION 20                       ESTIMATED CURRENT AND FUTURE PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000               CITY SIZE: METRO

              The twelfth ranking metro area, based on population, Waco ranked sixteenth in total participation for the year 1970.
              Estimates for 1970 indicate that residents and non-residents in the area spent over 2.5 million recreation days in
              pursuit of urban outdoor recreation opportunities available within the metro area.

                                                                     Resident

              Total days of participation in urban outdoor recreation activities by the residents of the Waco Metropolitan Area
              were estimated to be 2.3 million days in 1970. Total participation is expected to increase to 3.1 million days in
              1975 and to 3.9 million days in 1980. Projections for the years 1975 and 1980 represent increases of 37.3 and 74.1
              percent, respectively, over the 1970 participation level.    Participation on a days per household basis will increase
              from 43.0 days in 1970 to 60.4 days in 1975, and to 78.4 days in 1980--increases of 40.3 and 82.1 percent over the
              1970 level. Residents of the Waco Metropolitan Area are expected to participate at a rate of 81, 101, and 124 days
              per household below the statewide average for the other Texas metropolitan areas in 1970, 1975, and 1980, respectively.
              For the more distant years of 1990 and 2000, participation is expected. to continue increasing, but will remain below
              the statewide average for all other metropolitan areas.

              With respect to total days of part *icipation, 14-of the 16 activities listed are projected to increase through the
              year 2000, while the activities of football and fishing are expected to decrease during that time period. When
              considering participation on a days per household basis, all 16 of the activities are expected to increase in par-
              ticipation. In 1970 the activities of swimming, driving for pleasure, walking, child's play, bicycling, and golf
              ranked one through six, respectively, in popularity. The expected order of popularity in 1975 deviates little from
              the 1970 rankings as the only anticipated change is the exchange in rankings between driving for pleasure and
              bicycling. By 1980, swinming is projected to be the first ranked activity, bicycling number two and walking in
              third place.   Child's play, driving for pleasure, and basketball are, expected to become the fourth, fifth, and
              sixth ranked activities.

                                                                   Non-Resident

              For the urban outdoor recreation activities specified for 1970, participation-within the Waco   Metropolitan Area by
              non-residents was estimated to total 266,000 days.    Compared to the 1970 level, total participation is expected to
              decrease 3.0 percent (to 258,000 days) by 1975 and 7.5 percent (to 246,000 days) by 1980.    Similar decreases are
              anticipated for the years 1990 and 2000.

              In terms of days of participation for 1970, the most popular non-resident activities, of the specific activities
              projected, were:   sightseeing, with 154,000 days; picnicking, with 38,000 days; football, with 22,000 days; child's
              play with 14,000 days; fishing, with 13,000 days; and driving for pleasure, with 9,000 days. Assuming adequate
              facilities are made available, a moderate decrease in participation for all activities is expected through the
              year 2000.   The same six popular activities of 1970 are expected to retain their rankings through the year 2000.

                                                                                                                                        295

                      REGION 20                                                                  CURRENT AND PROJECTED RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                                 CITY SIZE:     METROS
                                                                                                                (OOO'S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                                                           1970                                     1975                                   1980                                    1990                                  2000
                                                                         STATE-                                 STATE-                                     STATE-                               STATE-                                  STATE-
                                                            REG.20       WIDE                       REG.20      WIDE                         REC.20        WIDE                    REG.20      WIDE                           REG. 20   WIDE
                                                            METROS      METROS                      =ROS        METROS                       METROS        METROS                  METROS      NETROS                         @]ETROS   METROS
                                               PART.        AVERAGE     AVERAGE        PART.        AVERAGE     AVERAGE       PART.          AVERAGE       AVERAGE   PART.         AVERAGE     AVERAGE      PART.             AVERAGE   AVERAGE
                      ACTIVITY                 DAYS   RANK  DAYS/HH     DAYS/HH        DAYS  RANK   DAYS/M      DAYS/Hli      DAYS   RANK    DAYS/         DAYS/HH   DAYS    RANK  DAYS/HH     DAYSMH       DAYS    RANK      DAYS/HH   DAYS/HH
                      Swimming                 493         1    9.46      27.41        633       1     12.41     36.52        780        1     15.65       47.17    1,055       2    24.30      75.28       1,399        2    35.27     110.14
                      Child's Play             275         4    5.27      14.08        360       4     7.06      17.72        449        4     9.01        22.00      604       4    13.91      32.20         794        4    20.02     43.99
                      Baseball/Softball          36     12        .69       2.78        44     12        .86       3.19         53     12      1.06        3.59           64  11         1.47     4.41         77     10      1.94         5.22
                      Picnicking                 52     10      1.00        5.72        56     11      1.10        5.66         60     11      1.20        5.66           63  12         1.45     5.61         68     12      1.71         5.64
                      Football/Soccer            19     14        .36       1.43        19     14        .37       1.42         19     14        .38       1.41           17  14         .39      1.39         16     14        .40        1.38
                      Golf                     119         6    2.28        3.92       154       6     3.02        4.98       190        7     3.81        6.16       248       7        5.71     8.96        313        7    7.89      12.07
                      Tennis                     90        8    1.73        6.06        89       9     1.74        9.21         90     10      1.81        11.49          81  10         1.87   16.07          76     11      1.92      21.46
                      Basketball                 80        9    1.53        1.60       143       7     2.80        2.59       203        6     4.07        3.57       287       6        6.61     5.52        363        5    9.15         7.53
                      Walking                  293         3    5.62      18.21        479       3     9.39      23.09        655        3     13.14       29.20      898       3    20.68      39.89       1,119        3    28.21     50.31
                      Bicycling                274         5    5.26      20.30        528       2     10.35     32.77        769        2     15.43       45.25    1,111       1    25.59      68.44       1,419        1    35.77     95.49
                      Nature Study                 1    16        .02       .72              2 16        .04       1.67           3    16        .05       2.64           4   16         .09      4.63           5    16        .13        6.70
                      Fishing                    94        7    1.80        1.80        96       8     1.88        1.88         98       9     1.97        1.97           93    9        2.14     2.13         91        9    2.29         2.30
                      Boating                    46     11        .88       .88         81     10      1.59        1.60       115        8     2.31        2.31       162       8  -     3.73     3.74        205        8    5.17         5 17
                      Skiing                     22     13        .42       .42         32     13        .63         .62        41     13        .82       .82            53  13         1.22     1.22         64     13      1.61         1:81
                      Surfing                  --- ---                      ---        --- ---           ---         ---      --- ---            ---       ---        --- ---            ---        ---       ___     ---       ---        ---
                      Sightseeing                  3    15        .06       2.25             4 15        .08       2.34           5    15        .10       2.50           8   15         .18      2.70         12     15        .30        3.01
                      Dr. for Pleas.           346         2    6o64      13.38        360       4     7.06      13.52        376        5   -7.54         13.67      362       5        8.34   13.86         362        6    9.13      14.10
                           TOTAL              2,243             43.02    120.96      3,080             60.38    158.78      3,906              78.36       199.41   5,110            117.68     286.05      6,383             160.91    386.32

                                         CURRENT AND PROJECTED NON-RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                       TOTAL CURRENT AND PROJECTED PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000
                                                           (OOO'S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)                                                                                (OOOIS OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                      ACTIVITY                          1970            1975            1980             1990              2000       ACTIVITY                        1970               1975            1980            1990              2000

                      Swimming                             8                7                7               6                5       Swimming                            501            640             787             1,061          1,404
                      Child's Play                         14             13                 13              11             10        Child's Play                        289            373             462             615               804
                      Baseball/Softball                    2                2                2               2                2       Baseball/Softball                   38             46               55                  66            79
                      Picnicking                           38             37                 36              30             27        Picnicking                          90             93               96                  93            95
                      Football/Soccer                      22             21                 20              17             15        Football/Soccer                     41             40               39                  34            31
                      Golf                                 I                1                1               1                1       Golf                                120            155             191             249               314
                      Tennis                                                                                                          Tennis                              90             89               90                  81            76
                      Basketball                           I                I                I                                        Basketball                          81             144             204             287               363
                      Walking                              I                I                I               I                I       Walking-                            294            480             656             899            1,120-
                      Bicycling                                                                                                       Bicycling                           274            528             769             1,111          1,419
                      Nature Study                                                                                                    Nature Study                        1                2                3                 4                5
                      Fishing                              13             13                 12              10               9       Fishing                             107            109             110             103               100
                      Boating                              2                2                1               1                1       Boating                             48             83              116             163               206
                      Skiing                               I                I                I                                        Skiing                              23             33               42                  53            64
                      Surfing                           ---              ---                                 ---            ---       Surfing                             ---            ---             ---             ---
                      Sightseeing                       154              150                 143             121            108       Sightseeing                         157            154             148             129               120
                      Dr. for Pleas.                       9                9                8               7                6       Dr. for Pleas.                      355            369             384             369               368

                           TOTAL                        266              258                 246             207            185            TOTAL                     2,509           3,338            4,152              5,317          6,563

                      Note:     Asterisks indicate that projected annual activity days were less than 500.                Dashes indicate not applicable.        Zeros indicate that the activity was not ranked due to
                                insignificant participation days recorded.

                    296

               REGION 20                    R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S            CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                    1 9 7 0   2 0 0 0

               Estimates of urban outdoor recreation resource requirements were developed for the Waco Metropolitan Area for the years
               1970, 1975) 1980$  V 90, and 2000 by comparing current-1/ and projected recreation participation with the current recrea-
               tion opportunities- available in the metro.     In addition, the availability and spatial distribution of recreation
               opportunities provided by parks and recreation facilities were analyzed with respect to subsections of the Waco Metro
               characterized by residents having similar incomes and ethnic backgrounds. Particular attention was given to those sub-
               sections expected to undergo relatively rapid population growth and physical expansion in the future.

               Conclusions reached from analyzing the distribution of recreation opportunities within the metropolitan area were used
               to qualify resource requirement estimates where 'a less than adequate distribution appeared to exist.

               In the discussions that follow, results of the distribution analysis,of   parks within subsections of the Waco Metro Area
               are presented. Then, estimates of current and future requirements for selected recreation facilities are presented,
               and are qualified by conclusions reached from the distribution analysis of recreation facilities within subsections of
               the metro.

               PARK DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

               In analyzing the availability and distribution of parks in the Waco Metro Area, several characteristics were considered:
               changes in population (or trends, in general, 1960 to 1970), areas of the metro which-were expected to exhibit relative-
               ly major expansion, and the dispersion of existing parks among the income/ethnic subsections of the metro. From these
               interrelated characteristics, general conclusions were reached with respect to future park developments for the metro
               area.

               Population trends affected estimations of future recreation participation.     Projections for Waco indicate that the 1970
               metro population of 118,116 will remain relatively stable through the year    2000.  In 1971, metro planners indicated
               that the area around Lakeview and Bellmead in the northeastern part of the   metro, and southwest Waco (in the vicinity
               of Lake Waco and the contiguous urban area of Woodway), were two areas which could anticipate major urban expansion.
               These trends are presented graphically on the map, titled "Predominant Ethnic Background and Income Subsections."

               This same map shows eleven major income/ethnic subsections, as delineated by metro planners in 1971. Generally, low-
               income residentswere located in the eastern half of the metro.     East of Beverly Drive and through all of Robinson was
               an area of low-income Mexican- Americans. From Beverly Drive west to Waco Drive, much of the population was low-income
               Black.   Low-income Anglos tended to be concentrated in that part of Waco north of the Brazos River, in southwest

               l/ "Current" participation refers to levels of participation by type of selected recreation activity which were esti-
                  mated for the year 1970.
               2/ "Current" recreation opportunities refers to computed figures derived from the numbers of publicly- administered
                  facilities by type available within the metro area in 1971.

                                                                                                                                          297

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                REGION 20                    R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E    R E Q   I R E M E N T S           CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                     1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                Bellmead, and in most of Lacy-Lakeview.

                There were two major areas of middle-income households:    central Waco (west of Waco Drive) was comprised of predominant-
                ly middle-income Anglos, and Bellmead was comprised of middle-income Anglos and Mexican- Americans. High-income Anglos
                tended to be concentrated in the western part of Waco (east of Lake Waco) . There was also a small high-income Anglo
                neighborhood in Lacy-Lakeview.

                The "Dispersion of Parks by Type" map shows the geographic distribution of parks in the metro, as of 1971.       Compared
                with the "Predominant Ethnic Background and Income Subsections" map, parks in general seemed reasonably well dispersed;
                however, several of the very small income/ethnic subsections lacked parks of any kind. Three low-income subsections
                (one Anglo, one Black, and one Mexican- American) in Bellmead had no parks. Also, the middle-income Mexican- American
                subsection in Bellmead, and the high income Anglo area in Lacy-Lakeview lacked parks. The contiguous urban area of
                Woodway reported only one park, and Beverly Hills (predominantly low-income Black) had no parks at all.      It should be
                noted also that the high-income Anglo area in west Waco had only two parks.

                District parks were absent in that part of the metro north of the Brazos River, and in Waco southwest of 18th Street.
                Community and specialty parks were reasonably well distributed, but there were no open land parks at all in the large
                low-income Mexican- Arneri can subsection in East Waco, or in the high-incodie Anglo area of west Waco.  Open land parks
                are important in maintaining a balanced and aesthetically pleasing urban environment.

                In addition to maintaining an adequate dispersion of parks in all portions of the metro area, the provision of different
                types of recreational facilities in parks is als'o an important consideration.    An analysis of the current and future
                requirements for selected recr6ational facilities and the current dispersion of facilities in the Waco Metro Area is
                presented in the following discussions.

                FACILITY REQUIREMENTS AND DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

                As mentioned previously, requirements for selected recreational facilities (see the following table) were calculated
                for the years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000.    Then, an analysis of the dispersion of existing facilities among the
                predominant income/ethnic subsections and the major growth areas of the metro was conducted.      Conclusions reached from
                the facility dispersion analysis were then used to qualify the facility requirement estimates, particularly in those
                cases where no additional facilities were estimated as being needed within the metropolitan area.      Usually, special
                note is made where growth areas appeared to have limited facilities. The methodology used to calculate facility re-
                quirements in general is explained in Appendix C, Part I--An Overview of the Urban Volume.      In the discussions that
                follow, resource requirements for recreational facilities are generally referred to by units of the most important
                feature necessary to allow participation. For example, when a requirement is shown for swimming pools, features such
                as a bathhouse, cleaning and filtering system, and other support features are implied when a requirement for the major
                facility is shown.

                                                                                                                                           299

                 REGION 20                    R E C R E A T 1 6 N   R E S 0 U R C E    R E Q U I R E M E N T S           CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                     1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                                                                         Swimming

                 In 1971 the Waco Metropolitan Area reported 5,197 square yards of swimming pools. which, when multiplied by a conversion
                 standard of 150 days per year per square yard, provided approximately 780,000 opportunity days. When compared with
                 projections of demand, the 1971 supply level should be adequate until 1990, when a deficit of 217,000 days is predicted.
                 At that time, an additionil 1,447 square yards above the 1971 level were estimated to be required. The cumulative
                 resource requirement increases to 3,600 square yards by the year 2000. Although public swimming pools appeared to be
                 adequate for the metro as a whole, the high-density neighborhoods of central Waco, as well as growth areas in the north-
                 east and southwest sections of the metro, should be considered if it becomes practical to provide additional swimming
                 facilities.

                                                                       Child's Play

                 There were forty acres of developed playground in 1971, which provided an estimated 1,105,000 opportunity days, on the
                 basis of a standard of 27,623 days per year per acre of developed land. Estimates of demand suggest that this 1971
                 supply level should be adequate through the year 2000. The distribution of playgrounds in 1971 seemed to be relatively
                 balanced except for the subsections in the north part of the metro which had no park facilities of any kind.

                                                                     Baseball/Softball

                 A comparison of opportunity days with participation days for the Waco Metropolitan Area suggests that no additional
                 baseball/softball facilities should be required through the year 2000. In 1971, there were thirty-one fields which,
                 when multiplied by a standard of 13,804 days per year per field, provided in 1971 about 428,000 days of opportunity,
                 considerably more than should be required even in the year 2000. If any additional fields are provided, consideration
                 probably should be given to growth areas, or the subsections in the north part of the metro which lacked park facilities
                 of any kind.

                                                                        Picnicking

                 Given a conversion standard of 1,702 days per year per picnic table, a total of 456,000 opportunity days were provided
                 by the 268 public picnic tables enumerated in 1971. This opportunity level when compared with estimates of participa-
                 tion should be sufficient through the year 2000, for the metro as a whole. However, several of the small income/ethnic
                 subsections north of the Brazos River had no picnicking facilities and should be considered.

                                                                      Football/Soccer

                 In 1971, there was only one public football field and it provided about 7,000 opportunity days, given a standard of
                 7,224 days per year per field. With demand estimated at 41,000 participation days, five additional fields were required
                 in 1970 to erase the 34,000 day deficit. The locations of additional football fields should be adequately dispersed

               300

                REGION 20                   R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S           CITY SIZE:' METROS
                                                                    1 9 7 0   2 0 0 0

                among the major income/ethnic subsections within the metro, and particularly those with high growth rates.

                                                                          Golf

                There were no public golf courses reported for Waco in 1971. Accordingly, a total of thirty holes were required in 1970
                to accommodate an estimated demand of 120,000 participation days, given a facility standard of 4,047 days per year per
                hole of golf. The cumulative resource requirement was predicted to be 38 total holes in 1975, 47 holes (about 3
                eighteen-hole courses, or 6 nine-hold, or some other appropriate combination) in 1980, 62 holes in 1990, and 78 holes
                by the year 2000. Public golf courses should be located so as to maximize accessibility to the various income/ethnic
                subsections of the metro.

                                                                         Tennis

                A total of thirty-seven public tennis courts provided about 100,000 opportunity days in 1971, given a standard of 2,694
                days per year per court. The 1971 opportunities level should be adequate for the metro as a whole through the year
                2000, based on a projected decline in the number of participation days.   Although a dispersion analysis was not possible
                from available information, consideration should be given to providing a balanced distribution relative to growth areas
                and the various income/ethnic subsections.

                                                                       Basketball

                In 1971 the Waco Metropolitan Area reported twelve basketball courts which,  when multiplied by a facility standard of
                8,795 days per year per court, provided about 106,000 days of opportunity.   Although these twelve courts were adequate
                to meet the estimated demand of 81,000 participation days in 1970, additional courts in subsequent years were required
                to augment the 1971 supply level.. The cumulative resource requirement in 1975 is 4 courts; and this increases to 11
                courts over the 1971 supply level by 1980, 21 courts by 1990, and 29 courts in the year 2000. Although a dispersion
                analysis was not possible from available information, consideration should be given to providing a balanced distribu-
                tion relative to growth areas and the various income/ethnic subsections.

                                                                    Trails Activities

                In 1971, there were two miles of trail which, when multiplied by a facility standard of 8,464 days per year per mile of
                trail, provided about 17,000 days of opportunity.   (Although the total actually amounted to eight miles, six of these
                were horseback riding trail miles.   Because resource requirements were not computed for urban horseback riding trails
                and because these six miles in the Waco Metro Area were not designated for other types of trail usage, they were ex-
                cluded from the computation of opportunity days.) These 17,000 days of opportunity compared with 42,000 participation
                days in 1970. Hence, a total of three additional miles were required in 1970 to eliminate an estimated deficit of
                25,000 opportunity days.  An incremental requirement of 3 more miles in 1975 and 4 additional miles in 1980 result in a
                total of 10 miles of trail which should be provided by 1980. The cumulative total should reach 14 in 1990 and 19 in
                the year 2000.

                                                                                                                                         301

                  REGION 20                    R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E    R E Q U I R E M E N T S           CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                      1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                  A relatively small proportion of the total participation in trail and related activities was estimated to take place in
                  publicly-administered park and recreation areas. It is likely, however, that as additional trail facilities are pro-
                  vided, the relative proportion of total participation will increase at these recreation areas. Thus, the above esti-
                  mates of additional resources required may be conservative in the long run and should be considered as minimum esti-
                  mates. In addition to the expectations for increases in participation in trail and related activities at publicly-
                  administered park and recreation areas, it is clear that the major proportion of walking, bicycling, and nature study
                  is occurring in places other than established recreation areas. The majority of this participation is most likely
                  taking place in local neighborhoods, on city streets, and on available open lands within the area. This phenomenon has
                  direct policy implications with respect to the provision of sidewalks within currently existing and newly developing
                  neighborhoods, the development of a system of bike lanes in high use areas, and the provision of adequate open space
                  and green belt areas within the metro area.

                                                  Water-Related Activities: Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing

                                                              Surface Acres - Freshwater Lakes
                                                               (Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing)

                  A total of 7,347 surface acres of freshwater lakes was located within the Waco Metro Area of Region 20 in 1971. Using
                  participation patterns of households recreating in the urban areas, it was estimated that boating totaled 48,000 days,
                  boat fishing 23,000 days, and skiing 23,000 days for a total of 94,000 days in 1970. Comparing estimated participation
                  with the opportunities provided by the surface acres existing in 1971 indicates that existing freshwater lakes will be
                  adequate through the year 2000.
                                                                   Freshwater Boat Rampsi/

                  No publicly-administered freshwater boat  lanes were reported for the Waco Metro Area in 1971. By estimating the 1970
                  total freshwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation which would have occurred using freshwater boat ramp
                  facilities to gain access to the water if ramps were available, it was calculated that three boat ramps were needed in
                  1970. Projected increases in freshwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation are expected to require one
                  additional freshwater boat ramp in 1975, one in 1980, one in 1990, and two in the year 2000, bringing the cumulative
                  resource requirement to eight ramps in 2000. Since boat ramps are the most frequently used means by which boaters,
                  skiers, and boat fishermen gain access to freshwater lakes, the provision of freshwater boat ramps required could be
                  constructed on existing freshwater lakes if the lakes are available for water-related activities.

                  1/ In calculating freshwater boat ramp resource requirements the assumption was made that each boat ramp has two lanes.
                     Supply figures listed in the "Park and Recreation Facilities by Type of Park" table and quoted in the narratives are
                     in terms of single lanes.

             302

              REGION 20                    R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S          CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                  1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                                                         Summary of Facilities Requirements

              The only designated types of facilities which were not available at all in 1971 were public golf courses and freshwater
              boat ramps. For both types of facilities, resource requirements were indicated for every planning horizon year.    Also,
              additional miles of trail were required in every planning year to augment the existing two miles (for walking, bicycling,
              and nature study) enumerated in 1971.   Additional basketball courts were rIequired beginning in 1975, and additional
              swimming facilities were indicated as necessary beginning in 1990. The Waco Metro Area reported only one public foot-
              ball field; five additional fields were estimated to be required to fulfill demand through the year 2000. The number of
              existing public *playgrounds, baseball/softball fields, public picnic tables, tennis courts, and acres for recreational
              freshwater were estimated to be sufficient through the year 2000.

              A dispersion analysis was possible only for a few facility types. Public swimming pools, playgrounds, and picnicking
              facilities appeared to be reasonably well distributed, except that some of the small low-income subsections in the north
              part of the metro lacked parks and facilities of any kind.   A major criterion in the location of additional facilities
              for all types of outdoor recreation activities is a geographic distribution which considers growth areas and the various
              income/ethnic subsections.

                                                                                                                                       303

                    REGION 20                                                                        RECREATION RESOURCE RE)QUIRTMENTS, 1970-2000                                                                        CITY SIZE: METROS

                                                                                               TOTAL            1971 OPPORTUNITY         NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                          PARTICIPATION           DAYS AVAILABLE               (OOO'S OF                                      UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                            (0001S OF               (0001S OF               ACTIVITY DAYS)                                    RESOURCES REQUIRED
                    YEAR         ACTIVITY                                                ACTIVITY DAYS)          ACTIVITY DAYS            DEFICIT         SURPLUS                    CUMULATIVE- - -                     INCRE24ENTAL
                                 Swimming (Pools)      . . . . . . . . . . .                       471 -11                    780                             309                    0square yards-21                    0square  yards-2/
                                 Child's Play (Playgrounds)         . . . . . .                    289                  1,105                                 816                    0acres                              0acres
                                 Baseball/Softball     . . . . . . . . . . .                       38                         428                             390                    0fields                             0fields
                                 Picnicking     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        89                         456                             367                    0tables                             0tables
                                 Football/Soccer     . . . . . . . . . . . .                       41                         7                 34                                   5fields                             5fields
                                 Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                          120                        0               120                                    30 holes                            30 holes
                                 Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                          90                         100                               10                   0courts, dbl.                       0courts, dbl.
                                 Basketball     . . . . . . . .     . . . . . .                    81                         106                               25                   0courts, full                       0courts, full

                    1970         Water-Related Activities:
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing         FW  . . .                   94                   3,065                               2,971                    0surfa@7 acres                      0surfac7 acres
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing         FW  . . .                   72                         0                72                                    3ramps-                             3ramps-3

                                 Trails Activities:
                                 Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                          31  4/                                                                            2miles                              2miles
                                 Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                         11  4/                                                                            1mile                               1mile
                                 Nature Study     . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                                                          <1 mile                             <1 mi'le
                                 Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                             Nature Study   . . . . . . . . .                      42  4/                     17               25                                    3miles                              3miles

                                 ACTIVITY
                                 Swimming (Pools)      . . . . . . . . . . .                       602 -1/                    780                             178                    0square  yards=2/                   0square yards-2/
                                 Child's Play (Playgrounds)         . . . . . .                    373                  1,105                                 732                    0acres                              0acres
                                 Baseball/Softball     . . . . . . . . . . .                       46                         428                             382                    0fields                             0fields
                                 Picnicking     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        93                         456                             363                    0tables                             0tables
                                 Football/Soccer     . . . . . . . . . . . .                       40                         7                33                                    5fields                             0fields
                                 Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                          155                        0               155                                    38 holes                            8holes
                                 Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                          89                         100                               11                   0courts, dbl.                       0courts, dbl.
                                 Basketball     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        144                        106              38                                    4courts, full                       4courts, full

                    1975         Water-Related Activities:

                                 Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing         FW  . . .                   139                  3,065                               2,926                    0surfa   cacres                     0surface acres
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing         FW  . . .                   102                        0               102                                    4ramps.2                            Irap3

                                 Trails Activities:
                                 Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .                         50  4/                                                                            4miles                              2miles
                                 Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                         21  4/                                                                            2miles                              Imile
                                 Nature Study     . . . . . . . . . . . . .                            4/                                                                            <1 mile                             0miles
                                 Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                             Nature Study   . . . . . . . . .                      71  4/                     17               54                                    6miles                              3miles

                    304

                REGION 20                                                                      RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                                CITY SIZE: METROS

                                                                                         TOTAL           1971 OPPORTUNITY        NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                    PARTICIPATION         DAYS AVAILABLE               (OOO'S OF                                    UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                      (OOO'S OF              (OOO'S OF            ACTIVITY DAYS)                                    RESOURCES REQUIRED
                YEAR        ACTIVITY                                               ACTIVITY DAYS)         ACTIVITY D61SJ          DEFICIT        SURPLUS                  CUMULATIVE                      INCREMENTAL
                            Swimming (Pools)      . . . . . . . . . . .                    740-11                  780                                 40                 0square   yards-21                0 square yardsil
                            Child's Play (Playgrounds)         . . . . . .                 462                  1,105                                643                  0acres                            0 acres
                            Baseball/Softball     . . . . . . . . . . .                      55                    428                               373                  0fields                           0 fields
                            Picnicking     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       96                    456                               360                  0tables                           0 tables
                            Football/Soccer     . . . . . . . . . . . .                      39                       7                32                                 5fields                           0 fields
                            Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       191                        0              191                                  47 holes                          9 holes
                            Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                         90                    100                                 10                 0courts,    dbl.                  0 courts, dbl.
                            Basketball     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     204                     106                 98                                 11 courts,  full                  7 courts, full

                1980        Water-Related Activities:
                            Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW          . . .                181                  3,065                               2,884                 0surface acres                    0 surfpe acres
                            Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing          FW . . .                132                        0              132                                  5ramps3,                          I ramp_3

                            Trails Activities:
                            Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                         69 4/                                                                        7miles                            3 miles
                            Bicycling    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       31 4/                                                                        3miles                            1 mile
                            Nature Study     . . . . . . . . . . . . .                         1                                                                          <1 mile                           0 miles
                            Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                         Nature Study  . . . . . . ... .                   101  4/                   17                84                                 10 miles                          4 miles

                            ACTIVITY
                            Swimming (Pools)      . . . . . . . . . . .                    997  V                  780               217                             1,447 square yards-2/             1,447  square yards-2/
                            Child's Play (Playgrounds)         . . . . . .                 615                  1,105                                490                  0acres                            0 acres
                            Baseball/Softball     . . . . . . . . . . .                      66                    428                               362                  0fields                           0 fields-
                            Picnicking     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       93                    456                               363                  0tables                           0 tables
                            Football/Soccer     . . . . . . . . . . . .                      34                       7                27                                 5fields                           0 fields
                            Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       249                                       249                                  62 holes                        15  holes
                            Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                         81                    100                                 19                 0courts, dbl.                     0 courts, dbl.
                            Basketball     . . . . . . . . . . ... . .                     287                     106               181                                  21 courts, full                 10  courts, full

                1990        Water-Related Activities:
                            Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW          . . .                238                  3,065                              2,827                  0surfa57 acres                    0 surface acres
                            Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW          . . .                169                        0              169                                  6ramps-                           1 rampV

                            Trails Activities:
                            Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                         94 4/                                                                        10 miles                          3 miles
                            Bicycling    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       44 4/                                                                        4miles                            1 mile
                            Nature Study     . . . . . . . . . . . . .                         I                                                                          <1 mile                           0 miles
                            Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                         Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                   139  4/                   17              122                                  14 miles                          4 miles

                                                                                                                                                                                                                            305

                     REGION 20                                                                  RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                            CITY SIZE:     METROS

                                                                                          TOTAL           1971 OPPORTUNITY       NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                     PARTICIPATION         DAYS AVAILABLE               (000-S OF                                 UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                        (OOO'S  OF            (OOO'S OF              ACTIVITY DAYS)                               RESOURCES REQUIRED
                     YEAR       ACTIVITY                                              ACTIVITY  DAYS)      ACTIVITY DAYS)         DEFICIT       SURPLUS                CUMULATIVE                       INCREMENTAL
                                 Swimming (Pools)    ... . . . . . . . . .                1,320 -1/                 780              540                             3,600 square  yards-2/           2,153 square   yards!/
                                 Child's Play (Playgrounds)      . . . . . .               804                     1,105                           301                   0 acres                           0acres
                                 Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                  79                      428                            349                   0 fields                          0fields
                                 Picnicking   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   95                      456                            361                   0 tables                          0tables
                                 Football/Soccer  . . . . . . . . . . . .                   31                         7               24                                5 fields                          0fields
                                 Golf  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   314                         0             314                               78  holes                          16 holes
                                 Tennis  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...                    76                      100                              24                  0 courts, dbl.                    0courts, dbl.
                                 Basketball   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  363                      106              257                               29  courts, full                    8courts, full

                     2000      Water-Related Activities:
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing      FW  . . .              291                     3,065                         2,774                   0 surfac7 acres                   0surfac7 acres
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing      FW  . . .              205                         0             205                                 8 ramp,3                          2ramps-3

                               Trails Activities:

                                 Walking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   118                                                                         13  miles                           3miles
                                 Bicycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    57  4/                                                                       6 miles                           2miles
                                 Nature Study   . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     1                                                                        <1  mile                            0miles
                                 Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                   4/
                                           Nature Study   . . . . . . . . .                176  -                     17             159                               19  miles                           5miles

                     Note: Asterisks indicate that projected annual activity days were less than 500.
                     I/ Includes only swimming participation occurring in swimming pools, 94 percent of the total in urban areas.
                     2/ Designated freshwater swimming areas may be substituted for swimming pools. When making substitutions consider total swimming participation.
                     3/ Assumes 2.0 lanes per ramp.
                     4/ Reflects estimated participation occurring in park and recreation areas; does not include participation occurring outside park and recreation areas. Of the total
                        walking, bicycling, and nature study participation it was deter-mined that 10.5, 4.0, and 20.1 percent, respectively for each activiLy, occurs in park and recreation
                        areas.

                   306

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                      REGION 21                       REGIONAL DESCRIPTION: BRYAN-COLLEGE STATION NETROPOLITAN AREA

                      Bryan and College Station are located adjacent to one another                                POPULATION
                      and form one metropolitan area.                                                              1970 Metro Area Population: 51,395
                                                                                                                   Change 1960-70: +32%
                      Bryan was chartered in 1855 and      is the county seat of Brazos                            Race Composition
                      County. The economy has long been based on diversified agri-                                    White  .....  837.
                      culture and nearby Texas A&M University. Industry in Bryan                                      Negro  .....  16%
                      has been increasing recently with the production of chemicals,                                  Other  .....   1%
                      furniture, and metal fabrication. Bryan is the home of Allen                                 Age Composition (years):
                      Academy. The Bryan Civic Auditorium hosts many cultural events                                  13 or less    .....  25%
                      throughout the year.                                                                            14 - 20       .....  19%
                                                                                                                      21 - 44       .....  35%
                      College Station is the home of Texas A&M University. Near                                       45 - 64       .....  14%
                      College Station is the Texas International Speedway.                                            65 and over   .....    7%

                                                                                                                   ECONOMY
                                                                                                                   Agribusiness
                                                                                                                   Education

                      l/ Includes persons of Mexican and/or Spanish descent.

               308

                   REGION 21                                                                                               CITY SIZE: METRO

                            P U B L I C L Y      A D M I N I S T E R E D       R E C R E A T 1 0 N      0 P P 0 R T U N I T I E S

                                                                                                    LAND AND WATER ACREAGE

                                                                                                                            ACRES
                                                                                                                  REGION            STATEWIDE
                                                                                                                      21             AVERAGE
                                                                                                                   METRO          METRO AREAS

                                                         88%                        Developed Land                 306                1,307

                      REGION                                                        Undeveloped Land                  42                 536
                        21
                       METRO                                                        Total Land                     348                1,843
                                         12%
                                                                                    Water Within or Adjacent         48               1,006

                                                                                    Total Land and Water           396                2,849

                                         FM           DEVELOPED LAND

                                                     UNDEVELOPED LAND
                                                                                    Bryan and College Station have a total of 348 acres of
                                                                                    land set aside as park and recreation areas. In addition,
                                                                                    48 surface acres of water either within or adjacent to
                                                                                    these parks were reported.

                                                        71%                         Of the total land acreage, 306 acres are developed with
                     STATEWIDE                                                      facilities, leaving 42 acres available for development
                      AVERAGE                                                       in the future. With 88 percent of the land acreage
                   14ETRO AREAS                                                     currently developed, Bryan and College Station are well
                                                                                    above the Statewide Metro average of-71 percent.
                                              29%

                                                                                                                                                 309

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           DISPERSION OF PARKS BY TYPE
           URBAN PARKS                                                                 507
                                                                                                  0
              13 DISTRICT PARK                                                                         974

              0 COMMUNITY PARK
                 SPECIALTY PARK                                                                   0
                                                                                                                     0

                 OPEN-LAND PARK                                                             0

            Source: 1971 Municipal Inventory Update

                                                                                                                   0

                                                                                                                       BRYAN

                                                                                                                          0
                                                                                                                                  0

                                                                                                                   0              60
                                                                                                                                       0
                                                                                                                                                0

                                                                                                                                              7
                                                                                                                   TEXAS

                                                                                                                   A & M
                                                                                                                                  COLLEGE
                                                           REGION 21                                                            OSTATION
                                                                                                                    2347
                                           BRYAN-COLLEGE STATION
                                                                                AREA

                                                    METRO BOUNDARY
                                               1/2 0     1      2

                                                                                                                                                            311

                    REGION 21                                                                                                          CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                             PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES By TYPE OF PARK

                                                                                                                                    UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                                DISTRICT COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                         PEOPLE         REGION       STATEWIDE
                                TYPE OF FACILITY                 . PARK         PARK        PARK        TOTAL          PER            21          AVERAGE
                                                                 (UNITS)     (UNITS)      (UNITS)       UNITS          UNIT          METRO      METRO AREAS
                    Games and Sports:
                      Parks   ..............................         1           11          3            15            3,426         .294           .150
                      Tennis Courts   ......................         0            7          0             7            7,342         .137           .142
                      Basketball.Courts    ..................        1            9          0            10            5,139         .196           .071
                      Baseball/Softball Fields    ...........        0           11          4            15            3,426         .294           .186
                      Football/Soccer Fields    .............        0            1          0             1           51,395         .019           .032
                    Picnicking:
                      Parks   ..............................         1           12          2            15            3,426         .294           .124
                      Tables  .............................          5           91          2            98              524        1.921          1.230
                    Playground:
                      Parks   ..............................         1           11          0            12            4,282         .235           .170
                      Acres Developed  ....................          2           21          0            23           .2,234         .450           .258
                    Swimming*
                      Parks   ..............................         1            4          0             5           10,279         .098           .050
                      Pools (Sq. Yd.)  ....................          0        1,200          0         1,200                43      23.529         25.950
                      Designated Fresh Water (Sq. Yd.)...           400       1,200          0         1,600                32      31.372         52.242
                    Boating:
                      Parks   ..............................         0            0          1             1           51,395         .019           .006
                      Ramp Lanes - Fresh Water    ...........        0            0          0             0              ---          ---           .008
                    Camping:
                      Parks   ..............................         0            0          0             0              ---          ---           .002
                      Campsites  ..........................          0            0          0             0              ---          ---           .121
                    Fishing:
                      Parks   ..............................         0            0          1             1           51,395         .019           .013
                      Pier/Barge/Marina-Fresh Water (Yd.)            0            0          7             7            7,342         .137           .049
                    Golfing:
                      Courses ............................           0            0          1             1           51,395         .019           .005
                      Holes   ..............................         0            0          18           18            2,855         .352           .100
                    Trails:
                      Parks   ...............................        0            1          0             1           51,395         .019           .006
                      Nature (Mi.)   .......................         0              .5       0               .5       102,790         .009           .009
                      Horseback (Mi.)  ....................          0            0          0             0              ---          ---           .003
                      Bicycle (Mi.)   ......................         0              .5       0               .5       102,790         .009           .007
                      Hiking (Mi.)   .......................         0            0          0             0              ---          ---           .006
                      Total Trails (Mi.)    .................        0            1          0             1           51,395         .019           .021

              312

                 REGION 21                                 PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK                             CITY SIZE:     METRO

                                                                                                                                   UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                              DISTRICT COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                           PEOPLE         REGION      STATEWIDE
                            TYPE  OF FACILITY                    PARK         PARK        PARK        TOTAL          PER              21         AVERAGE
                                                               (UNITS)      (UNITS)     (UNITS)       UNITS          UNIT            METRO     METRO AREAS

                 Sport Shooting:
                   Parks .............................            0            0            0            0              ---                         .002
                   Traps .............................            0            0            0            0              ---            ---          .002
                   Shooting Targets    ..................         0            0            0            0              ---            ---          .004
                   Archery Targets    ...................         0            0            0            0              ---            ---          .011
                 Miscellaneous:
                   Parks .............................            0            1            0            1           51,395           .019          .038
                   Amphitheatre Seats   ................          0            0            0            0              ---            ---         1.077
                   Botanical Gardens (Acres)      .........       0            0            0            0              ---            ---          .077
                   Zoos (Acres)   ......................          0            0            0            0              ---            ---          .051
                   Community/Recreation Centers     ...... .      0            1            -0           1           51,395           .019          .038

                 Most of the park and recreation facilities in Bryan and,College Station are in Community Parks where all                  four of the
                 swimming pools are located. Two designated fresh water swimming areas were also reported, one in a District Park and
                 one in a Community Park. The Community Park category also has the only trail facilities and the one community/recrea-
                 tion center. All of the fishing and golf facilities are in Specialty Parks.                In addition, one Specialty Park has water
                 for boating although no specific boating facilities were reported.

                 Of the 29 parks, 15 have facilities for games and sports, 15 have picnicking facilities, 12 have playgrounds and 5 have
                 swimming facilities.     The most common types of games and sports facilities are basebAll/softball with 15 fields, followed.
                 by basketball with 10 courts, tennis with 7 courts and football/soccer with one field.

                 Looking at selected    facilities in relation to the number of potential          users we find the following:

                        51,395.persons  for each football/soccer field                      3,426  persons for each   baseball/softball field
                       51,395 persons   for each mile of trails                             2,855  persons for each   golf hole
                       51,395 persons   for each community/recreation center                2,234  persons for each   acre of playground
                        7,342 persons   for each tennis court                                  524 persons for each   picnic table
                        5,139 persons   for each basketball court                               43 persons for each   square yard of swimming pool

                 Bryan and College Station are above the Statewide         Metro average for facility units per       1,000 for basketball courts, base-
                 ball/softball fields, picnic tables, playground acres, yards of fishing pier/barge/marina and golf holes.                    Bryan and
                 College Station are below the average for tennis courts, football/soccer fields, square yards of swimming pools, designs-
                 ted fresh water swimming area, trail miles and community /recreation centers. No boat ramp lanes, campsites, sport
                 shooting facilities, amphitheatre seats, acres of botanical gardens or zoo acreage were reported.

                                                                                                                                                            313

                REGION 21                         CONVERSION OF FACILITIES TO RECREATION OPPORTUNITY DAYS              CITY SIZE: METRO

                Current opportunity days for 1971 were calculated by multiplying the number of facilities available for each
                activity in the metro area (determined from the Texas Outdoor Recreation Inventory of Parks, Recreation Areas,
                and Facilities) times the standard for the facility.

                                                                                                            DAYS PER THOUSAND POPULATION
                                                                                           ANNUAL             REGION         STATEWIDE
                                                                                            DAYS                21            AVERAGE
                ACTIVITY-FACILITY                                                         AVAILABLE           METRO            METRO

                     Swimming (Pools) - square yards   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       180,000            3,529            3,891
                     Child's Play - playground acres   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       635,329            12,457           7,139
                     Baseball/Softball - fields    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       207,060            4,060            2,577
                     Picnicking - tables  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        166,796            3,271            2,093
                     Football/Soccer - fields   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           7,224             142              235
                     Golf -*holes   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         72,846            1,428              414
                     Tennis - courts, double  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         18,858              370              384
                     Basketball - courts, full  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         87,950            1,725              625

                 Water-Related Activities:

                     Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW - surface acres     . . . . . .       20,023              393            2,962
                     Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW - boat ramps    . . . . . . . .             0                0             103

                 Trail Activities:

                     Combined Walking, Bicycling, and Nature Study - miles                    8,464             166              164

                The Bryan-College Station Metro Area offers the most opportunity days for child's play, followed by baseball/softball,
                swimming (in pools) and picnicking. A comparison between the opportunity days per thousand population for the-Bryan-
                College Station Metro Area and the Statewide Metro average shows that the Bryan-College Station Metro Area surpasses
                the statewide average for six of the activity types -- child's play, baseball/softball, picnicking, golf,.basketball,
                and the trails activities. The Bryan-College Station Metro Area is below the Statewide Metro average for swimming
                (in pools), football/soccer, tennis and surface acres for freshwater boating, boat fishing and skiing, with no
                opportunity days available for freshwater boat ramps.

              314

              REGION 21                       ESTIMATED CURRENT AND FUTURE PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000               CITY SIZE: METRO

              The twenty-fourth ranking metro area, based on population, Bryan-College Station also ranked twenty-fourth in total
              participation for the year 1970. Estimates for 1970 indicate that participation by residents as well as non-residents
              in the area spent over 859,000 recreation days in pursuit of the various forms of urban outdoor recreation opportuni-
              ties available within the metro area.

                                                                      Resident

              Total days of participation in urban outdoor recreation activities by the residents of the Bryan-College Station
              Metropolitan Area, for the 16 activities shown were estimated to be 759,000 days in 1970.    Total participation is
              expected to increase to one million days in 1975 and to 1.3 million days in 1980. These represent increases of 32.1
              percent by 1975 and 71.5 percent by 1980. On a days per household basis, participation is projected to increase from
              45.6 days in 1970 to 54.3 days in 1975, and to 64.0 days in 1980--increases of 19.1 and 40.3 percent, respectively,
              over the 1970 level.   The residents of the Bryan-College Station Metropolitan Area are expected to participate at a
              rate of 78, 107, and 139 days per household below the statewide average for the other Texas metropolitan areas in
              1970, 1975, and 1980, respectively. For the more distant years of 1990 and 2000, both total days of participation
              and days per household are expected to increase, but will remain below the statewide average for all metropolitan
              areas.

              Projections for specific activities indicate that each of the 16 activities will increase in total days of participa-
              tion through the year 2000.   On a days per household basis, participation is expected to increase in all activities
              by 2000.   Based on total days of participation, the six most popular activities in 1970 were:   driving for pleasure,
              swimming, walking, child's play, picnicking, and baseball, in that order. It is anticipated that the six top-ranking
              activities in 1975 will be as follows:   swimming, driving for pleasure, child's play, walking, golf, and baseball.
              Projected participation reveals that these six activities will retain their popularity through 1980.

                                                                   Non-Resident

              Participation in urban outdoor recreation activities within the Bryan-College Station Metropolitan Area by non-
              residents was estimated to total 100,000 days for the activities specified for 1970.    Compared to the 1970 level,
              total participation is expected to remain constant through 1975, and increase 2.0 percent (to 102,000 days) by 1980.
              Similar increases are anticipated through the years.1990 and 2000.

              Of the specific activities projected, the most popular activities by non-residents for 1970 were:    football, with
              38,000 days; sightseeing, with 32,000 days, swimming, with 9,000 days; walking, with 5,000 days; and picnicking,
              with 4,000 days. Assuming adequate facilities are made available, participation in all non-resident activities are
              expectdd to increase at a moderate rate through the year 2000, with football, sightseeing, swimming, walking, and
              picnicking retaining their relative ranking, one through five, respectively.

                                                                                                                                        315

                       REGION 21                                                                   CURRENT AND PROJECTED RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                                     CITY SIZE:      METROS
                                                                                                                   (OOO'S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                                                             1970                                    1975                                        1980                                 1990                                     2000
                                                                              STATE-                               STATE-                                  STATE-                                  STATE-                                      STATE-
                                                             REG.21           WIDE                    REG.21       WIDE                          REG.21    WIDE                       REG.21       WIDE                        REG.21          WIDE
                                                             METROS           METROS                  NETROS       METROS                        METROS  NETROS                       HETROS       METROS                      HETROS          METROS
                                               PART.         AVERAGE          AVERAGE  PART.          AVERAGE      AVERAGE       PART.           AVERAGE AVERAGE        PART.         AVERAGE      AVERAGE     PART.           AVERAGE         AVERAGE
                       ACTIVITY                 DAYS   RANK  DAYS/HH          DAYS/HH   DAYS  RANK    DAYS/HH      DAYS/HH       DAYS  RANK      DAYS/   DAYS/HH        DAYS   RANK   DAYS/HH      DAYSIHH     DAYS     RANK   DAYS/HH         2&.'SJHH
                       Swimming                 152          2   9.14         27.41     218        1     11.80     36.52         308       1     15.13     47.17          555      1       23.20   75.28          932          1  33.09        110.14
                       Child's Play              97          4   5.83         14.08     139        3     7.53      17.72         192       3     9.43      22.00          336      2       14.05   32.20          560          2  19.88        43.99
                       Baseball/Softball         36          6   2.16         2.78         48      6     2.60       3.19         62        6     3.05        3.59         96       7       4.01     4.41          144          9  5.11         5.22
                       Picnicking                42          5   2.53         5.72         47      7     2.54       5.66         52        8     2.56        5.66         63     10        2.63     5.61          75    10        2.66         5.64
                       Football/Soccer           16          9    .96         1.43         17    12        .92      1.42         19      12           .93    1.41         22     13        .92      1.39          25    13         .89         1.38
                       Golf                      35          7   2.10         3.92         52      5     2.82       4.98         74        5     3.64        6.16         135      5       5.64     8.96          231          4  8.20         12.07
                       Tennis                    14          11   .84         6.06         16    13        .87      9.21         17      13           .84  11.49          20     14        .84     16.07          24    14         .85         21.46
                       Basketball                  7         13   .42         1.60         8     15        .43      2.59            9    16           .44    3.57         11     16        .46      5.52          13    16         .46         7.53
                       Walking                  117          3   7.03         18.21     130        4     7.04      23.09         143       4     7.03      29.20          168      4       7.02    39.89          198          5  13.00        50.31
                       Bicycling                   6         15   .36         20.30        22    11      1.19      32.77         41      10      2.01      45.25          89       8       3.72    68.44          152          7  5.40         95.49
                       Nature Study                8         12   .48         .72          28    10      1.52       1.67         53        7     2.60        2.64         114      6       4.77     4.63          195          6  6.92         6.70
                       Fishing                   30          8   1.80         1.80         35      8     1.90       1.88         40      11      1.97        1.97         51     11        2.13     2.13          65    11        2.31         2.30
                       Boating                   15          10   .90         .88          30      9     1.62       1.60         47        9     2.31        2.31         89       8       3.72     3.74          146          8  5.18         5.17
                       Skiing                      7         13   .42         .42          11    14        .60        .62        17      13           .84    .82          29     12        1.21     1.22          46    12        1.63         1.81
                       Surfing                  --- ---                       ---       --- ---                       ---        --- ---              ---    ---          --- ---          ---        ---         --- ---          ---         ---
                       Sightseeing                 6         15   .36         2.25         8     15        .43      2.34         10      15           .49    2.50         14     15        .59      2.70          21    15         .75         3.01
                       Dr. for Pleas.           _L71         1   lOa28        13.38     194        2     10.50     13.52         218       2     10.71     13.67          265      3       11.08-  13.86          319          3  11-33        14.10
                            TOTAL               759              45.61        120.96   1,003             54.31     158.78        1,302           63.98     199.41      2,057               85.99   286.05     3,146            104-79          386.32

                                          CURRENT AND PROJECTED NON-RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                        TOTAL CURRENT AND PROJECTED PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000
                                                             (0001S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)                                                                              (OOO'S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                       ACTIVITY                              1970             1975         1980            1990              2000        ACTIVITY                         1970             1975             1980               1990            2000
                       Swimming                              9                9               9                    9             10      Swimming                         161              227              317                564             942
                       Child's Play                          2                2               2                    2             2       Child's Play                        99            141              194                338             562
                       Baseball/Softball                                                                                                 Baseball/Softball                   36               48              62               96              144
                       Picnicking                            4                4               4                    4             5       Picnicking                          46               51              56               67                 80
                       Football/Soccer                       38               38             39                    40            41      Football/Soccer                     54               55              58               62                 66
                       Golf                                  3                3               3                    3             4       Golf ,                              38               55              77               138             235
                       Tennis                                                                                                            Tennis                              14               16              17               20                 24
                       Basketball                            2                2               2                    2             2       Basketball                          9                10              11               13                 15
                       Walking                               5                5               5                    5             6       Walking                          122              135              148                173             204
                       Bicycling                                                                                                         Bicycling                           6                22              41               89              152
                       Nature Study                                                                                                      Nature Study                        8                28              53               114             195
                       Fishing                               2                2               2                    3             3       Fishing                             32               37              42               54                 68
                       Boating                                                                                                           Boating                             15               30              47               89              146
                       Skiing                                                                                                            Skiing                              7                11              17               29                 46
                       Surfing                               ---              ---          ---                     ---           ---     Surfing                                           ---              ---                ---             ---
                       Sightseeing                           32               32             33                    33            34      Sightseeing                         38               40              43               47                 55
                       Dr. for Pleas.                        3                3               3                    3             3       Dr. for Pleas.                   174              197                21               268             322
                            TOTAL                            100              100          102                     104           110             TOTAL                    859              1,103          1,404                2,161           3,256

                       Note: Asterisks indicate that projected annual activity days were less than 500. Dashes indicate not applicable. Zeros indicate that the activity was                                      not ranked due to
                                   insignificant participation days recorded.

                     316

              REGION 21                   R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S              CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                  1 9 7 0   2 0 0 0

              Estimates of urban outdoor recreation resource requirements were developed for the Bryan-College Station Metropolitan
              Area for the years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000 by comparing curren@-11 and projected recreation participation with
              the current recreation opportunities@-21 available in the metro. In addition, the availability and spatial distribution
              of recreation opportunities provided by parks and recreation facilities were analyzed with respect to subsections of the
              metro characterized by residents having similar incomes and ethnic backgrounds. Particular attention was given to those
              subsections expected to undergo relatively rapid population growth and physical expansion in the future.

              Conclusions reached from analyzing the distribution of recreation opportunities within the metropolitan area were used
              to qualify resource requirement estimates where a less than adequate distribution appeared to exist.

              In the discussions that follow, results of the distribution analysis of parks within subsections of the Bryan-College
              Station Metro are presented.   Then, estimates of current and.future requirements for selected recreation facilities are
              presented, and are qualified by conclusions reached from the distribution analysis of recreation facilities within sub-
              sections of the Bryan-College Station Metro.

              PARK DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

              In analyzing the availability and distribution of parks in the Bryan-College Station Metro, several characteristics were
              considered:   changes in population (or trends in general, 1960 to 1970), areas of the metro which were expected to ex-
              hibit relatively major expansion, and the dispersion of existing parks among the income/ethnic subsections of the metro.
              From these interrelated characteristics general conclusions were reached with respect to future park developments for
              the metro area.

              Population trends affected estimations of future recreation participation. Projections of population growth for Bryan-
              College Station indicated that the 1970 metro population of 51,395 would increase to about 87,025 persons by the year
              2000. In addition, information provided by urban recreation planners of the area shows that future urban expansion was
              expected to occur in the north, east, and southeast, as illustrated by arrows on the map titled "Predominant Ethnic
              Background and Income Subsections."

              For the Bryan-College Station Metropolitan Area, local metro area recreation planners delineated fourteen subsections
              which are indicated on the accompanying map titled "Predominant Ethnic Background and Income Subsections." The delineated
              subsections characterize the homogeneous residential, or demographic, patterns existing in 1971 by two major socio-
              economic factors. Seven of the subsections were chiefly low income areas, five were predominantly middle-income, and

               l/ "Current" participation refers to levels of participation by type of selected recreation activity which were estimated
                  for the year 1970.
               2/ "Current" recreation opportunities refers to computed figures derived from the numbers of publicly administered faci-
                  -lities by type available within the metro area in 1971.

                                                                                                                                          317

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              REGION 21                    R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E    R E Q U I R E M E N T S               CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                   1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

              and two were predominantly high-income. Four of the low-income subsections were located in Bryan. One of these was
              located in the far southwest along the south side of Highway 507, a subsection predominantly characterized by low-income
              Mexican-American residents.    Immediately south (and along the north side of Highway 21) was a subsection of low-income
              Blacks. A combined neighborhood of low-income Blacks and Mexican-Americans was indicated on the south side of Highway
              21, and northeast of that subsection (i.e., northeast of Highway 507) was a combined subsection of low-income Anglos and
              Blacks.  The remainder of Bryan was characterized chiefly by two middle-income Anglo subsections in the far north and in
              the south extending into College Station and a subsection of middle-income Mexican-American residents east of the Bryan
              central business district.    There was one high-income Anglo subsection in Bryan located northeast of Highway 507 and
              north of Highway 60.   College Station was composed of three small low-income Black subsect    ions, two small middle-income
              Anglo subsections, and one rather large high   -income Anglo subsection around which the smaller subsections were located.
              Most of the residents of College Station lived to the east and northeast of Texas A&M University.

              An analysis of parks dispersion among the subsections was conducted by comparing the "Dispersion of Parks by Type" map
              and the "Predominant Ethnic Background and Income Subsections" map.      In general, the distribution of parks appeared to
              be fairly adequate.   However, three subsections in the metro area had no parks of any type. One, the low-income Mexican-
              American subsection in the northwest, was located in Bryan. The other two, a small low-income Black area and an adjacent
              larger middle-income Anglo area, were located in the far eastern portion of College Station in the area expected to grow
              most rapidly.   Community and specialty parks were the most widely distributed types of parks.      There was only one dis-
              trict park and it was located in Bryan.    Parks with facilities appeared to be needed in the southeastern growth area
              and the most western subsection of Bryan, and the southeastern half of College Station. All open land parks were located
              in College Station, most of them in the predominantly high-income Anglo subsection. Open land parks may need considera-
              tion, where resources are available, for the entire Bryan area when future developments are planned.

              In addition to maintaining an adequate dispersion of parks in all portions of the metro area, the provision of different
              types of recreational facilities is also an important consideration. An analysis of the current and future requirements
              for selected recreational facilities and the current dispersion of facilities in Bryan-College Station is presented in
              the following discussions.

              FACILITY REQUIREMENTS AND DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

              As mentioned previously, requirements for selected recreational facilities (see the following table) were calculated for
              the years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000.     Then, an analysis of the dispersion of existing facilities among the pre
              dominant income/ethnic subsections and the major growth areas-of the metro was conducted.       Conclusions reached from the
              facility dispersion analysis were then used to qualify the facility requirement estimatesi particularly in those cases
              where no additional facilities were estimated as being needed within the metropolitan area. Usually, special note is
              made where growth areas appeared to have limited facilities. The methodology used to calculate facility requirements
              in general is explained in Appendix C, Part I--An Overview of the Urban Volume. ' In the discussions that follow, re-
              source requirements for recreational facilities are generally referred to by units of the most important feature

                                                                                                                                              319

               REGION 21                  R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S              CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                 1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

               necessary to allow participation. For example, when a requirement is shown for swimming pools, features such as bath-
               house, cleaning and filtering system, and other support features are implied when a requirement for the major facility
               is shown.

                                                                      Swimming

               The Bryan-College Station Metro had 1,200 square yards of public swimming pools in 1971. Each square yard (unit) was
               estimated to provide 150 days of swimming opportunity per year, which yielded an estimated 180,000 opportunity days for
               the metro area. To determine if there was a surplus or deficit of opportunity, estimated participation days were com-
               pared with estimated opportunity days. For swimming there appeared to be a surplus of opportunity in 1970, but deficits
               were shown in each planning year thereafter. By 1975, the metro area was estimated to require an additional 220 square
               yards of pools. Cumulative 1980 requirements were estimated at 787 square yards. An additional 1,546 and 2,367 square
               yards were calculated to be needed in 1990, and 2000 respectively. *Dispersion analysis indicates that additional faci-
               lities were needed in the College Station portion of the metro. Special considerations should also be given to the more
               expanding residential sections of the metro.

                                                                    Child's Play

               Bryan-College Station in 1971 had twenty-three acres of playgrounds divided among twelve parks within the metro boundaryi
               Multiplying the twenty-three acre units by the playground standard (each acre was calculated to provide 27,623 days of
               recreation opportunity per unit per year) resulted in an estimated 635,000 annual opportunity (potential participation)
               days.   Annual opportunity days were then compared with the forecasted demands, as shown in the Bryan-College Station
               resource requirements table. Existing playgrounds were estimated to be adequate through the year 2000. Since the ex-
               isting playgrounds were relatively well distributed among the subsections, further addition of playgrounds should be
               similarly dispersed, with emphasis placed on the major growth areas.

                                                                  Baseball/Softball

               With an existing fifteen baseball/softball fields providing approximately 207,000 total opportunity days (the facility
               standard utilized was 13,804 opportunity days per field per year), the Bryan-College Station Metropolitan Area appeared
               to have a sufficient quantity of fields to meet the activity requirements through the year 2000. Although a dispersion
               analysis was not possible, it should be emphasized that if additional fields are provided, consideration should be given
               to areas presently without fields and to the growth areas.

                                                                     Picnicking

               There were ninety-eight public picnic tables in Bryan-College Station in 1971. At 1,702 days of opportunity per table
               per year (standard) the existing tables provided approximately 167,000 days annually. The 1971 supply level was expected
               to provide adequate overall opportunity through the year 2000. The distribution analysis of picnicking facilities

             320

               REGION 21                   R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S               CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                   1 9 7 0   2 0 0 0

               indicated good dispersion among the existing subsections, except in    southern College Station. As the metro area grows,
               provision of additional tables should also be considered for the expanding subsections.

                                                                      Football/Soccer

               With a conversion standard of 7,224 days per year per field, the one public football/soccer field enumerated in 1971
               provided approximately 7,000 opportunity days (rounded). A comparison of existing opportunity days with estimates of
               participation suggests that seven additional fields would have been required in 1970. The cumulative resource require-
               ments have been estimated to increase from 7 fields in 1970 to 8 fields in 1990.     These eight fields should be adequate
               to accommodate estimated demand through the year 2000. Although a dispersion analysis was not possible from available
               information, the provision of additional fields should consider growth areas and the various income/ethnic subsections
               to insure a balanced distribution.

                                                                          Golf

               There was one publicly-administered course in Bryan which provided eighteen holes for golf    in 1971. Using the urban
               golf standard, each golf hole was calculated to be capable of providing 4,047 days of recreation opportunity annually.
               The Bryan-College Station Metro, therefore, had about 73,000 days of opportunity provided annually by this public course.
               Comparing expected participation in projection years with the available opportunity days shows an incremental requirement
               of I hole in 1980, and additions of 15 and 24 holes in the years 1990 and 2000, respectively. As a general rule, golf
               courses are constructed in multiples of nine holes; therefore, by the year 2000 the Bryan-College Station Metro Area
               will need slightly over four additional nine-hole courses (forty holes) or two eighteen-hole courses, or some other
               appropriate combination which considers local resources. Since the existing course appeared to be located centrally
               between Bryan and College Station, future-additions may be needed at the northwest and southeast extremities of the
               metro area.

                                                                         Tennis

               The 19,000 opportunity days provided by the seven tennis courts available in 1971 (each court can make available about
               2,694 days of opportunity per year) appeared to be adequate to meet facility requirements of the Bryan-College Station
               Metro through the year 1990. Two additional courts will be needed by the year 2000. Although dispersion of these faci-
               lities could not be discerned from available data, it is important that an adequate distribution be considered in current
               and future planr@ing efforts.

                                                                       Basketball

               Based on a conversion standard of 8,795 days per year   per field, the 1971 supply of ten courts provided approximately
               88,000 opportunity days.   By comparing available opportunity days with estimates of participation for each projection
               year as expressed in the Bryan-College Station recreation resource requirement table, it is apparent that the ten courts
               available in 1971 should be sufficient through the year 2000. Dispersion analysis of basketball facilities could not be
               accomplished with available data, but adequate distribution is an important consideration.

                                                                                                                                           321

                 REGION 21                  R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S              CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                   1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                                                                    Trails Activities

                 Analyzing and comparing expected participation for walking, bicycling, and nature study occurring in the park and recrea-
                 tion areas with opportunity days provided by the current supply of trails in the Bryan-College Station Metropolitan Area
                 indicates that approximately one mile of combined trails should have been added to the existing one mile of trail in
                 1970. Given the expected growth in trails activities participation, incremental additions were projected for I mile in
                 1975, 2 miles in 1990, and 5 miles in the year 2000. Overall, a total of nine miles of combined trails should be added
                 to the existing one mile by the year 2000 to meet expected participation levels.

                 A relatively small proportion of the total participation in trail and related activities was estimated to take place in
                 public ly administered park and recreation areas. It is likely, however, that as additional trail facilities are pro-
                 vided, the relative proportion of total participation will increase at these recreation areas. Thus, the above estimates
                 of additional resources required may be conservative in the long run and should be considered as minimum estimates. In
                 addition to the expectations for increases in participation in trail and related activities at publicly administered park
                 and recreation areas, it is clear that the major proportion of walking, bicycling, and nature study is occurring in
                 places other than established recreation areas. The majority of this participation is most likely taking place in local
                 neighborhoods, on city streets, and on available open lands within the area. This phenomenon has direct policy implica-
                 tions with respect to the provision of sidewalks within currently existing and newly developing neighborhoods, the
                 development of a system of bike lanes in high use areas, and the provision of adequate open space and green belt areas
                 within the metro area.

                                                Water-Related Activities: Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing

                                                            Surface Acres - Freshwater Lakes
                                                             (Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing)

                 A total of forty-eight surface acres of freshwater lakes was located within the Bryan-College Station Metro Area in
                 1971. Because of the limited freshwater lakes available for boating and skiing, no participation was reported in the
                 Texas Outdoor Recreation Household Demand Survey. Using participation patterns of households recreating in the urban
                 areas, it was estimated that boating would have totled 15,000 days, boat fishing 7,000 days, and skiing 7,000 days for
                 a total of 29,000 days in 1970 if adequate freshwater lakes had been available. Comparing estimated participation with
                 the opportunities provided by the surface acres existing in 1971 indicates that incremental resource requirements are
                 expected to expand from an additional 22 acres needed in 1970, to 48 acres in 1975, 57 acres in 1980, 134 acres in 1990,
                 and 185 acres in the year 2000. This brings the cumulative resource requirement to an additional 446 surface acres by
                 the year 2000.

              322

             REGION 21                  R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S             CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                1 9 7 0   2 0 0 0

                                                               Freshwater Boat Rampsl/

             No-publicly-administered freshwater boat lanes were reported for the Bryan-College Station Metro Area in 1971. By
             estimating the 1970 total freshwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation which would have occurred using
             freshwater boat ramp facilities to gain access to the water if ramps were available, it was calculated that one boat
             ramp was needed in 1970. Projected, increases in freshwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation are ex-
             pected to require no additional freshwater boat ramps in 1975, one in 1980, one in 1990, and two in the year 2000,
             bringing the cumulative resource requirement to five ramps in 2000.   Since boat ramps are the most frequently used
             means by which boaters, skiers, and boat fishermen gain access to freshwater lakes, the provision of freshwater surface
             acres and freshwater boat ramps required should be planned as joint projects, even though, in some cases, this may re-
             quire the construction of boat ramps prior to the years reflected in the boat ramp resource requirement projections.

                                                        Summary of Facilities Requirements

             In 1971, the Bryan-College Station Metro reported at least some facilities  for all designated types except freshwater
             boat ramps. Resource requirements for boat ramps were indicated for 1970, 1980, 1990, and the year 2000.

             To augment existing facilities, resource requirements were indicated in nearly all of the planning horizon years for
             for public swimming pools, designated trail facilities, and surface acres of freshwater lakes. Additional football/
             soccer fields were estimated to be required in 1970 and 1990; additional holes of golf in 1980, 1990, and 2000; and
             additional tennis courts beginning in the year 2000. Existing facilities for child's play, baseball/softball,
             picnicking, and basketball were estimated to be adequate to accommodate demand for the metro as a whole, through
             the year'2000.

             A dispersion analysis was possible only for a few facility types.   Swimming facilities apparently were needed in
             College Station, particularly in the rapidly expanding areas on the east side of College Station. Playground faci-
             lities were well dispersed through the metro. The southern portion of College Station had few picnic tables. The
             existing public golf course was located centrally between Bryan and College Station; consequently, any additional
             courses should be considered perhaps for the northern portion of Bryan and the southern and eastern portions of College
             Station. In the provision of additional facilities for all types of public outdoor recreation activities, considera-
             tion should be given to the growth areas and the various income/ethnic subsections.

             l/ In calculating freshwater boat ramp resource requirements the assumption was made that each boat ramp has two lanes.
                Supply figures listed in the "Park and Recreation Facilities by Type of Park" table and quoted in the narratives are
                in terms of single lanes.

                                                                                                                                       323

                     REGION 21                                                                RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIRMENTS, 1970-2000                                                               CITY SIZE: METROS

                                                                                         TOTAL           1971 OPPORTUNITY      NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                   PARTICIPATION          DAYS AVAILABLE              (000's CF.                               UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                      (OOO'S OF             (OOO'S OF-            ACTIVITY DAYS)                               RESOURCES REQUIRED
                     YEAR       ACTIVITY                                           ACTIVITY DAYS)         ACTIVITY DAYS         DEFICIT        SURPLUS              CUMULATIVE                         INCREMENTAL
                                Swimming (Pools)    . . . . . . . . . . .                     15,                    180                           29                 0square yardsV                   0square yards-2/
                                Child's Play (Playgrounds)      . . . . . .                   99                     635                          536                 0acres                           0acres
                                Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                     36                     207                          171                 0fields                          0fields
                                Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     46                     167                          121                 0tables                          0tables
                                Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                     54                     7                47                              7fields                          7fields
                                Golf   . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .                     38                     73                            35                 0holes                           0holes
                                Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      14                     19                               5               0courts, dbl.                    0courts, dbl.
                                Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     9                      88                            79                 0courts, full                    0courts, full

                     1970       Water-Related Activities:
                                Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW       . . .                  29                     20               9                             22 surfa@e acres                   22 surface acres
                                Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW       . . .                  23                     0                23                              1ramp3                           1rap3-/

                                Trails Activities:

                                Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      13                                                                      1mile                            Imile
                                Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     * 4/                                                                  <1 mile                            <1 mile
                                Nature Study   . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      2 4/                                                                  <1 mile                            <1 mile
                                Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                            Nature Study . . . . . . . . .                    15 4/                  8                7                               1mile                            Imile

                                ACTIVITY
                                Swimming (Pools)    . . . . . . . . . . .                     213 1/                 180              33                            220 square yards-2/                220 square yards-2/
                                Child's Play (Playgrounds)      . . . . . .                   141                    635                          494                 0acres                           0acres
                                Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                     48                     207                          159                 0fields                          0fields
                                Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     51                     167                          116                 0tables                          0tables
                                Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                     55                     7                48                              7fields                          0fields
                                Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      55                     73                            18                 0holes                           0holes
                                Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      16                     19                               3               0courts, dbl.                    0courts, dbl.
                                Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     10                     88                            78                 0courts, full                    0courts, full

                     1975       Water-Related Activities:
                                Boating, Boat Fishing,      Skiing FW  . . .                  49                     20               29                            70 surfa@e acres                   48 surface acres
                                Boating, Boat Fishing,      Skiing FW  . . .                  36                     0                36                              1ramp 3                          0ramps3/

                                Trails Activities:

                                Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      14                                                                      1mile                            0miles
                                Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     1 4/                                                                  <1 mile                            0miles
                                Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     6 1W                                                                    Imile                            1mile
                                Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                            Nature Study . . . . . . . . .                    21 4/                  8                13                              2miles                           Imile

                   324

                 REGION 21                                                                     RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                               CITY SIZE: METROS

                                                                                         TOTAL           1971 OPPORTUNITY        NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                    PARTICIPATION         DAYS AVAILABLE               (OOO'S OF                                   UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                      (0001S OF              (OOO'S OF               ACTIVITY DAYS)                                RESOURCES REQUIRED
                 YEAR        ACTIVITY                                              ACTIVITY DAYS)         ACTIVITY DAYS           DEFICIT       SURPLUS                CUMULATIVE  .                     INCRE24ENTAL
                             Swimming (Pools)     . . . . . . . . . . .                      298 -11               180               118                               787 square yardsz/                567 square yards-21
                             Child's Play (Playgrounds)        . . . . . .                   194                   635                            441                    0 acres                           0 acres
                             Baseball/Softball    . . . . . . . . . . .                      62                    207                            145                    0 fields                          0 fields
                             Picnicking    . . . . . . .     *@_',  , * *  *                 56                    167                            111                    0 tables                          0 tables
                             Football/Soccer    . . . . . . . . . . . .                      58                       7              51                                  7 fields                          0 fields
                             Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        77                     73                 4                                 1 hole                            I hole
                             Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        17                     19                                2                  0 courts, dbi.                    0 courts, dbl.
                             Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       11                     88                               77                  0 courts, full                    0 courts, full

                 1980        Water-Related Activities:

                             Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW         . . .                  73                     20               53                                127 surface acres                 57  surface acres
                             Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW         . . .                  53                       0              53                                  2 rapr3/                          I ramp-3/

                             Trails Activities:
                             Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        16  4/                                                                      1 mile                            0 miles
                             Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                         2                                                                       <1  mile                            0 miles
                             Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       11                                                                          1 mile                            0 miles
                             Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                        4/                   8              21                                  2 miles                           0 miles
                                         Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                     29  -

                             ACTIVITY
                             Swimming (Pools)     . . . . . . . . . . .                      530                   180               350                            2,333  square  yards-2/            1,546 square yard.-2/
                             Child's Play (Playgrounds)        . . . . . .                   338                   635                            297                    0 acres                           0 acres
                             Baseball/Softball    . . . . . . . . . . .                      96                    207                            ill                    0 fields                          0 fields
                             Picnicking .       . . . . . . . . . . . .                      67                    167                            100                    0 tables                          0 tables
                             Football/Socc;r    . . . . . . . . . . . .                      62                       7              55                                  8 fields                          I field
                             Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        138                    73               65                                16  holes                         15  holes
                             Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        20                     19                 1                               <1  court,  dbl.                  <1  court,  dbl.
                             Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       13                     88                              75                   0 courts, full                    0 courts, full

                 1990        Water-Related Activities:

                             Boating, Boat Fishing,       Skiing FW                          129                    20               109                               261 surface acres                 134 surface acres
                             Boating, Boat Fishing,       Skiing FW   . . .                  92                       0              92                                  3 ramps!/                         I ramp-3/

                             Trails Activities:
                             Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        18  4/                                                                      2 miles                           I mile
                             Bicycling.                                                        4 4/                                                                    <1  mile                            0 miles
                                                                                             23
                             Nature Study                                                                                                                                2 miles                           I mile
                             Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                         Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                     45                       8              37                                  4 miles                           2 miles

                                                                                                                                                                                                                           325

                       REGION 21                                                                      RECREATION RESOURCY RFQ'JIRTMFNTS, 1970-2000                                                                 CITY SIZE:      METROS

                                                                                                TOTAL            1971 OPPORTUNITY        NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                          PARTICIPATION           DAYS AVAILABLE                 (OOO'S OF                                   UNITS OF RECREA2ION
                                                                                              (OOOIS  OF              (OOO'S  OF             ACTIVITY DAYS)                                  RESOURCES REQUIRED
                       YEAR       ACTIVITY                                                 ACTIVITY   DAYS)        ACTIVITY  DAYS)        DEFICIT        SURPLUS                 CUMULATIVE                          INCREMENTAL
                                   Swimming (Pools)      ... . . . . . . . . .                   885  1/                 180                 705                               4,700  square yards-2/             2,367  square yards-21
                                   Child's Play (Playgrounds)        . . . . . .                 S62                     6as                                73                      0 acres                             0acres
                                   Baseball/Softball     . . . . . . . . . . .                   144                     207                                63                      0 fields                            0fields
                                   Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      80                     167                                87                      0 tables                            0tables
                                   Football/Soccer    . . . . . . . . . . . .                     66                         7                   59                                 8 fiel'ds                           0fields
                                   Golf  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       235                      73                 162                                   40 holes                           24 ho'les
                                   Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       24                      19                     5                                  2 courts, dbl.                      2courts, dbl.
                                   Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      15                      88                                73                      0 courts, full                      0courts, full

                       2000       Water-Related Activities:
                                   Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW          . . .               206                      20                 186                                  446 surfac acres                   185 surface acres
                                   Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW          . . .               145                         0               145                                    5 ramp   s37                        2ramps-3/

                                  Trails Activities:
                                   Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       39  4/                                                                            4 miles                              miles
                                   Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                          64/                                                                           1 mile                              1mile
                                   Nature Study     . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     39  4/                                                                            4 miles                             2miles
                                   Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                               Nature Study   . . . . . . . . .                   84  41                     8                   76                                 9 miles                             5miles

                       Note: Asterisks indicate that projected annual activity days were less than 500.
                       I/  Includes only swimming participation occurring in swimming pools, 94 percent of the total in urban areas.
                       I/  Designated freshwater swimming areas may be substituted for swimming pools . When making substitutions consider total swimming participation.
                       3/  Assumes 2.0 lanes per ramp.
                           Reflects estimated participation occurring in park and recreation areas; does not include participation occurring outside park and recreation areas, Of the total
                           walking, bicycling, and nature study participation it was determined that 10.5, 4.0, and 20.1 percent, respectively for each activity, occurs in park and recreation
                           areas.

                     326

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                    REGION 23                                REGIONAL DESCRIPTION: AUSTIN METROPOLITAN AREA

                    The Austin Metropolitan Area consists of the city of Austin and                             POPULATION
                    the towns of Rollingwood, Sunset Valley, and Westlake Hills.                                1970 Metro Area Population: 254,368
                    Austin, the county seat of Travis County, was named1or Stephen                              Change 1960-70: +35%
                    F. Austin, the "Father of Texas.." and was selected as the site                             Race Composition       I/
                    of the Capitol of Texas in 1839. The headquarters of most State                                White   ..... 87% -
                    agencies are located there as well as numerous Federal agency                                  Negro   ..... 12%
                    offices. This metropolitan area is the home of many industries                                 Other   .....  1%
                    which produce such diverse products as electronic equipment,                                Age Composition (years):
                    furniture, plastics, metals, and boats. It is also the site of                                 13 or less    .....  25%
                    many public and private research firms. The Austin branch of the                               14 - 20       .....  16%
                    University of Texas contributes significantly to the economy and                               21 - 44       .....  36%
                    culture of the area. Other colleges include Austin Presbyterian                                45 - 64       .....  16%
                    Theological Seminary, Central Texas College, Concordia Lutheran                                65 and over   .....    7%
                    College, Episcopal Theological Seminary of the Southwest, Huston-
                    Tillotson College and St. Edwards' University. The Governor's                               ECONOMY
                    Mansion, French Legation, 0. Henry Home, LBJ Library, Elizabet                              Education
                    Ney Museum, and Texas Memorial Museum are only a few of the many                            Government
                    sites of cultural and historical interest in this metropolitan                              Manufacturing
                    area. Located just to the east of the Austin Metropolitan Area                              Tourism
                    is Bergstrom Air Force Base. Annual events in the area include
                    the Austin Aqua Festival (August), Central Texas Boat & Travel
                    Show (January), Austin Livestock Show and Rodeo (March), and the
                    Texas Relays (April).

                    l/ Includes persons of Mexican and/or Spanish descent.

               328

                   REGION 23                                                                                            CITY SIZE: METRO

                            P U B L I C L Y     A D M I N I S T E R E D      R E C R E A T  1 0 N    0 P P 0 R T U N I T I E S

                                                                                                  LAND AND WATER ACREAGE

                                                                                                                         ACRES
                                                                                                                REGION           STATEWIDE
                                                                                                                 23               AVERAGE
                                                                                                                METRO          METRO AREAS

                                                       78%                        Developed Land                1,433              1,307

                     REGION                  -                                    Undeveloped Land                 402                536
                       23
                      METRO                                                       Total Land                    1,835              1,843
                                           22%
                                                                                  Water Within or Adjacent         525             1,006

                                                                                  Total Land and Water          2,360              2,849

                                        FM          DEVELOPED LAND

                                                    UNDEVELOPED LAND
                                                                                  The Austin Metro Area has a total of 1,835 acres of land
                                                                                  set aside as park and recreation areas. In addition,
                                                                                  525 surface acres of water either within or adjacent to
                                                                                  these parks were reported.

                                                        71%                       Of the total land acreage,   1,433 acres are developed with
                    STATEWIDE                                                     facilities, leaving 402 acres available for future
                     AVERAGE                                                      development. With 78 percent of the land acreage
                   METRO AREAS                                                    currently developed, the Area is above the Statewide Metro
                                                                                  average of 71 percent.
                                             29%
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                    REGION    23                                                                                                         CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                              PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK

                                                                                                                                       UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                                 DISTRICT COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                          PEOPLE           REGION      STATEWIDE
                                 TYPE OF FACILITY                   PARK         PARK         PARK        TOTAL          PER             23           AVERAGE
                                                                   (UNITS)     (UNITS)     (UNITS)        UNITS          UNIT            METRO    METRO AREAS
                    Games and Sports:
                      Parks   ..............................             7          38         6             51          4,988           .201            .150
                      Tennis Courts   ......................             4          28        14             46          5,530           .181            .142
                      Basketball Courts    ..................            2          15         0             17        14,963            .067            .071
                      Baseball/Softball Fields     ...........         11           44         6             61          4,170           .240            .186
                      Football/Soccer Fields     .............           2            0        1              3        84,789            .012            .032
                    Picnicking:
                      Parks   .............I.................            7          19         0             26          9,783           .102.           .124
                      Tables  .............................           392           160        0             552           461           2.173          1.230
                    Playground:
                      Parks   ..............................             7          42         0             49          5,191           .193            .170
                      Acres Developed   .....................          25           50         0             75          3,392           .295            .258
                    Swimming:
                      Parks   ..................                         7          20         0             27          9,421           .106            .050
                      Pools (Sq. td.)   ........                  15,278,         8,309        0         23,587              11         92.862         25.950
                      Designated Fresh Water (Sq. Yd.)       ...         0            0        0              0            ---            ---          52.242
                    Boating:
                      Parks   ..............................             1            0        2              3        84,789            .012            .006
                      Ramp Lanes - Fresh Water     ...........           0            0        2              2        127,184           .008            .008
                    Camping:
                      Parks   ...............................            0            0        0              0            ---            ---            .002
                      Campsites  ................   ..........           0            0        0              0            ---            ---            .121
                    Fishing:
                      Parks   ..............................             3            1        3              7        36,338            .028            .013
                      Pier/Barge/Marina-Fresh Water (Yd.)                0            0        0              0            ---            ---            .049
                    Golfing:
                      Courses ...................    o ........          0            0        3              3        84,789            .012            .005
                      Holes   ..............................             0            0        45            45          5,653           .177            .100
                    Trails:-
                      Parks   ..............................             3            1        2              6        42,395            .024            .006
                      Nature (Mi.)  ......  o ................           5.5          2         .5            8        31,796            .031            .009
                      Horseback (Mi.)   ....................             0            0        0              0            ---            ---            .003
                      Bicycle (Mi.)   ......................             5.5          2        0              7.5      33,916            .030            .007
                      Hiking (Mi.)   .......................             5.5'         2         .5            8        31,796            .031            .006
                      Total Trails (Mi.)    ......o ..........           5.5          2         .5            8        31,796            .031            .021

               332

                REGION 23                                 PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK                          CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                                                                                                UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                             DISTRICT COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                        PEOPLE         REGION      STATEWIDE
                            TYPE OF FACILITY                   PARK         PARK        PARK         TOTAL        PER             23          AVERAGE
                                                             (UNITS)      (UNITS)     (UNITS)        UNITS        UNIT           METRO     METRO AREAS

                Sport Shooting:
                   Parks .............................            0          0            0            0            ---           ---            .002
                   Traps ..........  o..................          0          0            0            0            ---                          .002
                   Shooting Targets  ..................           0          0            0            0                                         .004
                   Archery Targets   ....................         0          0            0            0            ---           ---            .011
                Miscellaneous:
                   Parks ....... o ......................         1          3            2            6         42,395          .024            .038
                   Amphitheatre Seats    ................         0          0            0            0            ---           ---
                                                                                                                                                 1.077
                   Botanical Gardens (Acres)     .........        25         0            0            25        10,175          .098            .077
                   Zoos (Acres)  ......................           0          0            0            0            ---           ---            .051
                   Community/Recreation Centers     ......        1          2            2            5         50,874          .020            .038

                The majority of the park and recreation facilities in        the Austin   Metro Area are in the 42 Community     Parks. All three
                of the golf courses are in Specialty Parks, while one        of the District Parks has a botanical garden.        Twenty-seven parks,
                principally in the Community Park category, have swimming pools totaling 23,587 square yards of area. About 65 percent
                -of this total area, however, is in the 7 District Parks. Water surface for fishing is available at seven parks,
                although no specific fishing facilities were reported. A total of eight miles of trails and 5 community/recreation
                centers were inventoried.

                Of the 69 parks, 51 have facilities for games and sports, 49 have playgrounds, 27 have swimming pools and 26 have
                picnicking facilities.      The'most common types of games and sports facilities are baseball/softball with 61 fields,
                followed by tennis with 46 courts, basketball with 17 courts and football/soccer with 3             fields.

                Looking at selected    facilities in relation to the number of potential users we        find the   following:

                     84,789 persons    for each football/soccer field                     5,530 persons  for each   tennis court
                     50,874 persons    for each community/recreation center               4,170 persons  for each   baseball/softball field
                     31,796 persons    for each mile of trails                            3,392 persons  for each   acre of playground
                     14,963 persons    for each basketball court                             461 persons for each   picnic table
                      5,653 persons    for each golf hole                                     ll persons for each   square yard of swimming pool

                The Austin Metro Area is above the Statewide Metro average for facility units per 1,000             for tennis courts, baseball/
                softball fields, picnic tables, playground acres, square yards of swimming pools, golf holes, trail miles, and acres
                of botanical gardens.     The area is below the average for basketball courts, football/soccer fields, boat ramp lanes,
                and community/recreation centers. No designated fresh water swimming area, campsites, yards of fishing pier/barge/
                marina, sport shooting facilities, amphitheatre seats or zoo acreage were reported.

                                                                                                                                                       333

                      REGION 23                          CONVERSION OF FACILITIES TO RECREATION OPPORTUNITY DAYS                CITY SIZE: METRO

                      Current opportunity days for 1971 were calculated by multiplying the number of facilities available for each
                      activity in the metro area (determined from the Texas Outdoor Recreation Inventory of Parks, Recreation Areas,
                      and Facilities) times the standard for the facility.

                                                                                                                     DAYS PER THOUSAND POPULATION
                                                                                                    ANNUAL              REGION         STATEWIDE
                                                                                                     DAYS                 23            AVERAGE
                      ACTIVITY-FACILITY                                                           AVAILABLE             METRO            METRO
                           Swimming (Pools)     square yards  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       3,538,050            13,929            3,891
                           Child's Play - playground acres    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       2,071,725             8,156            7,137
                           Baseball/Softball - fields     . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .         842,044             3 315            2,577
                           Picnicking - tables   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          939,504             3:699            2,093
                           Football/Soccer - fields     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          21,672                 85             235
                           Golf - holes    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          182,115               717              414
                           Tennis - courts, double   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          123,924               488              384
                           Basketball - courts, full    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         149,515               589              625

                       Water-Related Activities:

                           Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW - surface acres       . . . . . .     1,512,179             5,953            2,962
                           Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW - boat ramps      . . . . . . . .        26,972               106              103

                       Trail Activities:

                           Combined Walking, Bicycling, and Nature Study - miles      . . . .        67,712               267              164

                      The Austin Metro Area offers the most opportunity days for swimming (in pools), followed by child's play, surface
                      acres for freshwater boating, boat fishing and skiing, and picnicking. A comparison between the opportunity days
                      per thousand population for the Austin Metro Area and the Statewide Metro average shows that the Austin Metro Area
                      surpasses the Statewide average for nine types of facilities -- swimming pools, children's-playgrounds (in acres),
                      baseball/softball fields, picnic tables, golf courses (holes), tennis courts, surface acres for freshwater boating,
                      boat fishing and skiing, freshwater boat ramps, and the miles of trails for the trails activities. The Austin
                      Metro Area is below"the Statewide Metro average for football/soccer and basketball.

              334

                REGION 23                       ESTIMATED CURRENT AND FUTURE PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000              CITY SIZE: METRO

                The sixth  ranking metro area, based on population, Austin ranked ninth in total participation for the year 1970.
                Estimates  for 1970 indicate that residents and non-residents in the area spent over 7.3 million recreation days in
                pursuit of urban outdoor recreation opportunities.available within the metro area.

                                                                       Resident

                Total days of participation in urban outdoor recreation activities by the residents of the Austin Metropolitan Area
                were estimated to be 5.9 million days in 1970.   Total participation is expected to increase to 9.6 million days in
                1975 and to 14.2 million days in 1980.   The projections for the years 1975 and 1980 represent increases of 62.1 and
                141.1 percent, respectively, over the 1970 participation level. Participation on a days per household basis will
                increase from 70.0 days in 1970 to 100.2 days in 1975, and to 133.4 days in 1980--increases of 43.2 and 90.5 percent'
                over the 1970 level. Residents of the Austin Metropolitan Area are expected to participate at a rate of 54, 61, and
                69 days per household below the statewide average for the other Texas metropolitan areas in 1970, 1975, and 1980,
                respectively. For the more distant years of 1990 and 2000, participation is expected to continue increasing, but
                will remain below the statewide average for all other metropolitan areas.

                All activities, are projected to increase in total days of participation through the year 2000. With resepct to
                participation on a days per household basis, two activities, picnicking and sightseeing, are expected to decrease
                in participation. Nature study is expected to remain relatively constant through 2000. The remaining 16 activities
                will increase in participation.   Taking into consideration individual activities, swimming, bicycling, child's play,
                driving for pleasure, walking,and basketball ranked one through six, respectively, in total participation days in
                1970. However, the order of popularity is anticipated to change in 1975, with bicycling ranking first followed by
                swimming, child's.play, basketball, walking, and driving for pleasure.   In 1980 bicycling is expected to be the most
                popular activity, with swimming second, child's play third, basketball fourth, walking fifth, and driving for pleas-
                ure sixth.

                                                                     Non-Resident

                When considering participation in urban outdoor recreation activities in 1970, a total of 1,376,000 days of partic-
                ipation, according to the estimates, was recorded by non-residents in the Austin Metropolitan Area. Compared to
                the 1970 level, total participation is expected to increase 12.4 percent to 1,547,000 days by 1975 and 16.9 percent
                to 1,609,000 days,by 1980. This trend of increased participation is expected to continue through the years 1990 and
                2000.              -

                The estimates for 1970 indicate that the top six ranked activities, in order of popularity, were sightseeing,
                swimming, football, driving for pleasure, basketball, and picnicking, with totals of 479,000; 279,000; 136,000;
                106,000; 89,000; and 76,000 days, respectively.   It is anticipated that all 16 activities will increase in participa-
                tion through the year 2000, and the top six ranked activities will retain their respective rankings from 1970.

                                                                                                                                       335

                         REGION 23                                                                            CURRENT AND PROJECTED RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                                                  CITY SIZE:          METROS
                                                                                                                               (OOO'S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                                                                   1970                                          1975                                         198D                                         1990                                        2000
                                                                                   STATE-                                      STATE-                                          STATE-                                     STATE-                                           STATE-
                                                                     REG.23        WIDE                           REG.23       WIDE                             REG. 23        WIDE                          REG.23       WIDE                              REG. 23        WIDE
                                                                     METROS       MROS                            @MTROS       METROS                           METROS         METROS                        METROS      METROS                             METROS         METROS
                                                     PART.           AVERAGE      AVERAGE         PART.           AVERAGE      AVERAGE          PART.           AVERAGE        AVERAGE     PART.             AVERAGE     AVERAGE        PART.               AVERAGE        AVERAGE
                         ACTIVIT-Y                   DAYS    RANK    DAYS/        DAYS/HH         DAYS   RANK     DAYS/HH      DAYS/HH          DAYS   RANK     DAYS/          DAYS/RH     DAYS     RANK     DAYS/HH     DAYS/HH        DAYS     RANK       DAYS/HH        DAYS/HH

                         Swimming                   1,200          1     14.15      27.41       1,872         2       19.61      36.52          2,738       2      25.66       47.17      5,652          2     42.89       75.28      11,180           2    68.60          110.14
                         Child's Play                 737          3     8.69       14.08       1,093         3       11.45      17.72          1,551       3      14.54       22.00      2,904          3     22.04       32.20        5,127          3    31.46          43.99
                         Baseball/Softball            136          12    1.60          2.78         163     12        1.71        3.19          205      12        1.92        3.59          304      11        2.31        4.41          428          11    2.63          5.22
                         Picnicking                   347          7     4.09          5.72         377       7       3.95        5.66          419         8      3.93        5.66          508         9      3.85        5.61          616          10    3.78          5.64
                         Football/Soccer               58          14      .68         1.43         67      14         .70        1.42            76     15          .71       1.41           95      15          .72       1.39          121          15       .74        1.38
                         Golf                         228          10    2.69          3.92         338       8       3.54        4.98          488         7      4.57        6.16          917         6      6.96        8.96        1,587          6     9.74          12.07
                         Tennis                       241          9     2.94          6.06         319       9       3.34        9.21          409         9      3.83        11.49         636         8      4.83       16.07          998          8     6.12          21.46
                         Basketball                   467          6     5.51          1.60         888       4       9.30        2.59          1,398       4      13.10       3.57       2,729          4     20.71        5.52        4,613          4    28.31          7.'53
                         Walking                      473          5     5.58       18.21           691       5       7.24       23.09          949         5      8.90        29.20      1,610          5     12.22       39.89        2,532          5    15.54          50.31
                         Bicycling                    @13          2     10.77      20.30       2,556         1       26.78      32.77          4,565       1      42.79       45.25      9,857          1     74.79       68.44      17,406           1    106.81         9 5 @,49
                         Nature Study                  38          15      .45         .72          43      16         .45        1.67            43     16          .45       2.64           60      16          .46       4.63            74         16       .45        6.70
                         Fishing                      152          11    1.79          1.80         179     10        1.88        1.88          210      11        1.97        1.97          281      12        2.13        2.13          376          12    2. 131        2.30
                         Boating                       75          13      .88         .88          152     13        1.59        1.60          246      10        2.31        2.31          493      10        3.74        3.74          843          9     5.17          5'. 17
                         Skiing                        36          16      .42         .42          59      15         .62           .62          87     14          .82          .82        161      14        1.22        1.22          264          13    1.62          1. 8'l
                         Surfing                      --- ---              ---         ---          --- ---            ---          ---         --- ---              ---         ---         --- ---              ---          ---        --- ---               ---
                         Sightseeing                  256          8     3.02          2.25         179     10        1.88        2.34          177      13        1.66        2.50          167      13        1.27'       2.70          150          14       .92        3.0 .1
                         Dr. for Pleas.               547          4     EL. 45     13.38           592       6       6920       13.52          666         6      6.24        13.67         844         7      6a4O       13.86        1,069          7     6,56          14JO

                              TOTAL                 5,904                70.01     120.96       9,568               100.24     158.78           14,232          133.40         199,41    27,218              206.54       286.05      47,384                2.90.,76       '386.3-Z

                                               CURRENT AND PROJECTED NON-RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                                      TOTAL CURRENT AND PROJECTED PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000
                                                                   (OOOIS OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)                                                                                            (OOO'S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                         ACTIVITY                              1970               1975              1980               1990                2000         ACTIVITY                             1970               1975                1980               1990                2000

                         Swimming                                  279             313                 326                  376                 432     Swimming                           1,479               2,185             3,064                 6,028               11,612
                         Child's Play                              22               25                 26                   30                  34      rhild's Play                          759              1,118             1,577                 2,934               5,161
                         Baseball/Softball                         9                10                 11                   12                  14      BasebalLiSoftball                     145                 173               216                316                 442
                         Picnicking                                76               85                 89                   102                 118     Picnicking                            423                 462               508                610                 734
                         Football/Soccer                           136             153                 160                  184                 211     Football/Soccer                       194                 220               236                279                 332
                         Golf                                      11               13                 13                   15                  18      Golf                                  239                 351               501                932                 1,605
                         Tennis                                                                                                                         Tennis                                241                 319               409                636                 998
                         Basketball                                89              100                 104                  120                 138     Basketball                            556                 988            1,502                 2,849               4,751.
                         Walking                                   33               37                 38                   43                  50      Walking                               506                 728               987                1,653               2,582
                         Bicycling                                                                                                                      Bicycling                             913              2,556             4,565                 9,857               17,406
                         Nature Study                                                                                                                   Nature Study                              38              43                  48                    60                 74
                         Fishing                                   15               17                 17                   20                  23      Fishing                               167                 196               227                301                 399
                         Boating                                   68               77                 80                   92                  106     Boating                               143                 229               326                -585                949
                         Skiing                                    53               60                 62                   71                  82      Skiing                                    89              119               149                232                 346
                         Surfing                                   ---             ---                 ---                  ---                 ---     Surfing                               ---                                   ---                ---                 ---
                         Sightseeing                               479             538                 560                  646                 742     Sightseeing                           735                 717               737                813                 892
                         Dr. for Pleas.                            106             119                 123                  142                 164     Dr. for Pleas.                        653                 711               789                986                 1,233

                              TOTAL                           1,376              1,547              1,609             1,853               2,132               TOTAL                        7,280             11,115              15,841                29,071              49,516

                         Note: Asterisks indicate that projected annual activity days were less than 500. Dashes indicate not applicable. Zeros indicate that the activity was                                                            not ranked due to
                                   insignificant participation days recorded.

                        336

              REGION 23                 R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E   RE Q U I REM E N T S               CITY SIZE: NETROS
                                                                1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

              Estimates of urban outdoor recreation resource requirements  Iere developed for the Austin Metropolitan Area for the
              years 1970, 1975, 1980, y9o, and 2000 by comparing current-I and projected recreation participation with the current
              recreation opportunities- available in the metro.    In addition, the availability and spatial distribution of recrea-
              tion opportunities providedby parks and recreation facilities were analyzed with respect to subsections of the Austin
              Metro characterized by residents having similar incomes and ethnic backgrounds. Particular attention was given to
              those subsections expected to undergo relatively rapid population growth and physical expansion in the future.

              Conclusions reached from analyzing the distribution' of recreation opportunities within the metropolitan area were used
              to qualify resource requirement estimates,where a less than adequate distribution appeared to exist.-

              .In the discussions that follow, results of the distribution analysis of parks within subsections of the Austin Metro
              Area are presented. Then, estimates of current and future requirements for selected recreation facilities are pre-
              sented, and are qualified by conclusions reached from the distribution analysis of recreation facilities within sub-
              'sections of the metro.

              11`@ARKI DISTRIBU
                           TION ANALYSIS

              In analyzing the availability and distribution of parks in the Austin Metro, several   characteristics were considered:
              changes in population (or trends in,general, 1960 to 1970), areas of the metro which   were expected to exhibit rela-
              "tively major expansion, and the dispersion of existing parks among the income/ethnic  subsections of the metro.   From
              these interrelated characteristics general conclusions were reached with respect to future park developments for the
              metro area. Population trends affected estimations of future recreation participation.     Projections of population
              growth for Austin indicated that the 1970 metro population of 254,368 would increase to about 398,464 persons by the
              year 2060.  In addition, information provided by urban recreation planners of the area shows that major direction's
              of future urban expansion were expected to occur in the east, southeast, south-southwest, north, and northwest por-
              .tions of the metro (as illustrated by arrows of decreasing size on the map, titled "Predominant Ethnic Background and
              Income Subsections).

              For the Austin Metropolitan Area, local metro area recreation planners delineated seventeen subsections which are in-
              dicated on the accompanying map titled "Predominant Ethnic Background and Income Subsections". The delineated sub-
              sections characterize the homogeneous residential, or demographic, patterns existing in 1971 by two major socio-
              economic factors - income and ethnic background. In general, there were eight low-income subsections (3 predominantly

              1/"Current" participation refers to levels of participation by type of selected recreation activity which were esti-
                mated for the year 1970.
              2/"Current" recreation opportunities refers to computed figures derived from the numbers of pub I ic ly- administered
                facilities by type available within the metro area in 1971.

                                                                                                                                          337

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              REGION 23                  R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S            CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

              Anglo, 2 predominantly Black, and 3 predominantly Mexican-American), six wer  ,e middle-income subsections (2 Anglo, I
              Black, 3 Mexican-American), and three high-income subsections (all Anglo).

              Low-income residents were mainly concentrates around the central core area and in the southeastern quadrant on both
              sides of the Colorado River. The majority of the metro north, west, and southwest of the State Capitol was predomin-
              antly middle and high-income Anglo. The two middle-income Anglo subsections comprise most of the north half and
              southwestern quadrant of the metro. The middle-income Black subsection was located in far east Austin south of East
              19th Street (renamed: Martin Luther King Boulevard).. The three small middle-income Mexican-American subsections were
              located, one in the general vicinity of the intersection of Oltorf and South Congress Avenue, one south of Koenig Lane
              between Airport Boulevard and Interstate Highway 35, and one in east Austin east of Springdale Road and south of the
              middle-income Black subsection. Two large high-income Anglo subsections were located on either side of the Colorado
              River in West Lake Hills and Rollingwood south of the River and northwest of Balcones Drive north of the River. The
              remaining small high-income subsection was in the general vicinity of North Lamar and Windsor Road.

              An analysis of parks dispersion among the subsections was conducted by comparing the "Dispersion of Parks by Type"
              map and the "Predominant Ethnic Background and Income Subsections" map. Overall, the Austin Metropolitan Area indi-
              cated good distribution for parks with recreational facilities and a fair distribution but an apparent inadequate
              number of open land parks. A relatively small subsection composed of low-income Mexican-Americans located north-east
              of the central business district toward the municipal airport had no parks in 1971. That subsection, however, was
              surrounded by parks of all types which were within one mile. Parks with recreational facilities should be considered
              mainly in the more rapidly expanding areas and open land parks may be needed throughout the metro area where resources
              are available.

              In addition to maintaining an adequate dispersion of parks in all portions of the metro area, the provision of dif-
              ferent types of recreational facilities in parks is also an important consideration.    An analysis of the current and
              future requirements for selected recreational facilities and the current dispersion of facilities in the Austin Metro
              is presented in the following discussions.

              FACILITY REQUIREMENTS AND DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

              As mentioned previously, requirements for selected recreational facilities (see the following table) were calculated
              for the years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000. Then, an analysis of the dispersion of existing facilities among the
              predominant income/ethnic subsections and the major growth areas of the metro was conducted. Conclusions reached
              from the facility dispersion analysis were then used to qualify the facility requirement estimates, particularly in
              those cases where no additional facilities were estimated as being needed within the metropolitan area. Usually,
              special note is made where growth areas appeared to have limited facilities. The methodology used to calculate
              facility requirements in general is explained in Appendix C, Part I--An Overview of the Urban Volume. In the dis-
              cussions that follow, resource requirements for recreational facilities are generally referred to by units of the

                                                                                                                                       339

                 REGION 23                 R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S            CITY SIZE: NETROS
                                                                  1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                 most important feature necessary to allow participation. For example, when a requirement is shown for swimming pools,
                 features such as a bathhouse, cleaning and filtering -system, and other support features are implied when a requirement
                 for the major facility is shown.

                                                                       Swimming

                 The Austin Metro had 23,587 square yards of public swimming pools in 1971. Each square yard (unit) was estimated to
                 provide 150 days of swimming opportunity per year which resulted in an estimated 3,538,000 opportunity days. To det@r-
                 mine if there was a surplus or deficit of opportunity, estimated participation days and estimated opportunity days
                 were compared. For swimming there appeared to be adequate opportunity through 1980. By 1990 the metro area was esti-
                 mated to require an additional 14,187 square yards of pools. Cumulative requirements were estimated at 49,180 square
                 yards for the year 2000. Swim ming facilities appeared to be adequately dispersed throughout the metro in 1971. In
                 the provision of additional outdoor swimming facilities, consideration should be given to a balanced distribution
                 relative to growth areas and the various income/ethnic subsections.

                                                                     Child's Play

                 The Austin Metro in 1971 had a total of seventy-five acres of playground dispersed through forty-nine parks within
                 the metro boundary. Multiplying the seventy-five acre units by the playground standard (each acre was calculated to
                 provide 27,623 days of recreation opportunity per unit per year), resulted in an estimated 2,072,000 annual oppor-
                 tunity (potential participation) days. Annual opportunity days were then compared with the forecasted demands, as
                 shown in the Austin resource requirements table. Playground area deficits were apparent for the planning periods,
                 beginning in 1990. The cumulative requirement for 1990 was 31 acres with an additional 81 acres needed for 2000,
                 bringing the cumulative requirement to 112 acres. Since the existing playgrounds were relatively well distributed
                 among the subsections in 1971, additional playgrounds should generally be considered for growth areas in the future.

                                                                   Baseball/Softball

                 With an existing sikty-one baseball/softball fields providing approximately 842,000 total opportunity days (the faci-
                 lity standard utilized was 13,804 opportunity days provided per field each year), the Austin Metropolitan Area
                 appeared to have a sufficient quantity of fields to meet estimated demand through the year 2000. Although a disper-
                 sion analysis was not possible from the available data, in the provision of any additional fields consideration should
                 be given to a balanced distribution relative to growth areas and the various income/ethnic subsections.

                                                                      Picnicking

                 There were 552 public picnic tables in the Austin Metro in 1971. At 1,702 days of opportunity per table per year
                 (standard) the exiting tables provided approximately 940,000-days annually. The existing number of tables was ex-
                 pected to provide adequate overall opportunity through the year 2000. The distribution analysis of picnicking

               340

                REGION 23                  R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E    R E Q U I R E M E N T S            CITY SIZE    NETROS
                                                                   1 9 7 0   2 0 0 0

                facilities indicated good dispersion among the existing subsections.     In providing additional tables, consideration
                should be given to the major growth areas.

                                                                      Football/Soccer

                Each of the three football/soccer fields in the Austin Metro Area provided about 7,224 days of opportunity annually.
                In total this amounted to approximately 22,000 opportunity days in 1971. An additional 24 fields were needed for 1970
                with additions of 3, 3, 6, and 7 fields needed in the years 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000, respectively. Dispersion
                analysis could not be performed from available data; however, adequate dispersion with attention given to growth areas
                should be considered in any future expansions of facilities.

                                                                          Golf

                The three publicly-administered courses in Austin provided forty-five holes of golf in 1971. Using the urban golf
                standard,, each golf hole was calculated to be capable of providing 4,047 days of recreation opportunity annually.      In
                total, this amounted to about 182,000 days of opportunity in 1971.     Comparing expected participation for the projec-
                tion years with the available opportunity days shows that the metro would have required an additional fourteen holes
                (the equivalent of approximately one eighteen-hole course) in 1970. Incrementally, additions of 28i 37, 106, and 167
                holes would be needed in the years 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000, respectively, to meet expected increases in golfing
                participation. As a general rule, golf courses are constructed in multiples of nine holes; therefore, by the year
                2000 it was estimated that the Austin Metro Area will need slightly over thirty-nine additional nine-hole courses
                (352 holes), or nineteen eighteen-hole courses and one nine-hole course, or some appropriate combination which con-
                siders local resources. Additional courses should be developed with attention to needs in the north and south portions
                of the metro.

                                                                         Tennis

                The 124,000 opportunity days provided by the forty-six public   tennis courts available   in 1971 (each court can make
                available about 2,694 days of opportunity per year) result in   an estimated forty-three courts being required in 1970.
                An additional 29 courts will be needed in 1975 with 34, 84, and 134 courts needed for the years 1980, 1990, and 2000,
                respectively. Dispersion analysis indicates that additional facilities should be considered for the northern portion
                of the metro with attention given to growth areas.

                                                                       Basketball

                According to the urban basketball standard, each of the. seventeen basketball courts in the Austin Metro Area should
                provide approximately 8,795 days of opportunity per year, for a total of about 150,000 opportunity days in 1970.       By
                comparing available opportunity days with estimated participation days in each projection year as expressed in the
                Austin recreation resource requirement table, it is apparent that 46 additional courts were required for 1970, with

                                                                                                                                            341

                   REGION 23                 R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S            CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                    1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                   49, 59, 153, and 216 additional courts needed for the years 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000, respectively. Dispersion
                   analysis of basketball facilities could not be accomplished with available data, but balanced distribution relative
                   to growth areas and the various income/ethnic subsections should be an important consideration in the provision of
                   additional basketball courts.

                                                                     Trails Activities

                   Analyzing and comparing expected participation for walking, bicycling, and nature study occurring in the park and re-
                   creation areas with opportunity days provided by the current supply of trails in the Austin Metropolitan Area indi-
                   categ that approximately four miles of combined trails should have been added to the existing eight miles of trail
                   by 1970. @Some of these eight miles were multiple use.) Given the expected participation growth in the trails acti-
                   vities, incremental additions were projected for 10 miles in 1975, 13 miles in 1980, 33 miles in 1990, and 48 miles in
                   the year 2000. overall, a total of 108 miles of combined trails should be added to the existing eight miles by the
                   year 2000 to meet expectedparticipation levels.

                   A relatively small proportion of the total participation in trail and related activities was estimated to take place
                   in publicly-administered park and recreation areas. It is likely, however, that as additional trail facilities are
                   provided, the relative proportion of total participation will increase at these recreation areaq. Thus, the above
                   estimates of additional resources required may be conservative in the long run and should be considered as minimum
                   estimates. In addition to the expectations for increases in participation in trail and related activities at publicly-
                   administered park and recreation areas, it is clear that the major proportion.of walking, bicycling, and nature study
                   is occurring in places other than established recreation areas. The majority of this participation is most likely
                   taking place in local neighborhoods, on city streets, and on available open lands within the area. This phenomenon
                   has direct policy implications with respect to the provision of sidewalks within currently existing and newly develop-
                   ing neighborhoods, the development of a system of bike lanes in high use areas, and the provision of adequate open
                   space and green belt areas within the metro area.

                                                 Water-Related Activities: Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing

                                                             Surface Acres - Freshwater Lakes
                                                              (Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing)

                   A total of 3,625 surface acres of freshwater lakes was located within the Austin Metropolitan Area of Region 23 in
                   1971. Using participation patterns of households recreating in the urban areas, it was estimated that boating would
                   have totaled 143,000 days, boat fishing 35,000 days, and skiing 89,000 days for a total of 267,000 days in 1970.
                   Comparing estimated participation with the opportunities provided by the surface acres existing in 1971 indicates that
                   existing freshwater lakes will be adequate through the year 2000 if these lakes are available for water-related
                   activities.

             342

               REGION 23                 R E C R E A T 1 0 N, R E S 0 U R C E     R E Q U I R E M E N T S           CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                 1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                                                               Freshwater Boat Rampsl/

               Two publicly-administered freshwater boat lanes were reported for the Austin Metro Area in 1971. By estimating the
               1970 total freshwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation which would have occurred using freshwater boat
               ramp facilities to gain access to the water if sufficient ramps were available, it was calculated that six additional
               boat ramps were needed in 1970. Projected increases in freshwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation
               are expected to require four additional freshwater boat ramps in 1975, three in 1980, nine in 1990, and thirteen in
               the year 2000, bringing the cumulative resource requirement to thirty-five ramps in 2000.   Since boat ramps are the
               most frequently used means by which boaters, skiers, and boat fishermen gain access to freshwater lakes, the provi-
               sion of freshwater boat ramps required could be constructed on existing freshwater lakes if the lakes are available
               for water-related activities.

                                                         Summary of Facilities Requirements

               Although the Austin Metro had at least some facilities for all designated types, resource requirements were indicated
               in each planning horizon year for football fields, golf courses, tennis courts, basketball courts, designated trails,
               and freshwater boat ramps. Also, additional facilities for swimming and child's play were indicated, beginning in
              .1990. Existing facilities for baseball/softball, picnicking, and acres of freshwater lakes were estimated to be ade-
               quate to accommodate demand for the metro as a whole, through the year 2000.

               A dispersion analysis was possible only for a few facility types. A reasonably good distribution was apparent for
               swimming pools, playgrounds, and picnic tables. Additional golf courses were needed in most areas of the metro, but
               were needed especially in extreme northern and extreme southern Austin. In the provision of additional facilities
               for all types of outdoor recreation activities, consideration should be given to an equitable distribution relative
               to growth areas and the various income/ethnic subsections.

               I/ In calculating freshwater boat ramp resource requirements the assumption was made that each boat ramp has two lanes.
                  Supply figures listed in the "Park and Recreation Facilities by Type of Park" table and quoted in the narratives are
                  in terms of single lanes.

                                                                                                                                        343

                    REGION 23                                                                         RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIRMENTS, 1970-2000                                                                     CITY SIZE: METROS

                                                                                              TOTAL            1971 OPPORTUNITY        NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                        PARTICIPATION           DAYS AVAILABLE                (OOONS OF                                    UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                           (OOO'S OF               (OOOIS OF               ACTIVITY DAYS)                                  RESOURCES REQUIRED
                    YEAR         ACTIVITY                                               ACTIVITY DAYS           ACTIVITY DAYS           DEFICIT         SURPLUS                   C-LIMULATIVE                       INCREMENTAL
                                 Swimming (Pools)      . . . . . . . . . . .                  1,390                  3,538                               2,148                    0square  yards!/                   0square yards-21
                                 Child's Play (Playgrounds)         . . . . . .                  759                 2,072                               1,313                    0acres                             0acres
                                 Baseball/Softball     . . . . . . . . . . . .                   145                     842                               697                    0fields                            0fields
                                 Picnicking     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      423                     940                               517                    0tables                            0tables
                                 Football/Soccer     . . . . . . . . . . . .                     194                     22                172                                    24 fields                          24 fields
                                 Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        239                     182                 57                                   14 holes                           14 holes
                                 Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        241                     124               117                                    43 courts, dbl.                    43 courts, dbl.
                                 Basketball     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      556                     150               406                                    46 courts, full                    46 courts, full

                    1970         Water-Related Activities:

                                 Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW          . . .                 267                 1,512                               1,245                    0surface acres                     0surface acres
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW          . . .                 198                     27                171                                    6ramps-3/                          6ramps.2/

                                 Trails Activities:.
                                 Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        53   4/                                                                          2miles                             2miles
                                 Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       37   z/                                                                          2miles                             2miles
                                 Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                            84/                                                                         <1 mile                            <1 mile
                                 Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                             Nature Study   . . . . . . . . .                    98   4/                 68                  30                                   4miles                             4miles

                                 ACTIVITY
                                 Swimming (Pools)      . . . . . ... . . . .                  2,054                  3,538                               1,484                    0square yards-2/                   0square yard  s-2/
                                 Child's Play (Playgrounds)         . . . . . .               1,118                  2,072                                 954                    0acres                             0acres
                                 Baseball/Softball     . . . . . . . . . . .                     173                     842                               669                    0fields                            0fields
                                 Picnicking     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      462                     940                               478                    0tables                            0tables
                                 Football/Soccer     . . . . . . . . . . . .                     220                     22                198                                    27 fields                          3fields
                                 Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        351                     182               169                                    42 holes                           28 holes
                                 Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        319                     124               195                                    72 courts, dbl.                    29 courts, dbl.
                                 Basketball     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      .988                    150               838                                    95 courts, full                    49 courts, full

                    1975         Water-Related Activities'
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing,       Skiing FW                          389                 1,512                               1,123                    0surfac@ acres                     0surfac7 acres
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing,       Skiing FW   . . .                  284                     27                257                                    10 ramps-3                         4ramp  1i

                                 Trails Activities:
                                 Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        76   4/                                                                          5miles                             3miles
                                 Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       102  -41                                                                         9miles                             6miles
                                 Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                            94/                                                                         1mile                              Imile
                                 Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                             Nature Study   . . . . . . . . .                    187  4/                 68                119                                    14 miles                           10 miles

                    344

                  REGION 23                                                                    RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                                CITY SIZE: METROS

                                                                                         TOTAL            1971 OPPORTUNITY        NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                    PARTICIPATION          DAYS AVAILABLE               (OOO'S OF                                 UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                       (000-S OF             (OOO'S OF              ACTIVITY DAYS)                                RESOURCES REQUIRED
                  YEAR        ACTIVITY                                              ACTIVITY DAYS          ACTIVITY DAYS          DEFICIT       SURPLUS               CUMULATIVE                          INCREMENTAL
                              Swimming (Pools)     . . . . . . . . . . .                 2,880  -11             3,538                                658                0 square  yards-V                 0 square yards   2
                              Child's Play (Playgrounds)        . . . . . .              1,577                  2,072                                495                0 acres                           0 acres
                              Baseball/Softball    . . . . . . . . . . .                   216                    842                                626                0 fields                          0 fields
                              Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    508                    940                                432                0 tables                          0 tables
                              Football/Soccer    . . . .   . . . . . . . .                 236                      22              214                               30  fields                          3 fields
                              Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     501                    182               319                               79  holes                           37 holes
                              Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     409                    124               285                               106 courts, dbl.                    34 courts, dbl.
                              .Basketball   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  1,502                    150             1,352                               154 courts, full                    59 courts, full

                  1980        Water-Related Activities:
                              Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW         . . .               523                  1,512                                989                0 surfa�@ acres                   0 surfac@ acres
                              Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW         . . .               378                      27              351                               13  ramps@                          3 ramps-3

                              Trails Activities:
                              Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     104  4/                                                                      9 miles                           4 miles
                              Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    183  -@/                                                                   17  miles                           9 miles
                              Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      10 4/                                                                      1 mile                            0 miles
                              Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                      4/
                                          Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                  297                      68              229                               27  miles                           13 miles

                              ACTIVITY
                              Swimming (Pools)     . . . . . . . . . . .                 5,666                  3,538             2,128                          14,187 square    yards2/           14,187  square yards-2/
                              child's Play (Playground     s )  . . . . . .              2,934                  2,072               862                               31  'acres                          31 acres
                              Baseball/Softball    . . . . . . . . . . .                   316                    842                                526                0 fields                          0 fields
                              Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    610                    940                                330                0 tables                          0 tables
                              Football/Soccer    . . . . . . . . . . . .                   279                      22              257                               36  fields                          6 fields
                              Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     932                    182               750                               185 holes                         106 holes
                              Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     636                    124               512                               190 courts, dbl.                    84 courts, dbl.
                              Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  2,849                    150             2,699                               307 courts, full                  153 courts, full

                  1990        Water-Related Activities:
                              Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW                             881                  1,512                                631                0 surfaS7 acres                   0 surfas7 acres
                              Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW                             626                      27              599                               22  ramps-                          9 ramps-

                              Trails Activities:
                              Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     174  4/                                                                    18  miles                           9 miles
                              Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    394  4/                                                                    41  miles                           24 miles
                              Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      12 -4/                                                                     1 mile                            0 miles
                              Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                          Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                  580  4/                  68              512                               60  miles                           33 miles

                                                                                                                                                                                                                        345

                   REGION 23                                                                  RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                             CITY SIZE:    METROS

                                                                                        TOTAL            1971 OPPORTUNITY       NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                   PARTICIPATION          DAYS AVAILABLE             (OOOIS OF                                  UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                      (OOO'S OF              (OOO'S OF             ACTIVITY DAYS)                               RESOURCES REQUIRED
                   YEAR        ACTIVITY                                            ACTIVITY DAYS)          ACTIVITY DAYS)       DEFICIT        SURPLUS              CUMULATIVE                         INCREMENTAL
                               Swimming (Pools)    ... . . . . . . . . .                10,915                3,538               7,377                          49,180  square  yards-21          34,993  square  yardsV
                               Child's Play (Playgrounds)      . . . . . .              5,161                 2,072               3,089                             112  acres                         81  acres
                               Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                   442                  842                              400                   0 fields                          0 fields
                               Picnicking   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    734                  940                              206                   0 tables                          0 tables
                               Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                   332                    22                310                              43  fields                          7 fields
                               Golf  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  1,605                   182               1,423                             352  holes                        167  holes
                               Tennis  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     998                  124                 874                             324  courts, dbl.                 134  courts, dbl.
                               Basketball   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 4,751                   150               4,601                             523  courts, full                 216  courts, full

                   2000       Water-Related Activities:
                               Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing      FW  . . .             1,379                 1,512                              133                   0 surfac@ acres                   0 surfac7 acres
                               Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing      FW                       973                    27                946                              35  raps-3                        13  ramps-3

                              Trails Activities:
                               Walking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     271 4/                                                                    30  miles                         12  miles
                               Bicycling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    696 4/                                                                    76  miles                         35  miles
                               Nature Study   . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      15 @/                                                                     2 miles                           1 mile
                               Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                    4/
                                         Nature Study   . . . . . . . . .                  982                     0                280                             108  miles                         48  miles

                   I/   Includes only swimming participation occurring in swimming pools, 94 percent of the total in urban areas.
                   2/   Designated freshwater swimming areas may-be substituted for swimming pools. When making substitutions consider total swimming participation.
                   3/   Assumes 2.0 lanes per ramp.
                   4/   Reflects estimated participation occurring in park and recreation areas; does not include participation occurring outside park and recreation areas.                             Of the total
                        walking, bicycling, and nature study participation it was determined that 10.5, 4.0, and 20.1 percent, respectively for each activity, occurs in park and recreation
                        areas.

                   346

                             Luke
                               Houston

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                   REGION 25                                REGIONAL DESCRIPTION: HOUSTON METROPOLITAN AREA

                   The Houston Metropolitan Area is comprised of Houston, Pasadena,                            POPULATION
                   Bellaire, West University Place, Deer Park, South Houston, Galena                           1970 Metro Area Population: 1,437,972
                   Park, Jacinto City, La Porte, Nassau Bay, Bunker Hill Village,                              Change 1960-70: +      3%
                   Hunters Creek Village, Seabrook, Highlands, Hedwig Village,                                 Race Composition -1    2/
                   Spring Valley, Piney Point Village and Lomax Village.                                          White  .....  79%
                                                                                                                  Negro  .....  20%
                   The Houston Metropolitan Area's beginning as a riverboat landing                               Other  .....    1%        1/
                   to Buffalo Bayou in 1836 gave little hint of the area's future                              Age Composition (years):
                   groL@th. The metropolitan area is now the largest in Texas, is                                 13 or less    .....  29%
                   the nation's third largest seaport, and is the home of the                                     14 - 20       .....  13%
                   National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Manned                                  21 - 44       .....  347.
                   Spacecraft Center.                                                                             45 - 64       .....  18%
                                                                                                                  65 and over   .....    6%
                   Places of interest   are many. The Aline McAshan Botanical Hall
                   and Arboretum promotes the study of conservation and field botany                           ECONOMY
                   for children, and the study of plant-animal relationships for                               Agribusiness
                   adults. Allen's Landing Park and Old Market Square are part of                              Banking
                   the general area that became an early center of commerce and                                Distribution
                   industry. It then fell into disrepair until recently when many                              Manufacturing
                   of the old buildings were restored and devoted to dining and                                Petroleum
                   entertainment. The Astrodomain is a $100 million entertainment
                   complex that includes the Astrodome, or the Harris County Domed
                   Stadium as it is officially called; Astrohall, one of the world's largest exhibition centers; and Astroworld, a
                   theme park with rides, shows, and attractions for the entire family. An 18-story building would fit inside the
                   Astrodome, the world's largest air-conditioned area. This stadium can accommodate almost any type of entertainment
                   or sporting event. The Manned Spacecraft Center, where the astronauts train for the man-in-space effort of the
                   National Aeronautics and Space Administration, holds the Lunar Receiving Laboratory to which the men return for
                   quarantine and debriefing following moon flights. The Visitor Orientation Center has displays of interest to the
                   public. The Museum of Fine Arts houses the metropolitan area's finest collection of art objects, paintings, and
                   sculpture. A special Junior Gallery features changing exhibits of appeal to youngsters. The Weatherby Arms
                   Museum features weapons from the Dark Ages to the present, armored wax figures, mounted knights, and a torture
                   chamber.

                   The 50-mile long Houston Ship Channel connects the Port of Houston to the Gulf of Mexico. The World Trade Center
                   Building is the hub of the metro's international commerce and the location of many foreign consuls.

                   Sam Houston Historical Park is a project of the Harris County Heritage Society and features restored historic
                   buildings depicting life in early Houston.

                   I/ Due to lack of information for some suburbs in the metropolitan area, data for the entire county was used from the
                      1970 census.
                   2/ Includes persons of Mexican and/or Spanish descent.

               348

                REGION 25 - Continued

                The Texas Medical Center is an immense complex of hospitals, medical schools, and research institutions. Units
                operating at the center include Hermann Hospital, Baylor University College of Medicine, Methodist Hospital, Shriners'
                Hospital for Crippled Children, Texas Children's Hospital, St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Ben Taub General Hospital,
                the University of Texas at Houston composed of M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, the Dental Branch includ-
                ing the Dental Science Institute, and the School of Public Health and Graduate School of Bio-Medical Sciences among
                many other institutions.

                The metropolitan area is the home of the Houston Oilers, a major league football team, and the Astros, a major league
                baseball team. The Oilers, the Astros, and the University of Houston play their home games in the Astrodome.

                Educational facilities in the Houston Metropolitan Area are varied. Houston Baptist College is a coeducational
                Southern Baptist institution. Rice University, one of the nation's great privately endowed institutions, is located
                in Houston. The Sacred Heart Dominican College is a Catholic college for women, coeducational in some departments.
                The South Texas College of Law and South Texas Junior College are a privately operated law school and junior college,
                both maintained in conjunction with the Houston YMCA. Texas Southern University, now part of the State educational
                system, was formerly operated with private funds as Houston College for Negroes.   The University of Houston is one
                of the largest in the State educational system. The University of Saint Thomas is a coeducational Catholic institu-
                tion.

                Annual events in the Houston Metropolitan Area reflect both its past and present. These include the International
                Boat, Sport, and Travel Show (January), the U. S. Indoor Motorcycle Championships, held in the Astrodome (February),
                the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo (February), the National Outdoor and Sportsman Show (March), the Fine Arts
                Fair (April), Texas Independence Day Observance and Review of the Texas Navy (April), the International Festival
                and Sidewalk Art Show (October), the International Automobile Show (November-December), the Astro-Bluebonnet Bowl
                sports events (December), and the Christmas Candlelight Tours (December).      I

                Portuguese bullfights are held in the Sam Houston Coliseum, and the Ringling Brothers-Barnum and Bailey Circus is
                held in the Astrohall.

                Bellaire is the "Biggest City in Houston," and various annual events held are the world famous Pin Oak Charity
                Horse Show (June), the Bellaire Coin Show, the Bellaire Women's Club "Antique Fair" (October), and the Bellaire
                Day Flea Market and Arts and Crafts Show (July).

                Pasadena is a young city, as it was practically a strawberry patch well into the 1930's, with most of its development
                occuring in the past 25 years. In less than 20 years, its population quadrupled, making it one of the most rapidly
                expanding communities in Texas.

                South Houston was saved from economic ruin after the devastation of the 1915 hurricane by the opening of the Texas
                Fireworks Company. Ten years later, Christy Brothers Five-Ring Circus, second only to Ringling Brothers Circus,

                                                                                                                                      349

                  REGION 25 - Continued

                  moved here. These "industries" later left, but by this time the town had reclaimed itself.   South Houston maintains
                  a small-town atmosphere within the bustling confines of the City of Houston.

                  Bunker Hill Village, Hedwig Village, Hunters Creek Village, Piney Point Village, Spring Valley, and West University
                  Place, communities on Houston's west side, have all shared in the area's rapid development and growth.

                  Deer Park, Galena Park, Jacinto City, La Porte, and Lomax Village are suburban communities on Houston's east side.

                  Nassau Bay and Seabrook are communities which developed around the NASA complex. Many residents of these towns
                  work at the Manned Spacecraft Center.

             350

                   REGION 25                                                                                                CITY SIZE: METRO

                            P U B L I C L Y      A D M I N I S T E R E D       R E C R E A T 1 0 N      0 P P 0 R T U N I T I E S

                                                                                                     L*M AND WATER ACREAGE

                                                                                                                             ACRES
                                                                                                                   REGION            STATEWIDE
                                                                                                                      25              AVERAGE
                                                                                                                    METRO           METRO AREAS
                      REGION                            92%                          Developed Land                4,603               1,307
                        25                                                           Undeveloped Land                  387                536
                       METRO             8%                                           otal Land                    4,990               1,843
                                                                                     Water Within or Adjacent          518             1,006

                                                                                     Total Land and Waier          5,508               2,849

                                         FM           DEVELOPED LAND

                                                      UNDEVELOPED LAND
                                                                                     The Houston Area has a total of 4,990 acres of land set
                                                                                     aside as park and recreation areas. In addition, 518
                                                                                     surface acres of water either within or adjacent to
                                                                                     these parks were reported.

                                                         71%                         Of the total land acreage, 4,603 acres are developed with
                     STATEWIDE                                                       facilities, leaving 387 acres available for future
                      AVERAGE                                                        development. With 92 percent of the land acreage
                    METRO AREAS                                                      currently developed, the Area is well above the Statewide
                                                                                     Metro average of 71 percent.

                                              29%
                                                 9 2 D-1-
                                                       7 FrI.

                                                                                                                                                   351

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                    REGION 25                                                                                                       CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                            PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK

                                                                                                                                  UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                               DISTRICT     COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                     PEOPLE          REGION      STATEWIDE
                              TYPE OF FACILITY                    PARK          PARK       PARK         TOTAL         PER             25          AVERAGE
                                                               (UNITS)       (UNITS)     (UNITS)        UNITS         UNIT           METRO    METRO AREAS
                    Games and Sports:
                      Parks   .............................         15          150           3           168          8,559          .117           .150
                      Tennis Courts   .....................         58           79           0           137         10,496          .095           .142
                      Basketball Courts    .................         7          113           0           120         11,983          .083           .071
                      Baseball/Softball Fields    ..........        64          215           4           283          5,081          .197           .186
                      Football/Soccer Fields    ............        11           29           0            40         35,949          .027           .032
                    Picnicking:
                      Parks   .............................         18          105           0           123         11,691          .085           .124
                      Tables  ............................          703         535           0          1,238         1,162          .861          1.230
                    Playground:
                      Parks   .............................         22          176           8           206          6,980          .143           .170
                      Acres Developed  ...................          49          240           6           295          4,874          .205           .258
                    Swimming:
                      Parks   .............................         10           42           0            52         27,653          .036           .050
                      Pools (Sq. Yd.)  ...................       4,293        10,492          0         14,785             97       10.281         25.950
                      Designated Fresh Water (Sq. Yd.)..            55             0          0            55         26,145          .038         52.242
                      Designated Salt Water (Sq. Yd    .             0             0          0             0
                    Boating:
                      Parks   .............................          2             0          0             2       718,986           .001           .006
                      Ramp Lanes - Fresh Water    ..........         0             0          0             0             ---           ---          .008
                      Ramp Lanes - Salt Water    ...........         1             0          0             1      1,437,972          .001            ---
                    Camping:
                      Parks   .............................          1             0          0             1      1,437,972          .001           .002
                      Campsites   .........................          0             0          0             0             ---           ---          .121
                    Fishing:
                      Parks   ...............  .............         2             2          0             4       359,493           .002           .013
                      Pier/Barge/Marina-Fresh Water(Yd.)             0           25                        25         57,519          .017           .049
                      Pier/Barge/Marina-Salt Water(Yd.).            20             0          0            20         71,899          .014            ---
                    Golfing:
                      Courses ...........................            4             0          0             4       359,493           .002,          .005
                      Holes   .............................         72             0          0            72         19,972          .050           .100
                    Trails:
                      Parks   .............................          5             0          0             5.      287,594           .003           .006
                      Nature (Mi.)   ......................          4             0          0             4       359,493           .002           .009
                      Horseback (Mi.)  ...................           8             0          0             8       179,747           .005           .003
                      Bicycle (Mi.)   .....................         15             0          0            15         95,865          .010           .007
                      Hiking (Mi.)   ......................         16             0          0            16         89,873          .011           .006
                      Total Trails (Mi.)    ................        27             0          0            27         53,258          .018           .021

              354

                 REGION 25                                PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK                           CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                                                                                                 UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                             DISTRICT COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                         PEOPLE          REGION     STATEWIDE
                            TYPE OF FACILITY                     PARK       PARK         PARK        TOTAL         PER             25          AVERAGE
                                                              (UNITS)     (UNITS)      (UNITS)       UNITS          UNIT           METRO    METRO AREAS

                 Sport Shooting:
                   Parks .............................              5         1            0              6       239,662          .004           .002
                   Traps .............................              0         0            0              0           ---            ---          .002
                   Shooting Targets   ..................            0         0            0              0           ---            ---          .004
                   Archery Targets   ...................          40          0            0            40        35,949           .027           .011
                 Miscellaneous:
                   Parks ..............................           13        42           10             65        22,123           .045           .038
                   Amphitheatre Seats   ................        1,750         0            0         1,750            822          1.216         1.077
                   Botanical Gardens (Acres)     .........        200                      0            200         7,190          .139           .077
                   Zoos (Acres)   ......................          43          0            3            46        31,260           .031           .051
                   Community/Recreation Centers     ......        11        41           13             65        22,123           .045           .038

                 Almost all of the park and recreation facilities in        the Houston    Metro Area are  in Community   and District   Parks.   The
                 Specialty Parks have facilities only for baseball/softball, playgrounds, community/recreation centers and zoo acreage.
                 The District Parks have the only boating, golfing, and trails facilities.            One of the District Parks is the only park
                 with camping permitted although no specific camping facilities were reported. A total of 52 parks were reported with
                 swimming facilities, including designated fresh water swimming area in the District Park c             'ategory. No salt water
                 swimming facilities were reported, however salt water boating and fishing facilities were inventoried.

                 Of the 285 parks, 206 have playgrounds, 168 have games and sports facilities, 123 have picnicking facilities and 52
                 have swimming facilities.     The most common types of games and sports facilities are baseball/softball with 283 fields,
                 followed by tennis with 137 courts, basketball with 120 courts and football/soccer with              40 fields.

                 Looking at selected    facilities in relation to the number of potential users we         find the   following:

                       53,258 persons   for each mile of trails                            10,496 persons  for  each  tennis court
                       35,949 persons   for each football/soccer field                     5,081 persons   for  each  baseball/soft field
                       22,123 persons   for each community/recreation center               4,874 persons   for  each  acre of playground
                       19,972 persons   for each golf hole                                 1,162 persons   for  each  picnic table
                       11,983 persons   for each basketball court                              97 persons  for  each  square yard of swimming pool

                 The Metro Houston Area is above the Statewide Metro average for facility units            per  1,000 only for basketball courts,
                 baseball/softball fields, archery targets, amphitheatre seats, acres of botanical gardens and community/ recreation
                 centers, while falling below the average for tennis courts, football/soc@er fields, picnic tables, playground acres,
                 square yards of swimming pools, designated freshwater swimming area, yards of fishing pier/barge/marina- freshwater,
                 golf holes, trail miles, and zoo acreage. No boat ramp lanes-freshwater, campsites, shooting traps or shooting
                 targets were reported.

                                                                                                                                                         355

                    REGION 25                        CONVERSION OF FACILITIES TO RECREATION OPPORTUNITY DAYS                      CITY SIZE:    METRO

                    Current opportunity days for 1971 were calculated by multiplying the number of facilities available for each activity
                    in the metro area (determined from the Texas Outdoor Recreation Inventory of Parks, Recreation Areas, and Facilities)
                    times the standard for the facility.

                                                                                                                       DAYS PER THOUSAND POPULATION
                                                                                                       ANNUAL             REGION         STATEWIDE
                                                                                                         DAYS               25            AVERAGE
                    ACTIVITY-FACILITY                                                                 AVAILABLE           METRO             METRO
                        Swimming (Pools) - square yards     . . . . . . ... . . . . . . .             2,217,750           1,542             3,891
                        Child's Play - playground acres     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .             8,148,785           5,667             7 137
                        Baseball/Softball - fields     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .              3,906,532           2,717             2:577
                        Picnicking - tables   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .               2,107,076           1,465             2,093
                        Football/Soccer - fields     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                288,960             201               235
                        Golf - holes    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 291,384             203               414
                        Tennis - courts, double    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                369,078             257               384
                        Basketball - courts, full    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .              IYO55,400             734               625

                    Water-Related Activities:

                        Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW - surface acres        . . . . . .           5,113,459           3,556             2,962
                        Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW - boat ramps      . . . . . . . .                      0              0              103
                        Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing SW - boat ramps      . . . . . . . .                10,986               8                33

                    Trail Activities:

                        Combined Walking, Bicycling, and Nature Study        miles  . . . .             228,528             159               164

                    The Houston Metro Area offers the most.annual opportunity days for child's play, followed by surface acres for
                    freshwater boating, boat fishing and skiing, baseball/softball, swimming (in pools), and picnicking. A comparison
                    between opportunity days per thousand population for the Houston Metro Area and the Statewide Metro averag@ shows
                    that Houston surpasses the statewide,average for three types of facilities -- basketball courts, baseball/softball
                    fields, and surface acres for freshwater boating, boat fishing and skiing. The Houston Metro Area is below the
                    Statewide Metro average for tennis, football/soccer, child's play, swimming (in pools), golf, picnicking, and the
                    trails activities, with no opportunity days shown for boat ramps.

              356

               REGION 25                      ESTIMATED CURRENT AND FUTURE PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000               CITY SIZE: METRO

               The first ranking metro area, Houston was found to be the number two metropolitan area in total participation during
               1970. Estimates for 1970 indicate that residents and non-residents in the area spent over 62.2 million recreation
               days in pur@uit of urban outdoor recreation opportunities available within the metro area.

                                                                      Resident

               For the 19 activities shown, total participation in urban outdoor recreation activities by the residents of the
               Houston Metropolitan Area is expected to increase, as compared to the 1970 level of 59.5 million days, by 60.8
               percent to 95.6 million by 1975 and by 139.7 percent to 142.5 million days by 1980.   Participation on a days per
               household basis is projected to increase from 130.3 days in 1970 to 176.4 days in 1975 and to 227.1 days in 1980--
               increases of 35.4 and 74.3 percent, respectively, over the 1970 level. Residents of the Houston Metropolitan Area
               are expected to participate at a rate of 4, 12, and 22 days per household above the statewide average for the other
               Texas metropolitan areas in 1970, 1975, and 1980, respectively. For the more distant years of 1990 and 2000, both
               total days of participation and days per household are expected to increase at substantial rates and will remain
               above the statewide average for all metropolitan areas.

               Projections for specific activities indicate that each  of the 19 activities will increase in total days of partic-
               ipation through the years 1975 and 1980. Participation on a days per household basis is expected to increase in 15
               activities by 2000 while football will remain constant.   The activities of saltwater fishing, saltwater sUiing, and
               saltwater boating are expected to remain constant through the year 2000.   In 1970 the six most popular activities,
               based on total participation, were estimated to be: swimming, bicycling, walking, child's play, driving for pleasure,
               and tennis, respectively.   In 1975, it is anticipated that the following ranking will occur in the six most popular
               activities: bicycling, swimming, walking, tennis, child's play, and driving for pleasure. In 1980 bicycling will
               continue to be the first ranked activity, swimming number two, and walking will be third. Tennis, child's play, and
               driving for pleasure are expected to remain the fourth, fifth, and sixth ranked activities.

                                                                    Non-Resident

               Participation in urban outdoor recreation activities within the Houston Metropolitan Area by non-residents was
               estimated to total 2,734,000 days for the activities specified for 1970. Compared to the 1970 level, total partic-
               ipation is expected to increase 18.8 percent (to 3,249,000 days) by 1975, and 37.8 percent (to 3,767,000 days) by
               1980. Similar increases are anticipated through the years 1990 and 2000.

               Of the specified activities analyzed, the most popular activities by non-residents for 1970 were:   sightseeing, with
               1,220,000 days; baseball, with 343,000 days; picnicking, with 289,000 days, driving for pleasure, with 212,000 days;
               swimming, with 186,000 days; and football, with 152,000 days. Assuming adequate facilities are made available,
               participation in all activities are expected to increase at a significant rate through the year 2000; however, they
               will retain the same relative ranking as exhibited in 1970.

                                                                                                                                        357

                        REGION 25                                                                         CURRENT AND PROJECTED RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                                            CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                                                                           (OOO'S  OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                                                                   1970                                      19-7-5                                     1980                                      1990                                       2000
                                                                                  STATE-                                   STATE-                                    STATE-                                     STATE-                                      STATE-
                                                                   REG. 25        WIDE                       REG. 25       WIDE                         REG. 25      WIDE                         REG. 25       WIDE                         REG. 25        WIDE
                                                                   NETROS         METROS                     METROS       NETROS                        METROS       @ETROS                       METROS        METROS                       METROS         NETROS
                                                   PART,           AVERAGE        AVERAGE     PART.          AVERAGE     AVERAGE        PART.           AVERAGE      AVERAGE       PART.          AVERAGE       AVERAGE      PART.           AVERAGE        AVERAGE
                        ACTIVITY                   DAYS    RA14K   DAYS/HH        DAYSAIH     DAYS    RANK   DAYS/HH     DAYS/HH        DAYS     RANK   DAYS/HH      DAYS /HH      DAYS    RANK   DAYS/HH       DAYS/HH      DAYS     RANK   DAYS/HH        DAYS/HH

                        Swirming                  14,000        1     30.67       27.41       20,980  .   2         38.70  36.52      29,970         2               47.75 47.17   55,210      2        69.11   75.28        92,290          2   95.14      110.14
                        Child's Play               6,097        4     13.36       14.08       8,609       5         15.88  17.72      11,850         5               18.88 22.00   20,440      5        25.59   32.20        32,250          5   33.24      43.99
                        Baseball/Softball          1,098        9      2.41       2.78        1,456       10        2.69    3.19        1,869        11              2.98 3.59     2,842       12       3.56     4.41        4,012           12  4.14-      5.22
                        Picnicking                 1,861        7      4.08       5.72        2,228       8         4.11    5.66        2,610        10              4.16 5.66     3,387       10       4.24     5.61        4,183           11  4.31       5.64
                        Football/Soccer              614      11       1.35       1.43         729        14        1.34    1.42          843        14              1.34 1.41     1,069       14       1.34     1.39        1,292           15  1.33       1.38
                        Golf                       1,796        8      3.93       3.92        2,558       7         4.72    4.98        3,496        7               5.57 6.16     5,948       9        7.45     8.96        9,242           9   9.53       12.07
                        Tennis                     5,234        6     11.47       6.06        9,744       4         17.97   9.21      13,770         4               21.94 11.49   22,650      4        28.35   16.07        34,880          4   35.96      21.46
                        Basketball                   469      13       1.03       1.60        1,440       11        2.66    2.59        2,691        9               4.29 3.57     6,029       8        7.55     5.52        10,484          8   10.81      7.53
                        Walking                    7,520        3     16.47       18.21       11,991      3         22.12  23.09      20,917         3               33.32 29.20   40,083      3        50.17   39.89        65,018          3   67.02      50.31
                        Bicycling                 11,762        2     25.77       20.30       23,549      1         43.44  32.77      38,362         1               61.12 45.25   77,064      1        96.46   68.44     127,870            1   131.81     95.49
                        Nature Study                 582      12       1.27         .72       1,680       9         3.10    1.67        3,091        8               4.92 2.64     6,850       7        8.57     4.63        11,858          7   12.22      6.70
                        Fishing
                          Freshwater                 819      10       1.79       1.80        1,019       12        1.88    1.88        1,233        13              1.96 1.97     1,706       13       2.14     2.13        2,236           13  2.30       2.30
                          Saltwater                  269      17        .59       1.81         320        18        .59     1.79          370        is              .59 1.78       471        18       .59      1.77           572          18    .59      1.78
                        Boating
                          Freshwater                 402      14        .88         .88        865        13        1.60    1.60        1,450        12              2.31 2.31     2,988       11       3.74     3.74        5,015           10  5.17       5.17
                          Saltwater                  383      15        .84         .84        455        16        .84       .84         527        16              .84 .84        671        17       .84         .84         815          17    .84        .84
                        Skiing
                          Freshwater                 191      18        .42         .42        336        17        .62       .62         514        17              .82 .82        974        15       1.22     1.22        1,571           14  1.62       1.81
                          Saltwater                    20     19        .04         .05          23       19        .04       .04           27       19              .04 .04         34        19       .04         .04          42          19    .04        .04
                        Surfing                      ---     ---                    ---        ---      ---         ---       ---         ---     ---                --- ---        ---      ---        ---                     ---    ---
                        Sightseeing                  373      16        .82       2.25         466        15        .86     2.34          569        15              .91 2.50       785        16       .98      2.70        1,012           16  1.04       3.01
                        Dr. for Pleas.             5 9,81       5     13610       13.38       7 @170      6         13.23  13.52        8 3,90       6               13937 13.67   IO,@48      6        13m58   13.86        13 3_69         6   l3a78      14.10
                                  TOTAL           59,471              130.29      123.66      95,618                176.39 161.45     142,549                        227.11 202.07 260,049              325.52  288.70    418,011                430.89     388.98

                                        CURRENT AND PROJECTED NON-RESIDENT PART1CIPATION, 1970-2000                                                                     TOTAL CURRENT AND PROJECTED PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000
                                                           (OOO'S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)                                                                                           (OOO'S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                        ACTIVITY                           1970                   1975         1980                 1990           2000              ACTIVITY                       1970                1975             1980                1990           2000
                        Swiming                              186                  221            256                340               409            S.inuning                     14,186               21,201         30,226                55,550         92,699
                        Child's Play                          45                  53                62              82                99             Child's Play                  6,142                8,662          11,912                20,522         32,349
                        Baseball/Softball                    343                  407            472                628               755            Baseball/Softball             1,441                1,863          2,341                 3,470          4,767
                        Picnicking                           289                  344            398                529               637            Picnicking                    2,150                2,572          3,008                 3,916          4,820
                        Football/Soccer                      152                  181            210                279               335            Football/Soccer                 766                910            1,053                 1,348          1,627
                        Golf                                  26                  30                35              47                56             Golf                          1,822                2,588          3,531                 5,995          9,298
                        Tennis                                  7                 8                 9               12                15             Tennis                        5,241                9,752          13,779                22,662         34,895
                        Basketball                            10                  12                14              19                23             Basketball                      479                1,452          2,705                 6,048          10,507
                        Walking                               56                  66                77              102               122            Walking                       7,576                12,057         20,994                40,185         65,140
                        Bicycling                                                                                                                    Bicycling                     11,762               23,549         38,362                77,064         127,870
                        Nature Study                            3                 3                 4                 5                 6            Nature Study                    585                1,683          3,095                 6,855          11,864
                        Fishing                                                                                                                      Fishing
                          Freshwater                          23                  27                32              42                50                Freshwater                   842                1,046          1,265                 1,748          2,286
                          Saltwater                           92                  109            126                168               202               Saltwater                    361                429               496                639              774
                        Boating                                                                                                                      Boating
                          Freshwater                            8                 10                12              15                19                Freshwater                   410                875            1,462                 3,003          5,034
                          Saltwater                           62                  74                86              114               137               Saltwater                    445                529               613                785              952
                        Skiing                                                                                                                       Skiing
                          Freshwater                                                                                                                    Freshwater                   191                336               514                974            1,571
                          Saltwater                                                                                                                     Saltwater                        20               23                 27              34                 42
                        Surfing                              ---                  ---            ---                ---               ---            Surfing                         ---                ---               ---                ---              ---
                        Sightseeing                        1,220            1,451             1,681                 2,234          2,688             Sightseeing                   1,593                1,917          2,250                 3,019          3,700
                        Dr. for Pleas.                       212                  253            293                389               468            Dr. for Pleas.                6-191                7@423          8,683                 11,237         11 A37
                                  TOTAL                    2,734            3,249             3,767                 5,005          6,021                             TOTAL         62,205               98,867       146,316           265,054              424,032

             358        Note:     Asterisks indicate       that projected annual activity days were less than 500. Dashes indicate not applicable.                         Zeros indicate that the activity was not ranked due to
                                  insignificant participation days recorded.

                REGION 25                R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S              CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                 1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                Estimates of urban outdoor recreation resource requirements wer  T/ developed for the Houston Metropolitan Area for
                the years 1970, 1975, 1980  '1990 and 2000 by comparing current= and projected recreation participation with the
                current recreation opportunities-1/ available in the metro. In addition, the availability and spatial distribution
                of recreation opportunities provided by parks and recreation facilities were analyzed with respect to subsections of
                the Houston Metro characterized by residents having similar incomes and ethnic backgrounds. Particular attention was
                given to those subsections expected to undergo relatively rapid population growth and physical expansion in the future.

                Conclusions reached fron analyzing the di  'stribution of recreation opportunities within the metropolitan area were
                used to qualify resource requirement estimates where a less than adequate distribution appeared to exist.

                In the discussions that follow, results of the distribution analysis of parks within subsections of the Houston
                Metro Area are presented. Then, estimates of current and future requirements for selected recreation facilities
                are presented, and are qualified by conclusions reached from the distribution analysis of recreation facilities
                within subsections of the Houston Metro.

                PARK DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

                In analyzing the availability and distribution of parks in the Houston Metro Area, several characteristics were con-
                sidered:   changes in population (or trends in general, 1960 to 1970), areas of the metro which were expected to
                exhibit relatively major expansion, and the dispersion of existing parks among the income/ethnic subsections of
                the metro. From these interrelated characteristics general conclusions were reached with respect to future park
                developments for the metro area.

                Population trends affected estimations of future recreation participation. Projections of population growth for the
                metro indicate that the 1970 metro population of 1,437,972 will increase to nearly 3,000,000 by the year 2000.      The
                Houston Metropolitan Area is one of the fastest growing areas in the United States, increasing at a rate which ex-
                ceeds 60,000 persons per year. Information furnished by planners in 1971 indicates that directions of major urban
                expansion were the northwest, southwest, and north (as illustrated by arrows on the map,- titled "Predominant Ethnic
                Backgroun d and Income Subsections."). Although this map indicates that much of the area south of the Intercontinental
                Airport was non-urban, urban expansion in the past few years has, in fact, already encompassed much of this area.

                l/ "Current" participation refers to levels of participation by type of selected recreation activity which were
                   estimated for the year 1970.
                2/ "Current" recreation opportunities refers to computed figures derived from the numbers of publicly-administered
                   facilities by type available within the metro area in 1971.

                                                                                                                                          359

                 REGION 25               R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S            CITY SIZE: NETROS
                                                                1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                 Many ethnic and income combinations were represented within the metro boundary of the nation's fifth largest city.
                 The "Predominant Ethnic Background and Income Subsections" map indicates approximately thirty major subsections, as
                 delineated by planners in 1971. A very brief analysis of this map is presented, beginning with low-income subsections.

                 Generally, low-income neighborhoods were located in the north, northeast, and near south portions of Houston, and
                 scattered through the southeastern contiguous urban areas. The main concentrations of low-income Mexican-Americans
                 were found immediately east of Houston's central business district, in Jacinto City and in Galena Park. Two main
                 areas of low-income Blacks were in the northeast quadrant, and in the south central portion of Houston. Low-income
                 Anglos were not concentrated in any large area but were scattered through some of the southeastern contiguous urban
                 areas, such as Pasadena, Deer Park, and LaPort@_,.

                 Middle-income subsections comprised the majority of the metro. middle-income Anglos were concentrated in south-
                 western, southeastern, northern, and northeastern Houston, and in all of the southeastern contiguous urban areas,
                 including Lomax which was virtaully all middle-income Anglo. Middle-income Blacks were concentrated primarily in
                 south central and northeastern Houston, and in parts of Bellaire, West University Place, and South Houston.

                 The main concentration of high-income Anglo neighborhoods was in northwest Houston, and in the contiguous urban areas
                 of Spring Valley, Hedwig Village, Bunker Hill Village, Piney Point Village, and Hunters Creek Village. Scattered
                 high-income subsections also were located in Bellaire, South Houston, Pasadena, and Deer Park.

                 The "Dispersion of Parks By Type" map shows the geographic distribution of parks in the Houston Metro in 1971. Com-
                 pared with the "Predominant Ethnic Background and Income Subsection" map, parks in general appeared to be reasonably
                 well distributed. However, there were nine small.income-ethnic subsections which had no parks of any kind. Three
                 contiguous urban areas in the northwestern part of the metro (Spring Valley, Bunker Hill Village, and Piney Point
                 Village), all of which were high-income Anglo, had no public parks in 1971. Also, a high-income Anglo subsection
                 on the western extremity of LaPorte did not have a public park. The only middle-income subsection which lacked a
                 park was a Black neighborhood in southwestern Houston, south of Interstate 610. The other four subsections which
                 lacked a public park of any type were low-income areas: an Anglo neighborhood in the far northern portion of
                 Pasadena, an Anglo area in LaPorte, a Mexican-American neighborhood just east of Lomax' and a Black subsection in
                 the northern part of LaPorte. This analysis would seem to suggest that the contiguous urban area of LaPorte, in the
                 extreme southeastern part of the metro, might be an area where additional parks should be considered.

                 District parks, the large developed parks containing facilities for at least two major activities, tended to be
                 clustered in that portion of the metro south of Interstate 10 and east of Highway 288. There seemed to be a general
                 absence of district parks in west central Houston, in northwest Houston, and in north Houston, all of which were
                 areas of rapid urban expansion. There were no specialty parks in that part of the metro south of Interstate 610,
                 east of Highway 59, and west of Interstate 45. Open land parks were very highly clustered in central Houston, for
                 example, immediately west and northeast of the central business district. Open land parks generally were absent in
                 south and southwest Houston, in the far west, and in the area north of Highway 90. When resources permit, considera-

             360

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                  REGION 25               R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E    R E Q U I R E M E N T S             CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                  1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                  tion probably should be given to the acquisition of open land parks, an important factor in maintaining a pleasant
                  and well-balanced urban environment.

                  In addition to maintaining an adequate dispersion of parks in all portions of the metro area, the provision of
                  different types of recreational facilities in parks is also an important consideration. An analysis of the current
                  and future requirements for selected recreational facilities and the current dispersion of facilities in the Houston
                  Metro is presented in the following discussions.

                  FACILITY REQUIREMENTS AND DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

                  As mentioned previously, requirements for selected recreational facilities (see the following table) were calculated
                  for the years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000.   Then, an analysis of the disper sion of existing facilities among
                  the predominant income/ethnic subsections and the major growth areas of the metro was conducted. Conclusions reached
                  from the facility dispersion analysis were then used to qualify the facility requirement estimates, particularly in
                  those cases where no additional  'facilities were estimated as being needed within the metropolitan area.    Usually,
                  special note is made where growth areas appeared to have limited facilities. The methodology used to calculate
                  facility requirements in general is explained in Appendix C, Part I--An Overview of the urban volume. In the
                  discussions that follow, resource requirements for recreational facilities are generally referred to by units of
                  the most important feature necessary to allow participation. For example, when a requirement is shown for swimming
                  pools, features such as a bathhouse, cleaning and filtering system, and other support features are implied when a
                  requirement for the major facility is shown.

                                                                        Swimming

                  Houston Metro planners reported a total of 14,785 square yards of public swimming pools in 1971. Given a      conversion
                  standard of 150 days per year per square yard, there were 2,218,000 opportunity days available. When this is compared
                  with the 9,998,000 participation days in 1970, a deficit of 7,780,000 days results, which translates into a require-
                  ment of 51,867 square yards for 1970. Assuming the 1971 opportunities level has remained unchanged, the cumulative
                  resource requirement has been estimated to increase to 84,827 square yards in 1975,and is predicted to rise to
                  127,233 square yards by 1980, to 246,227 square yards by 1990, and to 420,773 square yards by the year 2000. The
                  lack of adequate public facilities for swimming was so severe in 1971 that nearly all areas of the metro seemed to
                  have an inadequate supply.

                                                                       Child's Play

                  There were 295 developed acres devoted to playground activities in 1971. With a facility standard of 27,623 days
                  per year per acre, a total of 8,149,000 opportunity days was provided. Although this opportunity level was adequate
                  to meet estimated participation in 1970, without additional facilities a deficit was predicted for 1975 of about

             362

                REGION 25               R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S            CITY SIZE: NETROS
                                                               1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                513,000 opportunity days. This generated a requirement of nineteen acres of additional developed playground facil-
                ities. Cumulative resource requirements were expected to increase to 136 additional acres by 1980, 448 acres by
                1990, and 876 acres by the year 2000. Dispersion of playground facilities in 1971 appeared to be well balanced;
                additional facilities probably should be considered in areas expecting further expansion.

                                                                 Baseball/Softball

               The 283 fields which provided 3,907,000 opportunity days in 1971 should be adequate until the year 2000, when 62
               fields are required. Although a dispersion analysis was not possible from available information, consideration
               should be given to providing a balanced distribution relative to growth areas and the various income/ethnic
               subsections.
                                                                    Picnicking

                In 1971, the 123 parks provided a combined total of 1,238 public picnic tables which when multiplied by a conversion
                standard of 1,702 days per year per table, provided approximately 2,107,000 opportunity days. A comparison of oppor-
                tunity days with estimated participation days suggested a requirement.of 25 additional tables in 1970, and this
                increases to 273 picnic tables over the 1971 level for 1975. Resource requirements have been calculated to increase
                to 529 picnic tables by 1980, to 1,063 tables by 1990, and to 1,594 tables by the year 2000. Analysis of facility
                dispersion indicates that the north, northwest, southwest, and other growth areas will probably require additional
                public picnicking facilities.

                                                                  Football/Soccer

                With a facility standard of 7,224 days per year per field, the forty fields enumerated in 1971 provided about
                289,000 opportunity days, well below the estimated demand of 766,000 days. Resource requirements have been
                calculated to increase from 66 fields in 1970 to 86 fields in 1975, to 106 fields in 1980, to 147 fields in
                1990, and to 185 fields by the year 2000. Although a dispersion analysis was not possible from available
                information, consideration should be given to providing a balanced distribution relative to,growth areas and
                the various income/ethnic subsections.

                                                                       Golf

                The four municipal golf courses provided an estimated 291,000 opportunity days in 1971. With a facility standard of
                4,047 days per year per hole, this opportunity level was well below the estimated demand of 1,822,000 days in-1970.
                Resource requirement of 378 additional golf holes was estimated for 1970. A total of 568 additional holes (the
                equivalent of approximately thirty-two eighteen-hole courses) was required by 1975, and this requirement was
                expected to increase to 801 holes (approximately forty-four eighteen-hole courses) by 1980, to 1,409 holes
                (approximately seventy-eight eighteen hole courses) in 1990, and to 2,226 holes (approximately 124 eighteen-hole
                courses) by the year 2000. Nearly all income/ethnic subsections lacked publicly-administered golf courses in i971.

                                                                                                                                     363

                    REGION 25               R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S            CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                   1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                                                                          Tennis

                    There appeared to be a serious need for tennis facilities in 1970. There were only 137 publicly-administered courts
                    in the entire metro. With a conversion standard of 2,694 days per year per court, these 137 courts provided a com-
                    bined total of only 369,000 opportunity days, considerably below the estimated 5,241,000 days of demand. A total
                    of 1,808 additional tennis courts were needed in 1970, and this resource requirement was estimated to have risen to
                    3,483 courts by 1975. By 1980, 4,978 courts over the 1971 level will be required in order to accommodate anticipated
                    demand. Cumulative requirements have been calculated to increase to 8,275 courts in 1990 and to 12,816 courts by
                    the year 2000. Although a dispersion analysis was not possible from available information, consideration should be
                    given to providing a balanced distribution relative to growth areas and the various income/ethnic subsections.

                                                                        Basketball

                    The 120 basketball courts enumerated in 1971 provided approximately 1,055,000 opportunity days. While this was
                    adequate in 1970, a deficit of 397,000 opportunity days was anticipated for 1975 if no additional facilities have
                    been provided. Resource requirements indicated that, with a facility standard of 8,795 days per year per court,
                    forty-five courts in addition to the 1971 supply were needed to accommodate an increase in demand by 1975. Cumula-
                    tive requirements have been calculated to increase to 188 courts by 1980, to 568 courts by 1990, and to over 1,000
                    additional courts by the year 2000. Although a dispersion analysis was not possible from available information,
                    consideration should be given to providing a balanced distribution relative to growth areas and the various income/
                    ethnic subsections.

                                                                     Trails Activities

                    An analysis of the accompanying table shows that the 1970 estimated demand for trail facilities (relative to the
                    activities of nature study, bicycling, and walking) greatly exceeded availability in 1971. In 1971, twenty-seven
                    miles of trail, some of which were multiple use, provided about 229,000 days of opportunity, given a conversion
                    standard of 8,464 days per year per mile of trail. Assuming that the 1971 opportunities level had remained
                    unchanged, an additional 136 miles were needed in 1970 and '274 miles by 1975; this cumulative requirement expands
                    to 489 miles by 1980, 998 miles in 1990, and 1,667 miles by the year 2000.

                    A relatively small proportion of the total participation in trail and related activities was estimated to take place
                    in publicly-administered park and recreation areas. It is likely, however, that.as additional trail facilities are
                    provid,ed, the relative proportion of total participation will increase at these recreation areas. Thus, the above
                    estimates of additional resources required may be conservation in the long run and should be considered as minimum
                    estimates. In addition the expectations for increases in participation in trail and related activities at publicly-
                    administered park and recreation areas, it is clear that the major proportion of walking, bicycling, and nature
                    study is occurring in places other than established recreation areas. The majority of this participation is most
                    likely taking place in local neighborhoods, on city streets, and on available open lands within the area. This

             364

                 REGION 25               R E C R E A-T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S            CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                 phenomenon has direct policy implications with respect to the provision of sidewalks within currently existing
                 and newly developing neighborhoods, the development of a system of bike lanes in high use areas, and the provision
                 of adequate open space and green belt areas within the metro area.

                                              Water-Related Activities: Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing

                                                          Surface Acres - Freshwater Lakes
                                                          (Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing)

                 A total of 12,258 surface acres of freshwater lakes was located within the Houston Metro Area in 1971. It should
                 be noted, however, that a majority of the reported freshwater acreage was provided by Lake Houston, located approx-
                 imately twelve and a half miles from the main metropolitan area and may not be considered imaw-diately accessible
                 to the urban users who reside within the core of the metro. Therefore, the large supply of freshwater reported
                 may not be representative of the actual resources available to the entire Houston populace. Using participation
                 patterns of households recreating in the urban areas, it was estimated thatboating totaled 410,000 days, boat
                 fishing 178,000 days, and skiing 191,999 days for a total of 779,000 days in 1970. Comparing estimated participa-
                 tion with the opportunities provided by the surface acres existing in 1971 indicates that no additional surface
                 acres will be needed until the year 2000, when 4,732 surface acres will be required.
                                                               Freshwater Boat Rampsl/

                 No publicly-administered freshwater boat lanes were reported for the Houston Metro Area in 1971. By estimating the
                 1970 total freshwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation which would have occurred using freshwater
                 boat ramp facilities to gain access to the water if ramps had been available, it was calculated that twenty-two
                 boat ramps were needed in 1970. Projected increases in freshwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation
                 are expected to require seventeen additional freshwater boat ramps in 1975, twenty-one in 1980, fifty-four in 1990,
                 ,and seventy in the year 2000, bringing the cumulative resource requirement to 184 ramps in the year 2000. Since
                 boat ramps are the most frequently used means by which boaters, skiers, and boat fishermen gain access to freshwater
                 lakes, the provision of freshwater boat ramps required could be constructed on existing freshwater lakes if the
                 lakes are available for water-related activities.

                 I/ In calculating freshwater boat ramp resource requirements the assumption was made that each boat ramp has two
                    lanes. Supply figures listed in the "Park and Recreation Facilities by Type of Park" table and quoted in the
                   narratives are in terms of single lanes.

                                                                                                                                       365

                   REGION 25               R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T@S           CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                  1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                                                                  Saltwater Boat Ramps.1/

                   In terms of saltwater resources, Seabrook and LaPorte were the only areas within the metro having access to coastal
                   waters in 1970. One publicly-administered saltwater boat lane providing access to and from the saltwater resources
                   was reported within the metro in 1971. By estimating the 1970 total saltwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating
                   participation which would have occurred using saltwater boat ramp facilities to gain access to the saltwater areas
                   if ramps had been available, it was calculated that nine ramps were needed in 1970. Expected increases in salt-
                   water boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation are projected to require incremental saltwater boat ramp addi-
                   tions of two in 1975, two in 1980, four in 1990, and three in the year 2000, bringing the cumulative requirement to
                   an additional twenty ramps in 2000.

                                                           Summary of Facilities Requirements

                   In 1971 the only type of facility which was not available was publicly administered freshwater boat ramps, which
                   indicates that ramps should be provided as soon as is practical. However, in 1971 an inadequate quantity of facil-
                   ities existed for all designated activities except child's play; baseball/softball; basketball; and surface acres
                   for freshwater boating, fishing, and skiing. (It should be noted that the apparent surplus in surface acres of
                   freshwater is a function of the inclusion of Lake Houston, which may not be conveniently located for a large
                   segment of residents in the Houston Metro.) In view of a rapidly increasing population and a per household
                   participation level which continues to accelerate, the metro area will require very substantial increases in
                   opportunities for nearly all activities, in a wide range of locations, if opportunities are to adequately
                   accommodate predicted participation.

                   l/ In calculating saltwater boat ramp resource requirements the assumption was made that each boat ramp has two
                      lanes.   Supply figures listed in the "Park and Recreation Facilities by Type of Park" table and quoted in the
                      narratives are in terms of single lanes.

             366

                  REGION 25                                                                  RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                               CITY SIZE:   METROS

                                                                     0
                                                                                        TOTAL            1971 OPPORTUNITY        NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                   PARTICIPATION          DAYS AVAILABLE               (OOO'S OF                                 UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                       (000's OF              (000's OF             ACTIVITY DAYS)                               RESOURCES REQUIRED
                  YEAR      ACTIVITY                                                ACTIVITY  DAYS)        ACTTVITN@ DAYS)       DEFICIT        SURPLUS              CUMULATIVE                        INCREMENTAL
                              Swimming (Pools)    . . . . . . . . . . .                 9,998                 2,218              7,780                             51,867 square  yards 2/         51,867  square  yards
                              Child's Play (Playgrounds)       . . . . . .              6,142                 8,149                             2,007                    0acres                          0 acres
                              Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                 1,441                 3,907                             2,466                    0fields                         0 fields
                              Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 2,150                 2,107                   43                               25 tables                       25  tables
                              FootbaillSoccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                  766                    289                 477                                66 fields                       66  fields
                              Golf  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   1,822                   291              1,531                               378  holes                        378 holes
                              Tennis  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   5,241                   369              4,872                              1,808 courts,   dbl.            1,808  courts,  dbl.
                              Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  479                  1,055                                576                   0courts,   full                 0 courts,  full

                  1970      Water-Related Activities:

                              Boating, Boat Fishing,      Skiing FW                      779                  5,113                             4,334                    0surface   acres                0 surface  acres
                              Boating, Boat Fishing,      Skiing FW   . . .              592                        0               592                                22 ramps3/                      22  ramps3/
                              Boating,' Boat Fishing,     Skiing SW   . . .              213                       11               202                                  9ramps@/                        9 ramps-5/

                            Trails Activities:
                              Walking . . .             . . . ... . . . .                795  4/                                                                       78 miles                        78  miles
                              Bicycling  . . . ... . . . . . . . . . .                   470  4/                                                                       46 miles                        46  miles
                              Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  118  4/                                                                       12 miles                        12  miles
                              Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                    4/
                                         Nature Study   . . . . . . . . .               1,383 -                 229              1,154                               136  miles                        136 miles

                            ACTIVITY
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         2/
                              Swimming (Pools)    . . . . . . . . . . .                14,942                 2,218              12,724                           84,827  square yardsv            32,960, square yards-
                              Child's Play (Playgrounds)       . . . . . .              8,662                 8,149                 513                                19 acres                        19"acres
                              Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                 1,863                 3,907                             2,044                    0fields                         0 fields
                              Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 2,572                 2,107                 465                              273  tables                       248 tables
                              Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                  910                    289                 621                                86 fields                       20  fields
                              Golf  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   2,588                   291              2,297                               568  holes                        190 holes
                              Tennis  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   9,752                   369              9,383                              3,483 courts,   dbl.            1,675  courts, dbl.
                              Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 1,452                 1,055                 397                                45 courts,   full               45  courts, full

                  1975      Water-Related Activities:

                              Boating, Boat Fishing,      Skiing   rW . . .             1,432                 5,113                             3,681                    0surface   acres                0 surface acres
                              Boating, Boat Fishing,      Skiing   P14 . . .            1,049                       0            1,049                                 39 ramps3/                      17  ramps!/
                              Boating, Boa@ Fishing,      Skiing   SW                    252                       11               241                                11 ramps!/                        2 ramps2/

                            Trails Activities:
                              Walking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   1,266 4/                                                                     136  miles                        58  miles
                              Bicycling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   942  4/                                                                     101  miles                        55  miles
                              Nature SLudy    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  338  4/                                                                       37 miles                        25  miles
                              Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                    4/
                                         Nature Study   . . . . . . . . .               2,546                   229              2,317                               274  miles                        138 miles

                                                                                                                                                                                                                      367

                     REGION 25                                                                 RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                            CITY SIZE: METROS

                                                                                          TOTAL           1971 OPPORTUNITY        NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                     PARTICIPATION         DAYS AVAILABLE             (OOO'S OF                                 UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                       (OOO'S  OF              (000's ( k'          ACTIVITY DAYS)                              RESOURCES REQUIRED
                     YEAR        ACTIVITY                                             ACTIVITY DAYS)        ACTIVITY  DAYS        DEFICIT       SURPLUS              CUMULATIVE                       INCREMENTAL
                                                                                                               2,218              19,085                         127,233  square  yards 2/        42,406  square yards  2/
                                 Swimming (Pools)    . . . . . . . . . . .             21,303
                                 Child's Play (Playgrounds)      . . . . . .           11,912                  8,149              3,763                              136  acres                       117 acres
                                 Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .              2,341                  3,907                            1,566                   0 fields                        0 fields
                                 Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . ... . .              3,008                  2,107                901                              529  tables                      256 tables
                                 Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .              1,053                    289                764                              106  fields                      20  fields
                                 Golf  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                3,531                    291              3,240                              801  holes                       233 holes
                                 Tennis  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .               13,779                    369              13,410                           4,978  courts,   dbl.            1,495 courts, dbl.
                                 Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .              2,705                  1,055              1,650                              188  courts,   full              143 courts. full

                     1980        Water-Related Activities:

                                 Boating, Boat Fishing,     Skiing FW   . . .           2,243                  5,113                            2,870                   0 surface  acres                0 surface acres
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing,     Skiing FW   . .  .          1,616                       0             1,616                               60  ramps!/                     2i  ramps3/
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing,     Skiing SW   . . .               293                     11              282                               13  ramps2/                       2 ramp.2/

                                 Trails Activities:
                                 Walking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                2,204  4/                                                                    247  miles                       111 miles
                                 Bicycling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .               1,534  '41                                                                   172  miles                       71  miles
                                 Nature Study   . . . ... . . . . . . . .                   622 4/                                                                    70  miles                       33  miles
                                 Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                  4/                229              4,131                              489  miles                       215 miles
                                            Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .             4,360 -

                                 ACTIVITY
                                 Swimming (Pools)    . . . . . . . . . . .             39,152  1/              2,218              36,934                         246,227  square  yards@/        118,994  square  yards
                                 Child's Play (Playgrounds)      . . . . . .           20,522                  8,149              12,373                             448  acres                       312 acres
                                 Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .              3,470                  3,907                               437                  0 fields                        0 fields
                                 Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .              3,916                  2,107              1,809                            1,063  tables                      534 tables
                                 Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .              1,348                    289              1,059                              147  fields                      41  fields
                                 Golf  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                5,995                    291              5,704                            1,409  holes                       608 holes
                                 Tennis  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .               22,662                    369              22,293                           8,275  courts, dbl.             3,297  courts, dbl.
                                 Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .              6,048                  1,055              4,993                              568  courts, full                380 courts, full

                     1990        Water-Related Activities:

                                 Boating, Boat Fishing,     Skiing FW   . . .           4,346                  5,113                               767                  0 surface acres                 0 surface acres
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing,     Skiing   FW                 3,076                       0             3,076                              114  ramps2/                     54  ramps3/
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing,     Skiing   SW                     375                    11               364                               17  ramps.2/                      4 ramps!/

                                 Trails Activities:
                                 Walking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                4,219  4/                                                                    485  miles                       238 miles
                                 Bicycling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .               3 083                                                                        355  miles                       183 miles
                                 Nature Study   . . . . . . . . . . . . .               1:378                                                                        158  miles                       88  miles
                                 Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                  4/                229              8,451                              998  miles                       509 miles
                                            Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .             8,680  -

                   368

                REGION 25                                                               RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                         CITY SIZE:  METROS

                                                                                    TOTAL          1971 OPPORTUNITY       NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                              PARTICIPATION         DAYS AVAILABLE             (OOO'S OF                               UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                 (OOO'S OF             (OOO'S OF            ACTIVITY DAYS)                             RESOURCES REQUIRED
                YEAR      ACTIVITY                                             ACTIVITY DAYS)        ACTIVITY DAYS)       DEFICIT      SURPLUS               CUMULATIVE                     INCRI24ENTAL
                           Swimming (Pools)    . . . . . . . . . . .             65,334                2,218              63,116                        420,773 square yardsz/         174,546 square yards-Z/
                           Child's Play (Playgrounds)      .. . . . . .          32,349                8,149              24,200                             876 acres                      428 acres
                           Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                4,767              3,907                860                              62 fields                      62 fields
                           Picnicking   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 4,820              2,107              2,713                          1,594  tables                      531 tables
                           Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                1,627                 289             1,338                              185 fields                     38 fields
                           Golf  . . . . .   i . . . . . . . . . . .                9,298                 291             9,007                          2,226  holes                       817 holes
                           Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .              34,895                   369             34,526                         12,816 courts, dbl.             4,541 courts, dbl.
                           Basketball   . . . . . . . . . . . ... .              10,567                1,055              9,452                          1,075  courts, full                507 courts, full

                2000      Water-Related Activities:
                           Boating, Boat Fishing,     Skiing FW   . . .             7,087              5,113              1,974                          4,732  surfac7 acres            4,732 surfa-   acres
                           Boating, Boat Fishing,     Skiing F14  . . .             4,974                    0            4,974                              184 ramps 3                    70 ra.ps27
                           Boating, Boat Fishing,     Skiing SW   . . .             455                     11              444                              20 ramps3/                      3 ramps-3/

                          Trails Activities:
                           Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 6 840 4/                                                                 795 miles                      310 miles
                           Bicycling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 5:115 4/                                                                 595 miles                      240 miles
                           Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                2,385                                                                    277 miles                      119 miles
                           Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                      Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .            14,340                   229             14,111                         1,667  miles                       669 miles

                1/  Includes only swimming participation occurring in swimming pools, 70.48 percent of the total in urban areas on the Gulf Coast.
                    Designated freshwater and saltwater swimming areas may be substituted for swimming pools.               When making substitutions consider total swimming
                    participation.
                3/  Assumes 2.0 lanes per ramp.
                Z/  Reflects estimated participation occurring in park and recreation areas; does not include participation occurring outside park and recreation areas.                       of the total
                    walking, bicycling, and nature study participation it was determined that 10.5, 4.0, and 20.1 percent, respectively for each activity, occurs in park and recreation
                    areas.

                                                                                                                                                                                                           369

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                  REGION 27                       REGIONAL DESCRIPTION: BEAUMONT-PORT ARTHUR METROPOLITAN AREA

                  The Region 27 metropolitan area is composed.of the cities and                                POPULATION
                  towns of Beaumont, Port Arthur, Groves, Nederland, Port Neches,                              1970 Metro Area Population: 228,440
                  Pear Ridge, Lakeview, and Griffing Park.                                                     Change 1960-70:        1/1
                                                                                                               Race Composition 1@-
                  Beaumont, the county seat of Jefferson County, began as a                                        White  .....  74% 21
                  settlement where early French and Spanish trappers and                                           Negro  .....  25%
                  explorers established atrading post in the early 1800's.                                         Other         .5%
                  Today, this metropolitan area-is an industrial giant with           oil                      Age Composition (years):
                  refineries and petrochemical plants. Beaumont is the site of                                     13 or less    .....  27%
                  a thriving deep water port and a center for the processing and                                   14 - 20       .....  14%
                  distribution of agricultural products from surrounding areas.                                    21 - 44       .....  29%
                  Annual events in Beaumont are the Neches River Festival (April),                                 45 - 64       .....  22%
                  the Spindletop Charity Horse Show (April), and the South Texas                                   65 and over   .....    8%
                  State Fair (October). Another popular attraction in the city is
                  the Lucas Gusher Monument, the site of the first gusher, which                               ECONOMY
                  gave birth to the oil industry in the region in 1901. Beaumont                               Chemicals
                  is the home of Lamar University.                                                             Petrochemicals
                                                                                                               Petroleum
                  Port Arthur, located on Sabine Lake, was established in 1840.                                Rice Milling
                  Port Arthur claims distinction with its quote, "We Oil the World,"                           Shipping
                  because nearly a million barrels of crude oil are refined here
                  each day. Port Arthur is the site of a major deep water port
                  with principal port commodities being petroleum, coke, lumber, grain, hoop steel, scrap iron, asphalt, wax, and
                  paints. Other industries in Port Arthur include commercial fishing and shipbuilding. The Port Arthur Spring
                  Flower Show (March and April), the Annual Festival of Barber Shop Harmony (April), and the CavOILcade (October)
                  are annual events in Port Arthur. The city is the home of Port Arthur College.

                  Griffing Park, Groves, Lakeview, and Pear Ridge are principal cities and towns of Jefferson County, one of the
                  State's most populous counties.

                  Nederland was once the center of an area whose economy was based on rice farming and dairying. Today, the economy
                  of Nederland is dominated by oil refineries and chemical plants. A popular attraction in Nederland is the Windmill
                  Museum. The Jefferson County Sheriff's Posse Rodeo is held each July.
                  Port Neches has experienced continual growth in the past partially due to its location on the Neches River, which
                  provides deep water transportation. It is the location of some large oil company plants and the world's largest
                  synthetic rubber plant.

                  1/- Due to lack of information for some suburbs in the metropolitan area, data for the entire county was from the
                     1970 census.
                  2/ Includes persons of Mexican and/or Spanish descent.

                                                                                                                                                            371

                       REGION   27                                                                                           CITY SIZE: METRO

                               P U B L I C L Y     A D M I N I S T E R E D       R E C R E A T 1 0 N     0 P P 0 R T U N I T I E S

                                                                                                      LAND AND WATER ACREAGE

                                                                                                                              ACRES
                                                                                                                    REGION            STATEWIDE
                                                                                                                       27              AVERAGE
                                                                                                                     METRO          METRO AREAS

                                                           96%                        Developed Land                1,234               1,307

                         REGION                                                       Undeveloped Land                   52                536
                           27              4%
                          METRO                                                       Total Land                    1,286               1,843

                                                                                      Water Within or Adjacent            0             1,006

                                                                                      Total Land and Water          1,286               2,849

                                           FM           DEVELOPED LAND

                                                        UNDEVELOPED LAND
                                                                                      The Beaumont-Port Arthur Area has a total of 1,286 acres
                                                                                      of land set aside as'park and recreation areas. No
                                                                                      surface acres of water either within or adjacent to the
                                                                                      parks were reported.

                                                           71%                        Of the total land acreage, 1,234 acres are developed
                        STATEWIDE                                                     with facilities, leaving 52 acres available for future
                         AVERAGE                                                      development. With 96 percent of the land acreage
                       METRO AREAS                                                    currently developed, the Area is well above the Statewide
                                                                                      Metro average of 71 percent.
                                                29%

              372

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                                                                                                                                              03

                 REGION 27                                                                                                            CITY SIZE:      METRO

                                                           PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK

                                                                                                                                   UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                              DISTRICT     COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                        PEOPLE         REGION       STATEWIDE
                            TYPE OF FACILITY                    PARK           PARK         PARK        TOTAL          PER             27           AVERAGE
                                                              (UNITS)        (UNITS)_    (UNITS)        UNITS          UNIT            METRO    METRO AREAS
                 Games and Sports:
                   Parks  .............................            6            31           3             40          5,710           .175            .150
                   Tennis Courts    .....................          6            21           5             32          7,137           .140            .142
                   Basketball Courts     .................         1            19           0             20         11,420           .087            .071
                   Baseball/Softball Fields      ........  oo     19            33           3             55          4,152           .241            .186
                   Football/Soccer Fields      ............        4             1           0              5         45,680           .021            .032
                 Picnicking:
                   Parks-     ..........................           6            3            0             37          6,172           .162            .124
                   Tables   ............................         127            143          0             270           845           1.184          1.230
                 Playground:
                   Parks...   ..........................           6            38           8             52          4,392           .228            .170
                   Acres Developed    ..............   i....      22            73           9             104         2,196           o456
                 Swimming:
                   Parks   .............................           1             6           0              7         32,628           .030            .050
                   Pools (Sq. Yd.)    ...................        460         5,080           0          5,540              41         24.298         25.950
                   Designated Fresh Water (Sq. Yd.)..              0             0           0              0            ---            ---          52.242
                   Designated Salt Water (Sq. Yd.)       ...       0             0           0              0            ---            ---             ---
                 Boating:
                   Parks .......................... ..             1             0           0              1       228,400            .004            .006
                   Ramp Lanes - Fresh Water      ....... :..       2             0           0              2       114,200            .008            .008
                   Ramp Lanes - Salt Water      ...........        0             0           0              0            ---            ---             ---
                 Camping:
                   Parks   .......... o .@  ................o      1             0           0              1       228,400            .004            .002
                   Campsites  ..........   o ............  0.     94             0           0             94          2,429           .412            .121
                 Fishing:
                   Parks  .....................    o .......       0             0           0              0            --7            ---            .013
                   Pier/Barge/Marina-Fresh Water(Yd.)              0             0           0              0            ---            ---            .049
                   Pier/Barge/Marina-Salt Water(Yd.).              0             0           0              0            ---            ---             ---
                 Golfing:
                   Courses   ........ o ..................         2             0           0              2       114,200            .008            .005
                   Holes   .............................          36             0           0             36          6,344           .157            .100
                 Trails:
                   Parks  ..................   o ..........        1             .0          0              1       228,400            .004            .006
                   Nature (Mi.)    ......................          4             0           0              4         57,100           .017            .009
                   Horseback (Mi.)    ....... o ...........        4             0           0              4         57,100           .017            .003
                   Bicycle (Mi.)    .......                        0             0           0              0            ---            ---            .007
                   Hiking (Mi.)    ........o ........  o....       4             0           0              4         57,100           .017            .006
                   Total Trails (Mi.)     ................        12             0           0             12         19,033           .052            .021

                                                                                                                                                             375

                    REGION 27                                       PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK                                         CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                                                                                                                        UNITS PERTHOUSAND
                                                                        DISTRICT COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                                   PEOPLE            REGION        STATEWIDE
                                 TYPE OF FACILITY                          PARK           PARK           PARK         TOTAL             PER                27           AVERAGE
                                                                         (UNITS)        (UNITS)       (UNITS)         UNITS             UNIT              METRO       METRO AREAS

                    Sport Shooting:
                       Parks  .............................                 0              0              0              0                ---               ---            .002
                       Traps  .............................                 0              0              0              0                ---               ---              002
                       Shooting Targets      ..................             0              0              0              0                                  ---            :004,
                       Archery Targets      ....................            0              0              0              0                ---                   -          .011.
                    Miscellaneous:
                       Parks  .............................                 2              2              1              5             45,680              .021            .03&
                       Amphitheatre Seats      ................             0              0              0              0                                                 1.@077
                       Botanical Gardens (Acres)         .........          0              0              5              5             45,680              .021            .077
                       zoos (Acres)    ..................                   0              0              0              0                ---                              .. 0, 5 11
                       Community/Recreation Centers..:::*                   2              2              1              5             45,680              .021            .,038

                    Most of the park and recreation facilities                in the Beaumont Area        are in District and        Community Parks. The Specialty
                    Parks have only games and sports facilities and playgrounds, in                       addition to a botanical garden and a              community[recreation
                    center. The only boating, camping, golfing, and trail facilities are in the District Park category. A.total,of seven
                    parks were,reported with swimming facilities, all but one of these a Community Park. A total of five community/recre-
                    ational centers were inventoried. No salt water swimming, boating, or fishing, facilities were reporte&,

                    of the 61 parks, 52 have playgrounds, 40 have games and sports facilities, 37 have picnicking facilitiesand 7 have
                    swimming pools. The most common types of games and sports facilities are baseball/softball with 55 fields, followed
                    by tennis with 32 courts, basketball with 20 courts and football/soccer with.5 fields.

                    Looking at selected        facilities id relation to the number of potential                  users we find the following:

                           45,680   persons    for  each   football/soccer field                          4,152   persons for each baseballisoftball field
                           45,680   persons    for  each   community/recreation center                    2,429   persons for each campsite
                           19,033   persons    for  each   mile of trails                                 2,196   persons for each acre of playground
                           11,420   persons    for  each   basketball court                                   845 persons for each picnic table
                             7,137  persons    for  each   tennis court                                        41 persons for each square yard of swimming pool
                             6,344  persons    for  each   golf hole

                    The Beaumont Metro Area         is above the Statewide Metro average for facility units per 1,000 for basketball courts,
                    baseball/softball fields, playground acres, campsites, golf holes and trail miles. The Area is equal to the average
                    for boat ramp lanes-fresh water, while falling below the average for tennis courts, football/soccer fields, picnic
                    tables, square yards of swimming pools, acres of botanical gardens and community/recreation centers. No designated
                    fresh water swimming area, yards of fishing pier/barge/marina, sport shooting facilitieb,, amphiteatre seats or zoo
                    acreage were reported.

                 376

                  REGION 27                         CONVERSION OF FACILITIES TO RECREATION OPPORTUNITY DAYS                       CITY SIZE:      METRO

                  Current opportunity days for 1971 were calculated by multiplying the number of facilities available for -each activity
                  in the metro area (determined from the Texas Outdoor Recreation Inventory of Parks, Recreation Areas, and Facilities)
                  times the standard for the facility.

                                                                                                                       DAYS PER THOUSAND POPULATION
                                                                                                        ANNUAL            REGION         STATEWIDE
                                                                                                         DAYS               27             AVERAGE
                  ACTIVITY-FACILITY                                                                   AVAILABLE            METRO            METRO
                      Swimming (Pools)      square yards   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                831,000             3,645           3,891
                      Child's Play - playground acres      ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .              2,872,792            12,600           7,137
                      Baseball/Softball - fields      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 759,220             3,330           2,577
                      Picnicking - tables    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  459,540            2,016            2,093
                      Football/Soccer - fields      . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .                  36,720              158                235
                      Golf - holes    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   145,692              639                414
                      Tennis - courts, double     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  86,208              378                384
                      Basketball - courts, full     . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 175,900              771                625

                  Water-Related Activities:

                      Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW - surface acres         . . . . . .                     0                0           2,962
                      Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW - boat ramps       . . . .. . . . .               26,972              138                103
                      Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing SW - boat ramps       . . . . . . . .                      0                0               33

                  Trail Activities:

                      Combined Walking, Bicycling, and Nature Study - miles . . . .                      67,712              297                364

                  The Beaumont Metro Area offers the most opportunity days for child's'play, followed by swimming (in pools), baseball/
                  softball and picnicking. A comparison between the opportunity days per thousand population for the Beaumont Metro
                  Area and the Statewide Metro average shows that the Beaumont Metro Area surpasses the statewide average for six types
                  of facilities -- children's playgrounds (in acres), baseball/ so'f tball fields, golf courses (holes), basketball courts,
                  freshwater boat ramps and the miles of trails for the trails activities. The Beaumont Metro Area is below the State-
                  wide Metro average for swimming (in pools), picnicking, football/ soccer, and tennis, with no opportunity days av             Iailable
                  for surface acres for freshwater boating, boat fishing and skiing,and saltwater boat ramps.

                                                                                                                                                      377

                     REGION 27                      ESTIMAJED CURRENT AND FUTURE PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                CITY SIZE: MEMO

                     The.seventh ranking metro area, based on population, Beaumont also ranked seventh in  total participation for the
                     year 1970. Estimates for 1970 indicate that residents and non-residents in the area   spent over 9.8 million recrea-
                     tion days in pursuit of urban outdoor recreation opportunities available within the metro area.

                                                                            Resident

                     Total days of participation in urban outdoor recreation activities by residents of the Beaumont Metropolitan Area
                     were estimated to be 9.6 million days in 1970. Total participation is projected to increase 13.6 million days in
                     1975 and to 18.2 million days in 1980. These projections represent increases of 41.4 percent by 1975 and 89.4 per-
                     cent by 1980. Participation on a days per household basis is projected to increase from 129.2 days in 1970 to
                     171.4 days in 1975, and to 216.0 days in 1980--increases of 32.7 and 67.2 percent, respectively, over the 1970
                     level. Residents of the Beaumont Metropolitan Area are expected to participate at a rate of .2 days per household
                     below the statewide average for the other Texas metropolitan areas in 1970, four days higher than the statewide
                     average in 1975, and eleven days above the average in 1980.

                     All activities, except nature study, are, projpcted to increase in total days of participation through the year 2000.
                     However,,when considering participation on a days per household basis, only 14 of the 19 activities are expected to
                     increase while football, fishing, boating, skiing, and nature study will remain relatively constant. In 1970 the
                     activities ranking one through six, respectively, in total days of participation were estimated to be: walking,
                     swimming, bicycling, child's play, driving for pleasure, and picnicking. The top six activities for 1975 are
                     expected to be: walking, bicycling, swimming, driving for pleasure, child's play, and saltwater fishing. In 1980
                     the most popular activities are anticipated to be: bicycling, walking, swimming, child's play, driving for pleasure,
                     and saltwater fishing.

                                                                         Non-Resident

                     For the urban outdoor recreation activities specified for 1970, participation within the Beaumont Metropolitan Area
                     .by non-residents was estimated to total 230,000 days. Compared to the 1970 level, total participation is expected
                     to increase 5.2 percent (to 242,000 days) by 1975 and 10.4 percent (to 254,000 days) by 1980. Similar increases
                     are anticipated for the years 1990 and 2000.

                     In terms of days of participation for 1970, the most popular non-resident activities, of the specific activities
                     estimated were: sightseeing, with 82,000 days; driving for pleasure, with 30,000 days; picnicking, with 27,000 days;
                     swimming, with 26,000 days; saltwater fishing, with 24,000 days; and saltwater boating, with 13,000 days. Assuming
                     adequate facilities are made available, a moderate increase in participation for all activities is expected through
                     the year 2000, with the activities holding their 1970 ranking in terms of popularity.

             378

                 REGION 27                                                                CURRENT AND PROJECTED RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                                  CITY SIZE: mETROS
                                                                                                          (OOO'S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                                                      1970                                  1975                                   1980                                 1990                                       2000
                                                                    STATE-                                STATE-                                STATE-                                STATE-                                STATE-
                                                      REG.27        WIDE                    REG.27        WIDE                     REG.27       WIDE                    REG.27        WIDE                         REG.27   WIDE
                                                      METROS      METROS                    METROS     METROS                      METROS       METROS                  METROS      METROS                         METROS  METROS
                                         PART.        AVERAGE    AVERAGE       PART.        AVERAGE    AVERAGE         PART.       AVERAGE      @VERAGE    PART.        AVERAGE    AVERAGE       PART.             AVERAGE  AVERAGE
                 ACTIVITY                DAYS   RANK  DAYS/HH    DAYS/1111     DAYS     RANK DAYS/HH   DAYS/1111       DAYS  RANK  DAYS/HH      DAYS/HH    DAYS  RANK   DAYS/Hil   DAYS/HH       DAYS   RANK       DAYS/HH  DAYS/HH
                 Swimming              1,949        2   26.20       27.41    2,876        2    36.27      36.52        4,070     3     48.30    47.17    7,102        2       78.24   75.28      11,840            1117.45  110.14
                 Child's Play          1,163        4   15.63       14.08    1,611        4    20.32      17.72        2,151     4     25.53    22.00    3,447        4       37.97   32.20      5,382             453.39   43.99
                 Baseball/Softball       198        8      2.66     2.78        250       8      3.15     3.19.        308       8     3.66     3.59             426  8       4.69    4.41       578               85.73    5.22
                 Picnicking              520        6      6.99     5.72        567       6      7.15     5'.66        612       6     7.26     5.66             .683 7       7.52    5.61       785               77.79    5.64
                 Football/Soccer          44        14     .59      1.43         46     15.      .58      1.42         49        15    .58      1.41             53 15        .58     1.39         59    16        .57      1.38
                 Golf                    282        7      3.79     3.92        396       7      4.99     4.98         535       7     6.35     6.16             861  6       9.49    8.96       1,319             613.08   12.07
                 Tennis                  194        9      2.61     6.06        248       9      3.13     9.21         294       -9    3.49     11.49            366  9       4.03    16.07      481     10        4.77     21.46
                 Basketball               21        16     .28      1.60         27     16       .34      2.59         34        16    .40      3.57             48 16        .53     5.52         65    15        .65      7.53
                 Walking               2,414        1   32.45       18.21    3,270        1    41.24      .23.09       4,215     1     50.03    29.20    6,137        3       67.61   39.89      8,588             385.19   50.31
                 Bicycling             1,481        3   19.91       20.30    2,753        3    34.72      32.77        4,173     2     49.53    45.25    7,186        1       79.17   68.44      10,968            2108.80  95.49
                 Nature Study                 2     19     .03           .72        2   19       .03      1.67           2       19    .02      2.64             2  19        .02     4.63           2   19        .02      6.70
                 Fishing
                   Freshwater            134        11     1.80     1.80        149     11       1.88     1.88         166       12    1.97     1.97             194 12       2.14    2.13       232     12        2.30     2.30
                   Saltwater                  5     17     .07      1.81            5   17       .06      1.79           5       17    .06      1.78             6  17        .07     1.77           6   17        .06      1.78
                 Boating
                   Freshwater             65        12     .87           .88    126     12       1.59     1.60         195       11    2.31     2.31             339 10       3.73    3.74       521               95.17    5.17
                   Saltwater              6   .2    13     .83           .84     67     13       .85        .84        71        13    .84        .84            76 14        .84       .84        85    14        .84           .84
                 Skiing
                   Freshwater             31        15     .42           .42     49     14       .62        .62        69        14    .82        .82            lli 13       1.22    1.22       163     13        1.62     1.81
                   Saltwater                  3     18     .04           .05        3   18       .04        .04          4       18    .04        .04            4  18        .04       .04          4   18        .04           .04
                 Surfing                 --- ---           ---           ---    --- ---          ---        ---        --- ---         ---        ___            --- ---      ---       ---      --- ---           ---           ---
                 Sightseeing             158        10     2.12     2.25        184     10       2.32     @2.34        209       10    2.48     2.50             255 11       2.81    2.70       311     11        3.08     3.01
                 Dr. for Pleas.          883        5   11.87       13.38       961       5    12.12      13.52        1,036     5     12930    13.67    1,163        5       l2a8l   13.86      1,331             513.20   14.10
                          TOTAL        9,609            129.16      123.66   13,590           171.40      161.45   18,198          215.97       202.07   28,459           313.51      288.70     42,720            423.75   388.98

                                CURRENT AND   PROJECTED NON-RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                     TOTAL CURRENT AND PROJECTED PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000
                                                    (000-S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)                                                                              (OOO'S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                 ACTIVITY                           1970            1975            1980             1990          2000          ACTIVITY                        1970         1975          1980                   1990     2000
                 Swimming                           26              27                  28           30                33        Swimming                        1,975        2,903         4,098                  7,132    11,873
                 Child's Play                                                                                                    Child's Play                    1,163        1,611         2,151                  3,447    5,382
                 Baseball/Softball                    2                  2              2              3               3         Baseball/Softball               200          252                310               429           581
                 Picnicking                         27              28                  29           31                34        Picnicking                      547          595                641               714           819
                 Football/Soccer                    12              12                  13           14                15        Football/Soccer                 56              58              62                67            74
                 Golf                                                                                                            Golf                            282          396                535               861      1,319
                 Tennis                                                                                                          Tennis                          194          248                294               366           481
                 Basketball                                                                                                      Basketball                      21              27              34                48            65
                 Walking                              3                  3              4              4               4         Walking                         2,417        3,273         4,219                  6,141    8,592
                 Bicycling                            2                  2              2              2               2         Bicycling                       1,483        2,755         4,175                  7,188    10,970
                 Nature Study                                                                                                    Nature Study                    2               2               2                 2             2
                 Fishing                                                                                                         Fishing
                   Freshwater                         7                  8              8              9               9           Freshwater                    141          157                174               203           241
                   Saltwater                        24              25                  26           28                30          Saltwater                     29              30              31                34            36
                 Boating                                                                                                         Boating
                   Freshwater                         2                  2              2              2               2           Freshwater                    67           128                197               341           523
                   Saltwater                        13              14                  14           15                17          Saltwater                     75              81              85                91            102
                 Skiing                                                                                                          Skiing
                   Freshwater                                                                                                      Freshwater                    31              49              69                111           163
                   Saltwater                                                                                                       Saltwater                     3               3               4                 4             4
                 Surfing                                            ---             ---              ---                         Surfing                         ---          ---                ---               ---           ---
                 Sightseeing                        82              87                  92           97                106       Sightseeing                     240          271                301               352           417
                 Dr. for Pleas.                     30              32                  34           36                39        Dr. for Pleas.                  913          993           1,070                  1,199    1,370
                          TOTAL                     230             242             254              271               294             TOTAL                     9,839        13,832        18,452                 28,730   43,014

                 Note:    Asterisks indicate that projected annual activity days were less than 500. Dashes indicate not applicable.                  Zeros indicate that the activity was not ranked due to                     379
                          insignificant participation days recorded.

                   REGION 27               R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S            CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                  1 9 7 0   2 0 0 0

                   Estimates of urban outdoor recreation resource requirements were,developV for the Beaumont-Port Arthur Metropolitan
                   Area for the years 1970, 1975, 1980 1990 2 and 2000 by comparing current,= and projected recreation participation
                   with the current recreation opportun'itie=/ available within the metro. In addition, the availability and spatial
                   distribution of recreation opportunities provided by parks and recreation facilities were analyzed with respect to
                   various subsections of the metro area, particularly with regard to income/ethnic subsections, if the information were
                   available. Attention also.was given to those areas expected to undergo relatively rapid population growth and physi-
                   cal expansion in the future.

                   Conclusions reached from analyzing the distribution of recreation opportunities within the metropolitan area were
                   used to qualify resource requirement estimates where a less than adequatedistribution appeared to exist.

                   In the discussions that follow, results of the distribution analysis of parks within subsections of the metro are
                   presented. Then, estimates of current and future requirements for selected recreation facilities are presented, and
                   are qualified by conclusions reached from the distribution analysis of recreation facilities within subsections of
                   the Beaumont-Port Arthur Metro Area.

                   PARK DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

                   In analyzing the-availability and distribution of parks in the Beaumont-Port Arthur Metro Area,  several characteris-
                   tics were considered: changes in population (or trends in general, 1960 to 1970), areas of the   metro which were
                   expected to exhibit relatively major expansion, and the dispersion of existing parks among the income/ethnic sub-
                   sections of the metro. From these interrelated characteristics, general conclusions were reached with respect to
                   future park development for the metro area.

                   Population trends affected es,timations of future recreation participation. Projections for the Beaumont-Port Arthur
                   Metro indicate that the 1970 metro population of 228,400 is likely to increase to over 309,000 by the year 2000. As
                   in the case of so many metro areas, the core areas, Beaumont and Port Arthur, registered declines during the 1960's,
                   while the contiguous urban areas such as Nederland, Port Neches, and Groves showed increases. This trend may continue
                   into the future. The "Predominant Ethnic Background and Income Subsections" map indicates that Port Arthur was
                   expected to expand toward the north. Comparable information for other municipalities in the metro was not available.

                   I/ "Current" participation refers to levels of participation by type of selected recreation activity which were
                      estimated for the year 1970.
                   2/ "Current" recreation opportunities refers to computed figures derived from the numbers of publicly administered
                      facilities by type available within the metro area in 1971.

             380

                REGION 27               R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R.C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S            CITY SIZE: NETROS
                                                                1 9 7 0   2 0 0 0

                The "Predominant Ethnic Background and Income Subsections" map shows six subsections in Beaumont, as delineated by
                .local recreation planners in 1971. Comparable information for the other urban areas was not available. Low-income
                Anglos were concentrated in central Beaumont, particularly north of Highway 90, and in south central Beaumont, west
                of Lamar Universtiy. Middle-income Blacks made up a large part of northern Beaumont, while middle-income Anglos
                occupied most other areas, except for the west central area which was mainly high-income Anglo.

                The "Dispersion of Parks By Type" map shows the geographic distribution of parks, as of 1971. All of the municipal-
                ities in the metro had at least two parks (except for Lakeview which reported having one), and parks seemed to be
                reasonably well dispersed in those parts of the metro which had large population concentrations. One possible
                exception in Port Arthur was the populated area east of Jade Avenue. A comparison of the "Dispersion of Parks By
                Type" map with the "Predominant Ethnic Background and Income Subsections" map indicates that all six income/ethnic
                subsections in Beaumont had at. least two municipal parks. on the other hand, the northwest portion of Beaumont
                on either side of Highway 287 (a middle-income Anglo area) seemed relatively distant from a park, in comparison
                to other parts of Beaumont.

                District parks, the large parks with facilities for at least two major urban activities, were unavailable in Groves,
                Nederland, Griffing Park, and Lakeview, as well as the southeast quarter and northwest half of Beaumont. Community
                and specialty parks appear to have been reasonably well distributed. Open land parks tended to be infrequent in
                the metro as a whole, and were absent in Lakeview, Groves, Nederland, Port Neches, and that part of Beaumont south
                of Highway 90 (occupied mainly by middle and low-income Anglos).

                In addition to maintaining aft adequate dispersion of parks in all po rtions of the metro area, the provision of
                different types of recreational facilities in parks is also an important consideration. An analysis of the current
                and future requirements for selected recreational facilities and the current dispersion   of facilities in the Beau-
                mont-Port Arthur Metro is presented in the following discussions.

                FACILITY REQUIRENENTS AND DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

                As mentioned previously, requirements for selected recreational facilities (see the following table) were calculated
                for the years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000. Then, an analysis of the dispersion of existing facilities among the
                predominant income/ethnic background subsections and the major growth areas of the metro was conducted.    Conclusions
                reached from the facility dispersion analysis were then used to qualify the facility requirement estimates, particularly
                in those cases where no additional facilities were estimated as being needed within the metropolitan area. Usually,
                special note is made where growth areas appeared to have limited facilities.   The methodology used to calculate faci-
                lity requirements in general is explained in Appendix C, Part I--An Overview of the Urban Volume. In the discussions
                that follow, resource requirements for recreational facilities are generally referred to by units of the most important
                feature necessary to allow participation.  For example, when a requirement is shown for swimming pools, features such
                as a bathhouse, cleaning and filtering system, and other support features are implied when a requirement for the major
                facility is shown.

                                                                                                                                         381

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                REGION 27                R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N.T S            CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                 1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                                                                       Swimming

                In 1971 the Beaumont-Port Arthur Metropolitan Area reported 5,540 square yards of swimming area which, when mul-
                tiplied by the conversion standard of 150 days per year per square yard, provided 831,000 opportunity days. Demand
                in 1970 for swimming was estimated to be approximately 1,392,000 participation days.     The result was a deficit which
                could be eliminated by adding 3,740 square yards over the 1971 level. Resource requirements for swimming will grow
                to 8,100 square yards in 1975, 13,713 square yards by 1980, to 27,973 square yards by 1990, and to 50,247 square
                yards by the year 2000.   In 1971., public swimming pools tended to be infrequent in most areas of the metro, and
                were unavailable in Nederland, all but the western edge of Port Arthur, and that part of Beaumont west of Inter-
                state 10.

                                                                     Child's Play

                A total of 104 acres dispersed through fifty-two parks was reported in 1971. A comparison of projected participa-
                tion levels with the 1971 supply level indicates that the 2,873,000 opportunity days should be sufficient until
                about 1990 when an additional 21 acres will be needed. By the year 2000, an additional 91 acres will be needed in
                addition to the existing 104 acres.   Since most developed parks had playground facilities, the distribution of play-
                grounds approximated the distribution of parks. The only parts of the metro which appear to have been relatively
                distant from playground facilities were northwest Beaumont along Highway 287, and the extreme western part of Port
                Arthur (immediately east of Jude Avenue).

                                                                   Baseball/Softball

                The Beaumont-Port Arthur Metro reported fifty-five baseball fields in 1971 which, when multip@ied by the conve   *rsion
                standard of 13,804 days per year per field, provided about 759,000 opportunity days.     This should be sufficient to
                meet estimated demand through the year 2000. Although a dispersion analysis was not possible from available informa-
                tion, consideration should be given to providing A balanced distribution relative to growth areas and the various
                income/ethnic subsections, if additional facilities are provided.

                                                                      Picnicking

                With a conversion standard of 1,702 days per year per picnic table, a total of 460,000 opportunity days was provided
                by the 270 public picnic tables reported in 1971. When compared with estimated demand for 1970, a total of fifty-
                one tables was required to eliminate a deficit of 87,000 opportunity days. By 1975, fifty-eight tables will be
                needed in addition to the 270 provided in 1971. The cumulative resource requirement is expected to continue to
                increase to 106 tables by 1980, to 149 tables by 1990, and to 211 tables by the year 2000. With respect to the
                dispersion of public picnicking facilities, tables were absent in virtually all parts of Port Arthur except near
                the lakeshore, the northwest part of Beaumont, and in the contiguous urban area of Lakeview.     These areas presently
                without picnicking opportunities should be considered as additional tables are planned and devel   oped in the future.

                   REGION 27                R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S            CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                   1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                                                                      Football/Soccer

                   The five football/soccer fields provided in 1971 provided approximately 36,000 opportunity days, given-a facility
                   standard of 7,224 days per year per field. When compared with estimated participation in 1970, a deficit of 20,000
                   opportunity days resulted; and this generated a requirement for three fields. Cumulative resource requirements can
                   be expected to increase very slowly to a total of four fields by the year 1980, and by the year 2000, a cumulative
                   requirement of five fields will be necessary to meet projected demand. Although a dispersion analysis was not
                   possible from available information, consideration should be given to providing a balanced distribution relative
                   to growth areas and the various income/ethnic subsections.

                                                                           Golf

                   A total of 146,000 opportunity days was provided by the 36 holes available in the two municipal golf courses reported
                   in 1971, given a facility standard of 4,047 days per year per golf hole. A comparison of the 1971 supply level with
                   the 1970 demand for this activity suggests that thirty-four additional holes should have been provided to satisfy an
                   estimated deficit of 136,000 opportunity days. Cumulative resource requirements were calculated to increase from
                   34 holes in 1970 to 62 holes in 1975, to 96 holes in 1980, to 177 holes in 1990, and to a total addition of 290 holes
                   by the year 2000. The one municipal golf course in Beaumont was located at the extreme southern edge of Beaumont,
                   and the course in Port Arthur was situated in the western part near the lakeshore. Future consideration with respect
                   to golf course development probably should be given to the central, north, and west portions of Beaumont; the central,
                   east, and north parts of Port Arthur, and the contiguous urban areas of Groves, Nederland, and Port Neches.

                                                                          Tennis

                   The thirty-two tennis courts provided about 86,000 opportunity days in 1971 which, when compared to an estimaie.of
                   participation, resulted in a deficit of over 100,000 opportunity days, therefore, an addition of forty courts was
                   needed in 1970. This deficit is expected to increase to a level which will require sixty courts to be provided
                   by 1975. With the expected increases in tennis participation, the cumulative resource requirement is expected
                   to increase to 77 courts by 1980, to 104 courts in 1990, and to a total of 147 additional courts by the year 2000.
                   Although a dispersion analysis was not possible from available information, consideration should be given to providing
                   a balanced distribution relative to growth areas and the various income/ethnic subsections.

                                                                        Basketball

                   The twenty public courts reported in 1971 provided 176,000 opportunity days which exceeded the 21,000 days of demand,
                   given a conversion standard of 8,795 days per year per court. Barring an unexpectedly rapid increase in demand, the
                   1971 supply level is expected to be adequate to accommodate basketball demand through the year 2000. Although a
                   dispersion analysis was not possible from available information, consideration should be given to providing a balanced
                   distribution relative to growth areas and the various income/ethnic subsections, if additional facilities are provided.

             384

                REGION 27                 R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E    R E Q U I R E M E N T S             CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                  1 9 7 0    2 0 0 0

                      -                                              Trails Activities

                In 1971 there were eight mil 'es of trail which, when multiplied by a conversion standard of 8,464 days per year per mile
                of trail, provided 68,000 opportunity days.    This compared to a 1970 level of 313,000 participation days, and resulted
                in a need for twenty-nine additional miles to erase the estimated deficit of 245,000 days.       (Although the total supply
                actually amounted to twelve miles, four of these were horseback riding trail miles.      Because resource requirements were
                not computed for urban horseback riding trails and because these four miles in the Beaumont-Port Arthur Metro Area were
                not designated for other types of trail usage, they were excluded from the computation of opportunity days.)       The cumula-
                tive resource requirement increases to 46 miles of trail by 1975, 64 miles by 1980, 102 miles by 1990, and 150 miles by
                the year 2000.

                A relatively small proportion of the total participation in trail and related activities was estimated to take place
                in publicly administered park and recreation areas.     It is likely, however, that as additional trail facilities are
                provided, the relative proportion of total participation will increase at these recreation areas.       Thus, the above
                estimates of additional resources required may be conservative in the long run and should be considered as minimum
                estimates.  In addition to the expectations for increases in participation in trail and related activities at publicly
                administered park and recreation areas, it is clear that the major proportion of walking, bicycling, and nature study
                is occurring in places other than established recreation areas.     The majority of this participation is most likely
                taking place in local neighborhoods., on city streets, and on   'available open lands within the area. This phenomenon has
                direct policy implications with respect to the provision of sidewalks within currently existing and newly developing
                neighborhoods, the development of a system of bike lanes in high use areas, and the provision of adequate open space
                and green belt areas within the metro area.

                                                Water-Related Activities: Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiin

                                                             Surface Acres - Freshwater Lakes
                                                             (Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing)

                No surface acres of freshwater lakes were reported available for water-related recreation within the Beaumont-Port
                Arthur Metro Area in 1971. Using participation patterns of the households recreating within the urban areas, it was
                estimated that a total of 128,000 days of freshwater boating, boat fi�hirfg, and skiing participation would have occurred
                in 1970 if adequate freshwater lakes had been available. Of these 128,000 days, 67,000 were boating participation days,
                30,000 were boat fishing days, and 31,000 were skiing days.     Projections developed for the water-related activities
                indicate incremental resource requirements of 307 surface acres in 1970, 196 surface acres in 1975, 223 surface acres in
                1980, 461 surface acres in 1990, and 580 surface acres in 2000.     This brings the cumulative resource requirement to
                1,767 surface acres by the year 2000.

                                                                                                                                             385

                 REGION 27               R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S           CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                                                                                    I/
                                                               Freshwater Boat Ramps.7-

                 Two publicly-administered freshwater boat lanes were reported for the Beaumont-Port Arthur Metro Area of Region 27
                 in 1971. Recognizing that no freshwater lakes were available in the metro area of Region 27 in 1971, these two
                 boat lanes were probably located on streams with the metro. By estimating the 1970 total freshwater boat fishing,
                 skiing, and boating participation which would have occurred using freshwater boat ramp facilities to gain access to
                 the water if sufficient ramps were available, it was calculated that two additional boat ramps were needed in 1970.
                 Projected increases in freshwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation are expected to require three addi-
                 tional freshwater boat ramps in 1975, two in 1980, five in 1990, and six in the year 2000, bringing the cumulative
                 resource requirement to eighteen ramps in 2000. Since boat ramps are the most frequently used means by which boaters,
                 skiers, and boat fishermen gain access to freshwater lakes, the provision of freshwater surface acres and freshwater
                 boat ramps required should be planned as joint projects, even though, in some cases, this may require the construction
                 of boat ramps prior to the years reflected in tW? boat ramp resource requirement projections.
                                                                Saltwater Boat Rampsl/

                 In terms of saltwater resources, Port Arthur and Gorves were the only areas within the Beaumont-Port Arthur Metro
                 Area having access to coastal waters in 1970. However, no publicly-administered saltwater boat lanes providing
                 access to and from the saltwater resources were reported within the metro in 1971. By estimating the 1970 total
                 saltwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation which would have occurred using saltwater boat ramp facil-
                 ities to gain access to the saltwater areas if ramps had been available, it was calculated that one ramp was needed
                 in 1970. Expected increases in saltwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation are projected to require
                 the incremental addition of one saltwater boat ramp in 1975, which should provide sufficient saltwater boat ramps
                 through the year 2000. The cumulative requirement through the year 2000 will be two additional ramps,

                                                        Summary of Facilities Requirements

                 In 1971, the only types of outdoor recreation facilities which were not available within the Beaumont-Port Arthur
                 Metro Area were surface acres of freshwater lakes and saltwater boat ramps. Acres of freshwater were estimated to
                 be required in every planning horizon year, while the additional saltwater boat ramps (one in 1970 And one in 1975)
                 should be adequate to accommodate demand through the year 2000. Although the metro reported two freshwater boat
                 lanes (evidently located on rivers) in 1971, additional lanes were indicated for each planning year if freshwater
                 lakes are developed within the metro area. -

                 I/ In calculating freshwater and saltwatet boat ramp resource requirements the assumption was made that each boat
                   ramp has two lanes. Supply figures listed in the "Parks and Recreation Facilities by Type of Park" table and
                   quoted in the narratives are in terms of single lanes.

              386

               REGION 27               R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S           CITY SIZE: NETROS
                                                              1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

               To augment existing facilities, resource requirements were indicated in each planning year for swimming pools,
               picnic tables, holes of golf, tennis courts, and miles of trail, Three additional football/soccer fields were
               estimated to be required in 1970 after which only minimal requirements were indicated.  Playgrounds were estimated
               to be adequate until 1990 when additional acres will be needed, while the number of baseball/softball fields and
               basketball courts was considered sufficient through the year 2000.

               A dispersion analysis was possible only for a few facility types.  Public swimming pools were infrequent in most
               parts of the metro, and were unavailable in Nederland, western parts of Beaumont, and all of Port Arthur except
               the'western edge near the lakeshore.  Public picnicking facilities were absent in all parts of Port Arthur except
               near the lakeshoro, in the northwest fringe of Beaumont (a predominantly middle-income Angle area), and in Lakeview.
               Playgrounds were well dispersed except for an apparent lack in northwest Beaumont and the extreme western portion of
               Port Arthur (east of Jude Avenue on the map).  In locating additional public golf courses, consideration should be
               given to central, north, and west parts of Beaumont; central, east, and north parts of Port Arthur; and the contiguous
               urban areas of Groves, Nederland, and Port Neches.

                                                                                                                                      387

                      REGION 27                                                                       RECREATION RESOURCE RPQUTRD4ENTS, 1970-2000                                                                  CITY SIZE: METROS

                                                                                             TOTAL             1971 OPPORTUNITY        NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                         PARTICIPATION          DAYS AVAILABLE                (0001S OF                                    UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                            (0001S    OF           (OOD'S OF                ACTIVITY DAYS)                                 RESOURCES RrQUIRED
                      YEAR       ACTIVIYY                                                 ACTTVTTY    DAYS)     AM VITY    DAYS)        DEFICIT         SURPLUS               CUMULATIVE                           INCREMENTAL
                                  Swimming (Pools)     . . . . . . . . . . .                 1,392    l/                831                 561                             3,740  square  yards!'            3,740  square  yards!'
                                  Child's Play (Playgrounds)        . . . . . .              1,163                   2,873                              1,710                    0 acres                           0 acres
                                  Baseball/Softball    . . . . . . . . . . .                     200                    759                               559                    0 fields                          0 fields
                                  Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      547                    460                 87                                   51 tables                         51 tables
                                  Football/Soccer    . . . . . . . . . . . .                     56                     36                  20                                   3 fields                          3 fields
                                  Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       282                    146                 136                                  34 holes                          34 holes
                                  Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       194                    86                  108                                  40 courts, dbl.                   40 courts, dbl.
                                  Basketball    . . . . . . ... . . . ... .                      21                     176                               155                    0 courts, full                    0 courts,    full

                      1970       Water-Related Activities:

                                  Boating, Boat Fishing,       Skiing FW   . . .                 128                      0                 128                               307  surface acres                   307 surface acres
                                  Boating, Boat Fishing,       Skiing FIA7 . . .                 97                     27                  60                                   2 ramps3/                         2 ramps.2/
                                  Boating, Boat Fishing,       Skiing   SW . . .                 31                       0                 31                                   1 ra      37                      1 ramp.2/
                                                                                                                                                                                      mp@

                                 Trails Activities:
                                  Walking  . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .                      254  4/                                                                         24 miles                          24 miles
                                  Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      59   4/                                                                         5 miles                           5 miles
                                  Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                           4/                                                                         <1 mile                           <1 mile
                                  Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                        4/                                                                                                           1
                                              Nature Study   . . . . . . . . .                   313  -                 68                  245                                  29 miles                          29 miles

                                 ACTIVITY
                                  Swimming (Pools)     . . . . . . . . . . .                 2,046                      831              1,215                              8,100  square  yardsv            4,360   square  yards  2/
                                  Child's Play (Playgrounds)        . . . . . .              1,611                   2,873                              1,262                    0 acres                           0 acres
                                  Baseball/Softball    . . . . . . . . . . .                     252                    759                               507                    0 fields                          0 fields
                                  Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      595                    460                 135                                  58 tables                         7 tables
                                  Football/Soccer    . . . . . . . . . . . .                     58                     36                  22                                   3 fields                          0 fields
                                  Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       396                    146                 250                                  62 holes                          28 holes
                                  Tennis   . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .                       248                    86                  162                                  60 courts,  dbl.                  20 courts, dbl.
                                  Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      27                     176                               149                    0 courts,   full                  0 courts, full

                      1975       Water-Related Activities:

                                  Boating, Boat Fishing,       Skiing F14  . . .                 210                      0                 210                               503  surface  acres                  196 surface acres
                                  Boating, Boat Fishing,       Skiing F14  . . .                 154                    27                  127                                  3 ramps3/                         3 ramps3/
                                  Boating, Boat Fishing,       Skiing SW   . . .                 33                       0                 33                                   2 ramps.2/                        I ram;17

                                 Trails Activities:
                                  Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .                      344  4/                                                                         35 miles                          11 miles
                                  Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      110  4/                                                                         11 miles                          6 miles
                                  Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                           4/                                                                         <1 mile                           0 miles
                                  Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                        4/
                                              Nature Study   . . . . . . . . .                   454  -                 68                  386                                  46 miles                          17 miles

                     388

                REGION 27                                                                   RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                              CTTY SIZE: METROS

                                                                                       TOTAL           1971 OPPOPTUNITY       NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                 PARTICIPATION          DAYS AVAILABLE              (OOO'S OF                                 UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                    (OOO'S  OF            (.000's OF             ACTIVITY DAYS)                               RESOURCES REQUIRED
                YEAR        ACTIVITY                                              ACTIVITY  DAYS)      ACTIVITY DAYS          DEFECIT       SURPLUS                                                  INCREMENTAL
                            Swimming (Pools)     . . . . . . . . . . .              2,888                     831             2,057                            13,713 square  yards!'           5,613 square yardsV
                            Child's Play (Playgrounds)       . . . . . .            2,151                   2,873                              722                   0acres                          0acres
                            Baseball/Softball    . . . . . . . . . . .                 310                    759                              449                   0fields                         0fields
                            Picnicking    . . . . .   ; . . . . . . . .                641                    460                181                                 106 tables                      48 tables
                            Football/Soccer    . . . . . . . . . . . .                  62                     36                 26                                 4fields                         1field
                            Golf . . .*   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  535                    146                389                                 96 holes                        34 holes
                            Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   294                     86                208                                 77 courts, dbl.                 17 courts, dbl.
                            Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   34                    176                              142                   0courts,  full                  0courts, full

                1980        Water-Related Activities:

                            Boating, Boat Fishing,      Skiing FW   . . .              303                       0               303                                 726 surface acres               223 surface acres
                            Boating, Boat Fishing,      Skiing FW   . .  .,            219                     27                192                                 7ramps3/                        2ramps2/
                            Boating, Boat Fishing,      Skiing SW . . .                 35                       0                35                                 2ramps!/                        0ramps2/

                            Trails Activities:
                            Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   443  4/                                                                       46 miles                        11 miles
                            Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  167  4/                                                                       18 miles                        7 miles
                            Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     * A/                                                                       <1 mile                         0miles
                            Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                    4/
                                        Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                610                     68                542                                 64 miles-                       18 miles

                            ACTIVITY
                            Swimming (Pools)     . . . . . . . . . . .              5,027                     831             4, 196                           27,973 square  yardsz/          14,260 square  yardsV
                            Child's Play (Playgrounds)       . . . . . .            3,447                   2,873                574                                 21 acres                        21 acres
                            .Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                 429                    759                              330                   0fields                         0fields
                            Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  714                    460                254                                 149 tables                      43 tables
                            Football/Soccer    . . . . . . . . . . . .                  67                     36                 31                                 4fields                         0fields
                            Golf  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  861                    146                715                                 177 holes                       81 holes
                            Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   366                     86                280                                 104 courts, dbl.                27 courts, dbl.
                            Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   48                    176                              128                   0courts,  full                  0courts,   full

                1990        Water-Related Activities:

                            Boating, Boat Fishing,      Skiing   FW . . .              495                       0               495                            1,187 surface  acres                 461 surface acres
                            Boating, Boat Fishing,      Skiing   FW . . .              351                     27                324                                 12 ramps3/                      5ramps3/
                            Boating, Boat Fishing,      Skiing   SW . . .               38                       0                38                                 2ramps!/                        0rampsi/

                            Trails Activities:

                                                                                            4/
                            Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   645                                                                           71 miles                        25 miles
                            Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  288                                                                           31 miles                        13 miles
                            Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                                                <1 mile                         0miles
                            Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                        Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                933  4/                 68                865                                 102 miles                       38 miles

                                                                                                                                                                                                                  389

                      REGION 27                                                              RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                         CITY SIZE:  METROS

                                                                                        TOTAL           1971 OPPORTUNITY      NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                   PARTICIPATION         DAYS AVAILABLE             (000-S OF                               UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                      (OOO'S OF             (OOO'S OF            ACTIVITY DAYS)                             RESOURCES REQUIRED
                      YEAR      ACTIVITY                                            ACTIVITY DAYS)        ACTIVITY DAYS)      DEFICI        SURPLUS              CUMULATIVE                      INCREMENTAL
                                 Swimming (Pools)   . . . . . . . . . . .              8,368                   831            7,537                           50,247 square yards  2/        22,274 square yards  2/
                                 Child's Play (Playgrounds)     . . . . . .            5,382                 2,873            2,509                               91 acres                       70 acres
                                 Baseball/Softball  . . . . . . . . . . .                581                   759                            178                   0fields                        0fields
                                 Picnicking   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                819                   460               359                             211 tables                      62 tables
                                 Football/Soccer  . . . . . . . . . . . .                  74                  36                  38                               5fields                        Ifield
                                 Colf  . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .              1,319                   146            1,173                              290 holes                       113 holes
                                 Tennis  . . . . .  I  . . . . . . . . . .               481                   86                395                             147 courts,   dbl.              43 courts, dbl.
                                 Basketball  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   65                  176                            ill                   0courts,   full                0courts,  full

                      2000      Water-Related Activities:

                                 Boating, Boat Fishing,    Skiing FW                     737                     0               737                           1,767 surface  acres              580 surface acres
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing,    Skiing FW                     518                   27                491                              18 ramps!/                       6ramps3/
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing,    Skiing SW  . . .                41                    0                 41                               2ramps2/                       0ramrs7/

                                Trails Activities:
                                 Walking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 902 4/                                                                  101 miles                       30 miles
                                 Bicycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 439 4/                                                                   49,miles                       18 miles
                                 Nature Study   . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                                         <1 mile                          0miles
                                 Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                4/
                                           Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .             1,341 -                 68             1,273                              150 miles                       48 miles

                      Note: Asterisks indicate that projected annual activity days were less than 500.
                      I/ Includes only swimming participation occurring in swimming pools, 70.48 percent of the total in urban areas on the Gulf Coast.
                         Designated freshwater and saltwater swimming areas may be substituted for swimming pools. When making substitutions consider total swimming
                         participation.
                         Assumes 2.0 lanes per ramp.
                      4/ Reflects estimated participation occurring in park and recreation areas; does not include participation occurring outside park and recreation areas. Of the total
                         walking, bicycling, and nature study participation it was determined that 10.5, 4.0, and 20.1 percent, respectively for each activity, occurs in park and recreation
                         areas.

                    390

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                      REGION 28                         REGIONAL DESCRIPTION: GALVESTON-TEXAS'CITY METROPOLITAN AREA

                      The metropolitan area    of Region 28 consists of the cities of                             POPULATION
                      Galveston, Texas City, and La Marque.
                                                                                                                  1970 Metro Area Population: 116,848
                      Galveston, the county seat of Galveston County, is located on                               Change 1960-70: +3%
                      Galveston Island. The Galveston Metropolitan Area is the home                               Race Composition       l/
                      of many industries such as shipping, oil refining, shipbuilding,                               White   ..... 74% -
                      grain elevators, and chemical plants. The Port of Galveston                                    Negro   ..... 25%
                      serves as a base of operations for the commercial fishing and                                  other   .....  1%
                      shrimp industry. Galveston is rich in history, with many his-                               Age Composition (years):
                      toric homes and buildings still standing. Galveston College,                                   13 or less    .....  26%
                      the Texas Maritime Academy of Texas A&M University, and the                                    14 - 20       .....  13%
                      University of Texas Medical Branch are located in Galveston.                                   21 - 44       .....  30%
                      Annual events in Galveston are the Annual Shrimp Festival and                                  45 - 64       .....  22%
                      Blessing of the Fleet (April) and Aqua Speed Week (May).                                       65 and over   .....    9%

                      In Texas City are many major industrial and port facilities.                                ECONOMY
                      Industries include tin smelter, oil refineries, metal fabrica-                              Medical Education
                      tion, and chemical plants. Another dominant portion of the                                  Petrochemicals
                      economy comes from the shipping of grain, cotton, sulphur, petro-                           Shipping
                      leum and chemical products from the port at Texas City. Texas                               Tourism
                      City is the home of the College of the Mainland. A major annual
                      event in Texas City is the Tackle Time Festival (June and July).

                      La Marque, just outside Texas City, serves as a commuting center
                      for employees of Houston, Galveston, and Texas City.

                      I/ Includes persons of Mexican and/or Spanish descent.

               392

                    REGION 28                                                                                             CITY SIZE: METRO

                            P U B L I C L Y      A D M I N 1 9 T E R E D      R E C R E A T 1 0 N      0 P P 0 R T U N I  T I E S

                                                                                                    LAND AND WATER ACREAGE
                                                                                                                  REGION   ACRES   STATEWIDE
                                                                                                                   .28              AVERAGE
                                                                                                                   METRO         METRO AREAS

                                                        83%                         Developed Land                 474               1,307

                      REGION                                                        Undeveloped Land               100                  536
                        28
                       METRO                                                        Total Land                     574               1,843
                                          .17%
                                                                                    Water Within or Adjacent          2              1,006

                                                                                    Total Land and Water           576               2,849

                                                      DEVELOPED LAND

                                                      UNDEVELOPED LAND

                                                                                    The Galveston Metro Area has a total of 574 acres of
                                                                                    land set aside as park and recreation areas. In addition,
                                                                                    two surface acres of water either within or adjacent to
                                                                                    these parks were reported.
                                                         71%
                     STATEWIDE                                                      Of the total land acreage, 474 acres are developed with
                      AVERAGE                                                       facilities, leaving 100 acres available for future
                    METRO AREAS                                                     development- With 83 percent of the land acreage
                                                                                    currently developed, the Area is well above the Statewide
                                             29%                                    Metro average of 71 percent.

                                                                                                                                                 393

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  ?g
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         C@                                              tzl   to
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        0             a\            CD                   0             m             0            >            til
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    CD                   0

                                                                                                              DISPERSION OF PARKS BY TYPE

                                                                                                              URBAN PARKS

                                                                                                                0 DISTRICTPARK

                                                                                                                0 COMMUNITY PARK
                                             TEXAS                                                                 SPECIALTY PARK
                                              CITY                                                                 OPEN-LANDPARK

                                                                               13
                                                                                           0
                                                                             000

                                                                              11
                                                        E3\
                                                                               0

                                                                                                                                          87

                                                            REGION 28                                                      0
                                                         GALVESTON-
                                                   TEXAS CITY AREA
                                                       METRO BOUNDARY                                   45
                                                          1    2    3

                                                                                                             0

                                                Source: 1971 Municipal Inventory Update

                                                                                                                                                      395

                    REGION 28                                                                                                            CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                             PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK

                                                                                                                                      UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                                 DISTRICT     COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                       PEOPLE          REGION       STATEWIDE
                               TYPE OF FACILITY                     PAM          PARK         PARK        TOTAL          PER              28           AVERAGE
                                                                  (UNITS)      (UNITS)_     (UNITS)       UNITS          UNIT             METRO    METRO AREAS
                    Games and Sports:
                      Parks    .............................           5          25             3           33          3,540            .282            .150
                      Tennis Courts    .....................           5          14             0           19          6,149            .162            .142
                      Basketball Courts     .................          2          37             1           40          2,921            .341            .071
                      Baseball/Softball Fields     ..........         15          14             1           30          3,894            .256            .186
                      Football/Soccer Fields     ............          1            1            0             2        58,242            .017            .032
                    Picnicking:
                      Parks    .............................           5          19             0           24          4,868            .205            .124
                      Tables   .............................          39          75             0           114         1,024            .974           1.230.
                    Playground:
                      Parks    .........................               5          25             9           39          2,996            .333            .170
                      Acres Developed   ...............                           37             4           52          2,247            .444            .258
                    Swimming:
                      Parks    .............................           2            2            0             4        29,212            .034.           .050
                      Pools (Sq. Yd.)   ...................        1,008          377            0        1,385               84         11.837         25.950
                      Designated Fresh Water (Sq. Yd.)..           7,000            0            0        7,000               17         59.829         52.242
                      Designated Salt Water (Sq. Yd.)       ...        0            0            0             0            ---            ---             ---
                    Boating:
                      Parks    .............................           0            2            0             2        58,242            .017            .006
                      Ramp Lanes - Fresh Water     ..........          0            0            0             0                           ---            .008
                      Ramp Lanes - Salt Water      ...........         0            5            0             5        23,370            .042             ---
                    Camping:
                      Parks    ..............................          0            0            0             0            ---            ---            .002
                      Campsites   .........................            0            0            0             0            ---            ---            .121
                    Fishing:
                      Parks    .............................           0            2            0             2        58,242            .017            .013
                      Pier/Barge/Marina-Fresh Water(Yd.)               0            0            0             0            ---            ---            .049
                      Pier/Barge/Marina-Salt Water(Yd.).               0            4            0             4        29,212            .034             ---
                    Golfing:
                      Courses  ...........................             0            0            0             0            ---            ---            .005
                      Holes    .............................           0            0            0             .0                                         .100
                    Trails:
                      Parks    .............................           0            0            0             0            ---            ---            .006
                      Nature (Mi.)    ......................           0            0            0             0            ---                           .009
                      Horseback (Mi.)   ...................            0            0            0             0            ---            ---            .003
                      Bicycle (Mi.)    .....................           0            0            0             0            ---            ---            .007
                      Hiking (Mi.)    .......................          0            0            @O            0            ---            ---            .006
                      Total Trails (Mi.)     ................          0.           0            0             0            ---                           .021

               396

                  REGION 28                                PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK                           CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                                                                                                 UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                              DISTRICT COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                         PEOPLE         REGION      STATEWIDE
                             TYPE OF FACILITY                    PARK        PARK        PARK        TOTAL         PER              28         AVERAGE
                                                               (UNITS)     (UNITS)      (UNITS)      UNITS          UNIT           METRO    METRO AREAS

                  Sport Shooting:
                    Parks .............................           0           0            0           0              ---           ---          .002.
                    Traps .............................           0           0            0           0              ---           ---          .002
                    Shooting Targets    ..................        0           0            0           0              ---           ---          .004
                    Archery Targets   ...................         0           0            0           0              ---           ---          .011
                  Miscellaneous:
                    Parks .............................           2           3            1           6           19,474           .051         .038
                    Amphitheatre Seats    ................        0           0            0           0              ---           ---          1.077
                    Botanical Gardens (Acres)     .........       0           0            0           0              ---           ---          .077
                    Zoos (Acres)   ......................         0           0            0           0              ---           ---          .051
                    Community/Recreation Centers     ......       2           3            1           6           19,474           .051         .038

                  Most of the park and recreation facilities in the Galveston Metro          Area are  in Community and   District Parks.    The 13
                  Specialty Parks have only games and sports facilities, playgrounds and a community/recreation center.                Designated
                  freshwater swimming area was reported in the District Park category, however, a total of only four parks were
                  inventoried with swimming facilities.         No salt water swimming facilities were reported. The Community Park category
                  has parks with boating and fishing facilities, all of these saltwater. A total of 6 community/recreation centers
                  were reported.

                  Of the 45 parks, 39 have playgrounds, 33 have facilities for         games and sports, 24 have picnicking facilities and 4 have
                  swimming facilities. The most common types of games and sports facilities are basketball with 40 courts, followed by
                  baseball/softball with 30 fields, tennis with 19 courts and football/soccer with 2 fields.

                  Looking at selected facilities in relation to the'number of potential users we find the following:

                       58,242 persons for each football/soccer field                       2,921 persons for each basketball court
                       19,474 persons for each community/recreation center                 2,247 persons for each acre of playground
                        6,149 persons for each tennis court                                1,024 persons for each picnic table
                        3,894 persons for each baseball/softball field                        84 persons for each square yard of swimming pool

                  The Galveston Metro Area is above the Statewide Metro average for facility units per 1,000 for tennis courts, basketball
                  courts, baseball/softball fields, playground acres, designated fresh water swimming area and community/ recreation
                  centers. The Area is below the average for football/soccer fields, picnic tables and square yards of swimming pools.
                  No boat ramp lanes-fresh water, campsites, yards of fishing pier/barge/marina-fresh water, golf holes, trail miles,
                  sport shooting facilities, amphitheatre seats, acres of botanical gardens or zoo acreage were reported.

                                                                                                                                                        397

                    REGION 28                        CONVERSION OF FACILITIE'S TO RECREATION OPPORTUNITY DAYS                      CITY SIZE:     14ETRO

                    Current opportunity days for 1971 were calculated by multiplying the number of facilities available for each activity
                    in the metro area (determined from the Texas Outdoor Recreation Inventory of Parks, Recreation Areas, and Facilities)
                    times the standard for the facility.

                                                                                                                       DAYS PER THOUSAND POPULATION
                                                                                                        ANNUAL             REGION        STATEWIDE
                                                                                                         DAYS               28             AVERAGE
                    ACTIVITY -FACILITY                                                                 AVAILABLE           METRO            METRO

                        Swimming (Pools) - square yards     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .               200,750            1,776             3,891
                        Child's Play - playground Acres     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .              1,436,396           12,277            7,137
                        Baseball/Softball - fields                                                      414,120            3,539             2,577
                        Picnicking - tables   . . . .                                                   194,028            1,658             2,093
                        Football/Soccer     fields   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 14,448               123              235
                        Golf - holes .      * * ' *                             ' * ' '  * '                   0                0              414
                        Tennis - courts, double .    : :  : : : . : .  : : : :  . . . . . .              51,186               437              384
                        Basketball - courts, full    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .              351,800            3,007               625

                    Water-Related Activities:

                        Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW - surface acres        . . . . . .                  834                7            2,962
                        Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW - boat ramps      . . . . . . . .                     0                0              103
                        Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing SW - boat ramps      . . . . . . . .               54,930               469                33

                    Trail Activities:

                        Combined Walking, Bicycling, and Nature Study - miles       . . . .                    0                0              164

                    The Galveston Metro Area offers the most opportunity days for child's play, followed by baseball/softball, basketball,
                    and swimming"(in pools). A comparison between the opportunity days per thousand population for the Galveston Metro
                    Area and the Statewide Metro average shows that the Galveston Metro Area surpasses the statewide average for five
                    types of facilities-- children's playgrounds (in acres), baseball/softball fields, tennis courts, basketball courts,
                    and saltwater boat ramps. The Galveston Metro Area is below the Statewide Metro average for,swimming (in pools),
                    picnicking, football/soccer and surface acres for freshwater boating, boat fishing and skiing, with no opportunity
                    days available for golf, freshwater boat ramps and the trails activities.

              398

                REGION 28                        ESTIMATED CURRENT AND FUTURE PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                 CITY SIZE: METRO

                The seventeenth ranking metro area, based on population, Galveston ranked sixth in total participation for the year
                1970. Estimates for 1970 indicate that residents and non-residents in the area spent over 10.0 million recreation
                days in pursuit of urban outdoor recreation opportunities available within the metro area.

                                                                         Resident

                Total days of participation in urban outdoor recreation activities by the residents of the Galveston Metropolitan
                Area for the 20 activities shown were estimated to be 4.4 million days in 1970.      Total participation is expected to
                increase to 5.8 million days in 1975 and to 7.1 million days in 1980.      These projections represent increases of
                31.9 percent by 1975 and 62.9 percent by 1980. Participation on a days per household basis is projected to increase
                from 114.5 days in 1970 to 149.2 days in 1975, and to 184.5 days in 1980--increases of 30.3 and 61.1 percent,
                respectively, over the 1970 level. Residents of the Galveston Metropolitan Area are expected to participate at
                a rate of 17, 24, and 32 days per household below the statewide average for the other Texas metropolitan areas in
                197.0, 1915, and 1980, respectively. For the more distant years of 1990 and 2000, both total days of participation
                and days per household are expected to increase, but days per household will remain below the statewide average for
                all metropolitan areas.

                Projections for specific activities indicate that 14 activities will increase in total days of participation through
                the years of 1975 and 1980, while tennis, football, picnicking, saltwater boating and skiing, and driving for pleas-
                ure will decrease slightly.    In 1970 the six most popular activities, based on total participation, were estimated to
                be: walking, swimming, driving for pleasure, bicycling, sal,twater fishing, and child's play, respectively.        In 1975
                walking will remain the first ranked activity with bicycling ranked second and swimming third. Driving for pleasure,
                child's play, and saltwater fishing are expected to become fourth, fifth, and sixth ranked activities by 1975. In
                1980 the top-ranked activities will be bicycling, walking, swimming, child's play, driving for pleasure, and salt-
                water fishing.

                                                                       Non-Resident

                Participation in urban outdoor recreation activities within the Galveston Metropolitan Area by non-residents was
                estimated to total 5,668,000 days for the activities specified for 1970. Compared to the 1970 level, total partic-
                ipation is expected to increase 9.0 percent (to 6,180,000 days) by 1975, and 18.1 percent (to 6,693,000 days) by
                1980. Similar increases are anticipated through the years 1990 and 2000.

                Of the specified activities selected, the most popular activities by non-residents for 1970 were:       swimming, with
                2,256,000 days; saltwater fishing, with 1,002,000 days; picnicking, with 1,033,000 days; sightseeing, with 478,000
                days; saltwater boating, with 329,000 days; and surfing, with 256,000 days. Assuming adequate facilities are made
                available, all activities are expected to increase at a moderate rate through the year 2000, with swimming, salt-
                water fishing, picnicking, sightseeing, saltwater boating, and surfing retaining their ranking one through six,
                respectively.

                                                                                                                                             399

                        REGION 28                                                                         CURRENT AND PROJECTED RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                                              CITY SIZE: METROs
                                                                                                                          (OOO'S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                                                                    1970                                     1975                                      1980                                         1990                                       2000
                                                                                  STATE-                                  STATE-                                    STATE-                                     STATE-                                     STATE-
                                                                    REG. 28       WIDE                      REG. 28       WIDE                         REG. 28      WIDE                            REG. 28    WIDE                            REG. 28    WIDE
                                                                    NETROS        IIETROS                     NETROS      METROS                             METROS METROS                          METROS     METROS                          METROS     METROS
                                                    PART.           AVERAGE       AVERAGE     PART.          AVERAGE     AVERAGE         PART.         AVERAGE    AVERAGE         PART.             AVERAGE   AVERAGE       PART.              AVERAGE  AVERAGE
                        ACTIVITY                    DAYS  RANK      DAYS/1111     DAYS/HH     DAYS   RANK    DAYS/HH     DAYS/HH         DAYS   RANK   DAYS/1111  DAYS /HH        DAYS    RANK      DAYS/HH   DAYS/HH       DAYS     RANr      DAYS/HH   DAYS/HH

                        Swiming                     518          2   13.57        27.41        665        3        17.21   36.52         818        3        21.19      47.17     1,117        3    30.33       75.28       1,371              340.90     110.14
                        Child's Play                378          6      9.90      14.08        473        5        12.24   17.72         572        4        14.81      22.00           767    4    20.83       32.20         937              427.95     43.99
                        Baseball/Softball             62         14     1.62      2.78               73 12         1.89     3.19          84      13         2.18       3.59            101  13         2.74     4.41         113              13 3.37        5.22
                        Picnicking                  240          7      6.29      5.72         247        8        6.39     5.66         251        8        6.50       5.66            248  10         6.73     5.61         233              11 6.95        5.64
                        Football/Soccer               44         15     1.15      1.43               45 16         1.16     1.42          44      16         1.14       1.41            42   17         1.14     1.39          37              17 1.10        1.38
                        Golf                        100          10     2.62      3.92         127      11         3.29     4.98         155      11         4.01       6.16            212  11         5.76     8.96         262              10 7.82    12.07
                        Tennis                        65         13     1.70      6.06               69 14         1.79     9.21          69      15         1.79       11.49           65   15         1.76    16.07          59              15 1.76    21.46
                        Basketball                    30         18     .79       1.60               33 17         .85      2.59          36      17         .93        3.57            39   18         1.06     5.52          40              18 1.19        7.53
                        Walking                     918          1   24.04        18.21      1,182        1        30.58   23.09         1,434      2        37.14      29.20     1,851        2    50.26       39.89       2,125              263.40     50.31
                        Bicycling                   461          4   12.07        20.30      1,002        2        25.93   32.77         1,536      1        39.78      45.25     2,486        1    67.50       68.44       3,191              195.20     95.49
                        Nature Study                  83         11     2.17       .72         154      10         3.98     1.67         255      10         5.83       2.64            349    8        9.48     4.63         440              813.13         6.70
                        Fishing
                          Freshwater                  69         12     1.81      1.80               73 12         1.89     1.88          76      14         1.97       1.97            79   14         2,15     2.13          77              14 2.30        2.30
                          Saltwater                 423          5   11.08        1.81         444        6        11.49    1.79         460        6        11.91      1.78            470    7    12.76        1.77         456              713.60         1.78
                        Boating
                          Freshwater                  34         16     .89        .88               62 15         1.60     1.60          89      12         2.31       2.31            138  12         3.75     3.74         173              12 5.16        5.17
                          Saltwater                   32         17     .84        .84               32 18         .83         .84        32      18         .83        .84             31   19         .84        .84         28              19 .84         .84
                        Skiing
                          Freshwater                  16         19     .42        .42               24 19         .62        .62         32      18         .83        .82             45   16         1.22     1.22          54              ill 1.61       1.81
                          Saltwater                     2        20     .05        .05               2  20         .05         .04           2    20         .05        .04             2    20         .05        .04            1            20 .03         .04
                        Surfing                     207          8      5.42      5.42         330        7        8.54     8.54         450        7        11.65      11.65           659    5    17.89       17.89         809              524.13     24.13
                        Sightseeing                 186          9      4.87      2.25         214        9        5.54     2.34         241        9        6.24       2.50            288    9        7.82     2.70         319              9  9.52        3.01
                        Dr. for Pleas.              505          3   13.22        13.38        516        4        13.35   13.52         516        5  __13,36          13.67           498    6    13.52       13.86         459              613.6      14.10

                               TOTAL               4,373            114.52        129.08 . 5,767               149.22     169.99         7,122               184.45 213.72        9,487             257.59     306.59       11,184             333.65     413.11

                                         CURRENT AND PROJECTED NON-RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                                    TOTAL CURRENT AND PROJECTED        PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000
                                                                 (OOO'S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)                                                                                        (000-S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                        ACTIVITY                                 1970             1975               1980   -1990                    2000           ACTIVITY                            1970            1975            1980                   1990           2000

                        Swinming                          2,256             2,460              2,664               3,053          3,474             Swinming                      2,774             3,125             3,482                    4,170      4,845
                        Child's Play                             35               38                 41             47                   53         Child's Play                        413             511             613                    814            990
                        Baseball/Softball                                                                                                           Baseball/Softball                   62              73                  84                 101            113
                        Picnicking                        1,033             1,126              1,220               1,398          1,591             Picnicking                    1,273             1,373             1,471                    1,646      1,824
                        Football/Soccer                          14               16                 17             20                   22         Football/Soccer                     58              61                  61                 62             59
                        Golf                                     45               49                 53             61                   69         Golf                                145             176             208                    273            331
                        Tennis                                                                                                                      Tenni    .a                         65              69                  69                 65             59
                        Basketball                                                                                                                  Basketball                          30              33                  36                 39             40
                        Walking                                  102              Ill                120           138               157            Walking                       1,020             1,293             1,554                    1,989      2,282
                        Bicycling                                *  .                                                                               Bicycling                           461         1,002             1,536                    2,486      3,191
                        Nature Study                             8                9                  10             11                   13         Nature Study                        91              163             235                    360            453
                        Fishing                                                                                                                     Fishing
                          Freshwater.                                                                                                                  Freshwater                       69              73                  76                 79.            77
                          Saltwater                       1,002             1,092              1,183               1,356          1,543                Saltwater                  1,425             1,536             1,643                    1,826      1,999
                        Boating                                                                                                                     Boating
                          Freshwater                                                                                                                   Freshwater                       34              62                  89                 138            173
                          Saltwater                              329              359                389           445               507               Saltwater                        361             391             421                    476            535
                        Skiing                                                                                                                      Skiing
                          Freshwater                             I                1                  1                2                  2             Freshwater                       17              25                  33                 47             56
                          Saltwater                              44               48                 52             60                   68            Saltwater                        46              50                  54                 62             69
                        Surfing                                  256              279                302           347               394            Surfing                             463             609             752                    1,006      1,203
                        Sightsecing                              478              521                564           647               736            Sightseeing                         664             735             805                    935        1,055
                        Dr. for Pleas.                           65               71                 77             88               101            Dr. for Pleas.                                                          3                  586            560
                               TOTAL                      5,668             6,180              6,693               7,673          8,730                      TOTAL                10,041            11,947           13,815                    17,160     19,914

              400       Note:    Asterisks indicate that projected          annual activity days were less than 500. Dashes               indicate not applicable.         Zeros indicate that the        activity was not ranked due          to
                                 insignificant participation days recorded.

             REGION 28                    R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E    R E Q U I R E M E N T S           CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                   1 9 7 0   2 0 0 0

             Estimates of urban outdoor recreation resource requirements were developed for the Galveston-Texas City Metropolitan
             Area for the years 1970, 1975, 11�0, 1990, and 2000 by comparing currenill and projected recreation participation with
             current recreation opportunities-' available in the metro.     In addition, the availability and spatial distribution of
             recreation opportunities provided by parks and recreation facilities were analyzed with respect to various areas within
             the metro.   Conclusions reached from analyzing the distribution of recreation opportunities within the metropolitan
             area were used to qual:Lfy resource requirement estimates where a less than adequate distribution appeared to exist.

             The availability and spatial distribution of recreation opportunities provided by parks and recreation facilities were
             not analyzed with respect to subsections of the metro characterized by residents having similar incomes and ethnic back-
             grounds because the socio-economic data was not available.     Income/ethnic background subsections were analyzed with
             respect to the distribution of parks and recreation facilities within these parks for other metros, or parts of metro
             areas, of the State for which this type information was available.

             The accessibility of parks to urban residents significantly affects the frequency of park use. Further, recreationists
             from different income groups and ethnic backgrounds often have distinguishably different recreation patterns and pre-
             ferences.   Both of these factors are important and should be considered in developing additional recreation opportuni-
             ties in the Galveston-Texas City Metro Area.

             In the discussions that follow, results of the distribution analysis of parks within the Galveston-Texas City Metro
             are presented. Then, estimates of current and future requirements for selected recreation facilities are presented,
             and are qualified by conclusions reached from the distribution analysis of recreation facilities within the metro area.

             PARK DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

             In analyzing the availability and distribution of parks in the Galveston-Texas City Metro, consideration was given to
             changes in population (or trends, in general 1960 to 1970).

             The population of the metro area in Region 28 was recorded as 116,118 in 1970.     Although this-represents a small in-
             crease over the 1960 census of 113,209, all of the growth occurred in Texas City and La Marque. During the 1960's
             Galveston recorded an eight percent decrease in population. Projections of. growth indicate that the 1970 metro popula-
             tion should remain stable until 1980, after which a steady decline is predicted. Although_an analysis regarding rapid-
             urban growth areas in the metro was not possible because of a lack of data, consideration should be given to this factor
             when developing additional parks.

             l/ "Current" participation refers to levels of participation by type of selected recreation activity which were esti-
                mated for the year 1970.
             2/ "Current" recreation opportunities refers to computed figures derived from the numbers of publicly- administered
                facilities by type available within the metro area in 1971.

                                                                                                                                           401

                  REGION 28                    R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E    R E Q U I R E M E N T S           CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                      1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                  The "Dispersion of Parks by Type" map shows the geographic distribution of parks, as of 1971. All three municipalities
                  reported having at least two parks. In general, parks appear to have been well dispersed in 1971; one possible excep-
                  tion was that, in comparison to the built-up areas of Texas City and Galveston, the built-up area of La Marque had
                  minimal resources. District parks appear to have been concentrated in Texas City; La Marque had none. Each of the
                  three municipalities reported having at least one community and specialty park. Open land parks, however, were infre-
                  quent for the metro as a whole, and were absent in Texas City and La Marque. Recreational open land is important in
                  maintaining a balanced and aesthetically pleasing urban environment.

                  FACILITY REQUIREMENTS AND DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

                  As mentioned previously, requirements for selected recreational facilities (see the following table) were calculated
                  for the years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000. Then, an analysis of the dispersion of existing facilities was con-
                  ducted. Conclusions reached from the facility dispersion analysis were then used to qualify the facility requirement
                  estimates, particularly in those cases where no additional facilities were estimated as being required. The methodol-
                  ogy used to calculate facility requirements in general is explained in Appendix C, Part I--An Overview of the Urban
                  Volume. In the discussions that follow, resource requirements for recreational facilities are generally referred to by
                  units of the most important feature necessary to allow participation. For example, when a requirement is shown for
                  swimming pools, features such as a bathhouse, cleaning and filtering system,, and other support features are implied
                  when a requirement for the major facility is shown.

                                                                          Swimming

                  In 1971 there were 1,385 square yards of public swimming pool provided in the Galveston-Texas City Metropolitan Area.
                  With a facility standard of 150 days per year per square yard of pool, a total of 208,000 swimming opportunity days
                  were available. This was well below the estimated demand of almost two million participation days. This deficit of
                  1,747,000 days generated a requirement for 11,647 additional square yards in 1970. Further analysis indicates that
                  the cumulative resource requirement will increase to 13,300 square yards in 1975, to 14,973 square yards by 19802
                  18,207 square yards by 1990, and to a total of 21,380 square yards above the existing supply by the year 2000. Neither
                  of the two urban parks in La Marque had public swimming facilities, and Galveston also reported having no facilities,
                  except for the facilities in the community park on Pelican Island. In the allocation of additional swimming facilities,
                  consideration should be given to these areas, as well as providing a balanced distribution relative to growth areas
                  and the various income/ethnic subsections.

                                                                        Child's Play

                  Given a conversion standard of 27,623 days per year per acre of playground, the 1971 supply of fifty-two acres provided
                  about 1,436,000 opportunity days. With the participation level below this total, the fifty-two acres should be ade-
                  quate through the year 2000. Since most of the urban parks had at least some playground facilities, the distribution

              402

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                REGION 28                   R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E    R E Q U I R E M E N I S          CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                    1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                of playgrounds approximated the distribution of parks. Except for the built-up area of La Marque, other populated
                parts of the metro appear to.have had reasonable access to playground facilities in 1971.

                                                                    Baseball/Softball

                The thirty fields in 1971 provided about 414,000 opportunity days, given a facility standard of 13,804 days,per year
                per field. Analysis of this activity suggests that the 1971 supply level should be adequate through the year 2000.
                Although a dispersion analysis was not possible from available information, consideration should be given to providing
                a balanced distribution relative to growth areas and the various income/ethnic subsections if additional facilities
                are provided.

                                                                      Picnicking

                Given a standard of 1,702 days per year per picnic table, the 114 public tables in 1971 provided 194,000 opportunity
                days, which was well below estimated demand of 1,273,000 participation days. In addition to the 1971 supply level, 634
                .picnic tables were needed in 1970. Cumulative resource requirements were estimated to increase to 693 tables by 1975,
                to 750 tables by 1980, to 853 tables by 1990, and to a total of 958 tables in addition to the existing 114 by the year
                2000. The number of parks which had picnicking facilities was fewer than the number of parks which had playgrounds,
                especially in Texas City. Accordingly, consideration should be given to Texas City and the built-up area of La Marque,
                as well as growth areas and the various income/ethnic subsections in the allocation of additional picnicking facilities.

                                                                    Football/Soccer

                The Glaveston-Texas City Metropolitan Area reported two football/soccer fields which were open to the public in 1971.
                With a facility standard of 7,224 days per year per field, a total of 14,000 opportunity days were provided. In 1970,
                six additional fields were needed to satisfy a deficit of 44,000 days. In view of the relatively slow increase project-,
                ed in demand, the construction of one football field by 1980 will probably suffice through the year 2000. This addi-
                tion would bring the cumulative resource requirement to seven fields by the year 2000. Although a dispersion analysis
                was not possible from available information, consideration should be given to providing a balanced distribution rela-
                tive to growth areas and the various income/ethnic subsections.

                                                                         Golf

                A total of thirty-six holes of golf were required in 1970 to erase a deficit of 145,000 days caused by the lack of any
                municipal golf courses in the Galveston-Texas City Metropolitan Area. The cumulative requirement was expected to in-
                crease to 43 holes in 1975, to 51 holes in 1980, to 67 holes in 1990, and to 82 holes by the year 2000. By 2600, the
                equivalent of four additional eighteen-hole courses and one nine-hole course will be required. In,the allocation of
                public golf courses, consideration should be given to a balanced distribution relative to growth ar*eas and the various
                income/ethnic subsections within the metro area.

              404

                REGION 28                     R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 13 R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S             CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                       1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                                                                            Tennis

                In 1971, there were nineteen public tennis courts in the metro area. These courts provided a combined total of about
                51,000 opportunity days, which was slightly below the estimated demand of 65,000 participation days. Five additional
                courts were needed in 1970.    If these five courts were provided, an incremental increase of two more courts by 1975
                should be adequate to accommodate projected demand through the year 2000. Although a dispersion analysis was not pos-
                sible from available information, consideration should be given to providing a balanced distribution relative to growth
                areas and the various income/ethnic subsections.

                                                                          Basketball

                The forty basketball courts in 1971 provided approximately 352,000 opportunity days, which exceeded the estimated 30,000
                participation days.   Consequently, the 1971 supply level was expected to be adequate to meet anticipated demand through
                the year 2000.   Although a dispersion analysis was not possible from available information, consideration should be
                given to providing a balanced distribution relative to growth areas and the various income/ethnic subsections if addi-
                tional facilities are provided.

                                                                      Trails Activities

                There were.no designated trails in the metro area of Region 28 in 1971.       Demand was calculated  to be approximately
                143,000 days in 1970, which translates into a deficit of 143,000 days.       Consequently, seventeen miles of trail were
                needed in 1970, given a facility standard of 8,464 days per year per mile of tra     'il.  If no additional miles are devel-
                oped, the cumulative requirement increases to 25 miles in 1975, to 32 miles in 1980, to 45 miles in 1990, and to 54
                miles required by the year 2000.

                A relatively small proportion of the total participation in trail and related activities was estimated to take place in
                publicly-administered park and recreation areas-.     It is likely, however, that as trail facilities are provided, the
                relative proportion of total participation will increase at these recreation areas. Thus, the above estimates of re-
                sources required may be conservative in the long run and should be considered as minimum estimates.         In addition to the
                expectations for increases in par'ticipation in trail'and related activities at publicly- administered park and recrea-
                tion areas, it is clear that the major proportion of walking, bicycling, and nature study 3:s occurring in places other
                than established recreation areas. The majority of this participation is most likely taking place in local neighbor-
                hoods, on city streets, and on available open lands within the area. This phenomenon has direct policy implications
                with respect to the provision of sidewalks within currently existing and newly developing neighborhoods, the development
                of a system of bike lanes in high use areas, and the provision of adequate-     open space and green belt areas within the.
                metro area.

                                                                                                                                               405

                   REGION 28                  R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S          CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                     1 9 7 0   2 0 0 0

                                                 Water-Related Activities: Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing

                                                             Surface Acres - Freshwater Lakes
                                                              (Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing)

                   Two surface acres of freshwater lakes were located within the Galveston Metro Area of Region 28 in 1971. Using partici-
                   pation patterns of households recreating in the urban areas, it was estimated that boating would have totaled 34,000
                   days, boat fishing 15,000 days, and skiing 17,000 days for a total of 66,000 days in 1970 if adequate freshwater lakes
                   had been available. Comparing estimated participation with the opportunities provided by the surface acres existing in
                   1971 indicates that incremental resource requirements are expected,to expand from an additional 156 acres needed in 1970
                   to 86 acres in 1975, 86 acres in 1980, 154 acres in 1990, and 103 acres in the year 2000. This brings the cumulative
                   resource requirement to an additional 585 surface acres by the year 2000.
                                                                  Freshwater Boat Ramps11

                   No publicly-admin3"-stered freshwater boat lanes were reported for the metro of Region 28 in 1971. By estimating the 1970
                   total freshwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation which would have occurred using freshwater boat ramp
                   facilities to gain access to the water if ramps were available, it was calculated that two boat ramps were needed in
                   1970. Projected increases in freshwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation are expected to require one
                   additional freshwater boat ramp in 1975, one in 1980, one in 1990, and one in the year 2000, bringing the cumulative
                   resource requirement to six ramps in 2000. Since boat ramps are the most frequently used means by which boaters, skiers,
                   and boat fishermen gain access to freshwater lakes, the provision of freshwater surface acres and freshwater boat ramps
                   required should be planned as joint projects, even though, in some cases, this may require the construction or boat
                   ramps prior to the years reflected in the boat ramp resource requirement projections.
                                                                  Saltwater Boat Rampsi/

                   In terms of saltwater resources, Galveston, La Marque, and Texas City each had access to coastal waters in 1971. Five
                   publicly-administered saltwater boat lanes providing access to and from the saltwater resources were reported within
                   the metro area in 1971. By estimating the 1970 total saltwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation which
                   would have occurred using saltwater boat ramp facilities to gain access to the saltwater areas if sufficient ramps had
                   been available, it was calculated that fifteen saltwater access boat ramps were needed in 1970. Expected increases in
                   saltwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation are projected to require incremental saltwater boat ramp
                   additions of two in 1975, one in 1980, two in 1990, and three in the year 2000, bringing the cumulative requirement to
                   an additional twenty-three ramps required by 2000.

                   I/ In calculating freshwater and saltwater boat ramp resource requirements the assumption was made that each boat ramp
                     has two lanes. Supply figures listed in the "Park and Recreation Facilities by Type of Park" table and quoted in
                     the narratives are in terms of single lanes.

              406,

               REGION 28                     R E C R E A I 1 0 N     R E S 0 U R C E    R E Q U I R E M E N I S            CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                      1 9 7 0   2 0 0 0

                                                            Summary of Facilities Requirements

               In 1971 there were three types of public outdoor recreation facilities which were not available within the metro boun-
               daries:   holes of golf, miles of trail, and freshwater boat ramps. Resource requirements were indicated for every
               planning horizon year for each of these three types of facilities.       Also, the metro reported only two acres of fresh-
               water lakes available in 1971,, and large increases in opportunities were estimated to be necessary for each planning
               horizon year.   Analysis also indicates that additiona:1 saltwater boat ramps were needed in each planning year to supple-
               ment the five reported in 1971.

               To augment existing facilities, additional public swimming pools and picnic tables were estimated to be required for
               each planning horizon year.    Substantial additions were estimated to be required for football fields and tennis courts
               in 1970, with only nominal increases necessary in subsequent years. The number of playground acres,         baseball/sof tball
               fields, and basketball courts was estimated to be sufficient through the year 2000.

               A dispersion analysis was possible only for a few facility types.       Galves'ton reported having only one public swimming
               pool, and it was located in the extreme northeastern part of Galveston. La Marque reported having no swimming facili-
               ties in its two urban parks. Playground areas were relatively infrequent in the built-up area of La Marque, and pic-
               nicking facilities were relatively infrequent in both Texas City and La Marque. In the allocation of additional facil-
               i-ties for all types of outdoor recreation activities, consideration should be given to a balanced distribution relative
               to growth areas and the various income/ethnic subsections.

                                                                                                                                               407

                    REGION 28                                                                       RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                                 CITY SIZE: METROS

                                                                                             TOTAL             1971 OPPORTUNITY        NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                        PARTICIPATION           DAYS AVAILABLE               (000-S OF                                     UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                            (OOOIS  OF             (OOO'S OF               ACTIVITY DAYS)-                                 RESOURCES REQUIRED
                    YEAR       ACTIVITY                                                  ACTIVITY   DAYS)        ACTIVITY  DAYS)        DEFICIT        SURPLUS                 CUMULATIVE                         INCREMENTAL
                                 Swimming (Pools)     . . . . . . . . . . ..                 1,955  l/                 208                1,747                             11,647  square yardJ1                11,647  square yards!/
                                 Child's Play (Playgrounds)        . . . . . .                 413                   1,436                               1,023                    0 acres                              0 acres
                                 Baseball/Softball    . . . . . . . . . . .                     62                     414                                352                     0 fields                             0 fields
                                 Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . ...                   1,273                     194                1,079                                634  tables                          634  tables
                                 Football/Soccer    . . . . . . . . . . . .                     58                      14                 .44                                    6 fields                             6 fields
                                 Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                          145                        0                145                                    36 holes                             36 holes
                                 Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       65                      51                  14                                    5 courts, dbl.                       5 courts, dbl.
                                 Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      30                     352                                322                     0 courts,    full                    0 courts,    full

                    1970       Water-Related Activities:

                                 Boating, Boat Fishing,       Skiing FW . . .                   66                        1                 65                                 156  surface   acres                  156 surface   acres
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing,       Skiing FW    . .  .               50                        0                 50                                    2 rsmps3/                            2 ramps.2/
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing,       Skiing  SW . . .                 385                      55                 330                                    15 ramps.2/                          15 ramps.2/

                               Trails Activities:

                                 Walking  . . . . . . . .                                      107                                                                                13 miles                             13 miles
                                                                                                    4/
                                 Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      18                                                                                2 miles                              2 miles
                                 Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      18                                                                                2 miles                              2 miles
                                 Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                       4/
                                             Nature Study   . . . . . . . . .                  143                        0                143                                    17 miles                             17 miles

                               ACTIVITY
                                 Swimming (Pools)     . . . . . . . . . . .                  2,203                     208                1,995                             13,300  square yardsZ/                1,653  square  yards!/
                                 Child's Play (Playgrounds)        . . . . . .                 511                   12436                                925                     0 acres                              0 acres
                                 Baseball/Softball    . . . . . . . . . . .                     73                     414                                341                     0 fields                             0 fields
                                 Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   1,373                     194                1,179                                693  tables                             59 tables
                                 Football/Soccer    . . . . . . . . . . . .                     61                      14                  47                                    6 fields                             0 fields
                                 Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      176                        0                176                                    43 holes                             7 holes
                                 Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       69                      51                  18                                    7 courts, dbl.                       2 courts, dbl.
                                 Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      33                     352                                319                     0 courts, full                       0 courts, full

                    1975       Water-Related Activities:
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing,       Skiing FW    . . .               102*                       1                101                                 242  surface acres                      86 surfaye acres
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing,       Skiing FW`   . . .                76                        0                 76                                    3 ramps3/                            I ramp3-
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing,       Skiing SW    . . .               416                      55                 372                                    17 ramps2/                           2 ramps.2/

                               Trails Activities:
                                 Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      136  4/                                                                            16 miles                             3 miles
                                 Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      40  A/
                                                                                                    4/                                                                            5 miles                              3 miles
                                 Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      33                                                                                4 miles                              2 miles
                                 Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                       4/
                                             Nature Study   . . . . . . . . .                  209  -                     0                209                                    25 miles                             8 miles

                    408

                 REGION 28                                                               RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIRMENTS, 1970-2000                                                       CITY SIZE: METROS

                                                                                   TOTAL           1971 OPPORTUNITY      NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                               PARTICIPATION        DAYS AVAILABLE             (OOO'S OF                               UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                  (OOO'S OF             (OOO'S (*'           ACTIVITY DAYS)                            RESOURCES REQUIRED
                 YEAR      ACTIVITY                                            ACTTVTTY  DAYS)       ACTIVITY DAY         DEFICIT      SURPLUS              7RHATIVE                       INCREMENTAL
                            Swimming (Pools)    . . . . . . . . . . .              2,454 1                208              2,246                          14,973 square  yards!'          1,673 square yards!'
                            Child's Play (Playgrounds)      . . . . . .              613                 1,436                            823                   0acres                        0 acres
                            Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                 84                  414                             330                   0fields                       0 fields
                            Picnicking    . . . . . ... . . . . . . .              1,471                  194              1,277                            750  tables                      57 tables
                            Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                 6i                    14                47                                7fields                       1 field
                            Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 208                      0              208                                51 holes                      8 he 1 e@s
                            Tennis  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   69                    51                18                                7 courts, dbl.                0 courts, dbl.
                            Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 36                  352                             316                   0 courts, full                0 courts, full

                 1980      Water-Related Activities:

                            Boating, Boat Fishing,     Skiing FW  . . .              138                      1              137                            328  surface acres               86 surface acres
                            Boating, Boat Fishing,     Skiing FW  . . .              100                      0              100                                4ramps3/                      I ramp 3/
                            Boating, Boat Fishing,     Skiing SW  . . .                                                                                         18 ramps!/                    1 rampi/
                                                                                     447                    55               392

                           Trails Activities:
                            Walking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  163 4/                                                                     19 miles                      3 miles
                            Bicycling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  61 4/                                                                     7miles                        2 miles
                            Nature Study   . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  47                                                                        6miles                        2 miles
                            Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                 4
                                       Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .               271                      0              271                                32 miles                      7 miles

                           ACTIVITY
                            Swimming (Pools)    . . . . . . . . . . .              2,939                  208              2,731                          18,207 square yards!'           3,234 square yards!'
                            Child's Play (Playgrounds)      . . . . . .              814                 1,436                            622                   0acres                        0 acres
                            Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                101                  414                             313                   0fields                       0 fields
                            Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .              1,646                  194              1,452                            853  tables                     103 tables
                            Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                 62                    14                48                                7fields                       0 fields
                            Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 273                      0              273                                67 holes                     16 holes
                            Tennis  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   65                    51                14                                7courts,  dbl.                0 courts, dbl.
                            Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 39                  352                             313                   0courts,  full                0 courts, full

                 1990      Water-Related Activities:

                            Boating, Boat Fishing,     Skiing FW  . . .              202                      1              201                            482  surface  acres             154 surfa e acres
                            Boating, Boat Fishing,     Skiing FW  . . .              143                      0              143                                5ramps3/                      I ra 3@
                                                                                                                                                                                                   mp@
                            Boating, Boat Fishing,     Skiing SW  . . .              501                    55               446                                2ramps3/                      2 rampsi/

                           Trails Activities-.

                            Walking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  209                                                                        25 miles                      6 miles
                            Bicycling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  99 4/                                                                     11 miles                      4 miles
                            Nature Study   . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  72                                                                        9miles                        3 miles
                            Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                       Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .               380                      0              380                                45 miles                     13 miles

                                                                                                                                                                                                             409

                    REGION 28                                                                RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                        CITY SIZE: METROS

                                                                                       TOTAL           1971 OPPORTUNITY      NET OPPORTUN17Y DAYS
                                                                                  PAW.UICIPATION        DAYS AVAILABLE             (OOO'S OF                                UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                     (0001S-OF              (OOO'S OF            ACTIVITY DAYS)                             RESOURCES REQUIRED
                    YEAR      ACTIVITY                                             ACTIVITY  DAYS)       ACTIVITY DAYS)       DEFICIT       SURPLUS              CUMULATIVE                     INCREMENTAL
                               Swimming (Pools)    . . . . . . . . . . .               3,415 1/               208              3,207                          21,380 square yards!/            3,173 square yards  2/
                               Child's Play (Playgrounds)      . . . . . .              990                  1,436                            446                   0acres                         0 acres
                               Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                113                   414                             301                   0fields                        0 fields
                               Picnicking   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                1,824                  194              1,630                              958 tables                     105 tables
                               Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                 59                     14                45                                7fields                        0 fields
                               Golf  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  331                      0               331                              82 holes                        15 holes
                               Tennis  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   59                     51                  8                               7courts, dbl.                  0 courts, dbl.
                               Basketball   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  39                   352                             313                   0courts, full                  0 courts, full

                    2000      Water-Related Activities:
                               Boating, Boat Fishing,     Skiing FW  . . .              245                      1               24.4                             585 surface acres              103 surfar acres
                               Boating, Boat Fishing,     Skiing FW  . . .              172                      0               172                                6ramps3/                              3
                                                                                                                                                                                                   1 rampm
                               Boating, Boat Fishing,     Skiing SW                     554                     55               499                              23 ramps!/                       3 ramps!/

                              Trails Activities:
                               Walking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  240  4/                                                                   28 miles                         3 miles
                               Bicycling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 128  A/                                                                   15 miles                         4 miles
                               Nature Study   . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  92  4/                                                                   11 miles                         2 miles
                               Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                  4/
                                         Nature Study   . . . . . . . . .               460  -                   0               460    -                         54 miles                         9 miles

                    1/ Includes only swimming participation occurring in swimming pools, 70.4B percent of the total in urban areas on the Gulf Coast.
                    _=5 /Designated freshwater and saltwater swimming areas may be substituted for swimming pools. When making substitutions consider total swimming
                       participation.
                    3/ Assumes 2.0 lanes per ramp.
                    4/ Reflects estimated participation occurring in park and recreation areas; does not include participation occurring outside park and recreation areas. Of the total
                       walking, bicycling, and nature study participation it was determined that 10.5, 4.0, and 20.1 percent, respectively for each activity, occurs in park and recreation
                       areas.

                   410

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                    REGION 29                              REGIONAL DESCRIPTION: EL PASO METROPOLITAN AREA

                    El Paso, the county seat of El Paso County, is located in deep                             POPULATION
                    West Texas and borders Mexico. Located in a mountain pass from                             1970 Metro Area Population: 322,261
                    which its name was derived, El Paso, the City of Sun, is one of                            Change 1960-70: +16%
                    the fastest growing major cities in the nation. Leading indus-                             Race Composition       1/
                    tries include smelting and metal refining, petroleum refining and                             White   ..... 96% -
                    distribution, building materials, manufacture, and food processing.                           Negro   .....  3%
                    El Paso is a center for the manufacture, distribution, processing                             Other   .....  1%
                    and sale of agricultural products and supplies. El Paso also                               Age Composition (years):
                    serves as an important trade center for.West Texas, Arizona, New                              13 or less    .....  32%
                    Mexico and the Mexican state of Chihuahua. El Paso's economy                                  14 - 20       .....  15%
                    is further boosted by nearby Fort Bliss, an air defense training                              21 - 44       .....  31%
                    center of the U.S. Army. El Paso is the leading medical center                                45 - 64       .....  16%
                    for West Texas with twelve hospitals,. Numerous museums and his-                              65 and over   .....    6%
                    toric Spanish missions which vividly tell the stories of the past
                    are found in El Paso. Located in El Paso is the University of                              ECONOMY
                    Texas at El Paso. Major annual events celebrated in El Paso are                            Construction
                    .the Southwestern International Livestock Show and Rodeo (February),                       Distribution
                    Fiesta Chamizal (October), and the Southwestern Sun Carnival                               Government
                    (December and January). One may participate in other events by                             Manufacturing
                    merely crossing.the border into the Mexican city of Juarez.                                Tourism

                    El Paso dominates the region's economy, and most of the region's
                    population resides here. However, a few small towns in the region
                    contribute to the economy, mostly through agriculture.

                       Includes persons of Mexican and/or Spanish descent.

              412

                    REGION 29                                                                                            CITY SIZE: METRO

                            P U B L I C L Y     A D M I N I S T E R E D      R E C R E A T 1 0 N      0 P P 0 R T U N I T I E S

                                                                                                   LAND AND WATER ACREAGE

                                                                                                                          ACRES
                                                                                                                 REGION           STATEWIDE
                                                                                                                   29              AVERAGE
                                                                                                                  METRO         METRO AREAS

                                                        68%                        Developed Land                   886             1,307

                      REGION                                                       Undeveloped Land                 416                536
                        29
                       METRO                                                       Total Land                     1,302             1,843
                                              32%
                                                                                   Water Within or Adjacent          50             lX006

                                                                                   Total Land and Water           1,352             2,849

                                                     DEVELOPED LAND

                                                     UNDEVELOPED LAND
                                                                                   El Paso has a total of 1,302 acres of land set aside
                                                                                   as park and recreation areaa. In addition, 50 surface
                                                                                   acres of @qater either within or adjacent to these parks
                                                                                   were reported.

                                                        71%                        Of the total land acreage, 886 acres are developed with
                     STATEWIDE                                                     facilities, leaving 416 acres available for future
                      AVERAGE                   -                                  development. With 68 percent of the land acreage
                   METRO AREAS                                                     currently developed, El Paso is'Just under the Statewide
                                                                                   Metro average of 71 percent.
                                              29%
                                                      F61

                                                                                                                                               413

                        REGION 29                                                                                                    CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                                    PARKS AND ACREAGE BY TYPE OF PARK

                                                                                                                                               STATEWIDE
                                                     DISTRICT           COMMUNITY.      SPECIALTY          OPEN LAND                            AVERAGE
                                                        PARK             PARK               PARK              PARK              TOTAL         METRO AREAS

                        Number of Parks                    6.000           46.000              4.000              9.000           65.000            72.000

                        Parks Per Thousand                   .019             .143               .012              .028              .202               .,267

                        People Per Park               53,710.000        7,006.000        80,565.000         35,807.000         4,958.000         3,754.000
                        .................................................................................................................

                        Land Acres                       592.000          432.000              9.000            269.000        1,302.000         11843.000

                        Acres Per Thousand                 1.837             1.341               .028              .835            4.040              6.864

                        People Per Acre                  544.000           746.000        35,807.000         1,198.000           248.000            146.000

                        More than seventy percent of the 65 parks in El Paso are Community Parks. Nine Open Land and six District
                        Parks were reported along with 4 Specialty Parks. The acreage figures show that 592 acres, or 45 percent of
                        the total land acreage, are in the six District Parks followed by 432 acres in Community Parks. The Open Land
                        Parks contain'a total of 269 acres, while the four Specialty Parks average a little over 2 acres each. The
                        dispersion of the four types of urban parks are depicted graphically in the accompanying map titled "Dispersion
                        of Parks by Type."

                        Looking at the total park and acreage figures in relation to the population of El Paso, .202 parks per 1,000
                        and 4.040 acres per 1,000 population exist.

                        Another way to present this data is that 4,958 people share each park while 248 people must share each acre
                        of park land.

                        With .202 parks per 1,000, El Paso ranks well below the Statewide Metro average. The 4.041 acres per 1,000
                        also gives El Paso a figure well below the Statewide Metro average for acres per 1,000.

               414

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                      REGION 29                                                                                                                   CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                                  PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK

                                                                                                                                               UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                                      DISTRICT COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                             PEOPLE           REGION       STATEWIDE
                                   TYPE OF FACILITY                      PARK         PARK          PARK         TOTAL          PER               29           AVERAGE
                                                                      (UNITS)       (UNITS)      (UNITS)         UNITS          UNIT             METRO     METRO AREAS
                      Games and Sports:
                        Parks    ..............................             6          31            2              39          8,263             .121            .150
                        Tennis Courts    ......................            12          29            0              41          7,860             .127            .142
                        Basketball Courts     ..................            4          30            0              34          9,478             .105            .071
                        Baseball/Softball Fields      ...........          14          21            1              36          8,951             .111            .186
                        Football/Soccer Fields       .............          0           0            0               0             ---             ---            .032
                      Picnicking:
                        Parks    ..............................             6          35            0              41          7,860             .127            .124
                        Tables   .............................             150         210           0             360             895           1.110            1.230
                      Playground:
                        Parks    ..............................             6          44            2              52          6,197             .161            .170
                        Acres Developed    ....................            12          68            3              83          3,882             .257            .258
                      Swimming:
                        Parks    ........................                   3           5            0               8         40,282             .024            .050
                        Pools (Sq. Yd.)    .............. .....         3,000          200           0           3,200             101           9.937          25.950
                        Designated Fresh Water (Sq. Yd.)         ...        0           0            0               0             ---             ---          52.242
                      Boating:
                        Parks    ..............................             1           0            0               1         322,261            .003            .006
                        Ramp Lanes - Fresh Water      ...........           4           0            0               4         80,565             .012            .008
                      Camping:
                        Parks    ..............................             0           0            0               0             ---             ---            .002
                        Campsites  ..........................               0           0            0               0             ---             ---            .121
                      Fishing:
                        Parks    .......................   o ......         1           0            0               1         322,261            .003            .013
                        Pier/Barge/Marina-Fresh Water (Yd.)                 0           0            0               0                             ---            .049
                      Golfing:
                        Courses  ............................               1           0            0               1        322,261             .003            .005
                        Holes    ..............................            18           0            0              18         17,903             .055            ..100.
                      Trails:
                        Parks    .......................   o ......         0           0            0               0             ---             ---            .006
                        Nature (Mi.)    .......................             0           0            0               0             ---                            .009
                        Horseback (Mi.)    ..............                   0           0            0               0             ---             ---            .003
                        Bicycle (Mi.)    ......................             0           0            0               0             ---             ---            .007
                        Hiking (Mi.)    .......................             0           0            6               0             ---             ---            .006
                        Total Trails (Mi.)      .................           0           0            0               0             ---             ---            .021

                416

                 REGION 29                                PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK                          CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                                                                                                UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                             DISTRICT COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                        PEOPLE          REGION     STATEWIDE
                            TYPE OF FACILITY                   PARK         PARK        PARK       TOTAL.         PER             29          AVERAGE
                                                             (UNITS)       (UNITS)    (UNITS)      UNITS          UNIT            MRTRO    IMETRO AREAS

                 Sport Shooting:
                   Parks .............................           0           0            0            0             ---           ---           .002
                   Traps .............................           0           0            0            0                           ---           .002
                   Shooting Targets   ..................         0                        0            0             ---           ---           .004
                   Archery Targets   ...................         0           0            0            0             ---                         .011
                 Miscellaneous:
                   Parks ......: .......................         4          13            0           17         18,956           .052           .038
                   Amphitheatre Seats    ................        0           0            0            0             ---           ---          1.077
                   Botanical Gardens (Acres)..@    .......       0           0            0            0             ---           ---           .077
                   Zoos (Acres)   ......................         5           0            0            5         64,452           .015           .051
                   Community/Recreation Centers     ......       3          13            0           16         20,141           .049           .038

                 Almost all of the park and recreation facilities in        El Paso are   in District  and Community Parks. The Specialty        Parks
                 have only playgrounds and one baseball/softball field. The o         'nly facilities  for boating as well as the only golf course
                 are in District Parks.     In addition, a zoo was reported in one of the District Parks.          Fishing waters are available
                 in a District Park although no specific fishing facilities were          reported. A   total of 16 community/recreation centers
                 were inventoried.

                 Of the 65 parks, 52 have'playgrounds, 41 have picnicking facilities, 39 have           facilities for games and sports @nd 8
                 have swimming pools.     The most common types of games and sports facilities are tennis with 41 courts, followed by
                 baseball/softball with 36 fields and basketball with 34 courts.

                 Looking at selected facilities in relation to the number of potential users we find the following:

                       20,141 persons for each community/recreation center                7,860 persons for each tennis court
                       17,903 persons for each golf hole                                  3,882 persons for each acre of playground
                         9,478 persons for each basketball court                            895 persons for each picnic table
                         8,951 persons for each baseball/softball field                     101 persons for each square yard of swimming pool

                 El Paso is above the Statewide Metro average for facility         units per 1,000 only for basketball courts, boat ramp lanes
                 and community/recreation centers, while falling below the         average for tennis courts, baseball/softball fields, picnic
                 tables, playground acres, square yards of swimming pools,         golf holes and zoo acreage. No football/soccer fields,
                 designated fresh water swimming area, campsites, yards of         fishing pier/barge/marina, trail miles, sport shooting
                 facilities, amphitheatre seats, or acres of botanical gardens were reported.

                                                                                                                                                        417

                     REGION 29                         CONVERSION OF FACILITIES TO RECREATION OPPORTUNITY DAYS               CITY SIZE: METRO

                     Current opportunity days for 1971 were calculated by multiplying the number of facilities available for each
                     activity in the metro area (determined from the Texas Outdoor Recreation Inventory of Parks, Recreation Areas,
                     and Facilities) times the standard for the facility.

                                                                                                                  DAYS PER THOUSAND POPULATION
                                                                                                 ANNUAL             REGION         STATEWIDE
                                                                                                  DAYS                29           @AVERAGE
                     ACTIVITY-FACILITY                                                         AVAILABLE            METRO            METRO

                          Swimming (Pools) - square yards   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        480,000            1,491            3,891
                          Child's Play - playground acres   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      2,292,709            7,120            7,137
                          Baseball/Softball - fields    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        496,944            1,543            2,577
                          Picnicking - tables  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .        612,720            1,903            2,093
                          Football/Soccer - fields    . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . .               0                0             235
                          Golf - holes   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          72,846              226              414
                          Tennis - courts, double   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        110,454              343              384
                          Basketball - courts, full   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        299,030              929              625

                      Water-Related Activities:

                          Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW` - surface acres    . . . . . .        20,858                65           2,962
                          Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW - boat ramps    . . . . . . . .        53,944              168              103

                      Trail Activities:

                          Combined Walking, Bicycling, and Nature Study - miles                         0                0             164

                     The El Paso Metro Area offers the most opportunity days for child's play, followed by picnicking, baseball/Softball
                     and swimming (in pools). A comparison between the opportunity days per thousand population for the El Paso Metro
                     Area and the Statewide Metro average shows that the El Paso Metro Area surpasses the statewide average for two
                     types of facilities -- basketball courts and freshwater boat ramps. The El Paso Metro Area is below the Statewide
                     Metro average for swimming (in pools), child's play, baseball/softball, picnicking, golf, tennis and surface acres
                     for freshwater boating, boat fishing and skiing, with no opportunities available for football/soccer and the trails
                     activities.

              418

               REGION 29                        ESTIMATED CURRENT AND FUTURE PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                  CITY SIZE: METRO

               The fifth  ranking metro area, based on population, El Paso also ranked fifth in total participation    for the year 1970.
               Estimates  for 1970 indicate that residents and non-residents in the area spent over 13.1 million recreation days in
               pursuit of urban outdoor recreation opportunities available within the metro area.

                                                                       Resident

               Total days of participation in urban outdoor recreation activities by the residents of the El Paso Metropolitan Area
               for the 16 activities shown were estimated to be 12.9 million days in 1970. Total participation is expected to in-
               crease to 19.6 million days in 1975 and to 28.4 million days in 1980. These projections represent increases of 50.5
               percent by 1975 and 121.0 percent by 1980. Participation on a days per household bas.is is projected to increase from
               144.9 days in 1970 to 193.3 days in 1975, and to 247.4 days in 1980--increases of 33.4 and 70.7 percent, respectively,
               over the 1970 level. Residents of the El Paso Metropolitan Area are expected to participate at a rate of 21, -32, and
               45 days per household above the statewide average for the other Texas metropolitan areas in 1970, 1975, and 1980,
               respectively. For the more distant years of 1990 and 2000, both total days of participation and days per household
               are expected to increase and days per household will remain above the statewide average for all metropolitan areas.

               Projections for specific activities indicate that each of the 16 activities will increase in total days of partici-
              .pation through the years 1975 and 1980. Participation on a days per household basis is also expected to increase in
               all 16 activities. In 1970, the six most popular activities, based on total participation, were estimated to be:
               swimming, bicycling, walking, driving for pleasure, child's play, and picnicking, respectively. By 1975, child's
               play and driving for pleasure are expected to switch positions, with all other activities holding their relative
               rankings.

                                                                     Non-Resident

               When considering participation in urban outdoor recreation acrivities in 1970, a total of 281,000 days of particip4-
               tion, according to the projections, were recorded by non-residents in the El Paso Metropolitan Area. As compared
               to the 1970 level, total participation is expected to increase 11.7 percent to 314,000 days by 1975 and 23.1 percent
               to 346,000 days by 1980. This trend of increased participation is expected to continue through the years 1990 and
               2000.

               The estimates for 1970 indicate that the top six ranked activities, in order of popularity, were sightseeing, swim-
               ming, driving for pleasure, picnicking, walking, and child's play with totals of 152,000, 47,000, 37,000, 17,000,
               16,000, and 5,000 days, respectively. It is anticipated that all activities will increase in participation through
               the year 2000 and hold their 1970 ranking in terms of popularity.

                                                                                                                                           419

                        REGION 29                                                                CURRENT AND PROJECTED RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                               CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                                                                  (000-S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                                                            1970                                   1975                                  1980                                   990                                    2000
                                                                             STATE-                               STATE-                                  STATE-                            STATE@                                 STATE-
                                                            REG.29           WIDE                  REG.29         WIDE                   REG.29           WIDE                  REG.29      WIDE                       REG.29      WIDE
                                                            NETROS           MEMOS                 14ETROS        MEMOS                  MEMOS            MEMOS                 MEMOS       MEMOS                      METROS      MEMOS
                                                PART.       AVERAGE          AVERAGE PART.         AVERAGE        AVERAGE     PART.      AVERAGE     AVERAGE        PART.       AVERAGE     AVERAGE      PART.         AVERAGE     AVERAGE
                        ACTIVITY                DAYS  RANK  DAYS/HH          DAYS/Hil DAYS  RANK   DAYSIRR        DAYSJHH     DAYS  RANK DAYS/HR     DAYS11HR       DAYS RANK   DAYSIKH     DAYS/RH      DAYS    RANK  DAYSIHH    DAYS/HH
                        Swimming                3,093       1   34.84        27.41   4,648       1     45.76      36.52       6,603    1      57.45       47.17  12,780       2     89.41      75.28   21,320          2  127.03   110.14
                        Child's Play            1,476       5   16.63        14.08   2,139       4     21.06      17.72       3,118    4      27.13       22.00     5,623     4     39.34      32.20     9,206         4  54.85       43.99
                        Baseball/Softball       293         8   3.30         2.78      386       10    3.80       3.19        524      9      4.56        3.59      780       9     5.46       4.41      1,117         9   6.66       5.22
                        Picnicking              809         6   9.11         5.72      881       6     8.67       5.66        1,066    6      9.27        5.66      1,129     8     7.90       5.61      1,273         8   7.58       5.64
                        Football/Soccer         387         7   4.36         1.43      423       9     4.16       1.42        469      10     4.08        1.41      547       11    3.83       1.39        618         12  3.68       1.38
                        Golf                    282         9   3.18         3.92      430       8     4.23       4.98        626      8      5.45        6.16      1,236     7     8.65       8.96      2,128         7  12.68       12.07
                        Tennis                  246         11  2.77         6.06      340       11    3.35       9.21        434      12     3.78        11.49     646       10    4.52       16.07       885         10  5.27       21.46
                        Basketball              252         10  2.84         1.60      551       7     5.42       2.59        921      7      8.01        3.57      1,884     6     13.18      5.52      3,080         6  18.35       7.53
                        Walking                 1,861       3   20.96        18.21   3,168       3     31.19      23.09       4,761    3      41.42       29.20     8,845     3     61.88      39.89   13,820          3  82.34       50.31
                        Bicycling               1,867       2   21.03        20.30   3,931       2     38.70      32.77       6,480    2      56.38       45.25  13,111       1     91.73      68.44   21,328          1  127.08      95.49
                        Nature Study              38        15    .43        .72         63      15     .62       1.67        95       15         .83     2.64      175       15    1.22       4.63        272         15  1.62       6.70
                        Fishing                 159         13  1.79         1.80      191       13    1.88       1.88        226      14     1.97        1.97      305       14    2.13       2.13        387         14  2.31       2.30
                        Boating                   78        14    .88        .88       162       14    1.60       1.60        266      13     2.31        2.31      535       12    3.74       3.74        868         11  5.17       5.17
                        Skiing                    37        16    .42        .42         63      15     .62         .62       94       16         .82     .82       174       16    1.22       1.22        272         15  1.62       1.81
                        Surfing                 ---     ---       ---        ---       ---       ---    ---         ---       ---   ---           ---     ---       ---     ---      ---         ---       ---         ---    ---      ---
                        Sightseeing             233         12  2.62         2.25      279       12    2.75       2.34        462      11     4.01        2.50      451       13    3.16       2.10        585         13  3.49       3.01
                        Dr. for Pleas.          1755        4   19e77        13.38   1,980                        13.52       _L2                                   2                                    3"126         5  18.63       14.10
                                                L                                                5     19*49                  293      5      19 w 95     13.67     @L703     5     l8e9i      13.86
                            TOTAL            12,866            144.93        120.96  19,635           193-3@      158.78      29,439        247-42        199.41  50,924            356.28  286.05     80,285             478.36   386.32

                                          CURRENT AND PROJECTED NON-RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                     TOTAL CURRENT AND PROJECTED PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000
                                                            (OOOIS OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)                                                                          (OOO'S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                        .ACTIVITY                       1970                 1975        1980           1990             2000       ACTIVITY                        1970            1975              1980             1990           200
                        Swimming                            47               53           58     -                70          80    Swimming                        3,i4O           4,701           6,661              12,850      21,400
                        Child's Play                        5                6              6                     8           9     Child's Play                    1,481           2,145           3,124              5,631          9,215
                        Baseball/Softball                                                                                           Baseball/Softball                293             386              524              780            1,117
                        Picnicking                          17               19           21                      25          29    Picnicking                       826             900            1,087              1,154          1,302
                        Football/Soccer                     3                3              4                     4           5     Football/Soccer                  390             426              473              551             623
                        Golf                                1                1              1                     1           1     Golf                             283             431              627              1,237          2,129
                        Tennis                                                                                                      Tennis                           246             340              434              646             885
                        Basketball                          I                1              1                     2           2     Basketball                       253             552              922              1,886          3,082
                        Walking                             16               18           20                      24          28    Walking                         1,877           3,186           4,781              8,869       13,848
                        Bicycling                                                                                                   Bicycling                       1,867           3,931           6,480              13,111      21,328.
                        Nature Study                        2                2              2                     3           3     Nature Study                         40            65              97              178             275
                        Fishing                                                                                                     Fishing                          159             191              226              305             387
                        Boating                                                                                                     Boating                              78          162              266              535             868
                        Skiing                                                                                                      Skiing                               37            63              94              174             272
                        Surfing                             ---              ---                                                    Surfing                          ---                              ---              ---
                        Sightseeing                         152              170          188             227                 258   Sightseeing                      385             449              650              678             843
                        Dr. for Pleas.                      37               41           45                      55          62    Dr. for Pleas.                  @,792           2,021           2,338              2,758          3.18
                            TOTAL                           281              314          346             419                 477        TOTAL                      13,147          19,949          28,784             51,343      80,762

                        Note: Asterisks indicate that projected annual activity days were less than 500. Dashes indicate not applicable. Zeros indicate that the activity was not ranked due to
                                   insignificant participation days recorded.

                     420

               REGION 29                 R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S           CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                 1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

               Estimates of urban outdoor recreation resource requirements yere developed for the El Paso Metropolitan Area for the
               years 1970, 1975, 1980 '1990, and 2000 by comparing current@ and projected recreation participation with the 1971
               recreation opportunities-;--7 available in the metro. In addition, the availability and spatial distribution of recrea-
               tion opportunities provided by parks and recreation facilities were analyzed with respect to subsections of the metro
               characterized by residents having similar incomes and ethnic backgrounds. Particular attention was given to those
               subsections expected to undergo relatively rapid population growth and physical expansion in the future.

               Conclusions reached from analyzing the distribution of recreation opportunities within the metropolitan area were used
               to qualify resource requirement estimates where a less than adequate distribution appeared to exist.

               In the discussion,that follow, results of the distribution analysis of parks within subsections of the El Paso Metro
               Area are presented. Then, estimates of current andfuture requirements for selected recreation facilities are pre-
               sented, and qualified by conclusions reached from the distribution analysis of recreation facilities within subsec-
               tions of the El Paso Metro Area.

               PARK DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

               The accessibility of a park to the people who use it determines to a significant extent the frequency and length of
               time that recreationists will participate in the activities provided at that park. The distribution of parks among
               the people of any municipality determines the extent to which parks are accessible to recreationists. In analyzing
               the availability' and distribution of parks to people in the El Paso.Metro, several characteristics were considered;
               changes in population (or trends, in general, 1960 to 1970), areas of the metro which exhibited the strongest growth
               tendencies, and the dispersion of existing parks among subsections of the metro characterized by residents of dif-
               ferent incomes and ethnic backgrounds. From these interrelated cj@aracteristics certain conclusions have been reached
               with specific inferences drawn to requirements for additional parks.

               Population growth affected current and future participated estimates used to projectrecreation resource requirements.
               Projects of population growth indicate that the 1970 metro population of 322,261 will increase almost sixty-five
               percent by the year 2000,  Information provided by planners in 1971 shows that directions of major urban expansion
               were likely to occur toward the east near the El Paso International Airport, the northeast (along the major north/
               south highway), and the northwest (along Interstate 10). This information is presented graphically on the map,
               titled "Predominant Ethnic Background and Income Subsections".

               1/"Current" participation refers to levels of participation by  type of selected recreation activity,which were esti-
                 mated for the year 1970.
               2/"Current" recreation opportunities refers to computed figures  derived from the numbers of publicly-administered
                 facilities by type available within the metro area in 1971.

                                                                                                                                        421

                  REGION 29                 R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S            CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                   1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                 .This same map. shows eight major income/ethnic subsections, as delineated by planners in 1971. A large area between
                  Highway 80 and the Rio Grande was made up basically of low-income Mexican-Americans. Low-income Anglos were con-
                  centrated in three parts of the metro: in southeast El Paso, in the near north side (north of Trowbridge), and in
                  the far north (along the main north/south highway). Middle-income Anglos were dispersed through most areas of the
                  metro, including the east and southeast, the north, and the northwest portions of El Paso. There were three small
                  areas of high-income Anglos: just east of Farm Road 2316, along the northern fringe (west of Biggs Air Force Base),
                  and in northwest El Paso in the vicinity of Highway 20.

                  The "Dispersion of Parks by Type" map shows the geographic distribution of parks, as of 1971. Comparison with the
                  "Predominant Ethnic Background and Income Subsections" map indicates that most areas of the metro had at least some
                  type of park, although there were four small subsections which had no parks at all: the two low-income Anglo sub-
                  sections in north central El Paso, the high-income Anglo area along the northern fringe, and the high-income Anglo
                  area east of Farm Road 2316. Also, the middle-income Anglo area in the vicinity of Fort Bliss seemed to be rela-
                  tively distant from parks.

                  The distribution of district parks was not altogether balanced; generally, they were located along the main fiorth/
                  south highway, and in southeastern El Paso. There were no district parks west of Piedras Street. While community
                  parks were distributed on a fairly uniform basis, the few specialty parks tended to be clustered within a two mile
                  radius of the University of Texas at El Paso campus. All of the open land parks were situated within the large
                  middle-income Anglo area which comprised most of the metro; there were no open land parks in any of the other seven
                  income/ethnic subsections.

                  In addition to maintaining an adequate dispersion of parks in all portions of the metro area, the provision of dif-
                  ferent types of recreational facilities in parks is also an important consideration. An analysis of the current and
                  future requirements for selected recreational facilities and the current dispersion of facilities in the El Paso Metro
                  is presented in the following discussions.

                  FACILITY REQUIRKNENTS AND DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

                  As mentioned previously, requirements for selected recreational facilities (see the following table) were calculated
                  for the years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000. Then, an analysis of the dispersion of existing facilities among
                  the predominant income/ethnic background subsections and the major growth areas of the metro was conducted. Con-
                  clusions reached from the facility dispersion analysis were then used to qualify the facility requirement estimates,
                  particularly in those c&ses where no additional facilities were estimated as being needed within the metropolitan
                  area. Usually, special note is made where growth areas appeared to have limited facilities. The methodology used
                  to calculate facility requirements in general is explained in Appendix C, Part I--An Overview of the Urban Volume.
                  In the discussions that-follow, resource requirements for recreational facilities are generally referred to by units
                  of the most important features necessary to allow participation. For example, when a requirement is shown for

             422

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                  REGION 29                 R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E    R E Q U I R E M E N T S            CITY SIZE: NETROS
                                                                    1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                  swimming pools, features such as a bathhouse, cleaning and filtering system, and other support features are implied
                  when a requirement for the major facility is shown.

                                                                         Swimming

                  The El Paso Metro reported 3,200 square yards of swimming pools in 1971. Each square yard (unit) was estimated to pro-
                  vide 150 days of swimming opportunity per year which yielded an estimated 480,000 opportunity days. To determine if
                  there was a surplus or deficit of opportunity, estimated participation days and estimated opportunity days were com-
                  pared. For swimming there was a substantial deficit of opportunity in 1970, and larger deficits were shaifn in each
                  planning year thereafter. In 1970, 16,480 square yards of pools were required. By 1975 the cumulative requirement
                  was estimated at 26,260 square yards of pools. Cumulative 1980 requirements were estimated at 38,540 square yards.
                  Cumulative requirements in 1990 and 2000 were estimated at 77,327 and 130,907 square yards respectively. Only eight
                 .parks were shown to have swimming facilities in 1971, and most swimming facilities were located in north central and
                  south central El Paso in predominantly middle-income Anglo,4nd low-income Mexican-American nieghborhoods, respectively.
                  This may indicate that additional facilities were needed especially in the northeastern, northwestern, and southeastern
                  extremities of the metro with special considerations given to the more rapidly expanding residential sections.

                                                                      Child's Play

                  The El Paso Metro area in 1971 had eighty-three acres of playground divided among fifty-two parks within the metro
                  boundary. Multiplying the eighty-three acre units by the playground standard (each acre was calculated to provide
                  27,623 days of recreation opportunity per unit per year) provided an estimated 2,293,000 annual opportunity (poten-
                  tial participation) days. Annual opportunity days were then compared with the forecasted demands, as shown in the
                  El Paso resource requirements table for the planning horizon years 1970, 19752 1980, 1990, and 2000. Playground area
                  surpluses were apparent for 1970 and 1975. The cumulative requirement for 1980 was thirty additional acres above the
                  existing eighty-three acres in 1971. Requirements will grow incrementally by 91 acres and 130 acres in the remaining
                  planning horizon years of 1990 and 2000, respectively, to a total requirement of 251 acres by the year 2000. There-
                  fore, if all the playground areas expected to be required by the year 2000 are constructed, the total combined avail-
                  able playground area within the metro area should be approximately 334 acres. Since the existing playgrounds were
                  relatively well distributed among the subsections, additional playgrounds should be similarly dispersed with emphasis
                  placed on the major growth areas.

                                                                    Saseball/Softball

                  With an existing thirty-silx baseball/softball fields providing approximately 497,000 opportunity days (the facility
                  standard'Ptilized was 13,804 opportunity days provided per field each year), the El Paso-Metropolitan Area appeared
                  to have a sufficient quantity of fields to meet the activity requirements of their baseball/softball recreationists
                  through the year 1975. The cumulative requirement for 1980 is 2 additional fields, with incremental requirements
                  for 1990 and 2000 of 19 fields and 24 fields, respectively. If all the baseball/softball fields expected to be

             424

                REGION 29                 R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S            CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                  1 9 7 0   2 0 0 0

                required by the year 2000 are constructed, the cumulative total should be forty-five fields.    Since existing fields
                were reasonably well distributed in the metro, additional fields should be similarly distributed with emphasis on
                growth areas.

                                                                      Picnicking

                There were 360 public picnic tables in the El Paso Metro in 1971. At 1,702 days of opportunity per table per year
                (standard) the existing tables provided approximately 613,000 days annually. In 1970 there was a cumulative require-
                ment of 125 tables, with incremental requirements of 44 tables for 1975 and 109 tables for 1980. Another 40 tables
                will be needed by the year 1990, and an additional 87 tables will be needed to bring the year 2000 El Paso Metro Area
                cmulative total to 405 tables. The distribution analysis of picnicking facilities indicated good dispersion among
                the existing populace; however, as the metro area grows, provision of additional tables in the growing areas should
                be considered.

                                                                    Football/Soccer

                In 1971 there were no football/soccer fields in El Paso Metro parks. To make up this deficit, fifty-four, fields were
                needed by 1970, each providing on the average 7,224 days of opportunity annually. Each successive planning horizon
                year shows further incremental requirements:   5 fields for 1975, 6 fields for 1980, 11 fields for 1990, and 10 fields
                for 2000. By 2000 the combined total required for El Paso will be eight-six fields. Development of these fields
                should produce even dispersion throughout the metro, with special attention to major growth areas.

                                                                         Golf

                In 1971 one publicly-administered course provided eighteen holes for golf. Using the urban    golf standard, each golf
                hole was calculated to be capable of providing 4,047 days of recreation opportunity annually. El Paso golfers, then,
                should have had about 73,000 days of opportunity provided by the public course. Comparing the expected participation
                for the projection years with the available opportunity days shows that the golfers would have required an additional
                fifty-two holes (almost three eighteen-hole courses) in 1970.   incrementally, additions of 36, 49, 151, and 220 holes
                would be needed in the years 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000, respectively, to meet expected increases in golfing parti-
                cipation. As a general rule, golf courses are constructed in multiples of nine holes; therefore, by the year 2000
                the El Paso Metro Area will need slightly over fifty-eight additional nine-hole courses (522 holes) or twenty-nine
                eighteen-hole courses, or some appropriate combination which considers local resourses.    In view of the fact that
                there was only one municipal golf course in 1971, consideration should be given to most areas of the metro in the
                provision of additional courses. Particular attention should be given especially to central, northern, and north-
                western areas.

                                                                                                                                         425

                REGION 29                  R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E    R E Q U I R E M E N T S           CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                   1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                                                                        Tennis

                The 110,000 opportunity days provided by the forty-one tennis courts available in 1971 (each court can make available
                about 2,694 days of opportunity per year) left a serious deficit of opportunity in the metro. In 1970, fifty addition-
                al courts were required, with incremental requirements of 35, 35, 79, and 89 courts for the years 1975, 1980, 1990, and
                2000, respectively, which brings the cumulative requirement to 288 courts by the year 2000. Although a dispersion
                analysis was not possible from available information, consideration should be given to providing a balanced distribu-
                tion relative to growth areas and the various income/ethnic subsections.

                                                                      Basketball

                According to the urban basketball standard, each of the thirty-four basketball courts in the El Paso Metro Area should
                provide approximately 8,795 days of opportunity per year for a total of about 299,000 opportunity days. Though the
                thirty-four courts were sufficient for 1970 facility needs, there were requirements of 29 additional courts for 1975,
                and increments of 42, 109, and 136 courts needed for the years 1980, 1990, and 2000, respectively. Therefore, the
                cumulative requirement for the year.2000 totaled 316 courts. Although a dispersion analysis was not possible from
                available information, consideration should be given to providing a balanced distribution relative to growth areas
                and the various income/ethnic subsections.

                                                                   Trails Activities

                There were no trails in the El Paso Metro Area in 1971. Analysis indicated that approximately thirty-three miles of
                combined trails should have been provided in 1970. Given the expected participation growth in the trails activities,
                incremental additions were projected to increase to 27 miles in 1975, 32 miles in 1980, 84 miles in 1990, and 103
                miles in 2000. Overall, a combined total of 279 miles of trails should be added by the year 2000 to meet expected
                participation levels.

                A relatively small proportion of the total participation in trail and related activities was estimated to take place
                in publicly-administered park and recreation areas. It is likely, however, that as trail facilities are provided,
                the relative proportion of total participation will increase at these recreation areas. Thus, the above estimates
                of resources required may be conservative in the long run and should be considered as minimum estimates. In addition
                to the expectations for increases in participation in trails and related activities at publicly-administered park and
                recreation areas, it is clear that the major proportion of walking, bicycling, and nature study is occurring in places
                other than established recreation areas. The majority of this participation is most likely taking place in local
                neighborhoods, on city streets, and on available open lands within the area. This phenomenon has direct policy impli-
                cations with respect to the provision of sidewalks within currently existing and newly developing neighborhoods, the
                development of a system of bike lanes in high use areas, and the provision of adequate open space and green belt areas
                within the metro area.

            426

               REGION 29                    R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E R E Q U I R E M E N T S                 CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                     1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                                                Water-Related Activities: Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing

                                                             Surface Acres - Freshwater Lakes
                                                              (Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing)

               A total of fifty surface acres of freshwater lakes was located with the El Paso Metro Area in 1971. Using participa-
               tion patterns of households recreating in the urban areas, it was estimated that boating would have totaled 78,000
               days, boat fishing 34,000 days, and skiing 37,000 days for a total of 149,000 days in 1970, if adequate freshwater
               lakes had been available. Comparing estimated participation with the opportunities provided by the surface acres
               existing in 1971 indicates that incremental resource requirements are expected to expand from an additional 307 acres
               needed in 1970 to 278 acres in 1975, 343 acres in 1980, 875 acres in 1990, and 1,076 acres in the year 2000. This
               brings the cumulative resource requirement to an additional 2,879 surface acres by the year 2000. To obtain an ade-
               quate quantity of recreational water has been difficult, however, because the western part of the State has exceedingly
               high evaporation rates combined with low annual rainfall rates.
                                                                  Freshwater Boat Rampl/

               Four publicly-admi'nistered freshwater boat lanes were reported for'the El Paso Metro Area in 1971.        By estimating the
               1970 total freshwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation which would have occurred using freshwater boat
               ramp facilities to gain access to the water if sufficient ramps were Available, it was calculated that two additional
               boat ramps were needed in 1970. Projected increases in freshwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation
               are expected to require three additional freshwater boat ramps in 1975, four more in 1980, nine in 1990, and twelve
               in the year 2000, bringing the cumulative resource requirement to thirty ramps by the year 2000. Since boat ramps
               are the most frequently used means by which boaters, skiers, 'and boat fishermen gain access to freshwater lakes, the
               provision of freshwater surface acres and freshwater boat ramps required should be planned as joint projects if the
               provision of freshwater lakes is potential

                                                            Summary of Facilities Requirements

               The following selected types of additional recreation facilities were found to be required in each planning horizon
               year:  public swimming pools, picnic tables, football/soccer fields, public golf courses, tennis courts, designated
               trails for walking, bicycling, and nature study, as well as boat ramps, and surface acres of freshwater lakes. In
               addition, resource requirements for basketball were estimated to appear beginning in 1975, and playgrounds and base-
               ball/softball fields by 1980.

               I/ In calculating freshwater boat ramp resource requirements the assumption was made that each boat ramp has two lanes.
                  Supply figures listed in the "Park and Recreation. Facilities by Type' of Park" table and quoted in the narratives are
                  in terms of single lanes.

                                                                                                                                               427

                REGION 29                  R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S           CITY SIZE: NETROS
                                                                  1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                A dispersion analysis was possible only for a few facility types. Additional swimming facilities appear to have been
                needed in the northeastern, northwestern, and southeastern extremities of the metro. The only municipal golf course
                was in El Paso's near southeastern side; consequently, additional courses appear to have been needed in most sections
                of the metro, especially the central, northern, and northwestern sections. The dispersion of playgrounds and picnick-
                ing facilities appear to have been fairly even. In the provision of outdoor recreation activities, consideration
                should be given to a balanced distribution relative to growth areas and the various income/ethnic subsections.

             428

                  REGION 29                                                                   RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970       -2000                                                        CITY SIZE: NETROS

                                                                                         TOTAL           1971 OPPORTUNITY      NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                    PARTICIPATION         DAYS AVAILABLE             (000's CF                                  UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                      (OOO'S OF             (OOO'S OF             ACTIVITY DAYS)                                RESOURCES REQUIRED
                  YEAR        ACTIVITY                                             ACTIVITY DAYS          ACTIVITY DAYS         DEFICIT-      S URPLUS                 CUMULATIVE                       INCREMENTAL
                              Swimming (Pools)     . . . . . . . . . . .                 2,952  1/                480             2,472                          16,480 square yards-21           16,480 square yards-2/
                              Child's Play (Playgrounds)       . . . . . .               1,481                  2,293                              812                 0acres                           0acres
                              Baseball/Softball    . . . . . . . . . . .                   293                    497                              204                 0fields                          0fields
                              Picnicking     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   826                    613              213                                 125 tables                       125 tables
                              Football/Soccer    . . . . . . . . . . . .                   390                       0             390                                 54 fields                        54 fields
                              Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     283                     73              210                                 52 holes                         52 holes
                              Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     246                    110              136                                 50 courts, dbl.                  50 courts, dbl.
                              Basketball     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   253                    299                                46                0courts, full                    0courts, full

                  1970        Water-Related Activities:
                              Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW        . . .                149                     21              128                                 307 surfaj7 acres                307 surfac acres
                              Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW        . . .                113                     54                59                                2ramps-                          2ramps-37

                              Trails Activities:
                              Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     197  4/                                                                     23 miles                         23 miles
                              Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      75 4/                                                                     9miles                           9miles
                              Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       8 4/                                                                     1mile                            Imile
                              Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                          Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                  280  4/                   0             280                                 33 miles                         33 miles

                              ACTIVITY
                              Swimming (Pools)     . . . . . . . . . . .                 4,419                    480             3,939                          26,260 square yards-2/            9,780 square   yards!/
                              Child's Play (Playgrounds)       . . . . . .               2,145                  2,293                              148                 0acres                           0acres
                              Baseball/Softball    . . . . . . . . . . .                   386                    497                              ill                 0fields                          0fields
                              Picnicking     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   900                    613              287                                 169 tables                       44 tables
                              Football/Soccer    . . . . . . . . . . . .                   426                       0             426                                 59 fields                        5fields
                              Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     431                     73              358                                 88 holes                         36 holes
                              Tennis                                                       340                    110              230                                 85 courts, dbl.                  33 courts, dbl.
                              Basketbali                                                   552                    299              253                                 29 courts, full                  29 courts, full

                  1975        Water-Related Activities:

                              Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW        . . .                265                     21              244                                 585 surfac acres                 278 surface acres
                              Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW        . . .                194                     54              140                                 5ramp,32                         3ramps-3/

                              Trails Activities:
                              Walking.                                                     335  4/                                                                     40 miles                         17 miles
                              Bicycling:                                                   157                                                                         19 miles                         10 miles
                              Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      13                                                                        1mile                            0miles
                              Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                      4/                   0             505                                 60 miles                         27 miles
                                          Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                  505  -

                                                                                                                                                                                                                     429

                     REGION 29                                                                   RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                                CITY SIZE: METROS

                                                                                            TOTAL           1971 OPPORTUNITY        NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                      PARTICIPATION          DAYS AVAILABLE             (OOOIS OF                                  UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                         (OOO'S OF             (OOO'S OF               ACTIVITY DAYS)                              RESOURCES REQUIRED
                     YEAR        ACTIVITY                                             ACTIVITY DAYS)         ACTIVITY DAYS          DEFICIT       SURPLUS                  CUMULATIVE                       INCREMENTAL
                                                                                                                     480            5,781                            38,540 square yardsv              12,280 square  yard&V
                                 Swimming (Pools)     . . . . . . . . . . .                 6,261  -
                                 Child's Play (Playgrounds)       . . . . . .               3,124                  2,293               831                                 30 acres                         30 acres
                                 Baseball/Softball    . . . . . . . . . . .                   524                    497                 27                                2fields                          2 fields
                                 Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  1,087                    613               474                                 278 tables                       109 tables
                                 Football/Soccer    . . . . . . . . . . . .                   473                       0              473                                 65 fields                        6 fields
                                 Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     627                     73               554                                 137 holes                        49 holes
                                 Tennis   . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .                     434                    110               324                                 120 courts, dbl.                 35 courts, dbl.
                                 Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    922                    299               623                                 71 courts, full                  42 courts, full

                     1980        Water-Related Activities:

                                 Boating, Boat Fishing,      Skiing FW   . . .                408                     21               387                                 928 surfas@ acres                343 surfa3c7 acres
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing,      Skiing   FW . . .                293                     54               239                                 9ramps-                          4 ramps-

                                 Trails Activities:
                                 Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     502  4/                                                                      59 miles                         19 miles
                                 Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    259                                                                          31 miles                         12 miles
                                 Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      19                                                                         2miles                           I mile
                                 Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                             Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                  780  4/                   0              780                                 92 miles                         32 miles

                                 ACTIVITY
                                 Swimming (Pools)     . . . . . . . . . . .                 12,079 .1/               480            11,599                          77,327  square  yards-V           38,787  square  yards-V
                                 Child's Play (Playgrounds)       . . . . . .               5,631                  2,293            3,338                                  121 acres                        91 acres
                                 Baseball/Softball    . . . . . . . . . . .                   780                    497               283                                 21 fields                        19 fields
                                 Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  1,154                    613               541                                 318 tables                       40 tables
                                 Football/Soccer    . . . . . . . . . . . .                   551                       0              551                                 76 fields                        11 fields
                                 Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   1,237                     73            1,164                                  288 holes                        151 holes
                                 Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     646                    110               536                                 199 courts, dbl.                 79 courts, dbl.
                                 Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  1,886                    299            1,587                                  180 courts, full                 109 courts, full

                     1990        Water-Related Activities;
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW        . . .                773                     21               752                            1,803 surfac7 acres                   875 surface acres
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW        . . .                547                     54               493                                 18 ramps-3                       9 ramps!/

                                 Trails Activities:
                                 Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     931  4/                                                                      110 miles                        51 miles
                                 Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    524                                                                          62 miles                         31 miles
                                 Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      36                                                                         4miles                           2 miles
                                 Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                             Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                1,491  4/                   0           1,491                                  176 miles                        84 miles

                   430

               REGION 29                                                                RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIRalENTS, 1970-2000                                                         CITY SIZE:   mETROS

                                                                                  TOTAL           1971 OPPORTUNITY      NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                             PARTICIPATION         DAYS AVAILABLE            (OOO'S OF                                UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                (OOO'S OF             (000-S OF            ACTIVITY DAYSA-_                           RESOURCES REQUIRED
               YEAR      ACTIVITY                                            ACTIVITY DAYS)         ACTIVITY DAYS)       DEFICIT      SURPLUS              ZUMULATIVE                       INCREMENTAL
                           Swimming (Pools)   ... . . . . . . . . .               20,116                    480           19,636                        130,907 square yard  2/         53,580  square yards-
                                                                                                                                                                            a                                2/
                           Child's Play (Playgrounds)     . . . . . .             9,215                 2,293              6,922                           251  acres                       130 acres .
                           Baseball/Softball  . . . . . . . . . . .               1,117                     497             620                              45 fields                      24  fields
                           Picnicking   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .               1,302                     613             689                            405  tables                      87  tables
                           Football/Soccer  . . . . . . . . . . . .                 623                     0               623                              86 fields                      10  fields
                           Golf  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                2,129                     73             2,056                           508  holes                       220 holes
                           Tennis  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  885                     110             775                            288  courts, dbl.                89  courts, dbl.
                           Basketball   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .               3,082                     299            2,783                           316  courts, full                136 courts, full

               2000      Water-Related Activities:
                           Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW      . . .            1,222                     21             1,201                          2,879 surfa    acr              1,076 surfav acres
                           Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW      . . .              857                     54              803                              30 ramp                        12  ramps-

                         Trails Activities:
                           Walking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                1,454  4/                                                                172  miles                       62  miles
                           Bicycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  853                                                                    100  miles                       38  miles
                           Nature Study   . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    55                                                                     7 miles                         3 miles
                           Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                  4/
                                     Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .              2,362                     0              2,362                           279  miles                       103 miles

               I/  Includes only swimming participation occurring in swimming pools, 94 percent             of the total  in urban areas.
               @/  Designated freshwater swimming areas may be substituted for swimming pools.              When making substitutions consider total swimming participation.
               51  Assumes 2.0 lanes per ramp.
               Z/  Reflects estimated participation occurring in park and recreation areas; does not include participation occurring outside park and recreation                      areas.  Of the total
                   walking, bicycling, and nature study participation it was determined that 10.5, 4.0, and 20.1 percent, respectively for each activity, occurs                     in park and recreation
                   areas.

                                                                                                                                                                                                             431

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                 REGION 33                            REGIONAL DESCRIPTION: CORPUS CHRISTI NETROPOLITAN AREA

                 The Region 33 metropolitan area       is composed solely of    Corpus                         POPULATION
                 Christi.    Corpus Christi, with one of the nation's highest                                  1970 Metro Area Population:       204,525
                 economic potentials, is predicted to become a "boom town"                                     Change 1960-70: +22%
                 within the next ten years.       It is located on Corpus Christi                              Race Composition
                 Bay, which opens to the Gulf of Mexico.         The city received its                            White   ..... 94%
                 name from Alonso Alvarez de Pineda, a Spanish explorer who                                       Negro   .....   5%
                 claimed the outer island and adjacent land for the King of                                       Other           1%
                 Spain in 1519. Early Spanish attempts at colonization were                                    Age Composition (years):
                 hindered by the Karankawas and other Indians. Between 1817                                       13 or less    .....  30%
                 and 1821, the area was used as a base by Jean LaFitte, the                                       14,- 20       .....  14/
                 French pirate.                                                                                   21 -.44       .....  31%
                                                                                                                  45 - 64       ...... 19%
                 Corpus Christi   was founded in 1839 by Henry L. Kinney, a                                       65 and over   .....    6%
                 Pennsylvanian who established a trading post here. The city
                 did not prosper until 1848 when Kinney advertised the site                                    ECONOMY
                 wid6ly as the "Italy of America" and began real estate                                        Agribusiness
                 promotion, which attracted many immigrants. Kinney also                                       Military Installation
                 opened trade by wagon train with El Paso and Chihuahua.                                       Petrochemical
                                                                                                               Seafood Processing
                 The Corpus Christi Metropolitan Area is the mercantile           center                       Seaport
                 for a large area of South'Texas.        The economy is chiefly supported                      Tourism
                 by agriculture, the petrochemical and metal industries, and various
                 manufacturing plants. Industries now operating in the area are
                 working together in a self-policing program to maintain a clean
                 environment.

                 Museums located here include the Corpus Christi Museum, the Old            Texas Museum, the Centennial Art Museum, and the
                 Centennial Museum.      The city has a little theater group and a symphony orchestra.            It is the home of Del Mar
                 College and the University of Corpus Christi. A U. S. Naval Air Station is on the southern edge of the city.
                 The city's largest hospital, Memorial Medical Center, is operated by the local government.

                 Among annual events in the city are the New Year's Day Swim, the Boat Show (January) , the Motorcycle Show (February)
                 the Rose Show (March), the Lola Forester Flower Show (April) , the South Texas Traditional Art Show (April) , Cinco de
                 Mayo (May), the Navy Relief Festival (June), the State Senior Golf Tourney (October), and the Emerald Beach Pro-Am
                 Golf Tourney (October).       The outstanding annual attraction is the Buccaneer Days Celebration, an eleven-day festival
                 held ift April or May.

                 1/ Includes persons of Mexican and/or Spanish descent.

                                                                                                                                                           433

                      REGION 33                                                                                           CITY SIZE: METRO

                              P U B L I C L Y        D M I N I S T E R E D     R E C R E A T 1 0 N     0 P P 0 R T U N I T I E S

                                                                                                    LAND AND WATER ACREAGE
                                                                                                                  REGION   ACRES    STATEWIDE
                                                                                                                    33              AVERAGE
                                                                                                                   METRO         METRO AREAS
                                                         76%                        Developed Land                   800             1,307
                        REGION                                                      Undeveloped Land                 257                536
                          33
                         METRO                                                      Total Land                     1,057             1,  843
                                              2 47.                                 Water Within or Adjacent          19             1,006

                                                                                    Total Land and Water           1,076             2,849

                                           FM          DEVELOPED LAND

                                                       UNDEVELOPED LAND
                                                                                    Corpus Christi has a total of 1,057 acres of land set
                                                                                    aside as park and recreation areas. In addition, 19
                                                                                    surface acres of water either within or adjacent to
                                                                                    these parks were reported.
                                                         71%
                                                                                    Of the total land acreage, 800 acres are developed with
                        STATEWIDE                                                   facilities, leaving 257 acres available for development
                         AVERAGE                                                    in the future. With 76 percent of the land acreage
                      METRO AREAS                                                   currently developed, Corpus Christi is just above the
                                                                                    Statewide Metro average of 71 percent.
                                               29%
                                                        P7/
                                        @11)

                                                         71

              434

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                 REGION 33                                                                                                            CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                           PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK

                                                                                                                                    UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                              DISTRICT     COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                        PEOPLE          REGION      STATEWIDE
                             TYPE OF FACILITY                   PARK           PARK .       PARK        TOTAL          PER             33           AVERAGE
                                                              (UNITS)-       (UNITS)-     (UNITS)       UNITS          UNIT            METRO    METRO AREAS
                 Games and Sports:
                    Parks    .............................         4            51            0            55          3,718           .268            .150
                    Tennis Courts   .....................          0            27            0            27          7,575           .131            .142
                    Basketball Courts    .................         0             6            0             6         34,087           .029            .071
                    Baseball/Softball Fields     ..........        0             6            0             6         34,087           .029            .186
                    Football/Soccer Fields     ............        0             0            0             0            ---            ---            .032
                 Picnicking:
                    Parks    .............................         3            19            1            23          8,892           .112            .124
                    Tables   .............................        140           360           85           585           349           2.853          1.230
                 Playground:
                    Parks    .............................         5            54            4            63          3,246           .307            .170
                    Acres Developed   ...................          10           108           8            126         1,623           .614            .258
                 Swimming:
                    Parks    .............................         1             5            1             7         29,217           .034            .050
                    Pools (Sq. Yd.)   ...................         910        3,324            0         4,234              48         20.653         25.950
                    Designated Fresh Water (Sq. Yd.)..             0             0            0             0            ---            ---          52.242
                    Designated Salt Water (Sq. Yd.)       ...      0             0            0             0            ---            ---             ---
                 Boating:
                    Parks    .............................         1             0            0             1       204,525            .004            .006
                    Ramp Lanes - Fresh Water     ..........        2             0            0             2       102,262            .009            .008
                    Ramp Lanes - Salt Water     ...........        0             0            0             0            ---            ---             ---
                 Camping:
                    Parks    .............................         0             0            0             0            ---            ---            .002
                    Campsites   .........................          0             0            0             0            ---            ---            .121
                 Fishing:
                    Parks    .............................         3             0            0             3         68,175           .014            .013
                    Pier/Barge/Marina-Fresh Water(Yd.)             0             0            0             0            ---            ---            .049
                    Pier/Barge/Marina-Salt Water(Yd.).             0             0            0             0            ---            ---             ---
                 Golfing:
                    Courses  ............................          0             0            1             1       204,525            .004            .005
                    Holes    .............................         0             0            18           18         11,362           .087            .100
                 Trails:
                    Parks    .............................         1             0            0             1       204,525            .004            .006
                    Nature (Mi.)   ......................          0             0            0             0            ---            ---            .009
                    Horseback (Mi.)   .... o ..............        0             0            0             0            ---            ---            .003
                    Bicycle (Mi.)   .....................          0             0            0             0            ---            ---            .007
                    Hiking (Mi.)   ......................          1             0            0             1       204,525            .004            .006
                    Total Trails (Mi.)    ................         1             0            0                     204,525            .004            .021

                                                                                                                                                             437

                     REGION 33                                PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK                           CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                                                                                                     UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                                 DISTRICT COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                          PEOPLE         REGION     STATEWIDE
                                TYPE OF FACILITY                   PARK         PARK        PARK        TOTAL          PER             33          AVERAGE
                                                                 (UNITS)      (UNITS)     (UNITS)       UNITS          UNIT            METRO    METRO AREAS

                     Sport Shooting:
                       Parks .............................           0           0            0           0              ---            ---          .002
                       Traps .............................           0           0            0           0              ---            ---          .002
                       Shooting Targets   ..................         0           0            0           0              ---            ---
                       Archery Targets   ...................         0           0            0           0              ---            ---          .011
                     Miscellaneous:
                       Parks .............................           1           5            0           6            34,087          .029          .038
                       Amphitheatre Seats  .....                     0           0            0           0              ---            7--         1.077
                       Botanical Gardens (Acres)                     0           0            0           0                                          .077
                       Zoos (Acres)   ......................         0           0            0           0              ---            ---          .051
                       Community/Recreation Centers     ......       1           5            0           6            34,087          .029          .038

                     Most of the park and recreation facilities in Corpus        Christi are in the.Community Park category. One of         the Specialty
                     Parks has the only golf course while the only boating and trails facilities are in the District Park category. Three
                     of the District Parks have water available for fishing, although          no specific fishing facilities were reported. A total
                     of six community/recreation centers were inventoried. No salt water swimming, boating or fishing facilities were
                     reported.

                     Of the 151 parks, 63 have playgrounds, 55 have facilities for games and sports, 23 have picnicking facilities and 7
                     have swimming facilities. The most common types of games and sports facilities are tennis with 27 courts followed by
                     baseball/softball with 6 fields and basketball with 6 courts.

                     Looking at selected facilities in relation to the number of potential users we find the following:

                          204,525 persons for each mile of trails                             7,575 persons for each tennis court
                           34,087 persons for each basketball court                           1,623 persons for each acre of playground
                           34,087 persons for each baseball/softball field                      349 persons for each picnic table
                           34,087 persons for each community/recreation center                   48 persons for each square yard of swimming pool
                           11,362 persons for each golf hole

                     Corpus Christi is above the Statewide Metro average for facility units per 1,000 only for picnic tables, playground
                     acres and boat ramp lanes-fresh water, while falling below the average for tennis courts, basketball courts, baseball/
                     softball fields, square yards of swimming pools, golf holes, trail miles and community/recreation centers. No football/
                     soccer fields, designated fresh water swimming area, campsites, yards of fishing pier/barge/marina, sport shooting
                     facilities, amphitheatre seats, acres of botanical gardens or zoo acreage were reported.

               438

                REGION 33                          CONVERSION OF FACILITIES TO RECREATION OPPORTUNITY DAYS                      CITY SIZE:    METRO

                                                          I

                Current opportunity days for 1971 were calculated by multiplying the number of facilities available for each activity
                in the metro area (determined from the Texas Outdoor Recreation Inventory of Parks, Recreation Areas, and Facilities)
                times the standard for the facility.

                                                                                                                     DAYS PER THOUSAND POPULATION
                                                                                                     ANNUAL             REGION        STATEWIDE
                                                                                                      DAYS               33             @VERAGE
                ACTIVITY-FACILITY                                                                   AVAILABLE           METRO           METRO

                      Swimming (Pools)     square yards  . . . . . . . . . .
                                                                                                      635,100            3,098            3,891
                      Child's Play - playground acres    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .              3,480,498           16,978            7,137
                      Baseball/Softball - fields     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                82,824              404             2,577
                      Picnicking - tables   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 995,670            4,857            2,093
                      Football/Soccer - fields     . . . . . . . . .   . . . . . . . . .                     0                0              235
                      Golf - holes ...    * * * *  ' *  ** ' ' * * ' *   * * ' *  ' * ' *             72,846              355                414
                      Tennis - courts, double   . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .                72,738              355                384
                      Basketball - courts, full    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                52,770              257                625

                 Water-Related Activities:

                      Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW`   - surface acres    . . . ... .                 7,926              39            2,962
                      Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW    - boat ramps   . . . . . . . .              26,972              132                103
                      Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing SW    - boat ramps   . . . . . . . .                     0                0               33

                 Trail Activities:

                      Combined Walking, Bicycling, and Nature Study - miles . . . .                     8,464               41               164

                 The Corpus Christi Metro Area offers the most opportunity d      ays for child's play, followed by picnicking and swimming
                 (in pools). A comparison between the opportunity days per thousand population for the Corpus Christi Metro Area
                 and the Statewide Metro average shows that the Corpus Christi Metro Area surpasses the statewide average for three
                 types of facilities -- children's playgrounds (in acres), picnic tables, and freshwater boat ramps.            The Corpus
                 Christi Metro Area is below the Statewide Metro average for swimming (in pools), baseball/softball, golf, tennis,
                 basketball, surface acres for freshwater boating, boat fishing and skiing, and the trails activities, with no
                 opportunity days available for football/soccer and saltwater boat ramps.

                                                                                                                                                   439

                   REGION 33                       ESTIMATED CURRENT AND FUTURE PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                CITY SIZE: METRO

                   The eighth ranking metro area based on population, Corpus Christi also ranked eighth in total participation for the
                   year 1970. Estimates for 1970 indicate that residents and non-residents in the area spent over 8.8 million recreation
                   days in pursuit of urban outdoor recreation opportunities available within the metro area.

                                                                         Resident

                   Total days of participation in urban outdoor recreation activities by the residents of the Corpus Christi Metropolitan
                   Area for the 19 activities shown were estimated to be 6.3 million days in 1970. Total participation is expected to
                   increase to 9.8 million days in 1975 and to 14.2 million days in 1980. These projections represent increases of 56.9
                   percent by 1975 and 126.3 percent by 1980. Participation on a days per household basis is projected to increase from
                   104.6 days in 1970 to 143.2 days in 1975, and to 181.3 days in 1980--increases of 36.9 and 73.3 percent, respectively,
                   over the 1970 level. Residents of the Corpus Christi Metropolitan Area are expected to participate at a rate of 22,
                   21, and 24 days per household below the statewide average for the other Texas metropolitan areas in 1970, 1975, and
                   1980, respectively. For the more distant years of 1990 and 2000, both total days of participation and days per house-
                   hold are expected to increase but days per household will remain below the statewide average for all metropolitan
                   areas.

                   Projections for specific activities indicate that each of the 19 activities,, except saltwater skiing, will increase in
                   total days of participation through the years 1975 and 1980. On a days per household basis, participation is expected
                   to increase in 13 activities by 1980 while saltwater skiing and basketball will remain relatively constant and picnick-
                   ing, football, sightseeing, and driving for pleasure will decline slightly. Based on total days of participation, the
                   six most popular activities in 1970 were: swimming, child's play, driving for pleasure, bicycling, picnicking, and
                   walking. By 1975, the six most popular activities in the Corpus Christi Metropolitan Area are expected to be: bicy-
                   cling, swimming, child's play, walking, driving for pleasure, and nature study, respectively. In 1980, walking and
                   child's play will change positions, as will nature study and driving for pleasure, with bicycling and swimming still
                   ranking first and second, respectively.

                                                                       Non-Resident

                   When considering participation in urban outdoor recreation activities in 1970, a total of 2,576,000 days of participa-
                   tion, according to the projections, was recorded by non-residents in the Corpus Christi Metropolitan Area. As com-
                   pared to the total 1970 level, total participation is expected to increase 6.6 percent to 2,747,000 days in 1975,
                   and 12.8 percent to 2,905,000 days by 1980. This trend of increased participation is expected to continue for the
                   years of 1990 and 2000.

                   The estimates for 1970 indicate that the top six ranked activities, in order of popularity, were saltwater fishing,
                   swimming, sightseeing, saltwater boating, saltwater skiing, and picnicking with total of 873,000, 542,0002 513,0002
                   284,000, 116,000, and 92,000 days, respectively. It is expected that all 19 activities listed in the Table will
                   increase in participation through the year 2000 and retain their order of participant popularity.

             440

                    REGION 33                                                                         CUFiRENT AND PROJECTED RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                                               CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                                                                         (OOO'S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                                                                1970                                      1975                                        1980                                        1990                                       2000
                                                                                  STATE-                                 STATE-                                    STATE-                                      STATE-                                             STATE-
                                                                REG, 33           WIDE                   REG. 33         WIDE                         REG. 33      WIDE                           REG. 33      WIDE                          REG. 33              WIDE
                                                                NETROS            NETROS                   METROS        METROS                       MFTROS       NETROS                         METROS       METROS                        METROS               NETROS
                                              PART.             AVERAGE           AVERAGE  PART.          AVERAGE        AVERAGE     PART.            AVERAGE      AVERAGE      PART.             AVERAGE      AVERAGE       PART.           AVERAGE              AVERAGE
                    ACTIVITY                  DAYS    RANK      DAYS/HH           DAYS/1111  DAYS   RANK  DAYS/HH        DAYS/HH     DAYS     RANK    DAYS/HH      DAYS /HH     DAYS     RANK     DAYS/HH      DAYS/HH       DAYS    RANK    DAYS/Hll             DAYS/HH
                    Swimming                 1,408        1     23.54             27.41 1,878         2     27.39        36.52      2,427           2    31.10     47.17        3,957        2         41.54   75.28       6,073             3  52.98             110.14
                    Child's Play               834        2     13.95             14.08 1,084         3     15.81        17.72      1,377           4    17.64     22.00        2,127        5         22.33   32.20       3,118             5  27.20             43.99
                    Baseball/Softball          333        8      5.57             2.78     397        9         5.79     3.19              462      9    5.92         3.59         623       8         6.54     4.41         807             8  7.04              5.22
                    Picnicking                 443        5      7.41             5.72     477        7         6.96     5.66              510      8    6.53         5.66         583       9         6.12     5.61         656             9  5.72              5.64
                    Football/Soccer            123        13     2.06             1.43     132      13          1.93     1.42              140  15       1.79         1.41         160     15          1.68     1.39         180       16       1.57              1.38
                    Golf                       173        11     2.89             3.92     224      10          3.27     4.98              281  10       3.60         6.16         435     10          4.57     8.96         636       10       5.55              12.07
                    Tennis                     124        12     2.07             6.06     172      12          2.51     9.21              225  11       2.88      1-1.49          333     12          3.50    16.07         488       12       4.26              21.46
                    Basketball                  31        17       .52            1.60       36     18          .53      2.59              40   18         .51        3.57         49      18          .51      5.52              59   18        .51              7.53
                    Walking                    377        6      6.30             18.21 1,005         4     14.66        23.09      1,795           3    23.00     29.20        3,781        3         39.69   39.89       6,462             2  56.38             50.31
                    Bicycling                  663        4     11.09             20.30 1,972         1     28.77        32.77      3,624           1    46.43     45.25        7,791        1         81.78   68.44       13,426            1117.13              95.49
                    Nature Study               300        9      5.02             .72      676        6         9.86     1.67       1,148           5    14.71        2.64      2,323        4         24.38    4.63       3,904             4  34.06             6.70
                    Fishing
                       Freshwater              107        14     1.79             1.80     129      14          1.88     1.88              153  14       1.96         1.97         203     14          2,1@     2.13         264       14       2.30              2.30
                       Saltwater               336        7      5.62             1.81     475        8         6.93     1.79              634      7    8.12         1.78         966       6         10.14    1.77       1,335             6  11.65             1.78
                    Boating
                       Freshwater               53        15       .89            .88      109      15          1.59     1.60              180  13       2.31         2.31         356     11          3.74     3.74         593       11       5.17              5.17
                       Saltwater                50        16       .84            .84        58     16          .85        .84             66   16         .85        .84          80      17          .84         .84            96   17        .84              .84
                    Skiing
                       Freshwater               25        18       .42            .42        42     17          .61        .62             64   17         .82        .82          116     16          1.22     1.22         186       15       1.62              1.81
                       Saltwater                   3      19       .05            .05           3   19          .04        .04             3    19         .04        .04              4   19          .04         .04            5    19        .04              .04
                    Surfing                    --- ---             ---                     --- ---              ---        ---             --- ---         ---        ---          --- ---             ---         ---       --- ---             ---              ---
                    Sightseeing                191        10     3.19             2.25     205      11          2.99     2.34              218  12       2.79         2.50         246     13          2.58     2 70         274       13       2.39              3.01
                    Dr. for Pleas.             681        3     11.39             13.38    743        5     10.84        13.52             805      6    10.31     13.67           93-4      7         q-79    13:86       1.065             7--a.22-             14.10

                              TOTAL          6,255              104.61            123.66 9,817              143.21       161.45     14,152            181.31       202.07       25,066            263.12       288.70      39,627            345.70               388.98

                                     CURRENT AND PROJECTED NON-RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                                      TOTAL CURRENT AND PROJECTED PARTICIPATION,                  1970-2000
                                                          (OOO'S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)                                                                                              (OOOIS OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                    ACTIVITY                              1970                    1975          1980                1990            2000            ACTIVITY                       1970                1975              1980-               1990                 2000
                    Swimming                              542                     578           611                 662              735            Swimming                    1,950                  2,456          3,038                  4,619                6,808
                    Child's Play                                4                 4                 5                    5                 5        Child's Play                   838                 1,088          1,382                  2,132                3,123
                    Baseball/Softball                           3                 3                 4                    4                 4        Baseball/S.ftb.11              336                 400                 466               627                  811
                    Picnicking                              92                    98            104                 112              125            Picnicking                     535                 575                 614               695                  781
                    Football/Soccer                             3                 3                 3                    3                 4        Footbail/Soccer                126                 135                 143               163                  184
                    Golf                                        1                 1                 1                    1                 1        Golf                           174                 225                 282               436                  637
                    Tennis                                                                                                                          Tennis                         124                 172                 225               333                  488
                    Basketball                                                                                                                      Basketball                         32                 37               41                50                   60
                    Walking                                  70                   75                79              86                     95       Walking                        447                 1,080          1,874                  3,867                6,557
                    Bicycling                                                                                                                       Bicycling                      663                 1,972          3,624                  7,791                13,426
                    Nature Study                                3                 3                 3                    3                 4        Nature Study                   303                 679            1,151                  2,326                3,908
                    Fishing                                                                                                                         Fishing
                       Freshwater                                                                                                                     Freshwater                   107                 129                 153               203                  264
                       Saltwater                          873,                    931           984             .1,071              1,189             Saltwater                 1,209                  1,406          1,618                  2,037                2,524
                    Boating                                                                                                                         Boating
                       Freshwater                                                                                                                     Freshwater                       53              109                 180               356                  593
                       Saltwater                          284                     303           321                 347              385              Saltwater                    334                 361                 387               427                  481
                    Skiing                                                                                                                          Skiing
                       Freshwater                                                                                                                     Freshwater                       25                 42               64                116                  186
                       Saltwater                          116                     124           131                 142              158              Saltwater                    119                 127                 134               146                  163
                    Surfing                               ---                     ---           ---                 ---              ---            Surfing                        ---                 ---                 ---               ---                  ---
                    Sightseeing                           513                     547           578                 626              695            Sightseeing                    704                 752                 796               872                  969
                    Dr. for Pleas.                           71                   76                so              87                     96       Dr. for Pleas.                 752                 819                 885               1,020                1,161
                              TOTAL                       2,576                   2,747         2,905           3,150               3i497                  TOTAL                8,831                  12,564         17,057                 28,216               43,124

                    Note:     Asterisks indicate that projected annual activity days were less than 500 . Dashes indicate not applicable.                                   Zeros indicate that the activitywas not ranked due to                                 441
                              insignificant participation days recorded.

                   REGION 33               R E C R E A T 1 0 N  R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S            CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                  1 9 7 0   2 0 0 0

                   Estimates of urban outdoor recreation resource requirements were devqloped for the Corpus Christi Metropolitan Area
                   for the years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990 and 2000 by comparing current-11 and projected recreation participation with
                   thd current recreation opportunities.2/ available in the metro. In addition, the availability and spatial distribu-
                   tion of recreation opportunities provided by parks and recreation facilities were-analyzed with respect to sub-
                   sections of the Corpus Christi Metro characterized by residents having similar incomes and ethnic backgrounds.
                   Particular attention was given to those subsections expected to undergo relatively rapid population growth and
                   physical expansion in the future.

                   Conclusions reached from analyzing the distribution of recreation opportunities within the metropolitan area were
                   used to qualify resource requirement estimates where a less than adequate distribution appeared to exist.

                   In the discussions that follow, results of the distribution analysis of parks within subsections of the Corpus
                   Christi Metro Area are presented. Then, estimates of current and future requirements for selected recreation
                   facilities are presented, and are qualified by conclusions reached from the distribution analysis of recreation.
                   facilities within subsections of the Corpus Christi Metro.

                   PARK DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

                   In analyzing the availability and distribution of parks in the Corpus Christi Metro, several characteristics were
                   considered: changes in population (or trends, in  general, 1960 to 1970), areas of the metro which were expected to
                   exhibit relatively major expansion, and the dispersion of existing parks among the income/ethnic subsections of the
                   metro. From these interrelated characteristics general conclusions were reached with respect to future park develop-
                   ments for the metro area.

                   Population trends affected estimations of future recreation participation. Projections for Corpus Christi indicate
                   that the 1970 metro population of 204,505 will increase to approximately 369,000 by the year 2000. Planners
                   indicated in 1971 that the metro was likely to expand toward the west and southwest, as indicated by arrows on
                   the map, titled "Predominant Ethnic, Background and Income Subsections."

                   I/ "Current" participation refers to levels of participation by type of selected recreation activity which were
                     estimated for the year 1970.
                   2/ "Current" recreation opportunities refers to computed figures derived from the numbers of publicly-administered
                     facilities by type available within the metro area in 1971.

             442

                REGION 33               R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S            CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                1 9 7 0   2 0 0 0

                This same map shows that there were seven major income/ethnic subsections, as delineated by planners in 1971. Five
                of the seven subsections were composed of predominantly low-income residents. Low-income Anglos were concentrated
                in three subsections': one such area extended west and southwest from the intersection of Highway 44 and Baldwin
                Blvd.; another extended along the bayshore from just west of Highway 181 south to about Gollihar Road; the third
                subsection of low-income Anglos was located south and west of the Naval Air Station. . An elongated subsection extend-
                ing south from Highway 44 to the metro boundary was composed of predominantly law-income Mexican Americans, and a
                small area of low-income Blacks was situated near the central business district (in the vicinity of the intersection
                of Highway 9 and 181, on the map). Most of Corpus Christi north of Highway 44, and southeast of Weber Road was
                composed of predominantly middle-income Anglos.

                The "Dispersion of Parks By Type" map shows the geographic distribution of parks, as of 1971. Compared with the
                "Predominant Ethnic Background and Income Subsections" map, parks in general were distributed on a fairly uniform
                basis, relative to concentrations of population. All seven income/ethnic subsections had at least one public park.
                on the other hand, the low-income Anglo area south of the Naval Air Station had only two parks, a relatively small
                number compared to other subsections.

                District parks, the large parks with facilities for at least two major urban activities, generally were absent from
                highly populated parts of the metro; rather, they tended to be located in the fringe areas. Four of the five.low-
                income subsections had no district parks.   Specialty parks tended to be clustered along the bayshore; essentially,
                there were none south and southeast of Leopard Street. On the other hand, community and open land parks appeared
                to be numerous and well dispersed. All income/et@nic subsections had at least one community park, and only the
                low-incomd Black area had no open land parks in 1971.

                In addition to maintaining an adequate dispersion of parks in all portions of the metro area, the provision of
                different types of recreational facilities in parks is also an important consideration. An analysis of the current
                and future requirements for selected recreational facilities and the current dispersion of facilities in the Corpus
                Christi Metro is presented in the,following discussions.

                FACILITY REQUIREMENTS AND DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

                As mentioned previously, requirements for selected recreational fac3i -lities (see the following table) were calculated
                for the.years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000.   Then, an analysis of the dispersion of existing facilities among the
                predominant income/ethnic subsections and the major growth areas of the metro was conducted. Conclusions reached
                from the facility dispersion analysis were then used to qualify the facility requirement estimates, particularly
                in those cases where no additional facilities were estimated as being needed within the metropolitan area. Usually,
                special note is made where growth areas appeared to have limited facilities. The methodology used to calculate
                facility requirements in general is explained in Appendix C, Part 1--An Overview of the urban volume. In the

                                                                                                                                        443

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                REGION 33               R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S           CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                discussions that follow, resource requirements for recreation facilities are generally referred to by units of the
                most important feature necessary to allow participation. For example, when a requirement is shown for swimming
                pools, features such as a bathhouse, cleaning and filtering system, and other support features are implied when a
                requirement for the major facility is shown.

                                                                      Swimming

                A total of 4,234 square yards of swimming pools in 1971 provided 635,000 opportunity days, about one-half of the
                number required to satisfy the 1970 demand of 1,374,000,participation days.   The resulting deficit of 739,000 days
                suggested a need for a*n additional 4,927 square yards, given a conversion standard of 150 days per year per square
                yard of swimming pool. Assuming that the 1971 supply level remained constant, the cumulative requirement of 4,927
                square yards in 1970 was expected to increase to 7,307 square yards in 1975, to 10,040 square yards in 1980, to
                17,466 square yards in 1990, and to 27,753 square yards by the year 2000. Except for the absence of swimming facil-
                .ities in the low-income Anglo subsection south of the Naval Air Station, the 1971 distribution appeared to be rela-
                tively even.

                                                                    Child's Play

                In 1971 a total of sixty-three parks provided a combined total of 126 acres of developed playground. These 126 acres
                provided almost 3.5 million days of opportunity in 1971, given a facility standard of 27,623 days per year per acre
                of playground. With a 1970 demand of 838,000 participation days and a relatively slow increase in demand forecasted
                for subsequent years, it seems that the 1971 supply level should be adequate through the year 2000. All of -the
                income/ethnic subsections had at least some playground facilities.   If any additional facilities are provided,
                consideration should be given to rapidly growing residential neighborhoods.

                                                                  Baseball/Softball

                In 1971 there were six baseball/softball fields which, when multiplied by a conversion standard of 13,804 days per
                year per field, provided 83,000 opportunity days. When measured against estimated participation in 1970, an addi-
                tional eighteen fields were required to satisfy demand in that year. With no change in the 1971 supply level, the
                cumulative resource requirement was expected to increase from 18 additional fields in 1970, to 23 additional fields
                in 1975, to 28 additional fields in 1980, to 39 additional fields in 1990, and to 53 fields above the 1971 level by
                the year 2000. Although available data did not permit a dispersion analysis of baseball/softball fields, considera-
                tion should be given to providing a balanced distribution relative to growth areas and the various income/ethnic
                subsections.

                                                                                                                                        445

                   REGION 33                R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S            CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                   1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                                                                        Picnicking

                   The 585 public picnic tables in 1971 provided 996,000 opportunity days, given a facility standard of 1,702 days per
                   year per picnic table. Demand was estimated to be 535,000 participation days in 1970, resulting in a surplus of
                   461,000 days. When estimated increases in demand are compared with the 1971 supply level, it becomes evident that
                   the 585 public picnic tables enumerated in 1971 should be adequate through the year 2000; consequently, the resource
                   requirement remains at zero for all planning years through the year 2000. Because the distribution of picnic tables
                   in 1971 appears to be quite good, any additional facilities probably should be considered for growth areas.

                                                                      Football/Soccer

                   The Corpus Christi metropolitan area reported no public football/soccer fields in 1971. In 1970 a requirement for
                   seventeen fileds'was calculated from the 126,000 participation days estimated for 1970, given a conversion standard
                   of 7,224 days per year per football field. The cumulative resource requirement was calculated to increase from 17
                   fields in 1970, to 19 fields in 1975, to 20 fields in 1980, to 23 fields in 1990, and to 25 fields by the year 2000.
                   Although a dispersion analysis was not possible from available information, consideration should be given to providing
                   a balanced distribution relative to growth areas and the various income ethnic subsections.

                                                                           Golf

                   When the number of public golf holes provided in 1971 (eighteen) is multiplied by the appropriate conversion standard
                   (4,047 days per year per hole), the product is the number of opportunity days (73,000) provided in that year. The
                   1971 supply level of 73,000 opportunity days was 101,000 less than the estimated number of participation days in
                   1970. The calculated shortage of 25 holes was projected to increase to 38 holes in 1975, to 52 holes in 1980, to
                   90 holes in 1990, and to 139 holes by the year 2000, if no additional units have been provided above the 1971 level.
                   Based on the converitional nine holes, eighteen holes per course, the above cumulative requirements translated into
                   approximately 1 eighteen-hole and 1 nine-hole course in 1970, approximately 2 eighteen-hole courses in 1975, approx-
                   imately 3 eighteen-hole courses in 1980, 5 eighteen-hole courses in 1990, and approximately 8.eighteen-hole courses,
                   above the 1971 level by the year 2000. In view of the fact that the metro had only one municipal golf course (located
                   in the middle-income Angle subsection in southeast Corpus Christi), it would appear that many of the income/ethnic
                   subsections lacked easy access to this course.

                                                                          Tennis

                   There were twenty-seven public tennis courts in the Corpus Christi Metropolitan Area in 1971, and these courts
                   provided a combined total of 73,000 opportunity days, which compared to 124,000 participation days. The resulting
                   deficit of 51,000 days generated a requirement for nineteen additional courts in 1970. On the other hand, if the 1971
                   supply level has remained at 27 courts, the cumulative requirement was projected to increase from 19 courts in 1970,
                   to 37 courts in 1975, to 56 courts in 1980, to 97 courts in 1990, and to 154 courts by the year 2000. Although a

              446

               REGION 33               R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S           CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                               1 9 7 0   2 0 0 0

               dispersion analysis was not possible from available information, consideration should be given to providing a
               balanced distribution relative to growth areas and the various income ethnic subsections.

                                                                    Basketball

               The six basketball courts reported in  1971 provided a combined total of 53,000 opportunity days in that year. Given
               a 1970 demand of 32,000 participation  days, the supply of basketball courts was estimated to be adequate not only for
               1970, but for each projection year through 1990. By the year 2000, three additional courts will be required to
               satisfy a relatively slow rise in the number of participation days. Although a dispersion analysis was not possible
               from available information, consideration should be given to providing a balanced distribution relative to growth
               areas and the various income ethnic subsections.

                                                                  Trails Activities

               In 1971, the Corpus Christi Metropolitan Area reported a one mile trail which provided approximately 8,000 days of
               opportunity, on the basis of 8,464 days per year per mile of trail.   The demand for trails activities in 1970 was
               estimated to be about 135,000 participation days, or 127,000 days above 1971 opportunities.   In order to have satis-
               fied demand in 1970, fifteen additional miles of trail were required for that year.   If no additional miles were
               added to the 1971 supply level, the cumulative requirement increased to 38 additional miles in 1975, to 67 additional
               miles in 1980, to 139 additional miles in 100, and to 237 miles above the 1971 level by the year 2000.

               A relatively small proportion of the total participation in trail and related activities was estimated to take place
               in publicly-administered park and recreation areas.   It is likely, however, that as additional trail facilities are
               provided, the relative proportion of total participation will increase at these recreation areas. Thus, the above
               estimates of additional resources required may be conservative in the long run and should be considered as minimum
               estimates.  In addition to the expectations for increases in participation in trail and related activities at
               publicly-administered park and recreation areas, it is clear that the major proportion of walking, bicycling, and
               nature study is occurring in places other than established recreation areas.   The majority of this participation is
               most likely taking place in local neighborhoods, on city streets, and on available open lands within the area.- This,
               phenomenon has direct policy implications with respect to the provision of sidewalks within currently existing and
               newly developing neighborhoods, the development of a system of bike lanes in high use areas, and the provision of
               adequate open space and green belt areas-within the metro area.

                                                                                                                                        447

                    REGION 33               R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E.   R E Q U I R E M E N T S             CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                     1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                                                 Water-Related Activities: Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing

                                                               Surface Acres - Freshwater Lakes
                                                                (Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing)

                    A total of nineteen surface acres of freshwater lakes was located within the Corpus Christi Metro Area in 1971.
                    Because of the limited freshwater available, no freshwater boat.fishing, boating, or water skiing participation
                    was reported in the Texas Outdoor Recreation Household Demand Survey. Using participation patterns of households
                    recreating in the urban areas, it was estimated that boating would have totaled 53,000 days, boat fishing 23,000
                    days, and skiing 25,000 days for a total of 101,000 days in 1970 if adequate freshwater lakes had been available.-
                    A comparison of estimated participation with the opportunities provided by the surface acres existing in 1971
                    indicated that incremental resource requirements should increase from an additional 223 acres needed in 1970, to
                    another 185 acres in 1975, 234 acres more in 1980, 573 additional acres in 1990, and another 767 acres in the year
                    2000, bringing the cumulative resource requirement total to 1,982 surface acres by the year 2000.
                                                                   Freshwater Boat Ramps l/

                    Two publicly-administered freshwater boat lanes were reported for the Corpus Christi Metro Area in 1971. By estimat-
                    ing the 1970 total freshwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation which would have occurred using fresh-
                    water boat ramp facilities to gain access to the water if sufficient ramps were available, it was calculated that two
                    additional boat ramps were needed in 1970. Projected increases in freshwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating
                    participation are expected to require two additional freshwater boat ramps in 1975, two in 1980, six in 1990, and
                    nine in the year 2000, bringing the cumulative resource requirement to twenty-one ramps in,2000. Since boat ramps
                    are the most frequently used means by which boaters, skiers, and boat fishermen gain access to freshwater lakes,
                    ,the provision of freshwater sur:race acres and freshwater boat ramps required should be planned as joint projects,
                    even though, in some cases, this may require the construction of boat ramps prior to the years reflected in the boat
                    ramp resource requirement projections.
                                                                   Saltwater Boat Rampsi/

                    Corpus Christi, the only metro area in Region 33 in 1970, does have access to coastal waters. However, no publicly-
                    administered"saltwater boat lanes providing access to and from the saltwater resources were reported within the
                    metro in 1971. By estimating the 1970 total saltwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation which would

                    1/ In calculating freshwater and saltwater boat ramp resource.requirements the assumption was made that each boat
                      ramp has two lanes. Supply figures listed in the "Park and Recreation Facilities by Type of Park" table and
                      quoted in the narratives are in terms of single lanes.

              448

               REGION 33               R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E    R E Q U I R E M E N T S           CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                              1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

               have occurred using saltwater boat ramp facilities to gain access to the saltwater areas if ramps had been available,
               it was calculated that nineteen ramps were needed in 1970. Expected increases in saltwater boat fishing, skiing,
               and boating participation are projected to require incremental saltwater boat ramp additions of two in 1975, two in
               1980, fourin 1990, and five in the year 2000, bringing the cumulative requirement to an additional thirty-two ramps
               by the year 2000.

                                                       Summary of Facilities Requirements

               In 1971 the only types of designated facilities which were not available within the Corpus Christi Metro Area were
               public football/soccer fields and public saltwater boat ramps. Resource requirements were shown for each planning
               horizon year for both types of facilities.

               To augment existing resources, resource requirements were shown for each planning horizon year for public swimming
               pools, baseball/softball fields, holes of golf, tennis courts, miles of trail, acres of recreational freshwater, and
               freshwater boat ramps.  The number of basketball courts was estimated to be adequate until the year 2000, when a
               small deficit is predicted. The 1971 supply of public picnic tables and playgrounds was estimated to be sufficient
               through the year 2000.

               An important criterion in locating additional facilities is a geographic distribution which considers the various
               income/ethnic subsections, and growth areas-. In 1971 the dispersion of designated facilities for most activities in
               the Corpus Christi Metro seemed good, but the estimated requirements for most facilities suggest that additional
               units should be added.  There was an absence of public swimming pools in the low-income Anglo subsection south of
               the Naval Air Station, and the only municipal golf course was in the middle-income Anglo subsec,tion in southeast
               Corpus Christi. Any additional courses probably should be considered for central and western portions of the metro.

                                                                                                                                        449

                      REGION 33                                                               RFCREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                           CITY SIZE:     METROS

                                                                                         TOTAL            1971 OPPORTUNITY      NET OPPORT UNITY DAYS
                                                                                     PARTICIPATION         DAYS AVAILABLE             (OOO'S OF                                 UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                        (OOO'S  OF            (000's OF             ACTIVITY DAYS)                              RESOURCES REQUIRED
                      YEAR      ACTIVITY                                              ACTIVITY  DAYS)       ACTIVITY DAYS)       DEFICIT,       SURPLUS              CUMULATTVE                      INCRMENTAL
                                 Swimming (Pools)    . . . . . . . . . . .               1,374                   635                739                            4,927 square  yardJ/              4,927 square yards   2/
                                 Chi,ld's Play (Playgrounds)     . . . . . .               838                 3,480                            2,642                   0acres                            0acres
                                 Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                 336                    83                253                               18 fields                         18 fields
                                 Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 535                   996                              461                   0tables                           0tables
                                 Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                 126                      0               126                               17 fields                         17 fields
                                 Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  174                    73                101                               25 holes                          25 holes
                                 Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  124                    73                 51                               19 courts, dbl.                   19 courts, dbl.
                                 Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  32                    53                                21                  0courts, full                     0courts, full

                      1970      Water-Related Activities:
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing,      Skiing FW  . . .              101                      8                93                              223 surface acres                 223 surface acres
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing,      Skiing FW  . . .               77                    27                 50                                 2ramps2/                          2ramps3/
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing,      Skiing SW  . . .              413                      0               413                               19 ramps!/                        10 rampsV

                                Trails Activities:
                                 Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   47                                                                          5miles                            5miles
                                 Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  27  4/                                                                      3miles                            3miles
                                 Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  61  @@/                                                                     7miles                            7miles
                                 Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                   4/                  8               127                               15 miles                          15 miles
                                             Nature Study . . . . . . . . .                135 -

                                ACTIVITY
                                 Swimming (Pools)    . . . . . . . . . . .               1,731  l/               635              1,096                            7,307 square yardJ/               2,380 square yards   2/
                                 Child's Play (Playgrounds)      . . . . . .             1,088                 3,480                            2,392                   0acres                            0acres
                                 Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                 400                    83                31-7                              23 fields                           5fields
                                 Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 575                   996                               421                  0tables                           0tables
                                 Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                 135                      0               135                               19 fields                           2fields
                                 Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  225                    73                152                               38 holes                          13 holes
                                 Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  172                    73                 99                               37 courts, dbl.                   18 courts, dbl.
                                 Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  37                    53                                16                  0courts, full                     0courts, full

                      1975      Water-Related Activities:
                                 Boating, Boat: Fishing,     Skiing FW  . . .              178                      8               170                              408 surface acres                  185 surface acres
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing,      Skiing FW  . . .              131                    27                104                                 4ramps3/                          2ramps3/
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing,      Skiing SW  . . .              461                      0               461                               21 rampli/                          2ramp,2/

                                Trails Activities:
                                 Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  113                                                                        13 miles                            8miles
                                 Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  79  4/                                                                      9miles                            6miles
                                 Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 136  A/                                                                    16 miles                            9miles
                                 Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                   4/
                                             Nature Study . . . . . . . . .                328  -                   8               320                               38 miles                          23 miles

                   450

               REGION 33                                                                 RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                       CITY SIZE:     METROS

                                                                                  TOTAL            1971 OPPORTUNITY      NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                              PARTICIPATION         DAYS AVAILABLE             (OOO'S OF                                UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                 (OOO'S  OF             (000's OF            ACTIVITY DAYS).                            RESOURCES REQUIRED
               YEAR      ACTIVITY                                              ACTIVITY  DAYS)       ACTIVITY DE25        DEFICIT        SURPLUS             CUMULATIVE                      INCREMENTAL
                           Swimming (Pools)    . . . . . . . . . . .              2,141                   635              1,506                          10,040  square yardszl             2,733 square yardsZ1
                           Child's Play (Playgrounds)      . . . . . .            1,382                  3,480                           2,098                  0 acres                           0acres
                           Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                466                    83                383                              28  fields                          5fields
                           Picnicking   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 614                   996                              382                  0 tables                          0tables
                           Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                143                      0               143                              20  fields                          1field
                           Golf  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  282                    73                209                              52  holes                         14 holes
                           Tennis  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  225                    73                152                              56  courts,  dbl.                 19 courts,   dbl.
                           Basketball   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   41                   53                                12                 0 courts,  full                   0courts,   full

               1980      Water-Related Activities:

                           Boating, Boat Fishing,     Skiing   FW . . .             276                      8               268                              642 surface  acres               234 surface  acres
                           Boating, Boat Fishing,     Skiing  FW . . .              199                    27                172                                6 ramps3/                         2rampsi/
                           Boating, Boat Fishing,     Skiing   SW . . .             509                      0               509                              23  rampsl/                         2ramps3/

                         Trails Activities:
                           Walking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  197  4/                                                                   23  miles                         10 miles
                           Bicycling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 145  A/                                                                   17  miles                           8miles
                           Nature Study   . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 231  4/                                                                   27  miles                         11 miles
                           Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                  4/
                                      Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .               573                      8               565                              67  miles                         29 miles

                         ACTIVITY
                           Swimming (Pools)    . . . . . . . . . . .              3,255                   635              2,620                          17,466  square yards@/             7,426 square yards
                           Child's Play (Playgrounds)      . . . . . .            2,132                  3,480                           1,348                  0 acres                           0acres
                           Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                627                    83                544                              39  fields                        11 fields
                           Picnicking   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 695                   996                              301                  0 tables                          0tables
                           Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                163                      0               163                              23  fields                          3fields
                           Golf  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  436                    73                363                              90  holes                         38 holes
                           Tennis  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  333                    73                260                              97  courts, dbl.                  41 courts, dbl.
                           Basketball   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   50                   53                                 3                 0 courts                          0courts

               1990      Water-Related Activities:

                           Boating, Boat Fishing,     Skiing FW  . . .              515                      8               507                            1,215 surface acres                573 surface acres
                           Boating, Boat Fishing,     Skiing FW  . . .              364                    27                337                              12  ramp.l/                         6ramps3/
                           Boating, Boat Fishing,     Skiing SW  . . .              602                      0               602                              27  ramps!/                         4ramps!/

                         Trails Activities:
                           Walking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  406  4/                                                                   48  miles                         25 miles
                           Bicycling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 312  4/
                                                                                         41                                                                   36  miles                         19 miles
                           Nature Study   . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 468                                                                       55  miles                         28 miles
                           Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                  4/
                                      Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .             1,186                      8             1,178                              139 miles                         72 miles

                                                                                                                                                                                                               451

                       REGION 33                                                             RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                   CITY SIZE: METROS

                                                                                       TOTAL          1971 OPPORTUNITY      NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                  PARTICIPATION        DAYS AVAILABLE            (000ts OF                               UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                     (OOO'S OF             (OOO'S OF          ACTIVITY DAYS)                             RESOURCES REQUIRED
                       YEAR       ACTIVITY                                        ACTIVITY DAYS)        ACTIVITY DAYS)      DEFICIT      SURPLUS              CUMULATIVE                     INCREMENTAL
                                  Swimming (Pools)  . . . . . . . . . . .            4,798                   635            4,163                          27,753 square yardsv            10,287 square  yardsl'
                                  Child's Play (Playgrounds)    . . . . . .          3,123                 3,480                           357                  0 acres                          0acres
                                  Baseball/Softball . . . . . . . .                    811                   83               728                             53  fields                         14 fields
                                  Picnicking  . . . . . . . . . . .                    781                   996                           215                  0 tables                         0tables
                                  Football/Soccer . . . . . . . . . . . .              184                    0               184                             25  fields                         2fields
                                  Golf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .               637                   73               564                             139 holes                          49 holes
                                  Tennis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .               488                   73               415                             154 courts, dbl.                   57 courts, dbl.
                                  Basketball  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                60                  53                  7                              3 courts, full                   3courts, full

                       2000       Water-Related Activities:

                                  Boating, Boat Fishing,   Skiing  FW . . .            835                    8               827                           1,982 surface acres               767 surface acres
                                  Boating, Boat Fishing,   Skiing  FW                  585                   27               558                             21  ramps3/                        9ramps.2/
                                  Boating, Boat Fishing,   Skiing   SW                 714                    0               714                             32  ramps!/                        5ramps!/

                                  Trails Activities:

                                  Walking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .              688                                                                    81  miles                          33 miles
                                  Bicycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .              537   4/                                                               63  miles                          27 miles
                                  Nature Study  . . . . ... . . . . . . .              786   4/                                                               93  miles                          38 miles
                                  Combined Walking, Bicycling,                       2,011   4/
                                           Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                   -                8             2,003                             237 miles                          98 miles

                       I/ Includes only swimming participation occurring in swimming pools, 70.48 percent of the total in urban areas on the Gulf Coast.
                          Designated freshwater and saltwater swimming areas may be substituted for swimming pools. When making substitutions consider total swimming
                          participation.
                       3/ Assumes 2.0 lanes per ramp.
                       4/ Reflects estimated participation occurring in park and recreation areas; does not include participation occurring outside park and recreation areas. Of the total
                          walking, bicycling, and nature study participation it was determined that 10.5, 4.0, and 20.1 percent, respectively for each activity, occurs in park and recreation
                          areas.

                   452

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                     REGION 34                 REGIONAL DESCRIPTION: BROWNSVILLE -HARLINGEN -SAN BENITO           METROPOLITAN AREA

                     Region 34 contains two metropolitan areas. One consists of the                               POPULATION
                     cities and towns of Brownsville, Harlingen, Rio Hondo, and San                               1970 Metro Area Population: 102,368
                     Benito.                                                                                      Change 1960-70: -4%
                                                                                                                  Race Cornposition-Y
                     Brownsville, the county seat of Cameron County, is the southern-                                 White         98%z/
                     most city in Texas. The.city is an international seaport and has                                 Negro  .....   1%
                     over twenty industries located in it. Annual events in Brownsville                               Other  .....   1%
                     include Charro Days (February) and the Cotton Carnival (September).                          Age Composition (years):I/
                     Brownsville is the home of Texas Southmost College.                                              13 or less    .....  33%
                                                                                                                      14 - 20.      .....  15%
                     Harlingen is a transportation and distribution center for the Rio                                21 - 44       .....  26%
                     Grande Valley. There is always a harvest in progress in the                                      45 - 64       .....  17%
                     Harlingen area with citrus, cotton, and vegetables produced                                      65 and over   .....    9%
                     in large amounts. A major event in Harlingen is the Life Begins
                     at 40 Golf Tournament (February). Harlingen is the home of the                               ECONOMY
                     Marine Military Academy and the Rio Grande Campus Branch of the                              Agribusiness
                     Texas State Technical Institute.                                                             Fishing
                                                                                                                  Shipping
                     Rio Hondo, between Harlingen and       the Laguna Atascosa National                          Tourism
                     Wil,dlife Refuge, is a town whose     economy depends chiefly on the
                     citrus industry and tourism.

                     San Benito was settled as early as 1770 by ranchers. The city is noted for its beautiful lakes or "resacas," which
                     are formed by the shifting course of the Rio Grande. San Benito is chiefly a tourist-agribusiness center.

                     I/ Rio Hondo not included due to lack of data. Rio Hondo's population is 1,167.
                     2/ Includes persons of Mexican and/or Spanish descent.

               454

                   REGION 34 BROWNSVILLE                                                                                  CITY SIZE: METRO

                            P U B L I C L Y     A D M I N I S T E R E D      R E C R E A T 1 0 N      0 P P 0 R T U N I T I E S

                                                                                                   LAND AND WATER ACREAGE

                                                                                                                           ACRES
                                                                                                               REGION 34          STATEWIDE
                                                                                                              BROWNSVILLE          AVERAGE
                                                                                                                 METRO           METRO AREAS
                                                        67%                        Developed Land                 481               1,307
                    REGION 34                                                      Unde veloped Land              237                  536
                   BROWNSVILLE
                      METRO                                                        Total Land                     718               1,843
                                              33%                                  Water Within or Adjacent       179               1,006

                                                                                   Total Land and Water           897               2,849

                                        M]           DEVELOPED LAND

                                                     UNDEVELOPED LAND
                                                                                   The Brownsville Metro Area has a total of 718 acres of
                                                                                   land set aside as park and recreation areas. In addition,
                                                                                   179 surface acres of water either within or adjacent to
                                                                                   these parks were reported.
                                                        71%
                                                                                   Of the total land acreage,   481 acres are developed
                    STATEWIDE                                                      with facilities, leaving 237 acres available for future
                     AVERAGE                                                       development. With 67 percent of the land acreage,
                   METRO AREAS                                                     developed, the Area is just below the Statewide Metro
                                                                                   average of 71 percent.
                                               29%
                                                      6 7 T%

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                     REGION 34 BROWNSVILLE                                                                                            CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                              PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK

                                                                                                                                     UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                                 DISTRICT COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                        PEOPLE      REGION 34      STATEWIDE
                                 TYPE OF FACILITY                   PARK        PARK        PARK        TOTAL         PER       BROWNSVILLE       AVERAGE
                                                                 (UNITS)     (UNITS)      (UNITS)       UNITS         UNIT         METRO       METRO AREAS
                     Games and Sports:
                       Parks  ..............................          3            9           2           14         7,312          .137            .150
                       Tennis Courts  ......................          8            1           0            9        11,374          .088            .142
                       Basketball Courts   ..................         2            2           0            4        25,592          .039            .071
                       Baseball/Softball Fields    ...........        9            0           2           11         9,306          .107            .186
                       Football/Soccer Fields    .............        0            0           0            0           ---          ---             .032
                     Picnicking:
                       Parks  ..............................          4           15           1           20         59118          .196            .124
                       Tables .............................          149          55           8          212           482        2.079             1.230
                     Playground:
                       Parks  ..............................          4           16           1           21         4,874          .205            .170
                       Acres Developed   ....................         5           17           1           23         4,450          .225            .258
                     Swimming:
                       Parks  ..............................          3            1           0            4        25,592          .039            .050
                       Pools (Sq. Yd.)   ....................      1,913       2,800           0        4,713             22      46.205           25.950
                       Designated Fresh Water (Sq. Yd.)o..            0            0           0            0           ---          ---           52.242
                     Boating:
                       Parks  ..............................          0            2           1            3        34,122          .029            .006
                       Ramp Lanes - Fresh Water.....    ......        0            2           1            3        34,122          .029            .008
                     Camping:
                       Parks  ...........................                          0           1            2        51,184          .019            o002
                       Campsites... .......... ............   o      600           0           0          600           170        5.882             .121
                     Fishing:
                       Parks  .........o................              2            1           1            4        25,592          .039            .013
                       Pier/Barge/Marina-Fresh Water (@d**)*          0            0           0            0           ---          ---             .049
                     Golfing:
                       Courses ..................  o .........        0            0           2            2        51,184          .019            .005
                       Holes  .............  o-  ..............       0            0          36           36         2,843          .352            .100
                     Trails:
                       Parks  ..............................          0            0           0            0           ---          ---             .006
                       Nature (Mi.) ....... o ...............         0            0           0            0           ---          ---             .009
                       Horseback (Mi.)....  ................          0            0           0            0           ---          ---             .003
                       Bicy@le (Mi.)  ....... o ..............        0            0           0            0           ---          ---             .007
                       Hiking (Mi.)  .......................          0            0           0            0           ---          ---             .006
                       Total Trails (Mi.)   .................         0            0           0            0           ---          ---             .021

              458

                  REGION 3  4 BROWNSVILLE                 PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK                          CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                                                                                                UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                              DISTRICT COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                       PEOPLE       REGION 34     STATEWIDE
                             TYPE OF FACILITY                   PARK        PARK         PARK        TOTAL        PER       BROWNSVILLE      AVERAGE
                                                              (UNITS)     (UNITS)      (UNITS)       UNITS         UNIT          METRO     METRO AREAS

                  Sport Shooting:
                    Parks .............................          0            0            1          1         102,368          .009           .002
                    Traps .............................          0            0            0          0             ---           ---           .002
                    Shooting Targets   ...................       0            0            24         24          4,265          .235           .004
                    Archery Targets   ...................        0            0            0          0             ---           ---           .011
                  Miscellaneous:
                    Parks .............................          1            1            0          2          51,184          .019           .038
                    Amphitheatre Seats   ................        0            0            0          0             ---           ---           1.077
                    Botanical Gardens (Acres)    .........       0            0            0          0             ---           ---           .077
                    Zoos (Acres)   .......................       27           0            0          27          3,791          .264           .051
                    Community/Recreation Centers     ......      0            1            0          1         102,368          .009           .038

                  The park and recreation facilities in the Brownsville        Metro Area  are about  evenly distributed among    all  three of   the
                  park categories. The only golf and sport shooting facilities are in the Specialty Park category. One of the District
                  Parks contains a zoo, while -the only community/recreation center is in a Community Park. Four parks have fishing
                  waters available although no specific fishing facilities were reported. A total of only four parks with swimming
                  pools were reported in the Brownsville Metro Area.

                  Of the 41 parks, 21 have playgrounds, 20 have picnicking facilities, 14 have games and sports facilities and 4 have
                  swimming facilities. The most common types of games and sports facilities are baseball/softball with 11 fields,
                  followed by.tennis with 9 courts and basketball with 4 courts.

                  Looking at selected    facilities in relation to the number of potential users we        find the following:

                       102,368 persons   for each community/recreation center              2,843 persons   for each golf hole
                        25,592 persons   for each basketball court                           482 persons   for each picnic table
                        11,374 persons   for each tennis court                               170 persons   for each-campsite
                         9,306 persons   for each baseball/softball field                     22 persons   for each square yard of swimming pool
                         4,450 persons   for each acre of playground

                  The Brownsville Metro Area is above the Statewide Metro average for facility units per 1,000 for picnic tables, square
                  yards of swimming pools, boat ramp lanes, campsites, golf holes, shooting targets and zoo acreage. The Area is below
                  the average for tennis courts, basketball courts, baseball/softball fields, playground acres and community/recreation
                  centers. No football/soccer fields, designated fresh water swimming area, yards of fishing pier/barge/marina, trail
                  miles, shooting traps, archery targets, amphitheatre seats or acres of botanical gardens were reported.

                                                                                                                                                     459

                      REGION 34 BROWNSVILLE              CONVERSION OF FACILITIES TO RECREATION OPPORTUNITY DAYS                  CITY SIZE: METRO

                      Current opportunity days for 1971 were calculated by multiplying the number of facilities available for each
                      activity in the metro area (determined from the Texas Outdoor Recreation Inventory of Parks, Recreation Areas,
                      and Facilities) times the standard for the facility.

                                                                                                                   DAYS PER THOUSAND POPULATION
                                                                                                     ANNUAL              REGION          STATEWIDE
                                                                                                      DAYS                 34              AVERAGE
                      ACTTVITY-FACILITY                                                             AVAILABLE      BROWNSVILLE METRO       METRO

                           Swimming (Pools) - square yards     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         706,950             6,931              3,891
                           Child's Play - playground acres     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         635,329             6,229              7,137
                           Baseball/Softball - fields      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         151,844             1,489              21577
                           Picnicking - tables    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          360,824             3,537              2,093
                           Football/Socce'r - fields    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  0                 0               235
                           Golf - holes    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           145,692             1,428                 414
                           Tennis    courts, double   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           24,246               238                 384
                           Basketball     courts, full  . . . . . . . . . . . . .    I  . . . .       35,180               345                 625

                        Water-Related Activities:

                           Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW - surface acres        . . . . . .       257,385             2,523              2,962
                           Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW - boat ramps       . . . . . . . .        40,458               397                 103

                        Trail Activities:

                           Combined Walking, Bicycling, and Nature Study - miles        . . . .              0                 0               164

                      The Brownsville Metro Area offers the most opportunity days for swimming (in pools), followed by child's play and
                      picnicking. A comparison between the opportunity days per thousand population for the Brownsville Metro Area and
                      the Statewide Metro average shows that the Brownsville Metro Area surpasses the statewide average for four types
                      of facilities -- swimming pools, picnic tables, golf courses (holes), and freshwater boat ramps. The Brownsville
                      Metro Area is below the Statewide Metro average for child's play, baseball/softball, tennis, basketball and surface
                      acres for freshwater boating, boat fishing and skiing, with no opportunity days available for football/soccer and
                      the trails activities.

              460

                 REGION 34 BROWNSVILLE           ESTIMATED CURRENT AND FUTURE PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000               CITY SIZE: METRO

                 The ninth ranking metro area, based on population, Brownsville ranked twelfth in total participation f6r the year
                 1970. Estimates for 1970 indicate that residents and non-residents in the area spent over 4 million recreation days
                 in pursuit of urban outdoor recreation opportunities available within the metro area.

                                                                       Resident

                 Total days of participation in urban outdoor recreation activities by the residents of the Brownsville Metropolitan
                 Area for the 16 activities shown were estimated*to be 3.6 million days in 1970. Total participation is expected to
                 increase to 4.4 million days in 1975 and to 5.1 million days in 1980. These projections represent increases of 19.7
                 percent by 1975 and 40.4 percent by 1980. Participation on a days per household basis is projected to increase from
                 132.0 days in 1970 to 157.0'days in 1975, and to 183.4 days in 1980--increases of 18.9 and 38.9 percent, respectively,
                 over the 1970 level. Residents of the Brownsville metro area are expected to participate at a rate 8 days above the
                 Statewide average days per household in 1970, however, the Brownsville average will be below the Statewide average by
                 5 days and 19 days in 1975 and 1980, respectively. For the more distant years of 1990 and 2000, both total days of
                 participation and days per household are expected to increase, but will remain below the statewide average for all
                 metropolitan areas.

                 Projections for specific activities indicate that 11 activities will increase in total days of participation through
                 the year 2000, while football, picnicking, tennis, basketball, and fishing will decrease slightly. Participation on
                 a days per household basis is expected to increase in 14 activities by 2000, and football and basketball will decline
                 -slightly. In 1970 the six most popular activitiesbased on total participation, were estimated to be: driving for
                 pleasure, swimming, picnicking, bicycling, walking, and child's play, respectively. By the year 1975 it is antici-
                 pated that the following ranking will occur: driving for pleasure, swimming, bicycling, walking, picnicking, and
                 child's play., In 1980 driving for pleasure is expected to remain the first "ranked activity, swimming will remain
                 number two, and walking will be third. Bicycling, picnicking, and child's play are ekpected to remain the fourth,
                 fifth, and sixth ranked activities,

                                                                     Non-Resident

                 Participation in urban outdoor recreation activities within the Brownsville Metropolitan Area by non-residents was
                 estimated to total 315,000 days for the activities specified by 1970. Compared to.the 1970 level, total participa-
                 tion is expected to decrease 4.8 percent (to 300,000 days) by 1975, and 8.9 percent.(to 287,000 days) by 1980.
                 Similar decreases are anticipated through the years 1990 and 2000.

                 Of the specified activities selected, the most popular activities by non-residents for 1970 were: sightseeing, with,
                 77,000 days; fishing,with 77,000 days; swimming, with 46,000 days; driving for pleasure, with 32,000 days; and picnick-
                 ing, with 23,000 days. All activities are expected to decrease at a moderate rate through the year 2000 while retain-
                 ing their 1970 rankings in terms of popularity.

                                                                                                                                       461

                       REGION 34 BROWNSVILLE                                                    CURRENT AND PROJECTED RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                              CITY SIZE: YMROS
                                                                                                               (OOO'S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                                                             1970                                  1975                                      1980                              1990                                  2000
                                                                            STATE-                             STATE-                                STATE-                                 STATE-                                  STATE-
                                                             REG.34         WIDE                   REG.34      WIDE                          REG.34  WTDE                       REG.34      WIDE                         REG.34     WIDE
                                                             METROS         METROS                 METROS      METROS                        METROS  METROS                     METROS      METROS                       METROS     METROS
                                               PART.         AVERAGE        AVERAGE  PART.         AVERAGE     AVERAGE       PART.           AVERAGE AVERAGE           PART,    AVERAGE    AVERAGE       PART.           AVERAGE    AVERAGE
                       ACTIVITY                DAYS   RANK   DAYS/HH        DAYS/HH  DAYS   RANK   DAYS/HH     DAYS/HH       DAYS  RANK      DAYS/HH DAYS/HH           DAYS  RANK DAYS/HH  DAYS/HH       DAYS   RANK     DAYS/HH    DAYS/HH
                       Swimming                582           221.10         27.41     690       2   24.84      36.52         810       2     29.05   47.17             910   4      39.50   75.28        1,060    3      51.17      110.14
                       Child's Play            308           611.17         14.08     369       6   13.28      17.72         435       6     15.60   22.00             491   5      21.31   32.20        579      5      27.95      43.99
                       Baseball/Softball       157           7  5.69        2.78      181       7     6.52      3.19         204       7     7.32       3.59           216   7      9.38     4.41        242      7      11.68      5.22
                       Picnicking              420           315.23         .5.72     435       5   15.66       5.66         447       5     16.03      5.66           409   6      17.75    5.61        407      6      19.65      5.64
                       Football/Soccer         .88           8  3.19        1.43            86  8     3.10      1.42          84       9     3.01       1.41           70  10       3.04     1.39         62    11        2.99      1.38
                       Golf                       31         11 1.12        3.92            38 12     1.37      4.98          45    12       1.61       6.16           53  11       2.30     8.96         63    10        3.04      12.07
                       Tennis                     26         12  .94        6.06            29 13     1.04      9.21          31    13       1.11    11.49             27  14       1.17    16.07         25    14        1.21      21.46
                       Basketball                 9          15  .33        1.60            9 15        .32     2.59            9   15        .32       3.57           7   15       .30      5.52            6  15          .29     7.53
                       Walking                 322           511.67         18.21     547       4   19.69      23.09         772       3     27.69   29.20       1,007       2      43.71   39.89        1,237    1      59.71      50.31
                       Bicycling               390           414.14         20.30     570       3   20.52      32.77         750       4     26.90   45.25             914   3      39.69   68.44        1,086    2      52.42      95.49
                       Nature Study               1          16  .04        .72             1 16        .04     1.67            1   16        .04       2.64           2   16       .09      4.63            2  16          .10     6.70
                       Fishing                    50         10 1.81        1.80            52 10     1.87      1.88          55    11       1.97       1.97           49  12       2.13     2.13         48    12        2.32      2.30
                       Boating                    24         13  .87        .88             44 11     1.58      1.60          64    10       2.30       2.31           86    9      3.73     3.74        107      9       5.17      5.17
                       Skiing                     12         14  .44        .42             17 14       .61       .62         23    14        .83       .82            28  13       1.22     1.22         34    13        1.64      1.81
                       Surfing                 --- ---           ---        ---       --- ---           ---       ---        --- ---          ---       ---            --- ---      ---        ---       --- ---            ---
                       Sightseeing                58         9  2.10        2.25            73  9     2.63      2.34          92       8     3.30       2.50           121   8      5.25     2.70        174      8       8.40      3.01
                       Dr. for Pleas.         1,164          142*20         13.38    1,220      1   43.91      13.52         1,290     1     46.27   13.67       1,184       1      51*40   13.86        1,191    1      57*49      14.10
                            TOTAL            3,642           132.04         120.96   4,361         156.98      158.78        5,112           183.35  199.41      5,574          241.96     '286.05       6,323           305.23     386.32

                                          CURRENT AND PROJECTED NON-RESIDE@r PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                   TOTAL CURRENT AND PROJECTED PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000
                                                             (OOOIS OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)                                                                           (OOO'S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                       ACTIVITY                              1970           1975            1980        1990             2000       ACTIVITY                           1970         1975             1980            1990           2000
                       Swimming                              46             44              42              28               22     Swimming                           628          734              852             938            1,082
                       Child's Play                                                                                                 Child's Play                       308          369              435             491              579
                       Baseball/Softball                     3              3               3               2                2      Baseball/Softball                  160          184              207             218              244
                       Picnicking                            23             22              21              14               11     Picnicking                         443          457              468             423              418
                       Football/Soccer                       2              2               2               1                1      Football/Soccer                    90            88                  86              71            63
                       Golf                                                                                                         Golf                               31            38                  45              53            63
                       Tennis                                                                                                       Tennis                             26            29                  31              27            25
                       Basketball                                                                                                   Basketball                         9                9                9               7               6
                       Walking                               3              3               3               2                2      Walking                            325          550              775            1,009           1,239
                       Bicycling                                                                                                    Bicycling                          390          570              750             914            1,086
                       Nature Study                                                                                                 Nature Study                       1                1                1               2               2
                       Fishing                               77             73              70              47               38     Fishing                            127          125              125                 96            86
                       Boating                               52             49              47              32               25     Boating                            76            93              ill             118              132
                       Skiing                                                                                                       Skiing                             12            17                  23              28            34
                       Surfing                               ---            ---             ---             ---              ---    Surfing                            ---          ---                              ---              ---
                       Sightseeing                           77             73              70              48               38     Sightseeing                        135          146              162             169              212
                       Dr. for Pleas.                        -32            31              29              20               16     Dr. for Pleas.                     1,196        1,251         1,319             1,204           1,207
                            TOTAL                            315            300             287             194              155             TOTAL                     3,957        4,661         5,399             5,768           '6,478

                       Note: Asterisks indicate that projected annual activity days were less than 500. Dashes indicate not applicable. Zeros indicate that the activitywas not ranked due to
                                insignificant participation days recorded.

                    462

                REGION 34 BROWNSVILLE        R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E    R E Q U I R E M E N T S            CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                     1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                Estimates of urban outdoor recreation resource requirements were developV for the Brownsville-Har ling en Metropolitan
                Area for the years 1970, 1975, 1980,  2P90, and 2000 by comparing current- and projected recreation participation with
                the current recreation opportunities- available within the metro. In addition, the availability and spatial distribu-
                tion of recreation opportunities provided by parks and recreation facilities were analyzed with respect to various
                subsections of the Brownsville-Harlingen Metro Area. Conclusions reached from analyzing the distribution of recreation
                opportunities within the metropolitan area were used to qualify resource requirement estimates where a less than adequate
                distribution appeared to exist. In the discussions that follow, results of the distribution analysis of parks within
                subsections of the metro are presented. Then, estimates of current and f uture requirements f or selected- recreation
                f acilities -are presented, and are qualif ied by conclusions reached f rom the' distribution analysis of recreation f acili-
                ties within subsections of the Brownsville-Harlingen Metro.

                PARK DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

                In analyzing the availability and distribution of parks within the Brownsville-Har ling en Metro Area, several charac-
                teristics were considered: changes in population (or trends in general, 1960 to 1970), areas of the metro which were
                expected to exhibit expansion (available only for San Benito), and the dispersion of existing parks among income/ethnic
                subsections (available only for San Benito). From these interrelated characteristics, general conclusions were reached
                with respect to future park developments for portions of the metro area.

                Population trends affected estimations of future recreation participation. Projections       for the Brownsville-Harlin.gen
                Metro indicate that the 1970 metro population of 102,368 should remain about the same to 1980, after which a slight
                decline is predicted. Information available in 1971 indicates that the direction of major urban expansion for San
                Benito will be toward the north, as illustrated by the arrow on the map, titled "Predominant Ethnic Background and
                Income Subsections". Comparable information for Brownsville, Harlingen, and Rio Hondo was not available.

                In 1971, a breakdown by income/ethnic subsection was available only for San Benito, which reported a total of seven
                subsections. Low-income Mexican-Ameri cans were concentrated in the western third of San Benito, and in a small area on
                the east side. A small area of low-income Anglos was situated on the east side, also. The central and southeastern
                portion of San Benito was populated predominantly by middle-income Anglos and Mexican-Americans, while a small subsection
                of high-income Anglos was situated on the northern extremity of San Benito. These subsections are presented graphically
                on the map, titled "Predominant Ethnic Background and Income Subsections".

                I/ "Current" participation refers to levels of participation by type of selected recreation activity which were estimated
                   for the year 1970.
                2/ "Current" recreation opportunities refers to computed figures derived from the numbers of pub licly-adminis tered
                   facilities by type available with the metro area in 1971.

                                                                                                                                            463

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             REGION 34 BROWNSVILLE       R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S          CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                           1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

             The "Dispersion of'Parks By Type" map shows the geographic distribution of parks in the metro as of 1971. Parks in
             general did not appear to be adequately distributed. In spite of the fact that about fifty percent of the metro's
             population resided in Brownsville, only about twenty percent of the -parks were located in Brownsville; a large majority
             of parks were concentrated in Harlingen and San Benito.'

             Relative to the income/ethnic subsections in San Benito, a large population of the parks@was situated in the middle-
             income areas of central and southeastern San Benito.. The low-income Mexican American subsection in the western third
             had only one park, while the low-income Mexican-American and Anglo subsections in eastern San Benito, as well as the
             high-income Anglo area, had no parks of any kind.

             District parks were located primarily in Harlingen; Brownsville had one, while San Benito and  Rio Hondo had no district
             parks. Community parks appeared to be reasonably well distributed, but there were very few specialty parks anywhere in
             the metro. Open land parks were highly concentrated in Harlingen and San Benito, while Brownsville reported no open
             land parks at all. In the allocation of additional parks, regardless of type, consideration probably should be given
             to most areas of Brownsville, as well as the low-income subsections and.growth area of San Benito.

             In addition to maintaining an adequate dispersion of parks in all portions of the metro area, the provision of different
             types of recreational facilities in parks is also an important consideration. An analysis of the current and future
             requirements for selected recreational facilities and the current dispersion of facilities in the Brownsville-Harlingen
             Metro Area is presented in the following discussions.

             FACILITY REQUIREMENTS AND DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

             As mentioned previously, requirements for selected recreational facilities (see the following table) were calculated for
             the years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000. Then, an analysis ;f the dispersion of existing facilities among the
             predominant income/ethnic background subsections and the major growth areas of the metro was conducted whenever this
             information was available. Conclusions reached from the facility dispersion analysis were then used to qualify the
             facility requirement estimates, particularly in those cases where no additional facilities were estimated as being needed
             within the metropolitan area. Usually, special note is made where growth areas appeared to have limited facilities. The
             methodology used to calculate facility requirements in general is explained in Appendix C, Part I--An Overview of the
             Urban Volume. In the discussions that follow, resource requirements for recreational facilities are generally referred
             to by units of the most important feature necessary to allow participation. For example, when a requirement is shown
             for swimming pools, features such as a bathhouse, cleaning and filtering system, and other support features are implied
             when a requirement for the major facility is shown.

                                                                                                                                       465

              REGION 34 BROWNSVILLE      R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S           CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                                                                     Swimming

              In 1971, the Brownsville-Harlingen Metropolitan Area reported 4,713 square yards of swimming area which, when multiplied
              by the facility standard of 150 days per year per square yard, provided about 707,000 opportunity days. With an
              estimated 443,000 participation days in 1970, no additional resources were required for that year. In fact, the 1971
              opportunities level should be adequate, for the metro as a whole, until the year 2000 when a small amount of additional
              square yards will be required. Even though the metro as a whole apparently had an adequate supply of swimming pools,
              Brownsville had only one; there were no public outdoor swimming pools in the northern and northwestern area of
              Brownsville.

                                                                   Child's Play

              Wigh a conversion standard of 27,623 days per year per acre of playground, the twenty-three acres enumerated in 1971
              provided 635,000 opportunity days, which was 327,000 days more than the estimated demand for 1970. Accordingly, no
              additional facilities were required for that year, and projections of demand through the year 2000 suggest that the 1971
              supply of playgrounds should be adequate through the year 2000 for the metro as a whole. A distribution analysis,
              however, shows that Brownsville had relatively fewer playgrounds compared to other parts of,the metro.

                                                                 Baseball/Softball

              The eleven baseball/softball fields enumerated in 1971 provided a combined total of 152,000 opportunity days in 1971,
              given a standard of 13,804 days per year per field. Demand was calculated to be approximately 160,000 participation days
              in 1970 resulting in a slight deficit for that year. Assuming that supply remained at the 1971 level, the deficit was
              projected to increase from 8,000 days in 1970 to 32,000 days in 1975, and to 55,000 days by 1980. Given these deficits,
              cumulative resource requirements were projected to increase from one additional field over the 1971 level, to two
              additional fields in 1975, to four additional fields by 1980; to five additional fields in 1990, and to a cumulative
              total of seven fields by the year 2000. Information available in 1971 does not allow a distribution analysis. However,
              consideration should be given to providing a balanced distribution relative to growth areas and the various income/
              ethnic subsections.

                                                                    Picnicking

              In 1971, the Brownsville-Harlingen Metro Area reported 212 public picnic tables. With a conversi *on standard of 1,702
              days per year per picnic table, these 212 units provided 361,000 opportunity days resulting in a deficit of 82,000
              opportunity days. In order to have satisfied demand in 1970, an additional forty-eight tables were required. On the
              other hand, assuming that the 1971 supply level remained unchanged, the cumulative requirement of 48 tables in 1970
              was expected to increase to 56 tables in 1975 and to 63 tables in 1980. When the 1980 resource requirement is fulfilled,
              no further development is considered necessary. A distribution analysis of public picnic facilities shows that in 1971
              there were relatively fewer picnic tables in Brownsville, particularly in the north part, than in other municipalities in
              the metro. Also, there was an apparent lack of facilities in some of the low-inccme Mexican-American subsection in

              466

               REGION 34 BROWNSVILLE      R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S           CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                  1 9 7 0   2 0 0 0

               San Benito.

                                                                    Football/Soccer

               The metro area reported no public footbalf fields in 1971.   In order to have satisfied demand in 1970, twelve fields
               would have been required, given a facility standard of 7,244 days per year per field. With a decline in demand
               predicted for the remaining time periods, no additional fields are expected to be required once the twelve fields have
               been provided.- It is suggested that the fields should be located so as to maximize access.

                                                                         Golf

               The two municipal golf courses in 1971 provided approximately 146,000 opportunity days, given a facility standard of
               4,047 days per year per golf hole.  Since demand was not expected to reach that, level for any of the target dates,.the
               1971 supply level of thirty-six holes should be adequate for the metro as a whole through the year 2000.   However, in
               1971 there was no public golf course in San Benito. Also, the north part of Brownsville, the northern and northeastern
               portions of Harlingen, as well as Rio Hondo appeared to be relatively distant from public courses.

                                                                        Tennis

               In 1971 the metro area reported nine public tennis courts which, when multiplied by the facility standard of 2,694
               days per year per tennis court, provided about 24,000 opportunity days.   This was slightly below the estimated demand
               of 26,000 participation days.  In order to satisfy demand, one additional court was needed in 1970.   A total of two
               additional courts above the 1971 supply level was required to satisfy demand in 1975, with the cumulative resource
               requirement of three projected for 1980. When the 1980 resource requirement is fulfilled, no further development is
               considered necessary.  Information available in 1971 did not permit a dispersion analysis. However, consideration
               should be given te prcviding a balanced dispersion relative to growth areas and the various income/ethnic subsections.

                                                                      Basketball

               The four basketball courts enumerated in 1971 provided about 35,000 days of opportunity, given a standard of 8,795 days
               per year per court.  This supply'level was expected to satisfy demand through the year 2000; hence, no additional
               courts were forecasted. Although a dispersion analysis was not possible from available information, consideration
               should be given to providing a balanced distribution relative to growth areas and the various income/ethnic subsections.

                                                                   Trails Activities

               The Brownsville-Harlingen Metropolitan Area reported no designated trails in 1971. An estimated demand of 50,000

                                                                                                                                        467

                  REGION 34 BROWNSVILLE     R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S            CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                    1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                  participation days in 1970 suggested the need for six miles of trail, given a conversion standard of 8,464 days per
                  year per mile of trail. Assuming that no trails have been established to date, the cumulative requirements are pro-
                  jected to increase to 10 miles of trail in 1975, 13 miles by 1980, 17 miles by 1990, and 20 miles of trail by the year
                  2000.

                  A relatively small proportion of the total participation in trail and related activities was estimated to take place
                  in public ly- administered park and recreation areas. It is likely, however, that as trail facilities are provided, the
                  relative proportion of total participation will increase at these recreation areas. Thus, the above estimates of
                  resources required may be conservative in the long run and should be considered as minimum estimates. In addition to
                  the expectations for increases in participation in trail and related activities at publicly-administered park and
                  recreation areas, it is clear that the major proportion of walking, bicycling, and nature study is occurring in places
                  other than established recreation areas. The majority of this participation is most likely taking place in local
                  neighborhoods, on city streets, and on available open lands within the area. This phenomenon has direct policy
                  implications with respect to the provision of sidewalks within currenCly existing and newly developing neighborhoods,
                  the development of a system of bike lanes in high use areas, and the provision of adequate open space and greenbelt
                  areas within the metro area.

                                                 Water-Related Activities: Boating., Boat Fishing, Skiing

                                                             Surface Acres - Freshwater Lakes
                                                              (Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing)

                  A total of 617 surface acres of freshwater lakes was located within the Brownsville Metro of Region 34 in 1971. Be-
                  cause of the limited freshwater available for skiing, no participation was reported in the Texas Outdoor Recreation
                  Household Demand Survey. Using participation patterns of households recreating in the urban areas, it was estimated
                  that boating would have totaled 76,000 days, boat fishing 27,000 days, and skiing 12,000 days for a total of 115,000
                  days in 1970. Comparing estimated participation with the opportunities provided by the surface acres existing in 1971
                  indicates that existing freshwater lakes will be sufficient through the year 2000.
                                                                  Freshwater Boat Rampsll

                  Three publicly-administered freshwater boat lanes were reported for the Brownsville Metro of Region 34 in 1971. By
                  estimating the 1970 total freshwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation which would have occurred using

                  I/ In calculating freshwater boat ramp resource requirements the assumption was made that each boat ramp has two lanes.
                     Supply figures listed in the "Park and Recreation Facilities by Type of Park" table and quoted in the narratives are
                     in terms of single lanes.

             468

                REGION 34 BROWNSVILLE     R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S             CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                  1 9 7 0   2 0 0 0

                freshwater boat ramp facilities to gain access to the water if ramps were available, it was calculated that two boat
                ramps were needed in 1970.   Projected increases in freshwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation are
                expected to require no additional freshwater boat ramps in 1975, one in 1980   'none in 1990, and none in the year 2000,
                bringing the cumulative resource requirement to three ramps in 2  000. Since boat ramps are the most frequently used
                means by which boaters, skiers, and boat fishermen gain access to freshwater lakes, freshwater boat ramps required
                could be constructed on existing freshwater lakes if the lakes are available for participation in the water-related
                activities.

                                                           Summary of Facilities Requiremer@ts

                In 1971 there were two types of public outdoor recreation facilities unavailable within the metro boundaries of
                Region 34:   public football fields and miles of designated trail.   Development of trail'facilities was estimated
                to be required in every planning horizon year. Twelve football/soccer fields were estimated to be necessary in
                1970, after which no additional requirements were indicated.

                other requirements included additional freshwater boat ramps in 1970 and 1980, additional public swimming pools in
                the year 2000, additional baseball fields in all planning horizon years, as well as additional picnic tables and
                tennis courts in 1970, 1975, and 1980.    The number of surface acres of freshwater lakes, playground acres, holes
                of golf, and basketball courts enumerated in 1971 was estimated to be sufficient through the year 2000.

                A dispersion analysis was possible only for a few facility types. Brownsville had only one public swimming pool in
                1971, and there appeared to be relatively few playgrounds and picnicking facilities in Brownsville, compared to other
                parts of the metro. Also, there was an apparent lack of picnicking facilities in some of the low-income Mexican-
                American subsections of San Benito.   San Benito also reported having no municipal golf course, and someareas of
                Brownsville, Harlingen, and the municipality of Rio Hondo appeared to be relatively distant from public courses.     In
                the allocation of additional facilities for all types of outdoor recreation activiti   'es, consideration shouldbe given
                to a balanced distribution relative to growth areas and the various income/ethnic subsections.

                                                                                                                                          469

                     REGION 34 BROWNSVILLE                                                        RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIR124ENTS, 1970-2000                                                            CITY SIZE; NETROS

                                                                                          TOTAL           1971 OPPORTUNITY       NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                     PARTICIPATION         DAYS AVAILABLE               (OODIS OF                                 WITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                       (OOO'S OF              (OOO'S OF             ACTIVITY DAYS)                                RESOURCES REQUIRED
                     YEAR      ACT  IVITY                                           ACTIVITY DAYS)         ACTIVITY DAYS         DEFICIT         SURPLUS                CLZIULATIVE                       INCREMENTAL
                                 Swimming (Pools)    . . . . . . . . . . .                   443  -1/                 707                           264                 0 square  yard&V                  0square yards-V
                                 Child's Play (Playgrounds)      . . . . . .                 308                      635                           327                 0 acres                           0acres
                                 Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                   160                      152               8                               1 field                           1field
                                 Picnicking   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    443                      361               82                              48 tables                         48 tables
                                 Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                   90                       0                 90                              12 fields                         12 fields
                                 Golf  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     31                       146                           115                 0 holes                           0holes
                                 Tennis  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     26                       24                2                               1 court,  dbl.                    Icourt, dbl.
                                 Basketball   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                         9                   35                              26                0 courts, full                    0courts, full

                     1970      Water-Related Activities:
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing      FW  . . .                115                      257                           142                 0 surfac@ acres                   0surfac7 acres
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing,      Skiing FW  . . .                84                       40                44                              2 ramp S3                         2ramps-3

                               Trails Activities:
                                 Walking . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . .                     34   4/                                                                    4 miles                           4miles
                                 Bicycling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    16   4/                                                                    2 miles                           2miles
                                 Nature Study   . . . . . . . . . . . . .                         4/                                                                    <1 mile                           <1 mile
                                 Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                            Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                  50                       0                 50                              6 miles                           6miles

                               ACTIVITY
                                 Swimming (Pools)    . . . . .. . . . . . .                  517                      707                           190                 0 square  yards-V                 0square yards-2/
                                 Child's Play (Playgrounds)      . . . . . .                .369                      635                           266                 0 acres                           0acres
                                 Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                   184                      152               32                              2 fields                          Ifield
                                 Picnicking   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    457                      361               96                              56 tables                         8tables
                                 Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                   88                       0                 88                              12 fields                         0fields
                                 Golf  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     38                       146                           108                 0 holes                           0holes
                                 Tennis  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     29                       24                5                               2 courts, dbl.                    1court,  dbl.
                                 Basketball   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                         9                   35                              26                0 courts, full                    0courts, full

                     1975      Water-Rel-ated Activities:
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing      FW  . . .                136                      257                           121                 0 surfagy acres                   0surfary acres
                                                                                                                                                                             mp                                   3
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing      FW  . . .                99                       40                59                              2 ra                              0ramp&=

                               Trails Activities:
                                 Walking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     58   4/                                                                    7 miles                           3miles
                                 Bicycling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    23   4/                                                                    3 miles                           1mile
                                 Nature Study   . . . . . . . . . . . . .                         41                                                                    <1 mile                           0miles
                                 Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                     4/
                                            Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                  81   -                   0                 81                              10 miles                          4miles

                    470

                  REGION 34 BROWNSVILLE                                                          RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                                CITY SIZE: mETRos

                                                                                           TOTAL           1971 OPPORTUNITY        NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                      PARTICIPATION         DAYS AVAILABLE               (OOO'S OF                                    MNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                        (OOO'S OF              (0001S OF              ACTIVITY DAYS)                                  RESOURCES REQUIRED
                  X.&M       ACTIVITY                                                ACTIVITY DAYS          ACTIVITY DAYS           DEFICIT         SURPLUS                 CUMULATIVE                      INCRE24ENTAL
                              Swimming (Pools)      . . . . . . . . . . .                    600  l/                 707                                 107                0 square yards-Z/                  0 square yards  2/
                              Child's Play (Playgrounds)        . . . . . .                  435                     635                                 200                0 acres                            0 acres
                              Baseball/Softball     . . . . . . . . . . .                    207                     152                 55                                 4 fields                           2 fields
                              Picnicking     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     468                     361                107                                 63 tables                          7 tables
                              Football/Soccer     . . . . . . . . . . . .                      86                       0                86                                 12 fields                          0 fields
                              Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                         45                    146                                 101                0 holes                            0 holes
                              Tennis   . . . . . .    . . . . . . . . . .                      31                     24                   7                                3 courts, dbl.                     I court, dbl.
                              Basketball     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                         9                    35                                 26                 0 courts, full                     0 courts, full

                  1980       Water-Related Activities:
                              Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW         . . .                 160                     257                                 97                 0 surfa3cy acres                   0 surface acres
                              Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW         . . .                 116                      40                 76                                 3 ramps=                           I ramp-3/

                             Trails Activities:
                              Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                         81 4/                                                                        9 miles                            2 miles
                              Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        30 4/                                                                        4 miles                            I mile
                              Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                           4/                                                                        <1 mile                            0 miles
                              Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                        4/                    0               ill                                 13 miles
                                          Nature Study  .. . . . . . . . .                                                                                                                                     3 miles

                             ACTIVITY
                              Swimming (Pools)      . . . . . . . . . . .                    661                     707                                 46                 0 square yards!/                   0 square yards-2/
                              Child's Play (Playgrounds)        . . . . . .                  491                     635                                 144                0 acres                            0 acres
                              Baseball/Softball     . . . . . . . . . . .                    218                     152                 66                                 5 fields                           1 field
                              Picnicking     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     423                     361                 62                                 63 tables                          0 tables
                              Football/Soccer     . . . . . . . . . . . .                      71                       0                71                                 12 fields                          0 fields
                              Golf   . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . .                         53                    146                                 93                 0 holes                            0 holes
                              Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                         27                     24                 .3                                 3 courts, dbl.                     0 courts, dbl.
                              Basketball     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                         7                    35                                 28                 0 courts, full                     0 courts, full

                  1990       Water-Related Activities:

                              Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW         . . .                 166                     257                                 91                 0 surface acres                    0 surface acres
                              Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW         . . .                 118                      40                 18                                 3 ramps!/                          0 rampd/

                             Trails Activities:
                              Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       106  4/                                                                        13 miles                           4 miles
                              Bicycling   . . . . . . . .     ; . . . . . .                    37 4/                                                                        4 miles                            0 miles
                              Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                                                     <1 mile                            0 miles
                              Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                          Nature Study. %     . . . . . . .                  143  4/                    0               143                                 17 miles                           4 miles

                                                                                                                                                                                                                             471

                    REGION 34 BROWNSVILLE                                                      RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                             CITY SIZE:    IIETROS

                                                                                          TOTAL           1971 OPPORTUNITY       NET OPPORTUNITY    'DAYS
                                                                                     PARTICIPATION         DAYS AVAILABLE              (OOO'S OF                                 UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                       (OOO'S OF              (OOO'S  OF            ACTIVITY DAYS)                               RESOURCES REQUIRED
                    YEAR       ACTIVITY                                             ACTIVITY DAYS)          ACTIVITY  DAYS)      DEFICIT        SURPLUS                  CUMULATIVE                     INCREMENTAL
                                Swimming (Pools)    ... . . . . . . . . .                    763  1/             707                 56                                  373 square yards-2/            373 square yards-2/
                                Child's Play (Playgrounds)      . . . . . .                  579                 635                              56                     0acres                           0 acres
                                Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                    244                 152                 92                                  7fields                          2 field
                                Picnick  :                              . . .                418                 361                 57                                  63 tables                        0 tables
                                         ing . . . . . . . . . . .
                                Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                      63                   0                63                                  12 fields                        0 fields
                                Golf  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        63                146                              83                     0holes                           0 holes
                                Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       25                  24                  1                                 3courts, dbl.                    0 courts, dbl.
                                Basketball   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       6                   35                             29                     0courts, full                    0 courts, full

                    2000       Water-Related Activities:
                                Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW        . . .                184                 257                              73                     0surfa57   acres                 0 surfac@ acres
                                Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW        . . .                130                   40                90                                  3ramps@                          0 ramps-3

                               Trails Activities:

                                Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     1310 4/                                                                     15 miles                         2 mile  a
                                Bicycling  . . . . . . . . . . . . .      I .                  43 '41                                                                    5miles                           l.mile
                                Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                                                <1 mile                          0 miles
                                Combined,Walking, Bicycling,
                                           Nature Study  . . . ... . . . .                   173  4/                0                173                                 20 miles                         3 miles

                    Note: Asterisks indicate that projected annual activity days were less than 500,
                    l/   Includes only swimming participation occurring in swimming pools, 94 percent of the total in urban areas.
                    @/   Designated freshwater swimming areas may be substituted for swimming pools. When making substitutions consider total swimming participation
                    '51  Assumes 2.0 lanes per ramp.
                    4/   Reflects estimated participation occurring in park and recreation areas; does not include participation occurring outside park and recreation areas. Of the total
                         walking, bicycling, and nature study participation it was determined that 10.5, 4.0, and 20.1 percent, rcspect@ively for each activity, occurs in park and recreation
                         areas.

                    472

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                    REGION 34                      REGIONAL DESCRIPTION: MCALLEN-EDINBURG-PHARR METROPOLITAN AREA

                    The other  metropolitan area of Region 34 consists of the cities                            POPULATION
                    and towns   of Edinburg, McAllen, Mission, Pharr and San Juan.                              1970 Metro   Area Population: 88,741
                                                                                                                Change 1960-70: +6/
                    Edinburg,   the county seat of Hidalgo County, is the center for         a                  Race Compo  sitiorr 17
                    citrus-growing area and is    ia major shipping point. Industries                               White   ..... 98/; 2/
                    found in Edinburg involve food processing, furniture, home fix-                                 Negro   .....  1%
                    tures, fertilizer, petroleum, and dairy products. Major events                                  Other   .....  1%
                    celebrated annually in the city are the All-Valley Tourist Days                             Age Composition (years):-
                    (February) and the Pan American Days (April). Edinburg is the                                   13 or less    .....  32%
                    location of Pan American University.                                                            14 - 20              16%
                                                                                                                    21 - 44       .....  27%
                    McAllen is a city whose economy is based on tourism, citrus crops,                              45 - 64       .....  17%
                    vegetables, oil, gas, and international trade with Mexico. Major                                65 and over   .....    8%
                    events in McAllen include the International Border Gem Fiesta
                    (February) and the International Spring Fiesta (March).                                     ECONOMY
                                                                                                                Agribusiness
                    Mission is a commercial center for a citrus crop area and has                               Minerals
                    over thirty industries located in the city. Major annual                                    Tourism
                    events in Mission are the Poinsettia Show (December) and the
                    Texas Citrus Fiesta (January).

                    Pharr is a commercial center for the production of winter vegetables, citrus crops, cotton, and natural gas. A
                    major annual event in Pharr is the All-Valley Winter Vegetable Show (December).

                    Located in the irrigated valley of the Rio Grande, San Juan was organized in 1909. The name of the town is derived
                    from the Spanish name given the town's organizer John Closner. San Juan has a large plant manufacturing concrete
                    irrigation pipe, but it is also a tourist and agribusiness center.

                    I/ San Juan not included due to lack of data. San Juan's population is 5,070.
                    2/ Includes persons of Mexican and/or Spanish descent.

              474

                  REGION 34 McALLEN                                                                                     CITY SIZE: METRO

                           P U B L I C L Y     A D M I N I S T E R E D      R E C R E A T 1 0 N      0 P P 0 R T U N I T I E S

                                                                                                  LAND AND WATER ACREAGE

                                                                                                                         ACRES
                                                                                                             REGION 34          STATEWIDE
                                                                                                              McALLEN            AVERAGE
                                                                                                               METRO           METRO AREAS_
                   REGION 34                          75%                         Developed Land                361               1,307
                    McALLEN                                                       Undeveloped Land              122                   536
                      METRO
                                            25%                                   Total Land                    483               1,843
                                                                                  Water Within or Adjacent        41              1,006

                                                                                  Total Land and Water          524               2,849

                                                    DEVELOPED LAND-

                                                    UNDEVELOPED LAND
                                                                                  The McAllen Metro Area has a total of 483 acres of land
                                                                                  set aside as park and recreation areas. In addition, 41
                                                                                  surface acres of water either within or adjacent to these
                                                                                  parks ,,-Yere reported.
                                                      71%
                                                                                  Of the total land acreage, 361 acres are developed with
                    STATEWIDE                                                     facilities, leaving 122 acres available for aevelopment
                     AVERAGE                                                      in the future. With 75 percent of the land acreage
                  METRO AREAS                                                     currently developed, the Area is just above the Statewide
                                                                                  Metro average of 71 percent.
                                            29%
                                        2 _@l
                                     @JT7 r%

                                                                                                                                               475

                       REGION 34@ McALLEN                                                                                                CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                                      PARKS AND ACREAGE BY TYPE OF PARK

                                                                                                                                                    STATEWIDE
                                                      DISTRICT           COMMUNITY        SPECIALTY           OPEN LAND                              AVERAGE
                                                         PARK              PARK                PARK-             PARK               TOTAL         METRO AREAS

                       Number of Parks                      2.000            23.000             12.000              10.000            47.000             72.000

                       Parks Per Thousand                     .023              .259               .135               .113              .530                267

                       People Per Park                44,371.000         3,858.000           7,395.000          8,874.000         1,888.000           3,754.000
                       ...................................................................                .............................................

                       Land Acres                          93.000           154.000            132.000             104.000           483.000          1,843.000

                       Acres Per Thousand                   1.048              1.735              1.488              1.172             5.443               6.864

                       People Per Acre                    954..000          576.000            672.000            853.000            184.000            146-000

                       Almost one-half of the 47 parks in the McA         Ilen Metro Area are Community Parks. Twelve Specialty and ten Open
                       Land Parks wer   'e reported, along with only two District Parks. The 23 Community'Parks contain a total of 154
                       acres, followed by Specialty Parks with 132 acres. The ten Open Land Parks average about 10 acres each, while
                       the two District Parks total 93 acres. The dispersion of the four types of urban parks are depicted graphically
                       in the accompanying map titled "Dispersion of Parks by Type."

                       Looking at the total park and acreage figures in relation to the total population of the McAllen Metro Area,
                       .530 parks per 1,000 and 5.443 acres per 1,000 population exist.

                       Another way to present this data is that 1,888 people share each              park while 184 people must share each acre of
                       park land.

                       With .530 parks per 1,000, the McAllen Metro Area has            almost double the Statewide Metro average. However, the
                       5.443 acres per 1,000 gives the area a figure below the Statewide Metro average for acres per 1,000.

               476

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                     REGION 34 McALLEN                                                                                                     CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                               PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK

                                                                                                                                        UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                                   DISTRICT COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                           PEOPLE      REGION 34      STATEWIDE
                                  TYPE OF FACILITY                   PARK         PARK         PARK        TOTAL          PER          McALLEN        AVERAGE
                                                                   (UNITS)      (UNITS)      (UNITS)        UNITS         UNIT           METRO      METRO AREAS
                     Games and Sports:
                        Parks  ..............................           2           14           8             24         3,697            .269          .150
                        Tennis Courts   ......................          0            7          20             27         3,286            .303          .142
                        Basketball Courts   ..................          0           10           2             12         7,395            .134          .071
                        Baseball/Softball Fields    ...........         6            6           6             18         4,930            .202          .186
                        Football/Soccer Fields    .............         1            0           3               4        22,185           .044          .032
                     Picnicking:                                                        I
                        Parks  ..............................           2           16           2             20         43437            .224          .124
                        Tables .............................            27         101          11            139            638         1.561           1.230
                     Playground:
                        Parks  ..............................           2           21           0             23         3,858            .258          .170
                        Acres Developed  ....................           11          74           0             85         1,044            .955          .258
                     Swimming,'
                        Parks--     ..........................          1            8           0               9        9,860            .101          .050
                        Pools (Sq. Yd.)  .....................         120       5,756           0          5,876              15       66.022         25.950
                        Designated 'Fresh Water (Sq. Yd.)     ...       0            0           0               0           ---           ---         52.242
                     Boating:
                        Parks  ..............................           0            0           0               0           ---           ---           .006
                        Ramp Lanes - Fresh Water    ............        0            0           0               0           ---           ---           .008
                     Camping:
                        Parks  ..............................           0            0           0               0           ---           ---           .002
                        Campsites  ..........................           0            0           0               0           ---           ---           .121
                     Fishing:
                        Parks  ..............................           0            0           0               0           ---           ---           .013
                        Pier/Barge/Marina-Fresh Water (Yd.)             0            0           0               0           ---           ---           .049
                     Golfing:                                                                                                              .022          .005
                        Courses  ............................           1            0           1               2        44,370
                        Holes  ..............................           9            0           9             18         4,930            .202          .100
                     Trails:
                        Parks  ..............................           0            0           1               1        88,741           .011          .006
                        Nature (mi.)   .......................          0            0           2               2        44,370           .022          .009
                        Horseback (Mi.)  ............    .......        0            0           0               0           ---           ---           .003
                        Bicycle (Mi.)   ......................          0            0           0               0           ---           ---           .007
                        Hiking (Mi.)   .......................          0            0           1               1        88,741           .011          .606
                        Total Trails (Mi.)    .................         0            0           3               3        29,580           .033          .021

               478

                 REGION 34 McALLEN                            PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK                                CITY SIZE:       METRO

                                                                                                                                          UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                                 DISTRICT COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                              PEOPLE      REGION 34        STATEWIDE
                              TYPE OF FACILITY                      PARK         PARK          PARK         TOTAL          PER          McALLEN         AVERAGE
                                                                  (UNITS)      (UNITS)       (UNITS)        UNITS          UNIT            METRO      METRO AREAS

                 Sport Shooting:
                    Parks... 0                                                     0             0             0             ---            ---            .002
                    Traps..  ***"***   ...................           0             0             0             0             ---                           .002
                    Shooting Targets     ..................          0             0             0             0             ---            ---            .004
                    Archery Targets    ...................           0             0             0             0             ---            ---            .011
                 Miscellaneous:
                    Parks  .............................             1             5             2             8           11,092           .089           .038
                    Amphitheatre Seats     ................          0@            0             0             0             ---            ---            1.077
                    Botanical Gardens (Acres).;       .......        0             0             17            17           5,220           .191           .077
                    Zoos (Acres)    ......................           0             0             0             0             ---            ---            .051
                    Community/Recreation Centers       .......       1             5             1             7           12,677           .078           .038

                 The park and recraation facilities in the McAllen Metro Area are                about evenly    distributed among all three of the         park
                 categories.      In the Specialty Park category are the only trails in addition to a botancial garden.                     One golf course
                 each in the District and Specialty Park categories were reported.                  A total.of 9 parks with swimming        pools were reported,
                 all but one of these in Community Parks. A total of sqven community/recreation centers were inventoried.

                 Of the 47 parks, 24 have facilities for games and sports, 23 have playgrounds, 20 have picnicking facilities and 9 have
                 swimming pools. The most common types of games and sports facilities are tennis with 27 courts, followed by baseball/
                 softball with 18 fields, basketball with 12 courts and football/soccer with 4 fields.

                 Looking at    selected facilities in relation to the number of potential users we                find the   following:

                       29,580  persons for    each mile of trails                                4,930 persons    for  each  golf hole
                       22,185  persons for    each football/soccer field                         3,286 persons    for  each  tennis court
                       12,677  persons for    each community/recreation center                   1,044 persons    for  each  acre of playground
                         7,395 persons for    each basketball court                                 638 persons   for  each  picnic table
                         4,930 persons for    each baseball/softball field                           15 persons   for  each  square yard of swimming pool

                 The McAllen Metro Area       is above the Statewide Metro average for facility units             per  1,000 for tennis courts, basketball
                 courts, baseball/softball fields, football/soccer fields, picnic tables, playground acres, square yards of swimming
                 pools, golf holes, trail miles, acres of botanical gardens and community/recreation centers.                        No designated fresh water
                 swimming area, boat ramp lanes, campsites, yards of fishing pier /barge/marina, sport shooting facilities, amphitheatre
                 seats or zoo acreage were reported.

                                                                                                                                                                   479

                   REGION 34 MCALLEN                    CONVERSION OF FACILITIES TO RECREATION OPPORTUNITY DAYS                      CITY SIZE: METRO

                   Current opportunity days for 1971 were calculated by multiplying the number of facilities available for each
                   activity in the metro area (determined from the Texas Outdoor Recreation Inventory of Parks, Recreation Areas,
                   and Facilities) times the standard for the facility.

                                                                                                                      DAYS PER THOUSAND POPULATION
                                                                                                      ANNUAL               REGION           STATEWIDE
                                                                                                       DAYS                  34               AVERAGE
                   ACTIVITY-FACILITY                                                                AVAILABLE         MCALLEN METRO            METRO
                        Swimming (Pools) - square yards       . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           881,400              9,903               3,891
                        Child's Play - playground acres       . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         2,347,955              26,382              7,137
                        Baseball/Softball - fields        . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           248,472              2,792               2,577
                        Picnicking - tables     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .             236,578              2,658               2,093
                        Football/Soccer       fields   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .             28,896                325                  235
                        Golf - holes     .             *  *   * * * ' *   * *  * * * '  ' *  ' '       72,846                818                  414
                                                b
                        Tennis - courts, do, le      . . .    . . . . . . . . . .       . . . .        72,738                817                  384
                        Basketball - courts, full      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .            105,540              1,186                  625

                     Water-Related Activities:

                        Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW - surface acres           . . . . . .        274,904              3,089               2,962
                        Boating, Boat'Fishing,     Skiing FW - boat ramps     . . . . . . . .                 0                 0                 103

                     Trail Activities:

                        Combined Walking, Bicycling, and Nature Study - miles           . . . .        25,392                285                  164

                   The McAllen Metro Area offers the most opportunity days for child's play, followed by swimming (in pools), surface
                   acres for freshwater boating, boat fishing and skiing, and baseball/softball. A comparison between the opportunity
                   days per thousand population for the McAllen Metro area and the Statewide Metro average shows that the McAllen
                   Metro Area surpasses the statewide average for all types of facilities except freshwater boat ramps, for which there
                   are no opportunity days available.

                480

               REGION 34 MCALLEN                  ESTIMATED CURRENT AND FUTURE PARTICIPATION) 1970-2000                      CITY SIZE: METRO

               The fifteenth ranking metro area, based on population, McAllen ranked fourteenth in total participation for the year
               1970.  Estimates for 1970 indicate thac residents and non-residents in the area spent 2.7 million recreation days in
               pursuit of the various forms of urban outdoor recreation opportunities available within the metro area.

                                                                           Resident

               Total days of participation in urban outdoor recreation activities by the residents of the McAllen Metropolitan Area
               for the 16 activities shown were estimated to be 2..6 million days in 1970.        Total participation is expected to increase
               to 2.7 million days in 1975 and to 2.9 million days in 1980.        These projections represent increases of 6.9 percent by
               1975 and 12.8 percent by 1980. Participation on a days per household basis is projected to increase from 120.2 days
               in 1970 to 133.7 days in 1975, and to 147.2 days in 1980--increases of 11.3 and 22.5 percent, respectively, over the
               1970 level. Residents of the McAllen Metropolitan Area are expected to participate at a rate of 4 days per household
               below the statewide average for the other Texas metropolitan areas in 1970.         Participation will be below the average
               by 28 days in 1975 and by 55 days in 1980.      For the most distant years of 1990 and 2000, total days of participation
               are expected to decrease while participation on a days per household basis will increase. Days per household will
               remain below the statewide average for all metropolitan areas.

               Projections for specific activities indicate that eight of the 16 activities will increase in total days of partici-
               pation through the year 2000. Baseball, picnicking, football,        tennis, basketball, bicycling, and fishing are expected
               to decline through the year 2000, with nature study remaining relatively constant. Participation on a days per house-
               hold basis is expected to increase in eleven activities by 1980, while picnicking, football, bicycling, sightseeing,
               and driving for pleasure will decline slightly.       In 1970 the six most popular activities, based on total participation
               were estimated to be:    driving for pleasure, picnicking, swimming, walking, child's play, and sightseeing, respectively.
               By 1975 the relative ranking for the six most popular activities are as follows: driving for pleasure, picnicking,
               walking, swimming, child's play, and sightseeing. In 1980 walking will still be ranked first followed by driving for
               pleasure, swimming, picnicking, child's play, and sightseeing in that order.

                                                                        Non-Resident

               For the urban outdoor recreation activities specified in 1970, participation within the McAllen Metropolitan Area by
               non-residents, was estimated to total 139,000 days.       Compared to the 1970 level, total participation is expected to
               decrease 4.3 percent (to 133,000 days) by 1975 and 9.4 percent (to 126,000 days) by-1980.           Similar decreases are
               anticipated for the years 1990 and 2000.

               In terms of days of participation for 1970, the most popular non-resident activities of the specified actiVities were:
               sightseeing, with 49,000 days; picnicking, with 26,000 days; golf, with 18,000 days; driving for pleasure, with
               13,000 days; child's play, with 11,000 days; and swimming, with 11,000 days; respectively. A significant decrease
               in non-resident participation for all activities is expected through the year 2000. The relative order of the six
               most popular activities is expected to remain constant through the year 2000.

                                                                                                                                                   481

                       REGION 34 McALLEN                                                        CURRENT AND PROJECTED RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                             CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                                                              (OOO'S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                                                           1970                                   197r                                   1980                                  1990                                  -000
                                                                        STATE-                                STATE-                                 STATE-                                 STATE-                                STATE-
                                                           REG.34       WIDE                      REG.34      WIDE                       REG.34      WIDE                      REG.34       WIDE                      REG.34      WIDE
                                                           METROS       METROS                    14ETROS     METROS                     METROS      METROS                    METROS       METROS                    METROS      METROS
                                              PART.        AVERAGE      AVERAGE      PART.        AVERAGE     AVERAGE       PART.        AVERAGE    AVERAGE       PART.        AVERAGE     AVERAGE      PART.         AVERAGE     AVERAGE
                       ACTIVITY               DAYS   RANK  DAYS/HH      DAYS/HH      DAYS  RANK   DAYS/HH     DAYS/HH       DAYS   RANK  DAYS/      DAYS/HH       DAYS   RANK  DAYS/HH     DAYS/HH      DAYS    RANK  DAYSMH      DAYS/HH

                       Swimming                369         3   17.2 7    27.41       437        4     21.29    36.52        503       3       25.57     47.17      540       2         36.25 75.28       592        2     47.99   110.14
                       Child's Play            216         5   10.11     14.08       246        5     11.99    17.72        270       5       13.72     22.00      268       5         17.99 32.20       275        5     22.29    43.99
                       Baseball/Softball        35         10  1.64         2.78       36     10      1.75      3.19         36     12        1.83      3.59        30     11          2.01   4.41         26     11      2.11         5.22
                       Picnicking              601         2   28.12        5.72     546        2     26.60     5.66        494       4       25.11     5.66       353       4         23.70  5.61       276        4     22.37        5.64
                       Football/Soccer          48         8   2.25         1.43       44       8     2.14      1.42         40       9       2.03      1.41        29     12          1.95   1.39         23     12      1.86         1.38
                       Golf                     12         13    .56        3.92       14     13       .68      4.98         15     14        .76       6.16        15     14          1.01   8.96         15     14      1.22     12.07
                       Tennis                   35         10  1.64         6.06       36     10      1.75      9.21         37     11        1.88      11.49       32       9         2.15  16.07         29       8     2.35     21.46
                       Basketball                  3       15    .14        1.60         3    15       .15      2.59            3   15        .15       3.57           2   15          .13    5.52           2    15        .16        7.53
                       Walking                 344         4   16.10     18.21       510        3     24.85    23.09        662       1       33.65     29.20      763       1         51.22 39.89       849        1     68.82    50.31
                       Bicycling                54         7   2.53      20.30         52       7     2.53     32.77         50       7       .2.54     45.25       38       8         2.55  68.44         31       7     2.51     95.49
                       Nature Study                1       16    .05        .72          1    16       .05      1.67            1   16        .05       2.64           1   16          .07    4.63           1    16        .08        6.70
                       Fishing                  38         9   1.78         1.80       39       9     1.90      1.88         39     10        1.98      1.97        32       9         2.15   2.13         28       9     2.27         2.30
                       Boating                  19         12    .89        .88        33     .12     1.61      1.60         45       8       2.29      2.31        56       6         3.76   3.74         64       6     5.19         5.17
                       Skiing                      9       14    .42        .42        13     14       .63         .62       16     13        .81       .82         18     13          1.21   1.22         20     13      1.62         1.81
                       Surfing                                                       --- ---           ---         ---      --- ---           ---       ---        --- ---             ---      ---      --- ---            ---
                       Sightseeing             106         6   4.96         2.25       90       6     4.39      2.34         75       6       3.81      2.50        44       7         2.95   2.70         28       9     2.27         3.01
                       ,Dr. for Pleas.         678         1   31.72     13.38       645        1     31.43    13.52        _&.U      2       31.06     13.67     _.@Lfa     3         31.01 13.86      _.a2        3     30,72    14.10
                           TOTAL             2,568            120.18    120.96      2,745           133.74    158.78        2,897          147.24    199.41      2,683            180-11    286.05      2,638             213.83  386.32

                                         CURRENT AND PROJECTED NON-RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                    TOTAL CURRENT AND PROJECTED PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000
                                                      . (000-S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)                                                                             (OOO'S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                       ACTIVITY                        1970             1975           1980            1990             2000       ACTIVITY                        1970                                                                -
                       Swimmi ng                           11            11              10                7                6      Swimming                         380                448          513              547               598
                       Child's Play                        11            11              10                7                6      Child's Play                     227                257          280              275               281
                       Baseball/Softball                   7                6              6               4                3      Baseball/Softball                   42              42             42              34               29
                       Picnicking                          26            25              24                16               13     Picnicking                       627                571          518              369               289
                       Football/Soccer                     3                3              3               2                1      Football/Soccer                     51              47             43              31               24
                       Golf                                18            17              16                11               9      Golf                                30              31             31              26               24
                       Tennis                                                                                                      Tennis                              35              36             37              32               29
                       Basketball                                                                                                  Basketball                          3               3                3                 2              2
                       Walking                             I                1              1                                1      Walking                          345                511          663              764               850
                       Bicycling                                                                                                   Bicycling                           54              52             50              38               31
                       Nature Study                                                                                                Nature Study                        1               1                1                 1              1
                       Fishing                                                                                                     Fishing                             38              39             39              32               28
                       Boating                                                                                                     Boating                             19              33             45              56               64
                       Skiing                                                                                                      Skiing                              9               13             16              18               20
                       Surfing                             ---          ---              ---                              ---      Surfing                                             ---          ---
                       Sightseeing                         49            46              44                30               24     Sightseeing                      155                136          119               74               52
                       Dr. for Pleas.                      13            13              12                8                7      Dr. for Pleas.                   691                658          623              470               386

                           TOTAL                           139          133              126               86               70           TOTAL                    2,707                2,878      3,023             2,769          2,708

                       Notet Asterisks indicate that projected annual activity days were less than 50D. Dashes indicate not applicable. Zeros indicate that the activity was not ranked due to
                               insignificant participation days recorded.

                     482

                REGION 34 McALLEN            R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E    R E 0 U I R E M E N T S             CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                      1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                Estimates Of urban outdoor recreation resource requirements were dey     @loped for the McAllen-Edinburg Metropolitan Area
                for the years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000 by comparing current-t and projected recreation participation with the
                current recreation opportunitiesil available within'the metro. In addition, the availability and spatial distribu-
                tion of recreation opportunities provided by parks and recreation facilities were-analyzed with respect to various
                subsections of the metro, particularly with regard to income/ethnic subsections, if this information was available.
                Conclusions reached from analyzing the distribution of recreation opportunities within the metro area we       re used to
                qualify resource requirement estimates where a less than adequate distribution appeared to exist. In the discussion
                that follows, results of the distribution analysis of parks within subsections of the McAllen-Edinburg Metro a       .re pre-
                sented.   Then, estimates of current and future requirements for selected recreation facilities are presented, and are
                qualified by conclusions reached from the distribution analysis of recreation facilities within subsections of the
                McAllen-Edinburg Metro Area.

                PARK DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

                In analyzing the availability and distribution of parks within the McAllen-Edinburg Metro Area, several characteristics
                were considered:   changes in population (or trends, in general, 1960 to 1970), areas of the metro which were expected
                to exhibit expansion (available only for Edinburg), and the dispersion of existing parks among income/ethnic subsections
                (available only.for Edinburg). From these interrelated characteristics general conclusions were reache'd with respect
                to future park developments for portions of the metro area.

                Population trends affected estimations of future recreation participation.       Projections for the McAllen- Edinburg Metro
                indicate that the 1970 metro population of 88,741 will decline over the next several decades to about 46,000 -by the
                year 2000.   An analysis was not possible regarding directions of growth for four of the five municipalities comprising
                the metro, because no information was available in 1971.      In the case of Edinburg, planners indicated that the main
                direction of growth was likely to be toward the southwest, the east, and the northwest, as illustrated by arrows on the
                map, titled "Predominant Ethnic Background and Income Subsections."

                In 1971, a breakdown by income/ethnic subsection was available only for Edinburg, and this information is presented
                graphically on the accompanying map. While six subsections were reported, most of Edinburg was comprised of four main
                subsections.   These four included:    an area of low-income Mexican-Americans in the eastern half of Edinburg, a middle-
                income Mexican- American neighborhood in west central Edinburg, a middle-income Anglo area in the north central portion,
                and a high-income Anglo area in the southern and southwestern part of Edinburg.

                1/"Current" participation refers to levels of participation by type of selected recreation activity which were esti-
                   mated for the year 1970.
                2/ "Current" recreation opportunities refers to computed figures derived from the numbers of pub licly- administered
                   facilities by type available within the metro area in 1971.

                                                                                                                                               483

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                                                                              4w

               REGION 34 MCALLEN            R E C R E A T 1 0 N     R E S 0 U R C E    R E Q U I R E M E N T S            CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                     1 9 7 0   2 0 0 0

               The "Dispersion of' Parks by Type" map shows the geographic distribution of parks in    Mission, McAllen, and Edinburg, as
               of 1971.  Comparable information for San Juan and Pharr was not available.      Parks in general were reasonably well dis-
               tributed, although Mission and Edinburg each had slightly fewer parks than their respective populations would predict.
               Relative to the income/ethnic subsections in Edinburg, there were three subsections which had no parks of any kind:        a
               low-income Mexican- American subsection, a middle-income Anglo subsection, and a high-income Anglo area, all of which
               were in the north and northwest part of Edinburg.

               While Mission and McAllen each had one district park, Edinburg did.not have a district park in 1971.        Community and
               specialty parks tended to be reasonably well distributed among the three municipalities; however, in Mission, all. three
               community parks were concentrated in the southeast cornerof that municipality.       Most populated areas in Edinburg and
               McAllen seemed to have reasonably good access to open land parks, but there was only one such -park in Mission, and it
               was located in the extreme northwest corner of the populated area.

               In addition to maintaining an adequate dispersion of parks in all portions of the metro area, the provision of different
               types of recreational facilities in-parks is also an important consideration.      An analysis of.the current and future
               requirements for selected recreational facilities and the current dispersion of facilities in the McAllen- Edinburg
               Metro Area is presented in the following discussions.

               FACILITY REQUIREMENTS AND DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

               As mentioned previously, requirements for selected recreational facilities (see 'the following table) were calculated
               for the years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000.     Then, an analysis of the dispersion of existing facilities among the
               predominant income/ethnic subsections and the major growth areas of portions of the metro was conducted.         Conclusions
               reached from the facility dispersion analysis were then used to qualify the. facility requirement estimates, particularly
               in those cases where no additional facilities were estimated as being needed within the metropolitan area.         Usually,
               special note is made where growth areas appeared to have limited faci:lities.     The methodology used to calculate facility
               requirements in general is explained in Appendix C, Part I--An Overview of the Urban Volume.       In the discussions that
               follow, resource requirements for recreational facilities are generally referred to by units of the most important fea-
               ture necessary to allow participation.    For example, when a requirement is shown for swimming pools, features such as a
               bathhouse, cleaning and filtering system, and other support features are implied when a requirement for one major facil-
               ity is shown.

                                                                         Swimming

               In 1971, the McAllen-Edinburg Metropolitan Area reported 5,876 square yards of public swimming area which, when multi-
               plied by the facility standard of 150 days per year per square yard, provided approximately 881,000 days of opportunity.
               A comparison of opportunity days with estimated participation days suggests that the 1971 supply level should be ade-
               quate through the year 2000 for the metro as a whole.     Dispersion of public swimming facilities in 1971 appeared to be

                                                                                                                                              485

                 REGION 34 MCALLEN           R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E    R E Q U I R E M E N T S          CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                    1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                 relatively balanced, except for a lack of pools in the northwest half of Mission.

                                                                      Child's Play

                 With a conversion standard of 27,623 days per year per acre of developed playground, the eighty-five acres enumerated in
                 1971 should be adequate to accommodate estimated demand through the year 2000, for the metro as a whole. Portions of
                 the metro which appeared to lack adequate playgrounds were the extreme northern part of McAllen, and the central portion
                 of Mission.

                                                                    Baseball/So,ftball

                 A total of 248,000 opportunity days was provided by the eighteen baseball/softball fields enumerated in 1971, using a
                 facility standard of 13,804 days per year per field. With a demand estimated at 42,000 participation days in 1970 and
                 a projection of slightly fewer participation days for subsequent horizon years, the eighteen fields were estimated to
                 be adequate through the year 2000. Although a dispersion analysis was not possible from available information, consider-
                 .ation should be given to providing a balanced distribution relative to growth areas and the various income/ethnic sub-
                 sections, if additional facilities are provided.

                                                                       Picnicking

                 The McAllen-Edinburg Metropolitan Area reported 139 public picnic tables in 1971, and this translates into 237,000
                 opportunity days, given a standard of 1,702 days per year per picnic table. This total was substantially below demand,
                 estimated at 627,000 participation days for the year 1970. A total of 229 additional tables would have been required in
                 1970 to satisfy this demand. The participation level, however, was expected to decline in subsequent years to a low of
                 289,000 participation days in the year 2000. Consequently, once the 229 tables, required to satisfy demand in 1970 have
                 been provided, no further additions should be anticipated. The north part of McAllen, the western half of Mission, and
                 the northwest quarter of Edinburg were suggested lo'cations for additional public picnicking facilities.

                                                                     Football/Soccer

                 The four football fields enumerated in 1971 provided an estimated 29,000 opportunity days for that year, given a facil-
                 ity standard of 7,224 days per year per field. Three additional fields would have been required to erase the 22,000
                 day deficit in 1970; however, once the three additional fields have been provided, no further development should be
                 anticipated in view of a projected decline in participation days through the year 2000. Although a dispersion analysis
                 was not possible from available information, consideration should be given to providing a balanced distribution relative
                 to growth areas and the various income/ethnic subsections.

                                                                          Golf

                 The two public golf courses enumerated in 1971 provided about 73,000 days of opportunity as calculated on the basis of

              486

               REGION 34 MCALLEN             R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E    R E Q U I R E M E N T S             CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                      1 9 7 0   2 0 0 0

               4,047 days per year per hole of golf.     This supply level was estimated to remain ahead of projected demand through the
               year 2000.   The dispersion of golf courses,,however, was not even.     Mission did not have a public golf course in 1971;
               hence, if resources permit, consideration probably should be given to the development of a public golf course in that
               municipality.

                                                                           Tennis

               The 73,000 opportunity days available in 1971, as calculated by multiplying. the number of tennis courts (twenty-seven)
               by the appropriate facility standard (2,694 days per year per tennis court), was substantially above the estimated
               demand for the year 1970, as well as for all subsequent years; consequently, existing facilities should be adequate
               through the year 2000.    Although a dispersion analysis was not possible from available information, consideration should.
               be given to providing a balanced distribution relative to growth areas and the various income ethnic subsections, if
               additional facilities are provided.

                                                                         Basketball

               The metro area reported twelve basketball courts in 1971 which, when multiplied by the facility standard of 8,795 days
               per year per court, provided about 106,000 opportunity days in 1971.       A comparison of opportunity days with estimates of
               participation days suggests that the existing number of basketball courts should be adequate through the year 2000.
               Although a dispersion analysis was not possible from available. information, consideration should be given to providing
               a balanced distribution relative to growth areas and the various income ethnic subsections, if additional facilities are
               provided.

                                                                     Trails Activities

               The three miles of trail enumerated in 1971 provided about 25,000 opportunity days, given a conversion standard of
               8,464 days per year per mile of trail.     A comparison of the 25,000 opportunity days with estimates of demand suggests
               that an additional two miles of trail would have been required in 1970 to erase a deficit of 13,000 opportunity days.
               The cumulative resource requirement showed a' requirement for four miles of trail above the 1971 supply level to satisfy
               the'1975 demand of 56,000 participation days.     The cumulative requirement increases to 6 miles for the year 1980, to 7
               miles for 1990, and to 8 miles by the year 2000.

               A relatively small proportion of the total participation in trail. and related activities was estimated to take place in
               publicly-administered park and recreation areas.     It is likely, however, that as additional trail facilities are pro-
               vided, the relative proportion of total participation will increase at these recreation areas.        Thus, the above esti-
               mates of additional resources required may be conservative in the long run and should be considered as minimum estimates.
               In addition to the expectations for increases in participation in trail and related activities at publicly-administered
               park and recreation areas, it is clear that the major proportion of walking, bicycling, and nature study is occurring in
               places other than established recreation areas.     The majority of this participation is most likely taking place in local

                                                                                                                                               487

              REGION 34 MCALLEN          R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T 8           CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                1 9 7 0   2 0 0 0

              neighborhoods, on city streets, and on available open lands within the area. This phenomenon has direct policy implica-
              tions with respect to the provision of sidewalks within currently existing and newly developing neighborhoods, the
              development of a system of bike lanes in high use areas, and the provision of adequate open space and green belt areas
              within the metro area.

                                            Water-Related Activities: Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing

                                                        Surface Acres - Freshwater Lakes
                                                         (Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing)

              A total of 659 surface acres of freshwater lakes was located within the McAllen-Edinburg Metro Area of Region 34 in
              1971. Using participation patterns of households recreating in the urban areas, it was estimated that boating totaled
              19,000 days, boat fishing 8,000 days, and skiing 9,000 days for a total of 36,000 days in 1970. Comparing estimated
              participation with the opportunities provided by the surface acres existing in 1971 indicates that no additional fresh-
              water lakes will be needed before the year 2000.

                                                             Freshwater Boat Ramps

              No publicly-administered freshwater boat lanes were reported for the McAllen Metro in 1971. By  estimating the 1970
              total freshwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation which would have occurred using freshwater boat ramp
              facilities to gain access to the water if sufficient ramps were available, it was calculated that one additional boat
              ramp was needed in 1970. Projected increases in freshwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation are expected
              to require no additional freshwater boat ramps in 1975, one in 1980, none in 1990, and none in the year 2000, bringing
              the cumulative resource requirement to two ramps in 2000. Since boat ramps are the most frequently used means by which
              boaters, skiers, and boat fishermen gain access to freshwater lakes, the provision of freshwater boat ramps required
              could be constructed on existing freshwater lakes if the lakes are available for water-related activities.

                                                       Summary,of Facilities Requirements

              In 1971 the McAllen-Edinberg Metro reported some facilities for all designated activities except freshwater boat
              ramps. For the metro as a whole, existing facilities were estimated to be adequate through the year 2000 for swim-
              ming, child's play, baseball/softball, golf, tennis, basketball, and surface acres of freshwater lakes.

              To augment existing resources, additional facilities were estimated to be required only in 1970 for picnicking and
              football/soccer. Additional trail facilities were estimated to be needed in all planning horizon years. Freshwater
              boat ramps were estimated to be required in 1970 and again in 1980.

              l/ In calculating freshwater boat ramp resource requirements the assumption was made that each boat ramp has two lanes.
                Supply figures listed in the "Park and Recreation Facilities by Type of Park" table and quoted in the narratives are
                in terms of single lanes.

              488

                REGION 34 MCALLEN           R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S b U R C E    R E Q U I R E M E N T S          CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                    1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                Available data relevant to th e distribution of facilities was rather limited; consequently, only limited comments can
                be offered.  While the number of opportunity days for the metro as a whole was estimated to be adequate for golf, no
                public golf course was reported for Mission ' in 1971. Also, there appeared to be a scarcity of public picnic tables in
                some sections of McAllen,.. Mission, and Edinburg, as well as an inadequate supply of public swimming facilities in the
                northwest half of Mission.  In locating additional facilities for all types of outdoor recreation activities, considera-
                tion should be given to providing an adequate distribution relative to growth areas and the various income/ethnic sub-
                sections of the metro.

                                                                                                                                        489

                     REGION 34 MCALLEN                                                             RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIRFNENTS, 1970-2000                                                               CITY SIZE: METROS

                                                                                             TOTAL           1971 OPPORTUNITY        NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                       PARTICIPATION          DAYS AVAILABLE               (0001S OF                                  UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                          (OOO'S   OF             (OOO'S OF             ACTIVITY DAYS)                                RESOURCES REQUIRED
                     YEAR       ACTIVITY                                                ACTIVITY   DAYS)       ACTIVITY  DAYS        DEFICIT        SURPLUS                CUMULATIVE                        INCREMENTAL
                                 Swimming (Pools)     . . . . . . . . . . .                  357   1/               881                                524                    0square yards    2                0 square yards  2/
                                 Child's Play (Playgrounds)        . . . . . .               227                   2,348                             2,121                    0acres                            0 acres
                                 Baseball/Softball    . . . . . . . . . . .                   42                    248                                206                    0fields                           0 fields
                                 Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . ... . .                   627                    237                  390                               229 tables                        229  tables
                                 Football/Soccer    . . . . . . . . . . . .                   51                     29                  22                                   3fields                           3 fields
                                 Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     30                     73                                 43                    0holes                            0 holes
                                 Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     35                     73                                 38                    0courts, dbl.                     0 courts, dbl.
                                 Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      3                   106                                103                    0courts, full                     0 courts, full

                     1970       Water-Related Activities:

                                 Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW         . . .               36                    275                                239                    0surfS@e acres                    0 surfir acres
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW         . . .               27                       0                 27                                   1ramp-                            I ramp-

                                Trails Activities:

                                 Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     36                                                                              2miles                            2 miles
                                 Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      2                                                                          <1  mile                          <1   mile
                                 Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                                                 <1  mile                          <1   mile
                                 Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                      4/
                                             Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                  38   -                 25                  13                                   2miles                            2 miles

                                ACTIVITY
                                 Swimming (Pools)     . . . . . . . . . . .                  421   1/               881                                460                    0square yards-2/                  0 square  yards.Z/
                                 Child's Play (Playgrounds)        . . . . . .               257                   2,348                             2,091                    0acres                            0 acres
                                 Baseball/Softball    . . . . . . . . . . .                   42                    248                                206                    0fields                           0 fields
                                 Picnicking    .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  571                    237                  334                               229 tables                           0 tables
                                 Football/Soccer    . . . . . . . . . . . .                   47                     29                  18                                   3fields                           0 fields
                                 Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     31                     73                                 42                    0holes                            0 holes
                                 Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     36                     73                                 37                    0courts, dbl.                     0 courts, dbl.
                                 Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      3                   106                                103                    0courts, full                     0 courts, full

                     1975       Water-Related Activities:
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW         . . .               54                    275                                221                    0surface acres                    0 surfac7 acres
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW         . . .               40                       0                 40                                   1ramp-3/                          0 ramps-3

                                Trails Activities:
                                 Walking  . . .  :  . . . . . . . . . . . .                   54   4/                                                                         4miles                            2 miles
                                 Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      2                                                                          < I mile                             0 miles
                                 Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      *                                                                          < 1 mile                             0 miles
                                 Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                      4/
                                             Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                  56 -                   25                  31                                   4miles                            2 miles

                  490

                   REGION 34 MCALLEN                                                           RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                             CITY SIZE: METROS

                            -                                                            TOTAL            1971 OPPORTUNITY      NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                    PARTICIPATION          DAYS AVAILABLE              (000-S OF                                 UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                       (OOO'S  OF            (000's OF              ACTIVITY DAYS)                               RESOURCES REQUIRED
                   YEAR      ACTIVITY                                                ACTIVITY  DAYS        ACTIVITY'DAYS         DEFICIT        SURPLUS               CUMULATIVE                       INCREMENTAL
                               Swimming (Pools)     . . . . . . . . . . .                 482  l/                881                              399                    0square yards   2/               0 square yards   2/
                               Child's Play (Playgrounds)       . . . . . .               280                  2,348                            2,068                    0acres                           0 acres
                               Baseball/Softball    . . . . . . . . . . .                  42                    248                              206                    0fields                          0 fields
                               Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  518                    237                 281                              229 tables                          0 tables
                               Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                   43                     29                 14                                  3fields                          0 fields
                               Golf  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     31                     73                                42                   0holes                           0 holes
                               Tennis  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     37                     73                                36                   0courts, dbl.                    0 courts, dbl.
                               Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       3.                106                              103                    0courts,    full                 0 courts, full

                   1980      Water-Related Activities:
                               Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW        . . .               69                    275                              206                    0surfac@ acres                   0 surfac7 acres
                               Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW        . . .               50                       0                50                                  2ramps@3                         I ramp

                             Trails Activities:
                               Walking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     70  4/                                                                        6miles                           2 miles
                               Bicycling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        2                                                                      <1  mile                            0 miles
                               Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       4/                                                                     <1  mile                            0 miles
                               Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                          Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                  72  4/                 25                 47                                  6miles                           2 miles

                             ACTIVITY
                               Swimming (Pools)     . . . .. . . . . . . . .              514                    881                              367                    0square yards-2/                 0 square yards-2/
                               Child's Play (Playgrounds)       . . . . . .               275                  2,348                            2,073                    0acres                           0 acres
                               Baseball/Softball    . . . . . . . . . . .                  34                    248                              214                    0fields                          0 fields
                               Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                369                    237                 132                              229 tables                          0 tables
                               Football/Soccer   . . ... . . . . . . . .                   31                     29                   2                                 3fields                          0 fields
                               Golf  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     26                     73                                47                   0holes                           0 holes
                               Tennis  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     32                     73                                41                   0courts, dbl.                    0 courts, dbl.
                               Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       2                 106                              104                    0courts, full                    0 courts, full

                   1990      Water-Related Activities:
                               Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW        . . .               81                    275                              194                    0surfac acres                    0 surfac@ acres,
                               Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW        . . .               58                       0                58                                  2ramp,37                         0 ramp S3

                             Trails Activities:
                               Walking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     80  4/                                                                        7miles                           1 mile
                               Bicycling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        24/                                                                    <1  mile                            0 miles
                               Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                                              <1  mile                            0 miles
                               Combined Walking, Bicycling,
                                          Nature Study  . . . . . ... . .                  82  4/                 25                 57                                  7miles                           I miles

                                                                                                                                                                                                                        491

                  REGION 34 McALLEN                                                        RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                          CITY SIZE: METROS

                                                                                      TOTAL          1971 OPPORTUNITY       NET OPPORTUNTTY DAYS
                                                                                 PARTICIPATION        DAYS AVAILABLE             (OOO'S OF                                 UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                    (OOO'S OF             (000-S OF            ACTIVITY DAYS)                              RESOURCES REQUIRED
                  YEAR       ACTIVITY                                             ACTIVITY DAYS)       ACTIVITY  DAYS)      DEFICIT       SURPLUS               CUMULATIVE                       INCREMENTAL
                              Swimming (Pools)    ... . . . . . . . . .                 562                  881                              319                  0square yards-2/                0 square yards- 2
                              Child's Play (Playgrounds)     . . . . . .                281                2,348                            2,067                  0acres                          0 acres
                              Baseb'all/Softball  . . . . . . . . . . .                 29                   248                              219                  0fields                         0 fields
                              Picnicking   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  289                  237                52                              229 tables                         0 tables
                              Football/Soccer  . . . . . . . . . . . .                  24                    29                                5                  3fields                         0 fields
                              Golf  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   24                    73                              49                   0holes                          0 holes
                              Tennis  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   29                    73                              44                   0courts, dbl.                   0 courts, dbl.
                              Basketball  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     2                  106                             .104                  0courts, full                   0 courts, full

                  2000       Water-Related Activities:
                              Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing     FW                      90                   275                              185                  0surfac acres                   0 surfac7 acres
                              Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing     FW  . . .               63                      0               63                                 2ramp,37                        0 ramps!

                             Trails Activities:
                              Walking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   89 4/                                                                      8miles                          1 mile
                              Bicycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     1@/                                                                    <1 mile                           0 miles
                              Nature Study   . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     4/                                                                    <1 mile                           0 miles
                              Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                 4/
                                        Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                 90 -                  25                65                                 8miles                          1 mile

                  Note: Asterisks indicate that projected annual activity days were less than 500.
                  1/  Includes only swimming participation occurring in swimming pools, 94 percent of the total in urban areas.
                  21  Designated freshwater swimming areas may be substituted for swimming pools. When making substitutions consider total swimming participation.
                  3/  Assumes 2.0 lanes per ramp.
                  4/  Reflects estimated participation occurring in park and recreation areas; does not include participation occurring outside park and recreation areas. Of the total
                      walking, bicycling, and nature study participation it was determined that 10.5, 4.0, and 20.1 percent, respectively for each activity, occurs in park and recreation
                      areas.

                  492

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                                                                                             0
                      REGION 35                                REGIONAL DESCRIPTION: LAREDO METROPOLITAN AREA

                      Laredo is  the only city or town in the Region 35 metropolitan                               POPULATION
                      area. It   is the county seat of Webb County, and is the major                               1970 Metro Area Population: 69,024
                      international crossing along the United States/Mexico border                                 Change 1960-70: +14%
                      in Texas. This city has the distinction of having,served under                               Race Composition
                                                                    -lived Republic of the                             White   ..... 98,,
                      seven flags, the seventh being the short                                                                           1/
                      Rio Grande. Industry and business include the manufacture of                                     Negro   .....   1%
                      apparel, feeds, fertilizers, petroleum products, bricks, tiles,                                  Other   .....  4.5%
                      insecticides, electronic equipment, and sporting goods. With                                 Age Composition (years):
                      visitors from both sides of the Rio Grande, tourism is an                                        13 or less    .....  34%
                      important facet of the economy. Major annual events celebrated                                   14 - 20              15%
                      in Laredo are the Washington's Birthday Celebration (February),                                  21 - 44       .....  28%
                      the Quarter Horse and Thoroughbred Futurities and Derby                                          45 - 64       .....  15%
                      (February and April), the Laredo International Fair and                                          65 and over   .....    8%
                      Exposition (March), the Border Olympics (March), and the
                      Laredo Flower and Art Show (April). Laredo is the site of                                    ECONOMY
                      Laredo Air Force.Base and Laredo Junior College.                                             Export Trade
                                                                                                                   Manufacturing
                                                                                                                   Mineral Processing
                                                                                                                   Tourism

                      1/ Includes persons of Mexican and/or Spanish desceD.t.

               494

                    REGION 35                                                                                             CITY SIZE: METRO

                            P U B L I C L Y      A D M I N I S T E R E D      R E C R E A T 1 0 N      0 P P 0 R T U N I T I E S

                                                                                                    LAND AND WATER ACREAGE
                                                                                                                 REGION    ACRES   STATEWIDE
                                                                                                                    35              AVERAGE
                                                                                                                  METRO          METRO AREAS

                                                        70%
                                                                                   Developed Land                    33               1,307

                      REGION                                                       Undeveloped Land                  14                 536
                        35
                       METRO                                                       Total Land                        47               1,843
                                               30%                                 Water Within or Adjacent            0              1,006

                                                                                   Total Land and Water              47               2,849

                                         FM          DEVELOPED LAND

                                                     UNDEVELOPED LAND

                                                                                   Laredo has a total of 47 acres of land set aside as park
                                                                                   and recreation areas. No surface acres of water either
                                                                                   within or adjacent to the parks were reported.

                                                        71%
                                                                                   Of the total land acreage, 33 acres are developed with
                     STATEWIDE                                                     facilities, leaving 14 acres available for future
                      AVERAGE                                                      development. With 70 percent of the land acreage
                    METRO AREAS                                                    currently developed, Laredo almost matches the Statewide
                                                                                   Metro average of 71 percent.

                                               29%
                                                      7 0 T-I
                                      @zj )

                                       2 M11

                                                                                                                                                495

                      REGION 35                                                                                                    CITY SIZE:    METRO

                                                                  PARKS AND ACREAGE BY TYPE OF PARK

                                                                                                                                             STATEWIDE
                                                   DISTRICT          COMMUNITY        SPECIALTY          OPEN LAND                            AVERAGE
                                                      PARK             PARK                PARK-            PARK              TOTAL         METRO AREAS

                      Number of Parks                  0                 0                   6.000              7.000           13.000             72.000

                      Parks Per Thousand               0                 0                     .087              .101              .188               .267

                      People Per Park                  0                 0              11,504.000         9,861.000         5,310.000          3,754.000

                      .................................................................................................................

                      Land Acres                       0                 0                  35.000             12.000           47.000          1,843.000

                      Acres Per Thousand               0                 0                     .507              .174              .681             6.864

                      People Per Acre                  0                 0               1,972.000         5,752.000         1,469.000            146.000

                      Of the 13 parks in Laredo, 7 are Open Land Parks and the remainder are Specialty Parks. No District or Com-
                      munity Parks were reported. Almost three-fourths of the total land acreage, or 35-acres, are in Specialty
                      Parks while the 7 Open Land Parks contain a total of only 12 acres. The dispersion of the two types of urban
                      parks are depicted graphically in the accompanying map titled "Dispersion of Parks by Type.'.'

                      Looking at the total park and acreage figures in relation to the population of Laredo, .188 parks per 1,000
                      and .681 acres per 1,000 population exist.

                      Another way to present this data is that 5,310 people share each park while 1,469 people must share each acre
                      of park land.

                      With .188 parks per 1,000, Laredo ranks well below the Statewide Metro average. The .681 acres per 1,000 gives
                      Laredo a figure only one7tenth that of the Statewide Metro average.

               496

                DISPERSION OF PARKS BY TYPE

                URBAN PARKS

                    DISTRICT PARK

                 0 COMMUNITY PARK

                    SPECIALTY PARK

                    OPEN-LAND PARK

                Source: Texas Outdoor Recreation
                Inventory of Parks, Recreation Areas,                                                                            0
                and Facilities

                                                                                          .59

                                                                                       Laredo

                                                                          0                   3509

                                                                                                                                  REGION 35
                                                                                                                        LAREDO AREA

                                                                                                                                METRO BOUNDARY

                                                                                                                                 0       1        2
                                                                                                                                                                      497

                    REGION 35                                                                                                            CITY SIZE: METRO

                                                               PARK AND RECREATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK

                                                                                                                                      UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                                 DISTRICT COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                          PEOPLE         REGION       STATEWIDE
                                 TYPE OF FACILITY                   PARK         PARK         PARK        TOTAL          PER            35           AVERAGE
                                                                  (UNITS)-     (UNITS)     (UNITS)        UNITS          UNIT          METRO      METRO AREAS
                    Games and Sports:
                      Parks    ..............................         0            0              4            4         17,256         .058            .150
                      Tennis Courts    ......................         0            0              5            5         13,804         .072            .142
                      Basketball Courts    ..................         0            0              0            0            ---          ---            .071
                      Baseball/Softball Fields     ...........        0            0              3            3         23,008         .043            .186
                      Football/Soccer Fields     .............        0            0              0            0            ---          ---            .032
                    Picnicking:
                      Parks    ..............................         0            0              0            0                                        .124
                      Tables   .............................          0            0              0            0            ---          ---            1.230
                    Playground:
                      Parks    ..............................         0            0              0            0            ---          ---            .170
                      Acres Developed   ....................          0            0              0            0            ---          ---            .258
                    Swimming:
                      Parks    ..............................         0            0              1            1         69,024          .01,4          .050
                      Pools (Sq. Yd.)   ....................          0            0         1,619        1,619               43       23.463          25.950
                      Designated Fresh Water (Sq. Yd.)       ...      0            0              0            0            ---           ---          52.242
                    Boating:
                      Parks    ..............................         0            0              0            0                          ---           .006
                      Ramp Lanes - Fresh Water     ...........        0            0              0            0            ---           ---           .008
                    Camping:
                      Parks    ..............................         0            0              0            0            ---           ---           .002
                      Campsites  ..........................           0            0              0            0            ---           ---           .121
                    Fishing:
                      Parks    ...........................            0            0              0            0            ---           ---           .013
                      Pier/Barge/Marina-Fresh Water (Yd.)             0            0              0            0            ---           ---           .049
                    Golfing:
                      Courses  ............................           0            0              0            0                          ---           .005
                      Holes    ..............................         0            0              0            0            ---           ---           .100
                    Trails:
                      Parks    ..............  ...............        0            0              0            0            ---           ---           .006
                      Nature (Mi.)   .......................          0            0              0            0            ---           ---           .009
                      Horseback (Mi.)   ............    ........      0            0              0            0            ---           ---           .003
                      Bicycle (Mi.)    ......................         0            0              0            0            ---           ---           .007
                      Hiking (Mi.)   .......................          0            0              0            0                          ---           .006
                      Total Trails (Mi.)    .................         0            0              0            0            ---                         .021

              498

                  REGION 35                                PARK AND REC  REATION FACILITIES BY TYPE OF PARK                         CITY SIZE:     METRO

                                                                                                                                  UNITS PER THOUSAND
                                                               DISTRICT   COMMUNITY SPECIALTY                       PEOPLE        REGION       STATEWIDE
                              TYPE OF FACILITY                   PARK         PARK        PARK       TOTAL          PER             35         AVERAGE
                                                               (UNITS)      (UNITS)     (UNITS)      UNITS          UNIT           METRO    METRO AREAS

                  Sport Shooting:
                    Parks  .............................          0            0           0           0              ---                        .002
                    Traps  .............................          0            0           0           0              ---                        .002
                    Shooting Targets    ..................        0            0           0           0              ---            ---         .004
                    Archery Targets    ...................        0            0           0           0              ---            ---         .011
                  Miscellaneous:
                    Parks  .............................          0            0           1           1            69,024           .014        .038
                    Amphitheatre Seats    ................        0            0           0           0              ---            ---1        1.077
                    Botanical Gardens (Acres)     .........       0'           0           0           0                                         .077
                    Zoos (Acres)   ......................         0            0           0           0              ---            ---         .051
                    Community/Recreation Centers     ......       0            0           1           1            69,024           .014        .038

                  All of the developed park and recreation facilities in         Laredo are  in  the Specialty Park category, as no District or
                  Community Parks were reported.       The only types of facilities in the Specialty Parks are        for swimming, games and sports
                  and a community/recre@tion center.       A.total of 1,619 square yards of swimming pool area        exists in the one park with
                  swimming facilities.

                  of the 13 parks, 4 have games and sports facilities, one has swimming facilities and one has a community/ recreation
                  center.   The only types of games and sports facilities are tennis with 5 courts and baseball/softball with 3 fields.

                  Looking at the facilities in relation to the number of potential users we find the following:

                        69,024 persons for each community/recreation center                13,804 persons for each tennis court
                        23,008 persons for each baseball/softball field                        43 persons for each square yard of swimming pool

                  Laredo is not above the    'Statewide Metro average for any of the facility units per 1,000 figures, while falling below
                  the average for tennis courts, baseball/softball fields, square yards of swimming pools and community/recreation
                  centers.   No basketball courts, football/soccer fields, picnic tables, playground acres, designated fresh water
                  swimming area, boat ramp lanes, campsites, yards of fishing pier /barge /marina, golf holes, trail miles, sport shooting
                  facilities, amphitheatre seats, acres of botanical gardens or zoo acreage were reported.

                                                                                                                                                        499

                     REGION 35                         CONVERSION OF FACILITIES TO RECREATION OPPORTUNITY DAYS              CITY SIZE: METRO

                     Current opportunity days for 1971 were calculated by multiplying the number of facilities available for each
                     activity in the metro area (determined from the Texas Outdoor Recreation Inventory of Parks, Recreation Areas,
                     and Facilities) times the standard for the facility.

                                                                                                                 DAYS PER THOUSAND POPULATION
                                                                                                 ANNUAL             REGION         STATEWIDE
                                                                                                 DAYS                  35           AVERAGE
                     ACTIVITY-FACILITY                                                         AVAILABLE             METRO           METRO

                          Swimming (Pools) - square yards   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        242,850             3,520           3,891
                          Child's Play - playground acres   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .              0                0            7,137
                          Baseball/Softball - fields    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         41,412               600           2,577
                          Picnicking - tables  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .               0                0            2,093
                          Football/Soccer - fields    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .              0                0               235
                          Golf - holes   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .               0                0               414
                          Tennis - courts, double   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          13,470              195              384
                          Basketball - courts, full   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .              0                0               625

                      Water-Related Activities:

                          Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW - surface acres      . . . . . .            0                0            2,962
                          Boating, Boat Fishing,'Skiing FW - boat ramps    . . . . . . . .             0                0               103

                      Trail Activities:

                          Combined Walking, Bicycling, and Nature Study      miles  . . .              0                0               164

                     The Laredo Metro Area offers annual opportunity days for only three activity types. Swimming (in pools) leads with
                     the most opportunity days, followed by baseball/softball and tennis. A comparison between opportunity days per
                     thousand for the Laredo Metro Area and the Statewide Metro average shows that the Laredo Metro Area is below the
                     statewide average for these three activity types.

              Soo

                REGION 35                       ESTIMATED CURRENT AND FUTURE PARTICIPAT ION, 1970-2000                CITY SIZE: METRO

                The eighteenth ranking metro area, based on population, Laredo also ranked eighteenth in total participation for the
                year 1970. Estimates for 1970 indicate that participation by residents as well as non-r   'esidents in the area spent
                over 1.8 million recreation days in pursuit of the various forms of urban outdoor recreation opportunities available
                within the metro area.

                                                                       Resident

                Total days of participation in urban outdoor recreation activities by the residents of the Laredo Metropolitan Area
                for the 16 activities shown were estimated to be 1.5 million days in 1970. Total participation is expected to in-
                crease to 2.0 million days in 1975 and to 2.7 million days in 1980.   These represent increases of 34.,0 percent by
                1975 and 76.7 percent by 1980. Participation on a days per household basis is projected,to increase from 88.8 days
                in 1970 to 106.6 days in 1975, and to 126.6 days in 1980--increases of 20.0 and 42.4 percent, respectively, over the
                1970 level. Residents of the Laredo Metropolitan Area are expected to participate at a rate of 35, 55, and 76 days
                per household below the statewide average for the other Texas metropolitan areas in 1970  ' 1975, and 1980', respectively.
                For the more distant years of 1990 and 2000, both total days of participation and days per household are expected to
                increase, but days per household will remain below the statewide average for all metropolitan areas.

                Projections for specific activities indicate that each of the 16 activities will increase in total days of participa-
                tion through the years 1975 and 1980. On a days per household basis, participation is expected to increase in 12
                activities by 1980, while walking, picnicking, football, and driving for pleasure will decline slightly.   Based on
                total days of participation, the six most popular activities in 1970 were: swimming, driving for pleasure, picnicking,
                child's play, football, and walking, respectively. Participation in child's play is expected to increase and will
                replace picnicking as the third ranked activity.   Picnicking will then drop to fourth.   By 1980 the six most popular
                activities in the Laredo Metropolitan Area are expected to be: swimming, driving for pleasure, child's play, picnick-
                ing, football, and walking, respectively.

                                                                     Non-Resident

                Participation in urban outdoor recreation activities within the Laredo Metropolitan Area by non-residents was estimated
                to total 247,000 days for the activities specified for 1970. Compar  "ed to the 1970 level, total participation is
                expected to increase 8.1 percent (to 267,000 days) by 1975, and 15.4 percent (to 285,000 days) by 1980. Similar in-
                creases are anticipated through the years 1990 and 2000.

                Of the specific activities projected, the most popular activities by non-residents for 1970 were: sightseeing, with
                161,000 days; swimming, with 34,000 days; driving for pleasure, with 30,000 days; child's play, with 10,000 days;
                picnicking, with 4,000 days; and walking, with 4,000 days. Assuming adequate facilities are made available, all
                activities are expected to increase at a moderate rate through the year 2000, with sightseeing, swimming, driving for
                pleasure, child's play, picnicking and walking retaining their ranking of one through six, respectively.

                                                                                                                                         501

                      REGION 35                                                               CURRENT AND PROJECTED RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                               CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                                                             (OOO'S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                                                          1970                                  1975                                           1980                          1990                                   2000
                                                                        STATE-                               STATE-                                STATE-                                STATE-                                    STATE-
                                                          REG.35        WIDE                     REG.35      WIDE                              REG.35 WIDE                    REG.35     WIDE                       REG.35         WIDE
                                                          METROS        METROS                   METROS      METROS                            METROS MMOS                    METROS     METROS                     METROS         METROS
                                             PART.        AVERAGE       AVERAGE     PART.        AVERAGE     AVERAGE       PART.               AVERAGE AVERAGE  PART.         AVERAGE AVERAGE           PART.       AVERAGE AVERAGE
                      ACTIVITY               DAYS   RANK  DAYS/         DAYS/HH     DAYS  RANK   DAY'/HH     DAYS/HH       DAYS  RANK          DAYS/ DAYSIHH    DAYS   RANK   DAYS/HH DAYS/HH           DAYS  RANK  DAYS/HH DAYS/HH
                      Swimming               456          1 26.49       27.41       726       1    37.76     36.52         1,082     1         50.68 47.17    2,166        1    85.77    75.28      3,778      1    129.41         110.14
                      Child's Play           142          4   8.25      14.08       214       3    11.13     17.72         309       3         14.47 22.00      580        2    22.97    32.20          979    2       33.53       43.99
                      Baseball/Softball       49          7   2.85      2.78          69      7     3.59      3.19          94       7         4.40   3.59      t62        5    6.41       4.41         254    4       8.70        5.22
                      Pinnicking             177          3 10.28       5.72        187       4     9.73      5.66         197       4         9.23   5.66      219        4    8.67       5.61         240    5       8.22        5.64
                      Football/Soccer         94          5   5.46      1.43        103       5     5.36      1.42         112       5         5.25   1.41      132        8    5.23       1.39         151    8       5.17        1.38
                      Golf                    12     13        .70      3.92          20      13    1.04      4.98          32    13           1.50   6.16           73 11      2.89       8.96         146   10       5.00        12.07
                      Tennis                  20     11       1.16      6.06          28      12    1.46      9.21          36    12           1.69 11.49            52 13      2.06     16.07          71    12       2.43        21.46
                      Basketball              28          91  1.63      1.60          49      8     2.55      2.59          74       9         3.47   3.57      133        7    5.27       5.52         206    7       7.06        7.53
                      Walking                 80          6   4.65      18.21         89      6     4.63     23.09          99       6         4.64 29.20       117        9    4.63     39.89          136   11       4.66        50.31
                      Bicycling               23     10       1.34      20.30         47      9     2.44     a2. 77         77       8         3.61 45.25       148        6    5.86     68.44          237    6       8.12        95.49
                      Nature Study                        0    ---         .72          1     16     .05      1.67            1   16           .05    2.64           2  16        .08      4.63           3   16         .10       6.70
                      Fishing                 31          8   1.80      1.80          36      10    1.87      1.88          42    11           1.97   1.97           54 12      2.14       2.13         67    13       2.30        2.30
                      Boating                 15     12        .87         .88        31      11    1.61      1.60          49    10           2.30   2.31           94 10      3.72       3.74         151    8       5.17        5.17
                      Skiing                     7   14        .41         .42        12      14     .62        .62         17    14           .80    .82            31 14      1.23       1.22         47    14       1.61        1.81
                      Surfing                --- ---           ---         ---      --- ---          ---        ---        --- ---             ---    ---       --- ---           ---        ---                         ---       ---
                      Sightseeing                2   15        .12      2.25            3     15     .16      2.34            4   15           .19    2.50           7  15        .28      2.70         10    15         .34       3.01
                      Dr. for Pleas.         393          2 22.83       13.38       434       2    22.57-    13.52         476       2         22a3O 13.67      556        3    22dO2    13.86          632    3       21v65       14.10
                          TOTAL             1,529           88.84       120.96     2,049         106.57,     158.78        2,701               126.55 199.41  4,526           179.23     286.05     7,108           243.47         386.32

                                        CURRENT AND PROJECTED NON-RESIDENT PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000                                                   TOTAL CURRENT AND PROJECTED PARTICIPATION, 1970-2000
                                                          (OOOIS OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)                                                                            (000-S OF ANNUAL ACTIVITY DAYS)

                      ACTIVITY                       1970               1975          1980             1990            2000       ACTIVITY                           1970         1�75            1980              1990           2000
                      Swimming                            34            37              39                   44            48     Swimming                           490          763           1,121               2,210          3,826
                      Child'     'a Play                  10            11              11                   13            14     Child's Play                       152          225              320              593            993
                      Baseball/Softball                   1                1              1                  1             1      Baseball/Softball                  50              70             95              163            255
                      Picnicking                          4                5              5                  6             6      Picnicking                         181          192              202              225            246
                      Football/Soccer                     1                1              1                  1             1      Football/Soccer                    95           104              113              133            152
                      Golf                                2                2              2                  3             3      Golf                               14              22             34              76             149
                      Tennis                                                                                                      Tennis                             20              28             36              52              71
                      Basketball                                                                                                  Basketball                         28              49             74              133            206
                      Walking                             4                4              4                  5             5      Walking                            84              93            103              122            141
                      Bicycling                                                                                                   Bicycling                          23              47             77              148            237
                      Nature Study                                                                                                Nature Study                                       1                  1              2               3
                      Fishing                                                                                                     Fishing                            31              36             42              55              68
                      Boating                                                                                                     Boating                            15              31             49              94             151
                      Skiing                                                                                                      Skiing                             7               12             17              31              47
                      Surfing                             ---           ---             ---                  ---           ---    Surfing                            ---          ---              ---
                      Sightseeing                         161           174             187                  210           229    Sightseeing                        163          177              191              217            239
                      Dr. for Pleas.                      30            32              35                   39            42     Dr. for Pleas.                     423          466              511              595            674
                          TOTAL                           247           267             285                  323           350                 TOTAL            1,776           2,.316          2,986               4,849          7,458

                      Note:      Asterisks indicate that projected annual activity days were less than 500. Dashes indicate not applicable. Zeros indicate that the activity was                        not ranked due to
                                 insignificant participation days recorded.

                    502

                REGION 35                  R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S            CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                   1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                Estimates of urban outdoor recreation resource requirements were developed for the Laredo Metropolitan Area for the
                years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000 by comparing current-11 and projected recreation participation with the current
                recreation opportunities2/ available in the metro area.   The availability and spatial distribution of recreation oppor-
                tunities provided by parks and recreation facilities were not analyzed with respect to subsections of the metro char-
                acterized by residents having similar incomes and ethnic backgrounds because the socio-economic data was not available.
                Income/ethnic background subsections were analyzed with respect to the distribution of parks and recreation facilities
                within these parks for other metros, or parts of metro areas, of the State for which this type information was available.

                The accessibility of'parks to urban residents significantly affects the frequency of park use.   Further, recreationists
                from different income groups and ethnic backgrounds often have distinguishably different recreation patterns and pre-
                ferences. Both of these factors are important and should be considered in developing additional recreation opportuni-
                ties in the Laredo Metro Area.

                In the discussions that follow, the availability and distribution of parks in the Laredo Metro are presented (insofar
                as the limited data available allows). Then, estimates of current and future requirements for selected recreation faci-
                lities are provided.

                PARK DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

                In analyzing the availability and distribution of parks in the Laredo Metro Area, changes in population (from 1960 to
                1970), and dispersion of existing parks were considered.

                Population trends affected estimations of future recreation participation. Population estimates show that the 1970
                metro population of 69,024 will increase to about 111,000 by the year 2000. No information was available in 1971 rela-
                tive to directions of future growth; however, in developing additional parks, the growth areas should be considered.

                Park distribution information was also incomplete for 1971 for the Laredo Metro Area; consequently, a comprehensive
                analysis cannot be made. The accompanying "Dispersion of Parks by Type" map does show the location of five of the
                thirteen public parks. These five parks are located within a few blocks of Highways 81 and 83. Of these five parks,
                two were specialty parks and,three were open land parks. The limited park distribution data available did not permit
                conclusions to be drawn suggesting the location of parks by type needed throughout the Laredo Metro. However, data
                presented in the "Parks and Acreage by Type of Park" table does show that no district or community parks were reported

                l/ "Current" participation refers to levels of participation by type of selected recreation activity which were esti-
                   mated for the year 1970.
                2/ "Current" recreation opportunities refers to computed figures derived from the numbers of publicly-administered faci-
                    lities by type available within the metro area in 1971.

                                                                                                                                       503

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                            Ul

                 REGION 35                    R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E    R E Q U I R E M E N T S             CITY SIZE: M@TROS
                                                                      1 9 7 0   2 0 0 0

                 for the Laredo Metro.   The absence of these two type parks suggests that there is a requirement for district and com-
                 munity parks throughout the metro area.

                 In addition to maintaining an adequate dispersion of parks in all portions of the metro area, the provision of different
                 types of recreational facilities in parks is also an important consideration.      Current and future requirements for
                 selected recreational facilities in the Laredo Metro are presented in the following discussions in terms of the quan-
                 tities of facilities needed.

                 FACILITY REQUIREMENTS AND DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

                 As mentioned previously, requirements for selected recreational facilities (see the following table) were calculated
                 for the years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000. . The methodology used to calculate facility requirements in general is
                 explained in Appendix C, Part I--An Overview of the Urban Volume.      In the discussion that follows, resource require-
                 ments for recreational facilities are generally referred to by units of the most important feature necessary to allow
                 participation.   For example, when a requirement is shown for swimming pools, features such as a bathhouse, cleaning and
                 filtering system, and other support features are implied when a requirement for the major facility is shown.

                                                                           Swimming

                 There was one public swimming pool in the.Laredo Metro Area in 1971. The pool contained 1,619 square yards of swimming
                 area and provided approximately 243,000 days of opportunity, given a facility standard of 150 days per year per square
                 yard. An additional 1,453 square yards of swimming area would have been required to adequately meet an estimated demand
                 of 461,000 days in 1970.    The cumulative resource requirement has been calculated to increase from 1,453 square yards in
                 1970 to 3,160 square yards in 1975, to 5,406 square yards in 1980, to 12,226 square yards in 1990, and to 22,353 square
                 yards above the 1971 supply level by the year 2000.

                                                                         Child's Play

                 There were no public playgrounds reported as being available     in the metro area in 1971.   In order to satisfy projected
                 participation, six acres of developed playground would have been required in 1970, based on      a facility standard of
                 27,623 days per year per acre.    The cumulative resource requirements were calculated to increase from 6 acres in 1970,
                 to 8 acres in 1975, to 12 acres in 1980, to 21 acres in 1990, and to 36 acres of playgrounds by the year 2000.

                                                                       Baseball/Softball

                 The three public baseball/softball fields reported in 1971 provided approximately 41,000 days of opportunity, given a
                 standard of 13,804 days per year per field.     One additional field would have been required to satisfy a 1970 demand
                 estimated at 50,000 participation days. Based on 1971 information, the cumulative resource requirement has been cal-
                 culated to increase f rom I additional f ield in 1970 to 2 f ields in 1975,, to 4 f ields in 1980, to 9 in  1990, and to 16
                 fields above the 1971 supply level by the year 2000.

                                                                                                                                              505

                 REGION 35                  R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S             CITY SI -ZE: =ROS
                                                                    1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                                                                        Picnicking

                 No public picnic tables were reported as being available in the metro area in 1971. Based on a standard of 1,702 days
                 per year per table, 106 tables would have been needed in 1970 to accommodate a 1970 demand estimated at 181,000 parti-
                 cipation days. The cumulative resource requirements were calculated to increase from 106 tables in 1970 to 113 tables
                 in 1975, to 119 tables in 1980, to 132 tables in 1990, and to a total of 145 picnic tables by the year 2000.

                                                                      Football/Soccer

                 Laredo had no public football fields in 1971. Thirteen fields were needed in 1970 to accommodate a demand estimated
                 at 95,000 participation days, based on a conversion standard of 7,224 days per year per field. The cumulative resource
                 requirements were calculated to increase from 13 fields in 1970, to 14 fields in 1975, to 16 fields in 1980, to 18
                 fields in 1990, and to 21 fields by the year 2000.

                                                                           Golf

                 Laredo had no public golf courses in 1971. With a conversion standard of 4,047 days per year per hole of golf, three
                 holes would have been required in 1970 to accommodate a 1970 demand estimated at 14,000 participation days. The cumu-
                 lative resource requirements were calculated to increase from 3 holes in 1970, to 5 holes in 1975, to 8 holes in 1980,
                 to 19 holes in 1990, and to 37 holes by the year 2000. Since golf courses are constructed in multiples of nine holes,
                 1975 would be the first horizon year that one nine hole course might be considered feasible.

                                                                          Tennis

                 The five public tennis courts in Laredo in 1971, when multiplied by a facility standard of 2,694 days per year per
                 court, provided approximately 13,000 days of tennis opportunity. Three additional courts would have been required in
                 1970 to satisfy a 1970 demand estimated at 20,000 participation days. The cumulative resource requirements were cal-
                 culated to increase from 3 additional courts in 1970, to 6 courts in 1975, to 9 courts in 1980, to 14 courts in 1990,
                 and to 22 courts above the 1971 level by the year 2000.

                                                                        Basketball

                 No public basketball courts were reported as being available in the metro in 1971. With a standard of 8,795 days per
                 year per court, three courts would have been required to satisfy a 1970 demand of 28,000 participation days. The cumu-
                 lative resource requirements have been calculated to 'increase from 3 courts in 1970 to 6 courts in 1975, to 8 courts in
                 1980, to 15 courts in 1990, and to a total of 23 basketball courts by the year 2000.

                                                                     Trails Activities

                 Laredo reported no designated trail facilities in 1971. One mile would have been required in 1970 to satisfy demand
                 estimated at 10,000 participation days, on the basis of a standard of 8,464 days per year per mile of trail. The

              506

                REGION 35                  R E C R E A T 1 0 N    R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S            CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                   1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                cumulative resource requirements were calculated to remain at one mile until 1980 where an additional mile will be
                required.  By 1990 the cumulative requirement was calculated to increase to three miles. A total of three miles of
                trail should be adequate to meet expected demand through the year 2000.

                A relatively small proportion of the total participation in trail and related activities was estimated to take place
                in publicly administered park and recreation areas. It is likely, however, that as trail facilities are provided, the
                relative proportion of total participation will increase at these recreation areas.   Thus, the above estimates of
                resources required may be conservative in the long run and should be considered as minimum estimates.   In addition to
                the expectations for increases in participation in trail and related activities at pub I ic ly-administered park and
                recreation areas, it is clear that the major proportion of walking, bicycling, and nature study is occurring in places
                other than established recreation areas. The majority of this participation is most likely taking place in local
                neighborhoods, on city streets, and on available open lands within the area. This phenomenon has direct policy impli-
                cations with respect to the provision of sidewalks within currently existing and newly developing neighborhoods, the
                development of a system of bike lanes in high use areas, and the provision of adequate open space and green belt areas
                within the metro area.

                                               Water-Related Activities: Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing

                                                             Surface Acres-Freshwater Lakes
                                                             (Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing)

                No surface acres of freshwater lakes were reported available for water-related recreation within the Laredo Metro Area
                in 1971. Using participation patterns of the households recreating within the urban areas, it was estimated that a
                total of 29,000 days of freshwater boating, boat fishing, and skiing participation would have occurred in 1970 if ade-
                quate freshwater lakes had been available.   Of these 29,000 days, 15,000 were boating participation days, 7,000 were
                boat fishing days, and 7,000 were skiing days. Projections developed for the water-related activities indicate incre-
                .mental resource requirements of 70 surface acres in 1970, 52 surface acres in 1975, 58 surface acres in 1980, 148 sur-
                face acres in 1990, and 180 surface acres in 2000.   This brings the cumulative resource requirement to 508 surface
                acres by the year 2000.

                                                                  Freshwater Boat Ramps-=

                No publicly-administered freshwater boat lanes were reported for the Laredo Metro in 1971.   By estimating the 1970 total
                freshwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation which would have occurred using freshwater boat ramp faci-
                lities to gain access to the water if ramps were available, it was calculated that one boat ramp was needed in 1970.

                l/ In calculating freshwater boat ramp resource requirements the assumption was made that each boat ramp has two lanes.
                   Supply figures listed in the "Park and Recreation Facilities by Type of Park" table and quoted in the narratives are
                   in terms of'single lanes.

                                                                                                                                       507

                REGION 35                 R E C R E A T 1 0 N   R E S 0 U R C E   R E Q U I R E M E N T S             CITY SIZE: METROS
                                                                  1 9 7 0 - 2 0 0 0

                Projected increases in freshwater boat fishing, skiing, and boating participation are expected to require no additional
                freshwater boat ramps in 1975, one in 1980, two in 1990, and two in the year 2000, bringing the cumulative resource
                requirement to six ramps in 2000. Since boat ramps are the most frequently used means by which boaters, skiers, and
                boat fishermen gain access to freshwater lakes, the provision of freshwater surface acres and freshwater boat ramps
                required should be planned as joint projects, even though, in some cases, this may require the construction of boat
                ramps prior to the years reflected in the boat ramp resource requirement projections.

                                                         Summary of Facilities Requirements

                In 1971 the Laredo Metro reported no public facilities for child's play, picnicking, football/soccer, golf, basketball,
                designated trail activities, or activities requiring surface acres of freshwater lakes or boat ramps. Resource require-
                ments were calculated for all planning horizon years for each of these facifities, except for trails and boat ramps.
                Designated trails were estimated to be required in 1970, 1980, and 1990, while freshwater boat ramps were estimated to
                be required for 1970, 1980, 1990, and the year 2000. The metro reported minimal amounts of facilities for swimming,
                tennis, and baseball/softball; resource requirements were indicated for all planning horizon years.

                While no information was available regarding the dispersion of parks and facilities among the various income/ethnic
                subsections or growth areas of Laredo, these are important planning factors and should be considered in the provision
                of additional parks and facilities in the metro area.

             508

                  REGION 35                                                                 RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, 1970-2000                                                            CITY SIZE: METROS

                                                                                       TOTAL           1971 OPPORTUNITY      NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                  PARTICIPATION         DAYS AVAILABLE              (OOO'S OF                                UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                     (OOO'S OF             (OOO'S OF             ACTIVITY DAYS)                              RESOURCES REQUIRED
                  YEAR       ACTIVITY                                              ACTIVI   DAYS)        ACTIVITY DAYS        DEFICIT       SURPLUS               CUMULATIVE                       INCRI24ENTAL
                              Swimming (Pools)    . . . . . . . . . . .                  461                   243               218                            1,453 square yards   2/         1,453  square yarda  2/
                              Child's Play (Playgrounds)      . . . . . .                152                     0               152                                6 acres                          6 acres
                              Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                  50                    41                   9                               1 fields                         I fields
                              Picnicking    . . . . . . ... . . . . . .                  181                     0               181                              106 tables                       106 tables
                              Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                  95                      0                95                              13  fields                       13  fields
                              Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   14                      0                14                                3 holes                          3 holes
                              Tennis   . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .                  20                    13                   7.                              3 courts, dbl.                   3 courts, dbl.
                              Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  28                      0                28                                3 courts, full                   3 courts, full

                  1970       Water-Related Activities:

                              Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW       . . .               29                      0                29                              70  surface acres                70  surface acres
                              Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW                           22                      0                22                                1 ramr.2/                        I ramp2l

                             Trails Activities:

                              Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     9                                                                        1 miles                          1 miles
                              Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    14/                                                                    <1  miles                        <1  miles
                              Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     4/                                                                    <1  miles                        <1  miles
                              Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                  4/
                                          Nature Study . . . . . . . . .                 10 -                    0                10                                1 miles                          I miles

                             ACTIVITY
                              Swimming (Pools)    . . . . . . . . . . . .                717                   243               474                            3,160 square yards-  21         1,707  square yards-2/
                              Child's Play (Playgrounds)      . . . . . .                225                     0               225                                8 acres                          2 acres
                              Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .                  70                    41                 29                                2 fields                         1 fields
                              Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  192                     0               192                              113 tables                         7 tables
                              Football/Soccer   . . . . . . . . . . . .                  104                     0               104                              14  fields                         1 fields
                              Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   22                      0                22                                5 holes                          2 holes
                              Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   28                    13                 15                                6 courts, dbl.                   3 courts, dbl.
                              Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  49                      0                49                                6 courts, full                   3 courts, full

                  1975       Water-Related Activities:

                              Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW       . . .               51                      0                51                              122 surface acres                52  surfa -  a cres
                                                                                                                                                                                                             r
                              Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW       . . .               37                      0                37                                1 ra.p3/                         0 amp,37

                             Trails Activities:
                              Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   10 4/                                                                      1 miles                          0 miles
                              Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    241                                                                    <1  miles                          0 miles
                              Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    -4/                                                                    <1  miles                          0 miles
                              Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                  4/
                                          Nature Study . . . . . . . . .                 12 -                    0                12                                1 miles                          0 miles

                                                                                                                                                                                                                 509

                    REGION 35                                                                    RECREATION RESOURCE REQUIREKENTS, 1970-2000                                                               CITY SIZE: METROS

                                                                                           TOTAL            1971 OPPORTUNITY       NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                     PARTICIPATION           DAYS AVAILABLE              (OOO'S OF                                   UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                         (OOOIS  OF             (0001S OF              ACTIVITY DAYS)                                RESOURCES REQUIRED
                    Y=         ACTIVITY                                               ACTIVITY   DAYS)        ACTIVITY- DAYS)       DEFICIT       SURPLUS                CLNULATTVE                        INCRF24ENTAL
                                Swimming (Pools)     . . . . . . . . . . .                1,054  1/                 243                811                             5,406  square yardsV               2,246 square yards   2/
                                Child's Play (Playgrounds)       . . . . . .                320                       0                320                                  12 acres                           4acres
                                Baseball/Softball    . . . . . . . . . . .                   95                     41                  54                                  4 fields                           2fields
                                Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   202                       0                202                               119  tables                           6tables
                                Football/Soccer    . . . . . . . . . . . .                  113                       0                113                                  16 fields                          2fields
                                Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     34                       0                 34                                  8 holes                            3holes
                                Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     36                     13                  23                                  9 courts, dbl.                     3courts, dbl.
                                Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    74                       0                 74                                  8 courts, full                     2courts, full

                    1980       Water-Related Activities:

                                Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW                             75                       0                 75                               180  surfai? acres                   58 surface acres
                                Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW        . . .                54                       0                 54                                  2 ramps-                           Iramp,3/

                               Trails Activities:
                                Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     11  4/                                                                         2 miles                            1miles
                                Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      3                                                                            <1 miles                           0miles
                                Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      *                                                                            <1 miles                           0miles
                                Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                     4/
                                            Nature Study. . . . I      . . . .               14 -                     0                 14                                  2 miles                            1miles

                               ACTIVITY
                                swimming (Pools)     . . . . . . . . . . .                2,077  1/                 243              1,834                            12,226  square yards-  2            6,820 square yards-2/
                                Child's Play (Playgrounds)       . . . . . .                593                       0                593                                  21 acres                           9acres
                                Baseball/Softball    . . . . . . . . . . .                  163                     41                 122                                  9 fields                           5fields
                                Picnicking    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 225                       0                225                               132  tables                          13 tables
                                Football/Soccer    . . . . . . . . . . . .                  133                       0                133                                  18 fields                          2fields
                                Golf   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     76                       0                 76                                  19 holes                           8holes
                                Tennis   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     52                     13                  39                                  14 courts, dbl.                    5courts, dbl.
                                Basketball    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   133                       0                133                                  15 courts, full                    7courts, full

                    1990       Water-Related Activities:

                                Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW                            137                       0                137                               328  surfac acres                 148  surfac     cres
                                Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing FW        . . .                96                       0                 96                                  4 ramp.P                           2ramps  37 a

                               Trails Activities:
                                Walking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     13  4/                                                                         2 miles                            0miles
                                Bicycling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      6                                                                            1 miles                            Imiles
                                Nature Study    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                                                   <1 miles                           0miles
                                Combined Walking, Bicycling,                                     4/
                                            Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                  19  -                    0                 19                                  3 miles                            Imile

                    510

                     REGION 35                                                                RECREATION RESOURCE RhQUIRE24ENTS, 1970-2000                                                        CITY SIZE: METROS

                                                                                         TOTAL          1971 OPPORTUNITY      NET OPPORTUNITY DAYS
                                                                                   PARTICIPATION         DAYS AVAILABLE             (OOO'S OF                               UNITS OF RECREATION
                                                                                       (000-S OF             (OOO'S OF           ACTIVITY DAYS)                             RESOURCES REQUIRED
                     YEAR       ACTIVITY                                            ACTIVITY  DAYS)       ACTIVITY DAYS)       DEFICIT      SURPLUS               CUMULATIVP                      INCREMENTAL
                                 Swimming (Pools)    ... . . . . . . . . .              3,596                   243             3,353                         22,353  square yards-2/         10,127 square yardr,2-/
                                 Child's Play (Playgrounds)     . . . . . .              993                      0              993                              36  acres                       15 acres
                                 Baseball/Softball   . . . . . . . . . . .               255                     41              214                              16  fields                        7fields
                                 Picnicking   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                246                      0              246                              145 tables                      13 tables
                                 Football/Soccer  . . . . . . . . . . . .                152                      0              152                              21  fields                        3fields
                                 Golf  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 14:9                     0              149                              37  holes                       18 holes
                                 Tennis  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   71                    13                58                             22  courts, dbl.                  8courts, dbl.
                                 Basketball   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                206                      0              206                              23  courts, full                  8courts, full

                     2000       Water-Related Activities:
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing     FW  . . .             212                      0              212                              508 surfav acres                180 surfaV acres
                                 Boating, Boat Fishing, Skiing     FW  . . .             149                      0              149                                6 ramps=                        2ramps2

                                Trails Activities:
                                                                                              4/
                                 Walking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   15                                                                       2 miles                         0miles
                                 Bicycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    9                                                                       1 miles                         0miles
                                 Nature Study   . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   1                                                                     <1  miles                         0miles
                                 Combined Walking, Bicycling,                              25 4/                                                                                                           1
                                           Nature Study  . . . . . . . . .                                        0                25                               3 miles                         0miles

                     Note: Asterisks indicate that projected annual activity days were less than 500.
                     I/  Includes only swimming participation occurring in swimming pools, 94 percerit of the            total in urban areas.
                         Designated freshwater swimming areas may be substituted for swimming pools. When making substitutions consider total swimming participation.
                         Assumes 2.0 lanes per ramp.
                         Reflects estimated participation occurring in park and recreation areas; does not include participation occurring outside park and recreation areas.                       Of the total
                         walking, bicycling, and nature study participation it was determined that 10.5, 4.0, and 20.1 percent, respectively for each activity, occurs in park and recreation
                         areas.

                                                                                                                                                                                                             511

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                Introduction                                          Access; area,  recreation area, and/or park      the      a park, or recreation area, is open to the
                                                                         opportunity or means of approaching a given            public either for a fee or for free.)     The
                The terms in  this glossary relate most closely          geographic area, a recreation area, and/or             recreation destination--either park or re-
                to the analyses of outdoor recreation in the             park or other recreation destination via               creation area--may be publicly or privately
                urban areas df Texas. Glossaries in other                existing transportation routes. In a sense             administered and/or owned, but the general
                volumes of the Texas Outdoor Recreation Plan             refers to the physical and legal availability,         public must be allowed to use the resource.
                may have more or fewer words described, as               the reputation, and/or the quality of the              The facilities available at a given park
                applicable.                                              routes and the recreation area or park.       In       or recreation area are called the facilities
                                                                         another sense refers to available modes of             mix. Correspondingly, but not necessarily,
                In developing the Texas Outdoor Recreation Plan          transportation providing conveyance to the             the facilities mix determines the activities
                (TORP), unconventional or specialized meanings           recreation destination.                                package for a given park.
                have sometimes been assigned to familiar words.
                This was done in order to make the analyses of        Access, facility - refers to route availability,      Accessibility - refers to the ease with which
                large amounts of data more readable and useful           reputation (i.e.; do people know route exists;         recreationists may use recreation resources.
                to the general public. For this reason, the              are there signs, etc.), and quality from park          Among the factors which may influence acces-
                following glossary has been prepared so that             entrance to recreational facility destination          sibility are land ownership, transportation
                the public, as well as other planners,-might             (i.e., can people get to the facility from the         facilities, the proximity of recreation re-
                acquaint themselves with the meanings, trans-            park entrance; do they have to walk long dis-          sources to urban centers, user fees, and signs-
                lations, or uses of these terms in the TORP.             tances; is there parking nearby; etc.)                 and information which identify the recreation
                                                                                                                                resources for the recreationist.
                To facilitate more efficient communication and        Access, fishing - Fishing accessrefers to             Accessible Shoreline - that water frontage, e-g.,
                common understanding, several attempts-have been         physical and legal availability of fishing             either on the Gulf, on a bay, a lake, river,
                made to standardize terms and concepts used in           facilities, including the recreationists'              stream, reservoir, etc., which presents re-
                                                                         opportunity to reach fishing water--i.e.,
                recreation research and planning.    The defini-         is there a boat ramp available, can the                creational opportunities for the public via
                tions of terms offered here do not necessarily           recreationist get to the waters edge, etc.             existing modes and routes o-f transportation.
                imply that other definitions are unacceptable.
                However, these definitions are of particular                                                                Acquisition - receiving control of a land and/or
                significance as they are found in the official        Access, private - (Also, see:    Access, public)          water resource by a variety of means for
                document that is to guide recreation development         No legal public access. Area is open to                purposes of altering the present use of
                in the State of Texas.   If the words prove use-         owner(s) of the area, and only those other             the resource to recreational.   Means of
                ful enough, their use should become standardized         persons that the owner(s) allow(s) to use              acquiring vary from outright purchase (fee
                throughout the State.                                    the -property.  In other words, use by the             simple) of title or deed to receiving as a
                                                                         general public is controlled by the property           gift. Recreational uses may vary from strict
                                                                         owner.                                                 preservation--no development; to high-inten-
                Any questions or comments regarding the clarity                                                                 sity uses--completely developed areas for many
                or accuracy of these terms and their uses should      Access, public - the opportunity or means for             activities.
                be sent to: Comprehensive Planning Branch, Texas         the general public to approach and use a
                Parks and Wildlife Department, John H. Reagan            recreation destination.    (As considered in       Action Programs - significant outdoor recreation
                Building, Austin, Texas 78701.                           the TORP, public access means, in effect--             related actions which the State proposes to

                512

                   initiate or continue during the period of plan Activity Package - activity "packages" are those                  called a secondary activity.     For example, the
                   use.                                                    sets of recreational activities which were               primary activity might be picnicking, while on
               Active Recreation - See:     Recreation, active             generally shown to be closely related.                   the outing recreationists might also pursue
                                                                           Recreationists have, as a general rule, diff-            such secondary activities as swimming, baseball,
               Activities, recreational - a wide array of in-              erent preferences and capacities to pursue               horseback riding, nature study, boating, etc.
                   dividual pursuits which tend to refresh or              the activities of their choice. Most parks
                   relax, entertain or amuse, and invigorate or@           provide facilities for two or more activities.        Analytical Subsections - portions of an urban
                   recharge the mind and body, and which tend              One activity is usually the primar activity,             area delineated by local urban or recreation
                   to release the tensions or frustrations                 or the reason for going; and, an activity 'which         planners in the 1971 Texas Outdoor Recreation
                   created by day-to-day interactions.                     might also be pursued within the same park is            Urban Planners Survey.    Delineations were
                                                                                                                                    based on the combined, predominant income
               Activities, saltwater associated - recreational                                                                      and ethnic background characteristics of
                   activities which occur in or near saltwater          Aggregate Analysis - The process of combining               the urban areas of the State. For example,
                   areas to include Gulf and bay areas along the           an analysis of supply, participation, and/               middle-income Anglo subsection.      Breakdowns
                   Texas Gulf Coast.                                       or resource requirements for particular .                of the income levels were based on total
                                                                           geographic delineations, i.e., analysis of               annual (average) household income as 'follows:
               Activities, spectator - applies only to observance          an entire metropolitan area including con-               Low   up to $5,000; Middle - $5,000 to $15,000;
                   of organized activities.                                tiguous municipalities, a group of cities                High   greater than $15,000.     The three ethnic
                                                                           excluding those contiguous to metro areas,               backgrounds which characterize most Texas
               Activity, primary - (Also, see: Activity Pack7              or a group of towns excluding those contig-              municipalities--Anglo, Black, and Mexican-
                   age)  This activity provided the major reason           uous to a metro in each of the 37 analytical             American--were selected as the other delinea-
                   for going to a park, the major reason for               regions.   In the volume of the TORP titled              tion criteria.
                   stopping while on a trip, and/or the major              Outdoor Recreation in the Urban Areas of
                   impetus for participation.    The "primary"             Texas--when analyzing a metropolitan area--           Analytical Techniques - (Also, see volume of
                   activity might vary from recreationist to               aggregate analysis implies that the data used            TORP titled Techniques of Analysis) The
                   recreationist, while often the primary is               to determine resource requirements related               -. u
                   the same for all members of a group. .                                                                           vario s scientific or empirical and recrea-
                                                                           not only to the metro core, but to all imme-             tion planning methodologies used to synthe-
                                                                           diately adjacent, contiguous, and surrounded             size and analyze pertinent data from the
               Activity, secondary - (Also, see: Activity                  smaller municipalities. When analyzing the               surveys conducted to support statewide re-
                   Package) A secondary activity is,a recrea-              "cities" within a given analytical region                creation planning in Texas.
                   tional activity which results from a variety            the data were combined for all cities in
                   of conditions.   There must be a "primary"              that region such that supply, participation,          Archeological Site/Area - those archeological,
                   activity, then secondary activities evolve              and resource requirements for the region                 historical, and cultural resources present
                   from preplanning, from pursuit by members of            were expressed as if there was only one city             in areas, districts, sites, buildings,
                   the household or group who are not as enthu-            in that given region. Likewise, when analyz-             structures, and objects that possess integ-
                   siastic for the primary activity as others,             ing the "towns" of a given region, these were            rity of location, design, setting, materials,
                   from a selection from alternative activities,           expressed in the "aggregate" as well.                    workmanship, feeling, and association, and
                   from recreationists tiring of the primary                                                                        are identified as being important in pre-
                   activity, from a lack of opportunity for the         Amphitheatre Seats - refers to outdoor theatre              history and/or history.
                   primary activity, or from overcrowding of               seating capacities only. Seating capacity
                   the primary facility.                                   was estimated if individual seats were not            Archery - (Also, see:    Sport Shooting) A
                                                                           designated (i.e., if there were only benches).           recreational activity involving the use of
               Activity Day - (Participation Day) -- a unit of                                                                      bow and arrow equipment for competitive or
                   measurement used to describe participation in        Analytical Regions (Same as the 37 Texas Out-               non-competitive, non-school and non-profes-
                   recreational activities. One day of partici-            door Recreation Analytical Planning Regions              sional target shooting as well as for other
                   pation was recorded in the TORP surveys if              for TORP)   Territorial delineations among the           unspecified uses. Participation normally_
                   any part of a day was devoted to a selected             political subdivisions (i.e., groups of                  occurred at either a practice range or
                   Tecreational activity.    If the same members           counties) within the State based on a com-               empty field.    Hunting with a bow was counted
                   from the same household or group participated           bination of factors which allows state recrea      -     in the TORP as hunting participation.
                   in the same activity twice in the same day at           tion planners to apply recreational demand and
                   two different parks or recreation areas, it             supply data to recreation problems at the.re-         Archery Targets - See:    Sport Shooting
                   would be recorded as two days for each parti-           gional level.    Counties were aggregated for
                   tipating member.    Participation-by the same           regional analyses based primarily on the ini-         Available Surface Acres of Bay - approximate
                   household or group in the same activity several         tially established Governor's Planning Regions.          total surface acres of bays located in or
                   times during the same day at the same one loca-.        Certain of those regions were subdivided to              near counties in the coastal region which
                   tion would be recorded as one day for each              provide the capability to analyze data at a              are available for the water related acti-
                   member.                                                 more local level.                                        vities of boating, fishing, or water skiing.

                                                                                                                                                                                 513

                Barge, fishing - a floating structure usually             sources.   This type of course would often          Campsites - refers to any space designated and
                   attached to the shore and usually providing            be found -in parks and recreation areas.                used as a camping area excepting sites used
                   access to more desirable fishing water than                                                                    primarily for picnicking. There are many
                   is available from the shore.                        Bicycling - A recreational activity which in-              types of camping sites, the following are
                                                                          volves riding a two-wheel unmotorized vehicle           the most common in Texas:
                Baseball - a recreational activity generally              for pleasure. The activity could include use
                   involving competition between two teams in             of designated trails or paths. Does not in-             Single Unit Campsites:
                   a wide variety of types of baseball activity           clude going to and from school or to and from              Tent Sites - normally consists of an
                   involving for example, from sandlot@to little          work unless the destination was incidental to              area which has been leveled and includes
                   league participation (usually requiring a              the reason for using the bicycle.                          one or more facilities; such as table,
                   field, bats, balls, gloves, etc.); but,                                                                           grill, trash can, and/or water. The site
                   organized school, semi-professional, or    pro-     Boat Fishing - A recreational activity which in-              is normally used by campers using tents
                   fessional games were not included in the               volves fishing while using a boat to gain                  or other similar portable materials for
                   TORP. Participation could have taken place             access to fishing waters which may not be                  shelter.
                   in the street, at a school baseball diamond            available from shore.
                   after school, at park facilities, or at some                                                                      Trailer, Mobile Camper, and Pickup Camper
                   other resource with or without sport facilities Boat Ramp - An area for launching and retrieving                  Site - normally a designated site having
                                                                          boats; generally, a sloping road-like structure            a similar complement of amenities as tent
                Baseball/Softball Fields - fields-with facilities         constructed of asphalt, concrete, gravel, or               sites used by persons with travel trailers
                   for baseball and/or softball play.                     dirt leading down into the water.                          (includes tent foldout trailers) motorized
                                                                                                                                     or self-powered fixed construction camping
                Basketball - A recreational activity which             Boat Ramp, lane - a subdivision of a    boat ramp;            vehicles, and pickup campers, or any site
                   normally involves two opposing teams of                one lane providing access for one    boat at a             having a sewer connection.
                   five members each which pass, throw, or                time. A ramp will most often have one, two,
                   bounce (i.e., dribble) a ball toward the               three, or four lanes.    If the ramp is not                Screened Shelter - this type campsite is
                   opponents goal at indoor or outdoor faci-              physically partitioned by curbs or other                   a permanent or semi-permanent structure
                   lities, i.e., gymnasium, vacant lot, stan-             barriers, number of lanes was determined by                consisting of a roof and two or more
                   dard court, etc.   City parks and school               estimating number of boats which could be                  screened walls, the remainder of which is
                   gyms or playgrounds were prime areas for               launched or retrieved safely, side-by-side,                fully enclosed (with fewer than two screens,
                   participation. Any number could play and               at one time on the same ramp.                              the structure would be a cabin and was not
                   there were no restrictions on rules.      In-                                                                     included); the height of the screens may
                   door participation was eliminated from the          Boating - A recreational activity involving                   vary, however.   Most of these shelters are
                   projections of recreation demand.                      riding around in a boat as an objective in                 insect resistant and provide some degree of
                                                                          itself.   Fishing from a boat, pulling a skier,            privacy for a single family or single group
                Basketball Courts - an area designed, con-                or using a boat for transportation would not               of campers.
                   structed, and/or used for recreational                 be accepted as boating participation unless
                   basketball participation.    Full-court                the respondents specifically stated that they           Group Campsites:
                   basketball courts were enumerated for                  were riding around in the boat for recreational            This type would appear as a cluster of
                   recreation resource inventory purposes of              purposes.   Types of boats included canoes,                single unit campsites in one location.
                   the TORP.                                              kayaks, houseboats, various motorboats, paddle-            They can be used for tent or trailer
                                                                          boats, rowboats, sailboats, yachts, etc.                   camping.
                Bicycle Route - A course designated on existing
                   streets, roadways, and/or highways which has        Botanical Gardens - areas devoted to specific                 Group Screened Shelters - these are also
                   been specifically allocated for bicycle traf-          collections or arrangements of endangered,                 permanent or semi- .permanent structures
                   fic or which has special traffic control               indigenous, ornamental, or otherwise extra-                designed to accommodate two or more fami-
                   signs which mark the route indicating to               ordinary plant materials used for scientific               lies or groups of campers.    The definition
                   others that bicyclers may be in traffic                study, exhibition, interpretation, education,              of screened shelters applies otherwise.
                   ahead.   This type of course would most often          landscape enhancement, etc.
                   be found in an urban area, but not within a                                                                Capacity - The environmental, physical, biolog-
                   park.                                               Camping - A recreational activity involving any            ical, psychological, social, and cultural
                                                                          overnight stay on the premises of a public              limitations of a given resource or set of
                Bicycle Trail - A course which has been specifi-          or private recreation enterprise regardless             resources.  (For example, some types of
                   cally designed and constructed primarily for           of type of camping shelter used.* For example,          limitations are size, space, interfacility
                   recreational bicycling.    The course may be           a recreationist who spent the night in his car,         distances, perceptions of crowding, carrying
                   designed on an existing roadway, but generally         in a tent, in a recreational vehicle, etc., at          ability of the soils, flora, and fauna, etc.)
                   the trails are off-road except for short               a designated campsite would be considered a             The carrying ability of a given resource.
                   stretches for crossing traffic, in rough               camper. On the other hand, those staying at             For purposes of the TORP, most references to
                   terrain, or for more expedient use of re-              motels were not considered campers.                     capacity relate to seating capacity or the

                514

                 maximum number of persons a theatre or                 Conservation - The wise use of resources.       In            cils are referred to variously as "regional'
                 rodeo arena can seat; however, in another                 this plan the major focus is on conservation               councils," "planning councils," "councils of
                 context the word has been used to describe                of recreation resources by achieving sound,                governments or COGs,","development councils,"
                 the limiting point for resource use beyond                environmentally sensitive, citizen-formulated              and "associations of governments."
                 which degradation of the resource begins and              recreation goals via actions impVmented
                 from which the resource cannot recover natu-              through the comprehensive recreation planning           Cultural Site/Area - See:    Archeological Site/
                 rally. If use levels are maintained above                 process.                                                   Area
                 capacity eventual destruction of the resource
                 occurs.                                                Contiguous Area - Those incorporated cities and            Data - (Also, see:    Information) The sets of
                                                                           towns which for purposes of analyses in the                quantitative and qualitative informition
             Children's Play - primarily unorganized play at               TORP were considered integral areas immediately            required to make well-informed and statis-
                 a field, park, playground, or undesignated                adjacent t6, surrounded by, or otherwise con-              tically significant analyses of the recrea-
                 area not at a private residence lawn or yard.             nected to the metropolitan core area.        (For          tional supply, demand, trends, patterns,
                 Organized play might occur at a club or                   example, Irving was considered part of the Dallas          and other recreation related factors in
                 neighborhood outing with supervised games                 metro area.)                                               Texas.
                 for children. Adults, such as parents,
                 watching the children were not recorded                Contiguous to Bay or Gulf - On, adjacent, or               Data Base - (Also, see:    Data)   The foundation
                 unless actually participating.      Types of              near (accessible) the Texas Gulf Coast or                  of information that the Texas Outdoor Recrea-
                 play included swinging, sliding, riding                   bay water shorelines.                                      tion Plan is established on.
                 merry-go-rounds, arts, crafts, free play,
                 etc.                                                   Cooperation - (Also, see:     Statewide Recrea-            Demand - A schedule of the quantities of a
                                                                           tion Information System, Communication,                    particular good or service that would be
             Cities - (Also, see: Urban Area, Metro Area,                  and Coordination) Describes a necessary                    purchased in a specified period of time
                 and Towns) Any urban area with a population               ingredient for efficient and effective                     at all alterna  .tive prices, holding all
                 of 10,000 to 49,999 persons and which is not              implementation of the statewide recreation                 other factors (such as income, population,
                 a part of or contiguous to a metropolitan                 plan.   By acting in a cooperative manner,                 consumers tastes,. and preferences, etc.)
                 area.                                                     recreation planners, decision makers,                      constant. More detailed discussions of
                                                                           lawmakers, and citizens can participate                    recreation demand can be found in the volume
             City Park - See:     Urban Park                               in the planning process and thereby pro-                   Techniques of Analysis.
                                                                           vide solutions to the recreation problems                                        1.
             Communication - (Also, see:      Statewide  Recrea-           facing Texas in providing adequate recrea-              Demand, Outdoor Recreation - (Also, see: Demand)
                 tion Information System; Cooperation; and Coor-           tional opportunities for all Texans, our                   A schedule of the quantities of outdoor re-
                 dination) For purposes of the TORP, this word             out-of-state and our out-of-country visitors.              sources and/or facilities that would be
                 describes a vital component necessary in the
                                                                                                                                      utilized (in terms of participation days,
                 implementation of the statewide recreation             Coordination - (Also, see:     Statewide Recrea-              occasions, visits,  I trips, etc.) over some
                 planning process. Communicating timelyinfor-              tion Information System, Communication,,                   period of time (i.e., an hour, a day, a
                 mation among the entities providing recrea-               and Cooperation) Describes an integral                     year) at all alternative costs of participa-
                 tional opportunities, technical, and/or                   function of the statewide recreation plan-                 tion, holding all other factors (such as
                 financial support; other decision-makers and              ning process.    By coordinating information,              income, population, consumers' tastes and
                 planners; and the general public regarding                actions, plans, laws, and the desires of                   preferences, etc.) constant.
                 recreation problems, solutions, and actions,              the public; Texans from all levels of
                 provides more efficient, expedient, and long              government, the private sector, and indivi-
                 lasting solutions to the identified recreation            dual citizens will be aware of the status,              Demand Models, recreation - mathematical formulae
                 related problems.                                         actions, and needs (or requirements) for                   used in explaining or projecting demand for
                                                                           providing adequate recreational opportunities              selected recreational activities.       Detailed
             Community Park - (Also, see:      Urban Park) An              for Texas' recreationists, thus eliminating                discussions of the several models utilized
                 urban park with less than 20 acres of developed           costly duplication's of efforts.                           in the TORP are presented in the volume
                 land and containing facilities for two or more                                                                       Techniques of Analysis along with discussions
                 of.the following activities:      games and sports, Councils of Governments - Refers to those organi-                of the assumption and limitations on which
                 picnicking, playground, or swimming.        See           zations established under Article 1011m,                   they are based.
                 games and sports.                                         V.A.C.S. as Regional Planning Commissions.
                                                                           Regional councils are voluntary associations            Designated - Indicates the acceptable recrea-
             Community Recreation Center - A building        or            of local governments composed of at least                  tional uses of a given resource by signs
                 structure providing indoor recreation       faci-         two-thirds voting majority of local elected                or markings describing direction, area, and
                 lities for all age groups.                                officials. These organizations are primarily               purpose.   However, physical barriers such
                                                                           engaged in regional planning and the promotion             as cables, buoys, ropes, fences, etc., are
             Comprehensive Planning - See: Planning,         Com-          of intergovernmental cooperation among member              often used.
                 prehensive                                                local governments. In Texas, regional coun-

                                                                                                                                                                                  515

                 Designated Freshwater Swimming Area - Square          Ecology - The study,of interrelationships                 function; those which provide opportunities
                     yards of freshwater specifically marked for           among living organisms and between the                for recreation as a secondary function;
                     swimming by signs, roping, fencing, buoys,            organisms and their living environment.               and those which provide only technical or
                     or any other physical features that may be            This includes the study of human popula-              financial assistance to other entities pro-
                     used to delineate the swimming area. Swim-            tions and their interrelations with regard            viding opportunities.
                     ming pools are not included.                          for physical environment, demographic and
                                                                           cultural characteristics.                         Fee Simple Ownership - The complete ownership
                 Designated Saltwater Swimming Area - Square                                                                     of land with exclusive and unrestricted
                     yards of saltwater specifically marked off        Environment - The aggregate surrounding con-              rights of disposition, excluding only those
                     by buoys, signs, roping, groins, jetties,             ditions within which organisms, or groups             rights retained by the government for
                     etc., to establish a restricted swimming              of organisms, exist and function.                     exercise of its taxation, eminent domain,
                     area. Includes only saltwater swimming                                                                      and police powers.
                     areas located on a bay or on the Gulf.            Environment, recreational - The surrounding
                     Usually these areas are measured in terms             external conditions within which persons          Fishing - A recreational activity involving
                     of square yards.                                      or groups of persons recreate. The recrea-            the taking of fish from the Gulf, a bay, a
                                                                           tion environment includes such influential            lake, pond, tank, river or stream, in a
                 Designated Swimming Area - Square yards of                factors as sights, sounds, smells, social             public or private area. Types include
                     water specifically marked off for control             and cultural factors, availability of re-             fishing with bow, gig (flounder, frogs),
                     by signs, roping, etc., to establish a                creational resources, the weather, the                pole, rod and reel, seine, trotline, spear,
                     restricted swimming area.                             availability of transportation, and many              or fly rod; from a bank or a chartered boat,
                                                                           others.                                               etc. Excludes commercial fishing.
                 Developed Land - (With Recreation-Related
                     Facilities) Land areas, measured in acres,        Facilities, private    those facilities owned         Fishing (Sport Fishing) - See: Fishing
                     in parks where facilities are specifically            and/or administered by private entrepeneurs,
                     developed for recreational activities.                corporations, and other non-public enter-         Fishing Barge - See: Barge, fishing
                     This does not include areas adjacent to               prises, most often operated to make a profit.
                     nature or other trails in a natural setting                                                             Fishing Barge/Marina (Length) - A measurement
                     unless developed for various activities.          Facilities, public - those facilities owned               of total fishing access enumerated in
                     This does not include open areas unless               and/or administered by public agencies.               linear yards around the exterior and in-
                     they are specifically designed to provide                                                                   terior of a barge or marina.
                     free play, access to other areas, or acti-        Facilities, support (support units) - Equip-          Fishing Barges/Marinas - A barge or marina is
                     vity of the outdoor sports and games variety.         ment and/or resources which can be identi-
                     (Excludes water acreage.)                             fied with a particular activity and/or                a floating structure often attached to the
                 Development - The modification of land resources          activities.  Developments which are not               shore providing access to fishing water.
                     by the influences of man.   Residential, com-         absolutely necessary for any particular           Fishing Jetties - A jetty is a type of wall
                     mercial, industrial, agricultural, recrea-            recreational activity.   For example,                 built into the water to restrain currents
                     tional, or other types of structural acti-            bleachers, water fountains, lockers,                  or for protection of a harbor or pier but
                     vities influence, or change, the natural              parking, bath houses, maintenance building,           used by recreationists primarily for fishing.
                     landscape to satisfy human needs or want.             lighting, etc.                                        To differentiate between a pier and a jetty,
                                                                       Facility Mix - (Also, see:    Activity Package)           a pier is supported above the water and a
                 District Park - (Also, see:    Urban Park) An             The grouping of facilities types in a par-            jetty is built to divide the water.    The
                     urban park with 20 acres or more of deve-             ticular park or recreation area.                      circumference and/or length in linear yards
                     loped land containing facilities for two                                                                    from the access point of the jetty around
                     or more of the following activities:              Facility Requirements - (Also, see: Resource              the last yard of area where recreationists
                     games and sports, picnicking, playground              Requirements) Quantitative estimates of               may fish has been measure 'd to give planners
                     (children's play), or swimming.                       the units of selected recreational facilities         an indication of the amount of access pro-
                 Driving for Pleasure - (Also, see:    Sightseeing)        expected to be needed to meet current and             vided by jetties.
                     A recreational activity consisting of driving         future demands.                                   Fishing Pier - (Also, see: Fishing Jetties)
                     or riding with no specific destination in                                                                   A platform which extends over the water
                     mind, this being the principal distinction        Federal Agencies - Governmental entities under            and provides access to fishing water.
                     between driving and sightseeing. Includes             the direct auspices of the United States of
                     use of designated roads and trails primarily          America. As they are related to recreation        Fishing Pier (Length) - A measurement of
                     in a car but use of motorcycles or airplanes          (TORP) federal agencies are divided into              length in linear yards along the edge of
                     was also recorded. Could begin immediately            three categories: those which provide                 a pier, considering only the portion that
                     upon leaving the recreationist's residence.           opportunities for recreation as a primary             is actually over water suitable for fishing.

                 516

                  Both sides of any pier wide enough to allow               planning process.   In other words, the              Hiking - A recreational activity which depends
                  fishing from both sides were enumerated.                  interim and Ultimate steps along the                     on the recreationists' determination that
                  Circumferential length around "T" head                    schedule toward achieving adequate recrea-               the activity is a hike instead of a walk.
                  piers wa's also evaluated.                                tional opportunities for all.                            Usually involves a specific destination,
                                                                                                                                     preparation of some kind, vigorous physical
              Football - A body contact sport or game played            Golf - A recreational activity involving play                exertion, and is often of greater distance
                  with a ball.   Touch, tackle, flag, and other             at regular courses with nine or more holes,              than associated with walking for pleasure.
                  common American variations played for recrea-             par three, or miniature courses, and at
                  tion were included in TORP surveys. As few                driving ranges. Recreational participation           Hiking/Walking for Pleasure/Nature Study Trail
                  as two persons on each side or as many as                 can occur any place facilities are available,            A designated trail measured in linear miles,
                  eleven was acceptable for indicating parti-               but not as a school activity or professional             for the primary purpose of walking and/or
                  cipation.   Organized leagues were included               contest.                                                 hiking and/or nature study.
                  in acceptable TORP survey responses, but
                  school or professional games were excluded            Golf Course (Holes of) - (Also, see:       Golf)         Historic Site/Area - See: Archeological Site/
                  from consideration.    Persons watching these             A golf course provides facilities to support             Area
                  games would be considered football specta-                golf activities.   Only par three and regular
                  tors.                                                     courses were enumerated for purposes of the
                                                                            TORT. The number of holes available to the           Horseback Riding - A recreational activity
              Football/Soccer Fields - Facilities designed                  general public was considered.- Since the                involving riding a horse for pleasure.
                  and designated (marked or provided) for                   numbers of holes vary (i.e., some regular                Includes equestrian pursuits such as trail
                  football and/or soccer play. Did not have                 courses may have only nine holes, while                  riding and open land riding. Does not in-
                  to be used exclusively for those sports to                others may have 18, 27, 36, or more) in                  clude rodeo or racing pursuits or when pro-
                  be considered in TORP, just so the field-                 many cases, the number of holes was selected             fessional or school activities are involved.
                  would accommodate organized events.                       as the unit of measurement and comparison                Also does not include range riding as a
                                                                            for golf activities (i.e., the common denom-             part of an occupation such as ranching.
              Freshwater Swimming Area - (Also, see:        Des-            inator).   By determining the number of holes
                  ignated Swimming Areas) Water areas, both                 needed, planners may then determine, based           Horseback Riding Area - A recreational space
                  designated and undesignated, generally found              on local resources and analyses, what the                devoted to riding horses.    This type of
                  on rivers, streams, creeks, lakes, reservoirs,            most appropriate number of holes would be                area was typically measured in acres de-
                  which are used predominantly by swimming                  to provide for a given situation.      Country           voted to the activity.
                  recreationists.    Excludes consideration of              clubs and other private courses open only
                  swimming pools.                                           to members were excluded.                            Horseback Riding Trail - A trail devoted to
                                                                                                                                     equestrian riding. Generally this trail
              Games and Sports -   Any of a variety of the              Grants-in-Aid - Financial assistance in the                  can accommodate two or more horses abreast
                  more common recreational activities,                      form of grants made by the federal and/or                and has some overhead clearance (approxi-
                  normally competitive, which require faci-                 state governments to a local government to               mately 15 feet) 'provided. Not included
                  lities of the courts, fields, or nets                     assist in a public project. Regarding re-                were riding arenas, race tracks (unless
                  .varieties.  Some examples are:      tennis,              creation, grants are normally made on a                  part of trail), etc.
                  volleyball, football, baseball, basket-                   matching basis (e.g., 50 percent of cost
                  ball, etc.                                                might be paid by each entity-grantor and             Household - The unit of people residing in a
              Games and Sports Facilities - As enumerated                   grantee).                                                particular residence whether they are a
                  in the TORP, fields or courts associated                 t.                                                        group of single, unrelated individuals;
                  with a particular game or sport on which              Greenbelts -   Commonly, linear areas along                  a traditional family; or members of
                  regulation or league games can be played.                 river and  stream basins or transportation               two'families related or unrelated.
                                                                            corridors  which are often left "green"
              Geological Features'- Those extraordinary                     or in a minimally developed state.                   Houston-Galveston Region - Generally referred
                  physical or physiographical attributes       of                                                                    to as the political region coinciding with
                  an area (i.e., mountains, caverns, plains,            Group Campsite - See:     Campsites                          the original eight-county jurisdiction of
                  faults, river basins, etc.) which pre-                                                                             the Houston-Galveston Area Council of Gov-
                  sently or potentially could provide re-               Group Screened Shelters - See:       Campsites               ernments.  The region included Brazoria,
                  creational resources.                                                                                              Chambers, Fort Bend, Galveston, Harris,
                                                                        Handicapped - A person with some mental or                   Liberty, Montgomery,.and Waller Counties.
              Goals - (Also, see:     Objectives)    Short range            physical disadvantage which might prevent
                  or long range aims, achievements, or objec-               or deter utilization of recreation facili-           Hunting - A recreational activity which is
                  tives established during the recreation                   ties or resources.                                       typically characterized by the taking of

                                                                                                                                                                                   517

                      wild game for personal consumption.                    Land, urban recreation - Recreation land                 'Linear Parks - See: Parks, linear; Green-
                      Usually involves preparation of some kind,                 within or adjacent to urban areas,                        belts.
                      pursuit, and killing of the animal(s).                     usually within city limits with the.
                      Included the use of bow, dog (to tree or                   exception of those areas within the                    Local Agencies--- For purposes of the TORP,
                      locate game), handgun, rifle, shotgun,                     urban area that are sparsely developed.                   local agencies are either county or
                      and other weapons in the pursuit of deer                                                                             municipal political subdivisions of
                      and other big game, dove, goose and/or                 Land and Water Conservation Fund - The Land                   the State.
                      duck, quail, turkey, squirrel, varmints,                   and Water Conservation Fund Act of 1965
                      and other game.                                            (Public Law 88-57.8) established a fund to             Marina(s) - A floating structure usually
                                                                                 increase outdoor recreation o0portunities                 attached to the shore and usually pro-
                  Implementation - An essential step or element                  for the American people. The program                      viding access to more desirable fishing
                      in the planning process during which the                   provides for (1) acquisition of lands for                 water than is available from the shore.
                      recommendations of a plan are carried out.                 federally administered recreation areas;                  Marinas also often provide boat stalls;
                      Regarding the TORP, implementation is a                    and (2) matching grants for state recrea-                 gasoline; concessions for iishing, boating,
                      complete, integrated, and on-going process                 tion planning and state as well as local                  skiing, and swimming recreationists; and
                      because provision of adequate recreational                 land acquisition and development.        The              other amenities.
                      opportunities statewide cannot be an "over-                fund is administered by the Bureau of
                      nite," or short-range, step in the planning                Outdoor Recreation of the Department of                Metropolitan Area - (Also, See:       Cities and
                      process because of the paucity of immediately              the Interior at the federal level and                     Towns) Any of the 24 Texas urban areas
                      available resources, physical, and                         the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department                   in 1970 with a population of 50,000 or
                      financial.                                                 at the state level.     The Texas Parks and               more, plus all incorporated and some un-
                                                                                 Wildlife Department has deferred all grants               corporated urbanized areas contiguous to
                  Information System - See:      Statewide Recrea-               from the fund to local political subdivi-                 the core city area; for example, San
                      tion Information System                                    sions.   In order for Texas to receive grants             Antonio plus Alamo Heights, Castle Hills,
                                                                                 from the fund, the State must develop a                   Terrell Hills, etc.     Municipal popula-
                  Interpretive Facilities - Normally, a building,                statewide comprehensive outdoor recreation                tions over 2,500 persons that were close
                      or site, or area comprising artifacts or                   plan (i.e., the Texas Outdoor Recreation                  to but not part of the contiguously deve-
                      surroundings of an era which have been                     Plan), and update and refine this plan on                 loped metropolitan area were considered
                      arranged or analyzed-to tell a story in an                 a continuing basis.                                       under the city or town category.
                      interesting, educational, or otherwise
                      "interpreted" fashion.     Interpretive faci-          Land Use - A general term referring to the                 Models, demand - See:     Demand Models
                      lities can include any resource--amphi-                    uses that land resources are put to. For
                      theatres, trails, open land, natural areas,                example, some lands are used to support
                      flora, fauna, puppets, loud speakers, etc.,                industry, others support commercial,                   Multi-Use Courts. - Courts for a selected
                      which can be used to "tell the story,"                     agricultural, recreational uses, etc.                     number of games or sports activities on
                      whatever the story happens to be.        (Re-              In other words, land use is how man                       which regulation or league games can be
                      .garding recreation the "story" is usually                 exercises his stewardship over lands                      played at different times. For example,
                      based on historical, cultural, archeological,              and waters in his domain--what is done                    basketball or volleyball can be played
                      natural, or other aspects of the area.)                    to and with the land.                                     on the same court that might at another
                                                                             Legal Authority - Senate Bill 165, Acts of                    time have tennis matches.
                  Jetty(s) - A barrier usually constructed of                    the 59th Texas Legislature, Regular
                      concrete and boulders extending from the                   Session 1`965, authorized the Parks and                Multi-Use Trail - A trail, measured in miles,
                      shoreline out into the water. The primary                  Wildlife Department as the primary state                  designated for two or more combined or
                      purpose of the jetty is usually to protect                 office to (1) develop outdoor recreation                  associated activities such as walking,
                      shipping channels from erosion, siltation                  in Texas including the preparation and                    hiking, and nature study.
                      and rough water; however, it also may pro-                 maintenance of a statewide comprehensive
                      vide access to more desirable fishing                      outdoor recreation plan and to (2)                     Museums - Organized and permanent non-profit
                      water than which is available from the                     regulate the allocation of federal aid                    institutions, essentially educational or
                      shore.                                                     from the Land and Water Fund to all                       aesthetic in purpose, which exhibit objects
                                                                                 political subdivisions in the State in                    with intrinsic value to science, history,
                                                                                 accordance with the Texas Outdoor Re-                     art, or culture, and which are open to the
                  Land, rural recreation - Recreation land                       creation Plan.                                            public.
                      located in a country atmosphere usually
                      located outside of urban areas or in                   Level of Government - Refers to the organiza-              Natural Area (potential recreation area) - An
                      small rural towns of less than 200 in                      tion of government into federal, state,                   area noted for its extraordinary character-
                      population.                                                regional, and local governments.                          istics and natural qualities.

                  518

                                                                                                                                 outside Texas, but participate in recrea-
             Nature and/or Interpretive Trail - Nature                   solved, or part of a (1980) goal achieved.              tional activities while visiting the State.
                 trails are routed through essentially                   Another type of equally essential objective
                 natural environments for the purposes of                would be to achieve a state funding program          Outdoor Recreation - (Also, see: Activities,
                 providing access for witnessing, studying,              to support land and water-acquisition and
                 feeling, or appreciating natural features               recreational developments at the regional               recreation) Recreational activities which
                 of the area.    Interpretive trails are those           or local level in order to pursue the                   are participated in outside buildings or
                 courses which 'seek to reveal meanings, in-             ultimate goal of providing adequate oppor-              completely enclosed shelters. Excludes
                 sights, or relationships in the natural                 tunities statewide.                                     indoor recreation.
                 environment by means of signs, objects,
                 or other interpretive media to enhance               Open Land Park - (Also, see:     Urban Park) An         Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission
                 appreciation of nature.                                 urban park in which no conventional outdoor             In 1958, Public Law 85-478, 72 Stat. 238,
                                                                         recreational facilities have been developed.            created the Outdoor Recreation Resources
             Nature Center - Normally a    man-made structure            However, the acreage may be landscaped or               Review Commission, charging it with the
                 housing organic and/or material exhibits                maintained.                                             massive task of recommending courses of
                 of flora and/or fauna utilized most often                                                                       action to insure that the necessary outdoor
                 in an educational way to centralize aspects          Open Space - (Also, see: Recreation and Open               recreation opportunities are provided for
                 of nature which many persons may have                   Space Plans) Land area free or relatively               each citizen of this country now and in the
                 neither the means nor expertise to locate               free of man-made structu'res and where water            future. The results of the Commission's work,
                 and appreciate in a native setting.           Zoos,     bodies, land forms, or vegetation predomi-              Outdoor Recreation in America, were published
                 botanical gardens, aquaria, and wildlife                nate.                                                   in 1962, in twenty-seven volumes containing
                 exhibits are but a few examples.                                                                                many recommendations for action. Responding
                                                                      Open Space, Recreational - Open space which                to the recommendations in the report, Congress
             Nature Study - This recreational Activity                   -is devoted to recreational activities that             and the President began enacting legisla-
                 normally includes a specific destination                do not require developed facilities and are             tion which created the Land and Water Con-
                 and/or purpose that includes studying                   compatible with conserving open space for               servation Fund, the Bureau of Outdoor
                 flora and/or fauna in a natural environ-                designed purposes.                                      Recreation under the United States Depart-
                 ment, such as bird watching at Aransas                                                                          ment of the Interior, and which broadened
                 National Wildlife Refuge, beach combing,             Opportunity Days - (Also, see: Activity Day)               outdoor recreation responsibilities in
                 or rock hunting, etc.    Recreational nature            An estimation of the number    of recreational          several federal agencies.
                 study can be done individually or in a                  activity days satisfactorily provided by
                 group, organized or unorganized.                        one unit (or the sum of opportunity days             Park -Areas of land and/or water which have
                                                                         for any number of units) of a selected                  been set aside by public or private entities
             Needs - See:     Requirements                               recreation facility per year within a                   for the recreational uses of present or
                                                                         selected geographic area of the State.                  future generations.
             Non-Recreationists - Those    persons in Texas              For further discussions of opportunity
                 who because of lack of opportunity, handi-              days refer to the volume Techniques of               Parkland, developed - See:    Developed Land
                 cap, choice, or other reason did not par-               Analysis.                                            Parks, linear - Refers to parks and recreation
                 ticipate in outdoor recreational activities.         Opportunity Days, deficit - A deficit of                   areas, so designated, normally occurring
                                                                         opportunity days results when the supply                along some natural or man-made features
             .Objective - (Also, see:    Goals) Those essen-             of facilities, expressed in opportunity                 such as river, creek, and stream basins or
                 tial steps in the recreation planning pro-              days, was less than the estimated demand,               along highway or railroad rights-of-way,
                 cess which have to be achieved to accomplish            expressed in participation days, for the                etc. The park normally is much longer than
                 the short and long range goals of the pro-              selected activity during the selected time              it is wide, which gives it a "linear" physi-
                 cess, i.e., the solutions to re   'creation             period. ,                                               cal characteristic.
                 problems in the State.    Objectives and             Opportunity  Days, surplus - A surplus of
                 goals are semantically equivalent, or syn-              opportunity days resulted when the supply            Pa.rks-and Recreation Department - An officially
                 onymous, terms as defined in most diction-              of facilities, expressed in opportunity                 recognized entity of a federal, state, region-
                 aries; however, in recreation planning                  days, exceeded the-estimated demand,                    al, or local government agency which has been
                 objectives must be reached to achieve                   expressed in participation days, for the                given the primary responsibility for providing
                 goals. An objective, for example, might                 selected activity during the selected                   and maintaining recreation land and facilities
                 be to provide a certain number of picnic                time period.                                            areas within its jurisdictional boundaries.
                 tables to meet 1980 needs in a certain
                 analytical planning region.     By providing                                                                 Participant - (Also, see:    Recreation, active;
                 part of those picnic tables by 1975, a part         Out-of-State Visitors - (Also, see: Residents,              Recreation, passive; and Spectator) An
                 of an identified problem will have been                Out-of-State) Recreationists who     reside              individual who actively engages in a recrea-

                                                                                                                                                                                 519

                     tion activity. Participation could occur           Picnicking - A recreational activity involving            erally "aimed" at and the estimated re-
                     indoors or outdoors but not in the partici-           one or more people on an outing or at a                source requirements represent the goals
                     pants' back yard or as a school activity.             social gathering where the eating of food              for those years.
                     However, participants could use school                is usually the main activity.   Only recrea-
                     facilities after school hours.    Organized           tionists using facilities less than or equal        Planning Process - A planning process normally
                     participation such as club or church related          to one day could qualify as picnickers.                comprises a phased series of actions or
                     was included.                                                                                                approaches directed toward solving identified
                                                                        Picnicking Area/Site - Refers to all space                problem(s).   By stating objectives and goals
                 Participation Day - See: Activity Day                     (measured in acres) designated and used                to be achieved, and a methodology or schedule
                                                                           as picnicking areas excepting s,ites used              for attainment, a plan is specified.     In the
                 Peak Use Season - The two, three, or four                 primarily for camping.   The activities                TORP, the planning process is an 6n-going,
                     month period during which an activity or              picnicking and camping sometimes overlap,              dyanamic set of approaches directed toward
                     a park receives the highest monthly totals            therefore, special designation is needed               solving th-e recognized recreational problems
                     of total annual participation. Normally,              to eliminate double counting and get as                in Texas.   Since recreational patterns change
                     heaviest participation for most activittes            complete a view of each activity as pos-               over time, the static portions of the process;
                     is during the summer months.     (However,            sible by primary allocation of space.                  i.e., the documents; must be updated periodi-
                     for hunting in Texas most activity occurs                                                                    cally to keep the process continually viable.
                     in the fall and winter months as does camp-        Pier - See:  Fishing Pier                                 In Texas recreational planning, the planning
                     ing along the Gulf Coast and in South Texas.)                                                                process integrates a statewide recreation
                                                                        Plan - (Also, see:   Planning Process)   There are        information system for the purposes of improv-
                 Picnic (Group table unit) - A large picnick-              many types of plans most of which have similar         'ing and maintaining communication, cooperation,
                     ing table unit for use by large groups of             characteristics.   In general, a plan consti-          and coordination within the phases of the plan-
                     people (measured in numbers of single                 tutes,the end produci of the planning process,         ning process (i.e., step to step) and among
                     tables it represents); e.g., family reun-             which could be represented by a scheme, an             the responsible entities in the State.
                     ions, church groups, etc. The unit may                approach, a schedule, a guide, a method, a
                     include a central facility for serving                technique, a program, or other pre-conceived        Playground - (Also, see:    Children's Play)
                     food and may also provide some type of                way of influencing things or events in the             Developed land acres with apparatus such
                     shelter from the weather.   To estimate               future.  Most plans describe a process by              as merry-go-rounds, swings, jungle gyms,
                     single table equivalents , one needs only             which objectives and goals stated in the plan          see-saws, etc.
                     to determine the length or area of one                may be achieved or accomplished.                    Plinking - Shooting at, generally with a fire-
                     group table; divide by length or area of           Planning, Comprehensive - A specific type of              arm, tin cans or similar targets.
                     any single table unit, then multiply this
                     result times the number of group units in             planning process that involves development,
                     the park (e.g., if a park has five group              maintenance, review, evaluation, coordina-          Pool - A man-made structure (usually concrete)
                     units of the same approximate size, one               tion, and updating of a single on-going plan,          which contains water, measured in square
                     of which is 36 feet long, and assuming one            or coordinates two or more plans, in rela-             yards, and is used for swimming. Also, an
                     single table unit is six feet long, then              tion to established (specified) objectives             indoor recreational activity played on a
                     the single table equivalent number is                 and/or goals. With respect to the TORP,                table, but not considered in the TORP.
                     arrived at by dividing 36' by 6' (36                  emphasis is placed on providing the infor-
                     divided by 6) and result is 6 single units            mation and planning expertise necessary to          Preservation - The process of protecting a
                     per group unit. Total single table equi-              relate the TORP objectives and goals with              site or an area from damage, deterioration,
                     valents is determined by multiplying the              other types of plans such as The Texas Water           development, or use in order to maintain,
                     original five group units by six single               Plan and regional transportation, waste                in an unaltered state, the characteristics
                     table equivalents (5 x 6) the result of               disposal, or other plans (at any level of              which make it valuable (i.e., saving it
                     which is'30 total equivalent units.)                  government) to more effectively guide the              for future use),
                                                                           .provision of outdoor recreation opportuni-
                                                                           ties in Texas.                                      Private Entrepreneur/Enterprise - A private
                 Picnic (Single table units) - A table unit                                                                       citizen or business utilizing resources,
                     designed to accommodate one or two pic-            Planning Horizon - Recreational resource                  usually in a monetarily gainful manner,
                     nicking families and normally includes                requirements for selected activities were              to provide recreational opportunities for
                     provisions in the area for trash cans,                estimated in the TORP for five different               public consumption.
                     drinking water and possibly lighting for              years--1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, and 2000.
                     night use.  Generally this type of unit      is       Those planning years have been variously            Private Supply, Recreation - Privately owned
                     from six to eight feet in length and three            called planning horizons, projection                   recreational resources and facilities made
                     to four feet in width.                                years, target dates, etc., implying that               available to the general public generally,
                                                                           those are the years that the plan is gen-              but not always, for a fee.

                 520

               @Programs, administrative - Any prearranged                 of repair state, maintenance of area and               were required for active participation;
                    policy and manpower managing methodology               grounds, condition of water, etc.                      whereas, a seating capacity or number of
                    or plan for effectively administering                                                                         seats were required for spectators. Active
                    the park and money resources made available         Quantity - The magnitude in terms of     areal            recreation excluded spectator involvement.
                    for recreational purposes.                             and numerical measurements of individual
                                                                           types of recreational resources and faci-          Recreation, passive - (Also, see:     Recreation,
                Programs, budgeting - Plans for managing the               lities in discrete units (i.e., the number             active)  Participation in activities accounted
                    accounting of funds, the capital invest-               of picnic tables, the number of surface                for by recreationists who are more sedentary
                    ments, payments, operations, depreciations,            acres of water, the number of-acres of                 in their pursuits and who often watch
                    etc., associated with recreational resources.          land, etc.)                                            others actively participate, i.e., spectators,
                                                                                                                                  or this type is accounted for by those who
                Programs, Comprehensive Planning - (Also                Quasi-public - Used to indicate a level of                would observe, hear, feel, or sense in some-
                                                            , see:         administration which is neither public nor             way rather than consume or use the resource.
                    Planning Process) Means or methods b                   private but in-between having characteris-             This type of activity usually requires little
                    which comprehensive planning goals are                 tics of both.   Usually the level of admin-            physical exertion on the part of the recrea-
                    achieved.                                              istration has no governmental responsibil-             tionist; however, some passive pursuits are
                                                                           ities and is usually considered a non-profit           especially strenuous, such as bird watching,
                Programs, implementation - Means, methods,                 organization.   Considered in TORP in the              wildlife photography, etc.
                    and/or schedules put into action for                   capacity of a resource manager that open
                    accomplishing objectives or short and                  its resources to a limited segment of the          Recreation, rural - outdoor recreation par-
                    long range goals.                                      public (e.g., boy or girl scouts, church               ticipation occurring in a country atmosphere
                                                                           camps, private summer camps, etc.)                     and/or in communities of less than 200 in
                Programs, interpretive - (Also, see: Inter-                                                                       population.
                    pretive Facilities) Planned guidelines or           Questionnaire - An instrument utilized to
                    schedules for managing and utilizing inter-            solicit or collect information.     Several        Recreation, urban - outdoor recreation par-
                    pretive facilities and personnel associated            types have been used for the TORP.      For            ticipation occurring in urbanized areas
                    with recreational resources.                           a detailed discussion see the volume titled            with populations of 200 people or more.
                                                                           A Statewide Recreation Information Syste .
                Programs, maintenance and operation - Planned                                                                 Recreation and Open Space Plans - Those plan-
                    schedules or guidelines for managing park           Racing - A recreational activity involving                ning instruments (or tools) generated by
                                                                           active or spectator participation in auto,             regional planning entities (Councils of
                    operations, the care of facilities and
                    grounds, operational personnel, maintenance            horse, motorcycle, dog, boat, and other                Governments and Regional Planning Commis-
                    personnel, and maintenance and operations              categorical kinds of competition among                 sions) for purposes of assessing regional
                    equipment.                                             two or more competitors.                               recreation and open space resources in
                                                                        Ramps and Lanes,    See: Boat Ramps                       order to provide these amenities in adequate
                Programs, recreation - Planned or prearranged                                                                     quantities and qualities for regional needs.
                    scheduling for the actual uses that recrea-         Recommendations    Suggestions for action.
                    tional resources will be put to.    For example,                                                          Recreation Area - (Also, see: Park) A land and/
                    many urban (and rural) communities have             Recommended Responsibilities - State recom-               or water area so named or otherwise designated
                    "Learn-to-Swim" programs, while others pro-            mendations pertaining to the planning and              which is set aside for recreational purposes
                    gram (i.e., determine) the use of games and            provision of additional outdoor recreation             and which has characteristics indistinguishable
                    sports areas such as baseball fields and               opportunities various levels and agencies              in most cases from parks.   In other words,
                    tennis courts, and still others may have               of government and the private sector should            parks and recreation areas are generally
                    cultural events scheduled. Many municipal-             undertake, recognize, exercise, and signify            considered to be synomonous. However, when
                    ities schedule the use of all facilities so            in accomplishing their respective responsi-            a recreation area is considered to be a
                    that as many persons as practical get to               bilities in Texas from 1975-1980.                      large geographical area designated for re-
                    utilize the resources.                                                                                        creation, such as the Lake Meredith National
                                                                        Recreation, active - (Also, see: Recreation,              Recreation Area, there may be several "parks"
                Public Supply, Recreation - (Also, see:      Private       passive; Participant; and Spectator) That              or "recreation areas" within the area.
                    Supply, Recreation) Recreational resources             portion of recreational participation which        Recreational Activities - See: Activities,
                    and facilities made available to the general           is accounted for by persons who phy;ically             Recreational
                    public by governmental entities.                       exert themselves, often strenuously, while
                                                                           participating in the activity. Most often
                Quality - That characteristic which     describes          the activities where a distinction was made        Regional Amusements or Attractions - Recrea-
                    the relative value or condition of recrea-             between active and passive recreation were             tional resources or events with greater than
                    tional resources and facilities in terms               games and sports where fields and courts               local appeal.  Generally these resources

                                                                                                                                                                             521

                    are considered to be of such quality that             Residents, rural - Persons living in places               Rural Area - Areas located outside urbanized
                    recreationists will travel lengthy distances              of less than 200 in population.                           areas where there are no residential areas
                    to utilize. Examples of such attractions                                                                            adjacent and in essentially an undeveloped
                    might be the Sonoran or Longhorn Caverns,             Residents, urban - Persons living      in metro-              or non-urban environment.      May possibly
                    the Astrodome, Six Flags, Searama, etc.                   politan areas, cities, towns, and commu-                  occur within a city's corporate limits;
                                                                              nities of 200 or more in population.                      however, there must be very sparse, if
                Regional Park - An area designated as a park                                                                            any, development, and again the environ-
                    having significance or appeal of greater                                                                            ment or adjacent land uses must be rural
                    than a local nature.                                  Residents and Non-Residents - Texans who        by            in nature.
                                                                              virtue of the location of their residences
                Requirements, cumulative - A running total of                 have been categorized with respect to urban           Rural Environments - (Also, see:       Environment)
                    all incremental requirements up to and                    areas. For any selected urban area there                  Those areas which are typified by country
                    including the time period being considered.               are residents and non-residents.      Resident--          or countryside settings and surroundings
                    In the example shown in the following defini-             person or persons living in the respective                and which are away from the residential,
                    tion 1or 1970, the cumulative requirements                urban area or group of urban areas under                  commercial, industrial, and other develop-
                    would be 10; for 1975, 17; for 1980, 22; for              consideration.    Non-Resident-- person or                ments of man.    Those environments generally
                    1990, 27; and for 2000, 30.                               persons not living in the specified urban                 outside municipal limits and away from
                                                                              area but using recreational facilities                    residential subdivisions.
                Requirements, incremental (additions) - The                   within that urban area or group of urban
                    number of units needed within a specified                 areas. Excludes recreationists from out-              Sanitary Facilities - Normally, restrooms,
                    time period, assuming that the units of                   of-state origins.                                         with all showers, water closets (toilets),
                    facilities needed for previous time periods                                                                         wash basins, trash cans, etc., are con-
                    have been provided. For example, if incre-            Resource Requirements - See: Requirements,                    sidered as sanitary facilities. -However,
                    mental requirements are cited as being 10                 resource                                                  these facilities can be reduced to only
                    picnic tables in 1970, 7 by 1975, 5 by 1990,                                                                        chemical toilets. Additionally, in some
                    and 3 by 2000, this can be interpreted as:                                                                          cases in Texas, there are ancillary faci-
                                                                          Resources,   land - The land and all other                    lities for waste treatment and disposal.
                       Example:                                               associated natural resources which lie
                       1.   1970 - 10 tables are needed in addi-              ready for utilization.
                            tion to the existing facilities.                                                                        Seating Capacity - See:     Capacity
                       2.   1975 - 7 additional tables will be            Resources, natural - Actual and potential
                            needed if 1970 resource requirements              form of wealth or raw materials supplied              Sightseeing - (Also, see:      Driving for
                            are satisfied.                                    by nature and used to satisfy various human               Pleasure) Driving, riding, or walking
                       3.   1980 - 5 additional tables will be                needs and wants.                                          to a particular destination or area
                            needed if 1975 resource requirements                                                                        for the purpose of viewing natural or
                            are satisfied.                                Resources, recreation - The natural and cul-                  man-made attractions. Means of convey-
                       4.   1990 - 5 additional tables will be                tural surroundings that provide the basis                 ance could include walking, motorcycle,
                            needed if 1980 resource requirements              for and contribute to enjoyable recreation                car, bus, train', boat, airplane, horse,
                            are satisfied.                                    experiences.    Recreational resources are                etc.
                       5.   2000 - 3 additional tables will be                a part of our larger store of natural
                            needed if 1990 resource requirements              resources.   Used synonymously with land,             Single Unit Campsites - See:      Campsites
                            are satisfied.                                    facilities and/or water available for
                                                                              recreational use.                                     Skiing - A recreational activity that
                Requirements, resource -    Those resource and                                                                          involves the participant moving freely
                    facility development goals specified in               Rifle and Pistol - See: Sport Shooting                        or being pulled over some supporting
                    the TORP as needed in a specified planning                                                                          medium, i.e., water, snow, or sand;
                    horizon year. The accomplishment of these             Rifle Targets - See: Sport Shooting                           on runners of wood, fiberglass, plastic
                    specified requirements implies fulfillment                                                                          or metal attached to the feet. Water
                    of estimated demands for the selected                 Rodeo - A recreational activity that       in-                skiing was the primary type; however,
                    geographic area or for the state as a whole,              cludes both active and spectator parti-                   snow and sand (as in Monahans State Park)
                    based on the methodology utilized in the                  cipation.   School and professional rodeo                 were evaluated and included.
                    TORP.                                                     participants were excluded.
                                                                                                                                    Small Community - Municipalities which had
                Residents, out-of-state - Person or persons               Rodeo, Number of Arenas and Seats - The                       between 200 and 2,499 population in the
                    residing outside of Texas but using re-                   number of arenas in all parks and the                     1970 census, and which were not contiguous
                    creational facilities within the State.                   total approximate seating capacity.                       to a metropolitan area.

                522

              Soccer - A variation of football in which a                   shooting facilities) giving an indica-             process in Texas and is used to transfer,
                 "soccer ball" is kicked, bumped, butted,                   tion of how widespread or prevalent                or exchange, recreational information.
                 or otherwise (excepting the use of a                       they are in Texas and how important                As a coordinating tool, it is conceptually
                 players hands or forearms) propelled                       they are to the activity Of sport                  envisioned as the link between involved
                 toward an opponents goal.    The goal keeper               shooting overall.                                  entities and the phases or steps of the
                 for each side is allowed to touch or strike                Archery:  Number of targets - An    enumer-        planning process. Via the SRIS, information
                 with the forearms or hands.     Officially                                                                    is collected, edited, stored, analyzed,
                 referred to in the United States as "associ-               ation of fixed or mobile target units              synthesized, documented, and disseminated
                 ation football."                                           (comprised by designated sport shooting            for purposes of determining and monitoring
                                                                            .facilities) giving an indication of how           the status of recreational opportunities
              Spatial Distribution @ The geographic distri-                 widespread or prevalent they are in Texas          versus recreational demand.    (Further dis-
                 bution of the types and numbers of recrea-                 and how important they are to the activity         cussions are provided in the volume A
                 tion areas and facilities in relation to                   of sport shooting overall.                         Statewide Recreation Information Syste
                 the user populations in an individual
                 urbanized area, among the urban areas of            Standard - (Also, see: Opportunity Days)
                 an analytical region or in the rural areas              Standards are of many varied types when            Supply - A schedule of the quantities of a
                 of a region, etc.                                       related to recreation.   In the TORP, a               particular good or service that would be
                                                                         standard is the average number of outdoor             made available for purchase in a specified
              Specialty Park - (Also, see:    Urban Park; and            recreation opportunities, measured in par-            period of time at all alternative prices,
                 Games and Sports) An urban park containing              ticipation days, which can be provided by             holding all other factors (such as income,
                 facilities for only one of the four major               one unit of a specified outdoor recreation            population, consumers' tastes and prefer-
                 urban activities:   games and sports, any one           facility per unit of time, given the current          ences, etc.,) constant.
                 of which would qualify; picnicking; child-              participation patterns and preferences of
                 ren's play, i.e., playgrounds; or swimming.             outdoor recreationists.                            Supply, outdoor recreation - (Also, see:      Supply)
                 The amount of acreage was not a factor and                                                                    A schedule of the quantities of outdoor
                 any number of units for the facility type           Standards, facilities - See:    Standards                 resources and/or facilities that would be
                 could be pre'sent.                                                                                            made available for use (in terms of oppor-
                                                                     State Actions - Those approaches or programs              tunity days, numbers and/or areal quantities,
              Spectator - (Also, see:    Participant) 'An                utilized (implemented) by state agencies              units, etc.) over some period of time at all
                 individual who engaged.in the observance                in general' and the Texas Parks and Wildlife          alternative costs (of utilization or purchase)
                 of an organized activity.                               Department in particular, for solving recrea-         to the consumer, holding all other factors
                                                                         tion problems in the State.                           (such as income, population, consumer's
              Sport Shooting - A recreational activity in                                                                      tastes and preferences, etc.) constant.
                 which the recreationists use equipment such         State Agencies - Institutions of the Texas                Also, a generic term referring to the num-
                 as rifles, shotguns, bows and arrows, sling-            government. As they are related to recrea-            ber and areal quantity,of opportunities
                 shots,- etc., to shoot at inanimate objects             tion, state agencies are categorized by               made available for the outdoor recreational
                 such as targets.   Included plinking and/or             their levels of influence on the provision            purposes of the general public.
                 target shooting, field; skeet and/or trap,              of recreational opportunities as a   ' function
                 competitive or non-competitive; target,                 of the agency. An agency may have recrea-          Surface Acres @ (Also, see:    Units) Units of
                 competitive; and other miscellaneous kinds              tion as a primary or secondary function, or           measurement ascribed to water resources.
                 of shooting.                                            the agency may provide technical or financial
                                                                         assistance to those state agencies and poli-       Surfing - A recreational activity in which
                                                                         tical subdivisions which do provide recrea-           the recreationist rides the crests of waves
              Sport Shooting  Facilities - All skeet (trap)              tional opportunities.                                 toward shore usually on a board used for
                 apparatus, rifle and pistol targets, and                                                                      support, but "body surfing" is included.
                 archery targets.                                    Statewide Comprehensive   Outdoor Recreation
                                                                         Plans (SCORP) - (Also, see: Land and Water         Surplus Opportunity Days     See: Opportunity
                   Trap and Skeet:    Number of traps - An               Conservation Fund) Each state which chooses           Days, surplus
                   enumeration of target throwing units                  to participate in the Land and Water Conser-
                   counted to give an indication of how                  vation Fund program must develop a SCORP.          Swimming - A recreational activity in which
                   widespread or pr 'evalent they are in                 The SCORP for Texas is titled the Texas Out-          the recreationists float on or move in,
                   Texas and how important they are to the               door Recreation Plan.                                 through, or across a body of water. Par-
                   activity of sport shooting overall.                                                                         ticipation, as considered in the TORP,
                                                                     Statewide Recreation Information System (SRIS)            could occur indoors or outdoors but not
                   Rifle and Pistol:    Number of targets -              (Also, see: Planning Process) A statewide             in the household's backyard or as a school
                   An enumeration of fixed or mobile target              intercommunication network which is an                activity. However, school facilities
                   units (comprised by designated sport                  integral part of the recreation planning              could be used after school hours.     Types

                                                                                                                                                                            523

                    of swimming include from scuba and skin                 Tennis Courts, Number of - (Also see:                         riding.    Generally, these trails can accom-
                    diving to a child splashing in the shallow                 Unit) An enumeration of courts on which                    modate two or more horses abreast and have
                    end, at a lake, pond, tank, river, ocean,                  official, standard, regular, or organized                  some overhead clearance (approximately 15
                    pool, or drainage ditch.      Indoor swimming              doubles matches can be played.                             feet) provided. Riding arenas, race tracks
                    was not used in calculations of require-                                                                              (unless part of trail), etc., were excluded.
                    ments in the.TORP.                                      Tent Site - See:    Campsites
                                                                                                                                       Trails, Miles of - See: Trails Facilities
                Swimming, Area - See:      Designated Swimming              Texas Outdoor Recreation Plan (TORP) -
                    Area                                                       (Also, see: Planning Process) The on-                   Trails, Multi-Use - a trail that was designated
                                                                               going recreation planning process in and                   specifically for combined trails activities
                Swimming, Designated Area - See:        Designated             for the State of Texas,'periodically up-                   such as walking, hiking, and nature study.
                    Swimming Area                                              dated and subsequently documented for the
                                                                               purpose of guiding the provision of ade-                Trails, Nature and/or Interpretive (designated)
                Swimming Facilities, Designated - See:                         quate recreational opportunities to support                See:   Nature and/or Interpretive Trails
                    Designated Swimming Area                                   the recreational activities of all Texans
                                                                               and their visitors from other states and                Trails, Walking for Pleasure/Hiking - All trails
                Swimming Pools (total square yards) - An                       countries. Also, the title of the state-                   which were designated as walking and/or hiking
                    enumeration of the total number of square                  wide recreation planning documents.                        trails and on which the primary use is by
                    yards of all publicly available outdoor                                                                               walking and/or hiking enthusiasts. Hiking
                    pools.   Includes only water surface area.              Toilets - enumerated to indicate the occur-                   trails are generally longer and require more
                    Includes wading pools. Excludes pool side                  rence of sanitary facilities.                              strenuous physical exertion than walking.
                    walking surface, buildings, and grounds.                Total Land Acres - The sum of recreation land              Trails'Facilities (Length in Miles; Only
                Targets - See: Sport Shooting                                  acres developed with facilities plus un-                   Designated Trails were included) - total
                                                                               developed land acres devoted to recreation.                number and total miles of designated trails
                Technical Assistance - Providing advise or                                                                                in a park. The total number of trails for
                    expertise, (i.e., manpower and often                                                                                  a@l types and the sum of their'lengths in
                    machines and operators) not normally       avail-       Towns - Any urbanized area of 2,500 to 9,999                  miles.
                    able to the recipient through the recip-                   population which was not within or contiguous
                    ient's organizational structure.       Many of             to a metropolitan area in the 1970 census.              Trap and Skeet - See:     Sport Shooting
                    the exacting skills of the recreation plan-
                    ning and design experts cannot be feasibly              Trail - Any path, passage, route, etc.,                    Traps, Number of - See: Sport Shooting
                    utilized on a long term basis-by local                     specifically designated for trail acti-
                    entities and thus Must be provided by                      vities, e.g., nature study and/or apprecia-             Trends - The ways, directions, or tendencies
                    a more centralized entity available to                     tion, hiking, walking for pleasure, bicycl-                recreational patterns or influencing factors
                    those with limited resources.                              ing, horseback riding, multi-use, etc.                     in Texas appear to be changing or developing
                                                                               Measured in linear miles in the TORP.                      over time, given past and existing circum-
                Techniques of Analysis - See: Analytical                                                                                  stances.
                    Techniques. Also, see volume of TORP                    Trail Activities - Recreational pursuits       which
                    titled, Techniques of Analysis.                            involve walking, hiking, or riding on       a           Trips, combined weekday and weekend - Trips
                                                                               trail or route.                                            occurring on one or more days of the week,
                Tennis - A recreational activity (a game                                                                                  i.e., Monday through Friday, plus Saturday
                    or sport) involving the use of rackets,                 Trailer and Pickup   Camper Site - See:     Campsites         and/or Sunday.
                    balls, a net, and a court on which two
                    recreationists compe@te in singles, or                  Trails, Bicycle Route (Designated)        See:             Trips, weekday - Trips occurring anytime during
                    two pairs of recreationist compete in                      Bicycle Route                                              Monday through Friday.
                    doubles matches. The matches involve
                    hitting a ball back and forth across a                  Trails, Bicycle Trail (Designated)        See:             Trips, weekend - Trips occurring anytime during
                    net stretched and bisecting the length                     Bicycle Trail                                              Saturday-and/or Sunday.
                    of a rectangular court. Also involves
                    strenuous physical exertion. Tennis                     Trails, Handicapped (designated or adapted                 Undesignated - Those resources which are
                    played on a home or private court, (i.e.,                  for) - Any trails having special adapta-                   used for recreational purposes but have
                    not publicly available), at school as                      tions for handicapped persons or those                     no official designation.
                    a school curriculum activity, or as a                      trails constructed for their use.
                    professional match was not included.                                                                               Undeveloped Land - The total number of land
                    Tennis played using school facilities                   Trails, Horseback Riding (designated) - The                   acres in parks that do not comprise re-
                    after school hours was considered.                         length of trails devoted to equestrian                     creational facilities constructed by man.

                524

               Unit - The numerical designation assigned to              those sections projected by local urban/           Water; lake, reservoir, pond, tank      Inland
                  recreational facilities by type and re-                recreation planners to grow most signifi-             bodies of water.
                  sources by area to enable recreation plan-             cantly from 1971. Areas around a metro
                  ners to assess the quantities of available             area which are changing most rapidly from          Water, fresh - Bodies'and courses of water
                  recreational opportunities.    The following           rural to urban land uses.                             before reaching saltwater.
                  are units enumerated in the TORP by type
                  of facility:                                        Urban Park - A park within or adjacent to             Water, river or stream - Inland water courses.
                     Type Resource        Unit                           municipal limits excepting those parks    in
                                                                         rural environments. For example, no                Water, suitable (for recreation purposes) -
                     Archery              Target                         residential areas adjacent and which are              That portion of the water bodies in the
                     Baseball             Field                          essentially in a countryside environment.             State which can support three selected
                     Basketball           Court                          Most parks within city limits will, there-            water-related recreational activities.
                     Boat Ramp            Lane                           fore, be urban and most.parks outside                 As used in the TORP, suitable water was
                     Camping              Campsite                       city limits will be rural, but not always.            considered that portion of freshwater
                     Fishing Pier         Linear Yard                                                                          lakes and reservoirs suitable to support
                     Football             Field                       Use Intensity - An average measurement or                the activities of boating, skiing, and
                     Games and Sports     Court/Field/Hole               estimation by park superintendents of                 boat fishing.   Unsuitable waters for the
                     Golf                 Hole                           how heavily (percent full) a park and/or              three activities were considered those
                     Land                 Acre                           its facilities are being used during a                which were too shallow, too small in
                     Picnicking           Table                          typical peak use week (Monday through Sun-            area, had excessive debris, or were other-
                     Playground           Acre                           day). Measured during the peak use season,            wise unsafe.
                     River                Linear Mile                    gives an indication of the park capacity
                     Sport Shooting       Target or Trap                 to attract and support recreationists.
                     Stream               Linear Mile                                                                       Water, surface acres - The units assigned to
                     Swimming Pool        Square Yard                                                                          recreational water to enumerate freshwater
                     Tennis               Court                          Also, can give an indication of over-                 resources for purposes of the -TORP.
                     Trail                Linear Mile                    crowding or insufficient facilities.
                     Volleyball           Courtc                         Weekday use intensity is a measurement             Water, within - That water wholly contained
                     Water                Surfs e Acre                   of participation on the five weekdays                 within parks and recreation areas boundaries.
                     Other                Number                         Monday through Friday. Weekend use
                                                                         intensity is a measurement of partici-             Water Adjacent - That water at which a park
               Units, by activity and/or facility type       In          pation on Saturdays and Sundays.                      or recreation area can provide public re-
                  order to effectively inventory recreational                                                                  creational access, i.e., by means of water
                  resources, typically the major facility             Volleyball - Recreational activity    normally           frontage, public boat ramps, etc.
                  required to support a given activity was               considered a game requiring a net (sus-
                  enumerated or measured by the lowest com-              pended at a given height) and a court over
                  mon measurement normally assigned to the               which two opponent teams, normally six             Water Lengtia in Miles Adjacent to or Within -
                  facility type.   In the TORP recreational              persons per team, attempt to maintain a               Parks which have continually running water
                  supply, demand, and resource requirements              ball in flight over the net by bouncing               from a river or stream within the park
                  for selected activities are expressed in               the ball with head or hands from person               boundaries, length in statute miles (for
                  comparable units. Numbers and areal                    to person for a limited number of times               the length within the park) was specified.
                  quantities of existing resources (and/or               on each side of the net until the ball                If a park was adjacent to a river or stream,
                  facilities) were considered the major                  touches the ground. A point is lost if                only the length to which the park was adja-
                  indicators of supply and/or opportunity.               ball touches ground inside a team's por-              cent to and not the entire length of the
                                                                         tion of court.                                        river or stream was specified.
               Units Per Thousand - Ratio of resource units
                  to a selected population; determined by             Wading Pool - Normally, a shallow pool that           Water within or adjacent - The total surface
                  dividing the number of units by the selected           is two feet or less in depth and is not               acres of all lakes, ponds, or tanks within
                  population (in 000's).                                 part of a larger pool.                                or adjacent to the boundaries of parks.
                                                                                                                               Swimming pools were not included. Water
               Urban - Within municipal limits of a metro-            Walking for Pleasure - A  recreational acti-             adjacent to refers to any water,which may
                  politan area, city, town, or small commu-              vity involving traversing or moving over,             be located on the park boundary and is
                  nity (population over 200) unless located              through, or by an area on foot for the                accessible from the park- Water within
                  in a sparsely developed environment.                   pleasure or enjoyment of the pursuit it-              refers to any water which is either im-
                                                                         self. This could include use of designated            pounded in or running through the park.
               Urban Growth Areas - Sections and general                 trails or paths.   This is one of the few
                  directions (of metropolitan areas) that                activities which could begin immediately           Zoos, Acres of - Areas including only those
                  were experiencing rapid development, or                upon leaving the house.                               acres with zoo facilities.

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                    LISTING OF METROPOLITAN AREAS: CORE CITIES AND CONTIGUOUS URBAN AREAS (POPULATIONS 50,000 AND OVER IN 1970)

                    Planning Region     Core City                 Contiguous Areas                                       Planning Region     Core City                 Contiguous Areas

                        Region I        Amarillo                          ---                                                Region 17       San Angelo                        ---

                        Region 4        Lubbock                                                                              Region 18       Midland

                        Region 5        Wichita Falls                     ---                                                Region 18       Odessa                            ---

                        Region 7        Abilene                           ---                                                Region 20       Waco                      Bellmead
                                                                                                                                                                       Woodway
                        Region 10       Fort Worth                Arlington                                                                                            Robinson
                                                                  Haltom City                                                                                          Lacy-Lakevie.
                                                                  Hurst                                                                                                Beverly Hills
                                                                  North Richland Hills                                                                                 Northcrest
                                                                  White   Settleent
                                                                  Bedford                                                    Region 21       Bryan-College Station             ---
                                                                  Richland Hills
                                                                  Forest Hills                                               Region 23       Austin                    Westlake Hills
                                                                  River Oaks                                                                                           Rollingwood
                                                                  Benbrook                                                                                             Sunset Valley
                                                                  Lake Worth Village
                                                                  Sansom Park Village                                        Region 25       Houston                   Pasadena
                                                                  Westworth Village                                                                                    Bellaire
                                                                  Kennedale                                                                                            West University Place
                                                                  Saginaw                                                                                              Deer Park
                                                                  Pantego                                                                                              South Houston
                                                                  Edgecliff  Village                                                                                   Galena Park
                                                                  Dalworthington Gardens                                                                               Jacinto City
                                                                  Westover Hills                                                                                       La Porte
                                                                                                                                                                       Nassau Bay
                        Region 11       Dallas                    Irving                                                                                               Bunker Hill Village
                                                                  Garland                                                                                              Hunters Creek Village
                                                                  Mesquite                                                                                             Seabrook
                                                                  Grand Prairie                                                                                        Hedwig Village
                                                                  Richardson                                                                                           Spring Valley
                                                                  Famers Branch                                                                                        Piney Point Village
                                                                  University Park                                                                                      Lomax Village
                                                                  Duncanville
                                                                  Carrollton                                                 Region 27       Beaumont-Port Arthur      Groves
                                                                  Lancaster                                                                                            Nederland
                                                                  Balch Springs                                                                                        Port Neches
                                                                  Highland Park                                                                                        Pear Ridge
                                                                  Kleberg                                                                                              Lakeview
                                                                  Seagoville                                                                                           Griffing Park
                                                                  Cockrell Hill
                                                                  Hutchins                                                   Region 28       Galveston-Texas City      La Marque

                        Region 12       Shaman-Denison                    ---                                                Region 29       El Paso                           ---

                        Region 13       Texarkana                         ---                                                Region 33       Corpus Christi                    ---

                        Region 14       Tyler                             ---                                                Region 34       Brownsville-Harlingen-    Rio Hondo
                                                                                                                                             San Benito
                        Region 16       San Antonio               Alamo   Heights
                                                                  Castle Hills                                               Region 34       McAllen-Edinburg-Pharr    Mission
                                                                  Terrell Hills                                                                                        San Juan
                                                                  Windcrest
                                                                  Kirby                                                      Region 35       Laredo                            ---
                                                                  Balcones Heights
                                                                  Ol.os Park
                                                                  Leon Valley

                        SOURCE: 1970 Bureau of Census

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