American Samoa Territorial comprehensive outdoor recreation plan/American Samoa Territorial Parks and Recreation Commission ; prepared by MKGK/Yamamoto, Inc.
American Samoa.Territorial Parks and Recreation Commission.
MKGK/Yamamoto, Inc.
Honolulu, Hawaii:MKGK/Yamamoto, Inc.,1980.
Outdoor recreation
American Samoa.
Coastal Zone
Iniormation
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-own"
TERRITORIAL
COMPREHENSIVE
-ITDOOR RECREATION
PLAN 1.980 -a 1985
AMERICAN SAMOA
PARKS AND RECREATION.
COMMISSION
MKGK/YAMAMOTO, INC.
HONOLULU, HAWAII JUNE, 1980
GV
191.42
A43
A43
1980
Of
OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR
PAGO PAGO, AMENItAll SAMOA 96709
PLTLF1 TALI WLEWAh WELE LVA
September 17. 1950
To the Residents of American Samoa:
American
lhe Territorial Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan for
Samoa serves as the principal guide for our newly constituted
1@epartment of Parks and Recreation and Parks and Recreation
Commission. This Plan has met the requirements set forth within
Public Law 88-578-- The Land and Water Conservation Fund Act--
which provides for matching grants for qualified outdoor recreation
projects.
The TerrItorial Plan stresses the need for organizing available
resources In a manner that provides for a variety of community
requirements and desires, not solely from the standpoint of
recreation but also to realize quality of life goals related to
scciai, cultural, economic and physical improvement of American
Samoa. This organizational effort underscores the participative
energy of the many and diverse segments of the community, both
publi-q and private agencies and individuals.
Another major emphasis that merits your attention Is the focus
on J=edlate action programming, marshaling and matching public
resourges with community needs at two levels - territorial and
village. The Plan, thus, represents a realistic and workable
approach to the establishment of outdoor recreation programs
and activities to enhance opportunities for resipents and visitors
alike.
1@y stressing joint and multiple use concepts, serving diverse needLs
and requirements, we can initiate program actions as well as look
forward to a steadily improving character of American Samoa outdoor
recreation.
AMERICAN SAMOA TERRITORIAL COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN
-."?rtment of co .. @'.rce
Cetiter Library
c4arleatUX4 6-C -:-1'AV0MUG
American Samoa Territorial Parks and Recreation Commission
Tom Annastas, Member
Meki McMoore, Member
Rob Shaffer, Chairman
Tulani Teleso, Member
David Tupua, Member
Prepared by
MKGK/Yamamoto, Incorporated
Honolulu, Hawaii
August 1980
The preparation of this report was financed, in part through a planning grant
from the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service, U.S. Department of the
Interior, under provisions of the Land and Water Conservation Act of 1965, as
an-ended (PL 88-578).
0
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Plan preparation was under the continuous coordination of the Territorial
Parks and Recreation Commission, American Samoa Government. Other governmental
agencies, providing a variety of assistance, included the Development Planning
0ffice, Department of Education, 0ffice of Samoan Affairs, Special Assistant
to the Governor for Environment, 0ffice of Marine Resources, Department
of Public Works, the 0ffice of the Port and Airport Engineer, and the American
Samoa Historic Commission
Detailed information on education-related recreational programs was provided
by the American Samoa Community College and recreational specialists of
the Department of Education, Physical Education Division. Other recreational
information was supplied by the American Athletic Association in American Samoa,
Samoan Athletes in Action, the American Samoa Rotary Club, and the Feteti
Library. 0ffice of Tourism personnel, school principals, and other American
Samoa Government personnel provided field researchers in the Manu'a Group
with hospitality, information and transportation.
Outside of Samoa, the following agencies,provided information and other
forms of assistance during the planning period. Amerika Samoa Office in Honolulu;
U.S. Army Engineer District, Honolulu; Department of Geography, University
of Hawaii; Pacific Scientific Information Center, B.P. Bishop Museum,
Honolulu; U.S. Forest Service Institute of Pacific Forestry, Honolulu; and the
Aids to Navigation Branch, Fourteenth Coast Guard District, U.S. Department of
Transportation.
Finally, appreciation is extended to all those who attended meetings, participated
in surveys, and in various ways controbuted to the work of the planners
including the U.S Heritage, Conservation and Recreation Service, San
Francisco.
MKGK/Yamamoto, Incorporated
Honolulu, Hawaii
0
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE
TITLE PAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii
1. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
A. Purpose and Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
B. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
C. Planning Process and Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
D. Summation . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
II. SUMMARY PROFILE OF AMERICAN SAMOA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
A. Physical Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 10
B. Socio-Economic Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
111. THE FUTURE SETTING FOR OUTDOOR RECREATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
A. Dynamic Conditions 22
B. Derivation for Planning Purposes of Settlement Patterns, Year 2000 . . . . . 23
C. Samoan Land Tenure, Use and Village Settlement . . . . . . . . . . . 27
D. Access and Zoning: Contemporary Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
E. Implications and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
IV, THE EXISTING OUTDOOR RECREATION SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
A. What Legacy from the Past? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
B. Outdoor Recreation Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
C. Public Organization and Administration: The Institutional Setting 46
D. Inventory of Existing Recreational Resources and Potentials . . . . . . . 50
E. General Analysis of the Recreational System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
V. APPLICATION OF PLANNING STANDARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
A. Service Population Planning Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
PAGE
B. Explicit Spatial Comparison: Resources and Needs . . . . . . . . . 66
C. Facilities, Specialized Activities and Open Space . . . . . . . . . 74
D. Focus on the Coastal Zone: Access, Use, Protection . . . . . . . . 78
E. Resource Management Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . 82
VI. AMERICAN SAMOA OUTDOOR RECREATION POLICY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
A. Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
B. Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
C. Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
VII. STRATEGY FOR ACCOMPLISHMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
A. Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
B. Optional Approaches to 6ut'd@o@ R'ecr;at*lo*n* . . . . . . . . . . 96
VIII. 1980-1985 FIVE YEAR PLAN IMPLEMENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
A. Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
B. Management Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
C. Planning and Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
D. Education and Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
E. Programming Activities and Facilities . . . i . . . . . . . . . .. 103
F. Primary Land-Based Facility Planning and Developm;nt . . . . . . . . 104
G. Primary Shore/Marine Facility Planning and Development . . . . . . . 105
H. Conservation and Open Space Planning and Development . . . . . . . . 106
IX. FIRST YEAR ANNUAL ACTION PROGRAM.:'AND FUTURE CYCLING . . . . . . . . 107
FOOTNOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
A. Administration and Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
B. Recreational Inventory Items and Related Mapped Data . : * @y'@ . . . 132
C. Recreation and Open Space Resources, Detailed Summary Displ . . . 149
D. Area and Dimension Requirements: Selected Recreation Facilities . .162
E. Department of Education Recreation Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
F. Socio-Economic Profile Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
iv
LIST OF FIGURES
DIAGRAMS
la. The Planning Process: Assessment and Policy Formulation . . . . . . 6
lb. The Planning Process: Plan Formulation and Implementation . . . . . 7
2. Derivation of T-CORP Time-Activitiy Domain for Individuals . . . . . 38
3. Current Use and Status of Selected Recreational Sites . . . . . . . 52
4. Activities: Physical and Social Considerations . . . . . . . . . . 65
5. Quantitative Summary: Land-Based Resources and Recreations . . . . 70
6a. Summary of Land-Based Recreational Resources and Requirements . . . 150
6b. Territorial Level Land-Based Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
.6c, Manu'a Recreation District and Local-Based Resources . . . . . . . . 152
6d,. East Tutuila Recreation District and Local-Based Resources . I. . . 153
6e. Pago Pago Bay Recreation District and Local-Based Resources . . . . 154
6f. Tafuna Area Recreation District and Local-Based Resources . . . . . 155
6g.. West Tutuila Recreation District and Local-Based.Resources . . . . . 156
6h. Local Land-Based Requirements Projected to Year 2000 . . . . . . . . 157
6i. Summary of Non-Marine Specialized Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
6j. Summary of Coastal Zone and Marine Recreational Resources . . . . . 160
7a. Area and Dimension Requirements: Combination Fields . . . . . . . . 163
7b. Area and Dimension Requirements: Multiple Recreation Court . . . . 164
7q. Area and Dimension Requirements: Ballfields within Tracks . . . . . 165
7d. Area and Dimension Requirements: Touch and Flag Football . . . . . 166
7e. Area and Dimension Requirements: Softball . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
MAPS
1. Samoa Islands General Location Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
v
2a. Tutuila and Aunulu: General Topography and Villages . . . . . . . . 195
2b. Manu'a Islands: General Topography and Villages . . . . . . . . . . 196
3a. Tutuila and Aunu'u: Population and Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
3b. Manula Islands. Population and Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
4a. Tutuila and Aunulu: Selected Environmental Factors . . . . . . . . 199
4b. Manu'a Islands; Selected Environmental Factors . . . . . . o . . . 200
5a. Tutuila and Avnu'u: Existing Recreational Resources, Landmarks,
Schools and Related Mapped Data, 1980 . o . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
5b. Manu'a Islands: Existing Recreational Resources, Landmarks, Schools,
and Related Mapped Data, 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
6a. Tutuila and Au nu'u: Principal Land-Based, Specialized, and Marine
Recreation Sites by Recreational Service District . . . . . . . . . 205
6b. Manu'a Islands: Principal Land-Based, Specialized, and Marine
Recreation Sites by Recreational Service District . . . . . . . . . 206
TABLES
1. Population of American Samoa 1900-1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2. Census of American Samoa by Regional Planning Area . . . . . . . . . 24
3. American Samoa Future Settlement Patterns . . . . . . . 26
4. Most Frequently Mentioned Outdoor Recreational Activity . . . . . . 42
5. Theme Comparison, ASG DPO 1979 Comprehensive Village Survey . . . . 44
6a. Elementary School Enrollment, January 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
6b. Secondary School Enrollment, January 1980 . . . . . . ; . . . . . . . 170
6c. Educational Enrollment All Levels, January 1980 . . ... . . . . . . 171
7. Population of Villages by Census and Projection . . . . . . . . . . 181
8, American Samoa Age-Sex Cohorts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
9. Place of Birth of American Samoa Residents, 1960 and 1970 . . . . . 185
10. Visitor Traffic: Sample Year 1978 . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 186
11. Land Availability and Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
vi
12 Residential Land Use Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
13. Agricultural Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
14. primary and Secondary Income and Employment, 1973-1976 . . . . . . . 190
15, American Samoa Government Trade Balance, 1970-1978 . . . . . . . . . 191
16. Sources of Revenue, 1971-1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
ILLUSTRATIONS
1. In the Bay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2. In the Fale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3. Tafuna Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4. On the Reef . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5. On the Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
6. Manu'a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
7. Fishing Off the Rocks, Talu Village North Point . . . . . . . . 93
8. On the Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
9. Fogama'a Cove . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Vii
PREFACE
The American Samoa Government has determined that outdoor recreation
is an identifiable element of territorial quality of life, both now and for
the future. Outdoor recreation is being planned comprehensively in relation
to social, economic and environmental concerns, with especial attention to
the Coastal Management Program requirements.
The Coastal Management Program provides for a broad environmental
policy umbrella covering 16 policy themes in management of coastal resources.
These 16 themes are organized around three major objectives: governmental
processes, development, and resources. Outdoor recreation, of course, re-
lates to all three major objectives.
The Territorial Comprehensive- Outdoor Recreation Plan, as provided
herein, serves to maintain access to federal involvement in local outdoor re-
creational planning and development. This access to federal involvement re-
quires adherence to requirements of the U.S. Heritage, Conservation and Re-
creation Service as they relate to the Land and Water Conservation Fund Act
of 1965, as amended.
Legislative authority to plan comprehensively for outdoor recreation
is shared between the Development Planning Office (29 ASC 902) and the newly
established Territorial Parks and Recreation Commission (32 ASC 301). The
focus of planning residing with the Development Planning Office (DPO) is on
general planning and economic development and coastal management while the
Territorial Parks and Recreation Commission (TP&RC) is authorized to prepare
comprehensive outdoor recreation plan with respect to federal assistance
programs.
The present document, a Territorial Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation
Plan (TCORP) was submitted to the HCRS of the U.S. Department of the Interior
in order to establish federal assistance eligibility for land acquisition and
development projects as provided for'in the Land and Water Conservation Fund
Act of 1965, as amended. For TCORP purposes, per 32 ASC 301, the chairman of
the TP&RC, American Samoa Government has been designated the HCRS Territorial
Liaison Officer by the Governor.
The newly established parks and recreation agency now has. the authority
to represent and act for the Territory in dealing with the Secretary of the
U.S. Department of the Interior for purposes of federal assistance and for the
acceptance and administration of funds.
Viii
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A A
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1. INTRODUCTION
Fifty years of American naval administration from the turn of the cen-
tury, followed by thirty formative years of condensed and rapid social
change, economic development in harmony with the United States, and evolu-
tion of governmental forms have brought American Samoa to the 1980's. The
next decade will witness consolidation and organization of all aspects of
general planning, land and resource management, and the pursuit of defini-
tive economic and social goals.
This is the setting in which contemporary outdoor recreational planning
is being introduced. As the only U.S. territory south of the equator (see
Map 1), American Samoa truly is isolated from the rest of the American recre-
ational world. Recreational planning here must be built on local facts and
understanding not just upon principles developed in other settings. Analysis
of such contextual information is a central feature of this plan.
A. Purpose and Scope
The purpose of a comprehensive outdoor recreation plan is to organize
and coordinate solutions to meet the needs of general public recreation
within the Territory. The study area is the Territory of American Samoa --
excepting privately owned Swain's Island, and Rose Atoll -- which is orga-
nized as a National Wildlife Refuge. The clientele consists of all people
seeking outdoor recreational opportunities within this area.
The scope of study includes the nature and distribution of the recre-
ational service population; recreational patterns and preferences; existing
and potential spatial resources and facilities; administrative organization
and institutional capabilities; the interface of recreation with natural and
2
historical resources and open space; conditions of access; and the integra-
tion of recreation with general territorial planning and land use manage-
ment.
B. Background
In 1975 the American Samoa Parks and Recreation Control Board produced
its American Samoa Recreation Area Development Plan 1975-1980, the basic
recreation document in effect over the last few years. Since its prepara-
tion much additional thinking has been done, drawing in part on two formal
surveys. In 1978, under the auspices of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
American Samoa Water Resources Study., an American Samoa Community Profile --
1978 survey study was conducted which included probes of general recrea-
tional attitudes, resource use and perception, and employment of lei5ure
time.
In 1979 the ASG Development Planning Office carried out a Comprehensive
Village Survey which directed specific questions on recreation to the vil-
lage level throughout the Territory. In a June, 1979 Territorial Report to
the Governor on the State of Parks and Recreation in American Sawa, the
Parks and Recreation Control Board summarized past developments, identified
current conditions, and provided recommendations for future action.
Subsequent contact with the U.S. Department of the Interior Heritage
Conservation and Recreation Service led to the agreement under which current
planning is being accomplished. More recently (1980) a bill has passed
through the FONO (American Samoa legislature) and been signed by the Governor
calling for the establishment of a Territorial Parks and Recreation Commission
and a Department of Parks and Recreation.
3
0
SEOU SAN FRANCISCO
PACIFIC OCEAN
TAIPEI
HONOLULU
C:
SEE MAP
s2 rwo 14 19 mi,
SUVA SAMOA
PAPEETE
ls,
SYDNEY AUCKLAND
6-1
0 SWAIN'S 1.
SAVAI'l
UP
OLU
14
MANUA IS.
TUTUILA
SAMOA ISLANDS AMERICAN 'SAMOA ROSE
173 170
MAP
SAMOA ISLANDS
GENERAL LOCATION MAP
north
AMERICAN SAMOA T-CORP 1980
C Planning Process and Methodology
The general phases of the planning process employed are displayed in the
diagram following. Recreation patterns and preferences are identified and
placed in local context. These patterns are compared to existing opportuni-
ties to establish general recreational needs. Appropriate planning stand-
ards for population, space, access, and facilities are determined. Contem-
porary needs are projected into the future through socio-economic and popu-
lation analysis. Planning standards are applied to projections to yield
projected recreational requirements. Factors and conditions having a poten-
tial impact on the ability to met these requirements are identified and
arrayed as the issues in outdoor recreation planning and implementation that
must be addressed. Potential future resources are identified and compared
to future requirements.
In light of the above derived information and results, broad goals are
formed, and policies framed for their pursuit. Specific implementing ob-
jectives are posted. Strategies for achieving objectives are developed and
options are reviewed. The determined course of action evolving from this
process is consolidated in the formal plan. Phasing and priority are
assigned. On a yearly basis, actions to be accomplished are identified by
priority in specific project and program lists. Implementing resources are
allocated to these work elements. Roles and responsibilities are assigned,
and the stage is set for implementation and recycling of the planning pro-
cess.
The following techniques were employed in accomplishing the planning
components of the preceding program: institutional research; review of con-
temporary literature and current event.s; extraction of data from broad-based
5
Recreation Patterns
IDENTIFICATION OF
Available Resources EXISTING PATTERNS
FORMULATION OF User Analysis
Recreational Access
2.PRINCIPLES AND Recreational Use
STANDARDS
Constraints
Facility Potential EVALUATION OF
Use & Pattern Trends 3EPATTERNS
Resource Potentials
Population Projection
4.SCENARIOS Settlement Patterns
Recreation Patterns
Scenario A
Scenario B ESTIMATION OF NEED/
Selection/Evaluation 5- REQUIREMENTS
Criteria
Resources Availability
Resources Use Potential
PLANNING REQUIREMENTS Use Patterns &
60
Requi rements
Priori ti F-c'=tion
es Identifi
:Formulation of Goals/
T-CORP POLICY
Objectives
,_Future Growth Patterns
@@F RMUL ATI ON0 F Use r
INC PLE S AND
DS
P0@ANDAR Rec rE
R
ST Rec re
Popu
Sett
Recr
n7.
Res OL
R e
sou
Use P
Req
THE PLANNING PROCESS
Iterative Process ASSESSMENT AND POLICY FORMATION
AMERICAN SAMOA T-CORP 1980
7 T-CORP POLICY
Basic Land Use Plan
&FORMULATION OF
ALTERNATIVES: Requirement
Management Proposals
OPTION 1: (ASSUMPTIONS) Development Proposals
OPTION 2: (ASSUMPTIONS) (Program Implications)
Criteria For Alternative
Evaluation
ALTERNATIVE SELECTION
Comparative Assessment Of
Options
Strategy For Accomplishment
Integration With Territorial
Master Plan
Institution Building
Manaqement Responsibilitie5
10. T-CORP FIVE YEAR PLAN General Funding Strategy
Allocation Of Development
Project Proposals
Organizational Development
Specific Funding Sources
FIRST YEAR ANNUAL
Project List, Priorities
Legislative Program "ACTION PROGRAM
Education
PROCESS FOR SUBSEQUENT
ANNUAL ACTION PROGRAMS
.FUTURE PLANNING ROLES
Bas 'c
Req
Manag
De ve1
P
rog
at' ve
e
Of
:nt
lopment
s
urce
s
1 tie
FD1 THE PLANNING PROCESS
PLAN FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION
AMERICAN SAMOA T-CORP 1980
public surveys; on-site field inspections throughout the Territory; partici-
pation in public meetings arranged for review of interim document submis-
sions; meetings with leaders and interested parties in the field of recre-
ation from within the several branches of government administration and from
the private sector; and comparison of recreational plans, goals, and object-
ives to the in-progress work and planning of other agencies and authorities
to insure continuity of integration.
D. Summation
The general goal is to supply the public in American Samoa with outdoor
recreational opportunities as desired in sufficient quality and quantity,
based on projected future requirements. Opportunities must be distributed so
as to be accessible, and identified for implementation by priorities within
annual action programs. Facilities, maintenance, and recreational programs
must be balanced with due regard to financial capabilities. Outdoor recre-
ation must be integrated with other American Samoan goals of economic and
organizational development, environmentally sound land use decisions, and
the enhancement and preservation of viable traditional culture.
The T-CORP serves this goal through structured display of reasoned al-
ternatives so that the public -- both the community and its leadership --
can visualize how outdoor recreation needs can be net in alternatives se-
lected. Explicit public involvement complements analysis,
An additional role of the T-CORP is to provide those reviewing author-
ities not thoroughly familiar with American Samoa a culturally sensitive
portrayal of the salient needs and issues that apply. This portrayal docu-
ments planning rationales for interpretive treatment of HCRS guidance in the
Samoan context.
8
7w
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LCI
ago
11. SUMMARY PROFILE OF AMERICAN SAMOA
A. Physical Setting
The well-weathered Samoan Archipelago (of volcanic origin) lies in the
South Pacific around Latitude South 14 Degrees, Longitude 170 Degrees West.
It is divided politically into the independent nation of Western Samoa (with
strong ties to New Zealand) and the Unincorporated United States Territory
of American Samoa (the most southern U.S. possession), the subject of this
plan. Because the two Samoas share a common culture, have individual fam-
ilies extending to both locales, witness reciprocal travel, and are involved
in a labor situation in which large numbers of Western Samoans work in
American Samoa, it will be worthwhile to describe them jointly in greater
detail.
Western Samoa's large islands of Savai'i and Upolu exceed 6000' and
3600' in elevation respectively, and are joined by seven noteworthy smaller
islands to comprise that nation's combined area of 1,130 square miles.
2/
It's population is approximately 151,515.-
American Samoa to the east is much smaller. The main island of Tutuila,
famous for the deep, protected natural harbor of Pago Pago which first
attracted American interest, elevates only to 2142 feet in Mt. Matafao and
3/
contains only 53 square miles. The highest point in American Samoa is
Mt. Lata on Ta'u Island at about 3160 feet.
The other islands of the Territory (with areas in square miles indica-
ted from the same source) follow: Aunu'u (.6) just a mile east of Tutuila;
the Manu'a Group, commencing 63 miles east of Tutuila and composed of Ofu
(2.8) and Olosega (2.1) -- these two islands with only a few hundred yards
separation is now joined by a highway viaduct, and Ta'u (17.7) some 7 miles
10
farther east. Besides these five principal islands of the Territory are Rose
Atoll (.2) an uninhabited U.S. National Wildlife Sanctuary some hundred miles
further east, and Swain's Island (.1) under private ownership some 200 miles
to the north-northwest of Tutuila and geographically in the Tokelau Islands.
Rose and Swain's are not included in the present study.
Thus American Samoa (77.4 square miles) is only about 1/15 the size of
Western Samoa. Its population of about 33,540 is about 1/5 that of Western
Samoa. The Polynesians of the Samoan Islands share the same racial heritage
and traditional culture -- the latter subject to differential contemporary
evolution stemming from the contrast of major external American influence on
the one hand with comparatively less external involvement from New Zealand
or other sources in Western Samoa.
These are steep, rugged tropical islands with thick vegetation (Refer
to the Maps). Stream drainages are short and precipitous and there are no
interior valleys. Flat, or comparatively flat land is in short supply as a
review of Map 4 reveals. So steep is the general topography that along many
stretches of coast there is barely space for the coastal highway, which can
be subjected to landslides,.sheet-flow runoff during storms, and the eroding
influence of oceanic wave action.
The islands also have their white sand beaches -- generally pocketed in
deeply indented bays on Tutuila, though more extensive in parts of the
Manu'a Group. There are well-developed coral reefs, particularly along the
southern shores of Tutuila, Ofu, and Olosega. There is scarcely -any littoral
zone vegetation, an exception being a small stand of mangrove in Pala Lagoon,
south Tutuila. Pago Pago Harbor, approximately 3 miles long, fully pro-
tected, with depths of over 120 feet for the majority of its area is the
only substantial body of protected water (excepting tiny Pala Lagoon) in the
11
Territory, but it is the best natural harbor In the Southeast Pacific.
Samoa has a maritime climate marked by easterly tradewinds and heavy
rainfall. No isohyet map exists for American Samoa, but available records
indicate that the mountain crests receive in excess of 250 inches annually.
Pago Pago Village averages 200 inches. The mean annual rainfall in the har-
bor is 164 inches. Pago Pago International Airport, located on the south
coast of the Tafuna Plains to the west of Pago Pago Bay receives an average
6/
of 125 inches.
Lying below the Equator, American Samoa experiences a comparatively wet
southern summer from December on to April and a comparatively dry southern
winter from June through September. Though rain is well distributed through-
out the year, droughts lasting several months have occurred with severe ef-
fect on local subsistence agriculture and water delivery capability. In
summer, tradewinds directly from the east dominate (though with less than
winter intensity). Also in summer there is greatest likelihood of experi-
encing the 25-30 thunderstorms visited on American Samoa annually, and the
hurricane season is in effect. Hurricanes generally approach from the north
though occasionally from the east or west. In winter it is slightly cooler
and not so humid. Winds are stronger but arrive mainly from the east-south-
east and southeast. Northern and western shores have a "lee" aspect while
the east and south shores are most exposed.
Pago Pago Bay is the hub of territorial activity - commerce, government,
transport, and the visitor industry. By contrast, the Manu'a Group is iso-
lated. The main highway running the length of Tutuila is the primary trans-
port artery. Pioneer roads, jeep tracks, and trails branch off from it.
The main roads in Manu'a are crushed coral, with some sealed paving planned
for 1980. Interisland vessels connect Manu'a and Aunu'u with Tutuila, and
12
also travel to Western Samoa. Pago Pago Harbor and Pago Pago Airport handle
all international traffic. There are small airfields on Ofu and Ta'u for
interisland air service.
With regard to outdoor recreation planning, the physical picture is one
of warm weather and rain. A complete rainfall picture is unavailable but it
is obvious that southern shore locations on Tutuila (like the Airport)
receive much less than places in the shadow of the crest ranges (like Pago
Pago). Available outdoor recreational use time, and costs for protection
against rain, are the significant related recreational planning parameters
to be combined with general shortage of flat land, and the access needs of a
dispersed village-oriented but gradually urbanizing population.
American Samoa is an isolated oceanic ecosystem. When planning of any
type is introduced in this setting, the issue is one of island des'ign with
limited space, limited physical assets, and competing,human uses for the
land. The interaction of natural processes and introduced modifications can-
not fully be predicted in advance. The environmental implications and the
impact of human activities -- including any proposed outdoor recreational
activities -- must be considered. Imperfections in the predictive process
must be weighed in decision making. Environmental controls must accompany
change if long term environmental stability is to be engendered. For these
reasons, the fundamental approach to outdoor recreational planning as de-
vqloped in this plan is the selective use and management of land, based on
ecological concepts.
The physical components of the environment produce certain ecological
restrictions on land use and site selections before human factors are added
to the equation. Topographic patterns, slope, climatic factors, soils,
oceanographic conditions, differential exposure to natural hazards in geo-
13
graphic space, and natural cycles, set a stage that economically and prac-
tically limits the quantity and quality of land use options. Applications of
technology to counter extant conditions may spawn other environmental prob-
lens, and can involve costs defeating the feasibility of the effort.
The situation in the littoral zone where shorefront access and protec-
tion has become a contemporary issue is a case in point. Structures can be
introduced in this zone -- breakwaters, groins, seawalls, and the like --
that enhance access or protection at one location. Simultaneously their in-
troduction may alter dynamics of the circulation of water, potentially under-
mining the physical structure of the coast or inhibiting its ability to sup-
port biological processes.
The implications, of any proposals involving the opening of the uplands
and watershed via trails, camps, or roads are equally critical. Litter from
non-biodegradable materials is an existing lowland problem which could extend
to the uplands. Pollution of groundwater sources and the lower reaches of
streams can occur. Inducing human entrance into the upland watershed im-
plies a willingness to risk extension of the pollution problem.
The principle of the continuum of the environment is recognized. The
introduction of pollution in any of its innumerable forms can endanger the
system as a whole. Protective planning should tap traditional Samoan envi-
ronmental experience, developed when man's numbers and lifestyle impinged
less dangerously, but also lessons learned out of modern experience in
locales where changing practices and increasing population have strained the
sustaining capacity of the natural world. Thus, the relationship between
recreation and conservation is an issue, one to be discussed further as re-
gards urbanization and organizational development in American Samoa, and
planning in the Coastal Zone.
14
B. Socio-Economic Profile
Demographic Characteristics
The population of American Samoa has been notable for its high fertility
rate, high mobility in in/out migration, and sustained pattern of resettle-
ment -- chiefly in California and Hawaii. Despite heavy out-migration, the
residential population of American Samoa has increased by nearly 13,000
since 1960 to a current (1980) population of about 33,500 (See Appendix,
Table 1).
The American Samoan population is characterized by the following:
* Large household size -- averaging 6.9 persons;
* A young age cohort structure -- with a madi an age of 17.8 (Table 8);
* High incid ence of foreign birth -- with the result that some 50% of
the population is composed of non-U.S. nationals.
There is some evidence that resident population growth of American Samoa
is slowing down. The "decade changes in population" given in Table 9 reveal
that as total population has increased, the rate of change between decades
has fallen off.
2. Population Distribution
Increase in population has been accompanied by a shift in distribution,
reflecting a change in the local economy. The local economy is changing
from a subsistence-base to a market-base. Urbanization has accompanied this
change, resulting in the shift of population from rural communities to the
more urban settlements on the island of Tutuila.
There has been relative and absolute population loss from the Manu'a
Group. There is a significant relative decrease of population within the
northeastern and southeastern districts of the island of Tutuila. Predomi-
15
TABLE 1. POPUIATION OF AMERICAN SAMOA Sources:
1900-1980 (Including Swain's Island) US Bureau of the Census, 1960 Census
of Population, Number of Inhabitants,
Year Population % Change American Sam pages 56-57.
1900 5 _,_ @79 hi.9 US Bureau of the Census., 1970 Census
1920 8,056 of Population, Number of Inhabitants,
24.8 American Samoa, pages 55-56.
1930 10,055 Development Planning Office,
28.4 American Samoa Government., American
1940 12,908 Samoa: 1970-1980 PoDulation Change
46.7 by Six Planning Districts 19
1950 18,937
5.9
1960 20,051
35.4
1970 21,159
20.4
1980 est. 33,5hO
nant increased growth occurred in the central and southwestern districts of
the island of Tutuila in the Tafuna Plains and Pago Pago Harbor area, inclu-
ding Nu'uuli (Tables 7, 11 and 12).
3. Settlement Density
The inhabited areas of American Samoa are relatively-compact whether
located in urban Fagatogo or rural villages. Household size throughout the
Territory is about 6.9 persons. Overall population density on land of 30%
or less ground slope is 1.97 persons per acre (1980). Examination of the
existing residential component of that land area reveals a gross residential
density of 13.2 persons per acre -- or approximately 1.9 household units.
Comparable figures in the highly urbanized Pago Pago Bay Area are 10.3 per-
sons per acre under 30% slope and 21.8 persons per residential acre -- or
3.2 households. Considering that nearly all residential structures in the
Territory are a maximum of two stories high, these figures reveal that resi-
dential density does not show marked contrasts in the urban and rural com-
16
ponents of the settlement pattern. Concentration of population results from
the large size of households despite comparatively low unit density (Tables
11 and 12).
4. Rural/Urban Dichotomy
Although the fundamental settlement pattern of villages persists, pro-
gressive urbanization has been discussed as the trend. This pattern emerges
in the way the Pago Pago area has developed as the territorial hub of affairs
and is also visible in the strip development which has accompanied the main
trunk highway on Tutuila. By contrast, there is currently a net decrease in
population from the isolated Manu'a Group. There is growing activity in
Nduuli, Leone and inland on the Tafuna Plain, but the dichotomies between the
Bay Area and the remainder of south shore Tutuila, road-connected Tutuila
locales and more isolated north shore locations, and between Tutuila' and
Manu'a are pronounced.
5. The Local Economy
The American Samoa economy is in large measure dependent on the federal
government. (Refer to Tables 14 and 16 in the Appendix). It is in transition
from a communal, subsistence econon-V to a market economy. The movement is
towards greater self-reliance with the federal government providing an eco-
nomic bridge to a different and improved local econony.
In an economic profile of American Samoa the basic fact is that develop-
ment is in a transitional stage. Government remains the main employer, fol-
lowed by the fisheries sector which includes fishing, processing and export-
ing, Fisheries are by far the largest contributors to local exports --
97.4% (Table 14) in 1976.
Heavy importation of goods and services is another characteristic of this
17
transitional economy. There is a persisten t balance of trade deficit; one
however that is being studied critically for possible economic development
opportunities. For example, the trade deficit in 1978 was reported to be
$30,000,000. The largest single imported commodity is fuel; it represented
over 37% of the value'of imported commodities in 1977. Over 89% of the fuel
is in diesel and jet fuels. Assuming a unit cost then of 50t per gallon for
diesel fuel, the consumption of the local power industry represented about
34 % of the total diesel fuel importation in 1977 (The remaining assumed to
7/
be allocated to the fishing industry).-
One last item of note is that there are no government taxes levied below
the level of the Territorial Government. Local government in American Samoa
(at the district, county, village levels as now organized) has extremly
limited potential for capital formation. As a result, the fiscal capacity
to support local level decision-making resides with the Territorial Govern-
ment, reinforcing local reliance on developrwnts in the territorial poli-
tical arena.
6. Subsistence Agriculture
With the advent of a cash economy, traditional economic practices now
loom less large for much of the population, although subsistence agriculture
is still an inte,gral part of Samoan life. There is some plantation agricul-
ture. Inshore fishing for food has become less prevalent at present, but
the capacity to fall back on fishing in the future requires environmental
preservation in inshore waters. The preservation of agricultural land is a
general issue in Samoan development and a specific issue apropos the pos-
sibility that some potential agricultural sites might also be attractive for
recreational opportunities.
The status of agriculture as a general issue is placed in perspective in
18
the following quote from Farrell.
The agriculture of American Samoa is dominantly subsistence un-
affected by a tradition of commercial planting . . . . Judged by
prevailing western practices the level of technology is . . *
low -- judged by indigenous standards the situation warrants lit-
tle concern. The land provides reasonable sustenance, it performs
a useful function in traditional custom and it provides a special
status to the 'matai' who holds authority over it. Prestige for
most Samoans however, may be obtained more readily away from the
land by non-agricultural pursuits and service, and by paid employ-
ment . . . . The lure of paid employment reduces the number of
young farm workers and the people as a whole become considerably
less dependent on their environment than one would normally ex-
pect. The potential of the land is strictly limited. Already in
places slopes of more than thirty-five degrees are cropped
Development of the rural economy in American Samoa is a thorny
problem and the territory is likely to develop education, health,
transport and commerce while the admittedly limited yet fundamental
resource, land, remains in comparison virtually undeveloped. 8/
7. Social Change
Perhaps the most fundamental issue in contemporary American Samoan life
is social change. Introduced cultural, economic, and governmental ways are
influencing all aspects of Samoan life. Samoan culture has demonstrated a
certain resiliency in adapting with dignity to much that is new. But the
quantity and pace of change is of such magnitude that a return strictly to
traditional ways in their entire@y is improbable, while the directions of
the future are uncertain.
Culture change can be stressful. Work patterns are changing and discre-
tionary time for constructive or dysfunctional utilization may become in-
creasingly available. The essence of the emerging social function of out-
door recreati on may be to maximize opportunities for constructive and grati-
fying use of leisure time -- benefitting society as a whole as well as the
individual.
Examples of unresolved culture conflict exist, and future potential con-
flicts must be avoided. The prob lem of litter is a good example. The
refuse of the traditional economy was chiefly natural material -- biodegrada-
19
ble over time, and not requiring a formal system of disposal. With the in-
troduction of external material culture, the amount of non-biodegradable
trash has increased. There is no traditional pattern for collecti on and
disposal. A revised response that will keep litter from being a problem
must still evolve.
The point is that any planning -- including outdoor recreation plan-
ning -- mus@ be reviewed with an eye to possible culture conflicts that may
be the unwitting by-products of well-intentioned alterations or -innovations.
There is a risk, under the current circumstances of rapid development and
change, with heavy involvement by non-Samoans, that modern ways will be per-
ceived as so likely to submerge traditional ways that there is little reason
to incorporate the latter in concepts and assumptions. Such thinking is
seriously in error, and its ascendancy is a threat -- not simply in its dis-
respectful tenor, but in its narrow willingness to address future problems
without benefit of past experience. The present study seeks to avoid this
error and emphasizes the need for more effective expression of Samoan philo-
sophy, values, and experience, from within, to counter this trend. The fol-
lowing quote by ecologist Arthur Dahl applies.
There is much to be learned from the traditional Samoan culture which
has st,4ccessfully coexisted with the island environment for hundreds
of years. The old ways should not be discarded lightly, and there
is much in the local taboos and practices of use to the modern envi-
ronmental planner. To lose this cultural wealth would be a tra-
gedy . . . . The basic problem is one of a clash of value systems.
The traditional Samoan ways cannot easily adapt to the new needs
and influences of a world that is physically unified, while American
values are supported by imported wealth and power. The government,
large businesses, central educational system, etc. are American in
style and personnel. Unfortunately, the American values most often
adopted are the evident material ones, while Samoan concepts of
human happiness and social responsibility, which may be more desir-
able in an island society than their American equivalents, are
lost. 9/
20
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144
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A. Dynamic Conditions
Projections are made difficult due to the dynamics of population move-
ment that have largely resulted in the existing demography of American Samoa
and American Samoans. Accelerating social and economic change over the last
20 years likely will continue -- particularly with new directions on the
economic side. If economic opportunities expand in American Samoa, the pat-
tern of outmigration may change and the resident population could increase.
New economic opportunities linked to the general shift to a market economy
might change household formation. A pattern of smaller household size with
increased strengthening of the nuclear family -- Itself marked by a smaller
average number of children, but heightened independence from the extended
family responsibilities of the past could emerge.
1. Projected Population, Year 2000
The population projection (36,900 in 1985 and 50,200 in 2000) used for
outdoor recreation planning was adapted from the projected estimates devel-
oped by the ASG Development Planning Office (Table 2). These estimates in-
clude a distribution of population by districts and by vil lages (Table 7).
Future population has been distributed for general display purposes in
Map 3.
2. Settlement
Urbanization, in the broadest sense of the word, is proceeding despite
the complex matter of inalienable communal lands to be discussed in some
detail further on. In many cases the productive resource potential of land
(its prime value in the traditional economy) has less significance than its
physical location in relation to population, services, access, and so forth.
Samoan villages are being urbanized. Strip development is occurring along
22
the principal highways of Tutuila. The non-Samoan population theoreti-
cally not tied in to the dominant communal land-owning extended families --
nonetheless finds space to live. Economically-based pressure to urbanize
may increasingly erode the traditional Samoan settlement pattern revolving
around village life.
The pressure is compounded by the limited developable land on Tutuila.
The most intense urbanization activity can be expected in incremental re-
development of the Pago Pago Bay shore settlements'. Nu'uuli and the trunk
road settlements west across the Tafuna Plains to Leone. Redevelopment in
the Bay will be spurred by the proposed consolidation of governmental
at Utulei, permitting comprehensive urban design of Fagatogo, the downtown
of American Samoa. Additionally, bay area land use planning is being ad-
vanced to guide development within this critical locale.
Table 11 and Map 5 reveal that available land for absorbing additional
growth lies chiefly in West Tutuila, particularly the Tafuna Plain. Also,
there is space for development on the island of Ta'u. The trend, however,
is the urbanization of the island of Tutuila. While the raw available lands
are found in the western part of the principal island, there remains a basic
development option related to urban design and land use the possible con-
version of existing urban settlements to higher density (using multi-story
structures)as shifts in household size and lifestyle accompany the urbaniza-
tion trend.
B. Derivation for Planning Purposes of,the Settlement Pattern, Year 2000
The projected population for the territory in the year 2000 is in excess
of 509000. Accommodation of this number will require changes in the settle-
ment pattern. Two scenarios are developed below for comparison and combina-
23
TABLE 2. CENSUS OF AMERICAN SAMOA BY REGIONAL PLANNING AREA:
1970-19.77 CENSUS FIGURES; 1980-2005 PROJECTIONS;
WITH PERCENT INCREASES.
REGIONAL CENSUS FIGURES
PLANNING AREAS % Increase % increase %'Increase
1970 1970-1974 1974 1974-1977 1977 1977-1980
1. MANUIA 2.,112 -14.4 11808 - 5.7 l.,7o5 - 7.1
2. NE TUTUILA 2.,441 - 1.6 2.,401 1.5 2,t438 1.7
3. SE TUTUILA 29744 0 2s745 1.2 22777 2.4
PAGO PAGO BAY 7.,886 8.5 8,554 6.8 9.,135 5-5
5. TAFOA PLAINS 69555 19.1 7,807 8.5 8A68. 18.0
6. W TUTUILA 5047 9.2 51841 3.0 6.4015 15.9
TOTAL 27,,085 7.6 29,156 4.7 30,,538 90'7
Census Sources: ASGI DPOI American Samoa: 1970 to 1980 Population
Change by HN -Planning Districts, Completed from
1970y 1974, and 1977 Ten Percent Sample Census of
American Samoa. (Note: Tafananai is reported
above in_Tx@ea instead of Area 3.)
Excluding Swain's Island.
REGIONAL P RWECTIONS
PLANNING AREAS Av. Yearly
1980 % Growth 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 -
1. MANUIA lo583 1.00 1,665 12750 1,9838 1,9935 2.,035
2. NE TUTUILA 2v479 1.00 23605 2,740 22880 3,9025 3.o180
3. SE TUTUILA 2.0844 .75 2.,955 3..062 3041 3.,3o6 3.,6o2
4. PAGO PAGO 13AY 9.,638 1.40 10030 11.,078 11.002 12,,719 13..445
5. TAFUNA PLAINS 9091 3-00 112485 13,430 153570 18.,010 20.1920
6. W TUTUILA 6s971 2.40 7.,850 89840 9,950 113200 12,610
TOTAL 33s5O6 1.59 36,89o 40j,900 45j,281 50.,195 55.,812
Projections Source: ASG, DPO, "America n Samoa Population Projec-
tion by Planning Districts and by Five-Year
Intervals 1980-2005", transmitted in letter
of 4 Mar 1980 by S. Leasiolagi, Statistician
to R.M. Towill Corp.
24
tion in order to derive a reasonable estimate of future settlement as a
basi@ for broad recreational planning. Both depart from data on the exist-
ing situation as analyzed earlier in the text, documented in appended tables,
and displayed in the maps attached.
Scenario (A) hypothesizes that land use and settlement patterns will con-
tinue as presently visible, with no major changes in governmental policy.
Scenario (B) assumes the establishment of a territorial land use plan
with polici'es implemented and enforced down to the local level.
There is not great differential impact between the two as regards the
Manu'a Group. Manu'a has a large inventory of developable land with a small
population. Tutuila, the focus of projected growth and change, is the arena
in which differences between the two scenarios will show up.
Scenario (A) operating on Tutuila predicts widely proliferating strip
development along highways. As at present, density of development will be
low. Low density development combined with population increase means that
continuing encroachment on plantation lands and environmentally sensitive
lands can be expected. Under these circumstances, suitable land for develop-
ment will be scarce. Unsuitable sites will be used. Settlement will be more
dispersed causing pub,lic facility and service planning difficulties. open
space will be hard to circumscribe and protect.
Under Scenario (B), a comprehensive land use plan would work to neutral-
ize current low density expansion trends by restricting development on prime
agricultural lands, and other lands deemed unsuitable due to environmental
factors or sensitivities -- flood plains, coastal hazard zones, lands with
excessive slope. The result would be a more orderly settlement pattern
making more efficient delivery of public services possible as strip develop-
ment came under control and options for increasing densi ty were exercised.
25
TABLE 3.
AMERICAN SAMOA FUTURE SETTLEMENT PATTERNS, 1980-2000: DERIVATION OF COMPARATIVE S'CENARIOS
Parameters 11anu'a Group N.E. Tutuila@ S.E. Tutufla Pago Pago Tafuna West
Total Population
Year 2000 1,935 3,025 3,276 12,719 1.8,G10 11-9
Year 1977 1,7G5 2,438 2,826 9,086 8,468 6,(
.Developed Area
Total Area 1977 (Acres.) 765 6-80 640 1,535 2,800 1,
Density 1977 (Pop./Acre) 2.2 3.6 4.4 5.9 3.-0 1
Scen?.ric A
Total Area Need, 2000 880 840 745 2,155 6,005 2,6
Balance, 1977-2000 115 160 105 620 3,205 1,2
Potential Lands l/ 4,235 40 -0- -0- 3,200 1,9
Residual Lands, fOOO 4,210 -0- -0- -0- -0- 7
Total Available, 2000 2 880 720 640 1,535 6,000 2,6
Projected Density, 200Y 2.2 4.2 5.2 8.3 3.0. 4
Cn
Scenario 8
Total Developed Area, 2000 730 720 630 925 3,025 1,5
Projected Density, 2000 2.6 4.2 5.2 13.7 51.9 7
Scenario Comparison A & B
Density B-A/A +18.2% -0- -0- +65.1% +96.7% +74
Scenario 8 Comparison with
Existing Density (1977)
Density B-1977/1977 +18.2% +16.7% +18.2% +132.2% +96.7.% +74
@
DeveT-opable lands refer to areas with slope less than 31%.
Z/
Total available, 2000 refers to developed areas within developable lands.
Source: Development Planning Office, Land Use Plan, 1978-1983, American Samoa Government
(1978). Land use data (197.7) were drawn from this report. All other data were
developed for the formulation of the scenarios.
Refer to Table 3 for a quantitative summary of how land use in the year
2000 would evolve under Scenario (A) as compared with Scenario (B). Ob-
viously the advantages of Scenario (B) are favored in this study. Although
current patterns can be expected to continue to some extent in the next few
years as land use planning is consolidated and applied, for the long term
the more reasonable scenario to explore in developing outdoor recreation
plans is the (B) alternative.
Implications include: better access for a larger majority of the popula-
tion; the likelihood of more intense use of facilities and space developed;
the ability to make effective use of existing opportunities already fielded
in relation to concentrations in the habitation pattern (such as the
schools); and the capacity to integrate recreation facilities with neighbor-
ing activities in the joint use of infrastructural support. Management of a
smaller number of higher use facilities with concentrated recreational
opportunities means greater financial feasibility for developing management
advantages. Supervision works to,protect recreational property and partici-
pants, set standards of use and maintenance,, and allow an augmenting educa-
tional role that can improve the quality of overall recreational offerings.
C. Samoan Land Tenure, Use, and Village Settlement.
Any discussion of site development, use, and accessibility must depart
from an understanding of Samoan communal land tenure. The vast majority of
10/
lands in American Samoa (96%)- are held or claimed communally by aigas
(extended families). There are strong cultural preferences, and legal
restrictions,: against alienation or transfer of these lands. Even participa-
tion in formal boundary demarcation substantiallyis avoided, as indicated
in this 1970 surveyor's report:
27
Historically the ownership of lands in the Samoan Islands, and par-
ticularly in American Samoa has been a prerogative of the "aiga" or
extended family group. Each aiga is represented by a chief or "matai"
who acts as governor and spokesman for the group. The management of
the lands of the aiga has been delegated to the matai whose author-
ity derives from the express consent of the family group. The
boundaries. of aiga lands have, for the most part, been indefinite
and unmarked. They remain so today. It is a peculiar fact that
while a boundary between aiga lands may be indefinite it is deter-
minate. The actual ownership and use of land is subject to a sort
of communal acquiescence. Within certain limitations property lines
remain transitory. This fluidity is highly desirable from the
Samoan standpoint. For the above reasons property line disputes
,and conflicts are virtually unknown . . . . The Samoan Chiefs, in-
cluding subordinate ma'tais, generally resent compulsory identifica-
tion survey and registration of boundaries or ownership of these lands.
Under Fa'a Samoa this is regarded as an intrusion into the family life
and an erosion of the authority of the matai and the entire aiga. It
significantly reduces the influence of the matai and the local and
superior chiefs.
But even as one begins to align arguments to indicate that perhaps some
traditional forms are, dysfunctional, other points come to mind that reflect
favorably on the very same forms, i,e. the following from Housing in Ameri-can
Samoa, 1972:
There is much to be said for the present system of land use and
tenure, despite -- or perhaps because of -- the barriers it poses
to development. The system seems to be distinguished from most
others by one overriding characteristic. Land is seen mainly as
something to be used to meet social needs rather than as an indivir
dual property right or a tangible economic asset or resource as
such. Those wFo@view the Samoan land system as a 'barrier' or a
problem' are viewing it from a we$tern perspective based on non-
Samoan values and motives. While possibly facilitating more and
better housing or other facilities, removal of the 'barrier' might
hasten the destruction of the Samoan perspective and open the way
for land exploitation and domination by non-Samoans, similar to what
has occurred in Hawaii and similar island 'paradises'. L12/
The theme reiterated has significance in outdoor recreation planning.
If land is to be used to met social needs, and most land is aiga-controlled,
then deployment of land for recreation will require that recreation is per-
ceived as fulfilling local social needs; and that such needs have priority
over alternate land allocations. If such needs are not perceived at the aiga
or possibly village level, then land and space for recreational developments
28
likely will not be made available from communal lands.
The subject of recreational land use raises the question use by whom.
The 1979 ASG, DPO Comprehensive Village Survey, "Recreation Summary Sheets"
reveal the prevalent response that the ASG should provide recreational oppor-
tunities for the village. When federal funds are expended (as in application
of the U.S. Land and Water Conservation Fund Act of 1965, as amended), the
public at large must benefit. This may conflict with the concept of "local
dominion" -- an aspect of communal land holding reinforcing the traditional
concept that the aiga has the say in what access, use or handling will be
allowed on aiga lands, and village councils might restrict outside entrance
to the village as they see fit.
The combination of communal land inalienability and the exercise of local
dominion may effectively exclude federally supported recreation capital ex-
penditures from the village level. Private lenders will also be inhibited
due to the unsuitability of inalienable communal lands as collateral for
capital loans, Alternately, village access guarantees, or ASG purchase of
rights of way may be ways to bridge this gap.
D. Access and Zoning: Contemporary Needs
Urbanization and the shift to a market econowy, as discussed previously,
have sharpened the need for environmental conservation,and protection and -
have given rise to economic values in contrast to "beneficial use" as prac-
ticed in the past. Economic value is reflected in the growing use potential
of land resources, especially those that are accessible via highways. At
the same time, environmental importance of land resources is becoming more
evident as population increases result in the encroachment of floodplains
and upland areas.
29
Access and the related issue of land use zoning are contemporary needs
stemming from these twin forces (urbanization and a market econony) that
alter economic values and the uses of physical resources. The beneficial
use concept in Samoa is under strain as population continues to grow and the
market economy expands. The concept of access in Samoa is a contextual
issue, one which has, heretofore, not been acknowledged in the past communal
setting of rural villages and small population size. Space and resources
were amply distributed among the various villages. Now, however, under the
strains of change and growth, some villages post signs restricting general
access to local physical resources. The concept of village dominion, seldom
an issue in the past, is an underlying contemporary problem area. The need
for sharing spatial resources now extends beyond the bounds of the aiga and
the village.
"Sharing" is not foreign to Samoa. However, it is now at a supra-village
scale and there is a need for: 1) sone new social instrument to accommodate
access to the sea and the mountains; 2) a form of land use governance to
conserve and protect the limited physical resources of Samoa. These two di-
mensions of contemporary need -- access and land use zoning are themes of
importance in outdoor recreation planning.
Even non-communal lands identified for possible development as recre-
ational sites may only be accessible by crossing communal lands. Access has
maybe four possible aspects: 1) physical access -- referring to the dif-
ficulties, time, and costs involved in getting to a site; 2) legal access
involving permission, rights of way, time restrictions, and regulations
limiting use; 3) financial access -- fees are charged, perhaps beyond the
means of some; 4) and type of access -- by foot, bicycle, cars, 4-wheel
drive, tour busses, aiga busses, boats, swimmers, visual, and/or aircraft
30
(rotary-wing). All four, particularly legal, could become sources of conten-
tion if sites are not planned with access in mind. Satisfactory formal safe-
guard of equal opportunity access to' planned public developments is one cri-
terion of acceptability for federal funding support.
Zoning policy can be applied 1) protectively to keep people and acti-
vities out of hazardous areas, 2) for conservation purposes -- to preserve
environmentally sensitive areas from encroachment, 3) for compatibility --
to segregate incompatible uses and activities (such as piggeries next to
schools, or industrial activities in tourist and residential areas*).
Restriction of access is one means of delimiting or speci fying recre-
ational opportunity. High use zones such as major parks requ ire general,
facile access. Conservation areas -- reserves and preserves amou nting to a
significant segment of the "open space" resource component of outdoor recre-
ation, are too fragile for heavy use. Limitation of access and activity
choice is indicated where environmental concerns weigh heavily'-- as 'in the
high watershed. However, in all cases where access plans are to be made,
the bonafide traditional economic uses and gathering activities of residents
must be thoroughly understood and accommod@ited as intended by law. Exclu-
sionary decisions, even for pressing environmental reasons, ought not be
unilateral, or prosecuted without due traditional process.
Zoning policy in application to outdoor recreation is another issue.
"Open space" and "green belt" concepts may be Elemen ts in.specific recom-
mendations for land deployments. The idea of :'buf fering" elements in the
landscape from neighboring activities and avoiding juxt.apositi-on of incompa-
tible land uses must be fostered. Policy for boundary demarcations in
general - for parks, landmarks, conservation zones, and so forth, must be
established.
31
E implications and Conclusions
Space suffi cient for competing uses is a constant issue in American
Samoa. Many individual localities, as now utilized and arranged, have no
place to put new outdoor recreation elements. Elsewhere the introduction of
possible recreation elements may be directly competitive with existing acti-
vities or other new projects being considered to fill other than recre-
ational needs.
Economic implic4tions are strong. How involved will a village-oriented
population become in facilities to be fielded away from the home village?
Will individual villages cooperate in support of developments to be fielded
beyond the dominion of their respective villages? With what facility will
existing cultural mechanisms allow compromises and political trade-offs to
be made? Will such con'cepts as preservation of historic sites in common
heritage an@ environmental protection of the watershed and coastal zone be
perceived in traditional circles as appropriate topics for "greater good"
consensus and uniform policy formulation? These are all issues which may to
a grqater or lesser extent have an effect on the formulation of T-CORP
policy and action implementation.
In'the quote following, Dahl suggests a framework within which the
several land use requirements in American Samoa should be balanced.
The problem in American Samoa outlined above call for an integra-
ted program of environmental management. The land area is so
limited @hat careful decisions are needed to prevent the waste of
this scarce re@ource and to protect the three main island activi-
ties of agriqylture, fisheries, and tourism. Parks need to be set
aside for conservation purposes and for tourists. Prime agricul-
tural land should not be lost to housing or commercial development
if other areas can be adapted to those uses. Development of the
land must not@be permitted to endanger the reefs or their asso-
ciated fisheries. Careful consultation with each village will be
required, together with provisions insuring that all will benefit
equally from the results. One village will not contribute land
32
freely to a scenic park while its neighbor alone receives material
benefits from that park as the site of a tourist hotel. 13/
The possible specific issue of competition for land use (with recreation
perceived as a less important need) is hinted at in the quote following from
a 1966 article by Robert Langdon.
One of the most important chiefs in American Samoa . . . (is)
quoted . . . as saying: 'If we lose any of our old ways, it will
be because wechODse to, not because changes are being forced upon
us . . . . (He) was one of two chiefs who strongly opposed a
plan . . . to buy Samoan land (or even condemn it if necessary) for
recreation parks on Tutuila. (He) argued that Samoa would need all
the inches of soil it had to support its rapidly-growing popula-
tion. 14/
The recreational issue implications are 1) that finding space to fill
projected outdoor recreational needs may be difficult; 2) that this spatial
obstacle will likely exert substantial influence on the feasibility of op-
tions and alternatives for meeting the need; 3) that coordination with other
planning efforts representing potentially competing spatial needs is essen-
tial; 4) and that unless son-ke concrete social functions are perceived for
outdoor recreation it is sure to exercise weakened claims to sites sought to
serve its goals.
The general conclusion is that enharcement and expansion of existing
facilities, and development of government land$ already alienated from the
communal system will present most feasible resource development options --
provided they have the physical capacity to meet the projected need as deter-
mined on a case by case basis. The dominant land tenure - land availability
issue is bound to influence recreational policy formulation, and the distri-
bution, combination, and concentration of activity opportunities at "planned
recreational destinations", as will be discussed. The possibility of
application of other categories of land -- such as the growing body of "in-
dividually owned" land, church and private school lands, and the very small
33
amount of "freehold" land remains to be explored, but depends in large part
on what role -- and how much of a role -- the private sector is willing or
financially able to play in outdoor recreation in American Samoa.
Regardless of the specific results of the several trends and patterns
discussed above, optimum administrative response appears to require acti-
vity in the following areas:
1. Greater integration of territorial and local government, now functioning
dually ;
2. Consolidation of dispersed functional planning within a framework of ter-
ritorial master planning, with establishment of local land use planning;
3. Implementation of a territorial land use plan as a foundation for both
of the above.
34
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IX
. . . . . . . . . .
IV.THE EXISTING OUTDOOR RECREATIONAL SYSTEM
A. What Legacy from the Past?
"Outdoor recreation" as a concept or discrete collection of activities is
new in Samoan culture. This is not to say that recreation was not woven into
the traditional way of life. The following quote from anthropologist Peter
Buck suggests that organized recreation played a significant role in tradi-
tional Samoan culture.
The social value of the Community Games was important. The smaller
competitions in the same village brought the young people 'and, adults
together and gave them relaxation from, the perpetual quest for food
on land and sea. The competitions between different sections of a
village or different villages brought together a larger group of
people on term of social intercourse. The local people had to
provide food for the visitors, spectators :as well as competitors,
and the occasions were social events in which all feasted as the
foundation of enjoyment. Singing and dancing added to-the festive
nature of such occasions. A Polynesian attending the sports of
people of (another) culture is struck by the lack of organized
hospitalj@y in providing free food and drink which is so charac-
teristic of his own culture. In the return game played at.the
other village, the hospitality previously received was returned,
if possible with added interest. In thus promoting social inter-
course of a friendly and enjoyable nature, games of a competitive
character between different villages held an important place in
(Samoan) society. 15/
Does the same social function for recreation apply in the present day?
Although the "so'o" (inter-village hospitality and sports challenges with
the host village providing all the food and drinks) still exists, modern
sports not traditional games are involved. Sports lea.gue activities, school
programs, and introduced leisure alternatives appear to tap much energy ex-
pended in inter-village activities of the past, but the cultural as pects may
not be the same.
By contrast, at the "territorial" level, a formal role for recreation
persists in the cultural exchanges that occur between American Samoa and
Western Samoa when they cooperate ceremonially and in athletic contests to
commemorate American Samoa Flag Day and Western Samoa Independence Day.
Formal recreation has an even larger expression in the South Pacific Games
36
which exert strong influence in focussing international attention on the
sQvfh Paqific as a region.
Aside from these modern impacts of recreation, an issue is what contem-
porary social function outdoor recreation can or should have within American
Samoa. How Oo American Samoans perceive outdoor recreation? An understand-
ing of the pattern of perception is essential in evaluating demand for recre-
ational opportunities, and in developing opportunities that are culturally
sensitive.
Aesthetics may become a topic in overall planning. Individuals may have
little to say about aesthetics in the context in whi,ch they spend their
obligated wor@ time . Consequently they may consciously or unconsciously
seek aesthetic satisfaction during their discretionary time.
Siting and design, integration with the landscape, preservation of vis-
tas and open space, enhancement of traditional motifs, continuity in recre-
ational themes and facilities, vegetative landscaping, respectful integra-
tiQn with the ceremonial life of Samoa, preservation of unique cultural sym-
bolism -- these all may contribute to satisfaction derived from involvement
in outdoor recreation. Value judgments are involved which should be elicited
from -the residents of Samoa.
Expressions of the best of Samoan culture need not be lost simply because
limodernization" has closed off some of the avenues for such expression. Cul-
tural expression can survive in new outlets if these are designed with under-
standing and attention to filling such a role, Newly designed recreational
opportunities, in the outdoor setting that so explicitly influences Samoan
c
"tqral response, may be numbered among such new outlets. Exploration of
ul
possibilities should include a review of recreational activities of the past
Oat might still be brought forward to meet renewed demand.
37
DIAGRAM 2.
DERIVATION OF T-CORP TIME-ACTIVITY DOMAIN FOR INDIVIDUALS
T I NE
Maintenancel Obligat d DiscretionaEZ "Leisure"/" Freell
Paid Unmanaged
Employment or I'deadil i Recreation I Manage
Household* time I I I Leisur
Subsistence _j - - -
Ag. I Active Passiv
Aiga Ob. - - _1
Village Ob. lIndoorl, tdoo td 0
Ceremony I ****I
ca School-kids** I OMAIN OF T-CORP
Chores-kids 2
Logistics:
transnort
shopping
deskwork
Church***
NOTES- Some household acti-vities such as babysitting might be consi
obligations by some, preferred activities by others.
Students also get a ration of oblioated outdoor recreational
activity in school PE classes. Afterschool sports and
considered discretionary.
Church in Samoa has some obligatory aspects for members whil
the sarte time, much church activity is discretionary an
perceived as recreational.
**4* Samoan climate (rain and wind) can require some outdoor acti
to have some sheltered facilities -- for example, roof
without walls as found in the ASCC Gym. Such exception
within the domain of the T-GORP whereas other active in
pursuits such as bawling are excluded.
B Outdoor Recreation Patterns
1. The Concept of Recreation in American Samoa
Outdoor recreation is commonly viewed as a leisure-tim activity,
American Samoa has a different lifestyle, not shared by many Americans, and
one suggesting that outdoor recreation patterns are different. Accordingly,
an in-context concept of outdoor recreation -is necessary to understand
recreation in American Samoa and to provide increasing opportunities for
recreation in American Samoa. Diagram 2 depicts how time can be organized
to yield leisure -- which can be applied to the T-CORP concern of outdoor
recreation.
Samoan lifestyle permits a variety of outdoor recreational expressions,
some quite similar to the national patterns and others that are more
oriented to local resources. For example, there is an American-style school
system fostering typical American school-related outdoor recreation. On the
other hand, a Samoan-wide custom of avoidance of many recreational activi-
ties on Sundays causes a departure from the mainland American concept of
the "weekend" as a 2-112 day block of unrestricted time.
The key difference lies in the amount of discretionary time available
for recreating. Time limitations affect recreation patterns and the alloca-
tion of resources to recreation. The American Samoan's time is taken up
with obligatory primary economic activities, standard human maintenance of
body and soul, and a range of secondary obligations to the aiga (extended
family).
2. Survey Results
Two community surveys are available that provide initial baseline data
for recreation planning: a 1978 community profile and a 1979 comprehensive
39
village survey. They provide the starting point beyond which augmenting
information was procured through interviews and public meetings with govern-
ment officials, public and private recreation leaders, and other interested
parties.
In the American Samoa Community Profile @- 1978, heads of households and
their spouses were surveyed to identify attitudes, perceptions and views
about water resource development and planning. The survey included questions
related to recreation behavior, trends, and preferences. It revealed that
the American Samoan did not value "leisure" time in the western sense at the
time of survey, in the village setting.
When asked if they would like to have "more leisure ti me" than they pre-
sently have, 87% of the respondents indicated that they did not seek more
leisure. It can be inferred that in the village setting at present, the
clear-cut division between "work" and "play" so fundamental in the United
States is not dominant. Life is lived "whole" so to speak. Extra or avail-
able time would generally be applied to some additional social or economic
pursuits. Consequently the idea of striving to create more "free" time
doesn't have much traditional meaning. Aiga or village duties are always
waiting for those with "extra" time. Asked what activity is generally un-
dertaken first when "free" time is available, 42% of respondents indicated
they tend to family obligations first. There is little discretionary time
left over for outdoor recreation -- particularly with sorm sabbath restric-
tions enforced in the villages.
However, as the economy shifts to a mixed, market-type with more wage
and salary employment, increasing urbanization, and likely increased com-
muting from home to work locations, the dichotony between work and leisure
is expected to become stronger. Lifestyle changes accompanied by increases
40
in discretionary time will contribute heavily to demand for new recreational
opportunities. Space to meet future leisure needs as expressed in changing
patterns of outdoor recreation must be anticipated in plans.
A comparison of specific recreational preferences revealed by the study
is summarized in Table 4. Response percentages shown are the proportions of
all respondents who made positive ment@ion of the activity as one they en-
gaged in. There is, however, no indication of how many times individuals
participated in these events, the duration of participation, or the relative
share of available leisure time consumed by each. Swimming, picnicking,
sports, and fishing were most frequently mentioned. The survey shows that
"outdoor recreation" is viewed as active and in sow cases competitive, with
recognition of certain passive involvements as well.
Most frequently mentioned active pastimes were sports: volleyball,
basketball, football, cricket, and rugby. Note however that actual pursuit
of these sports depended on facility availability. Since facilities were
often unavailable at the local level, this village-oriented survey demon-
strated that considerable knowledge of an interest in active recreation did
not necessarily translate into a major role for active recreation in the vil-
lage.
Active sports are resource-related opportunities, The above-revealed
pattern of recreational perception and interest being unmatched by resource
opportunities is revealed again in the results of a second survey conducted
in 1979 by the ASG Development Planning Office. This Comprehensive Village
Surve explored several themes at the village level, one of which was recre-
ation. Responses in this case were gathered from village council members --
the individuals chiefly concerned with village maintenance, management, and
development. Interviews and follow-up discussion extended into 1980.
41
Th-'@ LE
T,',OST FREQUENTLY T@EINTTONTED OUTDOOR RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY
AT THE VTL1-j'1GE LEVEL, 1978.
% Of All Respondents
Activity Mentioning Activity
Swimming 50%
Picnicking 49
Sports 45
F
Kshing 40
Camoing 26
Fiking 22
Jogging 18
Skindiving 18
Hunting 14
Snorkeling 13
Source: American Samoa Conmunity Profile 1978, for
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers., Honolulu District,
by MKGK/Yamamoto, Honolulu, 1978.
42
Table 5 shovis the raw summary results of the manner in which villages arrayed
their problems and concerns.
In this situation, wherein recreation was offered for ranking among
several primary economic and habitation convenience concerns, it is no sur-
prise to find it ranked in the second echelon. Note that top ranked res-
ponses all concern practical matters of living directly attributable to the
socio-economic evolution detailed earlier. Population increases, low den-
sity development, the need to commute to wage/salary employment sites,
dependence on newly proliferating infrastructural systems -- these are the
new problems which the villages have to face, and for which traditional
institutional mechanisms do not exist. Consequently they rank as leading
concerns.
However, when the subject of recreation is broached independently, as
was done within the same survey, the villages produced a considerable volume
of detailed response on their wants and preferences. The Development Plan-
ning Office detailed the results of recreation queries to over fifty vil-
lages in a component of the survey entitled "Results of Recreational Village
Council Survey conducted by the Development Planning Office (1979)". The
content, too detailed for duplication here, took the format of noting for
each village what its prim recreational concerns were, followed by the vil-
lage's concept of what ought to be done to improve matters.
In the aggregate, responses covered the full range of inadequate space
and facilities, environmental and locational problems, infrastructure and
maintenance concerns, thoughts on specific action that the villages desired
the ASG to undertake (chiefly geared only to individual village problems):
access, litter, recreational equipment, tourism-related aspirations, and
concern for program developmnt as a way to provide productive outlets for
43
TABL'E 5.
SUMMIARY RESULTS., THEME MTIARISON,
ASG DPO 1979 COEPREHENSIVE VILLAGE SURVEY.
NUMBEF OF VILIAGES h PRIORITIZED VILLAGE FROBLEm-S
NO. OF VnlAAGES NO. OF TILIAGES NO. OF VILLAGES
-:ITIRST 'PRIORITY SECOND PRIORITY -THIRD -PRIORITY TOTAL
Water Supply h Distribution 17 12 2 31
7ranspor@at@on 13 11 8 31)
Vasre-.@,ater b Sewage 5 5 8 16
Drainage b Fli)ndint 9 8 14 31
P 0 we r 4 1 . 6
Recreation 2 .3
11"olid vast@! 2 2
'ECDTI=i-C Development 1 3 2
A-7iculTure 0 0 4 4
housing 0 2
45 45 45
PERCENT OF VI-LLAGES & PRIORITIZED '%ITLLAGF PROBLEMS
71" OF VILLAGES 71/ OF VILLAGES OF VILILAGES
CATEGORY FIRST PRIOR17'y SECOrm PPIORITY PRIORITY T01'Al
VazeT Supply & Ditribution 3 7 . BX 2 6. 7 41. 4
77-aDSDOrtar-iOD 24.5 24.5 .17.8 66-E
DrzinaRe b Flooding 20.0 17.F 31.1 6c:. @
Vastf?water & Sewage 11.1 11.1 17.8 L(). (
1101"er 2.2 E.9 2.2 13.3
Recre-2tion 2.2 4.L 13. z-
Soii6 -v@asre 2.2 4 .4 11 .0
Ecoijamic Devel-nument C) 2 2)
i c) i-, s Jin E L
100 300. 100
44
youth.
The point is that despite essential preoccupation with the real life work
problems of economic and social transition, there is in American Samoa, a
parallel explicit concern with the future of outdoor recreation which is
expressed at the local level as well as among leaders of the public and pri-
vate sectors. In response, the present study includes a full local-level
component in planning proposals deve"16ped furthor, on.
Facility/resource-related opportunities, then, are required for the
future. At present, most program- opportuni ties are provided by the Depart-
ment of Education throug h physical education classes, playground recesses,
and after-school sports and programs. The American Samoa Community College
(ASCC) has programs for its students, as do some of the private schools.
Court sports basketball and volleyball -- appear to be the most popular
at all levels.
Table, 6 in the Appendix dealing with educational recreation programs
shows that in the sample month of January 1980 there were over 11,500 public
and private school students in the elementary and high schools, plus an addi-
tional 9QO full or part-time college students in the ASCC. Note that this
large segment of the population is also the one with the most discretionary
time to apply to outdoor recreation. Further, it gets an added share of
formal recreational exposure in physical education classes. Program centers
on western/American athletics and is supported by a central team of recre-
ation specialists operating out of the Department 9f Education. Consequent-
ly, the youth age cohorts are developing recreational involvement and habits
that will influence strongly the future need for space, facilities, and pro-
gram opportunities related to the exposure and participation they have had
in school.
45
C. Public Organization and Administration: The Institutional Setting for
Outdoor Recreation
1. General
Outdoor recreation planning, as approached through T-CORP plan cycling
and development of annual action program , must be geared to a projected
corresponding level of organizational development. Coordination with other
planning activities is a fundamental point of departure.
Economic health is the foundation upon which extended planning must be
built. In placing American Samoa's economic situation in perspective, the
American Samoa Development Planning Office has made the following statement.
The present administration recognizes that clean-up and revitaliza-
tion of American Samoa's existing economy are required before a
more expansive program can be pursued. Consequently, the Terri-
tory's economic development emphasis to 1984 will be to maintain
and improve existing economic efforts and explore potentials which
are primarily based on existing resources. 16/
That statement includes major policy implications to which'T-CORP plan-
ning ought to be related.
At present "outdoor recreation" falls under the supervisory aegis of the
American Sawa Parks and Recreation Commission. The Commission was created
in the American Samoa Legislation (1980) which also contains the legislative
authority for participation in programs with the federal government, inclu-
ding funding programs. The 1980 legislation also creates a Department of Parks
& Recreation charged to prepare and maintain a "Territorial Comprehensive
Outdoor Recreation Plan" for submission to the Governor.
Recreational progranr, are managed mainly for school students and the
youth age cohort through heavy institutionalized involvement of the public
school system under the Department of Education. The private Catholic
school system independently coordinates its program. Some churches and pri-
46
vate service organizations generate sports-oriented recreational programs
that in part make use of some park open space but are not integrated under
public management. Recreation by tourists is separately under the review of
the Director of Tourism with coordinated discussion of joint use of park
space with the Chairman of the Parks and Recreation Commission. The Ter-
ritorial Sports Commission and Boxing Commission attend to certain formal
events and activities where standards and procedures must be maintained.
There are a Youth Office, a Youth Advisory Council, and an Advisory Committee
on Elderly Program .
Identification of historical landmarks -- a dimension of outdoor recre-
ation planning -- would fall within the expertise of the American Samoa His-
torical Preservation Commission. Identification of natural landmarks is not
under active pursuit, and no potentially facilitating existing agency is
apparent. Outdoor recreation planning and broad conservation p olicy should
be closely linked in the future, but organizational development of both is
necessary. There is a Special Assistant to the Governor for Environment, an
Environmental Quality Commission, and an Office of Marine Resources, but
again, no cabinet level department. A Zoning Board and a Land and Site Use
Committee function independently.
2. A Structured Role for Outdoor Recreation
As outdoor recreation becomes a significant part of contemporary Samoan
life, it is obvious that a consolidated authority to handle the many aspects
of its management is a necessity. The basic T-CORP related issues include
creation of a cohesive organizational structure for outdoor recreation, and
launching it effectively. This involves building the entity, creating inter-
agency linkages, developing a standing body of information, prescribing
47
policy, producing and maintaining plans, and creating an efficient action
route for project implementation. Creating facilities and developing sites
is only one aspect of the work. They must then be maintained and their acti-
vities programmed. The pace of development must be matched to available re-
sources. The application of resources must be within the organizational
capacity so that construction and new development can be balanced with main-
tenance and program management. The ability to enforce and maintain stand-
ards in support of policy throughout the recreation system must be planned.
It must be remembered that a new central recreational authority in
American Samoa must be at pains to balance the requirements of the two levels
of government (village and Territorial) whose respective roles must be inte-
grated carefully if optimum provision of recreational opportunities is to
occur. This is a unique overlay of responsibility beyond planninq; program
management; facility design, building, and maintenance; and a leading role
in inter-agency coordination.
The new Department is a cabinet level agency and requires budget and
staff to manage recreational facilities and program to any signiFicant
degree. It has a supervisory and policy recommending tole and coordinates
with other government agencies to produce results. Planning backup is pro-
vided by the Development Planning Office. Facility design drafting, con-
struction, and maintenance is chiefly through the Department of Public
Works.
The Parks and Recreation Commission itself recognizes the need for
institutional development to best handle future recreational needs and oppor-
tunities.
The recent developments described in the preface - specifically the
passage through the Fono, with endorsement into law by the Governor in
48
February 1980 of a bill to establish a Department of Parks and Recreation
and supersede the Parks and Recreation Control Board with a Parks and Recre-
ation Commission are most timely.
With this recent history of positive steps, an endurinq structure for
administration of outdoor recreation should receive the budgetary considera-
tion necessary for it to function viably at an early date.
With regard to HCRS requirements in gaining access to recreational plan
and project funding, the Department will have to conduct planning through an
ongoing process, and implement action programs. Aside from its basic work
load, such a newly formed department will have full time concerns in esta-
blishing itself, framing policy, and forging operational links to the
several other governmental entities that have an impact on outdoor recre-
ation. One of the reasons that the present plan recommends a multi-year
eligibility for American Samoa to the HCRS is the perceived need for this
new department to be free to concentrate on operations 'and management with-
out constantly facing an annual job of plan recycling. It is suggested that
extensive policy plan cycling on an annual basis can be dispensed with bene-
ficially in this small island community.
Just as the implicit question posed throughout this discussion has been,
where does outdoor recreation fit in the scheme of things in American
Samoa? -- so must a question be posed as to priorities within outdoor recre-
ation. There is no guarantee that sufficient funds will materialize to -met
all perceived outdoor recreational needs. Determination of priority, and
phasing of desired elements is required, and caution by both planners and im-
plementers that more is not attempted than can be developed and maintained
well.
The impact of institutional administration on the dynamic and evolving
49
field of outdoor recreation must be recognized. Exposure to western recre-
ation has resulted in an induced demand for those choices which may well
eclipse traditional Samoan forms. The central government efforts in promo-
ting outdoor recreation will reinforce public opinion as a function of what
is selected for emphasis. Minorities such as.the palagi community do not
face this "induced demand" situation. This group is in fact contributing to
induced demand for western preferences. The situation of other minorities
such as the Koreans and Taiwanese associated with the tuna fishing/canning
industry, and other non-Samoan residents in American Samoa remains to be
revealed. It is the overwhelming majority of Samoans themselves that is most
subject to recreational inducement. Consequently specialists on scene must
insure that this majority is not presented simply with one-sided recreational
al tern ati ves.
D. Inventory of Existing Recreational Resources and Potentials
The Samoan Islands.' in the heart of the Polynesian tropics, have their
own natural beauty in coves and stretching seascapes, white sand beaches and
precipitovs green mountains, waterfalls and broad fringing reefs. American
Samoa h@s the great natural harbor of Pago Pago Bay and unspoiled wilderness
in the Manu'a Group. Samoan culture adds a unique overlay to the tropical
island ambience. This is a setting where the prospect of passing leisure
time can be extremely attractive, but the organization of man-made facilities
compatible with this natural setting has been understandably limited.
Existin@ outdoor recreational resources are the products of work by the
former Territorial Parks and Recreation Control Board, the Department of
Education, miscellaneous sports programs administration by the Sports and
Boxing Commissions and a few service organizations, and limited involvement
50
by the private sector -- chiefly oriented to the visitor industry and cen-
tered in the one major hotel, the "Rainmaker."
The principal references for itemizing existing Territorial outdoor
recreational facilities are the existing American Samoa Recreation Area
Development Plan 1975-1980 (1975), and the recent Territorial Report to the
Governor on the State of Parks and Recreation in American Samoa (1979). Dia-
gram 3 which follows summarizes the utilization of current resource sites and
facilities.
The mainstay of existing resources, apart from facilities in the public
and private school systems, is a handful of Territorial Parks in various
stages of development, briefly summarized as follows: Pago Pago Park, Faga-
togo Malae/Shoreside development, Utulei Beach Park, Faga'alu Park, Anasosopo
"Bicentennial" Park, Tafuna Park, Lava Lava Golf Course, and a few.minor vil-
17/
lage parks. It may be noted that while all except the golf course are loca-
ted at the shore, there are few facilities for access to the ocean beyond a
couple of boat ramps (though a good network is planned) and a separate fish-
ing pier at Malaloa. Proposed Autapini Shoreside park remp-ins to be devel-
oped. Further, these facilities are grouped in the Pago Pago Bay Area or at
points to the west, with no primary facilities in East Tutuila and nothing
in the Manu'a Group.
The 1975 plan referenced above listssites on the National Registers of
Historic and Natural Landmarks: eight and seven respectively. This must be
regarded as the most rudimentary of departure points. Traditional Samoan
culture has not been tapped in the present historical site list. For exam-
ple, the culture hearth of Manu'a and the personage and rVstique of the
Tuimanua,"King of Mlanu'a", surely must involve some sites of significance
though none have yet been registered. The archaeological record remains to
51
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be examined with an eye to identification of sites that should be registered.
Beyond this, the whole issue of how these sites should be handled in
relation to parks and recreation, conservation, access, and boundary deli-
neation remains to be explored. Natural Landmarks also deserve comprehen-
sive attention. Some as yet unhandled sites come to mind immediately
such as Laufuti Falls on Ta'u said to have perhaps as high as a 1000-foot
cascade. Swain's Island deserves a look too.
Conservation areas such as sanctuaries and preserves, refuges and nat-
ural areas logically should be planned in coordination with parks and recre-
ation development -- if only to establish clearly the extent to which access
should be encouraged or restricted in each individual instance. Although
distant Rose Atoll is a National Wildlife Refuge, no other conservation
areas have yet been established.
Inventory of existing recreational programs from governmental, educa-
tional, religious, commercial, and private service organizations and clubs
reveals that schools (both public and private) are focal institutions for
outdoor recreation. Current lists from the Department of Education reveal a,
well-distributed hierarchy of schools from the American Samoa Community Col-
lege (ASCC) to the 4 public high schools, to 27 elementary schools, and even
to 1A5 "Village Early Childhood Education Centers." Private schools make a
contribution as well. The Marist Brothers High School playing field, though
private, is available for certain Department of Education activities such as
high school football games. It is regarded as one of the best existing
fields.
Other private organizations include Samoan Athletes in Action, the
American Athletic Association, Rotary Club, Rainmaker Hotel, Pago Pago Yac ht
Club, American Samoa Tennis Association, American Samoa Game Fish Associa-
54
tion, and the American Samoa Dive Club. At issue is how effectively dif-
ferent recreation resource managers can cooperate, with inclu5ion of private
0
sector counterparts, to realize mutually compatible goals in optimal use of
facilities and application of program with continuity.
Feedback from recreational leaders in American Samoa indicates that
sailing and small boat operations are in ascendency and that a pattern of
mooring off Utulei and Faga'alu Beach Parks and Malaloa is developing, par-
ticularly when some vessels ride out the hurricane season with extended
anchorage in Pago Pago Bay. A check with U.S. Coast Guard Aids to Navigation
in Honolulu reveals that there are not now any Special Anchorage Areas in
American Samoa. In federal "special anchorages", vessels under 65 feet in
length may anchor without the need to show anchor lights. Establishment of
such anchorages offers improved safety conditions, better defined space
available for mooring yachts, provides a basis for controlled setting of
fixed mooring buoys where these are appropriate, and has the additional
beneficial effect of providing anchorage ground space to seaward of beach
areas as a buffer against potentially incompatible and dangerous boating
activity. The utility of creating such anchorages off beach parks in Pago
Pago Bay can be explored further. None now exist.
Appendix B (keyed to Map 5) lists a detailed inventory of a wide range of
locations and features of potential interest in recreation/historical site/
conservation/open space planning. Appendix C extracts and lists sites iden-
tified as making a significant spatial and locational contribution to pro-
jected land-based recreational planning needs. It also deals with "special
use" sites, including beaches, and summarizes "open space" categoric re-
sources for future organization.
55
E General Analysis of the Recreational System
In American Samoa, few traditional active recreational pastimes persist
b
in the present. The exception is the "so'o" which maintains its hospitality
aspects while substituting modern sports competition (rugby, basketball,
football, cricket, volleyball) for traditional activities. Beyond this,
every indication is that future demand will be for contemporary recreational
opportunities. There is new awareness of the entire field of modern outdoor
recreation in American Samoa. The Territorial Government has incorporated
it in the general planning process.
Survey results reveal an immediate need for program emphasis on youth
and sports. Public discussion (specifically at the February 1980 meeting
of the Parks and Recreation Control Board) reveals a need to balance this
early requirement with lifetime recreational opportunities for all ages, in
long term planning.
The extensive public education system which includes physical educa-
tion classes and league sports competition powerfully reinforces aware-
ness of outdoor recreation with the young age groups which have the discre-
tionary time to apply to recreation. Competitive athletics and league play
are in ascendency, as is spectator participation -- with modern and western
activities predominating exclusively. Most recently, Department of Education
recreation specialists have introduced "touch" flag football and girls'
volleyball at the 7th and 8th grade levels.
Induced demand for new rather than traditional recreation choices can be
expected to continue. Mass media, an active resident community of western-
ers, publicity attached to outstanding Samoan athletes competing abroad,
and the supportive role of service organizations such as Samoan Athletes in
Action all foster this demand for new opportunities.
56
tion, and the American Samoa Dive Club. At issue is how effectively dif-
ferent recreation resource managers can cooperate, with incl ion of private
sector counterparts, to realize mutually compatible goals in optimal use of
facilities and application of program with continuity.
Feedback from recreational leaders in American Samoa indicates that
sailing and small boat operations are in ascendency and that a pattern of
mooring off Utulei and Faga'alu Beach Parks and Malaloa is developing, par-
ticularly when some vessels ride out the hurricane season with extended
anchorage in Pago Pago Bay. A check with U.S. Coast Guard Aids to Navigation
in Honolulu reveals that there are not now any Special Anchorage Areas in
American Samoa. In federal "special anchorages", vessels under 65 feet in
length may anchor without the need to show anchor lights. Establishment of
such anchorages offers improved safety conditions, better defined space
available for mooring yachts, provides a basis for controlled setting of
fixed mooring buoys where these are appropriate, and has the additional
beneficial effect of providing anchorage ground space to seaward of beach
areas as a buffer against potentially incompatible and dangerous boating
activity. The utility of creating such anchorages off beach parks in Pago
Pago Bay can be explored further. None now exist.
Appendix B (keyed to Map 5) lists a detailed inventory of a wide range of
locations and features of potential interest in recreation/historical site/
conservation/open space planning. Appendix C extracts and lists sites iden-
tified as making a significant spatial and locational contribution to pro-
jected land-based recreational planning needs. It also deals with "special
use" sites, including beaches, and summarizes "open space" categoric re-
sources for future organization.
55
E General Analysis of the Recreational System
In American Samoa, few traditional active recreational pastimes persist
in the present. The exception is the "so'o" which maintains its hospitality
aspects while substituting modern sports competition (rugby, basketball,
football, cricket, volleyball) for traditional activities. Beyond this,
every indication is that future demand will be for contemporary recreational
opportunities. There is new awareness of the entire field of modern outdoor
recreation in American Samoa. The Territorial Government has incorporated
it in the general planning process.
Survey results reveal an immediate need for program emphasis on youth
and sports. Public discussion (specifically at the February 1980 meeting
of the Parks and Recreation Control Board) reveals a need to balance this
early requirement with lifetime recreational opportunities for all ages, in
long term planning.
The extensive public education system which includes physical educa-
tion classes and league sports competition powerfully reinforces aware-
ness of outdoor recreation with the young age groups which have the discre-
tionary time to apply to recreation. Competitive athletics and league play
are in ascendency, as is spectator participation -- with modern and western
activities predominating exclusively. Most recently. Department of Education
recreation specialists have introduced "touch" flag football and girls'
volleyball at the 7th and 8th grade levels.
Induced demand for new rather than traditional recreation choices can be
expected to continue. Mass media, an active resident community of western-
ers, publicity attached to outstanding Samoan athletes competing abroad,
and the supportive role of service organizations such as Samoan Athletes in
Action all foster this demand for new opportunities.
56
Awareness of modern activities is expected to be matched by demand for
the equipment, space, and rule standards of the rest of the world since
Samoans will want to compete in an international setting. The role of the
public sector will predominate. There is scarcely any direct involvement by
the private commercial sector at present. Non-comme-rcial bodies such as the
Catholic and Mormon private schools will develop facilities to match their
program requi rements .There is good opportunity for public-private coordina-
tion of outdoor recreation program among Parks and Recreation authorities,
the public school system (DOE), the American Samoa Community College, pri-
vate schools, and community service organizations.
Tourism also relates to outdoor recreation development in American Samoa
and joint use of facilities. Tourism is part of the economic development
strategy for American Samoa. Enhancing tourism depends in large part on
developing things for tourists to do. In Oceania, this mans development of
the shoreline -- the focus of the visitor industry. At present the shore-
line is generally an undeveloped resource in Samoa. Only Utulei Beach
Park with its extension into the Rainmaker Hotel is a true sandy beach park
with protected swimming and support facilities.
There is capacity for recreational development in support of the visitor
industry. But it cannot be expected automatically that multiple or joint use
of specific tourist-oriented recreational facilities will become the rule --
first due to private use restrictions; and second due to varying activity
preferences . Visitors and tourists will make more and more use of terri-
torial parks and other public recreational facilities as quality opportuni-
ties with good access are offered. Table 10 in the Appendix displays Ameri-
can Samoa visitor traffic for the year 1978.
With land and space at a premium, and difficult to alienate under the
57
communal land tenure system, use of existing government lands and facilities
for new developments will be unavoidable in many cases and, moreover, gen-
erally an attractive option. The dispersed public school system presents
itself as a ready-made organizational and spatial network for the develop-
ment and expansion of recreational facilities, and for coordinating program
and joint use.
The littoral zone was mentioned as an example of a zonal category of land
space not yet well planned for public recreational use. Opportunities for
organization and administration of "open space" depend on the eventual
framing of a Territorial land use plan. Similarly, the whole question of
environmental conservation remains unanswered. Conservation planning should
be linked to parks and recreation planning in an effective organizational
structure. Appendices B and C of this report call attention to some sites
and general areas that have noticeable potential for handling as structured
open space.
Another concern is the lack of uniform functional standards for facili-
ties and activities at present. Interaction with the rest of the recre-
ational world at large requires application of such standards. The limited
space and population of the Territory does not warrant heavy public develop-
nRnt of elaborate recreational destinations at the local level. Thus al-
though a strong village-oriented program of recreation is viewed as a great
asset, space and fund limitations and the smallness of the user population
dictate that such program be pursued at the "recreational district" level
and at the "territorial" level in facilities serving many villages, with
general public access.
58
The following recreation-related trends must be addressed:
* INCREASED LEISURE TIME AS THE ECONOMY LOSES ITS COMMUNAL,
SUBSISTENCE CHARACTER.
* INCREASED EMPHASIS ON WESTERN/AMERICAN SPORTS AND OUTDOOR
RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES IN QUALITY FACILITIES AND PROGRAMS.
* GROWING DEMAND FOR ORGANIZED SPORTS WITH FACILITIES CAPABLE
OF HOUSING SPECTATORS.
* INCREASED DEMAND FOR SHORELINE AND WATER-RELATED OPPORTU-
NITIES.
* INCREASED COMPETITIVE DEMAND FOR LIMITED LAND RESOURCES BY
ALL SECTORS OF SOCIETY COMPELLING THOUGHTFUL AND EFFICIENT
USE OF RECREATIONAL SPACE FOR MAXIMUM PUBLIC BENEFIT.
THE EVIDENT NEED FOR LAND PLANNING AT ALL LEVELS FROM COM-
PREHENSIVE TERRITORIAL PLANNING TO VILLAGE LAND PLANNING
AND MANAGEMENT AS PRESSURE FOR CONVERSION OF COMMUNAL LANDS
INCREASES; THE NEED FOR "OUTDOOR RECREATION' AS A FUNC-
TIONAL SEGMENT OF PLANNING TO BE INTEGRATED WITH TERRITORIAL
AND LOCAL LEVEL LAND PLANNING.
59
In response, a system of territorial and district parks and other facil-
ities specializi.ng in certain roles is suggested. Pick the best locales to
develop spectator capabilities, beach activities, field sports, court sports
etc. , and develop quality specialized offerings for each by: applying space
and design standards; accounting for access and infrastructure capacity; and
by applying environmental criteria in site selection to avoid future hazards
or deficiencies.
organizational development (on the cornerstone of the new Department of
Parks and Recreation, facilitated by workable inter-agency agreements) will
be necessary to build for the future and maintain quality through administra-
tive continuity. Coordination must be fostered among the following govern-
mental arms: Parks and Recreation, Education, Community College, Local
Government, Development and Planning, Conservation, Tourism, Public Works,
League and Sports Commissions, Zoning, Public Safety, Historical Com-
mission -- as well as with private schools and service organizations.
60
.............
..... .......-
. . . . . . . . . .
J I
V. APPLICATION OF PLANNING STANDARDS
A. Service Population Planning Standards
NB. Table 2 tabulates and projects the population of American Samoa
through to the year 2005. Maps 3a an8 3b show the approximate
distribution of the resident population incrementally from 1980'
to 1985 to the year 2000. The recreational service population
includes visitors and transients who might seek recreational
opportunities. The service population has minority components
such as the handicapped and the elderly.
It has been pointed out how youth plays a dominant role in outdoor recre-
ation in American Samoa and how it also has the greatest opportunities in
programs supplied through the schools, and in the basic leisure time to apply
at this stage of life. The very young have the support of a broad network of
public Village Early Childhood Education Centers. There is a government
Youth Advisory Council.
The elderly benefit from the elderly handicraft fales operating in Pago
Park and at the Museum of American Samoa, and there is a government Advisory
Council on Elderly Programs. The Special Education Branch of the Department
of Education plays an important role in meeting the needs of the handi-
capped. As to minorities, the vast majority of the resident population is
Samoan with an admixture of other Polynesians who are in the main integrated
with Samoan village life.
The "palagi" community that is the outsiders who have come to work,
teach, advise, and do business in American Samoa -- have been shown to be a
major factor in the evolution of induced demand for American recreation and
thus are in no sense a minority for recreation planning purposes despite
their comparatively small numbers.
62
Visitors fall within the domain of the Office of Tourism. At present
there are relatively few things for visitors to do in Samoa. Little joint
use of existing recreational facilities occurs beyond use of the Rainmaker
Hotel, Utulei Beach, and Lava Lava Golf Course. Transient yachtsmen,
divers, and sport fishermen make some use of the marine environment, but
their numbers are few. A theme of the present study has been to emphasize
the need for cooperation among parks and recreation authorities, the Office
of Marine Resources, and the Office of Tourism to investigate ways to adapt
existing facilities to better joint use, enhance marine-related opportuni-
ties by development of support services at several locations, and in general
to use outdoor recreation as one element within which to create a broader
range of things for visitors to do. These are also stated themes in Ameri-
can Samoa economic development planning.
The last somewhat specialized segment of the service population is that
composed of transient commercial fishermen -- almost entirely Korean and
Taiwanese who work the fleets that supply the Van Camp and Starkist tuna
canneries. Their reason for being in Samoa is entirely due to their com-
mercial status. Managing business factors in the industry, both ashore and
afloat have their own contractual responsibilities for meeting the needs of
their workers. The home governments in Korea and Taiwan also have an in-
direct role. Korean fishermen are provided a leisure "home away from home"
in Korea House, an independent facility located in the Pago Park area.
The general homogeneity of the population and its pattern of settlement
predominates over such minority conditions as must occur in any population.
There is no segregation of age-sex cohort components of the service popula-
tion. Active pursuits are, in any event, limited to those physically quali-
63
fied to participate. Passive opportunities can certainly be designed for
access by all. Design is the key for enhancing opportunities for the handi-
capped. There is a wealth of contemporary expertise in facility design
geared to the handicapped per access, supporting infrastructures, safety
features, and so forth Those unable to pursue certain active sports can
certainly enjoy them as spectators -- provided awareness of the needs of
the handicapped has been applied to construction and design standards. Dia-
gram 4 following identifies some physical and social concerns relating to
selected activities.
The applicable service population planning concept to be applied in the
American Samoan case, then, does not relate to formulas or models for dis-
:@ggregating the total population into specialized components. Rather 1'.', @s
to establish the distribution of fairly uniform recreational require:- -Cs
.t_[:-nLgh the geographic space of the territory according to the parameters
of aggregate population as dispersed in the landscape, and access to facili-
ties and si'Les serving it.
To this end, three levels of areal criteria have been set in defining
planning standards: territorial, district, and local. Later section5 6e,-x
cribe in detail the precise population and access standards applying at ak&
level.
The basic standard applied has been to define areal qualification for
territorial. level opportunities to be a service population of up to 50,001
people -- in effect, the Territory of American Samoa.
A district level standard set at a district service population of up to
10,000 people was applied in association with-access to derive five separate
recreational service districts to encompass the territory as a whole.
64
DIAGRAN 14.
ACTIVITIES
PHYSICAL AND
r
-SOCIAL
@-ONSIDMTIONS
L
>
XII indicates
standard appl-les V
to the activity
Active Pursuits: Land I
1. Court Sports
-4 - -
Basketball/Volleyball x X, x X-- x J x x x@ x x x
Padminton x X! x X. x X:x x x ix x x x x
Tenni s X A- x X, x X.x x x ---X.X x x x
2. Field Sports
Baseball/softball X@xj x _x X-x x X.X X-.X x x x
X@ I .-. -- - -- - - . . I - ---
Football/ruqby/Soccer x 4- x x I x x X x x X'x x X. x
J
Cricket x x 11 x -,x x:x X--- X X 'X X x x
Tract- and field @jx x x x x x x X!x x x x
x x x xjx x 1 x X X X;X X x x
,:01f XX
C" 3. Other
S.i,,.in,, (Pool) x X! x x I x x x x x x x x x
Diving (board) x 1 1 x x X@ x X.X x X X DC
Water Polo (pool) x X, x x x x x x x x
,tive Pursuits: Shoreline/Watcr
1. Boating/Raclng/Sailing x x x x x x x x x
2. Swiming/Surfing x x x x x x x x x x x x
3. Water Skiing X! X: x -X. X.X-j x x x x
4. Sail Surfing X! x 'X x x x x x x
5. Surfing, boardAody XI X.X X x x x x x x
6. Diving X, xx x x x x x x x
7. Fishinq/general x x x x x x x x x x
Passive Pursuits
1. Hiking X x x x x x x x x x x xI-x x x x
2. Strolling x x x x x x x X- x x x x x x x x
3. Picnicking x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Other
1. Rilinq x Ix x x x x x x x x xix x x x
Motoring x x x x x x x x x x K XIX X X x
3. Huntinq x X,X X x x Ix I Ix i X I x
At the local level, recreational divisions within districts were des-
cribed using a basic population criterion of 1,000 people.
Having set these standards, a land-based recreational spatial require-
ment of 1 land-based recreational acre per 2,000 population at each level
was determined to suit American Samoan conditions. Thus the combined land-
based recreational space per 2,000 population would be a total of three
18/
acres. Note that this standard is built strictly on non-specialized land
space. Facilities or recreational elements to be fielded within that space
are a separate consideration. Specialized facilities such as golf courses
and beaches are not allowed to contribute to satisfaction of the land-based
requirement. They represent additional opportunities, just as do marine
resources,.open space, conservation zones, natural and historic landmarks,
etc.
The purpose of this rigorous comparison of land-based resources to
requirements is to test availability of essential recreational space for
the future -- suitably distributed per population and access standards.
Specific results of this matching process are reported in the section fol-
lowing.
B. Explicit Spatial Comparison: Resources and Needs
1. Application of Standards
Application of planning standards developed earlier in this section has
required geographic division of the landscape according to population and
access so as to derive the recreational districts displayed in Map VI. Note
that -these recreational districts do not conform to existing administrative
districts or regional planning areas. Development of pioneer roads has
created new access patterns with outlying areas which in turn have yielded
66
the analytical divisions explained below.
The basic spatial need calculation revolves strictly around land-based
and shore-located but land-related. requirements and resources at the terri-
torial, "recreational" district, and local levels. Shorefront and water-
related resources are handled separately, as are specialized land-based uses
(such as the golf course). Open space, either in the high watershed or lit-
toral zone, trails, marine preserves, natural landmarks, territorial marine
facilities (such as fish aggregation buoys), and such conservation zones as
may be established are all treated separately.
a. Territorial Level
The overall planning standard for need qualification at the territorial
level is "over 30,000 up to 50,OOQ population." The standard space require-
men.t developed earlier of "I acre per 2,000 population" for each @ualifying
level of recreational need applies at the territorial level. Siting is sim-
ply "within the territory as a whole" with primary consideration for central
location and access per the total population coupled with selection of indi-
vidual sites best suited for intended uses -- and needs projqcted to the
year 2000. By these criteria, the isolated Manu'a Group does not qualify
for siting of any territorial level land-based facilities. Manu'a does
qualify at the district and local levels, and does have marine and open
space resources.
b, Recreational District Level
To accommodate the physical layout of American Samoa, the dichotorgy
between urban and rural locales, and the particularly acute isolation of
the Manu'a Islands, three complementary standards for district level need
67
qualification were developed for population projections to 1985 and 2000:
1) "Severe access" problems coupled with population of at least 1,500.
Manu'a Recreation District
2) Access problem due to geographic "attenuation" coupled with population
of at least 5,000.
East Tutuila Recreation District
(Regional Planning Areas #2 & #3 + Aua Village + Tafa-
nani. This includes all access to the main trunk road
from Aua Village east, including Vatia and Afono which
have their trunk access through Aua).
West Tutuila Recreation District
(Regional Planning Area #6 minus Aoloau Village minus
Aasu Village. This includes all access to the main
trunk road west of the bottleneck at Futiga).
3) Generally "acceptable access" (open road or urban walking) coupled with
population of at least 10,000.
Pago Pago Bay Recreation District
(Regional Planning Area #4 + Fagasa + Matuu/Faganeanea
minus Aua minus Tafananai. This includes all Bay Area/
trunk road access west of Aua Village and east of the
narrow coast road bottleneck east of Nu'vuli).
Tafuna Area Recreation District
(Regional Planning Area #5 + Aoloau + Aasu minus Fagasa
minus Matuu/Faganeanea, thus the entire contiguous
shared-access area east of Futiga, west of the east
Nu'uuli road bottleneck, and up to the Aoloau Plateau).
Five Recreation Districts thus have been derived which should have recre-
ational planning utility through the turn of the century, regardless of
idiosyncratic development of settlement and distribution of population at
the local level. The basic spatial standard of one land-based acre per
2000 population applies for district level requirements.
68
c. Local Level
It is not realistic to set a local level access standard so high that
every isolated residence has access. At the same time, a dispersed popula-
tion that spends much time in the village, and which is organized in vil-
lages of greatly varying sizes, must be accorded standards that insure that
smaller settlements more isolated from territorial opportunities and perhaps
even district level opportunities still have some appropriate recreational
resources to meet their needs. Thus the standard "one acre per 2000 popu-
lation" spatial guideline is modified (made more responsive) at the local
level to allow qualification by any of the three following formulas:
1) Local Level "Exceptional": 112 acre for less than 500 people where
access to non-local opportunities or ne-i-gFB-oring local opportuni-
ties is limited by unusual geographic conditions and distances.
Note that "clustering" of small settlements close together is
required for enumeration purposes so that a sufficient user field
of at least a few hundred people is generated to warrant some sort
of resource development.
2) Local Level "Rural": 1/2 area per 500 people either isolated across
water (example: Aunu'u) or more than 15-20 minutes driving from
territorial/district facilities.
3) Local Level "Urban": 112 area per 1000 people with normal access --
within 10-15 minutes walking or 5-10 minutes driving of local
recreational opportunities.
These local level standards have been applied within the areas of the
separate recreational districts to develop "local" divisions within which
to compare local level requirements and resources.
d. Comparison of Requirements to Resources
Complete tabular analysis is displayed in Appendix C. Net results, dis-
cussion, and conclusions are summarized in Diagram 5 following. On the
assumption of reasonable availability through provision of access and co-
ordination of program, significant existing resources from among the follow-
ing authorities have been inventoried: Parks & Recreation, Department of
69
RESULTS : TAPPING ALL EXISTING RESOURCES,
GENERALLY GOOD FIT BOTH SPACE AND DISTRIBUTION PROVIDED
* DEVELOP ANASOSOPO DISTRICT PARK.
* CREATE 3 ADDITIONAL ACRES OF DISTRICT-LEVEL PARK IN TAFUNA,
* UPGRADE A CORE 14 ACRES IN PAGO PARK (TERRITORIAL LEVEL). DIAGRAm 5. QUANTITATI
RESULTS: DOE/ASCC RESOURCES UNAVAILABLE, LAND-BASED RECfZEATIONA
* Co LAPSE OF ENTIRE LOCAL LEVEL RESOURCE RESPONSE VIA LOSS OF & REQUIREMENTS -- TERR
ACRES, CHIEFLY IN DISPERSED HALF-ACRE PARCELS,
* Loss OF ALL EXISTING WEST TUTUILA RESOURCES -- 6 ACRES OF RECREATIONAL SEYMCE D
LEONE HIGH SCHOOL FIELDS AND COURTS,
* IDENTICAL DISTRICT-LEVEL DEVELOPMENT REQUIREMENTS IN ANASOSOPO LOCAL =L3 + CORE U
AND TAFUNA PLUS THE PAGO PARK UPGRADING REQUIREMENT, CONCLUSIONS.
COKLUSIGNS: FUNDMENTAL PLAN IMPLEVENTATION ACTIONS,
* SEEK 5-YEAR T-CORP POLICY PLAN ELIGIBILITY FROM DEPT, OF
INTERIOR HCRS SO THAT SUBSEQUENT RESOURCE APPLICATIONS CAN BE
TO IMPLEMENTATION NOT REPLANNING,
0 CONSOLIDATE A DEFINITE PARKS AND OUTDOOR R@CREATION AUTHORITY
WITHIN THE EVOLVING ORGANIZATION OF THE AMERICAN SAMOA OUAATITATIVE SUMARY: LAAD-BASED RECREATION
GOYER)qMENT,
CD . EFFECT INTER-AGENCY FACILITY-SHARING AND @ROGRAM AGREEMENTS LEVELS REO ACRES N@Offt@@S C flif
PARTICULARLY AMONG PARKS & RECREATION, EPT, OF EDUCATION, 1985 S WQ
AND THE COMMUNITY COLLEGE, TO PROTECT LOCAL LEVEL CAPABILITY, TERRITORIAL 18 23.25 +
* EXPAND AND UPGRADE THE MANU'A HIGH SCHOOL FIELD ON AVAJLABLE
ASG DOE LAND, TO MEET MINIMUM NEEDS OF ISOLATED MANU A. MA;qU'A DISTRICT: 1 .75 -
0 DEVELOP ANASOSOPO PARK, FOR EAST TUTUILA MINIMUM DISTRICT NEEDS. LOCAL 1.25 2.25 +
* CREATE 3 ADDITIONAL ACRES OF DISTRICT-LEVEL PARK IN THE EAST T. DISTRICT: 4 4.5 +
TAFUNA RECREATION SERVICE DISTRICT, FOR MINIMUM DISTRICT NEEDS, LOCAL 4.75 8 +
* UPGRADE CORE 14 ACRES IN PAGO PARK (TERRITORIAL LEVEL), PAGO B. DISTRICT: 5 10.5 +
* DEVELOP A CAREFULLY AND COMPREHENSIVELY PLANNED RECREATION PIER
COMPLEX IN MALALOA -- IMMEDIATE ASSOCIATED ECONOMIC AND LOCAL 5.25 4.75
TOURISM IMPLICATIONS. TAFUNA DISTRICT: 6 3
0 EARMARK LOCAL PARK SPACE IN NU'UULl -- A CRITICAL GROWTH AREA, LOCAL 6 8 +
* EXPAND AND UPGRADE UTULEI BEACH PARK AS PLANNED, WEST T, DISTRICT: 4 6 +
REVIEW TERRITORIAL POLICY ON FUTURE PUBLIC AVAILABILITY OF ASCC
RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS, AS A PLANNING FOUNDATION, LOCAL 4.5 9.25 +
DEVELOP THE OPEN SPACE, COASTAL ZONE, CONSE-RVATION DIMENSION OF TOTALS OVERALL 59.75 80.25 +
OUTDOOR RECREATION PER REGULATIONS AND STATUTE.
COORDINATE WITH HISTORIC PRESERVATION COMMISSION TOWARD POLICY TER, 18.0 23.25 +
AND PROGRAM OF SITE SELECTION. DISTRICT: 20.0 24.75 +
APPLY FUNDS EARMARKED FOR LAVA LAVA GOLF COURSE EXPANSION, LOCAL 21.75 32.25 +
Education, Community College, other ASG, existing village deve1opments, and
selected private resources -- chiefly schools. The general conclusion
resulting is that with such inter-agency coordination there is adequate
space and distribution of resources to meet the vast majority of require-
ments at all levels. Without such coordination, that is, with the Depart-
ment of Parks and Recreation unable to tap the resources of other authori-
ties (particularly DOE), there would be a serious shortfall in delivery of
adequate recreational opportunities to the general public.
Calculations yield a combined 1985 land-based recreational acreage
requirement of 59.75 acres. With resources of all listed sources available,
this require ment in the aggregate would be more than met by identified
acreage totalling 80.25. In fact, an excess (aggregate) would be present
at all three levels which would come' very close to meeting the ag"re:gate
9 '
19/
land-based requirements for population projected to the year 2000.- Note
however that filling territorial level requirements (18@acres) requires up-
gr ading of a core 14.75 acres in Pago Park. Further, the standards' dis'-
cussed above refer only to space and not to the extent or condition of
facilities within such space, a sepa*rate concern entirely.
Distributionally, a serious immediate shortfall occurs at the district
level for the Tafuna Area. A 1985 requirement of 6 acres is calculated but
only an estimated 3 net acres (in Tafuna Park) exists. It is possible that
rigorous surveyor calculations might show more acreage in Tafuna Park, but
practically speaking, its long narrow design does not lend itself to the
basic multiple-use athletic field requirement that is essential in a dis-
trict level park. As it will be noted that the Tafuna area is the major
region of projected growth, the obvious conclusion is that development of
sufficient district level facilities in Tafuna must be given priority. The
71
American Samoa Community College has phased plans for recreational develop-
nk,-nts that could help satisfy this need. However, availability might be in
doubt due to the internal use requirements of the ASCC which might leave
little ti me left over for public use. In any event, an interagency agree-
ment would be required to access even such time as ASCC scheduling could
leave available.
Perhaps an entirely new park site is needed in a central land location
on the Tafuna Plain, near the trunk road, under direct Departmiental control.
Alternatives are expansion at Tafuna Park (perhaps in a non-contiguous
parcel), expansion and shared development at the ASCC, associated develop-
ment at the Lava Lava Golf Course, or breaking of new ground in the open
space on the Aoloau Plateau or conceivably on Logotala Hill. (Spatially,
this latter site is possible, but its access is poor and its development
would be expensive. Moreover the theme at Logotala is conceived as more in
the line of conservation and open space as opposed to heavy active use).
Research- of a brand new park site near the "geomietric center" of the Tafuna
Plain is recommended as a medium-range objective. In the short rUn, the
Tafona district requirement must be met by space-sharing and program co-
ordination.. If such is not possible, development of new district park
space may require more i-mmediate priority. Notice that a possible site on
the Pala Lagoon shore Nuuuli-side was not mentioned. Projected expansion
of population in Nuuuli is so great that any potential space available there
will require direct application to local level needs. Apart from this,
Nuuuli is at the edge of the Tafuna Recreation District. General access
requires a more central location.
Anasosopo Landfill Park in the East Tutuila Recreation District is
another high priority requiremnt. The district level requirement them is
72
for 4 acres. All of this requirement must be filled by Anasosopo Park which
is not yet developed. There is another 3/4 acre at Faga'itua High School,
but its small size and configuration cause it to be applied to local rather
than district level requirements.
Contrast the above picture with the result that would occur if DOE and
ASCC land resources were excluded from the equation. Under these conditions
only an aggregate 50.5 available acres can be mustered a shortfall of
9.25 acres. No problem occurs at the territorial level where an excess of
acres would still exist. At the district level, the same shortfall of 3
acres in Tafuna would persist, Loss of Leone schools would eliminate the
entire current West Tutuila district resource leavi'ng a shortfall of 4
acres. Manua would lose its full available resource for a deficit of 1 acre.
Only the Pago Bay Area would show 'a surplus at the district level.
Most importantly, a local level shortfall of 8.25 acres would be intro-
duced as a result of withdrawing the elementary schools., Since the local
requirement is chi.efly subdivided into-1/2, and 1/4 acre parcels, the 8.25
acre deficit would in effect undermine the local level recreation effort
throughout the territory and create a wholly unacceptable shortfall per
recreational requirements.
In summary, meting projected spatial requirements means:
1)., priority attention to inter-agency agreements, particu-
1,arly with DOE, to protect the potential for satisfac-
tory local level recreati-on;
2) immediate improvement of Anasosopo as the prime East
Tutuila district level resource;
73
3) the development of @ additional acres at the district level
in the Tafuna Plains Area;
4) fundamental upgrading of a core 14+ acres in Pago Park to
meet territorial requirements;
5) in Manula, turning attention to expansion of the field
area at Manu'a High School (on av ailable.ASG DOE land
extending along the road beyond the present field) to
provide a fqll-size multi-purpose athletic field for this
one rec reational district that is remote from all land-
based territorial resources found in Tutuila;
6) creating local park space in Nu'uuli which has none now
and is a projected high growth area;
7) upgrading school recreation space on Aunu'u Island since it
is water isolated from all terri'torial and district level
lapd-based recrqational oppQrtunities.
C.- Facilities, Specialized Activities and Open Space
1. Faqilities
The term "facility" has a range of applications -- anything from a
larg@,sqole multi-purpose park to a sin-gle building,- court, playground, boat
ramp or other improvement standing alone, or as an element in a larger com-
plex. Appendix D gives the area and dimension requirements for regulation-
SiTe development of some of the larger facilities such as multiple-use
courts and fields. Design of specific facilities, how they would be
arranged at specific sites, and what construction standards would be
74
applied, are implementation concerns beyond the scope of general outdoor
racreation planning.
Individual developments must be tailored to site conditions, but must
share common space, design, construction, and identification standards with
the rest of the recreational system. Color schemes and identification signs
ought to be consistent. Court and field markings ought to be applied in
consistent patterns. Such continuity in the physical plant complements the
consistent application of use policy and management. The overall result is
to provide good visibility of the general recreation system to the public.
Such application of physical design and improvement standards helps create a
setting in which preferred norms for behavioral standards can be more rea-
dily induced. It is all part of good management, again, beyond the scope of
base-line planning.
For T-.CORP planning purposes a general assignment of activities to
facility types, within site classifications (as follows), and overall space
and dimension standards (as supplied in Appendix D) are the essential com-
ppnents.
Grouping of Activity Clusters by Facilities and Sites
4and,Based
Territorial Park: Multi ple-Athleti c Field/Ceremonial Malae with
Specta*tor Facility.
Multiple-Recreation Courts.
Picnic Areas and Rain Shelter Pavilions.
Handicraft/Elderly Fales.
Cricket Runs and Playground.
Strollways and Landscaping.
Equipment Issue and Control Station with
Permanent Security/Maintenance.
Night Lighting for Extended U@e.
District Park: Multiple-Use Sports Field.
Multi ple-Recreation Courts.
Cricket Run and Playground.
Picnic Areas/Strollways.
Additional elements unique to the particular
park setting.
75
Local Park: Multiple-Recreation Court.
General Playground Space.
"Tot Lot".
* Land-Based Sp ecialized: Track & Field Facilit with some Spectator
Capacity.
Football/Rugby/Soccer/Baseball Field Installa-
tion designed for Spectators.
Field House/Gymnasium/Weight Room/Ring.
Olympic Swimming Pool with Spring-Board Diving.
9 or 18 Hole Golf Course.
Special Conveyances -- Example: Aerial Tram-
way.
* Water-Based
Terri tori al Level Beach Parks & Designated Beaches with Swim-
ming, Snorkeling, Smallboat Sailing.
Marinas and Recreational Piers/Support Ser-
vices.
Fish Aggregation Buoys & Fish Weighing Sta-
tions.
Underwater Marine Preserves.
Special Anchorage Mooring Areas.
District Level: Elements such as boat ramps, fishing piers.
finger piers, swimmiIng aInd surfing spots
that may or may not be part of a territorial
system, but which can be located compatibly
at district park developments.
Local. Level; Village beaches and swimming spots plus such
individual elements as introduced above'
which may happen to be appropriate at a
local level site even though isolated from
a larger park complex.
o Open Space (All administered territorially, but possibly
contiguous or integrated with other elemnts
in the recreational system.)
Scenic coasts, islands, mountain watersheds.
Trail and camp systems, jogging/running
courses.
Historic Landmarks.
Natural Landmarks .
Wildlife/Vegetation Refuges & Conservation
Zones.
Special wilderness or unspoiled natural areas
such as the Steps Pt area -- identified for
unusual management handling.
76
2. Specialized Activities and Open Space
Outdoor recreation sites and facilities must met both passive and ac-
tive requirements. Picnicking, strolling, and playing the spectator role
are examples of the former. Sports competition, jogging, snorkeling, and
sailing are examples of the latter.
Activities are pursued at facilities and sites. Such facilities and
sites may be land-based (as detailed in the resource tabulations in Appen-
dix C, Diagrams 6a-6h) or water-based -- that is related to the marine and
shoreline environments per water/shoreline-dependent uses and activities.
As Diagram 4 shows, there need to be active and passive opportunities in
both settings. Specialized uses require specialized facilities. A big
public park like Pago Pago can handle a wide range of activities, but it
takes a golf course to serve the specialized activity of golf. A general
public beach park like Utulei Beach covers most of the standard beach acti-
vities like swimming, sunning, and small sailboat activities. But it takes
a marina with vessel-related space and services to handle the special
marine needs of cruising yachts. Marine and shoreline-related resources
are detailed in Appendix C, Diagram 6j. For planning purposes, these are
all considered "specialized." Active and passive pursuits are covered.
The third major category of recreational resources besides established
land-based and water-based recreational facilities encompasses open space,
conservation zones, and historical and natural landmarks. Once again both
passive and active pursuits may be involved, but the overriding theme is
one of environmental control , regulation of access, and restriction of acti-
vity. Wildlife sanctuaries, historical sites, improved hiking trails,
unique natural settings, scenic coasts and mountain wilderness are all
examples.
77
Planned open space contributes to preservation of scenic quality and
local lifestyle. It can help maintain the character of a locality ("local
color") and economic land values as in farm land or coastal resort land.
it provides spatial relief in the urban setting, contributes to urban
design, and enhances the quality of life. Designation of open space further
can protect watersheds, animal habitat, environmentally sensitive or scenic
areas, and can contribute to containment of the settlement pattern and to
floodplain management. It can provide an additional setting for certain
types of outdoor recreation and can be used to establish, buffer, and pro-
tect historic or archeaological sites. Open space is a valuable resource
and an important component of comprehensive land use planning and manage-
ment. Appendix B, and Diagram 6i in Appendix C report on open space re-
sources and identify some explicit opportunities of potential priority in-
terest.
D. Focus on the Coastal Zone: Access, Use, Protection
1. The Coastal Zone: Its Management Potential
The shoreline, as an outdoor recreation and open space resource, remains
relatively unimproved. The coast is characterized by sandy and coral rubble
beaches. Though relatively unimproved, it is well used as a recreational
resource and economic asset. In a recently conducted community profile sur-
vey, heads of households or their spouses indicated that they swam (50%) and
they fished (40'/0), generally to supplement their income and for home con-
201
sunption.
The use of the coastal zone as an economic resource is further substan-
tiated by the recently completed village survey by the Development Planning
Office of the American Samoa Government. The villagers were able to iden-
78
tify well over 25 species of fish, suggesting the importance of fish in
their diet. This important littoral recreational and economic resource is
being threatened by growth and economic change.
There is a contemporary need to plan and manaqe the shore. The recently
completed Draft Coastal Zone Management Program Document catalogs a host of
shore-related issues. Specific policies have been formulated to address
principal problem areas. The most noteworthy statements relate to shore-
line development, access, protection and management.
The Coastal Zone Management Program (CZMP) provides a broad management
umbrella to guide the use, development and protection/conservation of the
21/
American Samoa ecosystem. The program consists of three major policy
areas: government processes, development policies, and resource policies.
One section pertinent to outdoor recreation and open space issues is Execu-
tive Order X-80 which delegates the responsibility for and establishes a
network of executive agencies managing coastal resources. It also desig-
nates inner Pago Pago Harbor and Pala Lagoon as Special Areas. It includes
development policies for the shoreline, emphasizing review of any proposed
permits or projects within an area 200 feet landward from the man high tide
mark in order to reduce, avoid or otherwise limit degradation of shoreline
res ources, insure visual access and reduce susceptability to coastal hazards.
It outlines resource policies, environmental protection and conservation in
general, and shoreline access specifically physical access to beaches.
2. Inventory of Potential Resources
An inventory of potential resources relating to the shoreline has been
completed and is found in Appendix C of this Plan. The inventory is classi-
fied by the following categories:
79
Underwater Parks and Preserves
General Recreation-Related Marine Facilities
Proposed Special Anchorages
Boat Ramps and Fish Aggregati,on Buoys
Surfing Sites
Beaches
Historic Landmarks
Natural Landmarks
Potential Conservation Sites
These sites and facilities are elements in the coastal resource base for
recreation. Primary shoreline protection concerns are shown on the "Selec-
ted Environmental Factors" Map.
3. Defining Shoreline Management Concepts
Protection and access in the coastal zone require- a few operational
planning concepts. The following concepts are suggested to help supply a
management context.
a. Operational Definition of Beaches:
The American Samoa Coastal Zone Management Program defines a beach as
An accumulation of unconsolidated deposits along the shore with their
seaward boundary being at the low tide or reef flat platform level
and extending in a lanclward direction to the strand vegetation of
first change in physiographic relief to topographic shoreline. All
shorelines of American Samoa are included for visual purposes.
This comprehensive definition encompasses the entire shoreline for all
islands within American Samoa.
b. Operational Definition of Protection: An Environmental Perspective
Protection of shoreline resources refers to public safety as well as to
conservation and preservation of physical resources. Public safety of
course refers to areas which are subject to periodic hazards relating to
flooding, high winds, storrrwave surge, and to geologically-hazardous lands.
These areas are generally identified as environmentally-sensitive areas.
Conservation and preservation of physical resources include the follow-
so
ing definitions:
Coastal Dependent Development -- Activities, improvements and facilities
that are associated with water transportation, power generation, and tour-
ism.
Water Dependent Uses -- Activities which require a site on or imme-
diately adjacent to coastal waters to function effectively: ports, marinas,
boat ramps, and dry docks.
Water Related Uses -- Activities which rely on water dependent facilities
for purposes such as: utilization of coastal waters as a production source;
utilization of the coastal Zone for the cycling and transportation of mate-
rials and products -- canneries, manufacturing plants, and water desaliniza-
tion installations; and utilization for shoreline recreation.
Scenic Aesthetics -- pleasing natural open space includes but.is not
limited to vistas and visual corridors of landscapes and seascapes, unusual
landforrm and vegetation complexes, particular beaches and aquatic use areas,
and sites of unusual cultural significance (archaeologically or historically)
which happen to be located in the coastal zone.
4. Future Prospects
The American Samoa Government has taken the initial steps to provide a
planning and management framework for guiding the use, development, and pro-
tection of its shoreline zone. Focus on a management network in the ini-
tial stages of developmental planning provides the context within which to
identify opportunities and problem. A 200-foot developmental review zone
has been recommended; two special areas have been identified (Pala Lagoon
and Inner Pago Pago Harbor); and the entire shoreline has been designated
as a resource.
81
Involvement of the T-QORP in the coastal zone is based on the need to
identify and establish sites for water-dependent and water-.related recre-
ational activities. Such sites must have suitable access. They must avoid
hazard zones -- or be managed so that use is restricted when hazardous con-
ditions exist. They must be developed, used, and maintained with ecological
and aesthetic concerns in mind.
.E. Resource Management Concepts
Certain resource themes have been implied in the text so far that should
be summarized at this point since they figure so prominently in the sub-
sequent statement of a "Strategy for Accomplishment" of goals and objectives
to be. set forth in the T-CORP Policy Statement.
The first is joint use -- the concept that a single resource base, site,
or facility can be utilized by more than one recreational sub-population.
For example, a school playground can serve students in physical education
classes during school hours, and can also serve the general public after
hours, Utulei Beach Park, as another example, can be jointly used by
tourists from the.Rainmaker, the general public, transient fishermen and
villagers from Utulei.
The second is multiple use.-- the concept that a single resource base,
site, or facility qan be utilized for more than one purpose. For example,
when a hard-surfaced recreation court is constructed, it makes sense to
configure and mark it so that the one court can be used for basketball,
volleyba.11., tennis, tetherball, or school "square" and "circle" games. (In
other words, make it big enough for the largest of these activities, mark it
with different playing lines suitable to the different activities, and sup-
ply it with alternative stations for basketball backboards; volleyball
82
poles, or tennis net stanchions, so it can be set up for any of these mul-
tiple uses as necessary.)
if a big grassy athletic field is to be created, make sure the surface
is designed and configured so it can be used for football, rugby, or soccer,
and if possible, for baseball and softball as well.
Using Utulei again as an exam ple, the beach park can be used for beach
activities, swimming, snorkeling, or for launching and retrieving light
sailboats.
The third is specialized use. It is not possible to make every park a
beach park or to have spectator facilities at every field. There is not
enough land, not enough money, and all sites are not universally suited to
every activity. Instead, some sites are intended for specialized uses.
Utulei is a beach park. Lava Lava is a golf course. Malaloa is a recre-
ational boating pier. Samoana High School has a running track although
a substandard one that should be relocated. After all, American Samoa has
only a population of about 30,OOQ -- equivalent to a small town on the U.S.
mainland, wherein one normally would not expect to find "two high schools,"
"two stadiums," "two swimming pools," and so forth. Facilities of this
nature, by all planning standards, must be unitary for a service population
as small as 30,000. Therefore, since such specialized use is indicated, it
makes sense to look for the best possible locations in which to field these
one-of-a-kind recreational opportunities.
The fourth is upgrading and expansion of existing facilities -- a self-
explanatory concept that is a central theme of the current American Samoa
Economic Development Plan. This concept is extra important in the communal
land-holding setting of American Samoa because of difficulty in finding new
alternate sites suitable or available for alienation from current non-
83
recreational uses.
Fifth is the concept of quality development, linked closely with the
previous paragraph. With resources of space and money in short supply, with
increasing joint and multiple use intended, and with potential competing
land uses always waiting in the wings, developments must be of good quality
in order to provide good service, justify use of the site, and stand up to
wear and tear.
84
VI. AMERICAN SAMOA OUTDOOR RECREATION POLICY
CONTEXT
Immediate objectives will be listed in the Five-Year Plan. Initial im-
plementation will be contained in the first Annual Action Plan. But a
Policy Statement must be long range at least 20 years and thus to the
torn of the century. For this reason the present plan has been at pains to
project population and land use/settlement trends into that future time
f ram@_- .
The fundamental intent of future outdoor recreation policy is that it be
developed in the context of general planning efforts. It is assumed that
unified central governmental control of overall planning will evolve and in-
creasingly integrate functional planning toward territorial goals. It is
further assumed that comprehensive land use planning will be the basic para-
digm of island design in American Samoa for the future, and that social,
economic, and environmental concerns will be balanced and sustained.
Parks and outdoor recreation development is seen as having a significant
impact and "function" in regards to all three of these broad aspects of
life in American Samoa. Socially it will provide an outlet for human energy
and a range of opportunity choices for the use of increasing amounts of lei-
sure. tim. Outdoor recreation should be an integral part of community life.
It can be one avenue of exploration for ways to retain a viable link to the
past and to traditional Samoan culture. A positive influence in this re-
gard can result if the application of recreational policy in site selection
and design works to retain rather than diminish the character and condition
of the natural landscape.
Economically it will serve in enhancing the quality of life in general
in American Samoa as an attraction to many people. It will help provide
things for visitors to do, therefore encouraging them to stay longer. It
will contribute to the upgrading and expansion of marine facilities and
86
hence opportunities for the island community as a whole to make much more
substantial use of its littoral and marine resources, including increased
ability to attract cruising yachtsmen to a haven in Pago Pago Harbor -- dis-
tinctive not only for its natural physical qualities, but for the comforts,
services, and economies it has to offer.
Environmentally, parks and outdoor recreation development comes at a
time when standards in general for environmental handling need to be applied
in American Samoa. Park developments can set an environmental standard for
high use/extensively accessed sites. The "open space" component of outdoor
recreation opportunity development relates directly to conservation goals --
particularly in the littoral zone where beach parks, beaches designated for
public access, and marine facility proliferation are expected. The same
conservation orientation applies in handling of the mountain areas, and the
extension of planned, improved trails into the watershed zone. Natural
landmarks and wildlife refuges and sanctuaries may further be established.
The interface of culture with nature may be reinforced in the identification
and preservation of historical landmarks and archaeological sites. Esta-
blishment of underwater preserves by the Office of Marine Resources, an ob-
jective shared by parks and recreation authorities, will extend the impact
of recreational planning into the strictly marine environment as well.
B. Goals
In the context described above, the central goal in parks and outdoor
recreation development put forward in the Introduction should be both re-
iterated and extended.
The goal is to supply the public in American Samoa with outdoor recre-
87
ational opportunities as desired in sufficient quality and quantity, based
on projected future requirements. Opportunities must be distributed so as
to be accessible, and identified for implementation by priorities within
annual action programs. Facilities, maintenance, and recreational programs
must be balanced with due regard to financial capabilities. Outdoor recre-
ation must be integrated with other American Samoan goals of economic and
organizational development, environmentally sound land use decisions, and
the enhancement and preservation of viable traditional culture. In addition
this goal must be pursued with an awareness of the pioneering role to be
played in effecting socio-economically/environmentally suitable land use
decisions, and the pervasive impact, via involvement and example, that
T-CORP policy implementation can have on nature, and on man's life, work,
and play in American Samoa.
C. Objectives
The present T-CORP is intended as a starting point for building over
time a fully developed recreational system in American Samoa. Progress
toward that goal depends on accomplishing several broad tasks which are
themselves composed of many project starts, site developments, and program
initiations. A fully mature recreational system would allow a regional role
for American Samoa in international recreational affairs. At present,
American Samoa sends sow participants to this international scene, but its
capacity as a host or factor remains to be developed. Within the time and
resource constraints of the upcoming five-year plan period it is not realis-
tic to strive for an expanded external role. Resources must be applied to
local objectives as itemized below.
88
Organizational Objectives
* Establis-h and launch a formal governmental entity for handling the
planning and development of parks and outdoor recreation.
* Establish a budget and make appropriate contacts with all pertinent
funding agencies and sources.
* Define administrative relationships -- particularly with Territorial
general planning authorities and comprehensive land use planning.
* Define responsibility and process for recycling T-CORP plan and deter-
mining annual implementation programs.
* Set and pursue consistent policies for interaction with the private
sector, local communities, the body of the citizenry as a whole, and
visitors.
* Pursue legislation as necessary to facilitate achievement of the var-
ious objectives.
2. Physical Development Objectives
Proceed on a requirement priority basis to gain access to and provide
the spatial component standard of land-based parks at the territorial,
recreational service district, and local levels.
Upgrade and expand existing facilities according to official inter-
national standards (where appropriate) and prescribe local space, di-
mension, design, and construction standards (where appropriate).
Develop marine and coastal resources for the specialized recreational
89
opportunities they hold, on a priority basisdue to the extent to
which these resources are at present under-utilized, and their im-
portance with regard to the visitor industry and to general economic
development.
* Identif and set boundaries (as appropriate within the Samoan cultural
setting@ for open space and conservation zones in coordination with
other environmental authorities in the Territory and apply consistent
standards-of access and activity specification/restriction.
* Research and establish a trail and camp net, tied into a recreational
boat circuit, according to sound ecological principles and with due
regard to safety and to cultural concerns.
* Develop a policy, a system, and expertise in identifying potential
natural landmarks for local or national registry and preservation, and
implement establishment of sites appropriately determined.
* Coordinate with public agencies and interested private parties to par-
ticipate in development of a policy, a system, and local expertise in
identifying potential historic landmarks for local or national regis-
try and preservation. Implement the establishment of such sites as
are appropriately determined.
* Organize and coordinate all sites, locations, facilities, and spaces
itemized above into a master American Samoa Parks System for manage-
ment and maintenance according to standard operating procedures and
for economies of scale in handling input personnel and materiel re-
sources necessary to keep it viable and up to standard. Facilitate
access and provide good visibility by adopting standard markings,
labels, signs, color combinations, structure types, infrastructural
components and use procedures throughout the park system.
3. Program and Educational Objectives
Conclude inter-agency agreements with all pertinent public agencies
concerning cooperation in joint use of facilities and development of
recreational program.
90
Conclude cooperative agreements with private sector entities interest-
ed in parks and outdoor recreation so as to tap their expertise and
develop roles for them to play in the recreational system as a whole.
Build expertise in recreational fields so as to supply guidance on all
matters concerning programs, specific activities, facilities, @ompe-
tition, regulations and standards for playing and officiating 'and
record keeping.
* Develop a long range program concept for residents to pursue. reQre-
ation throughout their lives in both active and passive ways with
attention to youth-oriented competitive sports as well as to preparing
for and participating in lifetime recreational pursuits not dependent
on the combination of structured organizational opportunities and
available discretionary time which marks younger life.
* Bu.ild a community recreation program by going into the field to pub-
licize recreational opportunities, offering instruction in how to make
use of them, and assisting local leaders in generating activity.
* Develop educational presentations on conservation and environmental
protection, maintenance and litter control, health, sanitation, and
safety as applicable to the field of outdoor recreation, and the con-
cept of pollution and vandalism avoidance.
* Develop basic learned skills program opportunities particularly learn-
ing to swim, health and fitness, the production of Samoan handicrafts
and articles of material culture, and boating/water safety.
* Establish a programming capability for building and evolving programs
and for scheduling the use of resources on a day to day basis. Attend
to associated needs for insuring access, arranging shared transporta-
tion in some situations, and maintaining control and supervision.
* Recruit and coordinate a roster of qualified recreation specialists
from various sources who are willing under various arrangements to
serve as program coordinators and supervisors. Use time/preference/
talent sheets to provide opportunities for interested parties to get
into roles where they can make a contribution while themselves enjoy-
91
ing a pr.eferred leisure activity in training, supervising,.coaching,
etc.
Develop protocols and procedures for hosting major ceremonial and
sporting events at Parks & Recreation facilities and develop a sche-
dule of sponsorship for regular tournaments and outdoor events both
physical and cultural.
Promote outdoor recreation to the private sector and inform business
entities'of' opportunities for undertaking private, independent venture
roles ip the field of recreation.
92
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Vil. STRATEGY FOR ACCOMPLISHMENT
A. Checklist
Following is a consolidated lis,t of the principles, concepts, and stra-
gies which have been determined to be most useful in the pursuit and reali-
zation of recreational goals in American Samoa.
*Organization and development of the new Department of Parks and Recre-
ation to insure the capacity for planning and management of recre-
ational resources.
*Establishment of multi-year (five year) T-CORP policy plan eligibility
to permit recreation authorities to concentrate on development and
programming. HCRS planning requirements are intended to be flexible.
American Samoa is small and consequently may not have the need or
capacity to devote resources to continual, comprehensive annual policy
plan recycling.
*Compliance with HCRS program requirements to maintain eligibility for
obtaining developmental resources.
*Focus in the short term on active pursuits (as revealed in survey
analysis) with emphasis on facility programming and the improvement
of existing available resources. Develop basic learned skills pro-
grams -- such as learning to swim and water safety.
*Consider needs at all three levels: territorial, recreational dis-
trict, and local, but key priority actions to the main land-based
recreational shortfalls identified, regardless of level.
*Optimize involvement of coastal and marine resources through coordina-
tion with the Office of Marine Resources and the Coastal Zone Manage-
ment Program. (Note parallel impacts on economic development and the
visitor industry as well as recreation.) Adhere to a policy of bar-
ring non-shore dependent developments in the littoral zone.
*Balance a current need for emphasis on youth/athletics programming
with fundamental opportunities to develop and pursue lifetime recre-
ational activity skills.
*Let baseline planning reside with the Development Planning Office
which has existing staff and resources. At the same time coordinate
operational planning with other pertinent executive agencies for con-
tinuity and economy.
* Maintain compatibility of planning and action with territorial develop-
ment policy.
94
*Maintain internal consistency with the T-CORP Policy Statement.
*In implementation decision-making stress likelihood of efforts leading
to realization of long term goals. Require individual project con-
cepts to be translated into Annual Action Program elements.
*Develop program opportunities so parties interested in outdoor recre-
ation can participate in effective/preferred roles. Canvas the com-
munity for "time and talent" that can assist with coaching and super-
vision.
Adopt the following resource use/management concepts:
* Joint site/facility use.
*Multiple-use site/facility development.
*Specialized use of sites and facilities according to differential
suitability and natural attributes per specific activities.
*Upgrading and expansion of existing facilities.
*Quality development -- balance facilities (construction and site
development), with program development, with capacity for maintenance,
so as not to overextend resources or capabilities in any one sector.
*Application of standards -- in activity rules and procedures; in site
space and dimension requirements; and in facility design, construc-
tion, infrastructures, and safety features. Apply standards that ac-
count for the needs of the handicapped so that their participation
ability is minimally limited. (Spectator facilities are a primary case
in point.)
*Foster good "visibility" of the park and recreation system. Use con-
sistent signs, labels, color schemes, and access procedures so the
public recognizes and can use the various elements as part of an over-
all system of recreational opportunities. Use this standardization of
form to encourage standards of behavior during use.
*insure appropriate access to facilities -- physically, and as regards
permission and public policy. (Beach access is a primary concern.)
*Recognize and employ ecological principles. Avoid pollution in its
several forms and do not contribute to it.
*For the immediate future, apply available resources to local object-
ives without attempting to pursue external objectives via an expanded
recreational role in the South Pacific region. An expanded regional
role in athletic involvements must follow the building of a foundation
in the field of recreation at home.
Pursue outdoor recreation space and site development as a theme within
comprehensive territorial land use planning in which social, environ-
95
mental, and economic concerns are balanced. Maintain a map of the
recreational system throughout the territory.
* Participate in general environmental policy formulation and implementa-
tion.
* Accommodate the two-tier system of government in American Samoa -- the
central ASG and the dispersed, communal village/aiga matai system. Re-
concile through consensus any conflict between local dominion and
public accessibility.
* Formulate policy and define roles for a Village Recreation Program
with emphasis on the contribution of recreation to community develop-
ment.
* Conduct a Public Education Program relating to outdoor recreation,
conservation, environmental protection, and identification and pre-
servation of historic, archaeological, and other cultural resources.
Work in timely themes such as energy conservation, an anti-litter
program, public safety, and norms of use and behavior in public facil-
ities.
* Emphasize public involvement and cultural sensitivity. Group partici-
pation and consensus decision-making count in Samoa. Pursuit of these
policies should help reveal ways to enhance the elusive theme of vi-
able traditional culture. Program cultural and ceremonial uses and
events for outdoor recreation facilities -- not just physical/athletic
contests or passive individual pursuits. Study the cultural founda-
tions of the community games tradition of "soo" and apply them in the
contemporary outdoor recreation setting.
* Review regularly the delivery of recreational opportunities to the
general public. Scout out shortfalls and oversights and rectify
through program extensions and innovations.
* Develop funding strategies by drawing on the expertise of the ASG as a
whole. Procure an initial operating budget. Gain access to Land and
Water Conservation funds. Explore resource matching opportunities
with other government agencies. Explore inter-agency joint resource
application to projects serving mutual purposes, on a case by case
basis. Benefit from the unfunded, valuable input of service organiza-
tions and individuals with time and talent to offer in support of out-
door recreation. Document quantitatively the impact of funds expended
to demonstrate the heightened return in use and opportunity delivered
as justification for seeking further developmental support. Develop
standard operating procedure to insure that administration/implementa-
requirements attached to funds received from various sources are
compiled with in order to establish a good "track record."
B. Optional Approaches to Outdoor Recreation
Regardless of the operational course of action selected upon, it is re-
96
iterated that implementation of a territorial land use plan is the essential
11 umbrella" within which the theme of outdoor recreation and park development
should be pursued. Given this framework, all of the above strategies could
be applied in greater or lesser degree in either of two operational scenario
situations as follows:
Option One Scenario: The new Parks and Recreation Department is able
to develop workable interagency agreements with
pertinent public counterparts so as to share in
resource application, facility development and
sharing, and program coordination.
Option Two Scenario: The new Parks and Recreation Department could fol-
low an independent course of action without seek-
ing to involve public counterpart agencies in co-
ordinating agreements.
Assessment of existing outdoor recreational resource in American Samoa
today revealed the potential for meeting existing and future requirements
with a minimal addition to the public inventory. This assessment, however,
was contingent on the working assumption that these "potential" resources
would be available and that reasonable allocation of time and minimal im-
provements to the inventory co uld be made. With these modifications to the
existing resources, requirements can be met effectively.
Development of independent territorially-owned recreational resources
would immediately place the Department of Parks and Recreation under severe
planning and management constraints. The department, in addition to esta-
blishing a viable working organization, would have to contend with selecting
sites throughout the territory, planning site improvements on newly acquired
lands, administering the improvements to the existing and newly acquired
sites, and managing the resources in all aspects from maintenance through
programming from "Square One." The physical and spatial limitations of
American Samoa, and the extreme difficulties in alienation of land which
97
,would have to be faced have already been explained.
Obviously the entire thrust of the discussion thus far has been in sup-
port of Scenario One. It is not necessary to discuss the entire checklist
of strategies in a point by point comparison by scenario. Whereas an out-
door recreation program could be prosecuted by the new department along in-
dependent lines -- a necessity should agreements not be forthcoming -- it
is clear that the capacity for employment of strategies identified, thus the
capacity to accomplish objectives, and hence the ability to achieve long
range outdoor recreational goals would be severely inhibited in the absence
of the teanmork that can be generated through inter-agency coordination.
Thus comparative assessment of the two scenarios clearly favors Scenario
One and supplies the fundamental outdoor recreation strategy to cap the
checklist above:
Create Interagency Cooperative Agreements for joint and complementary
use of facility and program resources in the public sector, and add
coordinating agreements from pertinent private sector organizations so
that all resources are pooled, and all are pulling together. Use the
agreements to identify roles and responsibilities for the several par-
ticipating entities toward the shared goal of building the best pos-
sible recreational system without wasted effort, duplication, or in-
complete mobilization of resources.
98
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VIII. 1980 -1985 FIVE YEAR PLAN IMPLEMENTATION
The planning orientation in this study has been toward building the per-
manent and comprehensive park and outdoor recreation system of American
Samoa as a major component of island design. Just how much may be accom-
plished within the first five years depends on funds available. competing
development priorities, legislative considerations, personnel involved, the
extent of interagency coordination, and unforeseen events. As an example of
the latter, during April 1980 while this plan was being written, an airplane
crashed into the Rainmaker Hotel causing 70% destruction. This event cer-
tainly will affect tourism planning, and tourism has its links to.outdoor
recreation.
Categories following group the principal implementation concerns which
should be addressed over the next five years, and pursued to the fullest
extent possible within resource constraints.
A. Organization
* Have the ASG executive branch implement the law creating the new
Department of Parks & Recreation.
* Organi:ze the new Department and the new Commission. Fill personnel
requirements. Secure an initial minimum operating budget. Secure an
operating location.
* Implement in detail the working interrelationships between the Com-
mission and the Department. Review the assignment of roles and func-
tions as currently detailed in the law toward possible realignment
geared to letting baseline planning reside with the Development Plan-
ning Office; letting policy formulation, monitoring, and an advisory
role reside with the Commission; and letting the Department handle
operations and the implementation of capital developments.
* Develop inter-agency facility joint use and program coordination
agreements with counterpart public agencies as described in the stra-
tegy for accomplishment of recreational goals.
* Work up corresponding agreements with private sector entities with
particular attention to registering a cadre of individuals with "time
and talent" to devote on a volunteer basis to Parks and Recreation
Department programs -- as coaches. supervisors, referees, and so
forth.
100
B. Management Tools
* Establish a master address and contacts file.
* Work up recurrent consummable supply and equipment requirements and
arrange regular channels of supply.
* Maintain a master location map of the Territorial Recreation System.
* Develop and maintain a file of site plans for all locations involved
in the territorial recreation system.
*,Work up the annual calendar of outdoor recreation, holidays, cere-
monies, special events, athletic contests, and regional and inter-
national competitions and events pertinent to American Samoa. Display
these cultural events opposite corresponding climatic and geographic
conditions, and also opposite socio-economic data such as the cycle of
peaks and valleys in visitor traffic, times when school is out of ses-
sion and so forth. Then use this composite calendar for broad-based
scheduling and design of tTFe outdoor recreational year by balancing
-activities through--tFe annual cycle, and avoiding conflicts due to
climatic factors or more pressing cultural commitments. Take a lead-
ing role with this approach in the South Pacific Region so that other
states can benefit from the model.
* Determine standard colors,, labels, signs, logos of the American Samoa
Park System so that they can be consistently applied to developments,
literature, uniforms, etc. Maintain a file of these official.stand-
ards for general reference and consistent application.
* Maintain a file of standards of all types: space, dimension., activity
rules and regulations, measuring and scoring.
* Establish a checklist of "barrier free site design criteria" to facil-
itate access and use by the handicapped. Insure compliance in new
projects. Convert substandard conditions at existing sites as @ea-
sible.
Establish Pago Pago Park to be the prime territorial ceremonial site,
develop formal standard plans for handling major events, ceremonies,
etc., including specific ways and means to handle, move, and accom-
modate the numbers of people involved per access, sanitation, public
safety, general supervision and contingencies. Bear ceremonial
requirements in mind when siting and grouping elements in Pago Pago
Park.
C. Planning and Implementation
*Get ASG written commitments that sites intended for parks & recreation
development will be so reserved and not changed over to alternate uses
instead. Particularly Anasosopo and district level park space in
Tafuna.
101
*Establish an action route for project implementation.
*Solve the village dominion/access problem and proceed to designate
public beaches and establish and maintain access to them.
*Designate sites for the major, single specialized territorial level
facilities under consideration: running track with multi-purpose
fields and spectator facilities; multi-purpose field house and gym;
olympic swimming pool.
*Review with the ASCC its future policy on facility availability and
scheduling. Identify when phased projects will materialize so that
an estimate of developing outdoor recreational opportunities there can
be coordinated in-to the development process.
Request the U.S. Geological Survey to develop a more precise system of
rain gauge stations so that a start can be made on generating data on
this critical climatic component at a level of precision that can be
of use in future site selection.
Conduct an annual check of basic policy to make refinements for the
year approaching to accommodate new or unexpected opportunities.
D. Education and Information
* Implement a public education program on outdoor recreation, conserva-
tion, environmental protection, historic and cultural preservation,
litter control, and safe and appropriate use of public facilities.
*Develop a training program for coaches, supervisors, referees, and
scorers.
*In the high school level physical education curriculum, add emphasis
on-rules and supervision for upper-classmen so they can play a tea-
ching role for younger residents of the community.
*Encourage the physical education curriculum at the ASCC. Provide stu-
dent internship opportunities in Parks & Recreation programs.
*Explore the possibility of a Departmental Newsletter geared to the
general reader and use this as a mechanism for publicizing recre-
ational opportunities, seeking public feedback on problems and pre-
ferences, reporting the results of league competitions and special
interest group news -- such as fishing, golf, tennis, etc. Also use
it to create the type of image desired for the American Samoa Park
System.and to encourage preferred standards of behavior. Print it in
accordance with standards of design, color, logo, etc. Print issues
at sufficient intervals so that a worthwhile body of reporting can be
delivered.
* Plan, research, schedule, and hold a workshop on the future role of
the private sector in outdoor recreation. Attempt to generate various
102
possible public incentives that could encourage such a larger and sus-
tained financial involvement by the private sector.
E. Programming Activities and Facilitie s
* Play a leadership role in program coordination with the Department of
Education, ASCC, Samoan Athletes in Action, American Athletic Associa-
tion, and church groups involved in outdoor recreation.
* Work out the intricacies of facility sharing and scheduling according
to policies of request channeling, lead time, procedures, and priori-
ties. Maintain a single master calendar for general reference.
* Consolidate all league play in the various sports, at various levels,
.by various organizations, boys and girls into a single master league
play system for the entire territory and produce a master display.
This is an essential tool in scheduling facility use and in program
coordination. Its structure should help suggest how to inject train-
ing and apply standards consistently.
Develop and implement a plan with schedules and priorities for im-
provinn existing facilities. At the local level, link this effort to
development of a village recreation program. For example, take the
sport of basketball. Design a program in which the villaae and the
nepartment play complementary roles. Ask the village to invest in un-
grading its own local facilities -- either a village court or the
nearest elementary school court. In this way the kids can play and
practice on village teams in the village where they spend a lot of
time. The Department's role would be io orqanize the village tearls
into a league and arrange scheduling at prime facilities for league
games. The Department might even help out on cost of transporting
kids to games. Facility use would be allowed by the controlling
organization -- ASCC, public/private high school, etc., with the
cen@ral scheduling assistance of the Department. Finally, private
volunteers would be enlisted to ref and coach the competitions -- and
also to train the older youth so that they can play a co,aching role
back in the villace. This is program coordination at several levels.
As a top priority project, with the professional assistance of the Red
Cross, YMCA/YWCA or other-service organizations, develop a territory-
wide "Learn To Swim" program. Rather than wait for facility develop-
ment, make this a program-based effort. Use the existing resources
of the Rainmaker Hotel Pool anT Utulei Beach Park. Perhaps school
physical education class groups could be bussed to Utulei on a rota-
tion basis to receive instruction from a team of professionals opera-
ting out of Samoana High School. Portable equipment for use.during
classes (if necessary) -- floats, lane markers, water polo gear, etc.,
would be stored at Samoana High School. Emphasis should be on water
safety in general.
103
* Coordinate with the U.S. Coast Guard on ways to extend boating safety
information to the general public.
* Encourage and support the elderly handicraft fales as cultural re-
sources within the American Samoa Park System.
F. Primary Land-Based Facility Planning and Development
* Improvement of existing small facilities -- see discussion in the
entry under "Programming."
* Develop full specifications and cost analysis for expansion of the
field at Manu'a High School on existing, available ASG DOE land along
the road. Pay special attention to grading, drainage, and full-size
playing field dimensions.
* Prepare detailed site plans for Pago Pago Park, Anasosopo, and addi-
tionol district level park space in Tafuna.
* Develop Anasosopo Park giving primary attention to 1) quality of the
landfill; 2) intearitv of the perimeter -- both land and sea; 3) opti-
mal siting of marine and water-related components -- boat rarnp, swim-
ming area, fishing frontage, multi-purpose mini-pier for fishermen,
divers, and shuttle service from 'Nuututai Point by thp Rainmaker Hotel;
4) siting of playing fields so as to meet space and dimension standards.
* Prepare a site plan for expansion of Utulei Beach Park and work on the
problem of relocation of ASG housing currently on the site. Upgrade
the existing park by repairing and/or redesigning shore protection and
drainage infrastructures.
* Begin gen eral upgrading of Pago Pago Park (particularly a core 14
acres) to meet immediate territorial level land-based needs. Phase
park development through the level of well-maintained open space until
such time as more extensive project element developments can be pur-
syed. Define the boundary of the park and remove incompatible uses,
activities, and elements from within this boundary. Seek Army Corps
of Engineers assistance in a permanent channel and outlet solution for
Vaipito Stream. Analyze environmental hazards and limitations (rain-
fall, flooding, tsunami run-up) that will determine what future ele-
ments can be considered for development here.
* Upgrade and clean up Tafuna Park.
* Undertake site study for local level park space in Nu'uuli -- a criti-
cal projected growth area which does not now have any park space and
does not have an elementary school. Ascertain whether DOE plans to
field an elementary school here. If so, the recreational space can be
jointly designed. Particular attention to easy public access, envi-
ronmental sensitivities, pollution avoidance, and non-interference
with the bulk of the mangroves on the Pala Lagoon shore required.
104
* Apply funds earmarked for expansion of the Lava Lava Golf Course be-
fore they are lost. Consider ways to work other activities into that
site -- for example, a cross-country course around the periphery.
* Upgrade the field and court facilities at Leone High School.
* Upgrade local level school facilities on Aunu'u Island.
G. Primary Shore/Marine Facility Planning and Development
Participate with OMR and harbor authorities (Port Administration) in
design and development of Malaloa Recreation Pier, with attention to
the grouping of services most useful to cruising yachtsmen and small
boat operators in general.
Participate with the Office of Marine Resources in rounding out the
boat ramp system. The first step is to establish design and con-
strVction standards by analyzing the potential user field and the type
of boats involved. Pay particular attention to siting of new.ramps at
Anasosopo and Leone, and insure that sites selected are incorporated
in overall site plans.
Apply to the U.S. Coast Guard for assistance in delineating and esta-
blishing Federal Special Anchorages off Faga'alu, Malaloa, Pago Pago,
and Utulei by working through the Office of Marine Resources to in-
sure that ecological conflicts are avoided -- particularly in the area
of the proposed Utulei underwater reef observation park.
Develop territorial policy reserving for ASG Parks and Recreation the
right to manage fixed moorings for small craft. Work out an agreement
with the Coast Guard to the effect that if Federal Special Anchorages
are established, fixed mooring permits will only be issued to this
arm of the ASG which may then dispense them to the public for a fee.
Note: nobody con charge for the "right" to moor in a Federal. Special
Anchor4 e, but charges can be made for use of actual fixed buoy hard-
ware an@ for servi@es related to it -- such as dingy service, security,
shore sgrvices.
Submit vio the Office of the Governor a proposal to reserve space at
the hotel end of the fuel pier area for a new Parks and Recreation
special recreational marine installation. The concept is not to con-
trol a large sector of shorefront, but to create a compact facility
to serve as a buffer between the hotel and commercial wharf opera-
tions. The facility could include mooring space for a charter boat,
a glass bottom boat, a shuttle boat for harbor tours or trips back
and forth to Anasosopo, a dive/tackle/bait/shell shop, a sport fishing
weigh station, and perhaps a beachware arcade shop. Seek concurrence
in the proposal submission from OMR and the Office of Tourism as well.
Make thi4 on element in current redevelopment plans for Pago Pago
Pursue with OMR development of the Matu'u shore outlook and turn-out
and Undenqater Park; and the Utulei Reef Underwater Observation Park
off the Rainmaker Hotel.
105
H Conservation and Open Space Planning and Development
* Fully develop Trail System #1 (including appropriate conservation and
development on Alava Ridge) around the bay area. Identify and set
aside the archaeological site of old Pago Pago Village purported to
be up on the ridge.
* Prepare a site plan for Blunt's Point and develop: involves trail im-
provement; perhaps guard rail's in some places, vegetation clearing;
gun emplacement upgrading + drainage; perhaps rain shelter pavilion;
perhaps historic marker telling the story; attention to parking and
access, and litter control.
* Prepare a site plan for Breakers Point. Cut and develop the trail.
Work in picnic, shelter, and rock fishing components if appropriate.
* Prepare site plans for roadside observation spots on the crest passes
of the Afono Road and the Fagasa Road.
* Do a site plan for Leone Falls stressing removal of, current obstruc-
tions and eye sores and the formulation of long range conservation
themes. Perhaps include trail development to forest sites above the
falls. However, before taking action, get consensus among parties in-
volved on what the themes and concepts will be -- including the nature
of access and activities. Include development concepts that will make
Leone Falls a place for tourists to visit.
* Participate in any review of the role and status of Taputimu Experi-
mental Farm. Develop a feasibility statement regarding conversion of
the seaward section of the farm as a future park/open space site for
handling by Parks and Recreation.
* Have the ASG-owned land at Logotala Hill reserved for future Parks and
Recreation Department handling.
* Develop policy and procedure for historic sites/landmarks identifica-
tion and preservation. Coordinate with Historic Preservation Com-
mission.
* Formulate the Steps Point conservation complex proposal, includi 'ng
Trail System #2 cross-island to Aasu. Coordinate with OMR on marine
component.
* Conduct a formal reconnaissance of interior Ta'u Island with particu-
lar attention to Laufuti Falls, Mt. Lata, the Lavania coast, conspi-
cuous craters. and potential trail circuit routes -- all as raw mate-
rial for future concept formulation on Trail System #3 and the iden-
tification of natural landmarks for possible registration.
* Participate with other conservation entities in establishing such wild-
life and vegetation refuges and sanctuaries as are suggested.
106
X MRST YEAR ANNUAL ACTION PROGRAM
AND FUTURE CYCLIMG
The first year of operation of the new Department of Parks and Recre-
ation will be dominated by organizational activities as it pioneers in its
new role. At the same time, it is important to initiate planning and offi-
cial action on a variety of long term projects.
All subsequent actions and actual field implementations depend on accom-
plishing three general tasks:
Launching the new Department of Parks and Recreation;
Establishing HCRS eligibility and securing funding through an initial
budget allocation;
Arranging formal interagency agreements on facility joint use, pro-
gram coordination, and plan integration.
Following on these primary requirements -- which are essential in esta-
blishing a capability to act further -- the next actions to be initiated
have to do with sites.
Reservation of sites for Parks and Recreation management:
Anasosopo Park.
The Afono and Fagasa Road Crests and the Alava Ridge park strip.
Logotala Hill and the seaward parcel of Taputimu Farm.
Recreational Service District Level park expansion space in Tafuna.
Expansion space for Utulei Beach Park.
The Autapini coastal strip.
Pago Pago Park with an official, permanent boundary determination.
Reservation of a new site at the extreme "hotel" end of the fuel dock
for a compact special recreational marine installation as previously
discussed.
Nuuuli local level park.
221
Site determinations for certain specialized facilities:
Running track with interior multi-purpose field and spectator facil-
ities. (Note: It is recommended that the substandard track at
108
Samoana High School be phased out and that a site to the west be iden-
tified. Initial assessment appears to disqualify Pago Pago Park due
to the extremely high rainfall.)
Enclosed multi-purpose center including gym and field house elements.
Olympic-size swimming pool.
Detailed site plan preparations, stressing Barrier-Free design for the
handicapped.
Malaloa Recreational Pier.
Manu'a High School playing field expansion on existing, available
ASG DOE land.
Anasosopo Park.
Utulei Beach Expansion.
Pago Pago Park in its entirety. (It is recommended that phased devel-
opment of this park include preliminary development as generalized
open space, then develop fully in the future. Establish the boundary;
remove hazards, and unauthorized or incompatible elements; handle the
drainage problem and channelize Vaipito Stream; and improve the sur-
face for general interim use.)
Tafuna district level park expansion.
Nu'uuli local level park.
The newly proposed Nuututai Point recreational marine installation be-
Aween the hotel and the fuel pier.
Blunt's Point.
Alava Ridge and the road crests at Afono and Fagasa.
Leone Falls redevelopment.
At the same time, positive programming action should be implemented in
areas listed below. Good management and consistency is essential as this
will be the first substantial exposure the new department will have to the
general public.
Organize a volunteer group of interested recreationalists with time
and talent to devote to programming.
109
*Playing a leadership role and using this volunteer talent -- in co-
ordination with other programming entities -- organize league sports
play in American Samoa.
*Start at the village level and link program enhancement and league
competition to the process of upgrading local level facilities
especially recreational courts -- as previously detailed.
*Launch an aggressive "Learn to Swim" program using the Rainmaker Hotel
Pool and Utulei Beach, with trained, certified professional instruc-
tors. Maximize impact by close coordination with other entities,
especially*the DOE.
* Support the handicraft program in the elderly fales. Consider esta-
blishment of additional fales at dispersed locations in future years.
Lastly, other actions should be accomplished relative to specialized
concerns and open space. The standard colors, labels, and signs for the
entire American Samoa Park System should be decided upon.
The Department should prepare a general contingency plan for dealing
with large ceremonies and events that could come up on lands it will con-
trol. This plan should be geared to existing conditions and should be modi-
fied as those conditions change.
The Department should meet with the Historic Preservation Commission and
solicit other public input to establish policy on identifying and protecting
historic landmarks, including archaeological sites. Guidance should be
drawn directly from HCRS directives on the subject. The Tuimanua Tomb on
Ta'u, and the Territorial Cession Site in Pago Pago should be given first
attention. They can serve as carefully documented test cases in setting a
future pattern.
The Department should meet with all conservation entities to gain
knowledge and involvement in environmental concerns. It should encourage
the ASG to move toward a comprehensive environmental policy -- a matter now
fragmented among a number of enforcement, planning, and advisory offices.
HCRS guidance and requirements on natural landmarks should be applied to
110
policy formation on this subject within the new Department of Parks and
Recreation. Laufuti Falls on Ta'u should be submitted as a test case pend-
ing the results of a formal reconnaissance survey.
The proposed Steps.Point conservation area as introduced elsewhere in
the Plan and appendices should be pursued as the first large scale "open
space" project. Although this will be an extremely complex matter, some
opening action -- such as presenting an initial conceptual overall site plan
for public review -- should be accomplished within the first year. The area
is under little contention at present. It is important to work now to set it
aside before it becomes subjected to other potential use claims.
Support the Office of Marine Resources in its plans to establish marine
parks and preserves at Utulei, Matu'u, and Fagatele. As previously dis-
cussed there is a substantial opportunity here for integrated action between
OMR and the Department of Parks and Recreation, Also support OMR in the
development of its system of boat ramps. Insure that appropriate sites are
reserved in new park developments. Coordinate with OMR in establishing de-
sign and construction standards. Seek to have these marine elements affili-
ated with the American Samoa Park System (or 'included in the system) with
consistent signs, colors, labels.
Introduce a proposal for Federal Special Anchorage Areas in Pago Pago
Bay as previously discussed. Consolidate feedback from within the ASG,, and
pending ASG executive approval, submit to the U.S. Coast Guard for consi-
deration. In the process investigate the legal basis and the position of
the U.S. Coast Guard on the concept of reserving the issue of USCG permits
for fixed moorings exclusively to the ASG Department of Parks and Recre-
ation within special anchorage areas.
ill
Fully develop Trail System #1 around the Pago Pago Bay mountain rim as
elsewhere described. Some elements exist now but need upgrading. Other
stretches must be developed. Get expert advice on safety and environmental
aspects of this project and design the system as a whole according to
standards.
A separate concern is to apply existing funds already earmarked for ex-
pansion of the Lava Lava Golf Course lest they become unavailable.
Finally, in cooperation with the ASG Development Planning Office formu-
late policy on the ways and means by which outdoor recreation planning will
be cycled, coordinated with the operational planning of other functional
entities, and integrated with general territorial planning. Also, establish
a procedure and schedule for preparing subsequent Annual Action Program.
In conclusion, the scope of action described above is deemed appropriate
toward generating initial action on several fronts. It is not to be expected
that complete action will be accomplished in all areas, particularly when
fundamental building of organizational capability must be dealt with first.
112
FOOTNOTES
1. National G.!L@h_ic, Oct. 1962, 58.
2. 1978 Pacific Island Yearbook.
3. Economic Development Plan for American Samoa: FY 1979-1984" 1979, 111-6.
4. "Adjusted 1980 Figure" from corrected projections through the ASG,
Development Planning Office Ten Percent.Sample_Census 1977..
5. U.S. ArnLv Engineer District, Honolulu, "Draft Environmental Statement,
U.S. Dept. of the Army Permit Processing Guidelines to Control the
Cumulative Effects of Shoreline Development in Pago Pago Harbor, etc.",
1978, 2-1.
6. Information combined from the preceding reference and from: U.S. Dept.
of Commerce, NOAA, Environmental Data Service, Local Climatological
Data, Annual Summary of Comparative Data Pago Pago, American Samoa,
1971, "Narrative Climatological Summary", 1971 -- also the source for
subsequent climate information.
7. ASG Development Planning Office. Statistical Bulletin, Annual Report on
Economic Indicators, 1979-, and ASG, and Action Resources, Inc. Energy
Siting: C7-M Plan, American Samoa, 10 Jan. 1980.
8. Bryan Farrell. "Perspective on Land Use -- American Samoa", Journal of
the Graduate Research Center, 34:3 (June 1965) 325-327.
9. Arthur Lyon Dahl (Dept. of Botany, Smithsonian Institution). "Ecological
Report on Tutuila, American Samoa", 13-page typescript based on 1970
visits, 12, 13.
10. ASG Department of Public Works. Wastewater Facilities Plan American
Samoa, Vol. 1, prepared by CH2M Hill, Feb. 1976, p. 2-42.
11. William H. Teller. "Final Report and Recommendations pertaining to Land
Tenure and Cadastral Survey in American Samoa", 30 June 1970, 2, 6.
12. Marshall Kaplan, Gans, Kahn,, and Yamamoto (for ASG Development Planning
Office). Housing in American Samoa, Oct. 1972, 91.
13. Arthur Lyon Dahl. "Ecological Report on Tutuila, American Samoa", 13-
page typescript based on 1970 visits, 12.
14. Robert Langdon. "All that Glitters isn't Gold in America's South Seas
'Showplace' ", Pacific Islands Monthly, Sept. 1966,, 33.
15. Te Rangi Hiroa (Peter H. Buck). Samoan Material Culture, Bernice P.
Bishop Muse@m@Bulletin No. 75,, Honolulu, 1930, 523-524.
113
16. ASG Development Planning Office. Economic Development Plan for American
Samoa: FY 1979-1984, 1979, iii. -
17. ASG Parks and Recreation Control Board, Territorial Report to the
Governor, transmitted 22 June 1979.
18. The methodological explanation for selection of this standard of 3 land-
based acres of recreational space per 2,000 population is as follows.
The National Recreation and Park Association suggests a standard of 5
acres per 1,000 population for all outdoor recreation resources (not
merely land-based space) as ide-alT.
In Honolulu (HAWAII SCORP, 1972) in actual practice there were 3.24
land-based recreational acres per 2,000 population. (Since population
increase has outstripped park development sinc.e then, the ratio is pro-
bably lower at present.) Hawaii has a lifestyle marked by heavy pursuit
of leisure time opportunities. It does not have a subsistence or com-
munal base, nor is it in transition from a traditional Polynesian past.
Further, although land is at a premium in Hawaii, the scarcity in rela-
tion to demand for comparatively flat land is much more severe in Ameri-
can Samoa. Note further that Honolulu has one of the heaviest non-resi-
dent (tourist) involvements in recreational opportunities of any city in
the world, whereas in American Samoa tourism is still a very minor acti-
vity. On top of these several fundamental differentiating points it
should be kept in mind that high-intensity resource management is the
rule in Honolulu -- with such multiplying advantages as night lighting
and night urban mass transit infrastructures. With these several fac-
tors in mind, a 3-acre per 2,000 population land-based figure for Ameri-
can compares very favorably with the Honolulu figure of 3.24-acres per
2,000 population.
19. Reduction of figures from Appendix C'yields the following results:
General Planning Standard: 3 acres/2,000 people.
1985 Calculated Requirement: 59.75 a/36,890 p = 3.24 acres/2,000
people.
1985 Availability, all resources: 80.25 a/36,890 p = 4.35 acres/2,000
people.
1985 Availability, no DOE/ASCC: 51.5 a/36,890 p = 2.79 acres/2,000
people.
2000 Calculated Requirement: 81.5 a/50,195 p = 3.25 acres/2,000
people.
Interpretation: Qualifications and exceptions entertained at the dis-
trict and local levels produced a calculated 1985 requirement at a
standard higher than the baseline 3 acres/2,000 people. Full resource
availability in 1985 gave a considerable margin (4.35 acres vs. 3.24
acres) above even that higher standard. However, without DOE/ASCC re-
sources, availability dropped below even the baseline standard (2.79
acres vs. 3 acres), unacceptable. By projecting case by case calcula-
tions by area according to standards to the year 2,000, a requirement of
3.25 acres/2,000 people was yielded - precisely comparable to the 1985
requirement (due to parallel derivation) and nearly satisfied by the
1985 all resource availability. Note again, this is aggregate spatial
114
satisfaction without regard to quality of facility content, or distri-
bution of that space per population and access standards.
20. Army Corps of Engineers, American Samoa Community Profile, American
Samoa Water Resources Study, May 1979. The survey interviewed only
heads of households or their spouses; it may be assumed that participa-
tion rates would have been higher if the entire household were surveyed.
21. Development Planning Office, Draft American Samoa Coastal Zone Manage-
ment Program Document, American Samoa Government, March 1980,
22. A basic determination is whether or not such facilities planned for the
ASCC should be duplicated, Cost, space, and access considerations will
be required, including an ASG decision.
115
APPENDICES
A: ADMINISTRATION AND ORGANIZATION
B: RECREATIONAL INVENTORY ITEMS AND RELATED MAPPED DATA
C: RECREATION AND OPEN SPACE RESOURCES, DETAILED SUMMARY DISPLAYS
D: AREA AND DIMENSION REQUIREMENTS
SELECTED RECREATION/SPORTS FACILITY ELEMENTS
E: AMERICAN SAMOA DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION RECREATION PROGRAMS
IN THE SECONDARY AND ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS
F : SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE TABLES
116
APPENDIX A. ADMINISTRATION AND ORGANIZATION
Three subjects are covered in this appendix: a short summary of public
involvement; memorandums of understanding; and the new law establishing the
American Samoa Department of Parks and Recreation.
Summary of Public Involvement
Although the. present document is the first formal T-CORP to be prepared
for American Samoa, a glance at the list of references shows that there have
been earlier recreation plans. These culminated in the American Samoa
Recreation Area Development Plan 1975-1980 prepared in January 1975 by the
Parks and Recreation Control Board.
The stage was set for preparation of the present T-CORP by two major
broad-based public surveys conducted in 1978 and 1979 respectively. The
first, in 1978, was an American Samoa Community Profile conducted as part of
the major US Army Corps of Engineers American Samoa Water Resources Study.
In this survey, household heads and their spouses-in villages throughout the
Territory were queried on a variety of subjects to gain understanding of
their perception of the environment, resource use, and their activity pre-
ferences as regards the environment. It was in this latter connection that
questions on recreational preferences and existing recreational use of the
environment were introduced. Results have been discussed in some detail in
the text.
The second survey, in 1979 and early 1980, conducted by the American
Samoa Development Planning Office was called the 1979 Comprehensive Village
Survey. It covered a list of themes, one of which was.recreation -- in
direct anticipation of the pending T-CORP project. This survey was directed
at the Village Councils of the 55 American Samoan villages having pulenuus
117
(village chiefs) appointed by the Department of Local Government -- also
known as the Department of Samoan Affairs. Results of this survey were
forwarded to the T-CORP consultant in three forms: original packets of
survey questionnaires dealing with recreation; "Results of Recreation Vil-
lage Council Survey Conducted by the DPO (1979)" -- in three large sheets;
and finally in a typescript received in March 1980 entitled "Village
Development" with "Recreation -- Main Aspects" highlighted as one theme.
This typescript also included detailed information on fish and other marine
forms gathered in the littoral zone. These results have also been analyzed
in the text.
The consultants followed this work up with four field visits which
covered all villages and areas accessible by road on Tutuila -- hence the
vast majority of villages there, and all islands of the isolated Manu'a
Group. In Manu'a, interviews with leading individuals in all villages were
conducted.
Independently, the American Samoa Parks and Recreation Control Board
was pursuing recreational topics among public agencies, village chiefs, and
interested private parties, and holding its own Board meetings. Feedback
from these sources was relayed to the consultants, and discussed in great
detail during visits by the consultants to American Samoa, and by officials
of the Parks and Recreation Control Board, and the Development Planning
Office during their visits to Honolulu.
During this period the Office of Samoan Information through its daily
organ, the "News Bulletin" publicized recreation in general and the work of
the Parks and Recreation Control Board, described the recreational planning
underway, and called for public input from any and all interested parties.
(The most significant release is reproduced later in this appendix.)
118
Independently, the consultants undertook interviews in the Office of
Samoan Affairs with its Director, and with selected village leaders, parti-
cularly in Leone Village. Extensive discussions were held with the recre-
ation specialists at the Department of Education -- who were accompanied
into the field so as to watch their program in action. Additionally, talks
were held with the Director and Fishery Biologist at the Office of Marine
Resources -- which in its most recent literature had described upcoming pro-
jects in a wide variety of areas pertinent to outdoor recreation. These in-
clude the Malaloa Recreational Pier development and the territorial nets of
boat ramps and fish aggregation buoys.
As a result of these contacts, marine and coastal opportunities have
been heavily stressed in the present T-CORP with the intention that co-
operation among agencies be developed to serve the mutually compatible goals
of economic and recreational marine opportunities. Also, future coordina-
tion between Parks and Recreation and the Department of Education has been
solidified in the Memorandum of Understanding which follows in this section.
The consultants also visited officials in the Office of Tourism, Depart-
went of Public Works, Development Planning Office, Coastal Zone Management
Program, American Samoa Community College, Office of the Port Director and
U.S. Coast Guard, and the Special Assistant to the Governor for Environment.
Additionally, in Hawaii, close contact was maintained with the Geography
Department, University of Hawaii, working on a CZM Atlas of American Samoa,
and with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and subcontractors working on
American Samoa.
A-11 public and private high schools were visited, all elementary schools
in Manua,, and a good number on Tutuila. All existing recreational facil-
ities were field checked, including undeveloped resources such as the Ana-
119
sosopo landfill area. Sites were checked from the air, by car, and on the
ground, and a photographic record was developed for future referral.
These several activities were brought together in a major public meeting
at the Rainmaker Hotel in American Samoa, called by the Parks and Recreation
Control Board. One of the public announcements of that meeting, and the
subsequent attendance list, are reported on the following page.
Finally, an effort was made in the field to visit park sites in the late
afternoon (after school and work let out) in order to get a feel for facil-
ity use at the busiest time and talk to some of the individuals present.
120
"Bills
ou
THURSDAY. FEBRUARY 21, 1980
PUBLISHED BY THE OFFICE OF SAMOAN INFORMATION PAGO PAGO, AMERICAN SAMOA
PARKS & RECREATION MEETING SET FOR MONDAY
Parks & Recreation Chairman Rob Shaffer has announced that the Parks & Recreation Control
Board & Tank*Force will hold a public meeting at the Rainmaker Hotel poolside, Monday,
February 25th, at 1:30 p.m.
The meeting Is being held to review the preliminary draft of the American Samoa Terri-
torial Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan which is to be submitted to the Department
of the Interior an June lot of this year. The Outdoor Recrmation Plan, which is being
prepared by MKGK/Yam,-moto, Inc. of Honolulu, in a mandatory requirement by the Department
of the Interior of all U.S. states and territories in order that they either become or
remain eligible for federal matching money and/or grant funds.
Mr. Tim Wright and Mr. Derek Wang of MKGK/Yamamoto will attend the meeting and present
the draft report to those present.
It is requested that representatives from the Department of Education, Samoan Athletes
in Action, Community College, the Triple A, Tennis Association and all those in the public
or private sector who wish to contribute to the Territorial Outdoor Recreation Plan attend
the meeting. This will be the last public meeting for the review of this.recreation plan,
as the final draft will be prepared based on comments and input received at this meeting.
ATTENDANCE
1. R. Shaffer, Chairman Parks and Recreation
2. P. Templet Development Planning Office (CZM)
3. J. Sundquist Private Sector
4. J. Chun Private Business/L.A.T.L.
5. E. I rno Samoan Athletes in Action; Dept. of Ed.
6. D. Behan Samoan Athletes in Action; Dept. of Ed.
7. R. Hessler Samoa News
8. V. Afoa Leone High School
9. L. Epati, Jr. Samoan Athletic Association
10. 0. Lefforgeg Vice-President American Samoa Community College
11. T. Uperesa American Samoa Community College
12o H. Sesepasara, Director Office of Marine Resources
13. J. Samia, Jr. American Athletic Association
lb. T. Annastas Parks and Recreation
15. D. Wong, consultant MKGK/yamamoto, Honolulu
16. T. Wright, consultant MKGK/Yamamoto, Honolulu
17. M. McMoore Parks and Recreation '
18. P. Tuiteleleapaga Man Power Resources Commission
19. J. Samia, Sr. American Athletic Association
v:rw
trtso
movff 05
20. L. Simonsen, Inst. Planner American Samoa Community College
121a
Al
THURSDAY, JANUARY 17, 1980
PUBLISHED BY THE OFFICE OF SAMOAN INFORMATION PAGO PAGO, AMERICAN SAMOA
PARKS & RECREATION BOARD TO MEET
Members of the Parks & Recreation Control Board and Task Force will meet this afternoon
at 4:00 p.m. at the Rainmaker Hotel poolside to discuss the Territorial Comprehensive
Outdoor Recreation Plan which is required by federal law for eligibility for Department
of the Interior recreation grant funds.
Attending the meeting will be Mr. James Yamamoto, President of My'GK/Yamamoto, Inc.,
whose firm is preparing the recreation plan for subulission to the Department of the
Interior.
Parks.& Recreation Control Board chairman, Rob Shaffer, is also requesting that members
of the Samoan Athletes In Action, Triple A, and the Tennis Association attend this important
meeting, so that their views regarding recreation development in the territory can be
heard.
Attendance
Faufano Li, Veterans Organizations
Letasi Epati, Jr., Chairman, Samoan Athletic Association
Paul Templet, CZM Program Manager, DPO, ASG
Tusi Avegalio, DOE, ASG
Meki McMoore,- Member of the Board
Sipa Anoai, CETA
Dan Pritchard,, DOE, ASG
John Nevton, Businessman
Harold Siufauna, CETA
Paul Stevenson, DOE, ASG
D. T. Tupua, Member of the Board
Lorence Simonsen, AS Community College
Robert Shaffer, Chairman, Parks and Recreation Control Board
J.T. Yamamoto, MKGK/Yamamoto, Inc., (fonsultant to the Board
121
GOVERNMENT OF AMERICAN SAMOA
PAGO PAGO, AMERDCAN SAMOA 95799
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
April 9, 1980
To: Rob Shaffer, Chairman of the Parks Recreation Control Board
Director of,Education
From. Mere-Betham,
Subject: Inter-agency fa6ility-sbaring agreement
The Department of Ediication fully supports the 6reation of the new Parks
& Recreation Department. It is the hope of the Department of Education
that through an aggressive and imaginative Parks & Recreation Department,
the recreational and athletic needs of the territory of American Samoa
will finally be realized.
The Department of Education provides the territory's school-age boys and
girls with a wide range of athletic and sporting programs and competition
at both the elementary and secondary levels. However, proper recreational
and athletic facilities are still underdeveloped on a territory-idde level.
The Department of Education recognizes the need for the development of new
athletic facilities and fields in American Samoa. The department also re-
alizes however, that in a territory of this size,, that these facilities be
available for use not only by those students attending scbool-should the
facilities be op DOE property--but to the community' as well. , By the same
token, DOE would expect to reserve for use certain facilities *for elemen-
tary and high school athletic events which are under the administration of
the Parks & Recreation Department.
In consideration of the creation of the new Parks & Recieation Department,
1. as Director of the Department of Education, do hereby agree to cooperate
with the Parks qG Recreation Department to every extent possible in the
joint use of all DOE athletic facilities, and at the same time look forward
to a long and mutually beneficial working relationship.
00
'@ERE BETHAM
122
GO)(ERNMENT OF AMERICAN SAMOA
PAGO PAGO, AMERICAN SAMOA 96799
PARKS & RECREATION CONTROL BOARD
April 20, 1980
To: Director of Educdtion
1;@'om: Chairman, Parks & Recreation Control Board
Subject: Inter-agency facility-sharing agreement
The Parka & Recreation Control Board, as the governing voice for the
newly-created Parks & Recreation Department, believes that in order
for American Samoa to juBtify the axpenditure of large amounts of
money for the construction of much-needed recreational and athletic
facilities in a territory of this size., that these facilities be open
to use by all the territory's various interest groups, whether they
be private, religious or governmental.
The Parks & Recreational Control Board also believes that the Depart-
ment of Education-Lwith its wide range of elementary and secondary
school sporting and'athletic programs--should be given top priority
in the use of Parka & Recreation Department facilities. The Control
Board also believes that the DOE should be consulted in the planning
of future Parks & Recreation facilities before construction is begun,
thereby fitting the facilities to DOE use as much as is feasible.
'Phis memoranduri-is to officia Z ly "inform you that the Pa rks & Recrea-
tion Department will give the Department of EduCation top priority in
the use of facilities under our administration @@;d will cooperate with
your. department to every extend possible in this regard-
Y
L 6;yz
R
S FER
OBet R@ IFE@
123
MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING
The American Samoa Parks and Recreation Commission2 in coordination
with the Development Planning Office and the Coastal Zone Management Program,
is preparing a Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan for submission to the
Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the U.S. Department of Interior.
Analysis of resources and requirements shows that optimum recreational
opportunities can be delivered to the public through joint use of facilities
and inter-agenqy cooperation in.program and resource development.
As a basic implementive stpp, the Commission is seeking inter-agency
agreements with its counterparts for the mutual benefit of all concerned.,
especially the Samoan people. This MEMORANDUM is being circulated with an
invitation to share in an understanding via signatory action to the
following statement:
The signatory agencies below share a common interest in supporting
the American Samoa Parks and Recreation Commission in its work to implement
a Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan and support the basic strategy of
joint use and inter-agency cooperation. It is understood that cooperating
agencies always reserve the capacity to meet their awn requirements first, and
that an accountable inter-agency agreement would first require a schedule of
specific roles and responsibilities within the framework of the approved
plan.
Sigmature Title Agenc DAte
Public Agencies to be Canvassed8
Parks and Recreation Commission.
Development Planning Office/CZMP.
Budget Director.
Samoan Affairs.
DGE.
ASCC.
Special Ass It to Governor for Environment.
DPW.
Office of Marine Resources.
Historic Preservation Commission.
Office of Tourism.
etc.
MEMORANDUM OF COOPERATIVE INTENT
(PRIVATE SECTOR)
We the undersigned private clubs, associations, and service
organizations of American Samoa with a permanent interest and involvement
in the development of sound recreational opportunities., have been informed
by the American Samoa Parks and Recreation Commission of its current work
in preparing a Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan.
We welcome this positive step and look forward to future cooperation
with the Commission in seeing that public/private sector coordination is
applied to program enhancement for the mtual benefit of the Samoan people
and the several organizations that can make a future contribution to this
important component of American Samoan life.
Signature Title Organization Date
Private Parties Suggested for Canvassing:
American Athletic Association.
Samoan Athletes in Action.
Rotary Club.
Pago Pago Yacht Club.
American Samoa Game Fish Association.
Rainmaker Hotel.
American Samoa Tennis Association.
American Samoa Dive Club.
Van Camp Cannery.
Starkist Cannery.
Korea House.
Two-Dollar Beach Proprietors.
etc: other clubs, league/church teams, organizations, community groups.,
elderly organizations, as may be appropriate.
125
H,B. No. 145 PUBLIC LAW NO. 16-
THE SIXTEENTH LEGISLATURE OF AMERICAN SAMOA
Third Regular Session
Begun and held at Faqatogo, Tutuila, American Samoa
on Monday, the fourteenth day of January
one thousand nine hundred and eighty
AN ACT CREATING THE DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION, THE
.@J-',ERICAN SAMOA PARK SYSTEM AND THE PARKS AND RECREATION
::O,"lSSION; PRESCRIBING POITERS, DUTIES, SERVICES, AND PRO-
A-MENDING 32 ASC 201-02 AND 3 ASC 201; REPEALING
32 ASC 1-4; REDESIGNATING 32 201-02 AS 301-02; AND CREAT-
ING NEW 32 ASC 201-10 AND 32 ASC 401-02.
13E IT E1.1ACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF AMERICAN SAMOA:
Section 1. This act shall be known and may be cited as the
"American Samoa Parks and Recreation Act of 1979".
Sec 2. A new chapter 2 of title 32 is added which reads:
"CHAPTER 2. DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION
201. Definitions
As used in this title:
(1) "Commission" means the parks and recreation com-
mission;
(2) "Department" means the department of park-s and
recreation;
(3) "Director" means the director of parks and recre-
ation and the head of the department;
(4) "Government" means the Government of American
Samoa;
(5) "Governor" shall mean the Governor of American'
Samoa or the person who exercises the power of Acting Gov-
ernor;
(6) "Legislature" means the Legislature of American
Samoa;
(7) "Parks system" means the American Samoa parks
system;
(8) "Per-son" inclijdes the plural and includes the
individuals, partnerships, corporations, matais of families,
and other legal entities; and
(9) "Territory" means the Territory of American Samoa.
126
202. DepArtment of parks and recreation
There is created within the executive branch of the
Government a department of.parks and recreation. The head
of tha .1(-p-jrtment is a director appointed by the Governor
and Col.- .irmed by the Legislature in accordance with 3 ASC
12 (c)
203. Director; powers .-nd duties
The director has the following powers and duties:
(1) Manage, develop, control and maintain the park
system$-
(2) Initiate, promote, equip and supervise recrea-
tional programs in areas within the park system;
(3) Submit an annual report on the operations of the
park system and recreational programs by the department for
each fiscal vear to the Governor and Legislature not later
than Decembe@ 1;
(4) Administer the department through organizational
units which he may establish;
(5) Prescribe the duties of assistants, deputies,
attendants and other persons employed in the department;
(6) Manage the budget of the department;
(7) Attend, ex-officio, all meetings of the commis-
sion; and
(8) Establish rules in accordance with the Admini-
strative Procedure Act, 3 ASC 1931 ej_ seq. to accomplish
the purposes of this act.
204. American Samoa Parks System; classification; map-
ping
(a) There is created the American-Samoa Parks System.
The department shall inventory all properties belonging to
the Government and with the Governor's appr'Ova'l determine
w@ich properties are included in the park system. The
department keeps a list of all areas in the park system
according to classification, with correct and accurate
descriptions,. and, provides the Legislature with a current
copy of the list,
(b) The department classifies, and may subsequently
reclassify, each area within the park system in 1 of the
following categories:
(1) "Nc@tural Preserves" which are to remain unim-
proved;
(2) . "Conservation Preserves" which may be improved for
the purpose of making them accessible to the public in a
manner consistent with the preservation of their natural
features;
(3) "Territorial Parks" or "Community Par 'ks" which may
be improved for the purpose of providing public recreational
acilities in a manner'consistent with the preservations and
enhancement of the natural features;
127
(4) "Territorial Recro4tion Facilities" or "Community
Recreation Facilities" which may be improVed for the
purpose
of providing public recreation facilities; and
(5) "Iiistorical and Pro-historic Objects and Sites"
which are aaministered in accorda,.ncle, wilth federal guidelines
as set by the Department of the Interior.
(c) The territorial surveyor provides' the department
with maps of record, and any new maps which may be needed,
for all property within the park system not later than 1
year after each request by the department.
"S 205. Seashore reserve
All Iand including underwater land'. and water areas of
the Territory of American Samoa extending from the mean high
waterline seaward to 10 fathoms is included within the park
system and be administered by the.director in accordance
with § 204 above.
20 6. Parks fund; -revenues from concessions and uses;
donations
(a) There is established, separate and apart from any
other fund of the Government of American Samoa, 'a parks fund
for the development and jmpr@ovement of the parks system. The
fund is managed by the department. Financial statements on
the fund for each fiscal year are included in the depart-
ment's annual report to the Governor and L.egislature.
The department may grant permits.and charge fees
to individuals or groups to establish concessions on or
other-wise use any part of the parks system. The fees from
the permits shall be deposited in the parks fund. Any.per-
son or group granted a per-mit must be bonded in an amount
necessary, in the department's Judgment, to insure that
damage to the system caused by that. person or gro-up, in-
eluding litte'ring, can be rectified,
(c) Money or the proceeds of any property donated,
granted or bequeathed for the benefit of the parks system
are deposited in the parks fund; provided, that, money or
property donated, granted, or bequeathed for specific, pur-
poses is held in trust and may only be used for those pur-
poses.
11§ 207. Voluntary improvements
The department may grant permits to any individuals or
group to improve, without expense to the Government, any
part of the park* system.
128
0
"S 208. Damage to property
Any person who injures or damages any property within
the parks system, or who removes, destroys, or defaces any
tree, shrub, plant, or other attraction of any nature on or
in that property is guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable by a
fine not to exceed $500.
"§ 209. Recreational use of school facilities
The department may, with the consent and cooperation of
the department of education, initiate, promote, and super-
vise recreational programs on properties and in facilities
under the control of the department of education.
"§ 210. Transfer of offices and employees
The Governor is authorized to transfer to the depart-
ment the employees of existing agencies of the Government,
engaged in performing functions that come within the purposes
of the department and the entire or any part of the budget
related to those functions transferred.
Sec 3. 32 ASC 201 is amended to read:
"S 301. Federal assistance programs; department's powers and
duties
(a) The territorial park and recreation control board
department is authorized with respect to federal assistance
programs, to prepare, maintain and keep up-to-date, a com-
prehensive plan for the development, use and conservation of
outdoor recreation resources of the territory, to develop,
operate and maintain outdoor recreation areas and facilities
of the territory, and to acquire oversee acquisition land,
waters and interests in land and waters for such areas and
facilities. The Legislature must be provided with a copy
of the plan and any modifications that are from time to time
made to it.
(b) With the approval of the Governor of America
Samoa it the department may enter into contracts and agree-
ments with the United States or any appropriate agency
thereof, keep financial and other records relating thereto,
and furnish to appropriate officials and agencies of the
United States such the reports and information as may be
reasonably necessary to enable such those officials and
agencies perform their duties under such those programs.
129
0
(c) The territorial park and recreation control board
department, with the approval of the Governor of American
Samoa, may enter into and administer agreements with the
United States or any appropriate agency thereof for plan-
ning, acquisition and development projects involving parti-
cipating federal aid funds on behalf of the territory.
(d) In connection with obtaining for the territory of
American Samoa the benefits of any such program, the terri-
torial park and recreation control board department shall
coordinate its activities with, and represent the interest
of, all agencies of the territory having interests in the
planning, development and maintenance of outdoor recreation
resources and facilities within the territory."
Sec 4. 32 ASC 202 is amended to read:
"§ 302. Funds
(a) Federal assistance projects may be undertaken by
the territorial park and recreation control board department
only after it- has determined that sufficient funds are avail-
able to it for meeting the territory's share of project costs
(b) It is the legislative intent that, to such the
extent as may be necessary tp assure the proper operation
oped pursuant to under any program participated in by this
the territory under authority of this chapter title, such
these areas a-nd facilities shall be publicly maintained for
outdoor recreation purposes."
Sec 5. Here is a now chapter 4 of title 32 is added which
reads:
"CHAPTER 4. PARKS AND RECREATION COMMISSION
"S 401. Park and recreation commission; appointments;
removals
(a) There is established within the executive branch
of the Government the parks and recreation commission, which
consists of 5 members appointed by the Governor for terms of
2 years, except that the 4th and 5th initial appointees shall
serve for 1 year only in order to establish staggered terms.
(b) Officials of the Government may be appointed to
the commission.
(c) All appointees may be reappointed to the commission.
(d) All appointees may be removed from the commission
by the Governor for cause; provided, that, the majority of
the commission concurs in the cause offered.
130
402. Commission; powers and 'duties
The commission has the following powers and duties:
(1) Carry out those duties as may be set out in this
title and other laws, and the rules, of the Government which
specifically delegate power cir authority to the commission;
(2) Elect, at its 1st meeting and thereafter annually
at the 1st meeting in October, a chairman, who Ipresides at
all meetings, and other officers as it may consider desir-
able from among its members;
(3) Develop policies and programs for the administra-
tion, management and op 'eration of the parks system and
r(-reatio.nal activities;
(4) Review and make recommendations to the Governor
and department on:
(i) comprehensive plans, applications and acceptances
pertaining to . federal assistance programs prior to their
final approval and submission;
(ii) the preliminary and final budoets of the depart-
ment prior to submission to the Legisla@ure;
(iii) during the 1st month of each quarter, the opera-
tion and financial records of the department for the pre-
vious quarter; and
(iv) the department's annual report prior to submission
to the Legislature; and*
(5) Perform other assignments as the Governor may make
in the furtherance of the overall developmeht of the parks
system recreational programs."
Sec 6. 3 ASC 201 is amended to readt
11§ 201. Required departments
There shall be (1) a department of legal affairs, (2) a
department of health (3) a department of public works, (4) a
department of education (5) a departmcnt of agriculture, (6)
a departmont of administrative services, (7) a department of
port ac;ministration, (8) a department of local-govern-
ment, and (9) a department of parks recreation, with such
as may be p_rescriDe by law or assigned by
responsl
the Governor."
Sec 7. Repealer
32 ASC 1-4 are repealed.
ALFIA P0UM_HLE TUANA-ITAU F. T U IK.
Presi-dent of the Senate 131 Speaker of the House
APPENDIX B. RECREATIONAL INVENTORY ITEMS AND RELATED MAPPED DATA
Following is a detailed inventory checklist which correlates with mapped
locations on MAP W5. Categories are arranged as follows-
Principal Territorial parks and facilities and a few major pri-
vate sector facilities.
0 :Smaller recreational locations or facilities.
0 :Miscellaneous points of interest or potential recreational iden-
tification and development.
Existing registered National Historic Landmarks.
Existing registered National.Natural Landmarks.
American Samoa Community College.
Public High Schools.
Public Elementary Schools.
Private High Schools.
Private Elementary Schools.
SA :Locations where creation of federal "Special Anchorage" areas
.. might be considered for the future.
ebooo :Selected scenic trails.
INVENTORY
Unmap
* Rose Atoll National Wildlife Refuge: the only existing special con-
servation zone, encompassing Rose Atoll some 100 miles east of Manu'a.
* Swain's Island: privately owned, located some 200 miles north of Tutu-
ila (geographically in the Tokelau Islands); Swain's Elementary School
located here; documentation of its history may yield identifiable
sites.
NOTE: Rose and Swain"s are not included in the scope of T-CORP.
* 145 "Village Early Childhood Education Centers" dispersed on the five
principal islands.
* Archaeological sites remain to be inventoried and identified by Ameri-
can Samoa Historical Commission.
132
Principal Territorial and Private Recreation Facilities
A. Proposed
Anasosopo "Bicentennial" Park (Public): the most important available
site east of Pago Pago on Tutuila. Landfill currently is only partly
consolidated, uncompacted, and with a large standing sump pool in the
center, the shoreline perimeter is irregular and unimproved. Potential
includes fields, courts, playground, picnic/open space, water access and
boat ramp, fishing, clean wading/swimming conditions, parking, boat
shuttle linkage to the Utulei shore, etc.
B. Existing
Pago Pago Park and proposed Marina (Public): this park is intended to
become a focus for events and interchange on American Samoa Flag Day
(April 17) and Western Samoa Independence Day (June 1). The "finish
lines" are here for the new "Marathon" race inaugurated in 1979, and the
Fautasi (longboat) races which begin out toward the mouth of the harbor.
Proposed plaque sites where Cession was achieved and the flag officially
raised are located here. Courts and playing fields and a stadium with
partially-protected spectator seating exist. Present elements or near
neighbors include Handicraft Fales and a Senior Citizen Handicraft Cen-
ter, Korea House, relocated "Goat Island Club", AAA Gym, a sometimes
operational bowling alley, and existing boat ramp and finger pier,
Organizations involved at the park include the Rotary Club of American
Samoa, Samoan Athletes in Action, the American Athletic Association, and
the American Samoa Tennis Association.,
C. Proposed
Autapini Coastal Park (Public).
D. Existing
Malaloa Fishing Pier (Public): yachts and boats tie up and anchor off;
there is a Fish Weigh Station. The American Samoa Game Fishing Associa-
tion may have an interest here. Current development concepts include
creating a focus here for yacht services with expanded slip space, per-
haps mooring buoys, and possible relocation of U.S. Coast Guard operating
space at or near the pier.
E. Existing
Fagotogo-Malae Shore Development and Open Space (Public): will contri-
bute to urban design of adjacent "downtown" commercial area and shopping
mall and promenade developments.
F. Existing
Solo Ridge Observation Point and Aerial Tranuay Terminal (Public): site
133
under development; existing aerial tramway is unique with 6,000' cable
crossing Pago Pago Inner Bay to the other terminal at approximately
1,610' on Alava Peak. (Solo-Togatoga Ridge).
G. Existihq
Utulei Beach Park (Public): the only full-fledged existing public beach
park with sandy beach and swimming with inshore raft floats. Small
craft anchor off. The private Pago Pago Yacht Club is located near the
south end, and is the center of sailing activity. The "Apia Cup" is one
prominent race. The American Samoa Dive Club is based somewhere on the
Pago Pago Bay south shore.
H. Existing
Faga'alu Park (Public): a coastal park but not a beach park. Cruising
yachts wait out the hurricane season by anchoring off along with other
small boats. (Note: interior Fqa'alu Valley has Vaitanoa "Virgin"
Falls and Pool (Faga'alu Reservoir).
1. Existing
Tafuna Park on Pala Lagoon (Public): includes Rotary-sponsored Child-
ren's playground, courts and open picnic space. (Note: Mangrove forest
on inner Pala Lagoon and "puzzle nut" - Le'ile'i trees - Xylocarpus
moluccensis on the park shore proposed as "Natural Area" in Environ-
mental 'Co'n-sultants Draft).
J. Existing
Lava Lava (Tafuna) Golf Course (Public): a short 9-holes with.proposed
expansion to 18. To E. - Tafuna Lowland Rainforest, proposed Natural
Area.
K. Existing
The "Rainmaker" Hotel (Private): the principal hotel in American Samoa,
located on fill encompassing the former Goat Island; with the only
existing swimming pool, and a private beach. The Rainmaker is the focus
of visitor and tourist activity. The ASG Office of Marine Resources
plans an underwater observation park for the reefs directly off the
Hotel and Utulei Beach.
See also "Blunt's Point" Development under the National Historic Land-
marks List.
0 Smaller Recreational Locations or Facilities
a. Existing
Aoa Village Tourist Pavilion and Camp Site (Village).
134
b. Existing
Two-Dollar Beach (Private): good swimming and shady picnicki ng at
Avaio Village; note Lion's Head Rock offshore -- is "Lion's Park"
another name for this spot? Marathon Run begins here, goes on to
Tafuna, comes back to end at Pago Pago Park.
c. E@o s e@d
Breakers Point Trail (Public): trail tends up from crest of road.
d. Propose
Aua Village Park (Village): no actual site observed -- although a
school basketball court was noted along with a ruined Mormon Church
court.
e. Propos
Centipede Row Recreational Dock Development (Public): when the existing
Centipede Row "G.A.S." housing is removed, most of this strip will be
applied to port expansion. However, Office of Marine Resources (in Feb.
1980) discussed the possibility and desirability of reserving the end
toward the hotel for a tourist-oriented marine recreation focus. A spa-
tially modest development could include moorings for the one existing
true charter fishing boat (moorings rented on concession); mobrings for
a glass-bottom boat to visit reefs off the hotel and Utulei; a fish
weigh station with an attractive backdrop for photographing game fish
catches; a small dive and tackle concession; and possibly an embarkation
point for small boat shuttles that might develop to carry passengers
across the bay to the newly planned facilities at Anasosopo Park. Note
the advantageous "buffer" role such an installation would have between
the port dock operations and the Tourist Office and Hotel grounds. Con-
straint would be a requirement for moving existing fuel handling func-
tions -- for reasons of space, safety, aesthetics, and pollution control.
f. Propos
Matuu Beach Outlook and Access to Matuu Underwater Park (Public): com-
position, location, and boundaries of the Underwater Park must be deter-
mined.
g Existing
Tafuna Residential Playground (Public): in the Tafuna housing area.
h. Existing
"YCC" (Youth Conservation Corps) Airport Landscape Park (Public): on
the grounds outside the International Airport.
135
Exi sting
Freddie's Beach Park (Status?): at Fogagogo rock pool and surge channel
swimming, and picnicking. - It is not a territorial public park.
Existing
Aoloau Village Park (Village): on the high Aoloau plateau, adjacent to
the elementary school with a carved tourism sign like the one in Aoa
Village. Actually the same'school grounds with basketball court, and
the small open space for the village park are incorporated with the
landscaped lawn and botanicals behind the school.
k. Existing
Utumea (West) Park (Village?) (Private?): proposed in the "implementa-
tion program" in American Samoa Recreation Area Development Plan: 1975;
has "Private" signs posted, no facilities.
1. Existina
Amanave Village Beach Park (Village): a small sW-side lawn with some
small fales, unimproved basketball court, painted trash cans, and the
beach below.
m. Proposed
Marine Resources, Fagatogo (Public): existing pilings for finger piers,
existing boat ramp, scientific moorings. Conceptual plans for creating
wharf space fronting this section of coast have been mentioned to serve
both commercial and pleasure fishing interests. Fish aggregation buoys
currently are made up and deployed from this location.
Existing Registered National Historic Landmarks
1. Blunt's Point Artillery Rifle Preservation and Proposed Historic Walk.
(Winding trail to two heavy emplacements and light weapons pits higher
up; presently overgrown and undeveloped; emplacements filled with rain-
water).
2. Aasu Bay Historic Monument: commemorating massacre of members of a La
Perouse shore party killed by Samoans in 1787.
3. Jean P. Haydon Museum of American Samoa.
4. Office of Tourism Building -- now American Samoan Bank Building.
5. Atauloma Girls' School: now ASG housing.
6. Former Fagalele Boys' School, Grounds, and Fagalele Shoreline: the
structure,, built between 1855 and 1885, is thought to be the oldest
standing non-indigenous structure on Tutuila. The lawns and shaded
136
grounds, though private, are made available on a mutual courtesy basis
to visiting picnickers. The rocky but accessible coast fronting on the
Fagalele private church property is a popular swimming spot shared in by
the Leone Village public. Village elders discourage recreational use by
Leone youth on Sundays while the church intervenes if use becomes too
heavy with associated litter problems. There appears to be a workable
balance with infrequent need to invoke restrictive control.
7. Government House: with its parklike surrounding grounds.
8. High Court of American Samoa,
V Existing Registered National Natural Landmarks
1. Aunu'u Island: with Faimulivai Marsh in the old crater proposed as
"Natural Area" in Environmental.Consultants Draft. Note also Red "Pala"
Lake just NW of the crater and Maamaa Cove breaking the east crater wall .
2. Cape Taputapu (Proposed): (also must check a reference at this spot to
'Taema - Founder of this Island'). Include Taputapu Island.
3. Fogama'a Crater (Proposed): (The whole Fogama'a/Fagatele crater and.
coast area might be considered as a unit. Fagatele Point to the west
proposed as "Wildlife Sanctuary" in Environmental Consultants Draft.
Leala Shoreline just west of Fagatele Point is an existing National
Natural Landmark. An adjoining marine park/sanctuary component might be
included, as discussed by the ASG Office of Marine Resources in 1976 and
1980.
4. Leala Shoreline: lying just west of Fagatele Point (see previous entry)
note that the traditional "sliding rock" site is nearby, though the pre-
cise location must be mapped. This stretch of coast is delimited by the
impressive grave of High Chief Satele Moasegi on a low rocky point sami
of the road at about the point where the Taputimu Experimental farm
grounds come closest to the coast. Coast is marked by rocky outcrop-
pings,' deep and shallow surge channels, and tide pools, backed by a mix
of coconut, grass and scrub forest.
5. Matafao Peak: 2,142', the highest summit on Tutuila and the second
highest in American Samoa; montane scrub on the summit; reached by a
scenic trail up from the Fagasa Road crest pass.
6. Rainmaker Mountain (Mt. Pioa): 1,718',, second highest on Tutuila and
fourth highest in all American Samoa; montane scrub on summit, reached
by steep trail to the Afono Road crest pass.
7. Vaiava Strait: The whole area of Pola Island, Polauta Ridge, and the
white cliffs "Sami Tu'utuu" on the west of Polauta Ridge should be con-
sidered jointly. This area is proposed a@ "Wildlife Sanctuary" in Envi-
ronmental Consultants Draft. (Possibility of a marine component remains
to be explored).
137
Schools
ASCC - American Samoa Community College (Public): the only college
(2-year) in American Samoa, with some discussion of future expan-
sion to a 4-year program. ASCC has a new gym and some outside
facilities, with long-range plans for recreational facilities in-
cluding a swimming pool.
VQC "Voc-Tech Ed Center" (Public): formerly linked to ASCC, now under
DOE. Program oriented to correspondence course distribution, and
involves adult education as well as serving secondary level needs.
Pu,blic High Schools
A Manu'a Isl-ands: in Luma, Ta'u.
B Faga'itua: in Faga'itua, East Tutuila,
C Samoana: in Utulei, Pago Pago Bay South Shore.
D Leone: in Leone, West Tutuila.
Private High Schools
A Marist Brothers: Malaeloa, West Tutuila. (Boys), Catholic.
B Fa'asao: "Lepuapua", Puapua,) Leone. (Girls), Catholic.
Public Elementary Schools (Swain's Island Elementary School, un-
mapped)
a Fitiuta, Ta'u.
b Faleasao, Ta'u.
c Olosega, Olosega.
d Ofu, Ofu.
e Aunu'u, Aunu'u.
f Matatula, Tula.
g Olomoana, Aoa.
h Alofau.
i Masefau.
j Afono.
138
k Laul i 'i
I Aua.
m Mauga-0-Alava, Vatia.
n Matafao, Faga'alu.
o Fia Iloa, Utulei (exact spot?).
p Pago Pago.
q Le'atele, Fagasa.
r Manulele Tausala, east of Tafuna and northwest of International
Airport (exact spot?).
s Lupelele, Ili 'ili .
t Pava'ia'i.
u Aasu (inactive).
v Sili'aga, Aoloau.
w Leone-Midkiff, Leone.
x Alataua-Lua, Nua.
y Fagamalo.
z Poloa (sometimes listed as Fagali'i or Taputimu).
(unmapped) Swain's Island.
<> Private Elementary Schools
a Marist Brothers: Atuu, Pago Pago Bay North Shore; (boys),
Catholic.
b St. Francis: Lepua, Pago Pago Bay North Shore; (girls),
Catholic.
c St. Theresa: Leone, West Tutuila; (boys and girls), Catholic.
d South-Pacific Academy: located in Tafuna (exact 1,ocation
Sponsorship?).
(unmapped) Pre-Elementary Public & Private Educational Facilities
139
Public
ASG supervises some 145 public Village Early Childhood Education
Centers on the five principal islands, according to the ASG DPO
Economic Development Plan for American Samoa: fy 1979-1984,
p. IV-79.
Private
* Independent Cooperative Kindergarten, Fatagoto.
* ABC Nursery, Futiga.
* Seventh Day Adventist School, Satala.
* Seventh Day Adventist School, Tafuna.
* Bethany School, Leone.
* Manumalo Baptist School, Malaeimi.
0 Miscellaneous Points of Interest or Potential Recreation Development
1. Laufuti Falls, Ta'u South coast, cascade said to be 1,000'. (Question
on all waterfalls, when do they flow?) All Lata Mt., Lavania Cove,
Ulufala Pt. are proposed as "Natural Area" in Environmental Consultants
Draft.
2. Tiaiu Falls, inland west of Afono.
3. Vaitanoa, "Virgin" Falls, interior Faga'alu.
4. Sina Falls, between Malaeloa and Leone.
5. Leone Falls, interior on Leafu Stream,.Leone, unattractive due to pipes,
cement, debris, poor approach trail.
6. Logoua Falls, near Failolo, West Tutuila, not significant.
7. Alava Mountain, 1,610' aerial tramway terminal and television towers
located here, fifth highest on Tutuila, eighth highest in all American
Samoa.
8. Olotele Mountain, 1,617' at the edge of the Aoloau Plateau, Tutuila;
fourth highest on Tutuila, seventh highest in all American Samoa.
9. Lata Mountain, Ta'u, 3,160'+, montane scrub and cloud forest in highest
parts; summit of Ta'u and highest peak in all American Samoa.
10. Piumafua Mountain, top of Olosega at 2,095'; third highest in all Ameri-
can Samoa.
140
11. Tumu Mountain, top of Ofu at 1,6211; sixth highest in all American Samoa.
12. Nuutele Island and Nuusilaelae Islet, west of Ofu; proposed as "Wildlife
Sanctuary" in Environmental Consultants Draft. Summit of Nuutele is
rock in likeness of man called Foysia. There is a deep, large tidepool
on the seaside of the island.
13. Nuusetoga Island, northeast Tutuila; has ifilele trees (Intsia bijuga)
used for best kava bowls and house posts; proposed "Natuiral Area" in
Environmental Consultants Draft.
14. Anape'ape'a Cove + two caves, on the east side of Afono Bay; said to be
the major known caves on Tutuila, used by swifts and the sheath-tailed
bat, proposed "Wildlife Sanctuary" in Environmental Consultants Draft.
15. "Airport Secondary Forest", in the airport perimeter to the west on
Tutuila; proposed as possible "Natural Area" in Environmental Con-
sultants Draft.
16. "Flower Pot Rock" Islet, and wreck of vessel "Van Winkle Nuan", off
Fatumafuti.
17. Lighthouse, Pofala Hill, Aunu'u.
18. Lighthouse, Breakers Point, east side Pago Pago Bay entrance.
19. Lighthouse, Steps Point, southernmost point of Tutuila.
20. Main Dock, Pago Pago Bay; cruise ships tie up here, USCG (with 55'
Search and Rescue vessel) and Custom House located just to the west.
21. Leone Landing; possible historical significance as first missionaries
landed here; nearest prime landing point for traffic from Western Samoa.
22. Auasi Boat Landing; regular landing for Aunu'u boat traffic to Tutuila;
also nearest prime Tutuila landing point for traffic from Manu'a; nice
swimming water here at present.
23. Van Camp and Starkist Tuna Canneries, and industrial "Marine Railway"
(tracked dry-docking facility); guided tours are offered.
24. Ofu Airfield, 2,200', ASG owned, DPO's Economic Development Plan (1979)
discussed proposed development of recreation facilities in association
with the airfield. This is the Vaoto Marsh area at the south tip of
Ofu. "Ofu Airport Lowland Rainforest" nearby is a proposed "Natural
Area" in Environmental Consultants Draft.
Ta'u Airfield, 1,600;, privately owned by SPIA, at approximately 185'
elevation inland from northern Luma, and on the heights to the south of
Faleasao Village; DPO's Economic Development Plan (1979) discussed pro-
posed development of recreation facilities in association with the air-
field. See 79 Faga, proposed new airfield site.
141
26. Asaga Strait Road Viaduct, connecting Ofu and Olosega Islands; one lane.
(Note that Ofu used to be said to have the most feral pigs; will opening
of this causeway affect their distribution?).
27. Ta'u Church, London Missionaries.
28. Tomb of the last Tui'manu'a, near the coast below Papatea in north Luma,
Ta'u.
29. Botanic and Agricultural Park,, Aoloaufou; small landscaped area adjacent
to school.
30. Taputimu Experimental Farm; government controlled open space, buildings
in ruinous condition, out of use, only taro and bananas growing. An
excellent location.
31. Ancient site of Pago Pago Village on Alava Ridge; exact site and compo-
sition must be determined.
32. "Mauga 'Alii" - "High Chiefs Burial Ground", in the Sa'ilele area, exact
location and composition to be determined.
33@ Vaitogi Village, seaward to the south side is open recreational space;
blow holes along the shore; site of the popular "Turtle and Shark"
legend which school children sing. There are good swimming holes with
pockets of sand in the rock channels along the shore.
34. Cinema: Pago Pago Cinemas, Lepua.
35. Cinema: Haleck's West, Pava'ia'i.
36. Cinema: Leone Theatre, Leone.
37@ Rex Lee Auditorium.
38. LBJ Hospital, now moved to Faga'alu.
39. Fautasi (longboat) races begin here (exact spot?) and finish off Pago
Pago Park.
40. Scenic crest road pass to Afono.
41. Scenic crest road pass to Fagasa.
42. Feleti Pacific Library, in Centipede Row area, Pago Pago Bay south
shore. (Note also the Library of American Samoa in Utulei).
SURFING SITES: Reported by R. Shaffer, Director, Office of Samoan Informa-
tion, ASG, Feb. 1980. He indicates sites remain to be dis-
covered in Manu'a. Sites listed presumably for regular surf-
boards and some overlap with body surfing. He estimates
maximum wave heights.
142
43. Tula Reef Break: best on calm days with small ground swell and on an in-
coming tide; rights and lefts, similar to normal beach break conditions,
November to March.
44. Alao Reef Break: same conditions as (43).
45. Aunu'u Reef Break: can handle large westerly swell up to 10 feet; right
and left break on incoming to high tide; normal southeast trade winds
are offshore at this spot.
46. "Gas Stations" near Alofau Village: long left break; can handle large
southerly swell up to 10+ feet; incoming and high tide, and calm or
northwest wind conditions are best.
47. Lauli'i "No. 2" Point Break: rights only into channel; can handle south
or easterly swell up to 6-8 feet; incoming to high tide, and calm or
northwest wind conditions are'best, November to March.
48. Lauli'i "No. 1" Point Break: left break only; southerly swell; best
during light southeast trades and incoming tide; good to 8-10 feet.
49. "The Hotel": learner's spot; tiny waves year around on any large swell;
incoming tide necessary; wind conditions unimportant.
50. "The Park" next to Faga'alu Park: right break only 2-6 feet; extremely
shallow, very fast waves and very hollow; excellent on good southeast
swell and incoming tide with northwest winds or glassy conditions;
November to April.
51. Matu'u: big right break into channel; rideable waves up to 10+ feet
with large peaks, steep drop, short ride; best during incoming tide and
northwest winds or glassy conditions; November to March.
52. "Lefts" west of Matu'u. good left break, steep takeoff, long wall, and
good ride; from 2-10 feet on east or southerly swell; incoming tide and
glassy conditions or northwest winds; November to March.
53. "The Rock" (Fatuuli Rock off Utulaina Point): good right break into
channel, and radical left over reef -- but good wave in certain condi-
tions; Right break: steep drop, long ride, excellent wave, very fast
and hollow, from 3-10+ feet. Left break: steep takeoff, short fast ride
with pullout at the end; both waves on incoming tide, northwest winds or
glassy conditions best; November to March.
54. Nu'uuli: excellent right break, 3-9+ feet, long wall, steep takeoff,
fast and hollow; easy paddle out; incoming tide and northwest wind or
glassy conditions; November to March.
55. "Birds" point break (Asili): a right in front of the village; long
smooth lines from 4-10 feet; far out and long paddle; must be near high
tide as a coral head is located near the end of the ride; best on glassy
days or northwest winds; known to break at any time of year and not
affected much by southeast trades.
143
56. "The Pastor's"House (Amanave Village)- long, fast over reef; incoming
tide necessary as very shallow; must pull out at end of ride; good year
around and not affected by southeast trades.
57. Poloa: rights and lefts similar to beach break waves; incoming or high
tide year around but blows out on north or west winds; 3-8' and easy
paddle.
58. Faleasao Village,, Ta'u: rights and lefts at channel mouth on a north
swell, but closes out at 6'; incoming tide, and good on all winds ex-
cept north or west, or when conditions are too glassy,
59. Ofu Boat Harbor and Power Station.
60. Ofu Village Basketball Court.
61. Ofu, Nuupule Rock, good swimming.
62. Faalaaga Beach, most outstanding example of curving tropical white sand
beach in American Samoa.
63@ Olosega Village Shoreline, another outstanding white beach.
64. Faleasao Power Plant and Beach.
65. Ta'u Village Tourism Guest Fales and Village Beach.
66. Ta'u Theater.
67. Fusi Boat Harbor, Ta'u.
68. North Faleasao (interior of Siulagi Pt.) plantation land and Toa Cove/
Beach.
69. Agricultural Station, Ta'u.
70. Aunu'u Island Boat Harbor.
71. Alao Open Space.
72. Faga'itua Crest Park.
73. Aoloau/Aasufou open space/chief's tomb/super Fale.
M Logotala Hill open space (ASG owned).
75. Olovalu Crater.
76. Vailoatai Village Malae.
77@ Faga'itua Village Malae.
78. Pala Lagoon Mangrove Shore/Conservation Park/Open Space.
144
79. Faga Shore, Ta'u, proposed new airfield site; 2,000'+.
80. Papa Stream Valley (potential recreation space?).
81. Mormon Church Courts, Malaimi.
82. Sailele Beach.
Boat Ramps (BRI - BR13)
1. Pago Pago, existing.
2. Fagasa, existing.
3. Leone, proposed priority.
4. Faga'alu, concrete pad only.
5. Auasi, sand launch beside Boat Harbor.
6. Masefau, existing private.
7. Poloa, planned.
8. Ofu, planned, current beach launching.
9. Ta'u, existing, part of Boat Harbor.
10. Pala Lagoon, planned.
11. OMR Ramp, Fagatogo: existing, but too narrow.
12. Anasosopo, planned, priority.
13. Aunu'u Island, in Boat Harbor, potential.
145
Fish Aggregation Bu (FBA - FBJ)
Depth Distance from
Buoy Position (fathom) land (mile)
A 14-15.2'S, 170-29.0-W 535 - 4.2
B 14-21.1-S, 170-37.8-W 900 3.0
C 14-24.6-S, 170-43.5-W 935 3.0
D 14019.2'S, 170053.9W 25 3.1
E 14-12.5-S, 170-43.7-W 500 3.1
F 14010.1'S, 170033.9'W 1,050 4.6
G 1401BA'S, 170025.4W 520 7.4
H 14044.2'S, 170038.5'W 1,350 23.2
14026.2'S, 170004.1'W 672 26.3
14014.7-S, 169034.3-W 520 3.4
SA Indicates possible locales for federal "Special Anchorage Areas" where-
in vessels under 65' long can anchor without the requirement to show
anchor lights. Since a pattern is developing of small boat and yacht
moorage off the south shore of Pago Pago Bay, concern for safety and
control of protected water space may make Special Anchorages an appro-
priate innovation. Sites off Faga'alu, Utulei, Malaloa, and Pago Pago
initially have been noted.
.... Indicates routes of selected existing scenic trails. The whole trail
picture in American Samoa remains to be well documented. Out of the
full complex of trails, many of which are no doubt used for regular
travel, work, and access, some will present themselves as chiefly
recreational in nature. Trails marked here include the ridge trails
from Fagasa Road crest pass up to the summit of Matafao Peak and up to
the north bay ridge culminating in Alava summit where the Aerial Tram-
way terminates, then eastwards along the ridge to the point where a
trail north downslope to Vatia or a trail south downslope to Pago Pago
near Leloaloa can be taken. Also shown is the steep trail up the Rain-
maker (Pioa) from the Afono Road crest pass. Note also trails on
Aunu'u Island. Many other trails, and perhaps some new ones, must be
located.
146
Special Identification of a Major Potential Territorial Conservation Area
The preceding list includes a variety of conservation, open space, and
potential recreational sites in the general "Steps Point" area. A closer
look shows that these form a cohesive group of contiguous locations, not now
suffering encroachment in any large degree, which could wel '1 be designated
jointly as a territorial conservation area with specified restricted use and
access.
A summary list of the elements follows. Note the symmetry of distribu-
tion - east from Steps, including the Fogamaa/Larsen crater landforms, to
Vaitogi Village; west from Steps, including the Fagatele Crater landform,
to Vailoatai Village; north on the Steps Point road to the main highway at
Futiga opposite Olovalu Crater just north of the main road.
* Vaitogi Village: well-maintained with wide village open space and a
scenic shoreline with swimming, blow holes, and the "Shark & Turtle"
coast; note also the Chief's tomb and the high ceremonial arch in the
village. (A small number of more well-to-do homes lie westwards on an
unimproved road. )
* Logotala Hill: with unimproved road access; an ASG-owned parcel
capped with a large, flat open space area with impressive views the
length of Tutuila and into the Fogamaa Crater/Cove complex; a poten-
tial district/territorial level recreation/open space site identified
in the survey.
* Fogamaa Crater: a proposed National Natural Landmark, currently with
model subsistence farming activities within.
* Fogamaa Cove and beach: idyllic and isolated on the inner margin of
Larsen's Bay.
* Larsen's Bay itself: potential for coastal/clifftop walking trails
here.
* Steps Pt.: the farthest southern point of U.S. Territory (worthy of
a plaque and a scenic lookout); with the USCG lighthouse on a small
federal reservation at the point; with controlled-access road leading
down to the point from the north.
* Fagatele Bay and Point: potential for clifftop walking trails here;
note also extensive seabird breeding grounds on the cliff faces both
here and in Larsen's Bay; one draft report suggests Fagatele Point as
a wildlife sanctuary (land-based).
* Office of Marine Resources proposed Marine Preserve in waters of Faga-
tele Bay and environs, said to be an outstanding and little-spoiled
natural marine area.
* Fish Aggregation Buoys (C) and (H) located to the south approximately
3 and 26 miles from land respectively -- intended to be served chiefly
147
by boat ramps proposed for Leone and Pala Lagoon, and by launchings in
Pago Pago Bay.
Leala Scenic Shoreline: a National Natural Landmark lying to the west
of Fagatele Point. (Also in this area is the "sliding rock" site.)
Chief Moasegi's Tomb on the rocks above the sea: at the point where
the Vailoatai South Road meets the coast -- a definite landmark at the
west end of Leala Shoreline.
Taputimu Experimental Farm -- and Potential open space: this ASG
(owned? controlled? managed?) facility is located quite near the
coast, just inside the turn of the road mentioned above; buildings
currently in derelict condition with only banana and taro observed;
great potential here for the seaward end of the farm to be developed
as territorial/district level open space -- even as the remainder of
the farm is revitalized in'a productive and pertinent ag role as per-
manent buffer and open space to the rear of the suggested coastal pre-
serve area.
* Vailoatai Shoreline and lawn Malae: buffer the west of the whole pro-
posed area just as do Vaitogi at the east end and Futiga to the north.
* 4 land routes of access (restricted): 1) Vaitogi road; 2) Logotala
Hill Road turnoff; 3) Steps Pt. road and turnoff to the landfill pro-
ject inland from Fagatele Bay; 4) and the Vailotai South Road at
Leala. (Note a few well-to-do houses above the coast just beyond the
Moasegi Tomb.)
* Steps Pt. also one end of potential scenic cross island trail to Olo-
valu Crater, up to Olotele Peak along-the drainage divide, across
Aoloau and down to Aasu on the north shore - Aasu Memorial and good
potential camp site.
148
APPENDIX C. RECREATION AND OPEN SPACE RESOURCES, DETAILED SUMMARY DISPLAYS
Diagram 5 in the text provides a compressed quantitative summary of
land-based recreational acreage available. Displays in this appendix iden-
tify and group the sites that were tallied to produce Diagram 5. They also
extend beyond land-based spatial resources to marine-related and specialized
resources, open space and selected conservation sites of potential interest,
and selected potential. natural and historic landmarks.
Diagram Display Title
D-6a Composite Summary of Land-Based Recreational Requirements and
Resources.
D-6b Territorial Level Land-Based Resources.
D-6c Manu'a Recreational Service District & Local Land-Based Re-
sources.
D-6d East Tutuila Recreational Service District & Local Land-
Based Resources.
D-6e Pago Bay Area Recreational Service District & Local Land-
Based Resources.
D-6f Tafuna Area Recreational Service District & Local Land-Based
Resources.
D-6g West Tutuila Recreational Service District & Local Land-
Based Resources.
D-6h Local Land-Based Recreation Spatial Requirements Projected
to Year 2000.
D-6i Composite Summary of Non-Marine Specialized Resources, Con-
servation/Open Space, and Historic & Natural Landmarks.
D-6j Composite Summary of Coastal Zone and Marine Resources, In-
cluding Selected Beach Park/Swimmable Beach Sites Requiring
Public Access, Marine Preserves, Boat Ramps, Fish Aggrega-
tion Buoys, Surfing Sites, and Related Facilities.
149
DIAGRAM 6a. COMPOSITE SUMMARY OF LAND-BASED RECREATIONAL REQUIREMENTS AND RESO
19TE IS REQUIRED RESOURCES2 AUTHORITY, ESTIMATED ACRES Total
ACRES Other Village/ Oompared Dist/Loc Less
1985 P&R DOE ASCC ASG Private TOTAL ro Req. Composite DOE/ASCC
TERRITORIAL: 18 20 3 025 23.25 + 5.25 + 5.25 20
MANUIA:
District*@ 1 .75 .75 .25 0
Local 1.25 2 .25 2.25 + 1 + .75 025
E. TUTUILA:
District 4 4.5 4.5 + .5 4.5
Local 4.75 4.75 3.25 8 + 3.25 + 4.25 3.25
PAGO BAY:
District 5 10.5 10.5 + 5.5 10.5
+ 5
Local 5.25 3.75 1 4.75 - .5 1
TAFUNA:
District 6 3 3 - 3 3
Local 6 2.5 2 .25 3.25 8 + 2 3.5
W. TUTUIIA
District 4 6 6 + 2 0
Local 4.5 3.75 5.5 9.25 + 4.75 + 6.75 5.5
TOTAIS: 59-75 38.0 26.5 2.25 .25 13.25 80.25 +20.5 +20.5 51.5
-Territorial 18.0 23-25 + 5.25 20.0
-Rec District 20.0 24-75 + 4.75 18.0
-Local 21-75 32.25 +10.5 13.5
Only Non-5pecialized, Land-Based Resources. (Ex: Golf Course a Specialized,
"Districts" are derived Recreational Service DistKj2ts, not administrative
regional planning areas.
These aggregate E2&ce totals require the context of access revealed in the
displays following for full interpretation. EE2Llit lability and suit
separate concern. avai
DIAGRAM 6b. TERRITORIAL LAND-BASED RESOURCES
TERRITORIAL LEVEL: (Central Location and Access per Total Population)
(Overall Planning Standard: Over 30,000 Population)
(Space Requirement: 1 Acre per 2,000 Population)
Frojectea
Population Requirement EXISTING RESOURCES: Non-Specialized land-Based., and Shorefront
1985 1985 (acres) (Some current development or planned treatme
36t890 18 SITE Authority & Estimated Net Acreage
P&R DOE 'ASCC Other Village Priv
Projected ASG
Population Requirement
2000 2000 (acres) Pago Pago Park 20
50,195 +7* 25 (Final Elements Pend)
Samoana. High School 3
Fields & Running Track
ASCC Sheltered Gym .25
TMAL 20 3 .25
POMNTIAL RESOURCES:
ASCC: Phased development plans for Olympic Swimming Pool.
Phased development plans for Running TrackAthletic Field
Leone Open Space (Between Elementary and High Schools): Alternat
Running Track/Athletic Field.
Fagalitua High School: Alternate site for Olympic Swimming Pool.
DIAGRAM 6c. MANUIA RECREATIONAL SERVICE DISTRICT & LOCAL LAND-BASED RESOURCES
District Level Standard: "Severe access problems coupled with population of at leas
Population- 1985/2000 1,655A.935. District Requirement Acres: 1985/2000 -- 1
LML/DIVISION/STANDARD SITE/LOCATION MSTING MOURCES,2,A
==@7O@@ITY Z@S
Other Village/
P&R DOE ASGG ASG Private T
DISTRICT
Manula High School .75
Ln LOCAL
N)
East Talu Rural Fiti luta School .5
West Talu Rural Faleasao School -5
Olosega Exception Olosega School .5
Ofu Rural Ofu School -5
Ofu Village Court 025
POTENTIAL: Manu I& High School: Expansion on available DOE ASG land to create ful]
Siulagi Plantation Land and Toa Coves N. Faleasao: Possible future red
park site.
Vaoto Airfield/Marsh Space, Ofu: Possible enhancement of airfield and i
alternate recreational use outside of air hours.
DIAGRAM 6d. EAST TUTUILA RECRKATIONAL SERVICE DISTRICT & LOCAL LAND-BASED RESOUTM
District Level Standard: "Geographic attenuation access problems + population of at
Population: 1985/2000 -- 7,220/8,230. District Requirement Acres: 1985/2000 -- 4
IML/DIVISION/STANDARD' SITEAOCATION EXISTING IMSOURGES,ATJTHORITY, T. AC
Other Village/
P&R DOE ASCC ASG Private TOTAL
DISTRICT Anasosopo Landfill Park 4.5 4.5
LOCAL
Aunulu: RuralNater- Aunu lu School .5 .5
Isolated
Tula Coast: Rural Matatula School .5 .5
AlaoAJtumea E.: Rural Alao Sandy Open Space 2
Utumea E. Village Land ?
2.0
Alofau/Amouli: Rural Alofau School .5 .5
Aoa Coast: Rural Olomoana School, Aoa -5
Aoa Village Tour Site *25
.75
Masef au/Masausi-: Rural Masef au School .5 .5
Fagalitua Coast: Rural Fagalitua High School .75
Fagalitua Malas 05
1.25
Iauli-li: RuralAirban Lauli 11 School .5 .5
VatiaAfono: Rural Mauga-o-Alava School 0
Afono School 0
Aua Coast: Urban Aua School .5 .5
POTENT'IAL: Fagalitua Crest Park: Picnic and play area up off the ridge road.
Aua (Proposed) Village Park: No site observed.
Afono Road Crest: Possible lookout/rnini-park development.
DIAGRAm 6e. PAGO BAY AREA RECRFATIONAL SERVICE DISTRICT & LOCAL LAND-BASED RES
District Level Standard: "Generally acceptable access + population of at least
Population: 1985/2000 -- 9,705/12,320. District Requirement Acres: 1985/2000
LML/DIVISIOW/STANDARD SITE/LOCATION EXISTING RESCURCES,AUTHORITY,EST.
Other Village/
P&R, DOE ASCC ASG Private T
@Autaplni Coastal Park 1
DISTRICT
Fagatogo.Shorefront 1.5
Utulei Beach + Expansior 5*25
Fagalalu Park 2.75
1(
LOCAL
Leloaloa Coast: Urban St.Francis School .25
(Private)
Atuu Coast: Urban Marist Bros. School .5
@Private)
U1 Fagasa/Fagatele-. Rur/Vrb Lelatele School.,Fagasa .5
Pago Pago/Fagatogo:Urban Pago Pago School 1.25
Fagatog4o Malae 1.5
2
Utulei: Urban Fia Iloa School2Utulei .25
Fagalalu/Matulu: Urban Matafao School.,Fagalalu .5
11C
POTENTIAL-. ngasa Road CrestAlava Ri@ge% i FLni-Fark/Strip Park/Lookout Potentiz
Matulu Village: Any possible ppacc mountain-side (uka) of the road
DIAGRAm 6f. TAFUNA AREA RECREATIONAL SERVICE DISTRICT & LOCAL LAND-BASED RESOURCE
District Level Standard: "Generally acceptable access + population of at least 10.,
Population: 1985/2000 -- 11.,180/3-7,615. District Requirement Acres: 1985/aw -
LEVEL/DIVISION/STANDA'RD SITE/DDCATION EXISTING RBSOURCES,AUTHORITY9 ST. ACRE
Other Village/
P&R DOE ASCC ASG Private TOTAL
DISTRICT Tafuna Park/Playground 3 3
LOCAL
Nuluuli: Urban 0
Tafuna: Urban Manulele Tausala School -5
Tafuna Residential
Playground..ASG Housing .25
South Pacific Academy
(Private School) .5
1.25
Malaeimi Area: Urban ASCC Front Field 2
Morman@Church-Gourts I
Ln
Ln 3
Faleniu Area: Urban 0
Aoloau Plat:Rur-al/urban Aoloau Landscape Park --25
Sili laga School,,Aoloau -5
.75
Mapusaga Area: Urban 0
Pavalialio. Urban Pavaliali School 1
Ili lili: Urban Lupelele Schbol.,Ili lili -5 .5
Vaitogi: RuralAJrban Vaitogi Open Space 1.5 1.5
8.o
POTENTIAL: Tafuna Park Expansion Space: Commsat area; contiguous? amount? configurat
Aasufou/Aoloau open Space: Large open area across from quarry,
Logotala Hill: large flat-topped height of land., NE of Fogomaa, ASG owned.
Pala Lagoon Shore, Nuluuli-side: required space must be found for local le
Papa Stream Valley: mountain-side (uka) of road., W. Nuluuli -- any space h
Aasutuai School: at the coast, apparently inactive at present, future plan
DIAGRAM 6g. WEST TUTUILA RECREATIONAL SERVICE DISTRICT & LOCAL IAND-BASED RESOU]
District Level Standard: "Geographic attenuation acceav problems + population o
Population: 1985/2000 -- 7,120110,095- District Requirement Acres: 1985/2000
LEVEL/DIVISION/STANDARD SITE/LOCATION EXISTING RESOURCES2AUTHORITY, T
Other Village/
P&R DOE ASCC ASG Private T
DISTRICT Loone High School 6
Fields and Courts
LOCAL
Futiga: Urban
malaeloaAtulau: Urban Marist, Bros. High School -2
(Private)
Falasao High School
(Private) .75
Taputimu: RuralAJrban
Vailoatai: Urban Vailoatai Village Nalae - 1.5
'Le one-. Urban Leone-Midkiff School 2-25
St. Theresa's School .5
(Private)
Fagalele mission Grounds .25
Faletolu Coast: Rural
Nua/Seletaga: Rural Alataua-Lua School., Nua .5
Amanave Coast: Rural Amanave Village Park .5
Poloa/Fagalilit'Fagamalo Poloa School .5
Coast: Exception Fagamalo School .5
POTENTIAL:. Taputimu Experimental Farm: Shoreward parcel has.tremendous potential
as park/open space.
Leone Fallst Could be developed with more open space along the stream
of the falls area + possible access on trail above the falls.
Poloa-Amanave Road Crest: Possible mini=p!rk picnic area here.
DIAGRAm 6h. LOCAL LAND-BASED RECREATION SPATIAL REQUIREMNTS
PROJECTED TO YEAR 2000, IN ACRES
REC DIVISION STANDARD EXISTIM REQ. 1985 REQ. 2000
MANUIA
East Talu Rural .5 .25, + .25 + .25 - .5
West Talu Rural e5 .5 2 0 + .5 - 1
Olosega Except. -5 *252 + *25 + 925 a e5
Ofu Rural .75 .25o + .5 + .25 - .5
SUBTOTAL 2.25 1.25, +1 +1.25 a 2-5
EAST TUTUILA
Aunulu Wat. Iso. -5 45, + .25 + .25 - .5
Tula Coast Rural -5 .25s + .25 + .25 - -5
Alao/[Jtumea E. Rural 2 *5 +1*5 0 a .5
AlofauAmouli Rural -5 .5 0 + .25 - .75
Aoa Coast Rural .75 .5 + .25 0 a .5
Masefau/Masausi Rural -5 .5 0 + .25 - .75
Fagalitua Coast Rural 1.25 .5 + .75 + .25 - .75
Laulili RuralAirb. .5 .5 0 + .25 - .75
VatiaAfono Rural .5 + .5 + .25 - .75
Aua Coast Urban .5 -75.. - 25 + .25 - 1
SUBTOTAL 8.0 1 4-75@ +3.25 +2.0 - 6.75
PAGO BAY AREA
Leloaloa, Coast Urban .25 .5 .25 0 a .5
Atuu Coast Urban .5 .5 0 0 .5
Fagasa/Fagatele RuralAirb. .5 95 0 0 .5
Pago/Fagatogo Urban 2*75 2f5 P+ *25 + e5 3
Utulei Urban .25 .5 2- .25 + .25 .75
Faga'alu/Matulu Urban .5 .752 - 25 + .25 1
SUBTOTAL 4.75 5.25, - .5 +1 - 6.25
TAFUNA AREA
Nu I uuli Urban 0 1*5 P -1*5 + 95 - 2
Tafuna Urban 1.25 *75, + .5 + .25 w 1
Malaeimi Area Urban 3 95 +2*5 + *75 - 1*25
Faleniu Area Urban 0 5 - .5 0 - .5
Aoloau Plateau Rural/Urb. *75 :5 + .25 + .25 - .75
Mapusaga Area Urban 0 95 - *5 + 95 - 1
Pavaliali Urban 1 *75, + e25 + *5 - 1*25
iii,ili Urban -5 .5 0 0 0 .5
Vaitogi RuralAJrb. 1-5 .5 +1 + .5 - 1
SUBTOTAL 8.0 16.0 +2.0 +3.25 - 9.25
WEST T1JTUIIA
Futiga Urban 0 *251 - e25 + *25 - 95
MalaeloaAtulau Urban 2.75 .5 +2.25 + .25 - .75
Taiputimu RuralAJrb. 0 -?5: - .25 + .25 w .5
Vailoatai Urban 1.5 95 +1 + .5 - 1
Leone Urban 3 1 +2 + .5 - 1.5
Faletolu Coast Rural 0 *5 - 95 0 a .5
Nua/Seletaga Rural -5 .5 0 + .25 - .75
Amanave Rural -5 .5 0 0 0 .5
Poloa/Fagaii 1i Except. 1 *5 + *5 + o25 - e75
Fagamalo Coast
SUBTOTAL 9.25 4.5 +4-75 +2.25 - 6.75
---j
GRAND T(YrAL 1@2.25 @1-75s +10-5@ 1+9-75 -31-5
157
DIAGRAM 61. COMPOSITE SUMMARY OF NON-MARINE SPECIAIJZED RECREATION RESOURCES,
CONSERVATION/OPEN SPACE, AND HISTORIC AND NATURAL LANDMARKS
SPECIALIZED SITES & FACILITIES
* Solo Ridge Observation Point and Aerial Tramway (6.,0001 Cable) to the top
of Alava Peak.
* Rainmaker Hotel: the only major hotel and principal tourism facility,, with
the only swimming pool in the islands., and a private swimming/sailing
beach.
* Lava Lava Golf Course: 9 holes at present with expansion plans to 18.
* ASCC Gym: currently unique; as would be the standard running track and
olympic-size swimming pool -- should these phased developments be
accomplished.
EXISTING HISTORIC 1ANDMARKS, NATIONAL (See Appendix B details)
* Blunt's Point Coastal Artillery Installation.
* Aasu.Bay (1a Perouse) Historic Monument.
* Jean P. Hayden Museum of American Samoa,
* "Office of Tourism" Building -- now housing American Samoan Bank.
* Atauloma Girls' School.
* Fagalele Boys' School.
* Government House.
* High Court of American Samoa
NM- This cursory preliminary listing,should be developed further in the
context of a consistent local policy for differentiating sites of local
historical interest for appropriate preservation as well. Two sites of
national historic significance not listed would be the Tuimanula Tomb on
Talu, and the U.S. Cession Site in Pago Pago.
SELECTED SCENIC TRAIIS, EXISTING & PROPOSED
* Breakers Point Trail: to be developed.
* Blunt's Point Trail: to be developed and integrated with historic artillery.
* Pioa (Rainmaker Mt.) Trail: requires upgrading and safety assessment.
* Alava Peak Trail: up from Fagasa Road Crest., requires improvement and
integration with such ridge park development as may be determined.
* Mt. Matafao Trail: up from Fagasa Road Crest to highest summit on Tutuila,
with possible further extension to Vaitanoa in interior Faga'alu Valley.
XOrE: "Trail System 111 could integrate all of the above. Start at Breakers
Point and ascend a new up trail to the Pioa Summit; then down to the
Afono Pass; then Maugaloa Ridge to Alava Peak; (optional descent on
Aerial Tramway); then along Alava Ridge to the Fagasa Road Crest; then
up to Mt. Matafa6; then down to Vaitanoa Falls and Pool; then outbound
in the Faga'alu Valley interior to an upslope entrance to the Blunt's
Point trail; hence down to Utulei.
Aunulu Island Walking Trail: could be upgraded and developed as day trip
access to the interesting coast and open space features of the crater
areas
158
DIAGRAM 61. (Concluded)
SELECTED SCENIC TRAILS, EXISTING & PROPOSED (Continued)
* Steps Pt.-Fagatele-Fogamaa Coastal Vista Trail: potential for
development could be explored; see comprehensive discussion of
the integrated conservation/open space potential of the greater
Steps Pt area as detailed in Appendix B.
* "Trail System 211: proposed cross-island trail from Steps Point at the
U.S. Coast Guard lighthouse; along the heights of Fagatele and
Fogamaa Craters; then north to cross the main road near Futiga;
then up the western side of Olovalu Crater; then along the main
ridge crest northwards to the height of land at Olotele Peak -- a
site for developing an independent observation tower; then across
the Aoloau Plateau and dawn the crest trail to the Aasu coast for
termination at the Aasu Monument and a possible campsite.
* Tumu Peak Trail., Ofu Island: could be developed provided extreme care
taken to avoid current economic use areas, environmentally
unsuitable terrain where man might harm nature., and hazardous
terrain where nature might harm man -- or cause maintenance of the
trail to be unfeasible.
* Piumafua Peak Trail, Olosega Island: topographic maps show a faint trail
at present that might be upgraded or altered per conditions given
in the preceding entry.
* "Trail System 311 -- Lata Mt,., and Laufuti Falls, Talu Island: offered as
a concept for further study as a potential serious wilderness trail
planned to traverse a broad range of environmental zones. As with
all trails that would penetrate the high watershed., no development
should be pursued until territory-wide conservation policies, standards,
zones, and site identifications have been implemented per ecologic
criteria.
HIGH WATERSHED, COASTAL CONSERVATION ZONES, WILDLIFE AND VEGETATION SANCTUARIES
AND PRESERVES, AND SMALL ISLAND PRESERVATIONS
As suggested in the last trails entry above2 these topics should be treated
comprehensively within the framework of fundamental territorial policies and
authorities encompassing environmental conservation. Individual sites that may
be notewortby include Laufuti Falls., Talu; Olovalu Crater,, Tutuila; the Aunulu
backlands; the entire Steps Point area; Anapelapela Cove in east Afono; all the
highest summits; the Vaitanoa Falls Area of interior Faga'alu; the Pala Lagoon
mangrove shore area; and the small islands of Pola (with main island Tutuila
environs),, Nuusetoga.. Taputapu., and Nuutele (Ofu).
EXISTING NATURAL LANDMARKS2 NATIONAL (See Appendix B details)
* Aunulu Island.
* Cape Taputapu (proposed).
* Fogamaa Crater (proposed)e NOTE: Rose Atoll.,outside the T-CORP
study area, is organized as a
* Leala Shoreline. U.S. National Wildlife Refuge.
* Matafao Peak.
Rainmaker Mountain.
Vaiava Strait.
159
DIAGRAM 6j. COMPOSITE SUMMARY OF COASTAL ZONE AND MARINE-RELATED
RECREATIONAL RESOURCES_, INCLUDING SELECTED BEACH PARK/
SWIMMABLE BEACH SITES REQUIRING PUBLIC ACCE559 MARINE
PRESERVES2_BUT-RAMPS, FISH AGGREGATION BUOYS, SURFING
SITES'p__AND RELATED FACILITIES.
FISH AGGREGATION BUOYS, (10) -- See detailed list in Appendix B. These buoys
are anchored generally 3-4 miles offshore and tend to concentrate fish
(which are attracted to them) to the benefit of sport and commercial
fishermen.
BOAT RAMPS., (13 proposed) -- See detailed list in Appendix B. Aswith the
Fish Aggregation Buoys, the Office of Marine Resources is the prime
mover. Ramp sites are spread at good access points and their pattern
is related to the pattern of fish aggregation buoys.
UNDERWATER PARKS & PRESERVES 0 proposed); all OMR projects.
* Utulei Reef Preserve off the Rainmaker Hotel and Utulei Beach Park.
This underwater site is the most accessible to visitors and residents
alike.
* 'Matulu Underwater Parkp and Beach Outlook. The Matulu reefs are said
to be the most popular of the readily accessible reefs for divers.
Required is a minimal shore access point and facility.
* Fagatele Bay Marine Preserve. A relatively undisturbed and rich
marine environment identified by OMR for extensive conservation handling.
See further detail in the special Steps Point discussion in Appendix B.
GENERAL RECRKATION-REIATED MARINE FACILITIES
* Main Dock,, Utulei. Cruise ships tie up here.
* Boat Harbors: Auasi, Aunulu, Ofu Village, and Fusi (Talu)2 with
concept proposals for Leone development.
* Pago Pago Yacht Club,, Utulei Beach. This is the hub of small sailing
craft activities in American Samoa. Beach launchings at Utulei and at
the private beach at Rainmaker Hotel are conducted.
* Mlaloa Recreational Pier. This is.the principal safe haven for
larger cruising yachts although facilities are severely limited at
present. Carefully planned development and expansion is recommended,
with development of services, space for relocated USCG facilities,, and
slip/mooring expansion room reserved in the direction of the Autapini
coastal open space development.
* OMR scientific moorings, offices, boat ramp, former finger 'piersi and
fish buoy depot,, Fagatogo. Plans are being formed for upgrading of
this general area along with possible increase of wharfage for bet.t;e.r
access by commercial/recreational fishermen. (Note-0 Pago Park also -haa
a modest finger pier.)
* Proposed Centipede Row Recreational Dock Development. Details are-given
in Appendix B. The concept is to develop a small., clean marine
recreation related access point and buffer between the existing Rainmaker
Hotel and the existing fuel pier which is incompatible as a present
neighbor to this tourist hotel.
PROPOSED SPECIAL ANCHORAGE AREAS, (4) -- See discussion in Appendix Be These
charted anchorage grounds could be established off the current
principal concentrations of recreational boating activity for better
control and use of water -space in Pago Pago Harbor* Proposed sites are
at Fagaalu.. Utulei., Malaloa, and Pago Pago -- all of which areas are
used currently for moorings. (Must determine reef/anchorage facts.Utulei.)
SURFING SITES, A preliminary list of 16 supplied by the Director of the Office
-of Samoan Information is given in Appendix B.
160
DIAGRAM 6j. (Concluded)
PRINCIPAL BEACHES, SWIMMING SITES, & SEIECTED COASTAL LOCATIONS
Manula
* Toa Cove, N. Faleasao, Talu: Swimming? Courtesy access, Faleasao Village.
* Faleasao Beach.. Talu: Swimming. Courtesy access2 Faleasao Village.
* Talu Village Beach., Talu: Swimming -_ particularly in the central channel
opposite the Tourism Guest Fales. Courtesy access, Talu Village.
* Olosega Village Beach, Olosega. Swimming. Courtesy access, Olosega
village.
* Faalaaga Beach@ Ofu. Swimming on the longest most photogenic beach in
American Samoa.
* Nuupele Rocks, Ofu. Swimming in a good protected area. Courtesy access.1
Ofu Village.
Aunulu
* Aunulu Village south shore. Swimming? Courtesy access., Aunulu Village.
Tutuila South Shore
* Two-Dollar Beach. Swimming at this popular picnic beach* Access requires
payment to private families in Avaio. Only present private beach park.
* Sea-end of proposed Anasosopo Park. Swimming could be developed, all
.under ASG control.
* Rainmaker Hotel private beach. Swimming and sailing. Reserved for
hotel guests.
* Utulei Beach Park. Swimming with moored raft platforms. This is the top
public swimming beach in the Territory and a headquarters for small
sailboats as the Pago Pago Yacht Club is located here too. It is
under ASG'control with plans for expansion once existing Utulei ASG
housing can be relocated. It is the only public beach park at present.
* Fagalalu Park. No swimming. Fagalalu Bay is chiefly used for small craft
mooring and there is no beach at the park.
* Matulu Shore Outlook and Diving Access. No beach or shore swimming. This
is a proposed ASG development to create a shore spot facilitating
access to the Matulu reefs, a favorite diving spot.
* Freddie's Beach., Fogagogo. Minimal swimming only in the tide pool niches
of this generally rocky coast which is a favorite picnic spot.
Ownership/control status?
* Vaitogi Village Surge Swimming Area. Swimming in the pocket beach covelets
among the rocky coastal prominences. Courtesy access., Vaitogi Village*
* Vaitogi Shark. & Turtle Shore. No beach., no swimming; a scenic rocky shore
famous in a Samoan legend chant. Access through VAitogi Village on an
unimproved road with no parking turnouts.
* Fogamaa Cove. Idyllic beach cove deep in Larsen Bay without direct access.
Undoubtedly swimmable but recommended for conservation/restricted
access. Ownership?
* Ieala Shoreline. No beach; some exposed swimming along the rocky coast.
A good picnic and shore fishing area with some tide pools too. ASG
controlled.
* Vailoatai Scenic Shore. No beach, no swimming, just the scenic background
to the manicured Vailoatai village malae. Courtesy access.
* Fagalele Shoreline. Good swimming off the rocks below the old Mission
Grounds. Courtesy access across private mission grounds or along
shore with villAge approval.
* Nua Village Beach* Some swimming. Courtesy access.
* Utumea West Beach. Swimming? This narrow beach is marked with "private"
signs, presumably considered restricted for local use.
* Amanave Village Park/Beach. Swimming. Courtesy access,, Amanave Village.
Tutuila North Shore - Conditions little documented; access generally poor.
* Salilele Village Beach provides a classic setting -- coralline white beach
backed by palms, encompassed by rocky points. Swimming conditions
unknown. Village courtesy access presumed. Great potential.
* Vatia Village Beach -- and several others -- may play future rec roles.
161
APPENDIX D.
AREA AND DIMENSION REQUIREMENTS.
SELECTED RECREATION/SPORTS FACILITY ELEMENTS
Diagra
D-7a * Combination Baseball, Football, Softball Fields.
D-7b * Multiple Recreation Court.
D-7c * Athletic Ballfields within 1/4 Mile Running Track.
D-7d * Touch and Flag Football.
D-7e * Softball 12" (Fast and Slow Pitch).
Source: Departments.of the Army, Navy, & Air Force, Plan ning and Design of
Outdoor Sports Facilities, October, 1975.
162
DIAGRAM 7a. SPACE STANDARDS: COMBINATION BASEBALL, FOMBALL SOFTBALL MLDS
TM &803-IO/NAVFAC P-4571AFR 88-M
I>
x A
COMBINATION BASEBALL, FOOTBALL, SOFTBALL FIELDS X
NAME OF SPORTS ORGANIZATION
Basaban-The Official Playing Rules Committee. Official Baseball Rules, 1974. A/N
O'JCM 0 FLAG
S fiball-Arnateur Softball Association of America (ASA). Touch and Flag FOOTBALL IOPTIOPAAI@@
F tba:;-National Touch and Flag Football Rules-The Athletic Institute. 1.
00 t OFTBALL SOFTBALL MULTIPLE
Foe ba . I I man-National Collegiate Athletic Association I NCAAI. SOFTBALL
RECOMMENDED AREA \j 1 0 FOOTBALL
Varies with number of fields and configuration. - - - - - -
22S FAST Pff
N MZ SLOW PIC
SIZE AND DIMENSION MR TC 77 1
Varies with number of fields and configuration. - - - - - -
ORIENTATION 0
Pr (erred orientation varies when combinations are used. Selection for priority
e OFTBALL
should be based on anticipated use, time of play. and local site conditions.
SURFACE AND DRAINAGE
Surface is to be turf.
Drainage is to be provided following guidelines for individual sports.
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
J
Safety aspects of each sport of field muct not be compromised when multi- MULTIPLE SOFTBALL WITH OPTIONAL
use concepts are employed. TOUCH AND FLAG FOOTBALL
NOTES:
For individual field dimensions and details see figure 22
(Sas*bmffl. figure 29 (Footbaffl. figure 30 (Touch
and Flag Foottia"I and figum 36 (Softbaill.
For grading drid dtoinage details see figure 69. BASEBALL AND FOOTS
Foe surfacing deeds a" figure 710,
2, 114 2-115
DIAGRAM.7b. SPACE STANDARDS: MULTIPLE RECREATION COURT
TM S-8n'0/NAVFAC P-457/AFR W33
12* all zr Ir
MULTIPLE RECREATION COURT . ..... T.,
STA NOAAO WITH IF Ir
0 CUT
NAME OF SPORTS ORGANIZATION C A N T IfLOVA ERD.T 10 REMOVABLE
MAY VARY -T. WITH FLUSH
BACK TENNIS AND
a
U
8 sketba 11 -National Collegiate Athletic Association, (NCAA). 1974. Volleyball- MANUF4CTURERS) DECK PLATE
nited States Volleyball Association, (USVAI, 1974. Tennis-United States
Lawn Tonnio Association, (USLTA). 1974. Shuffleboard -Not ional Shufflo- T@NNIS
r --------
Ch board Association, INSA), 1974. Ri
4@-
RECOMMENDED AREA
11'41" ITINNISI
Ground space ia 9.EQ square foot.
SIZE AND DIMENSION
Overall length it 120'-0". Overall width is 82'.C'.
De@ ------ - ------
ORIENTATION
I OLL
M4 V
Preferred orientatibn is for the long axis of the counfol, which isfarel expected
to have primary use, to be nonh-zouth.
SURFACE AND DRAINAGE
Surface is to be bituminous material with optional protmive colorcoating or
Portland Cement concrete JPCC), except that shuffleboard courts must
be concrete. Wo'
Preferred drainage is from and to and mt.'s slope of I" in 10'with the 17-0" 71 a,
areas on each and to be level for the shuffleboard courts. 6
;I, I .
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS V
Removable posts with flush mounted dock plates murrt be used for tennis
and volleyball to allow unobstructed use of other couns.
Fencing should be provided W-0- high on an sides. NOTES: COURTLAYOUT
lyl
For i'dividual court 6@sions end details am ligur
f9a.liebsM, figure 18 [Shuffleboard), figure 19 ITer
and figure 21 lVelleybelf: for fari,,cs details we figure
For drainage details a" figure 56: for surfacing
-falls we figy's 10.
For renriovable not post dotage see figure 65.
2-110 2 - 1111-0 P." 1. 1 - 1131
DIAGRAM 7c. SPACE STANDARDS: ATHIETIC BALLFIELDS WITHIN 4- MILE RUMNG TRACK
TNI 5,@10/NAVFAC P40/AFR W33
324 ar
b
ATHLETIC BALLFIELDS WITHIN 1/4 MILE RUNNING TRACK FAct OF
NAME OF SPORTS ORGANIZATION
A Mile Running Track-National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA).
Footbafl-National Collegiate Athletic Association INCAAI. Soccw-National
Collegiate Athletic Association iNCAA). b
RECOMMENDED AREA
Ground space is 4.0 acres.
SIZE AND DIMENSION
Overall length is 600.02'. Overall width is 276.00'. b b
ORIENT4TION FOOTBALL FIELO__
--- ----------- \___J_
The long axis of the complex should be so oriented that it runs norih-south IACE OF
to nonhwest-southeast, CU.a __47
SURFACE AND DRAINAGE b
Track surface is to be preferably bituminous with optional synthetic surface. PI
flanfields are to be turl.
Ballfields should be crowned for drainage. VS OT
Track should pitch inward at one parcentll:100) maximum slope. NOTES:
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS For indwidual f.eld tl,@sions @md details and I,ack
di@e,sio@s and ditiod. see figure 29 1 Footb.111, figure 34
A system of underdrains and/or storm water sewers must be provided to (Soccer I and fg.," 40. 41, 42. 43 ond 44 1 A We
accommodate surface runoff. Running T,.ck Layot#W
For gading artd dmin.ge delaas scre figum 69.
For surfacing details see figure 70.
2.116 2.117
DIAGRAM 7d. SPACE STANDARDS: TOUCH AND FIAG FOCYT13ALL
TM SIM&IOINAVFAC PAPIAFR B&M
NOTES:
27@
4" Optional goal past may be u-
- f a -gie metal Patin W
"o. n'd rono with a cant,10"Orl
jontal crossbar and two uprigh
w-a height and spacing as to,
TOUCH AND FLAG FOOTBALL
Far go&[ am construction data
fig-e 65.
NAME OF SPORTS ORGANIZATION
National Touch and Flag Football Rules, The Athletic Institute, 1971. Pylon to be construclod of soft
malonal. red or mange in color
RECOMMENDED AREA
Ground space is 41,200 square toot 1.94 acre) minimum. -GRA01
SIZE AND DIMENSION
PlaYiN field width is 120'-G". Length is 300'-0". Additional area recommended GOAL POSTS
is W-0- minimum unobstructed $coca on all sides.
ORIENTATION NOTES-
Preferred orientation is for the long axis to be norlhest-couthonst to awl the
iingle of the sun in the fall playing season, or north- south for longer Por,odo. Ali -ancunnnents should be made
from the ;rsido edge of fin" marking
boundariov.
SURFACE AND DRAINAGE
Surface is to be turl. Ali field dimension li- shown must be
mDfkod 4" in width with a white, non- slot
Preferred grading is a longitudinal crown with a 1 slope from center to each tomic material which is not Injurious to
aide and adequate undardrairiogo. the cyce a, hi.. 01110UND
Grading may be from side to side or corner to comet diagonally If conditions l(crow hatching in and rons is white.
do not permit the preferred grading. it then be no clo-, then two It" to 0
the bound" lines.
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS - - - - - - - - LNeousto
Goal posts art to be provided at each and of the playing neld. Pylons are to When toorns or. composed of 9 or I I
SIOE
be Ptcheided as required by rule a. vlsveni@ a field 3W'-0- C120 YOSI tong
with I" W-0- 120 YO) rones *F;d two
30%0- 110 YOI and tones Is ecornmerided. S1
For g,ad,n 0 and dolm o" dot tilit see W'r wo-
figure 69.
For surfacing details sear figure 70. PLAYING FIELD LAYOUT
DIAGRAM 7e. SPACE STANDARDS: SOFTBALL 1211 (FAST AND SWW PITCH)
TM &41@10/NAVFAC P4S?/AFR W33
441" r
FIRST BASE UNE
'0
6
i. "OME
E PLATE NN. r
6
SOFMALL 12" (Fast-and Slow Pitch) SKINN
lot
NAME OF SPORTS ORGANIZATION
Amateur Softball Association of America. (ASA), 1974.
RECOMMENDED AREA 6 CATCHER'S BOX
Ground space is 62,500 square feet 11.5 acres) to 90,000 sQuare feet 12.0 acres).
SIZE AND DIMENSION .0
easelines are W-0" for mon and women, 45'-0" for juniors. Pitching distances
afe 46*-0" for men, 40'-0" for women, 35'-0" for juniors. Fast pitch playing 4 R i
,,aid is 225' radius from home plate between foul lines for men and women.
0
Slow pitch is Z75' radius for men, 250' radius for women.
LAYOUT AT HOME PLATE
ORIENTATION
Optimum orientation is to locate home plate so that the pitcher is throwing
across the sun-and the batter Is not lacing it. NOTES:
.SURFACE AND DRAINAGE Foul ll;nov, catcher!s. biinw's and coach's boxes. &rW
Surface is to be lurf. Infield maybe skinned. The infield shall-be graded so 3' lines are 2" to 3" chalk knes. 30' DW LIAME
that the base lines.and home plate ere level. Pitching distance Jor -orn*n's schbal to be 40'.0".
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS For Junior Player f94Z veart;f 4S'distance ban-"
Backstop is to be located at a-rininirrwirt distance of 25' behind home plate. besq%. Wipich" distance.
For vreding " &*I-*" dousift 9@0 69-M!, W. DIAMON
For surfacing drrisas.see fivurs-70.
For backsioto details see fWe 71.
A 2. 74 2.75
a- _V-
P LOA TE
Nb
APPENDIX E. AMERICAN SAMOA DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION RECREATION PROGRAMS IN
THE SECONDARY AND ELEMENTARY SCH60LS.
Recreational specialists in the Department of Education prosecute an
active schedule of physical education and after school sports activities
throughout the territory. They also represent the schools in the American
Samoa recreation community at large. Most recently flag football and vol-
leyball have been introduced for seventh and eighth graders.
Following are tables showing total enrollments of students based on in-
formation provided through the courtesy of the Department of Education. The
subsequent pieces on physical education are adapted from Department of Edu-
cation reports entitled: "Elementary Physical Education", "Secondary Phy-
sical Education Program", and "Elementary and Secondary Athletics", all sup-
plied by the Department of Education in February 1980.
It should be noted further that in 1976 the same office prepared a "Phy-
sical Education Facility Survey Report" which discussed general conditions,
highlighted specific problems at individual school sites, and. suggested
space and layout standards for multiple-use hard-surfaced courts.
Elementary and Secondary Athletics (Adapted from the D.O.E. Report.)
The increase in interest and support by students, coaches, and school
administrators, plus the community, were big factors in success of the ath-
letic program. We accomplished all the scheduled sports previously set for
the school year. In the secondary program, seven major sports were offered:
football, volleyball, basketball, track, softball, rugby, and soccer. Much
effort and concern was focused on better game administration, especially
officiating, and implementation of league competition. We introduced for
the first time in regular league competition two new sports: rugby and soc-
168
TABIE 6a. AMERICAN SAMOA EDUCATIONAL ENROLLMM, JAN. 19809
EIEMENTARY SCHOOIS.
(Figures Supplied by Department of Education.)
'SIXKKNTART SCHOOL 2 13 4 5 6 7 8 BOYS_ GIRLS
AFONO 9 9 17 9 8 8 43 38
AL,ATAUA-LUA,NUA We ri @ureg Suj3T lied - - - - - -
ALOFAU 33 25 34 35 34 *34 18 32 119 126
AUA 32 44 43 1 49 1 34 41 163 151
JUJOU I UFOU 13 1 14 6 8 48 34
FAGARALO 3 5 4 4 No Fi pro aSx@vi Ued' 7 9
FALEASAO' 27 30 16 26 29 24 26 24 101 101
FITI'UTA 12 12 13 18 15 16 17 17 68 52
LAULI'T, 13 13 13 1 6 13 12 10 7 46 41
LE'ATELE.FAGASA. 7 19 13 13 is 17 13 .10 60 50
LEONE-MIDKIFF 85 90 96 87 99 95 92 103 411 336
LtIPEL7.,LF- TpIllu 39 45 40 43 34 46 37 38 196 126
ftMULELF, TAFUNk 103 101 89 113 70 82 65 61 359 325
14ASEFAU 4 6 S 8 7 5 6 9 25 29
14ATAFAO 35 55 38 42 39 117 1,7 43 191 150
@[ATATULA 16 79 31 10 11 79 34 20 130 91
t4Aur,A-0-VL'A'VV 13 11 iq in 12 16 10 6 47 49
oru 10 9 12 12 11 11 14 11 4 4 & 7
OLOMOANA, AOA 10 8 4 13 4 5 10 29 25
QT,O.SrGA 6 9 5 8 15 14 9 15 42 39
PAGO PAGO 84 107 98 78 86 84 so 73 371 319
PAVA'IA'I 61 46 64 68 61 49 51 54 256 198-
POWA 16 16 13 15 12 15 7 11 62 43
SILVAGA, AOL40AU 15 16 20 16 10 13 16 17 84 42
FIA IL04, UTULKI N6 ns-ur#qLSUVP@ ted
( Aasu - Iniratiwei lwainis not =ncud id)
rOTAL 646--- R4 705- 651 1610 L.902 12,417
TABLE 6b. AMERICAN SAMOA EDUCATIONAL ENROLLMENT, JAN. 1980: SECONDARY SCHOOLS.
(Figures supplied by Department of Education.)
9 10 11 12..
Boils Girls Total Bo G r1s Totaz Boys Girzo TotaZ Boys Girls Totc
FAGA' ITUA R. E 7 8 73 151 65 62 127 63 6@ 126 68' 57. '1
LEONE R. S. 109 2 221. 122 102 224 111 106 '217 95- 75 1
MANTA H.S. 15 23 38 19 21 40 25 21 46 30 '22
SAMOMA H.S. '161 1.18 279 111 119 230 106 .109 2 15' 88 87' 1
TOTALS 363 326 689 317 304 621 305 299 .604 281 241 5'2
TABLE 6c.
AMERICAN SAMOA EDUCATIONAL ENROLLMENT, JAN. 1980: ALL LEVEL TOTALS.
(Figures supplied by Department of Education.)
PRIVATE SCHOOL BOYS GI
St. Francis ..... 0...... 4
Sr. 'Theresa-Leoxi&.. 0000.00 70 2
South-Pacific Academy......,,,,*.,*
604*i 54,
Marist Brother-Blementary-Atulu. 0.:&q9G@:e0099*0 461
Marist Brother-Wigh School-malaeloa .00*90.00000000*0 250
Falasao High School-Lepuapua..*....Qoo..,,,,**,, ... 0 2
TOTAL 835 9
PUBLIC SCHOOL
ECE*. ..... 949 9
Special Education ........... ...... 52
Elementary School ........ 2,902 2,4@
Seoondary School .... 09-0.00.000 .00000000000.0 .. 000 lf266 1,1
TOTAL 5,169 4,5
COMBINED
Private 1089
Public 9C735
TOTAL 111,524
AMERICAN SAMOA COMMUNITY COLLEGE (ASGC) Full-Time: 485
(January 1980 figures courtesy Part-Time: 415
ASCC, Feb. 1980.) College Subtotal: 900
GRAND STUDENT TOTAL 12,,424
cer. The Hawaii-Samoa Invitational game and Mid-Pac tournament were big
additions to the program. ASHAA made decisions covering player eligibility,
regulation on age limit, and academic status.
At the elementary level , we were successful in conducting flagfootball
for boys and volleyball for girls in the 7th and 8th grades. The 24 schools
in the elementary level were divided into 3 groups according to size: "Four
A" division of 400 and up; "Double A" division between 200 and 400; "Sin-
gle A" division up to 200; while the Manu'a schools make their own divi-
sions. We need to direct more attention to developing athletic programs in
the lower grades.
NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS/RESULTS OF LEAGUE:
HIGH SCHOOL LEAGUE: ELEMENTARY LEAGUE:
VOLLEYBALL 4A FLAGFOOTBALL
52 JV girls Fagaitua 144 Pago Pago - Leone
49 JV boys Samoana 2A FLAGFOOTBALL
53 Var girls Faasao 107 Matatula
50 Var boys Fagaitua 4A VOLLEYBALL.
HIGH SCHOOL LEAGUE: 61 Matafao
BASKETBALL ELEMENTARY LEAGUE:
2A VOLLEYBALL
43 JV girls Samoana 56 Aua
53 JV boys Samoana
Fagaitua.
47 Var girls Leone
50 Var boys Samoana
FOOTBALL
160 Var boys Samoana
172
RUGBY
74 JV boys Samoana
SOCCER
61 Var boys Samoana
SOFTBALL
48 JV boys Samoana
43 Var girls Samoana
TRACK
96 JV girls/boys TOTAL (HIGH SCHOOL) 990
III Var girls/boys TOTAL (ELEMENTARY) 369
PROBLEMS:
The ideal situation for any high school is the availability of a fully
equipped indoor gymnasium. We need the locker rooms, showers, safe storage
rooms, weight rooms, etc. High school basketball and volleyball courts need
re-surfacing with special top fine asphalt finish - not the coarse asphalt.
most elementary schools are in desperate need of multi-purpose hard-surface
courts to accommodate basketball, volleyball, square games, tether ball,
etc.
RECOMMENDATIONS:
1. A survey report was done by the Department of Public Works to im-
prove our local fields. The estimated costs for improvement are summarized
by priority in the following table.
a. Marist Brothers School 5,400.00
b. Pago Pago Park field 20,700.00
c. Leone field 7,900.00
d. Samoana field 7,400.00
173
2. A full-time professional person is needed to develop and implement a
full-scale Athletic program at the elementary level for grades 5-8 (a total
of 2,542 students) not including the private schools.
3. A major concern is a thorough physical examination for each student.
Two-year interval physical examinations are recommended for all students.
This 2-year interval plan should start when the child is about to enter 7th
grade. The 2nd exam s hould be prior to entering 9th grade, and the 3rd exam
should be prior to entering llth grade.
4. D.O.E. should seek membership in the National Federation of High
Schools Associations. To be sanctioned by this association would bring
nation-wide recognition to our high school athletics programs.
5. Off-island D.O.E. recruitments should also include athletic coaches.
Up-to-date movies featuring fundamental skills in each sport should be made
available to students.
PROJECTION:
1. ASHAA's projection for the 1979-80 school year in. the high schools
will feature the 7 major sports plus special 1-to-3 day tournaments in the
following: volleyball, basketball, tennis, table-tennis, golf, and wrest-
ling.
2. The elementary program needs to get off the ground. A projection
for the next two years is summarized in the following table.
1978-79 1979-80 1980-81
Sports 4A 2A IA M 4A 2A IA M 4A 2A 1A M
Flagfootball (B) X X X X -_ -7 X X X X
Volleyball (B & G) X X X X X X X X X
Track (B & G) X X X X I X X X
174
1978-79 1979-80 1980-81
Sports 4A 2A IA M 4A 2A IA M 4A 2A 1A M
Basketball (B) x x x x
Softball (G) x x x x x
Soccer (B & G) x x x x x x x
Wrestling (B) x x x x
3. A full-time professional person is required for the elementary pro-
gram.
Second ary Physical Education (Adapted from the D.O.E. Report.)
The Physical Education program in the public high schools is operating
under limited staff. There is a definite need to have specialized P.E.
instructors in all high schools to promote beneficial changes in the secon-
dary physical education program. The secondary teachers' physical educa-
tion background has generally been improved. There are, however, a few who
have not felt confident implementing the P.E. program this school year
(1978-79).
Evidently, the P.E. program is stable. The P.E. instructors feel that
the program must be diversified to meet the needs of P.E.-oriented students.
Most important of all is that the P.E. program has some positive direction
which leads towards meeting the goals and objectives of the Department of
Education.
The present physical education program is planned and developed to pro-
vide sequential development of physical education skills fundamental to
organized sports. In order to develop the skills fundamental to group
sports, the history, rules, and skills are required to be taught in P.E.
175
classes in all high schools. It is the intention of the D.O.E. that such
sports as basketball, volleyball, softball, soccer, football (flag or touch),
and track and field be implemented in all high schools. In addition to the
above sports, the Physical Fitness Test was also conducted during the school
year.
The school year of 1978-1979 was marked by the desire to expand the P.E.
programs in all high schools. The number of P.E. participants has increased
every school year. The present number of boys and girls who are enrolled in
P.E. classes this school year is 1,296. Below is the count for the respec-
tive high schools:
Faga'itua High School 9th grade boys 66, girls 61
10th grade boys 61, girls 60
Samoana High School 9th grade boys 157, girls 111
10th grade boys 94, girls 130
Leone High School 9th grade boys 112s girls 116
10th grade boys 99$ girls 105
Manu'a High School 9th grade boys 20, girls 19
10th grade boys 24, girls 22
The major emphasis of the P.E. program for the coming school year will
be:
* Maintain and implement the present P.E. program.
* Revise the existing P.E. guide.
* Enlarge the P.E. program by adding more sports.
* Develop advanced P.E. courses for the upper classmen.
* Continue the implementation of Physical Fitness Tests.
* Organize workshops for P.E. instructors with emphasis on First
Aid Care.
176
. The P.E. education program was not as successful as it could have been
due to the turnover of teachers at the beginning of the school year and
through misplacing P.E. majors to teach other subjects. Effective leader-
ship and qualified instructors are the prime elements in a successful pro-
gram.
Future Recommendations.
* Samoana High School should have a multi-purpose court and showers.
* P.E. majors graduated from colleges must teach P.E. classes.
Storage room and classroom for P.E. classes must be provided.
* Accountability of P.E. equipment must be improved in all schools.
* More sports must be added to the program.
* Establish a P.E. committee to evaluate the program at the end of
the school year.
* Five days for P.E. instruction instead of three.
Elementary Physical Education (Adapted from the D.O.E. Report.)
. I
The Elementary Physical Education Program is fulfilling its potential.
Personnel in the various schools have different backgrounds. Some still
lack the basic training necessary in teaching a broad physical education
program. A trained physical education instructor has great advantages over
other classroom teachers within the P.E. setting. Emphasis has been toward
keeping the students active and providing enjoyment in the activities.
Present development 'is in providing elementary teachers with a curri-
culum guide that is simple, useable and activity oriented. Hopefully, a new
guide will be implemented by early 1980. Though instruction takes place in
group form, we would like to make provision also for individual instruc-
tion.
177
MAJOR ACCOMPLISHMENT OF THE YEAR:
- Greater number of people working in the total physical education and
sports program.
- Started on preliminary ground-work for physical education curriculum
guide.
-Completed majority of workshops planned throughout the school year.
-Generally, there has been more participation in various activities.
-Innovative activities are being offered.
-Received some professional enrichment by way of attending National
Convention.
-Many more teachers are becoming aware of physical education and fit-
ness as vital parts of the educational program.
STRENGTHS OF THE PROGRAM:
Many teachers that have experience in elementary physical education con-
tribute tremendously. Being able to work together and share ideas has
greatly aided the program. Many more educators are realizing the signifi-
cant role that P.E. plays in total education.
WEAKNESSES OF THE PROGRAM:
In-service training is a main concern of ours. Not being able to meet
with teachers consistently causes harm to the program. The allowable time
set aside to conduct P.E. classes is very minimal. Still many teachers
elect to use this as "free time." If more of the schools followed the sche-
dule for P.E. periods, there would be less conflict over equipment use and
play space. Insufficient equipment is a problem, but not a major one. If
178
ptorage, care and maintenance were properly administered, a minimum would be
lost. stolen, or damaged. In order to establish adequate fitness habits,
the P.E. program must be vigorously and regularly applied by trained per-
sonnel.
179
APPENDIX F. SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE TABLES
Table 7. Population, of American Samoa Study Area Villages by Census
(1970-1980) & Projection (1980-2000).
Table 8. American Samoa Age-$ex Cohorts.
Table 9. Place of Birth of American Samoa Residents. 1960 & 1970.
Table 10. Visitor Traffic: $ample Year 1978.
Table 11. Land Availability and Density, 1977.
Table 12. Residential Land Use Density.
Table 13.- Agricultural Employment.
Table 14. Primary and Secondary Income and Employment, 1913-1976.
Table 15. American Samoa Government Trade Balance, 1970-1978.
Table 16. Sources of Revenue, 1971-1978.
180
TABLE 7. POPULATION OF AMERICAN SAMOA STUDY AREA VILLAGES
BY CENSU .S (1970-L980) & PROJECTION (1980-2000)
4
1970@ 1974' 1977' 19804 1985 20004
MANUIA ADMIN DISTRICT
1. M. PIANNIWG AREA #1 2.,112 1,808 1,705 lo583 11665 1,935
A. Fitiluta County
1.*T,easoa3.ii 240 197 181 162 170 198
12, Maia 252 244 241 236 250 291
B. FAleasao County
3. Faleasao 288 253 239 222 235 273
C. Talu County
4. Luma 260 251 247 242' 255 296
5. Siufaga 280 239 224 205 219 255
Do Olosega County
6. sin 99 83' 77' 70 66 75
7. Olosega 281 167 137 107 3.15 135
E. Ofu County
8. Ofu 412 37h 359 339 355 412
EASTERN TUTUILA ADMIN DISTRICT
II.o RBG. PLANNING AREA #2 2.,441 29401 2.,438 2,9479 29605 39025
F. Vaifanua Coupty.(FAW)
9, Vatia (We;st) 391 395 398 402 415 485
10. Aoa (East) 390 345 326 392 415 480
11. Onenoa 173 143 131 117 123 141
12. Tula 329 345 357 370 389 450
13. Alao 271 345 326 303 318 367
Go Sua County
1-4. Afono 278 273 271 268 280 325
15. Masefau 340 306 292 274 288 337
16. masausi 140 175 212 261 280 328
17. Sailele 129 109 101 9? 97 112
III. REG - PLANNING AREA #3 29744 2045 2s777 2,9844 23955 3s3O6
18. Laulili 451 498 53o 57o 592 655
19. Amaua 496 5u 534 580 603 691
(Amaua) - - (60) (62) (75)
(Aund) - (111) (115) (130)
(Alega) - (23) (25) (38)
(Avaio) (79) (82) (91)
(Auto) (280) (291) (320)
WtusiA) (27) (98) (37)
20. Faga litua 5o2 457 431 405 421 485
181
TAKE 7. (Continued)
1970 1974 1977 1980 1985 2000
H. Salole County
21. Alofau, 378 409 430 445 462 495
22. Amouli 365 324 291 260 270 310
23. AuasiAitumea F.. 104 120 134 156 162 180
24. Aunulu 425 426 427 428 445 490
IV. REG. PLANNING AREA #4 7.,886 8,,554 9.,135 9.,638 10030 12.,719
I. Maoputasi County
25. Aua + Anasogopo 11,002 13200 1035 1.,475 1.9585 1,815
Tafananai 23 36 49 72 75 84
26. Lsloaloa + Lepua 390 429 453 484 515 6oo
27. Atuu 305 582 880 4025 lj,100 1,325
Anua 56 41 35 29 31 37
28* Pago Pago (to Sata- 2,451 2s529 2,575 2s631 22820 3,630
la + Autopini)
29. Fagatogo + Mialaloa, 1,592 1,788 13912 2,077 2,225 2s600
30. Utulei ls,074 939 870 799 859 1,298
31. Fagalalu 993 1,012 lsO26 1,046 4120 1030
(Fagalalu) - - 992 1,060 1,0240
(Fatumatuti) - - - 54 60 90
V. REG. PLANNING AREA #5 6,555 72807 8,468 9,991 11.9485 18,010
J. Itulau County
32. Fagasa, + Fagatele 649 622 609 593 580 850
33. matulu/Faganeanea 431 410 402 392 455 650
34. Nuluuli 1.,804 2.,096 2,329 2,619 3,,040 4.,400
WESTERN TUTUILA ADMIN -DISTRICT
K. Tualauta County
35. Tafuna 545 820 1,10h 4479 1.,720 3,000
Malaeimi - 340 386 437 500 750
Mesepa 462 340 295 249 290 600
36. Faleniu. 614 566 544 517 600 860
37. Mapusagafou, 314 532 786 987 1.,150 4700
38. Pavaliali 638 853 1,051 1,199 19390 2,400
39. I'li 'i li 625 615 610 604 700 1.,200
4o. Vaitogi 473 613 738 M 1,060 1,600
VI. REG. PLANNING AREA #6 5,347 5,841 6,015 6s971 7,850 U,200
L. Ieasina County
41. Aasu 89 168 252 331 350 425
42. Aoloau 359 276 245 278 380 680
43. Malaeloa 192 300 326 358 430 75o
182
TABIE 7. (Concluded)
1970 1974 1977 1980 1985 2000
M.. Tualatai County
44. Itulau 332 268 242 247 300 500
45. Futiga 288 273 266 276 350 560
46. Taputimu 341 396 435 460 500 650
47. Vailoatai 554 742 931 1,107 1,9180 1,s965
No Lealataua County
h8. Ieone 1,657 1.,823 li,948 21090 2025 3oOOO
49. Faletolu-Pulenuu Title 446 473 496 507 560 730
Components:
(Amaluia) (158) (188) (210) (220) (240) (300)
(Asili) (197) (184) (178) (170) (190) (250)
(Afao) (91) (101) (108) (117) (130) (180)
50. Nua/Seletaga 276 366 433 507 560 780
Utumea W. 50 46 44 42 50 80
51. Agugulu/Failolo, 99 135 162 206 225 285
52. Amanave 292 292 292 @92 330 420
53. Poloa 166 152 147 140 150 220
54. Fagalili 90 78 73 78 90 120
Maloata. 7 1 1 1 10 25
55. Fagamalo 62 52 48 51 60 90
GRAND TOMS 27.,o85 29.,156 30.,538 33,,5o6 362890 50,9195
Note that stucbr area omits Swain's Island'* * Tafananai reported in Plan. Area A.
Numbered sequence is of villages with pulenuus appointed by the
Department of Ic@cal Government.
Sources: 'U.S. Census of Population.
2Report on the 1974 Census of Amer-!can Samoa.
3ASG DPO., Ten Percent Sample Survey.
4ASG DPO, "American Samoa* Population Projection by Planning
Districts and by Five Year Intervals 1980-2005",, transmitted in
letter of 4 Mar. 1980 by So leasiolagi., Statistician, to R.M.
Towill, Corp.
183
TABIZ 8. AMERICAN SAMOA AGE-SEX COHORTS
Age Cohort Male Female Total Male/Female
Ratio
0-9 h,583 hiph9h 9,077 50-5:49.5
10-19 3,466 3,376 6,842 50-7:49.3
20-29 1,873 1,973 3,846 48-7:51.3
30-39 1,397 1,365 2,762 50.6:49.4 1970
40-49 1,036 1,056 29092 49-5:50.5
50-59 788 652 i,h4o 54-7:45.3
6o & + 496 531 1,027 48-3:51.7
Total :13,639 13,446 27,025 50.h:49.6
Median Age 16.5
In Households 26,722
Heads of Households 3,844
Average HH Size 6.95
0-9 4,774 h,396 9,170 52.1:47.9
10-19 3,529 3,523 7,052 50-0:50.0
20-29 1,957 2,399 b.356 44.9:55.1
30-39 1,734 1,512 3,246 53.h:46.6 1974
W-49 1,237 11199 2,436 50-8:49.2
50-59 8hq 761 1,61o 52-7:47.3
6o & + 596 603 1,199 49-7:50.3
N.S. 55 32 87
Tot 9-1 14,731 ih*425 29,156 50-5:49.5
Me di an Age 17.6
In Households 29,156
Heads of Households 4*252
Average HH Size 6.85
0-9 5,220 4,500 9,720 53.1:46.3
10-19 3,890 3,750 7,64o 50-9:49-1
20-29 1,6oo 2,66o h,26o 37.6:62.h
30-39 1,770 1,730 3,500 50.6:49.h 1977
ho-bg 1,28o 1,040 2,320 55.2:44.8
50-59 740 -990 1,730 42.8:57.2
6o & 750 68o 1,430 52.4:47.6
Total 15,250 15,350 30,6oo 49.8:50-21/
Median Age 3.7.8
Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 1970 Census of Population, General Population
Characteristics, American Samoa, Pages 56-11, 12;
Development Planning Office, Report on the 1974 Census of American Samoa,
East-West Population Institute, page 14-17;
Development Planning Office, Annual Report on Economic Indicators, St is
tical Bulletin, American Samoa Government, 1979, page 1.
184
-TABLE 9. PLACE OF BIRTH OF AMERICAN SAMOAN RESIDENTS2 1960 & 1970
NATIVE FO
co
Ln Tot al American United Westen
Population Tota.1 Samoa States Other Total Samoa
1960 Male g.o6o 8,911 146 4 i,lo4 875
Female 8,go4 8,821 76 7 983 829
Total 20,051 17,964 17,732 221 11 2,087 1,7o4
1970 Total 27,159 21,286 20,o67 1,211 8 5,873 4,535
Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 196b Census of Population, General Population Characte
1970 Census of Population, General Population Characte
TABLE 10.
VISITOR TRAFFIC: SAMPLE YEAR 1978
DEPARTURES BY MONTH AND PURPOSE OF TRAVEL
AMERICAN SAMOA: 1978
MONTH BUSINESS TOURlS TRANSITS OTHERS TOTAL
JAN 211 916 3,154 2,507 6,788
FEB 251 611 1,991 2,305 5,158
MAR 228 622 831 2,441 4,122
APR 224 369 488 2,161 3,242
MAY 306 587 968 3,620 5,481
JUN 257 714 1,507 3,207 5,685
.JUL 283 840 3,081 3,866 8,070
AUG 365 1,144 1,920 4,185 7,614
SEP 353 626 994 3,667 5,640
OCT 362 960 1,170 3 189 5,681
NOV 328 791 2,874 2:986 6,979
DEC 288 747 1,723 3,104 5,862
TOTAL 3,456 8,927 20,701 37,238 70,322
ARRIVALS BY MONTH AND PURPOSE OF TRAVEL
AMERICAN SAMOA: 1978
MONTH BUSINESS TOURIST TRANSITS OTHERS TOTAL
JAN 448 1,063 3,636 3,285 8,432
FEB 450 926 1,699 3,042 6,117
MAR 373 854 1,133 3,186 5,546
APR 516 642 962 3,603 5,723
MAY 439 774 999 3,715 5.927
JUN 361 977 1,308 4,619 7,265
JUL 422 1,133 3,304 4,614 9,473
AUG 531 1,001 1,986 5,494 9,012
SEP 584 836 1,389 4,904 7,713
OCT 369 1,113 1,213 3,353 6,048
NOV 255 908 2,937 3,082 7,182
DEC 432 930 1,870 3,932 7,164
TOTAL 5,180 11,157 1 22,436 46,829 85,602
Source:
ASG Immigration Division data in ASG Development Planning
Office, Statistical Bulletin, Annual Report of Economic
Indicators, 1979, p. 12.
186
-TABLE 11. LAND AVAILABILITY AND DENSITY, 1977
AMERICAN SAMOA STUDY AREA Total Percent Total Acres Percent Popul
Acres of Total 30% or Less of Total 19
Manu'a Group 149464 29.7% 5,000 30.0% 1,7(
Ofu 1,792 3.6 175 1.0 3
Olosega 1,344 2.9 124 0.7 21
Tau 11,328 23.2 4,700 28.2 1,1
co
Tutuila* 34,3o4 710.3 11,675 70.0 28,8
Northeast Shore 4,205 8.6 720 4.3 214
Southeast Shore 4,281 8.8 630 3.8 2,7
Pago Pago Bay 4,326 8.9 925 5.5 9,1
Tafuna Plains 9,767 20.0 6,ooo 36.o 8,4
West Tutuila 11,725 24.o 3,4oo 20.4 6'0
Total Area 48,765 100.0 16,675 34.2 .30,5
*Tutuila includes the island of Aunu'u which contains 384 acres, 115 acres of these lands are
less. The density is measured in terms of population found on lands with 30% slope or less (p
Source: Development Planning Office, Economic Development Plan for American Samoa: FY 1979-1
Government, March 1979, pages III-11 and 18.
TABLE 12. RESIDENTIAL IAND USE DENSITY
1977* 1977* 1983 1983
AMERICAN SAMOA STUDY AREA Existing Population Residential Populat
Density Lands
Manula Group 205 8.3 200 1,457
Tutuila 2,270 12.7 2,503 33,446
00 Northeast Shore 255 9.6 280 21552
00
Southeast Shore 252 11.0 273 3,oc)6
Pago Pago Bay. L38 20.9 455 109033
Tafuna Plains 820 10.3 94o lo .646
West Tutuila 505 11.9 555 7,239
Tot al 21,475 12.3 2,705 34,903
*Land area in acres; population density in people per acre
Source: Development Planning Office, Economic Development Plan for American
FY 1979-1984, American Samoa Government, March 1979, Page 111-19, 2
TABLE 13.
AGRICUUTURAL EMPLOYMENT
1960
Total Employed 5,833
Employed in Agriculture 2,84o
Private Wage and Salary 47
Government 18
Self-Employed l,o64
Unpaid Family 1,711
Employed in Non-Agriculture 2,993
Private Wage 1,427
Government 1,349
Self-Employed 135
Unpaid Family 82
1974
Employed in Agricalture 493
Communal 41.2
Commercial 72
No Stated 9
Produce Sold for Cash by 187
Agriculture Principal Source
of Income 131
1976
Total Employed 7,297
Government 3,285
Cannery .1,214
Secondary 2,798
Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 1960 Census
of Population: General Population
Characteristics, American Samoa, P. 56-21.
Development Planning Office, Report
on the 1974 Census of American Samoa,
East-West Population Inst-itute, ]@. 98-101.
, Annual Report
on Statistical Indicators, Statistical
Bulletin 1979, p. 20.
189
TABLE 14. PRIMARY AND SEGONDARY INGOME AND EMPLOYMENT, 1973-1976
1973 1974 1975
TOTAL INCOME ................. $29,266,255 $29,800,265 $26,248,254 $261,
ASG Income... 16,630,828 19,415,140 18,396,140 17,
Canneries Income ............... 3,464,131 2,021,598 3,319,764 31
Secondary Economy Income ....... .. 9,171,296 8,363,527 4,532,350 5,
TOTAL DAPLOYMENT * ........... 8,200 7,994 7,878
ASG Employment ........... ........ 3,901 3,884 3,359
Canneries Employment .............. 1,217 -700 1,300
Secondary Economy Ehployment ...... 3,082 3,410 3,219
AVERAGE INCOME ............... 3,569 3,728 3,332
ASG Average Income ................ 4,263 41999 5,477
Canneries Acerage Income .......... 2,846 2,888 2,554
Secondary Economy Average Income.. 2,976 2,453 1,4o8
AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD INCOME ..... 7,241 6,995 6,205
Population ................... 0.000 28,574- 29,190 29,400
Number of Households ......... 0 .... 4,042 4,26o 4,230
PER CAPITA INCOME.... ... o.- 1,024 1,021 893
Source: Development Planning Office, Annual Report on Economic Indicators, Statistical Bul
Government, 1979, page 20.
Tax Office emp.Loyment figures have been adjusted by the Development Planning Office to repr
Smployment of an average of 30+ hours of work per week, Tax Office employment data did not
TABIE 15.
AMERICAN SAMOA GOVERNMENT TRADE BAIANGE, 1970-1978
YEARS IMPORT EXPORT TRADE BALANCE
1978 73,339,727 $104,155,656 $ 30,815,929
1977 54,940,452 81,232,067 26,291,615
1976 50,690,638 64,892,749 14,197,111
1975 49,893,544 55,897,558 6,004,014
1974 46,549,418 82,988,726 36,439,308
1973 35,952,859 66,576,005 30,623,146
1972 24,114,332 53,738,997 29,624,665
1971 19,556,873 41,396,235 21,839,362
1970 15,713,339 36,735,384 21,022,045
N.B. Figures presented cover only the private sector import and expor-t.
Source: Development Planning Office, Annual Report on Economic Indicators,
Statistical Bulletin, American Samoa Government, 1979, page 30
191
TABLE 16.
SOURCES OF REVENUE, 1971-1978
DIRECT DEPARTMENT OF OTHER RECEIPTS
FISCAL LOCAL CONGRESSIONAL INTERIOR FEDERAL SUB-TOTAL INDUST
YEAR APPROPRIATION APPROPRIATION GWTT-IN-AIn GRANTS CO1WR
OPERAT
1971 7,348,000 400,000 7,842,000 1,111,000 16,701,000 2,195
1972 7X6,ooo 470,000 10,733,000 5,183,000 24,692,000 206o
1973 9,836,ooo 520,000 14,510,000 5,545,000 30,411,ooo 3,510
1974 161695,000 556,ooo 13,444,ooo 6,981,ooo 37,676,ooo 5,996
1975 11,142,000 647,000 14,203,000 5,567,000 31,559,000 69007
1976 5,563,000 942,000 29,615,000 13,547,000 49,667,000 6,142
1977 9,582,000 798,000 22,074,000 23,721,000 56,175,000 6,2o6
1978 10,087,000 774,000 19,831,000 11,495,500 142,187,500 NA
Source: Development Planning Office, Annual Report on Economic Indicators, Statistical B
Government, 1979, page 16.
2.195
MAPS
2a/b: General Topography and Villages.
3a/b: Population and Roads.
4a/b: Selected Environmental Factors.
5a/b: Existing Recreational Resources, Landmarks, Schools, & Related
Mapped Data, 1980.
6a/b: Principal Land-Based, Specialized, and Marine Recreation Sites by
Recreational Service District.
193
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11196
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mAps 6a/6b. DETAIIED LEGM
RECREATIONAL RESOURCES (LAND-WED) 0 - DOE/ASCC RESOURCE.
TERRITORIAL LEVEL:
PAGO PAGO PARK (UPGRADING REQUIRED)
OSAMOANA H.S. - FIELD/COURTS + TRACK (SUBSTANDARD)
OASCC SHELTERED Gym
REC SERVICE DISTRICT LEVEL - DERIVED PER POPULATION 9 ACCESS:
0MANIJ'A: MANU'A H.S. (EXPANSION REQUIRED)
5 EAST TANASOsopo LANDFILL PARK (INITIAL DEVELOPMENT)
A
FAGA'ITUA H.S. - COURTS/LIMITED FIELD
@6 PAGO B: LITULEI BEACH PARK (EXPANSION PROGRAMMED)
7 FAGA'ALU PARK
MALALOA REC PIER (PLANNED EXPANSION REQUIRED)
FAGATOGO SHOREFRONT UPGRADING REQUIRED)
AUTAPINI SHORE (DEVELOPMENT PLANNED)
TAFUNA: TAFUNA P;RK 9 CHILDREN'S PLAYGROUND (REQUIRES
MAINTENANCE 9 POSSIBLE EXPANSION)
WEST T <DLEONE H.S. - FIELDS 9 COURTS
@ POTENTIAL TERRITORIAUREC DISTRICT SITES
41 SIULAGI PLANTATION LAND
AAsu/AOLOAU OPEN SPACE
LOGOTALA HILL (ASG)
16 TAPUTimu FARM - SEAWARD PARCEL (ASG)
17 OASCC - PLANNED SWIMMING POOL, FI ELD,TRACK,STADIUM
LOCAL LEVEL
0-0 PUBLIC ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS
a. Fitiuta., Ta lu n. Matafao, Fagalalu
b. Faleasao,, Talu o. Fia Iloa, Utulei
c. Olosega, Olosega p. Pago Pago
d. Ofu, Ofu q. Lelatele, Fagasa
e. Aunulu, Aunulu r. Manulele Tausala,, Tafuna
f. Matatula,, Tula s. Lupelele, llilili
g. Olomoana, Aoa t. Pavaliali
h. Alofau u. Aasu (inactive)
i. Masefau v. Sililaga, Aoloau
j. Afono w. Leone-Yidkiff,, Leone
k. Laulili x. Alataua-Lua,, Nua
1. Aua y. Fagamalo
m. Mauga-0-Alava, Vatia z. Poloa
202
MAPS 6a/6b. DETAILED IMMD (Continued)
(D-@ PRIVATE SCHOOL, VILLAGE, DTHER RESOURCES
1. Ofu Village Basketball Court 13. ASCC, Existing Field
2. Alao Village Open Space 214. Aoloau Village Landscape Park
3. Utumea E. Village Space 15. Vaitogi Village Open Space
h. Aoa Village Park Pavilion 16. Marist Bros Private High School
5. Fagalitua Village Malae 17. Falasao Private High School
6. Fagalitua Crest Park 18. Vailoatai Village Malae
7. St. Francis Private El School 19 -.St. Theresa's Private El School
8. Marist Bros Private El School 20. Amanave Village Park
9. Fagatogo Village Malae 21. Fagalele Private YfLssion Grounds
10. Tafuna Residential Playground 22. Pala Lagoon (Nuluuli-side) Shore Space
11. South Pacific Academy (Prirate) 23. YCC Airport Landscape Park
12. Mormon Church Recreation Courts
SPECIALIZED RESOURCES
A RAINMAKER HOTEL - SWIMMING POOL, PRIVATE BEACH
LAVA LAVA GOLF COURSE - 9 HOLES WITH EXPANSION PLANS
0 SELECTED BEACH OR SWIMMING SITES
MISCELLANEOUS SPECIALIZED SITES
A. Rainmaker Hotel N. Solo Ridge Aerial Tramway to Alava Pk.
B. Lava Lava Golf Course 0. Blunt's Point Historic Walk
C. Faalaega Beacht Ofu P.,Matulu Outlook & Underwater Park Access
D. Laufuti Falls, Talu Q. Fagasa Road Crest
E. Toa Cove Beach, Talu R. Freddie's Beach, Fogagogo
F. Faleasao Beach, Talu S. Vaitogi Shore Pocket Beach Swimming
G. Talu Village Beach T. Leone Falls
H. Olosega Village Beach U. Fagalele Shore, (Leone) Swimming
1. Nuupule Rock, Ofu, Swimming V. Nua Beach, Swimming
J. Salilele Beach, (Swimming?) W. Utumea W. Beach, Swimming
K. Afono Road Crest X. Amanave Beach, Swimming
L. Breakers Point Trail Y. Two-Dollar Beach (Private) Swimming
M. Anasosopo Park, Swimming Z. Vaitanoa Falls and Pool
203
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0
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(D TU461LA
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06
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u
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9 0'..
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LEGEND
kcKATIM kllidCt'@IUMCT awn"lls..
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pft"M un"I
ANABOOM
Wil two
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SA Pavonro CIAL ANCHOLW ANN (10.
0 SELECTU SURFING SIM.
A PRINCI-PAL SUMUTS,
'TION@M SPA-M A NATUMLMTDP LOM
UMRVA @j C
0. 70 NE ]MVILMO. ITALICS (EX: OSTlPe)lWJ!tATf
INITIALLY NoTiveRMY SITES.
REFERENCES
References are arranged categorically under the headings following. There
is minor cross- referencing of particularly important titles and selected ex-
tracts from larger works. Check the most specific category first. For
example, a reef ecological study would be listed under (5) "Marine and
Coastal" rather than (6) "Other Environment, etc." which follows.
Categories
1. Recreation
2. American Samoa, General
3. Socio-Cultural and Historical
4. Population and Migration
5. Marine and Coastal Zone
6. Other Environment, Conservation, and Natural History
7. Land Use and Tenure
8. Planning and Economic Development
9. Infrastructure (physical)
10. Legal Source Documents
11. Miscellaneous
12. Map and Imagery Sources
206
RECREATION
American Athletic Association, American Samoa Chapter. American Athletic
Association Program-for American Samoa, (date? prior to 1979) reference
source: DPO Correspondence.
American Samoa Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan 1969, mentioned in
A-m--erican Samoa Recreation 06velopment Plan 1975-1980, not otherwise identi-
fied.
American Samoa Parks and Recreation Control Board. American Samoa Recre-
ation Area Develoement Plan 1975-1980, submitted to Bureau of Outdoor-R-ecre-
atioii, revised I Jan. 1975.
ASG "An Act Creating the Department of Parks and Recreation, the American
Samoa Park System and the Parks and Recreation Commission, etc.", H.B. No.
145 before the Sixteenth Legislature of American Samoa, Third Regular Ses-
sion, passed Jan. 14, 1980 as Public Law No. 16-, and signed by the Governor
in Feb. 1980 to become effective in law in 60 days.
ASG Department of Education, Recreation Specialists. "Elementary and
Secondary Athletics", typescript, 1979.
ASG Department of Education, Recreation Specialists. "Elementary Physical
Education", typescript, 1979.
ASG Department of Education, Recreation Specialists. "Physical Education
Facility Survey Report". typescript, 1976.
ASG Department of Education, Recreation Specialists. "Secondary Physical
Education", typescript, 1979.
ASG Development Planning Office. "Comprehensive Village Surveys, DPO,
1979", survey conducted from March 1979 through Jan. 1980. Products in-
clude original survey packets; "Results of Recreation Village Council Sur-
vey conducted by the DPO (1979)" -- in three sheets; and a Jan. 1980 sum-
mary typescript "Village Development". (Contains specific public feedback
on recreational demand at the village level).
ASG Office of Samoan Information. "Parks and Recreation Meeting set for
Monday", American Samoa News Bulletin, 21 Feb. 1980.
ASG Parks and Recreation Control Board. Territorial Report to the Governor
on the State of Parks and Recreation in American Samoa, transmitted 22 June
1979, 1-21.
Barstow Foundation. Community Recreation Plan 1968-1972 '1972.
Boston Parks and Recreation Commission. Managing Vandalism, A Guide to
Reducing Damage in Parks and Recreation Facilities, May 1978, 1-58.
DeChiara, Joseph, and Lee Koppelman. Manual of Housing Planning and Design
Criteria, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1975, 1-550.
207
Florida Recreation and Parks Assoc., and Florida Planning and Zoning Assoc. ,
Criteria for Leisure Facilities Florida Design Standards and Quantities for
Parks, Recreition an pen _@J__l
-pace. an.
GAS. Territorial Recreation and Parks Plan, 1972. (Reference source: CH2M
Hill, Wastewater Facilities PTa-n A-m-eri-ca-67"amoa).
Hawaii State Department of Planning and Economic Development. Hawaii SCORP
(State Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan), prepared by Marshall Kaplan,
Gans, Kahn, and Yamamoto, Dec. 1971, 1-300.
Hawaii State Department of Planning and Economic Development. Hawaii SCORP
(@S@tate Com rehensive Outdoor Recreatio@nPl@an .Techn@jcal @Reor@t, prepared by
& Har@
twe ssoc@
I tes. e@ -3
C.
Antani & Hartwe ssoclates, ec. 3
Holloway, C.W. and C.H. Floyd. A National Parks System for Western Samoa
(UN Development Advisory Team for the S uth Pacific -- UNDAT), Suva, Jan.
1975.
international City Management Association. "Recreation Space, Services, and
Facilities", The Practice of Local Government Planninq, 1979, pp. 273-299.
Malae o Malologa Ma Faafiafiaga (Bureau of Outdoor Recreation Plan), 1971,
mentioned in American Samoa Recreation Area Development Plan 1975-1980 not
otherwise id6@tified.
Marshall Kaplan, Gans, Kahn and Yamamoto. County of Maui--1974, Open Space
and Outdoor Recreation Plan, for the Planning Department, County of Maui,
Hawaii, Jan. -1974. (Contain specific public feedback on recreational demand
at the individual level.)
Park Plan for American Samoa, National Park Service, 1965.
Ryan, Susan E. "Hiking in Paradise", The New Pacific, Mar/Apr 1978, 29.
Shaffer, Rob. "Identification of Surfing Sites in American Samoa"* one-page
typescript to accompany base map, locating and describing 16 sites, received
Feb. 1980.
Shivers, Jay S., and George Hjelte. Planning Recreational Places, Associa-
ted University Presses, Inc., Cranbur:y-,N.J., 1971, 1-381.
Urban Research Development Corporation, Bethlehem, Penn. Guidelines for
Understanding and Determining Optimum Recreation Carrying Capacitx, prepared
for Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, US Dept. of the Interior, Jan. 1977.
US Army Corps of Engineers, Honolulu District. American Samoa Water Re-
sources Study, American Samoa Community Profile --- 1978, prepared by Marshall
Kaplan, Gans, Kahn and Yamamoto, May 1979.
US Department of the Interior, Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service.
Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service Technical Assistance Guide,
"to be developed" as of 7 December 1978.
208
US Department of the Interior, Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service.
Outdoor Recreation Grants-In-Aid Manual, Part 630 -- "State Outdoor Recre-
a ti o 1-TTa-n-n-i'n-g-',--r-e-vis-e-d -6-y -Frog -ram Directive No. 29 of 7 December 1978.
US Departments of Arnly, Navy and Air Force. Planning and Design of Outdoor
Sports Facilities, Wash. D. C., Oct. 1975.
AMERICAN SAMOA, GENERAL
"American Samoa -- Future Not so Black" Pacific Islands Monthly, a report of
a paper by Bryan H. Farrell at the 10th Tak_ir_f@icScience Congress, Honolulu,
Sept. 1961), Dec. 1961. 125-126.
"American Samoa, The Gateway to Polynesia", brochure, 1979.
Andelman, David A. "American Samoa must Choose between Prosperity, Para-
dise", Portland Oregoni 21 (8 Oct. 1973).
ASG Office of Tourism. "Facts and Figures on American Samoa", typescript,
1-10, received Feb. 1980.
ASG Office of Tourism. Visitor's Guide to American Samoa, circa 1979.
Bishop, Jams. "American Samoa: Which Road Ahead?", Pacific Studiest. 1:1,
Sept. 1977, 47-53.
Bloomfield, E. "Pago Pago Area", South Pacific Bulletin, 18:1 (1968) 53-59.
British Naval Intelligence Division. 'Pacific Islands, Vol II, Eastern
Pacific, Geographical Handbook Series, B.R. 519A, Nov. 1943.
Bryan, Edwin H., Jr. American Polynesia and the Hawaiian Chain, Honolulu,
1942, 1-253.
Christensen, Chris. "American Samoa in the South Seas", pamphlet, 1973.
GAS Office of Tourism. "American Samoa", pamphlet circa 1978.
Goodwin, Bill. "How Almighty Uncle Sam's Dollar?", Pacific Islands Monthly,
Mar. 1979, 20-22.
Hall, C.W. "America's Shame in the South Seas", Reader's Digest 79 (July
1961) 114-116.
Hall,, C.W. "America's Showplace in the South Seas", Reader's Digest, 87
(Nov. 1965) 157-164.
Langdon, Robert. "All that Glitters isn't Gold in America's South Seas
'Showplace' ", Pacific Islands Monjtly, Sept. 1966, 31-40.
209
National Geographi Selected articles on the Samoan Islands.
a. Jan. 1899: "Samoa: Navigator's Island".
b. Nov. 1900: "The Samoan Islands".
c. Sept. 1919: "America's South Sea Soldiers".
d. May 1941: "Samoa -- South Sea Outpost of the U.S. Navy".
e. Oct. 1962: "Western Samoa, The Pacific's Newest Nation".
f@ Dec. 1974: "Problems in Paradise".
Pacific Publications. Pacific Island Year Book, 12th and subsequent edi-
tions, Sydney, 1977.
"A Polynesian Primer of American Samoa from A to Z", pamphlet, "for more
information: GAS Office of Tourism", date? circa early 1970's or earlier.
Shaffer, Rob. "American Samoa: Stepping toward Self-Determination", The
New Pacific, 2 Parts: Mar/Apr 1978 and May/June 1978.
Shaffer, Rob. "Interview: Governor Peter T. Coleman", The New Pacific
Magazine, 5:1:19 (Jan-Feb 1980), 56-63.
Universal Business Directories Ltd., Auckland,'N.Z. Visitors Guide to the
Samoas, 1979.
SOCIO-CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL
Ala'ilima, Vairo J, and Fay C. Ala'ilima. "Samoan Values Which Affect Eco-
nomic Development" (date?, source?).
Calkins, Fay G. My Samoan Chief, Univ. Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, 1971.
Dumstrey, H. "Official Visit to the Islands of the Manu'a District", 0 Le
Fa'atonu 18 (2): 1, 2, 1920.
Hiroa, Te Rangi (Peter H. Buck). Samoan Material Culture, Bernice P. Bishop
Museum Bulletin No. 75, Honolulu, 1930, 1-724.
Historic Preservation Plan (for American Samoa), (date? prior to 1979)
reference source: DPO correspondence.
Keesing, Felix M., and Marie M. Keesing. Elite Communication in Samoa: A
Study of Leadership,, Stanford, 1956.
Kikuchi, William K. Archaeological Surface Ruins in American Samoa, M.A.,
Anthropology, Univ. o-f-H-aw-airf, June 1963, 1-169 +-3.
210
Ki kuchl , Wi 11 i am K., Stephen L. Pal ama, and Thomas E. Si 1 va. "Archaeol ogi -
cal Reconnaissance Survey Proposed Ta'u Harbor at Fusi and Quarry Site Be-
tween Fusi and Fagamalo. Ta'u Island, Manula Group, American Samoa", Archae-
ological Research Center, Hawaii, Inc., Project 14-48, US Army Corps of Engi-
neers, Pacific Ocean Division$ Mar. 1975.
Lipman, Victor. "In Another Country: The Samoans in Hawaii", Honolulu, Jan.
1980, 68-78.
Lockwood, Brian. Samoan Village Economy, Oxford Univ. Press, Melbourne,
1971.
Marshall Kaplan, Gans, and Kahn. Assessment of HEW Services Delivery to
American Samoans, for US HEW, 31 Jan. 1980, 1-178,
Mead, Margaret. Coming of Age in Samoa, Dell Pub., New York, 1928.
Mead, Margaret. Soc'ial Organization in Manu'a, Bernice P. Bishop Museum
Bulletin No. 76, lulu, 193U.
Silva, Thomas E., and Stephen L. Palama. "Archaeological Reconnaissance
Survey Proposed Shoreline and Highway Improvements, Tutuila Island, and
Aunu'u Boat Harbor, Aunu'u Island, American Samoa". Archaeological Research
Center, Hawaii, Inc., Project 14-62, US Army Corps of Engineers, Pacific
Ocean Division, Aug. 1975.
POPULATION AND MIGRATION
ASG Department of Education. "Break-Down Enrollment by Grades, Month of
January 1980".
ASG Development Planning Office. Economic Development Plan for American
Samoa: FY 1979-1984, much population information included in the text,
Mar. 1979.
ASG Development Planning Office. Ten Percent Sample Census, 1977.
ASG DPO (S. Leasiolagi, Statistician). "American Samoa Population Project-
ions by Planning Districts and by Five Year Intervals 1980 - 2005", 4 Mar.
1980.
Marcus, Edgar S., and Evelyn Gebauer (Development Planning Office); and
Michael J. Levin and Peter N.D. Pirie (East-West Population Institute).
Report on the 1974 Census of American Samoa9 1974, 1-163.
Park, Chai Bin. Population Statistics of American Sawa: A Report to the
Government of American Samoa, Dec.7972, 1-107.
US Army Corps of Engineers, Honolulu. (Advance copies of 6 displays of
population projections by planning area for American Samoa through 2005),
received Feb. 1980.
211
US Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Cens'us. General Population Charac-
teristics, American Samoa, 1960 Census of Population, 1961.
US Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. General Po ulation Charac-
@p
teristicso American Samoa, 1970 Census of Population, Nov. 19/1.
MARINE AND COASTAL ZONE
ASG and Action Resources, Inc. Coastal Zone Management Proq@ram Enerq
U.
Facility Siting for the Territory of Ameri'c_a_n_T_amoa, Honolu e . 1980,
1-82.
ASG Department of Public Works. "Light Draft Harbor Program", Edvin C.
Remund ltr of 28 Feb. 1978 to the Governor's Office comparing Leone, Fagasa,
and Pala Lagoon, and calling for Army Corps to update its 1971 harbor recon-
naissance of Leone.
ASG DPO Coastal Zone Management Program. Draft American Samoa Coastal Zone
Management Program Document, Mar. 1980, approx, 100 pages.
ASG Office of Marine Resources. (Handout indicating locations and charac-
teristics of Fish Aggregation Buoys A through J), 1979.
Bryan, Patrick. "Aggregation Buoys Bring Big!Catches", Samoa Magazine . in-
sert to The New Pacific Magazine, 5:1:19 (Jan-Feb 1980), A18-A22.
Helfrich, Philip. Assessment of the Expected Impact of a Dredging Project
L2posed for Pala Li-goon, American Samoa, -Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu, 1973.
Hoover, H., Harbor Master, Pago Pago. (Typescript concept proposals on 1)
development of Malaloa Pier, 2) Leone Boat Ramp, 3) Pago Pago Interisland
Dock Facilities, 4) and Leone Boat Harbor), 1979-1980.
Keys, J.G. "The Tsunami of 22 May 1960 in the Samoa and Cook Islands".
Bull. Seismological Society of America, Vol. 53, 1211-1227.
Living Marine Resources. Environmental Assessment Harbor Development Pro-
ject, Pago Pago, American Samoa, for Starkist Samoa, Inc., and the Govern-
ment of American Samoa, 1974.
Randall, J., and D. Devaney (Bishop Museum). Final Report, Marine Biological
Surveys and Resource Inventory of Selected Coastal Sites at American Samoa,
for the US Army Corps of Engineers, 1914.
Sunn, Low, Tom and Hara, Inc. Pago Pago Harbor Environmental Data Assess-
ment, Honolulu, 1975.
Travers, Patrick J. (Staff Attorney, Office of General Counsel, NOAA).
"Legal Authorities Available for Development and Implementation of an Ameri-
can Samoa CZM Program", to ASG Development Planning Office, et. al., circa
1978-79, typescript 1-35.
212
US Army Corps of Engineers, Pacific Ocean Division. Flood Hazard Studies,
Tutuilal American Samoa, for ASG, 1976-77:
T_
*Aua and Lauliituai. May 1977.
* agaa-lu Stream, 75g. 1976.
*Fagaitua a_nTTmouli, May 1977.
*Leone Vil aqe Area. Aug. 1976.
*ffu-uuii Village Area, Aug. 1976.
*Tafunafou, May 1977.
*Va-ipito Stream, May 1977.
US Amy Corps of Engineers, Pacific Ocean Division. "Leone Boat Harbor,
Tutuila Island, Territory of American Samoa, Reconnaissance Report". (by
B.R. Schlapak) 7 Mar. 1980, 1-16. (An update of 1971 study).
US Army Engineer District, Honolulu. American Samoa Water Resources Study,
American Samoa Shoreline Inventory, prepared by Sea Engineering Services,
Inc., andT.M. Towill Corp., Honolulu, Feb. 1980.
US Army Engineer District, Honolulu. Draft Environmental Statement, US
Department of the Army Permit, Permit Processin idelines to Control the
Cumulative Effects of Shoreline Development in Pago Pago Harbor, Tutuila
Island, American Samoa, includes bibliography, Honolulu, July 1978.
US Arny Engineer District, Honolulu. Final Environmental Statement, Corps
Permit Activities, Pago Pago Harbor, Tutuila Island, American Samoa, Oct.
1975.
OTHER ENVIRONMENT,,_ CONSERVATION, AND NATURAL HISTORY
ASG Environmental Quality Commission. Environmental Quality Commission
Documents, 1979, 1-64.
Ashmole, Myrtle J. "Guide to the Birds of Samoa", Pacific Scientific In.-
formation Center, Bishop Museum, Honolulu, typescript, 1963, 1-21.
Bryan, Edwin H., Jr. "Rose Atoll, V.S.A.", Paradise of the Pacific 51 (4):
9, 25, 26, 1939.
Dahl, Arthur Lyon. "Ecological Report on Tutuila, American Samoa". type-
script 13 pages based on observations 7-16 Jan. And 15-31 July 1970.
(Dept. of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560.)
Environmental Consultants. Draft, An Inventory of the Wildlife and Wildlife
Habitat of the Islands of American Samoa, for the US Fish and Wildli?e__.'5__r-
vice, in 5ree volumes: I - Main Report; II - Technical Appendix Part I;
III - Technical Appendix Part II, Dec. 1977.
Environmental Consultants. "Trip Report, Rose Atoll National Wildlife
Refuge, May 3-8. 1976", prepared for US Dept. of Interior Fish & Wildlife
Service, Portland, Oregon, typescript, 27 Aug. 1976, 1-11.
213
Jensen, Bruce. "Bat Hunting in Samoa", Samoa Magazine insert to The New
Pacific Magazine, 5:1:19 (Jan-Feb 1980), Al-A3.
Nelson, Robert E. "A Look at the Forests of American Samoa", US Forest Ser-
vice, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Berkeley, Cali-
fornia, 1964.
Nelson, Robert E. and Thomas Annastas. "Forestry Views of American Samoa".
Unasylva, 20:4 -- 83 (1966) 23-27.
Sachet, Marie-Helene. "A Summary of Information on Rose Atoll". typescript,
1-25 with bibliography, undated. (latest bib entry = 1953).
Sachet, Marie-Helene, and F.R. Fosberg. Island Bibliographies, Pub. No. 335,
National Academy of Sciences, National ResearcT Council, 1955.
"Samoa Faces Record Drought", Samoa News, 6-280:1, 23 Aug. 1974.
Setchell, W.A. (Dept. of Marine Biology, Carnegie Institution). American
Samoa: Part 1, Vegetation of Tutuila Island, Carnegie Inst., WasF_._O_._U._,
1924.
Smetzer, Barbara. "Night of the Palolo", Natural History, 78 (Nov. 1969)
64-71.
Stearns, Harold T. "Geology of the Samoan Islands", Bull. of Geological
Society of America, Vol. 55 (Nov. 1944) 1279-1332. des Geologic Map
of Tutuila Island, Samoa dated 1941).
Stice, Gary Dennis. The GeologX and Petrology of the Manu'a Islands, Ameri-
can Samoa, Ph.D., Geological Sciences, Univ. of Hawaii, Sept. 1966. 1-160.
Stice, Gary Dennis, and F.W. McCoy, Jr. "The Geology of the Manu'a Islands,
Samoa", Pacific Science, 22:4 (1968) 426-457.
US Department of Commerce, NOAA, Environmental Data Service. Local Climato-
1 SummaE@ of Comparative Data, _m'
logical Data, Annua Pago Pago, A erican Samoa,
1971, "Narrative Climatological Summary", 1971.
US Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. "Rose Atoll
National Wildlife Refuge American Samoa", brochure, undated.
US Geological Survey. Water Resources Data for Hawaii and other Pacific
Areas, (Water-Data Report HI-78-2), Vol. 2: "Trust Territory o-T-th-e-Pacific
IsT-ands, Guam, American Samoa, and Northern Mariana Islands, 1979, 1-108.
Whistler, Wayne Arthur. Inventory and Mapping of Wetland Vegetation in the
Territory of American Samoa, for US Army Corps of Engineers, Pacific-O-cean
Division, Apr. 1976.
Whistler, Wayne Arthur. A Study of the Vegetation of Eastern Samoa, Ph.D.,
Botanical Sciences, Univ. of Hawaii, Dec. 1979, 1-325.
214
Young, Reginald, and Jerry Johnson. "A Preliminary Report on Environmental
Health in American Samoa", Public Health, Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu, 1970.
LAND USE AND TENURE.
ASG Development Planning Office. "Land Tenure Trends in American Samoa",
Appendix B to Housing Plan for American Samoa 1978-1983, 1978.
ASG Development Planning Office. A Land Use Plan for American Samoa 1978-
1983, Aug. 1978, 1-93 + Appendices-T-through G and Bibliography.
ASG Development Planning Office. "Statutory Definitions and Related Judi-
cial Interpretations Affecting the Local Land Tenure System". Appendix C to
Economic Development Plan for American Samoa: Fy 1979-1984, 1979.
Coulter, John Wesley. Land Utilization in American Samoa, Bernice P. Bishop
T__T_
Museum Bulletin No. 170, 94 .
Farrell, Bryan. "Perspective on Land Use -- American Samoa", Journal of the
Graduate Research Center, 34:3, June 1965, 300-327.
"List of G.A.S. Land, by Village", typescript, no date, received Jan. 1980,
1-6.
Marshall Kaplan, Gans, Kahn, and Yamamoto. "Residential Development", pages
89-94, also pages 142-143 of Housing in American Samoa, Oct. 1972.
Teller, William H. (Cadastral Surveyor, Bureau of Land Management). "Final
Report and Recommendations Pertaining to Land Tenure and Cadastral Survey
in American Samoa", 28-page typescript submitted 30 June 1970.
US Army Engineer District, Honolulu. "Institutional Analysis", including
'The Land Tenure System, Appendix C to American Samoa Water Resources Study,
Plan of Study, Dec. 1977.
US Army Engineer District, Honolulu. "Land Tenure and Use" -- 2-23/24, and
"Cultural Institutions of American Samoa" -- Appendix B to Draft Environ-
mental Statemento US Department of the Army Permit, Permit Frocessing Guide-
lines to Control the Cumulative Effects of Shoreline Deve opment in Pago
Pago Harbor, Tutuila IsT-and, American Samoa, July, 1978.
PLANNING & ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
ASG Development Planning Office. "Comprehensive Village Surveys, DPO,
1979", survey conducted from March 1979 through Jan. 1980. Products include
original survey packets; "Results of Recreation Village Council Survey con-
ducted by the DPO (1979)" -- in three sheets; and a Jan. 1980 summary type-
script "Village Development". (Contains specific public feedback on recre-
ational demand at the village level.)
215
ASG Development Planning Office. Economic Development Plan for American
Samoa FY 1979-1984, Mar. 1979.
ASG Development Planning Office. List of 55 Villages with Pulenuu's appoint-
ed by the Department of Local Government; this is the basis of the 1979 Com-
prehensive Village Survey; typescript. recL,-ived January 1980.
ASG Development Planning Office. Pago Pago Bay Area Master Plan, (Bay Area
Planning Committee), 1975.
CH2M Hill. Proposed Olovalu Crater Project, October 1974, for the GAS. 1974.
Eckbo, Dean, Austin & Williams. American Samoa General Plan Interim Report
prepared for DPO, GAS, Nov. 1972.
GAS Development Planning Office. Statistical Bulletin, Annual Report on Eco-
nomic Indicators, 1979.
Kelly, Pittelko, Fritz & Forssen Pollak, Barsocchini & Assoc., L.A. E.@2a-
togo-Malae Master Plan, Tutuila, American Samoa, Feb. 1972, 1-93.
Pago Pago Harbor Corridor Transportation Study, referred to on page IV-41 of
Economic Development Plan for American Samoa: Fy 1979-1984, not otherwise
identified.
Randall, Scanlan, and Assoc. Pago Pago Harbor Study and Recommended Program
for Development 1972-1982, for the GAS, 1972.
US General Accounting Office. Report by the Comptroller General of the
United States, American Samoa Needs Effective Aid to Improve Government
Operations and Become a Self-Supporting Territory, 22 Sept. 1978.
Wolf Management Services (for the US Dept. of CommerceS Economic Development
Administration). Economic Development Program for American Samoa, Wash.
D.C., Feb. 1969.
INFRASTRUCTURE (Physical)
ASG Development Planning Office. Housing Plan for American Samoa 1978-1983,
July 1978.
GAS Department of Public Works. Wastewater Facilities Plan American Samoa,
3 parts: "Summary and Selected PTa-n-'ri@o @=Plan; Vol. II Technical
Appendices; prepared by CH2M Hill, Feb. 1976.
"Highways in American Samoa", excerpt of Chapter III pp 50 -74 1, ap@arently
from a US Federal Highways Administration pub. (42-530 O__7O ---- 5 , circa
1969.
216
Marshall Kaplan, Gans, Kahn and Yamamoto. Housing in Ame ican Samoa., pre-
pared for Development Planning Office, Oct.-TM, T-T80.
US ArrV Corps of Engineers, Honolulu District. American Samoa Water Re-
sources Study, American Samoa Community Profile 8s prepared b-y-Ta-rshall
Kaplan, Gans, Kahn and Yamamoto, May 1979.
US Army Corps of Engineers, Pacific Ocean Division. Civil Works Program
3'1x5" booklet with a section on projects in American 'fa-moa, status as of 15
Aug. 1979.
US Army Corps of Engineers, Pacific Ocean Division. Water Resources Devel-
opment American Samoa, with map: "Project Inventory American Samoa" -- ch
does not yet show Ofu-Olosega Viaduct, Jan. 1977, 1-37.
US Army Engineer District, Honolulu. 'American Samoa Water Resources St2L,
Assessment of Water Systems American Samoa, prepared by URS Company Hawaii.
Sept. 1978.
US Army Engineer District, Honolulu. American Samoa Water Resources Stud
Wastewater Management Data Evaluation Study for American Samoa, preparedly,
M&E Pacific, Inc., EnvironmentaT E-ng-ii-neers, Sept.1978.
Wiley, Bonnie. "With 5 New Buildings, Community College in Samoa Moves For-
ward", Sunday Star-Bulletin & Advertiser (Honolulu), 21 Oct. 1979, A-33.
LEGAL SOURCE DOCUMENTS
ASG American Samoa Safe Drinking Water Act (21 ASC Chapter 21, Enacted by
P.L. 16-13 approved 7 Ma-r.-1-979.-
ASG (GAS). Annual Report(s) Fiscal Year
ASG Territorial Disaster Assistance Act of 1978 (3 ASC Chapter 25 Note:
3 ASC 2505(a) establishes an Office of Disaster Planning and Coordination in
the Department of Public Safety; 3 ASC 2505(b) requires this office prepare
and maintain a "Territorial Disaster Assistance Plan".
:Code of American Samoa.
Revised Constitution of American Samoa.
Travers, Patrick J. (Staff Attorney, Office of General Counsel, NOAA).
"Legal Authorities Available for Development and Implementation of an Ameri-
can Samoa CZM Program", to ASG Development Planning Office, et. al., circa
1978-79, typescript 1-35.
United States Code, Title 16, Chapter 17, 4601-4 through 4601-11, "Land and
Water Conservation, Funds".
US Bureau of Outdoor Recreation Organic Act (P.L. 88-29).
217
US Department of the Interior, Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service.
Outdoor Recreation Grants-In-Aid Manual, Part 630 -- "State Outdoor Recre-
ation Planning". revised by Program D ctive No. 29 of 7 Dec. 1978.
US Federal Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972,_as Amended (P.L. 92-583).
US Federal Register, Wednesday, Mar. 28, 1979, xeroxed excerpt of 923.24
1r5Fo__re_f_ront Access and Protection Planning" on pages 18600, 18601.
US Federal Register, Thursday, August 9, 1979, Part V, "Department of the
T@nterior, Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service, Grant Procedure
Regulations for Administration of the Urban Park and Recreation Recovery
Act of 1978; Interim Rule", (UPARR Program).
US Land and Water Conservation Fund Act of 1965, as Amended.
US National Historic Preservation Act (P.L. 89-665).
US National Trails System Act (P.L. 90-542).
MISCELLANEOUS
GAS Office of Samoan Information. Amerika Samoa.(The Magazine of the Ter-
ritory of American Samoa), bi-monthl-y.
Inter-Continental Hotels, Pago Pago, American Samoa. "Directory of Services
and Information on American Samoa", 25th Anniversary of Intercon, 1971.
"Roster of Officials, American Samoa Government, January 1979". typescript.
Telephone Directory 79 American Samoa., 1979.
MAP AND IMAGERY SOURCES
Air Facilities: FAA Airport Master Record excerpt sheets for Ofu and Ta'u,
and periodic US Flight Information Pub. "Pacific Chart Supplement".
Archaeology: No comprehensive sources yet located. Works by Kikuchi and
others include some background material. Museum of American Samoa and
American Samoa Historical Preservation Commission may have more.
ASG Land Ownership: Office maps at ASG DPO and DPW.
ATLAS: ASG DPO has contracted University of Hawaii Department of Geography
to prepare a CZM Atlas of American Samoa to be completed in 1981. It will
feature stand-a-r-cT -Scale and up-to-date erage of some 17 themes covering
much of what is listed piecemeal here.
Base topography and General Culture: 1) Aeroservice 1973 base separates.
2) USGS 1963 Topographic Maps.
218
Climate, Soils & Vegetation: Environmental Consultants, Draft, An Inventory
of the Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Islands of American Samoa$ Dec.
1977; plus wetland and vegetation stuaies by Arthur Wayne Whistler.
Conservation and Proposed Areas for special handling: Environmental Con-
sultants, Draft, An Inventory of the Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the
Islands of American Samoa, Dec. 1977; also ASG Fffice of MaTineResources
relative to mariine environment.
Fish Buoy Locations:
ASG Office of Marine Resources. (Handout indicating locations and charac-
teristics of Fish Aggregation Buoys A through J), 1979.
Flood Hazard:
US Army Corps of Engineers, Pacific Ocean Division. Flood Hazard Studies,
Tutuila, American Samoa, for ASG, 1976-77:
* Aua and Lauliituai, May 1977.
* F-a-gaalu Stream, Aug. 1976.
* Fagaitua and Amouli, May 1977.
* Leone Village Area, Aug. 1976.
* Nuuuli Village rpa, Aug. 1976.
* Tafunafou, May 1977.
* Vai pi to _Stream, May 1977.
Forestry and the Watershed: No specific forest maps located, refer to "vege-
tation" and "conservation" citations and some physical data under "water re-
sources
Geology: Pocket map in Harold T. Stearns, Geology of the Samoan Islands,
Nov. 1944, plus coverage of Manu'a being added in 1980 by University of
Hawaii Geography Dept. as part of the CZM Atlas of American Samoa, in pro-
gress.
Historic Landmarks (National, Registered): American Samoa Recreation Area
Development Plan: 1975-1980.
Hydrography: Map 2-2, Vol. I, of ASG DPW Wastewater Facilities Plan Ameri-
____F I
can Samoa, prepared by CH2M Hill, Feb. 1976. Note this map locates the new
rainfall gaging stations scattered around Tutuila).
Imagery: 1) Aero Service 1971 air photos.
2) USGS air photos (used photogrammetrically to produce the 1963
topographic maps).
Infrastructure: Power, Water, Sewer, and Solid Waste Facilities: ASG DPW
Wastewater Facilities Plan American Samoa, prepared by CH2M Hill, Feb. 1976,
also includes general maps of land use, slope, soils.
Isohyet Map (Rainfall Distribution): Extensive checking shows none in
existence; shallow records from a few new gaging stations on Tutuila may
exist.
219
Land Tenure: ASG DPO office maps.
Land Use: 1) Bryan Farrell, "Perspective on Land Use -- American Samoa",
Journal of the Graduate Research Center, 34:3, June 1965,
300-327, also 1ncludes general land us@_. soils. and geology
maps.
2) Aero Service circa 1973 map "Tutuila Island -- Land Use Map
of Tutuila Island, American Samoa", with an extensive clas-
sification key modified from the International Geographical
Union classification proposal of 1970.
Location Map: MKGK/Y 1980 map.
Natural Landmarks (National, Registered): American Samoa Recreation Area
Development Plan: 1975-1980.
Navigation and Ports: U.S. Nautical Charts and U.S. Coast Guard Notices to
Mariners.
Pacific Regional Maps: The Pacific Island Yearbook and National Geographic
maps.
Pago Pago Harbor -- Circulation, Foreshore Fill/Erosion Characteristics,
etc.: Maps included in the 1978 US Army Engineer District (Honolulu) Draft
Environmental Statement, US Dept. of the Aru, Permit Processing Guidelines
to Control the Cumulative Effects of Sh-oreline Development in American Samoa.
Planning Areas (Regional): ASG DPO 1979 Economic Development Plan.
Political Boundaries: MKGK/Y compilations and cross checks of various exist-
ing references. County and Administrative District lines per standard map
displayed in ASWRS American Samoa Community Profile - 1978 and US Dept.,of
Commerce Census Reports.
Population Distribution: MKGK/Y 1980 map compiled from all existing data.
Population 1974 Enumeration Districts: Original mylar planning bases
annotated for the Report on the 1974 Census of American Samoa.
Power/Energy Facilities: Exhibit III-I of ASG and Action Resources, Inc.
Energy Facility Siting: CZM Plan, American Samoa, 10 Jan. 1980.
Recreation: MKGK/Y 1980 Map compiled from all existing sources, and checked
in the field Feb. 1980.
Reefs and the "Near Shore": Maps in progress by AECOS and Aquatic Farms of
Hawaii to be submitted to the Army Corps of Engineers circa March 1980.
Roads: USGS Topographic maps, MKGK/Y research, and information in the DPO
1979 Economic Development Plan; plus Dept. of Public Works sources.
220
Schools: 1) Public: Dept. of Education location map (received Jan. 1980)
for high and elementary schools.
2) Private: MKGK/Y field and institutional research compilations.
Shoreline Beach Inventory:
US Army Engineer District, Honolulu. American Samoa Water Resources Study$
American Samoa Shoreline Inventory, prepared by Sea Engineering Services,
Inc., and R.R. Towill Corp., Honolulu, Feb. 1980.
Slope Zone: Dames and Moore, Sept. 1979 map "Slope Map Planning Districts,
Tutuila Island". Note: Dames and Moore used a range of slope breakpoints
in 'T' that will be altered to a different range of breakpoints (though
still in '11 in the in-progress CZM Atlas of American Samoa.
Soils: (See Climate, etc. and Farrell under Land Use, and Infrastructure
Surfing Sites: Rob Shaffer's map and annotated list delivered Feb. 1980.
"Tourism" -_ popular, contemporary: Map by James Bier in production at the
University Press of Hawaii in February 1980 entitled "American Samoa" (ob-
verse) -- "Western Samoa" (reverse) -- as corrected and updated by MKGK/Y.
Trails: MKGK/Y research; also map in progress on Trails of American Samoa
by Susan Ryan.
Vegetation: (See Climate, etc.).
Water Resources in General: 1) The several components of the US Army Corps
of Engineers, American Samoa Water Resources Study, 1977-78, 2) US Geologi-
cal Survey. Water Resources Data for Hawaii and other Pacific Areas, (Water-
Data Report Hl-78-2), Vol. 2: "Trust Territory of the PaciME-TITT-ands, Guam,
American Samoa, and Northern Mariana Islands, 1979, 1-108.
221
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