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Coastal Zone Iniormation .. ..... ... ............. ........ .. .... ....... .... .. . .... ... .. ...... . . ......... -own" TERRITORIAL COMPREHENSIVE -ITDOOR RECREATION PLAN 1.980 -a 1985 AMERICAN SAMOA PARKS AND RECREATION. COMMISSION MKGK/YAMAMOTO, INC. HONOLULU, HAWAII JUNE, 1980 GV 191.42 A43 A43 1980 Of OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR PAGO PAGO, AMENItAll SAMOA 96709 PLTLF1 TALI WLEWAh WELE LVA September 17. 1950 To the Residents of American Samoa: American lhe Territorial Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan for Samoa serves as the principal guide for our newly constituted 1@epartment of Parks and Recreation and Parks and Recreation Commission. This Plan has met the requirements set forth within Public Law 88-578-- The Land and Water Conservation Fund Act-- which provides for matching grants for qualified outdoor recreation projects. The TerrItorial Plan stresses the need for organizing available resources In a manner that provides for a variety of community requirements and desires, not solely from the standpoint of recreation but also to realize quality of life goals related to scciai, cultural, economic and physical improvement of American Samoa. This organizational effort underscores the participative energy of the many and diverse segments of the community, both publi-q and private agencies and individuals. Another major emphasis that merits your attention Is the focus on J=edlate action programming, marshaling and matching public resourges with community needs at two levels - territorial and village. The Plan, thus, represents a realistic and workable approach to the establishment of outdoor recreation programs and activities to enhance opportunities for resipents and visitors alike. 1@y stressing joint and multiple use concepts, serving diverse needLs and requirements, we can initiate program actions as well as look forward to a steadily improving character of American Samoa outdoor recreation. AMERICAN SAMOA TERRITORIAL COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN -."?rtment of co .. @'.rce Cetiter Library c4arleatUX4 6-C -:-1'AV0MUG American Samoa Territorial Parks and Recreation Commission Tom Annastas, Member Meki McMoore, Member Rob Shaffer, Chairman Tulani Teleso, Member David Tupua, Member Prepared by MKGK/Yamamoto, Incorporated Honolulu, Hawaii August 1980 The preparation of this report was financed, in part through a planning grant from the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, under provisions of the Land and Water Conservation Act of 1965, as an-ended (PL 88-578). 0 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Plan preparation was under the continuous coordination of the Territorial Parks and Recreation Commission, American Samoa Government. Other governmental agencies, providing a variety of assistance, included the Development Planning 0ffice, Department of Education, 0ffice of Samoan Affairs, Special Assistant to the Governor for Environment, 0ffice of Marine Resources, Department of Public Works, the 0ffice of the Port and Airport Engineer, and the American Samoa Historic Commission Detailed information on education-related recreational programs was provided by the American Samoa Community College and recreational specialists of the Department of Education, Physical Education Division. Other recreational information was supplied by the American Athletic Association in American Samoa, Samoan Athletes in Action, the American Samoa Rotary Club, and the Feteti Library. 0ffice of Tourism personnel, school principals, and other American Samoa Government personnel provided field researchers in the Manu'a Group with hospitality, information and transportation. Outside of Samoa, the following agencies,provided information and other forms of assistance during the planning period. Amerika Samoa Office in Honolulu; U.S. Army Engineer District, Honolulu; Department of Geography, University of Hawaii; Pacific Scientific Information Center, B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu; U.S. Forest Service Institute of Pacific Forestry, Honolulu; and the Aids to Navigation Branch, Fourteenth Coast Guard District, U.S. Department of Transportation. Finally, appreciation is extended to all those who attended meetings, participated in surveys, and in various ways controbuted to the work of the planners including the U.S Heritage, Conservation and Recreation Service, San Francisco. MKGK/Yamamoto, Incorporated Honolulu, Hawaii 0 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE TITLE PAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii 1. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 A. Purpose and Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 B. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 C. Planning Process and Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 D. Summation . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 II. SUMMARY PROFILE OF AMERICAN SAMOA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 A. Physical Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 10 B. Socio-Economic Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 111. THE FUTURE SETTING FOR OUTDOOR RECREATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 A. Dynamic Conditions 22 B. Derivation for Planning Purposes of Settlement Patterns, Year 2000 . . . . . 23 C. Samoan Land Tenure, Use and Village Settlement . . . . . . . . . . . 27 D. Access and Zoning: Contemporary Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 E. Implications and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 IV, THE EXISTING OUTDOOR RECREATION SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 A. What Legacy from the Past? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 B. Outdoor Recreation Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 C. Public Organization and Administration: The Institutional Setting 46 D. Inventory of Existing Recreational Resources and Potentials . . . . . . . 50 E. General Analysis of the Recreational System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 V. APPLICATION OF PLANNING STANDARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 A. Service Population Planning Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 PAGE B. Explicit Spatial Comparison: Resources and Needs . . . . . . . . . 66 C. Facilities, Specialized Activities and Open Space . . . . . . . . . 74 D. Focus on the Coastal Zone: Access, Use, Protection . . . . . . . . 78 E. Resource Management Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . 82 VI. AMERICAN SAMOA OUTDOOR RECREATION POLICY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 A. Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 B. Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 C. Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 VII. STRATEGY FOR ACCOMPLISHMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 A. Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 B. Optional Approaches to 6ut'd@o@ R'ecr;at*lo*n* . . . . . . . . . . 96 VIII. 1980-1985 FIVE YEAR PLAN IMPLEMENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 A. Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 B. Management Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 C. Planning and Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 D. Education and Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 E. Programming Activities and Facilities . . . i . . . . . . . . . .. 103 F. Primary Land-Based Facility Planning and Developm;nt . . . . . . . . 104 G. Primary Shore/Marine Facility Planning and Development . . . . . . . 105 H. Conservation and Open Space Planning and Development . . . . . . . . 106 IX. FIRST YEAR ANNUAL ACTION PROGRAM.:'AND FUTURE CYCLING . . . . . . . . 107 FOOTNOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 A. Administration and Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 B. Recreational Inventory Items and Related Mapped Data . : * @y'@ . . . 132 C. Recreation and Open Space Resources, Detailed Summary Displ . . . 149 D. Area and Dimension Requirements: Selected Recreation Facilities . .162 E. Department of Education Recreation Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 F. Socio-Economic Profile Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 iv LIST OF FIGURES DIAGRAMS la. The Planning Process: Assessment and Policy Formulation . . . . . . 6 lb. The Planning Process: Plan Formulation and Implementation . . . . . 7 2. Derivation of T-CORP Time-Activitiy Domain for Individuals . . . . . 38 3. Current Use and Status of Selected Recreational Sites . . . . . . . 52 4. Activities: Physical and Social Considerations . . . . . . . . . . 65 5. Quantitative Summary: Land-Based Resources and Recreations . . . . 70 6a. Summary of Land-Based Recreational Resources and Requirements . . . 150 6b. Territorial Level Land-Based Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 .6c, Manu'a Recreation District and Local-Based Resources . . . . . . . . 152 6d,. East Tutuila Recreation District and Local-Based Resources . I. . . 153 6e. Pago Pago Bay Recreation District and Local-Based Resources . . . . 154 6f. Tafuna Area Recreation District and Local-Based Resources . . . . . 155 6g.. West Tutuila Recreation District and Local-Based.Resources . . . . . 156 6h. Local Land-Based Requirements Projected to Year 2000 . . . . . . . . 157 6i. Summary of Non-Marine Specialized Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 6j. Summary of Coastal Zone and Marine Recreational Resources . . . . . 160 7a. Area and Dimension Requirements: Combination Fields . . . . . . . . 163 7b. Area and Dimension Requirements: Multiple Recreation Court . . . . 164 7q. Area and Dimension Requirements: Ballfields within Tracks . . . . . 165 7d. Area and Dimension Requirements: Touch and Flag Football . . . . . 166 7e. Area and Dimension Requirements: Softball . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 MAPS 1. Samoa Islands General Location Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 v 2a. Tutuila and Aunulu: General Topography and Villages . . . . . . . . 195 2b. Manu'a Islands: General Topography and Villages . . . . . . . . . . 196 3a. Tutuila and Aunu'u: Population and Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 3b. Manula Islands. Population and Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 4a. Tutuila and Aunulu: Selected Environmental Factors . . . . . . . . 199 4b. Manu'a Islands; Selected Environmental Factors . . . . . . o . . . 200 5a. Tutuila and Avnu'u: Existing Recreational Resources, Landmarks, Schools and Related Mapped Data, 1980 . o . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 5b. Manu'a Islands: Existing Recreational Resources, Landmarks, Schools, and Related Mapped Data, 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 6a. Tutuila and Au nu'u: Principal Land-Based, Specialized, and Marine Recreation Sites by Recreational Service District . . . . . . . . . 205 6b. Manu'a Islands: Principal Land-Based, Specialized, and Marine Recreation Sites by Recreational Service District . . . . . . . . . 206 TABLES 1. Population of American Samoa 1900-1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2. Census of American Samoa by Regional Planning Area . . . . . . . . . 24 3. American Samoa Future Settlement Patterns . . . . . . . 26 4. Most Frequently Mentioned Outdoor Recreational Activity . . . . . . 42 5. Theme Comparison, ASG DPO 1979 Comprehensive Village Survey . . . . 44 6a. Elementary School Enrollment, January 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 6b. Secondary School Enrollment, January 1980 . . . . . . ; . . . . . . . 170 6c. Educational Enrollment All Levels, January 1980 . . ... . . . . . . 171 7. Population of Villages by Census and Projection . . . . . . . . . . 181 8, American Samoa Age-Sex Cohorts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 9. Place of Birth of American Samoa Residents, 1960 and 1970 . . . . . 185 10. Visitor Traffic: Sample Year 1978 . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 186 11. Land Availability and Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 vi 12 Residential Land Use Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 13. Agricultural Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 14. primary and Secondary Income and Employment, 1973-1976 . . . . . . . 190 15, American Samoa Government Trade Balance, 1970-1978 . . . . . . . . . 191 16. Sources of Revenue, 1971-1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 ILLUSTRATIONS 1. In the Bay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. In the Fale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3. Tafuna Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4. On the Reef . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 5. On the Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 6. Manu'a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 7. Fishing Off the Rocks, Talu Village North Point . . . . . . . . 93 8. On the Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 9. Fogama'a Cove . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Vii PREFACE The American Samoa Government has determined that outdoor recreation is an identifiable element of territorial quality of life, both now and for the future. Outdoor recreation is being planned comprehensively in relation to social, economic and environmental concerns, with especial attention to the Coastal Management Program requirements. The Coastal Management Program provides for a broad environmental policy umbrella covering 16 policy themes in management of coastal resources. These 16 themes are organized around three major objectives: governmental processes, development, and resources. Outdoor recreation, of course, re- lates to all three major objectives. The Territorial Comprehensive- Outdoor Recreation Plan, as provided herein, serves to maintain access to federal involvement in local outdoor re- creational planning and development. This access to federal involvement re- quires adherence to requirements of the U.S. Heritage, Conservation and Re- creation Service as they relate to the Land and Water Conservation Fund Act of 1965, as amended. Legislative authority to plan comprehensively for outdoor recreation is shared between the Development Planning Office (29 ASC 902) and the newly established Territorial Parks and Recreation Commission (32 ASC 301). The focus of planning residing with the Development Planning Office (DPO) is on general planning and economic development and coastal management while the Territorial Parks and Recreation Commission (TP&RC) is authorized to prepare comprehensive outdoor recreation plan with respect to federal assistance programs. The present document, a Territorial Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan (TCORP) was submitted to the HCRS of the U.S. Department of the Interior in order to establish federal assistance eligibility for land acquisition and development projects as provided for'in the Land and Water Conservation Fund Act of 1965, as amended. For TCORP purposes, per 32 ASC 301, the chairman of the TP&RC, American Samoa Government has been designated the HCRS Territorial Liaison Officer by the Governor. The newly established parks and recreation agency now has. the authority to represent and act for the Territory in dealing with the Secretary of the U.S. Department of the Interior for purposes of federal assistance and for the acceptance and administration of funds. Viii ......... .. . .... . ........... ......... . Rl ;P.M K.N.NX.M.. A A . . . . . . .... 1. INTRODUCTION Fifty years of American naval administration from the turn of the cen- tury, followed by thirty formative years of condensed and rapid social change, economic development in harmony with the United States, and evolu- tion of governmental forms have brought American Samoa to the 1980's. The next decade will witness consolidation and organization of all aspects of general planning, land and resource management, and the pursuit of defini- tive economic and social goals. This is the setting in which contemporary outdoor recreational planning is being introduced. As the only U.S. territory south of the equator (see Map 1), American Samoa truly is isolated from the rest of the American recre- ational world. Recreational planning here must be built on local facts and understanding not just upon principles developed in other settings. Analysis of such contextual information is a central feature of this plan. A. Purpose and Scope The purpose of a comprehensive outdoor recreation plan is to organize and coordinate solutions to meet the needs of general public recreation within the Territory. The study area is the Territory of American Samoa -- excepting privately owned Swain's Island, and Rose Atoll -- which is orga- nized as a National Wildlife Refuge. The clientele consists of all people seeking outdoor recreational opportunities within this area. The scope of study includes the nature and distribution of the recre- ational service population; recreational patterns and preferences; existing and potential spatial resources and facilities; administrative organization and institutional capabilities; the interface of recreation with natural and 2 historical resources and open space; conditions of access; and the integra- tion of recreation with general territorial planning and land use manage- ment. B. Background In 1975 the American Samoa Parks and Recreation Control Board produced its American Samoa Recreation Area Development Plan 1975-1980, the basic recreation document in effect over the last few years. Since its prepara- tion much additional thinking has been done, drawing in part on two formal surveys. In 1978, under the auspices of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers American Samoa Water Resources Study., an American Samoa Community Profile -- 1978 survey study was conducted which included probes of general recrea- tional attitudes, resource use and perception, and employment of lei5ure time. In 1979 the ASG Development Planning Office carried out a Comprehensive Village Survey which directed specific questions on recreation to the vil- lage level throughout the Territory. In a June, 1979 Territorial Report to the Governor on the State of Parks and Recreation in American Sawa, the Parks and Recreation Control Board summarized past developments, identified current conditions, and provided recommendations for future action. Subsequent contact with the U.S. Department of the Interior Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service led to the agreement under which current planning is being accomplished. More recently (1980) a bill has passed through the FONO (American Samoa legislature) and been signed by the Governor calling for the establishment of a Territorial Parks and Recreation Commission and a Department of Parks and Recreation. 3 0 SEOU SAN FRANCISCO PACIFIC OCEAN TAIPEI HONOLULU C: SEE MAP s2 rwo 14 19 mi, SUVA SAMOA PAPEETE ls, SYDNEY AUCKLAND 6-1 0 SWAIN'S 1. SAVAI'l UP OLU 14 MANUA IS. TUTUILA SAMOA ISLANDS AMERICAN 'SAMOA ROSE 173 170 MAP SAMOA ISLANDS GENERAL LOCATION MAP north AMERICAN SAMOA T-CORP 1980 C Planning Process and Methodology The general phases of the planning process employed are displayed in the diagram following. Recreation patterns and preferences are identified and placed in local context. These patterns are compared to existing opportuni- ties to establish general recreational needs. Appropriate planning stand- ards for population, space, access, and facilities are determined. Contem- porary needs are projected into the future through socio-economic and popu- lation analysis. Planning standards are applied to projections to yield projected recreational requirements. Factors and conditions having a poten- tial impact on the ability to met these requirements are identified and arrayed as the issues in outdoor recreation planning and implementation that must be addressed. Potential future resources are identified and compared to future requirements. In light of the above derived information and results, broad goals are formed, and policies framed for their pursuit. Specific implementing ob- jectives are posted. Strategies for achieving objectives are developed and options are reviewed. The determined course of action evolving from this process is consolidated in the formal plan. Phasing and priority are assigned. On a yearly basis, actions to be accomplished are identified by priority in specific project and program lists. Implementing resources are allocated to these work elements. Roles and responsibilities are assigned, and the stage is set for implementation and recycling of the planning pro- cess. The following techniques were employed in accomplishing the planning components of the preceding program: institutional research; review of con- temporary literature and current event.s; extraction of data from broad-based 5 Recreation Patterns IDENTIFICATION OF Available Resources EXISTING PATTERNS FORMULATION OF User Analysis Recreational Access 2.PRINCIPLES AND Recreational Use STANDARDS Constraints Facility Potential EVALUATION OF Use & Pattern Trends 3EPATTERNS Resource Potentials Population Projection 4.SCENARIOS Settlement Patterns Recreation Patterns Scenario A Scenario B ESTIMATION OF NEED/ Selection/Evaluation 5- REQUIREMENTS Criteria Resources Availability Resources Use Potential PLANNING REQUIREMENTS Use Patterns & 60 Requi rements Priori ti F-c'=tion es Identifi :Formulation of Goals/ T-CORP POLICY Objectives ,_Future Growth Patterns @@F RMUL ATI ON0 F Use r INC PLE S AND DS P0@ANDAR Rec rE R ST Rec re Popu Sett Recr n7. Res OL R e sou Use P Req THE PLANNING PROCESS Iterative Process ASSESSMENT AND POLICY FORMATION AMERICAN SAMOA T-CORP 1980 7 T-CORP POLICY Basic Land Use Plan &FORMULATION OF ALTERNATIVES: Requirement Management Proposals OPTION 1: (ASSUMPTIONS) Development Proposals OPTION 2: (ASSUMPTIONS) (Program Implications) Criteria For Alternative Evaluation ALTERNATIVE SELECTION Comparative Assessment Of Options Strategy For Accomplishment Integration With Territorial Master Plan Institution Building Manaqement Responsibilitie5 10. T-CORP FIVE YEAR PLAN General Funding Strategy Allocation Of Development Project Proposals Organizational Development Specific Funding Sources FIRST YEAR ANNUAL Project List, Priorities Legislative Program "ACTION PROGRAM Education PROCESS FOR SUBSEQUENT ANNUAL ACTION PROGRAMS .FUTURE PLANNING ROLES Bas 'c Req Manag De ve1 P rog at' ve e Of :nt lopment s urce s 1 tie FD1 THE PLANNING PROCESS PLAN FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION AMERICAN SAMOA T-CORP 1980 public surveys; on-site field inspections throughout the Territory; partici- pation in public meetings arranged for review of interim document submis- sions; meetings with leaders and interested parties in the field of recre- ation from within the several branches of government administration and from the private sector; and comparison of recreational plans, goals, and object- ives to the in-progress work and planning of other agencies and authorities to insure continuity of integration. D. Summation The general goal is to supply the public in American Samoa with outdoor recreational opportunities as desired in sufficient quality and quantity, based on projected future requirements. Opportunities must be distributed so as to be accessible, and identified for implementation by priorities within annual action programs. Facilities, maintenance, and recreational programs must be balanced with due regard to financial capabilities. Outdoor recre- ation must be integrated with other American Samoan goals of economic and organizational development, environmentally sound land use decisions, and the enhancement and preservation of viable traditional culture. The T-CORP serves this goal through structured display of reasoned al- ternatives so that the public -- both the community and its leadership -- can visualize how outdoor recreation needs can be net in alternatives se- lected. Explicit public involvement complements analysis, An additional role of the T-CORP is to provide those reviewing author- ities not thoroughly familiar with American Samoa a culturally sensitive portrayal of the salient needs and issues that apply. This portrayal docu- ments planning rationales for interpretive treatment of HCRS guidance in the Samoan context. 8 7w ........... LCI ago 11. SUMMARY PROFILE OF AMERICAN SAMOA A. Physical Setting The well-weathered Samoan Archipelago (of volcanic origin) lies in the South Pacific around Latitude South 14 Degrees, Longitude 170 Degrees West. It is divided politically into the independent nation of Western Samoa (with strong ties to New Zealand) and the Unincorporated United States Territory of American Samoa (the most southern U.S. possession), the subject of this plan. Because the two Samoas share a common culture, have individual fam- ilies extending to both locales, witness reciprocal travel, and are involved in a labor situation in which large numbers of Western Samoans work in American Samoa, it will be worthwhile to describe them jointly in greater detail. Western Samoa's large islands of Savai'i and Upolu exceed 6000' and 3600' in elevation respectively, and are joined by seven noteworthy smaller islands to comprise that nation's combined area of 1,130 square miles. 2/ It's population is approximately 151,515.- American Samoa to the east is much smaller. The main island of Tutuila, famous for the deep, protected natural harbor of Pago Pago which first attracted American interest, elevates only to 2142 feet in Mt. Matafao and 3/ contains only 53 square miles. The highest point in American Samoa is Mt. Lata on Ta'u Island at about 3160 feet. The other islands of the Territory (with areas in square miles indica- ted from the same source) follow: Aunu'u (.6) just a mile east of Tutuila; the Manu'a Group, commencing 63 miles east of Tutuila and composed of Ofu (2.8) and Olosega (2.1) -- these two islands with only a few hundred yards separation is now joined by a highway viaduct, and Ta'u (17.7) some 7 miles 10 farther east. Besides these five principal islands of the Territory are Rose Atoll (.2) an uninhabited U.S. National Wildlife Sanctuary some hundred miles further east, and Swain's Island (.1) under private ownership some 200 miles to the north-northwest of Tutuila and geographically in the Tokelau Islands. Rose and Swain's are not included in the present study. Thus American Samoa (77.4 square miles) is only about 1/15 the size of Western Samoa. Its population of about 33,540 is about 1/5 that of Western Samoa. The Polynesians of the Samoan Islands share the same racial heritage and traditional culture -- the latter subject to differential contemporary evolution stemming from the contrast of major external American influence on the one hand with comparatively less external involvement from New Zealand or other sources in Western Samoa. These are steep, rugged tropical islands with thick vegetation (Refer to the Maps). Stream drainages are short and precipitous and there are no interior valleys. Flat, or comparatively flat land is in short supply as a review of Map 4 reveals. So steep is the general topography that along many stretches of coast there is barely space for the coastal highway, which can be subjected to landslides,.sheet-flow runoff during storms, and the eroding influence of oceanic wave action. The islands also have their white sand beaches -- generally pocketed in deeply indented bays on Tutuila, though more extensive in parts of the Manu'a Group. There are well-developed coral reefs, particularly along the southern shores of Tutuila, Ofu, and Olosega. There is scarcely -any littoral zone vegetation, an exception being a small stand of mangrove in Pala Lagoon, south Tutuila. Pago Pago Harbor, approximately 3 miles long, fully pro- tected, with depths of over 120 feet for the majority of its area is the only substantial body of protected water (excepting tiny Pala Lagoon) in the 11 Territory, but it is the best natural harbor In the Southeast Pacific. Samoa has a maritime climate marked by easterly tradewinds and heavy rainfall. No isohyet map exists for American Samoa, but available records indicate that the mountain crests receive in excess of 250 inches annually. Pago Pago Village averages 200 inches. The mean annual rainfall in the har- bor is 164 inches. Pago Pago International Airport, located on the south coast of the Tafuna Plains to the west of Pago Pago Bay receives an average 6/ of 125 inches. Lying below the Equator, American Samoa experiences a comparatively wet southern summer from December on to April and a comparatively dry southern winter from June through September. Though rain is well distributed through- out the year, droughts lasting several months have occurred with severe ef- fect on local subsistence agriculture and water delivery capability. In summer, tradewinds directly from the east dominate (though with less than winter intensity). Also in summer there is greatest likelihood of experi- encing the 25-30 thunderstorms visited on American Samoa annually, and the hurricane season is in effect. Hurricanes generally approach from the north though occasionally from the east or west. In winter it is slightly cooler and not so humid. Winds are stronger but arrive mainly from the east-south- east and southeast. Northern and western shores have a "lee" aspect while the east and south shores are most exposed. Pago Pago Bay is the hub of territorial activity - commerce, government, transport, and the visitor industry. By contrast, the Manu'a Group is iso- lated. The main highway running the length of Tutuila is the primary trans- port artery. Pioneer roads, jeep tracks, and trails branch off from it. The main roads in Manu'a are crushed coral, with some sealed paving planned for 1980. Interisland vessels connect Manu'a and Aunu'u with Tutuila, and 12 also travel to Western Samoa. Pago Pago Harbor and Pago Pago Airport handle all international traffic. There are small airfields on Ofu and Ta'u for interisland air service. With regard to outdoor recreation planning, the physical picture is one of warm weather and rain. A complete rainfall picture is unavailable but it is obvious that southern shore locations on Tutuila (like the Airport) receive much less than places in the shadow of the crest ranges (like Pago Pago). Available outdoor recreational use time, and costs for protection against rain, are the significant related recreational planning parameters to be combined with general shortage of flat land, and the access needs of a dispersed village-oriented but gradually urbanizing population. American Samoa is an isolated oceanic ecosystem. When planning of any type is introduced in this setting, the issue is one of island des'ign with limited space, limited physical assets, and competing,human uses for the land. The interaction of natural processes and introduced modifications can- not fully be predicted in advance. The environmental implications and the impact of human activities -- including any proposed outdoor recreational activities -- must be considered. Imperfections in the predictive process must be weighed in decision making. Environmental controls must accompany change if long term environmental stability is to be engendered. For these reasons, the fundamental approach to outdoor recreational planning as de- vqloped in this plan is the selective use and management of land, based on ecological concepts. The physical components of the environment produce certain ecological restrictions on land use and site selections before human factors are added to the equation. Topographic patterns, slope, climatic factors, soils, oceanographic conditions, differential exposure to natural hazards in geo- 13 graphic space, and natural cycles, set a stage that economically and prac- tically limits the quantity and quality of land use options. Applications of technology to counter extant conditions may spawn other environmental prob- lens, and can involve costs defeating the feasibility of the effort. The situation in the littoral zone where shorefront access and protec- tion has become a contemporary issue is a case in point. Structures can be introduced in this zone -- breakwaters, groins, seawalls, and the like -- that enhance access or protection at one location. Simultaneously their in- troduction may alter dynamics of the circulation of water, potentially under- mining the physical structure of the coast or inhibiting its ability to sup- port biological processes. The implications, of any proposals involving the opening of the uplands and watershed via trails, camps, or roads are equally critical. Litter from non-biodegradable materials is an existing lowland problem which could extend to the uplands. Pollution of groundwater sources and the lower reaches of streams can occur. Inducing human entrance into the upland watershed im- plies a willingness to risk extension of the pollution problem. The principle of the continuum of the environment is recognized. The introduction of pollution in any of its innumerable forms can endanger the system as a whole. Protective planning should tap traditional Samoan envi- ronmental experience, developed when man's numbers and lifestyle impinged less dangerously, but also lessons learned out of modern experience in locales where changing practices and increasing population have strained the sustaining capacity of the natural world. Thus, the relationship between recreation and conservation is an issue, one to be discussed further as re- gards urbanization and organizational development in American Samoa, and planning in the Coastal Zone. 14 B. Socio-Economic Profile I Demographic Characteristics The population of American Samoa has been notable for its high fertility rate, high mobility in in/out migration, and sustained pattern of resettle- ment -- chiefly in California and Hawaii. Despite heavy out-migration, the residential population of American Samoa has increased by nearly 13,000 since 1960 to a current (1980) population of about 33,500 (See Appendix, Table 1). The American Samoan population is characterized by the following: � Large household size -- averaging 6.9 persons; � A young age cohort structure -- with a madi an age of 17.8 (Table 8); � High incid ence of foreign birth -- with the result that some 50% of the population is composed of non-U.S. nationals. There is some evidence that resident population growth of American Samoa is slowing down. The "decade changes in population" given in Table 9 reveal that as total population has increased, the rate of change between decades has fallen off. 2. Population Distribution Increase in population has been accompanied by a shift in distribution, reflecting a change in the local economy. The local economy is changing from a subsistence-base to a market-base. Urbanization has accompanied this change, resulting in the shift of population from rural communities to the more urban settlements on the island of Tutuila. There has been relative and absolute population loss from the Manu'a Group. There is a significant relative decrease of population within the northeastern and southeastern districts of the island of Tutuila. Predomi- 15 TABLE 1. POPUIATION OF AMERICAN SAMOA Sources: 1900-1980 (Including Swain's Island) US Bureau of the Census, 1960 Census of Population, Number of Inhabitants, Year Population % Change American Sam pages 56-57. 1900 5 _,_ @79 hi.9 US Bureau of the Census., 1970 Census 1920 8,056 of Population, Number of Inhabitants, 24.8 American Samoa, pages 55-56. 1930 10,055 Development Planning Office, 28.4 American Samoa Government., American 1940 12,908 Samoa: 1970-1980 PoDulation Change 46.7 by Six Planning Districts 19 1950 18,937 5.9 1960 20,051 35.4 1970 21,159 20.4 1980 est. 33,5hO nant increased growth occurred in the central and southwestern districts of the island of Tutuila in the Tafuna Plains and Pago Pago Harbor area, inclu- ding Nu'uuli (Tables 7, 11 and 12). 3. Settlement Density The inhabited areas of American Samoa are relatively-compact whether located in urban Fagatogo or rural villages. Household size throughout the Territory is about 6.9 persons. Overall population density on land of 30% or less ground slope is 1.97 persons per acre (1980). Examination of the existing residential component of that land area reveals a gross residential density of 13.2 persons per acre -- or approximately 1.9 household units. Comparable figures in the highly urbanized Pago Pago Bay Area are 10.3 per- sons per acre under 30% slope and 21.8 persons per residential acre -- or 3.2 households. Considering that nearly all residential structures in the Territory are a maximum of two stories high, these figures reveal that resi- dential density does not show marked contrasts in the urban and rural com- 16 ponents of the settlement pattern. Concentration of population results from the large size of households despite comparatively low unit density (Tables 11 and 12). 4. Rural/Urban Dichotomy Although the fundamental settlement pattern of villages persists, pro- gressive urbanization has been discussed as the trend. This pattern emerges in the way the Pago Pago area has developed as the territorial hub of affairs and is also visible in the strip development which has accompanied the main trunk highway on Tutuila. By contrast, there is currently a net decrease in population from the isolated Manu'a Group. There is growing activity in Nduuli, Leone and inland on the Tafuna Plain, but the dichotomies between the Bay Area and the remainder of south shore Tutuila, road-connected Tutuila locales and more isolated north shore locations, and between Tutuila' and Manu'a are pronounced. 5. The Local Economy The American Samoa economy is in large measure dependent on the federal government. (Refer to Tables 14 and 16 in the Appendix). It is in transition from a communal, subsistence econon-V to a market economy. The movement is towards greater self-reliance with the federal government providing an eco- nomic bridge to a different and improved local econony. In an economic profile of American Samoa the basic fact is that develop- ment is in a transitional stage. Government remains the main employer, fol- lowed by the fisheries sector which includes fishing, processing and export- ing, Fisheries are by far the largest contributors to local exports -- 97.4% (Table 14) in 1976. Heavy importation of goods and services is another characteristic of this 17 transitional economy. There is a persisten t balance of trade deficit; one however that is being studied critically for possible economic development opportunities. For example, the trade deficit in 1978 was reported to be $30,000,000. The largest single imported commodity is fuel; it represented over 37% of the value'of imported commodities in 1977. Over 89% of the fuel is in diesel and jet fuels. Assuming a unit cost then of 50t per gallon for diesel fuel, the consumption of the local power industry represented about 34 % of the total diesel fuel importation in 1977 (The remaining assumed to 7/ be allocated to the fishing industry).- One last item of note is that there are no government taxes levied below the level of the Territorial Government. Local government in American Samoa (at the district, county, village levels as now organized) has extremly limited potential for capital formation. As a result, the fiscal capacity to support local level decision-making resides with the Territorial Govern- ment, reinforcing local reliance on developrwnts in the territorial poli- tical arena. 6. Subsistence Agriculture With the advent of a cash economy, traditional economic practices now loom less large for much of the population, although subsistence agriculture is still an inte,gral part of Samoan life. There is some plantation agricul- ture. Inshore fishing for food has become less prevalent at present, but the capacity to fall back on fishing in the future requires environmental preservation in inshore waters. The preservation of agricultural land is a general issue in Samoan development and a specific issue apropos the pos- sibility that some potential agricultural sites might also be attractive for recreational opportunities. The status of agriculture as a general issue is placed in perspective in 18 the following quote from Farrell. The agriculture of American Samoa is dominantly subsistence un- affected by a tradition of commercial planting . . . . Judged by prevailing western practices the level of technology is . . * low -- judged by indigenous standards the situation warrants lit- tle concern. The land provides reasonable sustenance, it performs a useful function in traditional custom and it provides a special status to the 'matai' who holds authority over it. Prestige for most Samoans however, may be obtained more readily away from the land by non-agricultural pursuits and service, and by paid employ- ment . . . . The lure of paid employment reduces the number of young farm workers and the people as a whole become considerably less dependent on their environment than one would normally ex- pect. The potential of the land is strictly limited. Already in places slopes of more than thirty-five degrees are cropped Development of the rural economy in American Samoa is a thorny problem and the territory is likely to develop education, health, transport and commerce while the admittedly limited yet fundamental resource, land, remains in comparison virtually undeveloped. 8/ 7. Social Change Perhaps the most fundamental issue in contemporary American Samoan life is social change. Introduced cultural, economic, and governmental ways are influencing all aspects of Samoan life. Samoan culture has demonstrated a certain resiliency in adapting with dignity to much that is new. But the quantity and pace of change is of such magnitude that a return strictly to traditional ways in their entire@y is improbable, while the directions of the future are uncertain. Culture change can be stressful. Work patterns are changing and discre- tionary time for constructive or dysfunctional utilization may become in- creasingly available. The essence of the emerging social function of out- door recreati on may be to maximize opportunities for constructive and grati- fying use of leisure time -- benefitting society as a whole as well as the individual. Examples of unresolved culture conflict exist, and future potential con- flicts must be avoided. The prob lem of litter is a good example. The refuse of the traditional economy was chiefly natural material -- biodegrada- 19 ble over time, and not requiring a formal system of disposal. With the in- troduction of external material culture, the amount of non-biodegradable trash has increased. There is no traditional pattern for collecti on and disposal. A revised response that will keep litter from being a problem must still evolve. The point is that any planning -- including outdoor recreation plan- ning -- mus@ be reviewed with an eye to possible culture conflicts that may be the unwitting by-products of well-intentioned alterations or -innovations. There is a risk, under the current circumstances of rapid development and change, with heavy involvement by non-Samoans, that modern ways will be per- ceived as so likely to submerge traditional ways that there is little reason to incorporate the latter in concepts and assumptions. Such thinking is seriously in error, and its ascendancy is a threat -- not simply in its dis- respectful tenor, but in its narrow willingness to address future problems without benefit of past experience. The present study seeks to avoid this error and emphasizes the need for more effective expression of Samoan philo- sophy, values, and experience, from within, to counter this trend. The fol- lowing quote by ecologist Arthur Dahl applies. There is much to be learned from the traditional Samoan culture which has st,4ccessfully coexisted with the island environment for hundreds of years. The old ways should not be discarded lightly, and there is much in the local taboos and practices of use to the modern envi- ronmental planner. To lose this cultural wealth would be a tra- gedy . . . . The basic problem is one of a clash of value systems. The traditional Samoan ways cannot easily adapt to the new needs and influences of a world that is physically unified, while American values are supported by imported wealth and power. The government, large businesses, central educational system, etc. are American in style and personnel. Unfortunately, the American values most often adopted are the evident material ones, while Samoan concepts of human happiness and social responsibility, which may be more desir- able in an island society than their American equivalents, are lost. 9/ 20 NP:lt @11 2P PIZ AlIX ....... ... @':' . . ......... ....... . . rx, ",Iz 1,14 Wili 1'4 g%.K. Ri 'i 144 4,4 --ge- -.Nix MOS.-;. .9;RN @K .. .. .... .. . . ..... ............ ....... ........ ........ . . ..... ... A. Dynamic Conditions Projections are made difficult due to the dynamics of population move- ment that have largely resulted in the existing demography of American Samoa and American Samoans. Accelerating social and economic change over the last 20 years likely will continue -- particularly with new directions on the economic side. If economic opportunities expand in American Samoa, the pat- tern of outmigration may change and the resident population could increase. New economic opportunities linked to the general shift to a market economy might change household formation. A pattern of smaller household size with increased strengthening of the nuclear family -- Itself marked by a smaller average number of children, but heightened independence from the extended family responsibilities of the past could emerge. 1. Projected Population, Year 2000 The population projection (36,900 in 1985 and 50,200 in 2000) used for outdoor recreation planning was adapted from the projected estimates devel- oped by the ASG Development Planning Office (Table 2). These estimates in- clude a distribution of population by districts and by vil lages (Table 7). Future population has been distributed for general display purposes in Map 3. 2. Settlement Urbanization, in the broadest sense of the word, is proceeding despite the complex matter of inalienable communal lands to be discussed in some detail further on. In many cases the productive resource potential of land (its prime value in the traditional economy) has less significance than its physical location in relation to population, services, access, and so forth. Samoan villages are being urbanized. Strip development is occurring along 22 the principal highways of Tutuila. The non-Samoan population theoreti- cally not tied in to the dominant communal land-owning extended families -- nonetheless finds space to live. Economically-based pressure to urbanize may increasingly erode the traditional Samoan settlement pattern revolving around village life. The pressure is compounded by the limited developable land on Tutuila. The most intense urbanization activity can be expected in incremental re- development of the Pago Pago Bay shore settlements'. Nu'uuli and the trunk road settlements west across the Tafuna Plains to Leone. Redevelopment in the Bay will be spurred by the proposed consolidation of governmental at Utulei, permitting comprehensive urban design of Fagatogo, the downtown of American Samoa. Additionally, bay area land use planning is being ad- vanced to guide development within this critical locale. Table 11 and Map 5 reveal that available land for absorbing additional growth lies chiefly in West Tutuila, particularly the Tafuna Plain. Also, there is space for development on the island of Ta'u. The trend, however, is the urbanization of the island of Tutuila. While the raw available lands are found in the western part of the principal island, there remains a basic development option related to urban design and land use the possible con- version of existing urban settlements to higher density (using multi-story structures)as shifts in household size and lifestyle accompany the urbaniza- tion trend. B. Derivation for Planning Purposes of,the Settlement Pattern, Year 2000 The projected population for the territory in the year 2000 is in excess of 509000. Accommodation of this number will require changes in the settle- ment pattern. Two scenarios are developed below for comparison and combina- 23 TABLE 2. CENSUS OF AMERICAN SAMOA BY REGIONAL PLANNING AREA: 1970-19.77 CENSUS FIGURES; 1980-2005 PROJECTIONS; WITH PERCENT INCREASES. REGIONAL CENSUS FIGURES PLANNING AREAS % Increase % increase %'Increase 1970 1970-1974 1974 1974-1977 1977 1977-1980 1. MANUIA 2.,112 -14.4 11808 - 5.7 l.,7o5 - 7.1 2. NE TUTUILA 2.,441 - 1.6 2.,401 1.5 2,t438 1.7 3. SE TUTUILA 29744 0 2s745 1.2 22777 2.4 PAGO PAGO BAY 7.,886 8.5 8,554 6.8 9.,135 5-5 5. TAFOA PLAINS 69555 19.1 7,807 8.5 8A68. 18.0 6. W TUTUILA 5047 9.2 51841 3.0 6.4015 15.9 TOTAL 27,,085 7.6 29,156 4.7 30,,538 90'7 Census Sources: ASGI DPOI American Samoa: 1970 to 1980 Population Change by HN -Planning Districts, Completed from 1970y 1974, and 1977 Ten Percent Sample Census of American Samoa. (Note: Tafananai is reported above in_Tx@ea instead of Area 3.) Excluding Swain's Island. REGIONAL P RWECTIONS PLANNING AREAS Av. Yearly 1980 % Growth 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 - 1. MANUIA lo583 1.00 1,665 12750 1,9838 1,9935 2.,035 2. NE TUTUILA 2v479 1.00 23605 2,740 22880 3,9025 3.o180 3. SE TUTUILA 2.0844 .75 2.,955 3..062 3041 3.,3o6 3.,6o2 4. PAGO PAGO 13AY 9.,638 1.40 10030 11.,078 11.002 12,,719 13..445 5. TAFUNA PLAINS 9091 3-00 112485 13,430 153570 18.,010 20.1920 6. W TUTUILA 6s971 2.40 7.,850 89840 9,950 113200 12,610 TOTAL 33s5O6 1.59 36,89o 40j,900 45j,281 50.,195 55.,812 Projections Source: ASG, DPO, "America n Samoa Population Projec- tion by Planning Districts and by Five-Year Intervals 1980-2005", transmitted in letter of 4 Mar 1980 by S. Leasiolagi, Statistician to R.M. Towill Corp. 24 tion in order to derive a reasonable estimate of future settlement as a basi@ for broad recreational planning. Both depart from data on the exist- ing situation as analyzed earlier in the text, documented in appended tables, and displayed in the maps attached. Scenario (A) hypothesizes that land use and settlement patterns will con- tinue as presently visible, with no major changes in governmental policy. Scenario (B) assumes the establishment of a territorial land use plan with polici'es implemented and enforced down to the local level. There is not great differential impact between the two as regards the Manu'a Group. Manu'a has a large inventory of developable land with a small population. Tutuila, the focus of projected growth and change, is the arena in which differences between the two scenarios will show up. Scenario (A) operating on Tutuila predicts widely proliferating strip development along highways. As at present, density of development will be low. Low density development combined with population increase means that continuing encroachment on plantation lands and environmentally sensitive lands can be expected. Under these circumstances, suitable land for develop- ment will be scarce. Unsuitable sites will be used. Settlement will be more dispersed causing pub,lic facility and service planning difficulties. open space will be hard to circumscribe and protect. Under Scenario (B), a comprehensive land use plan would work to neutral- ize current low density expansion trends by restricting development on prime agricultural lands, and other lands deemed unsuitable due to environmental factors or sensitivities -- flood plains, coastal hazard zones, lands with excessive slope. The result would be a more orderly settlement pattern making more efficient delivery of public services possible as strip develop- ment came under control and options for increasing densi ty were exercised. 25 TABLE 3. AMERICAN SAMOA FUTURE SETTLEMENT PATTERNS, 1980-2000: DERIVATION OF COMPARATIVE S'CENARIOS Parameters 11anu'a Group N.E. Tutuila@ S.E. Tutufla Pago Pago Tafuna West Total Population Year 2000 1,935 3,025 3,276 12,719 1.8,G10 11-9 Year 1977 1,7G5 2,438 2,826 9,086 8,468 6,( .Developed Area Total Area 1977 (Acres.) 765 6-80 640 1,535 2,800 1, Density 1977 (Pop./Acre) 2.2 3.6 4.4 5.9 3.-0 1 Scen?.ric A Total Area Need, 2000 880 840 745 2,155 6,005 2,6 Balance, 1977-2000 115 160 105 620 3,205 1,2 Potential Lands l/ 4,235 40 -0- -0- 3,200 1,9 Residual Lands, fOOO 4,210 -0- -0- -0- -0- 7 Total Available, 2000 2 880 720 640 1,535 6,000 2,6 Projected Density, 200Y 2.2 4.2 5.2 8.3 3.0. 4 Cn Scenario 8 Total Developed Area, 2000 730 720 630 925 3,025 1,5 Projected Density, 2000 2.6 4.2 5.2 13.7 51.9 7 Scenario Comparison A & B Density B-A/A +18.2% -0- -0- +65.1% +96.7% +74 Scenario 8 Comparison with Existing Density (1977) Density B-1977/1977 +18.2% +16.7% +18.2% +132.2% +96.7.% +74 @ I DeveT-opable lands refer to areas with slope less than 31%. Z/ Total available, 2000 refers to developed areas within developable lands. Source: Development Planning Office, Land Use Plan, 1978-1983, American Samoa Government (1978). Land use data (197.7) were drawn from this report. All other data were developed for the formulation of the scenarios. Refer to Table 3 for a quantitative summary of how land use in the year 2000 would evolve under Scenario (A) as compared with Scenario (B). Ob- viously the advantages of Scenario (B) are favored in this study. Although current patterns can be expected to continue to some extent in the next few years as land use planning is consolidated and applied, for the long term the more reasonable scenario to explore in developing outdoor recreation plans is the (B) alternative. Implications include: better access for a larger majority of the popula- tion; the likelihood of more intense use of facilities and space developed; the ability to make effective use of existing opportunities already fielded in relation to concentrations in the habitation pattern (such as the schools); and the capacity to integrate recreation facilities with neighbor- ing activities in the joint use of infrastructural support. Management of a smaller number of higher use facilities with concentrated recreational opportunities means greater financial feasibility for developing management advantages. Supervision works to,protect recreational property and partici- pants, set standards of use and maintenance,, and allow an augmenting educa- tional role that can improve the quality of overall recreational offerings. C. Samoan Land Tenure, Use, and Village Settlement. Any discussion of site development, use, and accessibility must depart from an understanding of Samoan communal land tenure. The vast majority of 10/ lands in American Samoa (96%)- are held or claimed communally by aigas (extended families). There are strong cultural preferences, and legal restrictions,: against alienation or transfer of these lands. Even participa- tion in formal boundary demarcation substantiallyis avoided, as indicated in this 1970 surveyor's report: 27 Historically the ownership of lands in the Samoan Islands, and par- ticularly in American Samoa has been a prerogative of the "aiga" or extended family group. Each aiga is represented by a chief or "matai" who acts as governor and spokesman for the group. The management of the lands of the aiga has been delegated to the matai whose author- ity derives from the express consent of the family group. The boundaries. of aiga lands have, for the most part, been indefinite and unmarked. They remain so today. It is a peculiar fact that while a boundary between aiga lands may be indefinite it is deter- minate. The actual ownership and use of land is subject to a sort of communal acquiescence. Within certain limitations property lines remain transitory. This fluidity is highly desirable from the Samoan standpoint. For the above reasons property line disputes ,and conflicts are virtually unknown . . . . The Samoan Chiefs, in- cluding subordinate ma'tais, generally resent compulsory identifica- tion survey and registration of boundaries or ownership of these lands. Under Fa'a Samoa this is regarded as an intrusion into the family life and an erosion of the authority of the matai and the entire aiga. It significantly reduces the influence of the matai and the local and superior chiefs. But even as one begins to align arguments to indicate that perhaps some traditional forms are, dysfunctional, other points come to mind that reflect favorably on the very same forms, i,e. the following from Housing in Ameri-can Samoa, 1972: There is much to be said for the present system of land use and tenure, despite -- or perhaps because of -- the barriers it poses to development. The system seems to be distinguished from most others by one overriding characteristic. Land is seen mainly as something to be used to meet social needs rather than as an indivir dual property right or a tangible economic asset or resource as such. Those wFo@view the Samoan land system as a 'barrier' or a problem' are viewing it from a we$tern perspective based on non- Samoan values and motives. While possibly facilitating more and better housing or other facilities, removal of the 'barrier' might hasten the destruction of the Samoan perspective and open the way for land exploitation and domination by non-Samoans, similar to what has occurred in Hawaii and similar island 'paradises'. L12/ The theme reiterated has significance in outdoor recreation planning. If land is to be used to met social needs, and most land is aiga-controlled, then deployment of land for recreation will require that recreation is per- ceived as fulfilling local social needs; and that such needs have priority over alternate land allocations. If such needs are not perceived at the aiga or possibly village level, then land and space for recreational developments 28 likely will not be made available from communal lands. The subject of recreational land use raises the question use by whom. The 1979 ASG, DPO Comprehensive Village Survey, "Recreation Summary Sheets" reveal the prevalent response that the ASG should provide recreational oppor- tunities for the village. When federal funds are expended (as in application of the U.S. Land and Water Conservation Fund Act of 1965, as amended), the public at large must benefit. This may conflict with the concept of "local dominion" -- an aspect of communal land holding reinforcing the traditional concept that the aiga has the say in what access, use or handling will be allowed on aiga lands, and village councils might restrict outside entrance to the village as they see fit. The combination of communal land inalienability and the exercise of local dominion may effectively exclude federally supported recreation capital ex- penditures from the village level. Private lenders will also be inhibited due to the unsuitability of inalienable communal lands as collateral for capital loans, Alternately, village access guarantees, or ASG purchase of rights of way may be ways to bridge this gap. D. Access and Zoning: Contemporary Needs Urbanization and the shift to a market econowy, as discussed previously, have sharpened the need for environmental conservation,and protection and - have given rise to economic values in contrast to "beneficial use" as prac- ticed in the past. Economic value is reflected in the growing use potential of land resources, especially those that are accessible via highways. At the same time, environmental importance of land resources is becoming more evident as population increases result in the encroachment of floodplains and upland areas. 29 Access and the related issue of land use zoning are contemporary needs stemming from these twin forces (urbanization and a market econony) that alter economic values and the uses of physical resources. The beneficial use concept in Samoa is under strain as population continues to grow and the market economy expands. The concept of access in Samoa is a contextual issue, one which has, heretofore, not been acknowledged in the past communal setting of rural villages and small population size. Space and resources were amply distributed among the various villages. Now, however, under the strains of change and growth, some villages post signs restricting general access to local physical resources. The concept of village dominion, seldom an issue in the past, is an underlying contemporary problem area. The need for sharing spatial resources now extends beyond the bounds of the aiga and the village. "Sharing" is not foreign to Samoa. However, it is now at a supra-village scale and there is a need for: 1) sone new social instrument to accommodate access to the sea and the mountains; 2) a form of land use governance to conserve and protect the limited physical resources of Samoa. These two di- mensions of contemporary need -- access and land use zoning are themes of importance in outdoor recreation planning. Even non-communal lands identified for possible development as recre- ational sites may only be accessible by crossing communal lands. Access has maybe four possible aspects: 1) physical access -- referring to the dif- ficulties, time, and costs involved in getting to a site; 2) legal access involving permission, rights of way, time restrictions, and regulations limiting use; 3) financial access -- fees are charged, perhaps beyond the means of some; 4) and type of access -- by foot, bicycle, cars, 4-wheel drive, tour busses, aiga busses, boats, swimmers, visual, and/or aircraft 30 (rotary-wing). All four, particularly legal, could become sources of conten- tion if sites are not planned with access in mind. Satisfactory formal safe- guard of equal opportunity access to' planned public developments is one cri- terion of acceptability for federal funding support. Zoning policy can be applied 1) protectively to keep people and acti- vities out of hazardous areas, 2) for conservation purposes -- to preserve environmentally sensitive areas from encroachment, 3) for compatibility -- to segregate incompatible uses and activities (such as piggeries next to schools, or industrial activities in tourist and residential areas*). Restriction of access is one means of delimiting or speci fying recre- ational opportunity. High use zones such as major parks requ ire general, facile access. Conservation areas -- reserves and preserves amou nting to a significant segment of the "open space" resource component of outdoor recre- ation, are too fragile for heavy use. Limitation of access and activity choice is indicated where environmental concerns weigh heavily'-- as 'in the high watershed. However, in all cases where access plans are to be made, the bonafide traditional economic uses and gathering activities of residents must be thoroughly understood and accommod@ited as intended by law. Exclu- sionary decisions, even for pressing environmental reasons, ought not be unilateral, or prosecuted without due traditional process. Zoning policy in application to outdoor recreation is another issue. "Open space" and "green belt" concepts may be Elemen ts in.specific recom- mendations for land deployments. The idea of :'buf fering" elements in the landscape from neighboring activities and avoiding juxt.apositi-on of incompa- tible land uses must be fostered. Policy for boundary demarcations in general - for parks, landmarks, conservation zones, and so forth, must be established. 31 E implications and Conclusions Space suffi cient for competing uses is a constant issue in American Samoa. Many individual localities, as now utilized and arranged, have no place to put new outdoor recreation elements. Elsewhere the introduction of possible recreation elements may be directly competitive with existing acti- vities or other new projects being considered to fill other than recre- ational needs. Economic implic4tions are strong. How involved will a village-oriented population become in facilities to be fielded away from the home village? Will individual villages cooperate in support of developments to be fielded beyond the dominion of their respective villages? With what facility will existing cultural mechanisms allow compromises and political trade-offs to be made? Will such con'cepts as preservation of historic sites in common heritage an@ environmental protection of the watershed and coastal zone be perceived in traditional circles as appropriate topics for "greater good" consensus and uniform policy formulation? These are all issues which may to a grqater or lesser extent have an effect on the formulation of T-CORP policy and action implementation. In'the quote following, Dahl suggests a framework within which the several land use requirements in American Samoa should be balanced. The problem in American Samoa outlined above call for an integra- ted program of environmental management. The land area is so limited @hat careful decisions are needed to prevent the waste of this scarce re@ource and to protect the three main island activi- ties of agriqylture, fisheries, and tourism. Parks need to be set aside for conservation purposes and for tourists. Prime agricul- tural land should not be lost to housing or commercial development if other areas can be adapted to those uses. Development of the land must not@be permitted to endanger the reefs or their asso- ciated fisheries. Careful consultation with each village will be required, together with provisions insuring that all will benefit equally from the results. One village will not contribute land 32 freely to a scenic park while its neighbor alone receives material benefits from that park as the site of a tourist hotel. 13/ The possible specific issue of competition for land use (with recreation perceived as a less important need) is hinted at in the quote following from a 1966 article by Robert Langdon. One of the most important chiefs in American Samoa . . . (is) quoted . . . as saying: 'If we lose any of our old ways, it will be because wechODse to, not because changes are being forced upon us . . . . (He) was one of two chiefs who strongly opposed a plan . . . to buy Samoan land (or even condemn it if necessary) for recreation parks on Tutuila. (He) argued that Samoa would need all the inches of soil it had to support its rapidly-growing popula- tion. 14/ The recreational issue implications are 1) that finding space to fill projected outdoor recreational needs may be difficult; 2) that this spatial obstacle will likely exert substantial influence on the feasibility of op- tions and alternatives for meeting the need; 3) that coordination with other planning efforts representing potentially competing spatial needs is essen- tial; 4) and that unless son-ke concrete social functions are perceived for outdoor recreation it is sure to exercise weakened claims to sites sought to serve its goals. The general conclusion is that enharcement and expansion of existing facilities, and development of government land$ already alienated from the communal system will present most feasible resource development options -- provided they have the physical capacity to meet the projected need as deter- mined on a case by case basis. The dominant land tenure - land availability issue is bound to influence recreational policy formulation, and the distri- bution, combination, and concentration of activity opportunities at "planned recreational destinations", as will be discussed. The possibility of application of other categories of land -- such as the growing body of "in- dividually owned" land, church and private school lands, and the very small 33 amount of "freehold" land remains to be explored, but depends in large part on what role -- and how much of a role -- the private sector is willing or financially able to play in outdoor recreation in American Samoa. Regardless of the specific results of the several trends and patterns discussed above, optimum administrative response appears to require acti- vity in the following areas: 1. Greater integration of territorial and local government, now functioning dually ; 2. Consolidation of dispersed functional planning within a framework of ter- ritorial master planning, with establishment of local land use planning; 3. Implementation of a territorial land use plan as a foundation for both of the above. 34 ............... ...... ..... ... ........... ........ .... ............. ... ... ............ ... . ......... - ........ ... ....... ........ ........... .. .... ........ - ... ........... ............ ....... .......... ......... ... . .. .......... .. ........ . .. ......... . ......... . ........ .. ... ................... 1. ..: .... .... . .. . ....... ........... .... ... ..... ... .......... ............ - ................ ............ ................. ... .... ........ - .................. . . . . . . . . . . . ....... .... ............................ .......... ............... .... ................ . ..... ...... ......... ......... ............ ....... .......... . . .......................... . .. .......... .. ............. . ........... .. ........ . ............ . . ........ ....... . . . . ........................ .. ....... ...... .. ..... .... ................. ............ .. . .. ..... ... .. .. ... ......... ............ ................. ........................... ............. ........... ................................ .. . ..... ..... . ... .......... *.- .. ... . :::; ..... .. .. .. :::: : ........... ............ ....... ....... ............. ... . ......... ........ .. .. .. .......... . . . . . . .... r.X ............. .. . . . . . . .... .. Xv .......... .... ........ .................. .. ......... % . . . . . . . ... ;@r Z IN . . . . . . . j.. ..... . .......... ... . . . . . . . IX . . . . . . . . . . IV.THE EXISTING OUTDOOR RECREATIONAL SYSTEM A. What Legacy from the Past? "Outdoor recreation" as a concept or discrete collection of activities is new in Samoan culture. This is not to say that recreation was not woven into the traditional way of life. The following quote from anthropologist Peter Buck suggests that organized recreation played a significant role in tradi- tional Samoan culture. The social value of the Community Games was important. The smaller competitions in the same village brought the young people 'and, adults together and gave them relaxation from, the perpetual quest for food on land and sea. The competitions between different sections of a village or different villages brought together a larger group of people on term of social intercourse. The local people had to provide food for the visitors, spectators :as well as competitors, and the occasions were social events in which all feasted as the foundation of enjoyment. Singing and dancing added to-the festive nature of such occasions. A Polynesian attending the sports of people of (another) culture is struck by the lack of organized hospitalj@y in providing free food and drink which is so charac- teristic of his own culture. In the return game played at.the other village, the hospitality previously received was returned, if possible with added interest. In thus promoting social inter- course of a friendly and enjoyable nature, games of a competitive character between different villages held an important place in (Samoan) society. 15/ Does the same social function for recreation apply in the present day? Although the "so'o" (inter-village hospitality and sports challenges with the host village providing all the food and drinks) still exists, modern sports not traditional games are involved. Sports lea.gue activities, school programs, and introduced leisure alternatives appear to tap much energy ex- pended in inter-village activities of the past, but the cultural as pects may not be the same. By contrast, at the "territorial" level, a formal role for recreation persists in the cultural exchanges that occur between American Samoa and Western Samoa when they cooperate ceremonially and in athletic contests to commemorate American Samoa Flag Day and Western Samoa Independence Day. Formal recreation has an even larger expression in the South Pacific Games 36 which exert strong influence in focussing international attention on the sQvfh Paqific as a region. Aside from these modern impacts of recreation, an issue is what contem- porary social function outdoor recreation can or should have within American Samoa. How Oo American Samoans perceive outdoor recreation? An understand- ing of the pattern of perception is essential in evaluating demand for recre- ational opportunities, and in developing opportunities that are culturally sensitive. Aesthetics may become a topic in overall planning. Individuals may have little to say about aesthetics in the context in whi,ch they spend their obligated wor@ time . Consequently they may consciously or unconsciously seek aesthetic satisfaction during their discretionary time. Siting and design, integration with the landscape, preservation of vis- tas and open space, enhancement of traditional motifs, continuity in recre- ational themes and facilities, vegetative landscaping, respectful integra- tiQn with the ceremonial life of Samoa, preservation of unique cultural sym- bolism -- these all may contribute to satisfaction derived from involvement in outdoor recreation. Value judgments are involved which should be elicited from -the residents of Samoa. Expressions of the best of Samoan culture need not be lost simply because limodernization" has closed off some of the avenues for such expression. Cul- tural expression can survive in new outlets if these are designed with under- standing and attention to filling such a role, Newly designed recreational opportunities, in the outdoor setting that so explicitly influences Samoan c "tqral response, may be numbered among such new outlets. Exploration of ul possibilities should include a review of recreational activities of the past Oat might still be brought forward to meet renewed demand. 37 DIAGRAM 2. DERIVATION OF T-CORP TIME-ACTIVITY DOMAIN FOR INDIVIDUALS T I NE Maintenancel Obligat d DiscretionaEZ "Leisure"/" Freell Paid Unmanaged Employment or I'deadil i Recreation I Manage Household* time I I I Leisur Subsistence _j - - - Ag. I Active Passiv Aiga Ob. - - _1 Village Ob. lIndoorl, tdoo td 0 Ceremony I ****I ca School-kids** I OMAIN OF T-CORP Chores-kids 2 Logistics: transnort shopping deskwork Church*** NOTES- Some household acti-vities such as babysitting might be consi obligations by some, preferred activities by others. Students also get a ration of oblioated outdoor recreational activity in school PE classes. Afterschool sports and considered discretionary. Church in Samoa has some obligatory aspects for members whil the sarte time, much church activity is discretionary an perceived as recreational. **4* Samoan climate (rain and wind) can require some outdoor acti to have some sheltered facilities -- for example, roof without walls as found in the ASCC Gym. Such exception within the domain of the T-GORP whereas other active in pursuits such as bawling are excluded. B Outdoor Recreation Patterns 1. The Concept of Recreation in American Samoa Outdoor recreation is commonly viewed as a leisure-tim activity, American Samoa has a different lifestyle, not shared by many Americans, and one suggesting that outdoor recreation patterns are different. Accordingly, an in-context concept of outdoor recreation -is necessary to understand recreation in American Samoa and to provide increasing opportunities for recreation in American Samoa. Diagram 2 depicts how time can be organized to yield leisure -- which can be applied to the T-CORP concern of outdoor recreation. Samoan lifestyle permits a variety of outdoor recreational expressions, some quite similar to the national patterns and others that are more oriented to local resources. For example, there is an American-style school system fostering typical American school-related outdoor recreation. On the other hand, a Samoan-wide custom of avoidance of many recreational activi- ties on Sundays causes a departure from the mainland American concept of the "weekend" as a 2-112 day block of unrestricted time. The key difference lies in the amount of discretionary time available for recreating. Time limitations affect recreation patterns and the alloca- tion of resources to recreation. The American Samoan's time is taken up with obligatory primary economic activities, standard human maintenance of body and soul, and a range of secondary obligations to the aiga (extended family). 2. Survey Results Two community surveys are available that provide initial baseline data for recreation planning: a 1978 community profile and a 1979 comprehensive 39 village survey. They provide the starting point beyond which augmenting information was procured through interviews and public meetings with govern- ment officials, public and private recreation leaders, and other interested parties. In the American Samoa Community Profile @- 1978, heads of households and their spouses were surveyed to identify attitudes, perceptions and views about water resource development and planning. The survey included questions related to recreation behavior, trends, and preferences. It revealed that the American Samoan did not value "leisure" time in the western sense at the time of survey, in the village setting. When asked if they would like to have "more leisure ti me" than they pre- sently have, 87% of the respondents indicated that they did not seek more leisure. It can be inferred that in the village setting at present, the clear-cut division between "work" and "play" so fundamental in the United States is not dominant. Life is lived "whole" so to speak. Extra or avail- able time would generally be applied to some additional social or economic pursuits. Consequently the idea of striving to create more "free" time doesn't have much traditional meaning. Aiga or village duties are always waiting for those with "extra" time. Asked what activity is generally un- dertaken first when "free" time is available, 42% of respondents indicated they tend to family obligations first. There is little discretionary time left over for outdoor recreation -- particularly with sorm sabbath restric- tions enforced in the villages. However, as the economy shifts to a mixed, market-type with more wage and salary employment, increasing urbanization, and likely increased com- muting from home to work locations, the dichotony between work and leisure is expected to become stronger. Lifestyle changes accompanied by increases 40 in discretionary time will contribute heavily to demand for new recreational opportunities. Space to meet future leisure needs as expressed in changing patterns of outdoor recreation must be anticipated in plans. A comparison of specific recreational preferences revealed by the study is summarized in Table 4. Response percentages shown are the proportions of all respondents who made positive ment@ion of the activity as one they en- gaged in. There is, however, no indication of how many times individuals participated in these events, the duration of participation, or the relative share of available leisure time consumed by each. Swimming, picnicking, sports, and fishing were most frequently mentioned. The survey shows that "outdoor recreation" is viewed as active and in sow cases competitive, with recognition of certain passive involvements as well. Most frequently mentioned active pastimes were sports: volleyball, basketball, football, cricket, and rugby. Note however that actual pursuit of these sports depended on facility availability. Since facilities were often unavailable at the local level, this village-oriented survey demon- strated that considerable knowledge of an interest in active recreation did not necessarily translate into a major role for active recreation in the vil- lage. Active sports are resource-related opportunities, The above-revealed pattern of recreational perception and interest being unmatched by resource opportunities is revealed again in the results of a second survey conducted in 1979 by the ASG Development Planning Office. This Comprehensive Village Surve explored several themes at the village level, one of which was recre- ation. Responses in this case were gathered from village council members -- the individuals chiefly concerned with village maintenance, management, and development. Interviews and follow-up discussion extended into 1980. 41 Th-'@ LE T,',OST FREQUENTLY T@EINTTONTED OUTDOOR RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY AT THE VTL1-j'1GE LEVEL, 1978. % Of All Respondents Activity Mentioning Activity Swimming 50% Picnicking 49 Sports 45 F Kshing 40 Camoing 26 Fiking 22 Jogging 18 Skindiving 18 Hunting 14 Snorkeling 13 Source: American Samoa Conmunity Profile 1978, for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers., Honolulu District, by MKGK/Yamamoto, Honolulu, 1978. 42 Table 5 shovis the raw summary results of the manner in which villages arrayed their problems and concerns. In this situation, wherein recreation was offered for ranking among several primary economic and habitation convenience concerns, it is no sur- prise to find it ranked in the second echelon. Note that top ranked res- ponses all concern practical matters of living directly attributable to the socio-economic evolution detailed earlier. Population increases, low den- sity development, the need to commute to wage/salary employment sites, dependence on newly proliferating infrastructural systems -- these are the new problems which the villages have to face, and for which traditional institutional mechanisms do not exist. Consequently they rank as leading concerns. However, when the subject of recreation is broached independently, as was done within the same survey, the villages produced a considerable volume of detailed response on their wants and preferences. The Development Plan- ning Office detailed the results of recreation queries to over fifty vil- lages in a component of the survey entitled "Results of Recreational Village Council Survey conducted by the Development Planning Office (1979)". The content, too detailed for duplication here, took the format of noting for each village what its prim recreational concerns were, followed by the vil- lage's concept of what ought to be done to improve matters. In the aggregate, responses covered the full range of inadequate space and facilities, environmental and locational problems, infrastructure and maintenance concerns, thoughts on specific action that the villages desired the ASG to undertake (chiefly geared only to individual village problems): access, litter, recreational equipment, tourism-related aspirations, and concern for program developmnt as a way to provide productive outlets for 43 TABL'E 5. SUMMIARY RESULTS., THEME MTIARISON, ASG DPO 1979 COEPREHENSIVE VILLAGE SURVEY. NUMBEF OF VILIAGES h PRIORITIZED VILLAGE FROBLEm-S NO. OF VnlAAGES NO. OF TILIAGES NO. OF VILLAGES -:ITIRST 'PRIORITY SECOND PRIORITY -THIRD -PRIORITY TOTAL Water Supply h Distribution 17 12 2 31 7ranspor@at@on 13 11 8 31) Vasre-.@,ater b Sewage 5 5 8 16 Drainage b Fli)ndint 9 8 14 31 P 0 we r 4 1 . 6 Recreation 2 .3 11"olid vast@! 2 2 'ECDTI=i-C Development 1 3 2 A-7iculTure 0 0 4 4 housing 0 2 45 45 45 PERCENT OF VI-LLAGES & PRIORITIZED '%ITLLAGF PROBLEMS 71" OF VILLAGES 71/ OF VILLAGES OF VILILAGES CATEGORY FIRST PRIOR17'y SECOrm PPIORITY PRIORITY T01'Al VazeT Supply & Ditribution 3 7 . BX 2 6. 7 41. 4 77-aDSDOrtar-iOD 24.5 24.5 .17.8 66-E DrzinaRe b Flooding 20.0 17.F 31.1 6c:. @ Vastf?water & Sewage 11.1 11.1 17.8 L(). ( 1101"er 2.2 E.9 2.2 13.3 Recre-2tion 2.2 4.L 13. z- Soii6 -v@asre 2.2 4 .4 11 .0 Ecoijamic Devel-nument C) 2 2) i c) i-, s Jin E L 100 300. 100 44 youth. The point is that despite essential preoccupation with the real life work problems of economic and social transition, there is in American Samoa, a parallel explicit concern with the future of outdoor recreation which is expressed at the local level as well as among leaders of the public and pri- vate sectors. In response, the present study includes a full local-level component in planning proposals deve"16ped furthor, on. Facility/resource-related opportunities, then, are required for the future. At present, most program- opportuni ties are provided by the Depart- ment of Education throug h physical education classes, playground recesses, and after-school sports and programs. The American Samoa Community College (ASCC) has programs for its students, as do some of the private schools. Court sports basketball and volleyball -- appear to be the most popular at all levels. Table, 6 in the Appendix dealing with educational recreation programs shows that in the sample month of January 1980 there were over 11,500 public and private school students in the elementary and high schools, plus an addi- tional 9QO full or part-time college students in the ASCC. Note that this large segment of the population is also the one with the most discretionary time to apply to outdoor recreation. Further, it gets an added share of formal recreational exposure in physical education classes. Program centers on western/American athletics and is supported by a central team of recre- ation specialists operating out of the Department 9f Education. Consequent- ly, the youth age cohorts are developing recreational involvement and habits that will influence strongly the future need for space, facilities, and pro- gram opportunities related to the exposure and participation they have had in school. 45 C. Public Organization and Administration: The Institutional Setting for Outdoor Recreation 1. General Outdoor recreation planning, as approached through T-CORP plan cycling and development of annual action program , must be geared to a projected corresponding level of organizational development. Coordination with other planning activities is a fundamental point of departure. Economic health is the foundation upon which extended planning must be built. In placing American Samoa's economic situation in perspective, the American Samoa Development Planning Office has made the following statement. The present administration recognizes that clean-up and revitaliza- tion of American Samoa's existing economy are required before a more expansive program can be pursued. Consequently, the Terri- tory's economic development emphasis to 1984 will be to maintain and improve existing economic efforts and explore potentials which are primarily based on existing resources. 16/ That statement includes major policy implications to which'T-CORP plan- ning ought to be related. At present "outdoor recreation" falls under the supervisory aegis of the American Sawa Parks and Recreation Commission. The Commission was created in the American Samoa Legislation (1980) which also contains the legislative authority for participation in programs with the federal government, inclu- ding funding programs. The 1980 legislation also creates a Department of Parks & Recreation charged to prepare and maintain a "Territorial Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan" for submission to the Governor. Recreational progranr, are managed mainly for school students and the youth age cohort through heavy institutionalized involvement of the public school system under the Department of Education. The private Catholic school system independently coordinates its program. Some churches and pri- 46 vate service organizations generate sports-oriented recreational programs that in part make use of some park open space but are not integrated under public management. Recreation by tourists is separately under the review of the Director of Tourism with coordinated discussion of joint use of park space with the Chairman of the Parks and Recreation Commission. The Ter- ritorial Sports Commission and Boxing Commission attend to certain formal events and activities where standards and procedures must be maintained. There are a Youth Office, a Youth Advisory Council, and an Advisory Committee on Elderly Program . Identification of historical landmarks -- a dimension of outdoor recre- ation planning -- would fall within the expertise of the American Samoa His- torical Preservation Commission. Identification of natural landmarks is not under active pursuit, and no potentially facilitating existing agency is apparent. Outdoor recreation planning and broad conservation p olicy should be closely linked in the future, but organizational development of both is necessary. There is a Special Assistant to the Governor for Environment, an Environmental Quality Commission, and an Office of Marine Resources, but again, no cabinet level department. A Zoning Board and a Land and Site Use Committee function independently. 2. A Structured Role for Outdoor Recreation As outdoor recreation becomes a significant part of contemporary Samoan life, it is obvious that a consolidated authority to handle the many aspects of its management is a necessity. The basic T-CORP related issues include creation of a cohesive organizational structure for outdoor recreation, and launching it effectively. This involves building the entity, creating inter- agency linkages, developing a standing body of information, prescribing 47 policy, producing and maintaining plans, and creating an efficient action route for project implementation. Creating facilities and developing sites is only one aspect of the work. They must then be maintained and their acti- vities programmed. The pace of development must be matched to available re- sources. The application of resources must be within the organizational capacity so that construction and new development can be balanced with main- tenance and program management. The ability to enforce and maintain stand- ards in support of policy throughout the recreation system must be planned. It must be remembered that a new central recreational authority in American Samoa must be at pains to balance the requirements of the two levels of government (village and Territorial) whose respective roles must be inte- grated carefully if optimum provision of recreational opportunities is to occur. This is a unique overlay of responsibility beyond planninq; program management; facility design, building, and maintenance; and a leading role in inter-agency coordination. The new Department is a cabinet level agency and requires budget and staff to manage recreational facilities and program to any signiFicant degree. It has a supervisory and policy recommending tole and coordinates with other government agencies to produce results. Planning backup is pro- vided by the Development Planning Office. Facility design drafting, con- struction, and maintenance is chiefly through the Department of Public Works. The Parks and Recreation Commission itself recognizes the need for institutional development to best handle future recreational needs and oppor- tunities. The recent developments described in the preface - specifically the passage through the Fono, with endorsement into law by the Governor in 48 February 1980 of a bill to establish a Department of Parks and Recreation and supersede the Parks and Recreation Control Board with a Parks and Recre- ation Commission are most timely. With this recent history of positive steps, an endurinq structure for administration of outdoor recreation should receive the budgetary considera- tion necessary for it to function viably at an early date. With regard to HCRS requirements in gaining access to recreational plan and project funding, the Department will have to conduct planning through an ongoing process, and implement action programs. Aside from its basic work load, such a newly formed department will have full time concerns in esta- blishing itself, framing policy, and forging operational links to the several other governmental entities that have an impact on outdoor recre- ation. One of the reasons that the present plan recommends a multi-year eligibility for American Samoa to the HCRS is the perceived need for this new department to be free to concentrate on operations 'and management with- out constantly facing an annual job of plan recycling. It is suggested that extensive policy plan cycling on an annual basis can be dispensed with bene- ficially in this small island community. Just as the implicit question posed throughout this discussion has been, where does outdoor recreation fit in the scheme of things in American Samoa? -- so must a question be posed as to priorities within outdoor recre- ation. There is no guarantee that sufficient funds will materialize to -met all perceived outdoor recreational needs. Determination of priority, and phasing of desired elements is required, and caution by both planners and im- plementers that more is not attempted than can be developed and maintained well. The impact of institutional administration on the dynamic and evolving 49 field of outdoor recreation must be recognized. Exposure to western recre- ation has resulted in an induced demand for those choices which may well eclipse traditional Samoan forms. The central government efforts in promo- ting outdoor recreation will reinforce public opinion as a function of what is selected for emphasis. Minorities such as.the palagi community do not face this "induced demand" situation. This group is in fact contributing to induced demand for western preferences. The situation of other minorities such as the Koreans and Taiwanese associated with the tuna fishing/canning industry, and other non-Samoan residents in American Samoa remains to be revealed. It is the overwhelming majority of Samoans themselves that is most subject to recreational inducement. Consequently specialists on scene must insure that this majority is not presented simply with one-sided recreational al tern ati ves. D. Inventory of Existing Recreational Resources and Potentials The Samoan Islands.' in the heart of the Polynesian tropics, have their own natural beauty in coves and stretching seascapes, white sand beaches and precipitovs green mountains, waterfalls and broad fringing reefs. American Samoa h@s the great natural harbor of Pago Pago Bay and unspoiled wilderness in the Manu'a Group. Samoan culture adds a unique overlay to the tropical island ambience. This is a setting where the prospect of passing leisure time can be extremely attractive, but the organization of man-made facilities compatible with this natural setting has been understandably limited. Existin@ outdoor recreational resources are the products of work by the former Territorial Parks and Recreation Control Board, the Department of Education, miscellaneous sports programs administration by the Sports and Boxing Commissions and a few service organizations, and limited involvement 50 by the private sector -- chiefly oriented to the visitor industry and cen- tered in the one major hotel, the "Rainmaker." The principal references for itemizing existing Territorial outdoor recreational facilities are the existing American Samoa Recreation Area Development Plan 1975-1980 (1975), and the recent Territorial Report to the Governor on the State of Parks and Recreation in American Samoa (1979). Dia- gram 3 which follows summarizes the utilization of current resource sites and facilities. The mainstay of existing resources, apart from facilities in the public and private school systems, is a handful of Territorial Parks in various stages of development, briefly summarized as follows: Pago Pago Park, Faga- togo Malae/Shoreside development, Utulei Beach Park, Faga'alu Park, Anasosopo "Bicentennial" Park, Tafuna Park, Lava Lava Golf Course, and a few.minor vil- 17/ lage parks. It may be noted that while all except the golf course are loca- ted at the shore, there are few facilities for access to the ocean beyond a couple of boat ramps (though a good network is planned) and a separate fish- ing pier at Malaloa. Proposed Autapini Shoreside park remp-ins to be devel- oped. Further, these facilities are grouped in the Pago Pago Bay Area or at points to the west, with no primary facilities in East Tutuila and nothing in the Manu'a Group. The 1975 plan referenced above listssites on the National Registers of Historic and Natural Landmarks: eight and seven respectively. This must be regarded as the most rudimentary of departure points. Traditional Samoan culture has not been tapped in the present historical site list. For exam- ple, the culture hearth of Manu'a and the personage and rVstique of the Tuimanua,"King of Mlanu'a", surely must involve some sites of significance though none have yet been registered. The archaeological record remains to 51 LA 9 EA 94 w 0 0 4 0 0- W a a cr 0 ts e n n n ft 04 >4 X X X x >4 >4 >4 8 >4 >4 >4 >4 >4 >4 8 >4 >4 >4 >4 >4x >4 8 >4 >4 >4 >4 >4 8 x x >4 x >4 8 >4 >4 >4 >4 >4 >4 X X >4 >4 8 8 >4 >4 >4 8 x >4 >4 x >4 >4 m >4 >4 >4 >4m >4 >4 >4 M 8 X x >4 x x >4 >4 >4 >4 >4 x >4 >4 >4X >4 >4 >4 >4 >4 >4 >4x >4 >4 >4 >4 >4 >4 >4X >4 >4 8 >4 x 8 >48 x 8 x 8 >4 x x x >4 x >4 8 >4 >4 X >4 >4 >4 >4 >4 _8 >4 >4 >4X 8 8 >4 >4 >4 8 >4 >4 >4 >4 >4 >4 >4 8 >4 >4 x >4 >4 >4 >4 X >4 >4 >4 >4 >4 8 >4 >4 >4 >4 >4 >4 >4 8 >4 >4 >4 >4 >4 >4 >4 >4 x >4 8 x x m X x x X X X x X X >4 x >4 8 8 8 >4 >4 >4 8 x x X >4 x >4 >4 >4 >4 >4 >4 8 >4 m 8 >4 x 8 8 >4 >4 >4 8 >4 x >48 8 >4 >4 x >4 m >4 x 8 X >4 x x x mmxmmx x -MX @4 >4 >4 >4 8 >4 x >4 8 >4 >4 >4 >4 >4 x >4 >4 >4 m >4 >4 X x >4 >4 >( >4 >4 x >4 m 8 >4X >4 >4 8 8 >4 x 8 >4 >4 >4 >4 >4 8 >4 IV -4 .4 1. -4 0 th m o or 10 0 rr On 0 pq 4 e rr :6 1-0 IL 13 >4 >4 >4 >4 >4 8 8 N >4 x x >4 x ->4 >4 8 -M >4 x x x >4 8 >4 >4 >4 x x >4 x >4 >4 >4 >4 X X X 1@4 x x 8 x x 8 x x x x 8 x >4 >4 >4 8 x x >4 x m x x >4 x >4 X X >4 X X A >4 >4 X X X 8 >4 x 8 x x m >4 m >4 >4 >4 x x >4 >4 >4 x m >4 >4 x >4 x x >4 x x x 8 >4 >4 x m >4 >4 x x x x >4 x x 8 >4 >4 -54X 8 8 >4 4 >4 >4 8 >4 x >4 m 8 m 8 8 x x >4 >4 x -X m x x X X >4 >4 >4 >4 X x x x x X >4 X X >4 X X >4 8 >4 >4 >4 x X X >4 x 81 >4 x x x >4 8 >4 >4 8 >4 >4 >4 M >4 X X M x x x x 8 x >4 >4 8 x 8 8 x >4 m x -8 x 8 x x x >4 x x x x -3 8 >4 8 X X x m x x x x 8 8 x x 8 8 X X X >4 x >4 x x 8 8 x x 8 8 x x x 8 8 x x >4 x >4 >4 >4 8 8 8 x x x 8 >4 8 x >4 --3 X >4 8 x >4 X X 8 X >4 >4 >4 xx x 8 x x >4 8 8 X X >4 x 8 >4 >4 X 8 X >4 >4 8 8 x >4 >4 8 >4 x >4 x 8 8 x >4 x >4 x x x >4 >4 >4 >4 >4 m x 8 >4 >4 8 x x x x x x x 8 x >4 be examined with an eye to identification of sites that should be registered. Beyond this, the whole issue of how these sites should be handled in relation to parks and recreation, conservation, access, and boundary deli- neation remains to be explored. Natural Landmarks also deserve comprehen- sive attention. Some as yet unhandled sites come to mind immediately such as Laufuti Falls on Ta'u said to have perhaps as high as a 1000-foot cascade. Swain's Island deserves a look too. Conservation areas such as sanctuaries and preserves, refuges and nat- ural areas logically should be planned in coordination with parks and recre- ation development -- if only to establish clearly the extent to which access should be encouraged or restricted in each individual instance. Although distant Rose Atoll is a National Wildlife Refuge, no other conservation areas have yet been established. Inventory of existing recreational programs from governmental, educa- tional, religious, commercial, and private service organizations and clubs reveals that schools (both public and private) are focal institutions for outdoor recreation. Current lists from the Department of Education reveal a, well-distributed hierarchy of schools from the American Samoa Community Col- lege (ASCC) to the 4 public high schools, to 27 elementary schools, and even to 1A5 "Village Early Childhood Education Centers." Private schools make a contribution as well. The Marist Brothers High School playing field, though private, is available for certain Department of Education activities such as high school football games. It is regarded as one of the best existing fields. Other private organizations include Samoan Athletes in Action, the American Athletic Association, Rotary Club, Rainmaker Hotel, Pago Pago Yac ht Club, American Samoa Tennis Association, American Samoa Game Fish Associa- 54 tion, and the American Samoa Dive Club. At issue is how effectively dif- ferent recreation resource managers can cooperate, with inclu5ion of private 0 sector counterparts, to realize mutually compatible goals in optimal use of facilities and application of program with continuity. Feedback from recreational leaders in American Samoa indicates that sailing and small boat operations are in ascendency and that a pattern of mooring off Utulei and Faga'alu Beach Parks and Malaloa is developing, par- ticularly when some vessels ride out the hurricane season with extended anchorage in Pago Pago Bay. A check with U.S. Coast Guard Aids to Navigation in Honolulu reveals that there are not now any Special Anchorage Areas in American Samoa. In federal "special anchorages", vessels under 65 feet in length may anchor without the need to show anchor lights. Establishment of such anchorages offers improved safety conditions, better defined space available for mooring yachts, provides a basis for controlled setting of fixed mooring buoys where these are appropriate, and has the additional beneficial effect of providing anchorage ground space to seaward of beach areas as a buffer against potentially incompatible and dangerous boating activity. The utility of creating such anchorages off beach parks in Pago Pago Bay can be explored further. None now exist. Appendix B (keyed to Map 5) lists a detailed inventory of a wide range of locations and features of potential interest in recreation/historical site/ conservation/open space planning. Appendix C extracts and lists sites iden- tified as making a significant spatial and locational contribution to pro- jected land-based recreational planning needs. It also deals with "special use" sites, including beaches, and summarizes "open space" categoric re- sources for future organization. 55 E General Analysis of the Recreational System In American Samoa, few traditional active recreational pastimes persist b in the present. The exception is the "so'o" which maintains its hospitality aspects while substituting modern sports competition (rugby, basketball, football, cricket, volleyball) for traditional activities. Beyond this, every indication is that future demand will be for contemporary recreational opportunities. There is new awareness of the entire field of modern outdoor recreation in American Samoa. The Territorial Government has incorporated it in the general planning process. Survey results reveal an immediate need for program emphasis on youth and sports. Public discussion (specifically at the February 1980 meeting of the Parks and Recreation Control Board) reveals a need to balance this early requirement with lifetime recreational opportunities for all ages, in long term planning. The extensive public education system which includes physical educa- tion classes and league sports competition powerfully reinforces aware- ness of outdoor recreation with the young age groups which have the discre- tionary time to apply to recreation. Competitive athletics and league play are in ascendency, as is spectator participation -- with modern and western activities predominating exclusively. Most recently, Department of Education recreation specialists have introduced "touch" flag football and girls' volleyball at the 7th and 8th grade levels. Induced demand for new rather than traditional recreation choices can be expected to continue. Mass media, an active resident community of western- ers, publicity attached to outstanding Samoan athletes competing abroad, and the supportive role of service organizations such as Samoan Athletes in Action all foster this demand for new opportunities. 56 tion, and the American Samoa Dive Club. At issue is how effectively dif- ferent recreation resource managers can cooperate, with incl ion of private sector counterparts, to realize mutually compatible goals in optimal use of facilities and application of program with continuity. Feedback from recreational leaders in American Samoa indicates that sailing and small boat operations are in ascendency and that a pattern of mooring off Utulei and Faga'alu Beach Parks and Malaloa is developing, par- ticularly when some vessels ride out the hurricane season with extended anchorage in Pago Pago Bay. A check with U.S. Coast Guard Aids to Navigation in Honolulu reveals that there are not now any Special Anchorage Areas in American Samoa. In federal "special anchorages", vessels under 65 feet in length may anchor without the need to show anchor lights. Establishment of such anchorages offers improved safety conditions, better defined space available for mooring yachts, provides a basis for controlled setting of fixed mooring buoys where these are appropriate, and has the additional beneficial effect of providing anchorage ground space to seaward of beach areas as a buffer against potentially incompatible and dangerous boating activity. The utility of creating such anchorages off beach parks in Pago Pago Bay can be explored further. None now exist. Appendix B (keyed to Map 5) lists a detailed inventory of a wide range of locations and features of potential interest in recreation/historical site/ conservation/open space planning. Appendix C extracts and lists sites iden- tified as making a significant spatial and locational contribution to pro- jected land-based recreational planning needs. It also deals with "special use" sites, including beaches, and summarizes "open space" categoric re- sources for future organization. 55 E General Analysis of the Recreational System In American Samoa, few traditional active recreational pastimes persist in the present. The exception is the "so'o" which maintains its hospitality aspects while substituting modern sports competition (rugby, basketball, football, cricket, volleyball) for traditional activities. Beyond this, every indication is that future demand will be for contemporary recreational opportunities. There is new awareness of the entire field of modern outdoor recreation in American Samoa. The Territorial Government has incorporated it in the general planning process. Survey results reveal an immediate need for program emphasis on youth and sports. Public discussion (specifically at the February 1980 meeting of the Parks and Recreation Control Board) reveals a need to balance this early requirement with lifetime recreational opportunities for all ages, in long term planning. The extensive public education system which includes physical educa- tion classes and league sports competition powerfully reinforces aware- ness of outdoor recreation with the young age groups which have the discre- tionary time to apply to recreation. Competitive athletics and league play are in ascendency, as is spectator participation -- with modern and western activities predominating exclusively. Most recently. Department of Education recreation specialists have introduced "touch" flag football and girls' volleyball at the 7th and 8th grade levels. Induced demand for new rather than traditional recreation choices can be expected to continue. Mass media, an active resident community of western- ers, publicity attached to outstanding Samoan athletes competing abroad, and the supportive role of service organizations such as Samoan Athletes in Action all foster this demand for new opportunities. 56 Awareness of modern activities is expected to be matched by demand for the equipment, space, and rule standards of the rest of the world since Samoans will want to compete in an international setting. The role of the public sector will predominate. There is scarcely any direct involvement by the private commercial sector at present. Non-comme-rcial bodies such as the Catholic and Mormon private schools will develop facilities to match their program requi rements .There is good opportunity for public-private coordina- tion of outdoor recreation program among Parks and Recreation authorities, the public school system (DOE), the American Samoa Community College, pri- vate schools, and community service organizations. Tourism also relates to outdoor recreation development in American Samoa and joint use of facilities. Tourism is part of the economic development strategy for American Samoa. Enhancing tourism depends in large part on developing things for tourists to do. In Oceania, this mans development of the shoreline -- the focus of the visitor industry. At present the shore- line is generally an undeveloped resource in Samoa. Only Utulei Beach Park with its extension into the Rainmaker Hotel is a true sandy beach park with protected swimming and support facilities. There is capacity for recreational development in support of the visitor industry. But it cannot be expected automatically that multiple or joint use of specific tourist-oriented recreational facilities will become the rule -- first due to private use restrictions; and second due to varying activity preferences . Visitors and tourists will make more and more use of terri- torial parks and other public recreational facilities as quality opportuni- ties with good access are offered. Table 10 in the Appendix displays Ameri- can Samoa visitor traffic for the year 1978. With land and space at a premium, and difficult to alienate under the 57 communal land tenure system, use of existing government lands and facilities for new developments will be unavoidable in many cases and, moreover, gen- erally an attractive option. The dispersed public school system presents itself as a ready-made organizational and spatial network for the develop- ment and expansion of recreational facilities, and for coordinating program and joint use. The littoral zone was mentioned as an example of a zonal category of land space not yet well planned for public recreational use. Opportunities for organization and administration of "open space" depend on the eventual framing of a Territorial land use plan. Similarly, the whole question of environmental conservation remains unanswered. Conservation planning should be linked to parks and recreation planning in an effective organizational structure. Appendices B and C of this report call attention to some sites and general areas that have noticeable potential for handling as structured open space. Another concern is the lack of uniform functional standards for facili- ties and activities at present. Interaction with the rest of the recre- ational world at large requires application of such standards. The limited space and population of the Territory does not warrant heavy public develop- nRnt of elaborate recreational destinations at the local level. Thus al- though a strong village-oriented program of recreation is viewed as a great asset, space and fund limitations and the smallness of the user population dictate that such program be pursued at the "recreational district" level and at the "territorial" level in facilities serving many villages, with general public access. 58 The following recreation-related trends must be addressed: � INCREASED LEISURE TIME AS THE ECONOMY LOSES ITS COMMUNAL, SUBSISTENCE CHARACTER. � INCREASED EMPHASIS ON WESTERN/AMERICAN SPORTS AND OUTDOOR RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES IN QUALITY FACILITIES AND PROGRAMS. � GROWING DEMAND FOR ORGANIZED SPORTS WITH FACILITIES CAPABLE OF HOUSING SPECTATORS. � INCREASED DEMAND FOR SHORELINE AND WATER-RELATED OPPORTU- NITIES. � INCREASED COMPETITIVE DEMAND FOR LIMITED LAND RESOURCES BY ALL SECTORS OF SOCIETY COMPELLING THOUGHTFUL AND EFFICIENT USE OF RECREATIONAL SPACE FOR MAXIMUM PUBLIC BENEFIT. THE EVIDENT NEED FOR LAND PLANNING AT ALL LEVELS FROM COM- PREHENSIVE TERRITORIAL PLANNING TO VILLAGE LAND PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT AS PRESSURE FOR CONVERSION OF COMMUNAL LANDS INCREASES; THE NEED FOR "OUTDOOR RECREATION' AS A FUNC- TIONAL SEGMENT OF PLANNING TO BE INTEGRATED WITH TERRITORIAL AND LOCAL LEVEL LAND PLANNING. 59 In response, a system of territorial and district parks and other facil- ities specializi.ng in certain roles is suggested. Pick the best locales to develop spectator capabilities, beach activities, field sports, court sports etc. , and develop quality specialized offerings for each by: applying space and design standards; accounting for access and infrastructure capacity; and by applying environmental criteria in site selection to avoid future hazards or deficiencies. organizational development (on the cornerstone of the new Department of Parks and Recreation, facilitated by workable inter-agency agreements) will be necessary to build for the future and maintain quality through administra- tive continuity. Coordination must be fostered among the following govern- mental arms: Parks and Recreation, Education, Community College, Local Government, Development and Planning, Conservation, Tourism, Public Works, League and Sports Commissions, Zoning, Public Safety, Historical Com- mission -- as well as with private schools and service organizations. 60 ............. ..... .......- . . . . . . . . . . J I V. APPLICATION OF PLANNING STANDARDS A. Service Population Planning Standards NB. Table 2 tabulates and projects the population of American Samoa through to the year 2005. Maps 3a an8 3b show the approximate distribution of the resident population incrementally from 1980' to 1985 to the year 2000. The recreational service population includes visitors and transients who might seek recreational opportunities. The service population has minority components such as the handicapped and the elderly. It has been pointed out how youth plays a dominant role in outdoor recre- ation in American Samoa and how it also has the greatest opportunities in programs supplied through the schools, and in the basic leisure time to apply at this stage of life. The very young have the support of a broad network of public Village Early Childhood Education Centers. There is a government Youth Advisory Council. The elderly benefit from the elderly handicraft fales operating in Pago Park and at the Museum of American Samoa, and there is a government Advisory Council on Elderly Programs. The Special Education Branch of the Department of Education plays an important role in meeting the needs of the handi- capped. As to minorities, the vast majority of the resident population is Samoan with an admixture of other Polynesians who are in the main integrated with Samoan village life. The "palagi" community that is the outsiders who have come to work, teach, advise, and do business in American Samoa -- have been shown to be a major factor in the evolution of induced demand for American recreation and thus are in no sense a minority for recreation planning purposes despite their comparatively small numbers. 62 Visitors fall within the domain of the Office of Tourism. At present there are relatively few things for visitors to do in Samoa. Little joint use of existing recreational facilities occurs beyond use of the Rainmaker Hotel, Utulei Beach, and Lava Lava Golf Course. Transient yachtsmen, divers, and sport fishermen make some use of the marine environment, but their numbers are few. A theme of the present study has been to emphasize the need for cooperation among parks and recreation authorities, the Office of Marine Resources, and the Office of Tourism to investigate ways to adapt existing facilities to better joint use, enhance marine-related opportuni- ties by development of support services at several locations, and in general to use outdoor recreation as one element within which to create a broader range of things for visitors to do. These are also stated themes in Ameri- can Samoa economic development planning. The last somewhat specialized segment of the service population is that composed of transient commercial fishermen -- almost entirely Korean and Taiwanese who work the fleets that supply the Van Camp and Starkist tuna canneries. Their reason for being in Samoa is entirely due to their com- mercial status. Managing business factors in the industry, both ashore and afloat have their own contractual responsibilities for meeting the needs of their workers. The home governments in Korea and Taiwan also have an in- direct role. Korean fishermen are provided a leisure "home away from home" in Korea House, an independent facility located in the Pago Park area. The general homogeneity of the population and its pattern of settlement predominates over such minority conditions as must occur in any population. There is no segregation of age-sex cohort components of the service popula- tion. Active pursuits are, in any event, limited to those physically quali- 63 fied to participate. Passive opportunities can certainly be designed for access by all. Design is the key for enhancing opportunities for the handi- capped. There is a wealth of contemporary expertise in facility design geared to the handicapped per access, supporting infrastructures, safety features, and so forth Those unable to pursue certain active sports can certainly enjoy them as spectators -- provided awareness of the needs of the handicapped has been applied to construction and design standards. Dia- gram 4 following identifies some physical and social concerns relating to selected activities. The applicable service population planning concept to be applied in the American Samoan case, then, does not relate to formulas or models for dis- :@ggregating the total population into specialized components. Rather 1'.', @s to establish the distribution of fairly uniform recreational require:- -Cs .t_[:-nLgh the geographic space of the territory according to the parameters of aggregate population as dispersed in the landscape, and access to facili- ties and si'Les serving it. To this end, three levels of areal criteria have been set in defining planning standards: territorial, district, and local. Later section5 6e,-x cribe in detail the precise population and access standards applying at ak& level. The basic standard applied has been to define areal qualification for territorial. level opportunities to be a service population of up to 50,001 people -- in effect, the Territory of American Samoa. A district level standard set at a district service population of up to 10,000 people was applied in association with-access to derive five separate recreational service districts to encompass the territory as a whole. 64 DIAGRAN 14. ACTIVITIES PHYSICAL AND r -SOCIAL @-ONSIDMTIONS L > XII indicates standard appl-les V to the activity Active Pursuits: Land I 1. Court Sports -4 - - Basketball/Volleyball x X, x X-- x J x x x@ x x x Padminton x X! x X. x X:x x x ix x x x x Tenni s X A- x X, x X.x x x ---X.X x x x 2. Field Sports Baseball/softball X@xj x _x X-x x X.X X-.X x x x X@ I .-. -- - -- - - . . I - --- Football/ruqby/Soccer x 4- x x I x x X x x X'x x X. x J Cricket x x 11 x -,x x:x X--- X X 'X X x x Tract- and field @jx x x x x x x X!x x x x x x x xjx x 1 x X X X;X X x x ,:01f XX C" 3. Other S.i,,.in,, (Pool) x X! x x I x x x x x x x x x Diving (board) x 1 1 x x X@ x X.X x X X DC Water Polo (pool) x X, x x x x x x x x ,tive Pursuits: Shoreline/Watcr 1. Boating/Raclng/Sailing x x x x x x x x x 2. Swiming/Surfing x x x x x x x x x x x x 3. Water Skiing X! X: x -X. X.X-j x x x x 4. Sail Surfing X! x 'X x x x x x x 5. Surfing, boardAody XI X.X X x x x x x x 6. Diving X, xx x x x x x x x 7. Fishinq/general x x x x x x x x x x Passive Pursuits 1. Hiking X x x x x x x x x x x xI-x x x x 2. Strolling x x x x x x x X- x x x x x x x x 3. Picnicking x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Other 1. Rilinq x Ix x x x x x x x x xix x x x Motoring x x x x x x x x x x K XIX X X x 3. Huntinq x X,X X x x Ix I Ix i X I x At the local level, recreational divisions within districts were des- cribed using a basic population criterion of 1,000 people. Having set these standards, a land-based recreational spatial require- ment of 1 land-based recreational acre per 2,000 population at each level was determined to suit American Samoan conditions. Thus the combined land- based recreational space per 2,000 population would be a total of three 18/ acres. Note that this standard is built strictly on non-specialized land space. Facilities or recreational elements to be fielded within that space are a separate consideration. Specialized facilities such as golf courses and beaches are not allowed to contribute to satisfaction of the land-based requirement. They represent additional opportunities, just as do marine resources,.open space, conservation zones, natural and historic landmarks, etc. The purpose of this rigorous comparison of land-based resources to requirements is to test availability of essential recreational space for the future -- suitably distributed per population and access standards. Specific results of this matching process are reported in the section fol- lowing. B. Explicit Spatial Comparison: Resources and Needs 1. Application of Standards Application of planning standards developed earlier in this section has required geographic division of the landscape according to population and access so as to derive the recreational districts displayed in Map VI. Note that -these recreational districts do not conform to existing administrative districts or regional planning areas. Development of pioneer roads has created new access patterns with outlying areas which in turn have yielded 66 the analytical divisions explained below. The basic spatial need calculation revolves strictly around land-based and shore-located but land-related. requirements and resources at the terri- torial, "recreational" district, and local levels. Shorefront and water- related resources are handled separately, as are specialized land-based uses (such as the golf course). Open space, either in the high watershed or lit- toral zone, trails, marine preserves, natural landmarks, territorial marine facilities (such as fish aggregation buoys), and such conservation zones as may be established are all treated separately. a. Territorial Level The overall planning standard for need qualification at the territorial level is "over 30,000 up to 50,OOQ population." The standard space require- men.t developed earlier of "I acre per 2,000 population" for each @ualifying level of recreational need applies at the territorial level. Siting is sim- ply "within the territory as a whole" with primary consideration for central location and access per the total population coupled with selection of indi- vidual sites best suited for intended uses -- and needs projqcted to the year 2000. By these criteria, the isolated Manu'a Group does not qualify for siting of any territorial level land-based facilities. Manu'a does qualify at the district and local levels, and does have marine and open space resources. b, Recreational District Level To accommodate the physical layout of American Samoa, the dichotorgy between urban and rural locales, and the particularly acute isolation of the Manu'a Islands, three complementary standards for district level need 67 qualification were developed for population projections to 1985 and 2000: 1) "Severe access" problems coupled with population of at least 1,500. Manu'a Recreation District 2) Access problem due to geographic "attenuation" coupled with population of at least 5,000. East Tutuila Recreation District (Regional Planning Areas #2 & #3 + Aua Village + Tafa- nani. This includes all access to the main trunk road from Aua Village east, including Vatia and Afono which have their trunk access through Aua). West Tutuila Recreation District (Regional Planning Area #6 minus Aoloau Village minus Aasu Village. This includes all access to the main trunk road west of the bottleneck at Futiga). 3) Generally "acceptable access" (open road or urban walking) coupled with population of at least 10,000. Pago Pago Bay Recreation District (Regional Planning Area #4 + Fagasa + Matuu/Faganeanea minus Aua minus Tafananai. This includes all Bay Area/ trunk road access west of Aua Village and east of the narrow coast road bottleneck east of Nu'vuli). Tafuna Area Recreation District (Regional Planning Area #5 + Aoloau + Aasu minus Fagasa minus Matuu/Faganeanea, thus the entire contiguous shared-access area east of Futiga, west of the east Nu'uuli road bottleneck, and up to the Aoloau Plateau). Five Recreation Districts thus have been derived which should have recre- ational planning utility through the turn of the century, regardless of idiosyncratic development of settlement and distribution of population at the local level. The basic spatial standard of one land-based acre per 2000 population applies for district level requirements. 68 c. Local Level It is not realistic to set a local level access standard so high that every isolated residence has access. At the same time, a dispersed popula- tion that spends much time in the village, and which is organized in vil- lages of greatly varying sizes, must be accorded standards that insure that smaller settlements more isolated from territorial opportunities and perhaps even district level opportunities still have some appropriate recreational resources to meet their needs. Thus the standard "one acre per 2000 popu- lation" spatial guideline is modified (made more responsive) at the local level to allow qualification by any of the three following formulas: 1) Local Level "Exceptional": 112 acre for less than 500 people where access to non-local opportunities or ne-i-gFB-oring local opportuni- ties is limited by unusual geographic conditions and distances. Note that "clustering" of small settlements close together is required for enumeration purposes so that a sufficient user field of at least a few hundred people is generated to warrant some sort of resource development. 2) Local Level "Rural": 1/2 area per 500 people either isolated across water (example: Aunu'u) or more than 15-20 minutes driving from territorial/district facilities. 3) Local Level "Urban": 112 area per 1000 people with normal access -- within 10-15 minutes walking or 5-10 minutes driving of local recreational opportunities. These local level standards have been applied within the areas of the separate recreational districts to develop "local" divisions within which to compare local level requirements and resources. d. Comparison of Requirements to Resources Complete tabular analysis is displayed in Appendix C. Net results, dis- cussion, and conclusions are summarized in Diagram 5 following. On the assumption of reasonable availability through provision of access and co- ordination of program, significant existing resources from among the follow- ing authorities have been inventoried: Parks & Recreation, Department of 69 RESULTS : TAPPING ALL EXISTING RESOURCES, GENERALLY GOOD FIT BOTH SPACE AND DISTRIBUTION PROVIDED � DEVELOP ANASOSOPO DISTRICT PARK. � CREATE 3 ADDITIONAL ACRES OF DISTRICT-LEVEL PARK IN TAFUNA, � UPGRADE A CORE 14 ACRES IN PAGO PARK (TERRITORIAL LEVEL). DIAGRAm 5. QUANTITATI RESULTS: DOE/ASCC RESOURCES UNAVAILABLE, LAND-BASED RECfZEATIONA � Co LAPSE OF ENTIRE LOCAL LEVEL RESOURCE RESPONSE VIA LOSS OF & REQUIREMENTS -- TERR ACRES, CHIEFLY IN DISPERSED HALF-ACRE PARCELS, � Loss OF ALL EXISTING WEST TUTUILA RESOURCES -- 6 ACRES OF RECREATIONAL SEYMCE D LEONE HIGH SCHOOL FIELDS AND COURTS, � IDENTICAL DISTRICT-LEVEL DEVELOPMENT REQUIREMENTS IN ANASOSOPO LOCAL =L3 + CORE U AND TAFUNA PLUS THE PAGO PARK UPGRADING REQUIREMENT, CONCLUSIONS. COKLUSIGNS: FUNDMENTAL PLAN IMPLEVENTATION ACTIONS, * SEEK 5-YEAR T-CORP POLICY PLAN ELIGIBILITY FROM DEPT, OF INTERIOR HCRS SO THAT SUBSEQUENT RESOURCE APPLICATIONS CAN BE TO IMPLEMENTATION NOT REPLANNING, 0 CONSOLIDATE A DEFINITE PARKS AND OUTDOOR R@CREATION AUTHORITY WITHIN THE EVOLVING ORGANIZATION OF THE AMERICAN SAMOA OUAATITATIVE SUMARY: LAAD-BASED RECREATION GOYER)qMENT, CD . EFFECT INTER-AGENCY FACILITY-SHARING AND @ROGRAM AGREEMENTS LEVELS REO ACRES N@Offt@@S C flif PARTICULARLY AMONG PARKS & RECREATION, EPT, OF EDUCATION, 1985 S WQ AND THE COMMUNITY COLLEGE, TO PROTECT LOCAL LEVEL CAPABILITY, TERRITORIAL 18 23.25 + * EXPAND AND UPGRADE THE MANU'A HIGH SCHOOL FIELD ON AVAJLABLE ASG DOE LAND, TO MEET MINIMUM NEEDS OF ISOLATED MANU A. MA;qU'A DISTRICT: 1 .75 - 0 DEVELOP ANASOSOPO PARK, FOR EAST TUTUILA MINIMUM DISTRICT NEEDS. LOCAL 1.25 2.25 + * CREATE 3 ADDITIONAL ACRES OF DISTRICT-LEVEL PARK IN THE EAST T. DISTRICT: 4 4.5 + TAFUNA RECREATION SERVICE DISTRICT, FOR MINIMUM DISTRICT NEEDS, LOCAL 4.75 8 + * UPGRADE CORE 14 ACRES IN PAGO PARK (TERRITORIAL LEVEL), PAGO B. DISTRICT: 5 10.5 + * DEVELOP A CAREFULLY AND COMPREHENSIVELY PLANNED RECREATION PIER COMPLEX IN MALALOA -- IMMEDIATE ASSOCIATED ECONOMIC AND LOCAL 5.25 4.75 TOURISM IMPLICATIONS. TAFUNA DISTRICT: 6 3 0 EARMARK LOCAL PARK SPACE IN NU'UULl -- A CRITICAL GROWTH AREA, LOCAL 6 8 + * EXPAND AND UPGRADE UTULEI BEACH PARK AS PLANNED, WEST T, DISTRICT: 4 6 + REVIEW TERRITORIAL POLICY ON FUTURE PUBLIC AVAILABILITY OF ASCC RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS, AS A PLANNING FOUNDATION, LOCAL 4.5 9.25 + DEVELOP THE OPEN SPACE, COASTAL ZONE, CONSE-RVATION DIMENSION OF TOTALS OVERALL 59.75 80.25 + OUTDOOR RECREATION PER REGULATIONS AND STATUTE. COORDINATE WITH HISTORIC PRESERVATION COMMISSION TOWARD POLICY TER, 18.0 23.25 + AND PROGRAM OF SITE SELECTION. DISTRICT: 20.0 24.75 + APPLY FUNDS EARMARKED FOR LAVA LAVA GOLF COURSE EXPANSION, LOCAL 21.75 32.25 + Education, Community College, other ASG, existing village deve1opments, and selected private resources -- chiefly schools. The general conclusion resulting is that with such inter-agency coordination there is adequate space and distribution of resources to meet the vast majority of require- ments at all levels. Without such coordination, that is, with the Depart- ment of Parks and Recreation unable to tap the resources of other authori- ties (particularly DOE), there would be a serious shortfall in delivery of adequate recreational opportunities to the general public. Calculations yield a combined 1985 land-based recreational acreage requirement of 59.75 acres. With resources of all listed sources available, this require ment in the aggregate would be more than met by identified acreage totalling 80.25. In fact, an excess (aggregate) would be present at all three levels which would come' very close to meeting the ag"re:gate 9 ' 19/ land-based requirements for population projected to the year 2000.- Note however that filling territorial level requirements (18@acres) requires up- gr ading of a core 14.75 acres in Pago Park. Further, the standards' dis'- cussed above refer only to space and not to the extent or condition of facilities within such space, a sepa*rate concern entirely. Distributionally, a serious immediate shortfall occurs at the district level for the Tafuna Area. A 1985 requirement of 6 acres is calculated but only an estimated 3 net acres (in Tafuna Park) exists. It is possible that rigorous surveyor calculations might show more acreage in Tafuna Park, but practically speaking, its long narrow design does not lend itself to the basic multiple-use athletic field requirement that is essential in a dis- trict level park. As it will be noted that the Tafuna area is the major region of projected growth, the obvious conclusion is that development of sufficient district level facilities in Tafuna must be given priority. The 71 American Samoa Community College has phased plans for recreational develop- nk,-nts that could help satisfy this need. However, availability might be in doubt due to the internal use requirements of the ASCC which might leave little ti me left over for public use. In any event, an interagency agree- ment would be required to access even such time as ASCC scheduling could leave available. Perhaps an entirely new park site is needed in a central land location on the Tafuna Plain, near the trunk road, under direct Departmiental control. Alternatives are expansion at Tafuna Park (perhaps in a non-contiguous parcel), expansion and shared development at the ASCC, associated develop- ment at the Lava Lava Golf Course, or breaking of new ground in the open space on the Aoloau Plateau or conceivably on Logotala Hill. (Spatially, this latter site is possible, but its access is poor and its development would be expensive. Moreover the theme at Logotala is conceived as more in the line of conservation and open space as opposed to heavy active use). Research- of a brand new park site near the "geomietric center" of the Tafuna Plain is recommended as a medium-range objective. In the short rUn, the Tafona district requirement must be met by space-sharing and program co- ordination.. If such is not possible, development of new district park space may require more i-mmediate priority. Notice that a possible site on the Pala Lagoon shore Nuuuli-side was not mentioned. Projected expansion of population in Nuuuli is so great that any potential space available there will require direct application to local level needs. Apart from this, Nuuuli is at the edge of the Tafuna Recreation District. General access requires a more central location. Anasosopo Landfill Park in the East Tutuila Recreation District is another high priority requiremnt. The district level requirement them is 72 for 4 acres. All of this requirement must be filled by Anasosopo Park which is not yet developed. There is another 3/4 acre at Faga'itua High School, but its small size and configuration cause it to be applied to local rather than district level requirements. Contrast the above picture with the result that would occur if DOE and ASCC land resources were excluded from the equation. Under these conditions only an aggregate 50.5 available acres can be mustered a shortfall of 9.25 acres. No problem occurs at the territorial level where an excess of acres would still exist. At the district level, the same shortfall of 3 acres in Tafuna would persist, Loss of Leone schools would eliminate the entire current West Tutuila district resource leavi'ng a shortfall of 4 acres. Manua would lose its full available resource for a deficit of 1 acre. Only the Pago Bay Area would show 'a surplus at the district level. Most importantly, a local level shortfall of 8.25 acres would be intro- duced as a result of withdrawing the elementary schools., Since the local requirement is chi.efly subdivided into-1/2, and 1/4 acre parcels, the 8.25 acre deficit would in effect undermine the local level recreation effort throughout the territory and create a wholly unacceptable shortfall per recreational requirements. In summary, meting projected spatial requirements means: 1)., priority attention to inter-agency agreements, particu- 1,arly with DOE, to protect the potential for satisfac- tory local level recreati-on; 2) immediate improvement of Anasosopo as the prime East Tutuila district level resource; 73 3) the development of @ additional acres at the district level in the Tafuna Plains Area; 4) fundamental upgrading of a core 14+ acres in Pago Park to meet territorial requirements; 5) in Manula, turning attention to expansion of the field area at Manu'a High School (on av ailable.ASG DOE land extending along the road beyond the present field) to provide a fqll-size multi-purpose athletic field for this one rec reational district that is remote from all land- based territorial resources found in Tutuila; 6) creating local park space in Nu'uuli which has none now and is a projected high growth area; 7) upgrading school recreation space on Aunu'u Island since it is water isolated from all terri'torial and district level lapd-based recrqational oppQrtunities. C.- Facilities, Specialized Activities and Open Space 1. Faqilities The term "facility" has a range of applications -- anything from a larg@,sqole multi-purpose park to a sin-gle building,- court, playground, boat ramp or other improvement standing alone, or as an element in a larger com- plex. Appendix D gives the area and dimension requirements for regulation- SiTe development of some of the larger facilities such as multiple-use courts and fields. Design of specific facilities, how they would be arranged at specific sites, and what construction standards would be 74 applied, are implementation concerns beyond the scope of general outdoor racreation planning. Individual developments must be tailored to site conditions, but must share common space, design, construction, and identification standards with the rest of the recreational system. Color schemes and identification signs ought to be consistent. Court and field markings ought to be applied in consistent patterns. Such continuity in the physical plant complements the consistent application of use policy and management. The overall result is to provide good visibility of the general recreation system to the public. Such application of physical design and improvement standards helps create a setting in which preferred norms for behavioral standards can be more rea- dily induced. It is all part of good management, again, beyond the scope of base-line planning. For T-.CORP planning purposes a general assignment of activities to facility types, within site classifications (as follows), and overall space and dimension standards (as supplied in Appendix D) are the essential com- ppnents. Grouping of Activity Clusters by Facilities and Sites 4and,Based Territorial Park: Multi ple-Athleti c Field/Ceremonial Malae with Specta*tor Facility. Multiple-Recreation Courts. Picnic Areas and Rain Shelter Pavilions. Handicraft/Elderly Fales. Cricket Runs and Playground. Strollways and Landscaping. Equipment Issue and Control Station with Permanent Security/Maintenance. Night Lighting for Extended U@e. District Park: Multiple-Use Sports Field. Multi ple-Recreation Courts. Cricket Run and Playground. Picnic Areas/Strollways. Additional elements unique to the particular park setting. 75 Local Park: Multiple-Recreation Court. General Playground Space. "Tot Lot". � Land-Based Sp ecialized: Track & Field Facilit with some Spectator Capacity. Football/Rugby/Soccer/Baseball Field Installa- tion designed for Spectators. Field House/Gymnasium/Weight Room/Ring. Olympic Swimming Pool with Spring-Board Diving. 9 or 18 Hole Golf Course. Special Conveyances -- Example: Aerial Tram- way. � Water-Based Terri tori al Level Beach Parks & Designated Beaches with Swim- ming, Snorkeling, Smallboat Sailing. Marinas and Recreational Piers/Support Ser- vices. Fish Aggregation Buoys & Fish Weighing Sta- tions. Underwater Marine Preserves. Special Anchorage Mooring Areas. District Level: Elements such as boat ramps, fishing piers. finger piers, swimmiIng aInd surfing spots that may or may not be part of a territorial system, but which can be located compatibly at district park developments. Local. Level; Village beaches and swimming spots plus such individual elements as introduced above' which may happen to be appropriate at a local level site even though isolated from a larger park complex. o Open Space (All administered territorially, but possibly contiguous or integrated with other elemnts in the recreational system.) Scenic coasts, islands, mountain watersheds. Trail and camp systems, jogging/running courses. Historic Landmarks. Natural Landmarks . Wildlife/Vegetation Refuges & Conservation Zones. Special wilderness or unspoiled natural areas such as the Steps Pt area -- identified for unusual management handling. 76 2. Specialized Activities and Open Space Outdoor recreation sites and facilities must met both passive and ac- tive requirements. Picnicking, strolling, and playing the spectator role are examples of the former. Sports competition, jogging, snorkeling, and sailing are examples of the latter. Activities are pursued at facilities and sites. Such facilities and sites may be land-based (as detailed in the resource tabulations in Appen- dix C, Diagrams 6a-6h) or water-based -- that is related to the marine and shoreline environments per water/shoreline-dependent uses and activities. As Diagram 4 shows, there need to be active and passive opportunities in both settings. Specialized uses require specialized facilities. A big public park like Pago Pago can handle a wide range of activities, but it takes a golf course to serve the specialized activity of golf. A general public beach park like Utulei Beach covers most of the standard beach acti- vities like swimming, sunning, and small sailboat activities. But it takes a marina with vessel-related space and services to handle the special marine needs of cruising yachts. Marine and shoreline-related resources are detailed in Appendix C, Diagram 6j. For planning purposes, these are all considered "specialized." Active and passive pursuits are covered. The third major category of recreational resources besides established land-based and water-based recreational facilities encompasses open space, conservation zones, and historical and natural landmarks. Once again both passive and active pursuits may be involved, but the overriding theme is one of environmental control , regulation of access, and restriction of acti- vity. Wildlife sanctuaries, historical sites, improved hiking trails, unique natural settings, scenic coasts and mountain wilderness are all examples. 77 Planned open space contributes to preservation of scenic quality and local lifestyle. It can help maintain the character of a locality ("local color") and economic land values as in farm land or coastal resort land. it provides spatial relief in the urban setting, contributes to urban design, and enhances the quality of life. Designation of open space further can protect watersheds, animal habitat, environmentally sensitive or scenic areas, and can contribute to containment of the settlement pattern and to floodplain management. It can provide an additional setting for certain types of outdoor recreation and can be used to establish, buffer, and pro- tect historic or archeaological sites. Open space is a valuable resource and an important component of comprehensive land use planning and manage- ment. Appendix B, and Diagram 6i in Appendix C report on open space re- sources and identify some explicit opportunities of potential priority in- terest. D. Focus on the Coastal Zone: Access, Use, Protection 1. The Coastal Zone: Its Management Potential The shoreline, as an outdoor recreation and open space resource, remains relatively unimproved. The coast is characterized by sandy and coral rubble beaches. Though relatively unimproved, it is well used as a recreational resource and economic asset. In a recently conducted community profile sur- vey, heads of households or their spouses indicated that they swam (50%) and they fished (40'/0), generally to supplement their income and for home con- 201 sunption. The use of the coastal zone as an economic resource is further substan- tiated by the recently completed village survey by the Development Planning Office of the American Samoa Government. The villagers were able to iden- 78 tify well over 25 species of fish, suggesting the importance of fish in their diet. This important littoral recreational and economic resource is being threatened by growth and economic change. There is a contemporary need to plan and manaqe the shore. The recently completed Draft Coastal Zone Management Program Document catalogs a host of shore-related issues. Specific policies have been formulated to address principal problem areas. The most noteworthy statements relate to shore- line development, access, protection and management. The Coastal Zone Management Program (CZMP) provides a broad management umbrella to guide the use, development and protection/conservation of the 21/ American Samoa ecosystem. The program consists of three major policy areas: government processes, development policies, and resource policies. One section pertinent to outdoor recreation and open space issues is Execu- tive Order X-80 which delegates the responsibility for and establishes a network of executive agencies managing coastal resources. It also desig- nates inner Pago Pago Harbor and Pala Lagoon as Special Areas. It includes development policies for the shoreline, emphasizing review of any proposed permits or projects within an area 200 feet landward from the man high tide mark in order to reduce, avoid or otherwise limit degradation of shoreline res ources, insure visual access and reduce susceptability to coastal hazards. It outlines resource policies, environmental protection and conservation in general, and shoreline access specifically physical access to beaches. 2. Inventory of Potential Resources An inventory of potential resources relating to the shoreline has been completed and is found in Appendix C of this Plan. The inventory is classi- fied by the following categories: 79 Underwater Parks and Preserves General Recreation-Related Marine Facilities Proposed Special Anchorages Boat Ramps and Fish Aggregati,on Buoys Surfing Sites Beaches Historic Landmarks Natural Landmarks Potential Conservation Sites These sites and facilities are elements in the coastal resource base for recreation. Primary shoreline protection concerns are shown on the "Selec- ted Environmental Factors" Map. 3. Defining Shoreline Management Concepts Protection and access in the coastal zone require- a few operational planning concepts. The following concepts are suggested to help supply a management context. a. Operational Definition of Beaches: The American Samoa Coastal Zone Management Program defines a beach as An accumulation of unconsolidated deposits along the shore with their seaward boundary being at the low tide or reef flat platform level and extending in a lanclward direction to the strand vegetation of first change in physiographic relief to topographic shoreline. All shorelines of American Samoa are included for visual purposes. This comprehensive definition encompasses the entire shoreline for all islands within American Samoa. b. Operational Definition of Protection: An Environmental Perspective Protection of shoreline resources refers to public safety as well as to conservation and preservation of physical resources. Public safety of course refers to areas which are subject to periodic hazards relating to flooding, high winds, storrrwave surge, and to geologically-hazardous lands. These areas are generally identified as environmentally-sensitive areas. Conservation and preservation of physical resources include the follow- so ing definitions: Coastal Dependent Development -- Activities, improvements and facilities that are associated with water transportation, power generation, and tour- ism. Water Dependent Uses -- Activities which require a site on or imme- diately adjacent to coastal waters to function effectively: ports, marinas, boat ramps, and dry docks. Water Related Uses -- Activities which rely on water dependent facilities for purposes such as: utilization of coastal waters as a production source; utilization of the coastal Zone for the cycling and transportation of mate- rials and products -- canneries, manufacturing plants, and water desaliniza- tion installations; and utilization for shoreline recreation. Scenic Aesthetics -- pleasing natural open space includes but.is not limited to vistas and visual corridors of landscapes and seascapes, unusual landforrm and vegetation complexes, particular beaches and aquatic use areas, and sites of unusual cultural significance (archaeologically or historically) which happen to be located in the coastal zone. 4. Future Prospects The American Samoa Government has taken the initial steps to provide a planning and management framework for guiding the use, development, and pro- tection of its shoreline zone. Focus on a management network in the ini- tial stages of developmental planning provides the context within which to identify opportunities and problem. A 200-foot developmental review zone has been recommended; two special areas have been identified (Pala Lagoon and Inner Pago Pago Harbor); and the entire shoreline has been designated as a resource. 81 Involvement of the T-QORP in the coastal zone is based on the need to identify and establish sites for water-dependent and water-.related recre- ational activities. Such sites must have suitable access. They must avoid hazard zones -- or be managed so that use is restricted when hazardous con- ditions exist. They must be developed, used, and maintained with ecological and aesthetic concerns in mind. .E. Resource Management Concepts Certain resource themes have been implied in the text so far that should be summarized at this point since they figure so prominently in the sub- sequent statement of a "Strategy for Accomplishment" of goals and objectives to be. set forth in the T-CORP Policy Statement. The first is joint use -- the concept that a single resource base, site, or facility can be utilized by more than one recreational sub-population. For example, a school playground can serve students in physical education classes during school hours, and can also serve the general public after hours, Utulei Beach Park, as another example, can be jointly used by tourists from the.Rainmaker, the general public, transient fishermen and villagers from Utulei. The second is multiple use.-- the concept that a single resource base, site, or facility qan be utilized for more than one purpose. For example, when a hard-surfaced recreation court is constructed, it makes sense to configure and mark it so that the one court can be used for basketball, volleyba.11., tennis, tetherball, or school "square" and "circle" games. (In other words, make it big enough for the largest of these activities, mark it with different playing lines suitable to the different activities, and sup- ply it with alternative stations for basketball backboards; volleyball 82 poles, or tennis net stanchions, so it can be set up for any of these mul- tiple uses as necessary.) if a big grassy athletic field is to be created, make sure the surface is designed and configured so it can be used for football, rugby, or soccer, and if possible, for baseball and softball as well. Using Utulei again as an exam ple, the beach park can be used for beach activities, swimming, snorkeling, or for launching and retrieving light sailboats. The third is specialized use. It is not possible to make every park a beach park or to have spectator facilities at every field. There is not enough land, not enough money, and all sites are not universally suited to every activity. Instead, some sites are intended for specialized uses. Utulei is a beach park. Lava Lava is a golf course. Malaloa is a recre- ational boating pier. Samoana High School has a running track although a substandard one that should be relocated. After all, American Samoa has only a population of about 30,OOQ -- equivalent to a small town on the U.S. mainland, wherein one normally would not expect to find "two high schools," "two stadiums," "two swimming pools," and so forth. Facilities of this nature, by all planning standards, must be unitary for a service population as small as 30,000. Therefore, since such specialized use is indicated, it makes sense to look for the best possible locations in which to field these one-of-a-kind recreational opportunities. The fourth is upgrading and expansion of existing facilities -- a self- explanatory concept that is a central theme of the current American Samoa Economic Development Plan. This concept is extra important in the communal land-holding setting of American Samoa because of difficulty in finding new alternate sites suitable or available for alienation from current non- 83 recreational uses. Fifth is the concept of quality development, linked closely with the previous paragraph. With resources of space and money in short supply, with increasing joint and multiple use intended, and with potential competing land uses always waiting in the wings, developments must be of good quality in order to provide good service, justify use of the site, and stand up to wear and tear. 84 VI. AMERICAN SAMOA OUTDOOR RECREATION POLICY CONTEXT Immediate objectives will be listed in the Five-Year Plan. Initial im- plementation will be contained in the first Annual Action Plan. But a Policy Statement must be long range at least 20 years and thus to the torn of the century. For this reason the present plan has been at pains to project population and land use/settlement trends into that future time f ram@_- . The fundamental intent of future outdoor recreation policy is that it be developed in the context of general planning efforts. It is assumed that unified central governmental control of overall planning will evolve and in- creasingly integrate functional planning toward territorial goals. It is further assumed that comprehensive land use planning will be the basic para- digm of island design in American Samoa for the future, and that social, economic, and environmental concerns will be balanced and sustained. Parks and outdoor recreation development is seen as having a significant impact and "function" in regards to all three of these broad aspects of life in American Samoa. Socially it will provide an outlet for human energy and a range of opportunity choices for the use of increasing amounts of lei- sure. tim. Outdoor recreation should be an integral part of community life. It can be one avenue of exploration for ways to retain a viable link to the past and to traditional Samoan culture. A positive influence in this re- gard can result if the application of recreational policy in site selection and design works to retain rather than diminish the character and condition of the natural landscape. Economically it will serve in enhancing the quality of life in general in American Samoa as an attraction to many people. It will help provide things for visitors to do, therefore encouraging them to stay longer. It will contribute to the upgrading and expansion of marine facilities and 86 hence opportunities for the island community as a whole to make much more substantial use of its littoral and marine resources, including increased ability to attract cruising yachtsmen to a haven in Pago Pago Harbor -- dis- tinctive not only for its natural physical qualities, but for the comforts, services, and economies it has to offer. Environmentally, parks and outdoor recreation development comes at a time when standards in general for environmental handling need to be applied in American Samoa. Park developments can set an environmental standard for high use/extensively accessed sites. The "open space" component of outdoor recreation opportunity development relates directly to conservation goals -- particularly in the littoral zone where beach parks, beaches designated for public access, and marine facility proliferation are expected. The same conservation orientation applies in handling of the mountain areas, and the extension of planned, improved trails into the watershed zone. Natural landmarks and wildlife refuges and sanctuaries may further be established. The interface of culture with nature may be reinforced in the identification and preservation of historical landmarks and archaeological sites. Esta- blishment of underwater preserves by the Office of Marine Resources, an ob- jective shared by parks and recreation authorities, will extend the impact of recreational planning into the strictly marine environment as well. B. Goals In the context described above, the central goal in parks and outdoor recreation development put forward in the Introduction should be both re- iterated and extended. The goal is to supply the public in American Samoa with outdoor recre- 87 ational opportunities as desired in sufficient quality and quantity, based on projected future requirements. Opportunities must be distributed so as to be accessible, and identified for implementation by priorities within annual action programs. Facilities, maintenance, and recreational programs must be balanced with due regard to financial capabilities. Outdoor recre- ation must be integrated with other American Samoan goals of economic and organizational development, environmentally sound land use decisions, and the enhancement and preservation of viable traditional culture. In addition this goal must be pursued with an awareness of the pioneering role to be played in effecting socio-economically/environmentally suitable land use decisions, and the pervasive impact, via involvement and example, that T-CORP policy implementation can have on nature, and on man's life, work, and play in American Samoa. C. Objectives The present T-CORP is intended as a starting point for building over time a fully developed recreational system in American Samoa. Progress toward that goal depends on accomplishing several broad tasks which are themselves composed of many project starts, site developments, and program initiations. A fully mature recreational system would allow a regional role for American Samoa in international recreational affairs. At present, American Samoa sends sow participants to this international scene, but its capacity as a host or factor remains to be developed. Within the time and resource constraints of the upcoming five-year plan period it is not realis- tic to strive for an expanded external role. Resources must be applied to local objectives as itemized below. 88 Organizational Objectives � Establis-h and launch a formal governmental entity for handling the planning and development of parks and outdoor recreation. � Establish a budget and make appropriate contacts with all pertinent funding agencies and sources. * Define administrative relationships -- particularly with Territorial general planning authorities and comprehensive land use planning. * Define responsibility and process for recycling T-CORP plan and deter- mining annual implementation programs. * Set and pursue consistent policies for interaction with the private sector, local communities, the body of the citizenry as a whole, and visitors. * Pursue legislation as necessary to facilitate achievement of the var- ious objectives. 2. Physical Development Objectives Proceed on a requirement priority basis to gain access to and provide the spatial component standard of land-based parks at the territorial, recreational service district, and local levels. Upgrade and expand existing facilities according to official inter- national standards (where appropriate) and prescribe local space, di- mension, design, and construction standards (where appropriate). Develop marine and coastal resources for the specialized recreational 89 opportunities they hold, on a priority basisdue to the extent to which these resources are at present under-utilized, and their im- portance with regard to the visitor industry and to general economic development. � Identif and set boundaries (as appropriate within the Samoan cultural setting@ for open space and conservation zones in coordination with other environmental authorities in the Territory and apply consistent standards-of access and activity specification/restriction. � Research and establish a trail and camp net, tied into a recreational boat circuit, according to sound ecological principles and with due regard to safety and to cultural concerns. � Develop a policy, a system, and expertise in identifying potential natural landmarks for local or national registry and preservation, and implement establishment of sites appropriately determined. � Coordinate with public agencies and interested private parties to par- ticipate in development of a policy, a system, and local expertise in identifying potential historic landmarks for local or national regis- try and preservation. Implement the establishment of such sites as are appropriately determined. � Organize and coordinate all sites, locations, facilities, and spaces itemized above into a master American Samoa Parks System for manage- ment and maintenance according to standard operating procedures and for economies of scale in handling input personnel and materiel re- sources necessary to keep it viable and up to standard. Facilitate access and provide good visibility by adopting standard markings, labels, signs, color combinations, structure types, infrastructural components and use procedures throughout the park system. 3. Program and Educational Objectives Conclude inter-agency agreements with all pertinent public agencies concerning cooperation in joint use of facilities and development of recreational program. 90 Conclude cooperative agreements with private sector entities interest- ed in parks and outdoor recreation so as to tap their expertise and develop roles for them to play in the recreational system as a whole. Build expertise in recreational fields so as to supply guidance on all matters concerning programs, specific activities, facilities, @ompe- tition, regulations and standards for playing and officiating 'and record keeping. � Develop a long range program concept for residents to pursue. reQre- ation throughout their lives in both active and passive ways with attention to youth-oriented competitive sports as well as to preparing for and participating in lifetime recreational pursuits not dependent on the combination of structured organizational opportunities and available discretionary time which marks younger life. � Bu.ild a community recreation program by going into the field to pub- licize recreational opportunities, offering instruction in how to make use of them, and assisting local leaders in generating activity. � Develop educational presentations on conservation and environmental protection, maintenance and litter control, health, sanitation, and safety as applicable to the field of outdoor recreation, and the con- cept of pollution and vandalism avoidance. � Develop basic learned skills program opportunities particularly learn- ing to swim, health and fitness, the production of Samoan handicrafts and articles of material culture, and boating/water safety. � Establish a programming capability for building and evolving programs and for scheduling the use of resources on a day to day basis. Attend to associated needs for insuring access, arranging shared transporta- tion in some situations, and maintaining control and supervision. � Recruit and coordinate a roster of qualified recreation specialists from various sources who are willing under various arrangements to serve as program coordinators and supervisors. Use time/preference/ talent sheets to provide opportunities for interested parties to get into roles where they can make a contribution while themselves enjoy- 91 ing a pr.eferred leisure activity in training, supervising,.coaching, etc. Develop protocols and procedures for hosting major ceremonial and sporting events at Parks & Recreation facilities and develop a sche- dule of sponsorship for regular tournaments and outdoor events both physical and cultural. Promote outdoor recreation to the private sector and inform business entities'of' opportunities for undertaking private, independent venture roles ip the field of recreation. 92 AWL b2 .......... ............. tF-. ........... ......... ...... ..... ... ..... . . . . . . ..... .. ....... ...... ...... "t"m ............ Fv I ................... ................... ....... ....... u oop.- ........ ........ ................ ................. ................. IQ" -IF Sk. ,g a WA -m- 1, Vil. STRATEGY FOR ACCOMPLISHMENT A. Checklist Following is a consolidated lis,t of the principles, concepts, and stra- gies which have been determined to be most useful in the pursuit and reali- zation of recreational goals in American Samoa. �Organization and development of the new Department of Parks and Recre- ation to insure the capacity for planning and management of recre- ational resources. �Establishment of multi-year (five year) T-CORP policy plan eligibility to permit recreation authorities to concentrate on development and programming. HCRS planning requirements are intended to be flexible. American Samoa is small and consequently may not have the need or capacity to devote resources to continual, comprehensive annual policy plan recycling. �Compliance with HCRS program requirements to maintain eligibility for obtaining developmental resources. �Focus in the short term on active pursuits (as revealed in survey analysis) with emphasis on facility programming and the improvement of existing available resources. Develop basic learned skills pro- grams -- such as learning to swim and water safety. �Consider needs at all three levels: territorial, recreational dis- trict, and local, but key priority actions to the main land-based recreational shortfalls identified, regardless of level. �Optimize involvement of coastal and marine resources through coordina- tion with the Office of Marine Resources and the Coastal Zone Manage- ment Program. (Note parallel impacts on economic development and the visitor industry as well as recreation.) Adhere to a policy of bar- ring non-shore dependent developments in the littoral zone. *Balance a current need for emphasis on youth/athletics programming with fundamental opportunities to develop and pursue lifetime recre- ational activity skills. �Let baseline planning reside with the Development Planning Office which has existing staff and resources. At the same time coordinate operational planning with other pertinent executive agencies for con- tinuity and economy. � Maintain compatibility of planning and action with territorial develop- ment policy. 94 �Maintain internal consistency with the T-CORP Policy Statement. �In implementation decision-making stress likelihood of efforts leading to realization of long term goals. Require individual project con- cepts to be translated into Annual Action Program elements. �Develop program opportunities so parties interested in outdoor recre- ation can participate in effective/preferred roles. Canvas the com- munity for "time and talent" that can assist with coaching and super- vision. Adopt the following resource use/management concepts: � Joint site/facility use. �Multiple-use site/facility development. �Specialized use of sites and facilities according to differential suitability and natural attributes per specific activities. �Upgrading and expansion of existing facilities. �Quality development -- balance facilities (construction and site development), with program development, with capacity for maintenance, so as not to overextend resources or capabilities in any one sector. �Application of standards -- in activity rules and procedures; in site space and dimension requirements; and in facility design, construc- tion, infrastructures, and safety features. Apply standards that ac- count for the needs of the handicapped so that their participation ability is minimally limited. (Spectator facilities are a primary case in point.) �Foster good "visibility" of the park and recreation system. Use con- sistent signs, labels, color schemes, and access procedures so the public recognizes and can use the various elements as part of an over- all system of recreational opportunities. Use this standardization of form to encourage standards of behavior during use. �insure appropriate access to facilities -- physically, and as regards permission and public policy. (Beach access is a primary concern.) �Recognize and employ ecological principles. Avoid pollution in its several forms and do not contribute to it. �For the immediate future, apply available resources to local object- ives without attempting to pursue external objectives via an expanded recreational role in the South Pacific region. An expanded regional role in athletic involvements must follow the building of a foundation in the field of recreation at home. Pursue outdoor recreation space and site development as a theme within comprehensive territorial land use planning in which social, environ- 95 mental, and economic concerns are balanced. Maintain a map of the recreational system throughout the territory. � Participate in general environmental policy formulation and implementa- tion. � Accommodate the two-tier system of government in American Samoa -- the central ASG and the dispersed, communal village/aiga matai system. Re- concile through consensus any conflict between local dominion and public accessibility. � Formulate policy and define roles for a Village Recreation Program with emphasis on the contribution of recreation to community develop- ment. � Conduct a Public Education Program relating to outdoor recreation, conservation, environmental protection, and identification and pre- servation of historic, archaeological, and other cultural resources. Work in timely themes such as energy conservation, an anti-litter program, public safety, and norms of use and behavior in public facil- ities. � Emphasize public involvement and cultural sensitivity. Group partici- pation and consensus decision-making count in Samoa. Pursuit of these policies should help reveal ways to enhance the elusive theme of vi- able traditional culture. Program cultural and ceremonial uses and events for outdoor recreation facilities -- not just physical/athletic contests or passive individual pursuits. Study the cultural founda- tions of the community games tradition of "soo" and apply them in the contemporary outdoor recreation setting. � Review regularly the delivery of recreational opportunities to the general public. Scout out shortfalls and oversights and rectify through program extensions and innovations. � Develop funding strategies by drawing on the expertise of the ASG as a whole. Procure an initial operating budget. Gain access to Land and Water Conservation funds. Explore resource matching opportunities with other government agencies. Explore inter-agency joint resource application to projects serving mutual purposes, on a case by case basis. Benefit from the unfunded, valuable input of service organiza- tions and individuals with time and talent to offer in support of out- door recreation. Document quantitatively the impact of funds expended to demonstrate the heightened return in use and opportunity delivered as justification for seeking further developmental support. Develop standard operating procedure to insure that administration/implementa- requirements attached to funds received from various sources are compiled with in order to establish a good "track record." B. Optional Approaches to Outdoor Recreation Regardless of the operational course of action selected upon, it is re- 96 iterated that implementation of a territorial land use plan is the essential 11 umbrella" within which the theme of outdoor recreation and park development should be pursued. Given this framework, all of the above strategies could be applied in greater or lesser degree in either of two operational scenario situations as follows: Option One Scenario: The new Parks and Recreation Department is able to develop workable interagency agreements with pertinent public counterparts so as to share in resource application, facility development and sharing, and program coordination. Option Two Scenario: The new Parks and Recreation Department could fol- low an independent course of action without seek- ing to involve public counterpart agencies in co- ordinating agreements. Assessment of existing outdoor recreational resource in American Samoa today revealed the potential for meeting existing and future requirements with a minimal addition to the public inventory. This assessment, however, was contingent on the working assumption that these "potential" resources would be available and that reasonable allocation of time and minimal im- provements to the inventory co uld be made. With these modifications to the existing resources, requirements can be met effectively. Development of independent territorially-owned recreational resources would immediately place the Department of Parks and Recreation under severe planning and management constraints. The department, in addition to esta- blishing a viable working organization, would have to contend with selecting sites throughout the territory, planning site improvements on newly acquired lands, administering the improvements to the existing and newly acquired sites, and managing the resources in all aspects from maintenance through programming from "Square One." The physical and spatial limitations of American Samoa, and the extreme difficulties in alienation of land which 97 ,would have to be faced have already been explained. Obviously the entire thrust of the discussion thus far has been in sup- port of Scenario One. It is not necessary to discuss the entire checklist of strategies in a point by point comparison by scenario. Whereas an out- door recreation program could be prosecuted by the new department along in- dependent lines -- a necessity should agreements not be forthcoming -- it is clear that the capacity for employment of strategies identified, thus the capacity to accomplish objectives, and hence the ability to achieve long range outdoor recreational goals would be severely inhibited in the absence of the teanmork that can be generated through inter-agency coordination. Thus comparative assessment of the two scenarios clearly favors Scenario One and supplies the fundamental outdoor recreation strategy to cap the checklist above: Create Interagency Cooperative Agreements for joint and complementary use of facility and program resources in the public sector, and add coordinating agreements from pertinent private sector organizations so that all resources are pooled, and all are pulling together. Use the agreements to identify roles and responsibilities for the several par- ticipating entities toward the shared goal of building the best pos- sible recreational system without wasted effort, duplication, or in- complete mobilization of resources. 98 ............. . ...... . ....... MIU nMl@@ ........ ..... .......... ...... ..... ........... Af . . . . . . . . . . . .... ........ xv. .... ...... M i VIII. 1980 -1985 FIVE YEAR PLAN IMPLEMENTATION The planning orientation in this study has been toward building the per- manent and comprehensive park and outdoor recreation system of American Samoa as a major component of island design. Just how much may be accom- plished within the first five years depends on funds available. competing development priorities, legislative considerations, personnel involved, the extent of interagency coordination, and unforeseen events. As an example of the latter, during April 1980 while this plan was being written, an airplane crashed into the Rainmaker Hotel causing 70% destruction. This event cer- tainly will affect tourism planning, and tourism has its links to.outdoor recreation. Categories following group the principal implementation concerns which should be addressed over the next five years, and pursued to the fullest extent possible within resource constraints. A. Organization * Have the ASG executive branch implement the law creating the new Department of Parks & Recreation. * Organi:ze the new Department and the new Commission. Fill personnel requirements. Secure an initial minimum operating budget. Secure an operating location. * Implement in detail the working interrelationships between the Com- mission and the Department. Review the assignment of roles and func- tions as currently detailed in the law toward possible realignment geared to letting baseline planning reside with the Development Plan- ning Office; letting policy formulation, monitoring, and an advisory role reside with the Commission; and letting the Department handle operations and the implementation of capital developments. I * Develop inter-agency facility joint use and program coordination agreements with counterpart public agencies as described in the stra- tegy for accomplishment of recreational goals. * Work up corresponding agreements with private sector entities with particular attention to registering a cadre of individuals with "time and talent" to devote on a volunteer basis to Parks and Recreation Department programs -- as coaches. supervisors, referees, and so forth. 100 B. Management Tools � Establish a master address and contacts file. � Work up recurrent consummable supply and equipment requirements and arrange regular channels of supply. � Maintain a master location map of the Territorial Recreation System. � Develop and maintain a file of site plans for all locations involved in the territorial recreation system. *,Work up the annual calendar of outdoor recreation, holidays, cere- monies, special events, athletic contests, and regional and inter- national competitions and events pertinent to American Samoa. Display these cultural events opposite corresponding climatic and geographic conditions, and also opposite socio-economic data such as the cycle of peaks and valleys in visitor traffic, times when school is out of ses- sion and so forth. Then use this composite calendar for broad-based scheduling and design of tTFe outdoor recreational year by balancing -activities through--tFe annual cycle, and avoiding conflicts due to climatic factors or more pressing cultural commitments. Take a lead- ing role with this approach in the South Pacific Region so that other states can benefit from the model. * Determine standard colors,, labels, signs, logos of the American Samoa Park System so that they can be consistently applied to developments, literature, uniforms, etc. Maintain a file of these official.stand- ards for general reference and consistent application. * Maintain a file of standards of all types: space, dimension., activity rules and regulations, measuring and scoring. * Establish a checklist of "barrier free site design criteria" to facil- itate access and use by the handicapped. Insure compliance in new projects. Convert substandard conditions at existing sites as @ea- sible. Establish Pago Pago Park to be the prime territorial ceremonial site, develop formal standard plans for handling major events, ceremonies, etc., including specific ways and means to handle, move, and accom- modate the numbers of people involved per access, sanitation, public safety, general supervision and contingencies. Bear ceremonial requirements in mind when siting and grouping elements in Pago Pago Park. C. Planning and Implementation *Get ASG written commitments that sites intended for parks & recreation development will be so reserved and not changed over to alternate uses instead. Particularly Anasosopo and district level park space in Tafuna. 101 �Establish an action route for project implementation. �Solve the village dominion/access problem and proceed to designate public beaches and establish and maintain access to them. �Designate sites for the major, single specialized territorial level facilities under consideration: running track with multi-purpose fields and spectator facilities; multi-purpose field house and gym; olympic swimming pool. �Review with the ASCC its future policy on facility availability and scheduling. Identify when phased projects will materialize so that an estimate of developing outdoor recreational opportunities there can be coordinated in-to the development process. Request the U.S. Geological Survey to develop a more precise system of rain gauge stations so that a start can be made on generating data on this critical climatic component at a level of precision that can be of use in future site selection. Conduct an annual check of basic policy to make refinements for the year approaching to accommodate new or unexpected opportunities. D. Education and Information � Implement a public education program on outdoor recreation, conserva- tion, environmental protection, historic and cultural preservation, litter control, and safe and appropriate use of public facilities. �Develop a training program for coaches, supervisors, referees, and scorers. �In the high school level physical education curriculum, add emphasis on-rules and supervision for upper-classmen so they can play a tea- ching role for younger residents of the community. �Encourage the physical education curriculum at the ASCC. Provide stu- dent internship opportunities in Parks & Recreation programs. �Explore the possibility of a Departmental Newsletter geared to the general reader and use this as a mechanism for publicizing recre- ational opportunities, seeking public feedback on problems and pre- ferences, reporting the results of league competitions and special interest group news -- such as fishing, golf, tennis, etc. Also use it to create the type of image desired for the American Samoa Park System.and to encourage preferred standards of behavior. Print it in accordance with standards of design, color, logo, etc. Print issues at sufficient intervals so that a worthwhile body of reporting can be delivered. � Plan, research, schedule, and hold a workshop on the future role of the private sector in outdoor recreation. Attempt to generate various 102 possible public incentives that could encourage such a larger and sus- tained financial involvement by the private sector. E. Programming Activities and Facilitie s * Play a leadership role in program coordination with the Department of Education, ASCC, Samoan Athletes in Action, American Athletic Associa- tion, and church groups involved in outdoor recreation. * Work out the intricacies of facility sharing and scheduling according to policies of request channeling, lead time, procedures, and priori- ties. Maintain a single master calendar for general reference. * Consolidate all league play in the various sports, at various levels, .by various organizations, boys and girls into a single master league play system for the entire territory and produce a master display. This is an essential tool in scheduling facility use and in program coordination. Its structure should help suggest how to inject train- ing and apply standards consistently. Develop and implement a plan with schedules and priorities for im- provinn existing facilities. At the local level, link this effort to development of a village recreation program. For example, take the sport of basketball. Design a program in which the villaae and the nepartment play complementary roles. Ask the village to invest in un- grading its own local facilities -- either a village court or the nearest elementary school court. In this way the kids can play and practice on village teams in the village where they spend a lot of time. The Department's role would be io orqanize the village tearls into a league and arrange scheduling at prime facilities for league games. The Department might even help out on cost of transporting kids to games. Facility use would be allowed by the controlling organization -- ASCC, public/private high school, etc., with the cen@ral scheduling assistance of the Department. Finally, private volunteers would be enlisted to ref and coach the competitions -- and also to train the older youth so that they can play a co,aching role back in the villace. This is program coordination at several levels. As a top priority project, with the professional assistance of the Red Cross, YMCA/YWCA or other-service organizations, develop a territory- wide "Learn To Swim" program. Rather than wait for facility develop- ment, make this a program-based effort. Use the existing resources of the Rainmaker Hotel Pool anT Utulei Beach Park. Perhaps school physical education class groups could be bussed to Utulei on a rota- tion basis to receive instruction from a team of professionals opera- ting out of Samoana High School. Portable equipment for use.during classes (if necessary) -- floats, lane markers, water polo gear, etc., would be stored at Samoana High School. Emphasis should be on water safety in general. 103 � Coordinate with the U.S. Coast Guard on ways to extend boating safety information to the general public. � Encourage and support the elderly handicraft fales as cultural re- sources within the American Samoa Park System. F. Primary Land-Based Facility Planning and Development � Improvement of existing small facilities -- see discussion in the entry under "Programming." � Develop full specifications and cost analysis for expansion of the field at Manu'a High School on existing, available ASG DOE land along the road. Pay special attention to grading, drainage, and full-size playing field dimensions. � Prepare detailed site plans for Pago Pago Park, Anasosopo, and addi- tionol district level park space in Tafuna. � Develop Anasosopo Park giving primary attention to 1) quality of the landfill; 2) intearitv of the perimeter -- both land and sea; 3) opti- mal siting of marine and water-related components -- boat rarnp, swim- ming area, fishing frontage, multi-purpose mini-pier for fishermen, divers, and shuttle service from 'Nuututai Point by thp Rainmaker Hotel; 4) siting of playing fields so as to meet space and dimension standards. � Prepare a site plan for expansion of Utulei Beach Park and work on the problem of relocation of ASG housing currently on the site. Upgrade the existing park by repairing and/or redesigning shore protection and drainage infrastructures. � Begin gen eral upgrading of Pago Pago Park (particularly a core 14 acres) to meet immediate territorial level land-based needs. Phase park development through the level of well-maintained open space until such time as more extensive project element developments can be pur- syed. Define the boundary of the park and remove incompatible uses, activities, and elements from within this boundary. Seek Army Corps of Engineers assistance in a permanent channel and outlet solution for Vaipito Stream. Analyze environmental hazards and limitations (rain- fall, flooding, tsunami run-up) that will determine what future ele- ments can be considered for development here. � Upgrade and clean up Tafuna Park. � Undertake site study for local level park space in Nu'uuli -- a criti- cal projected growth area which does not now have any park space and does not have an elementary school. Ascertain whether DOE plans to field an elementary school here. If so, the recreational space can be jointly designed. Particular attention to easy public access, envi- ronmental sensitivities, pollution avoidance, and non-interference with the bulk of the mangroves on the Pala Lagoon shore required. 104 * Apply funds earmarked for expansion of the Lava Lava Golf Course be- fore they are lost. Consider ways to work other activities into that site -- for example, a cross-country course around the periphery. * Upgrade the field and court facilities at Leone High School. * Upgrade local level school facilities on Aunu'u Island. G. Primary Shore/Marine Facility Planning and Development Participate with OMR and harbor authorities (Port Administration) in design and development of Malaloa Recreation Pier, with attention to the grouping of services most useful to cruising yachtsmen and small boat operators in general. Participate with the Office of Marine Resources in rounding out the boat ramp system. The first step is to establish design and con- strVction standards by analyzing the potential user field and the type of boats involved. Pay particular attention to siting of new.ramps at Anasosopo and Leone, and insure that sites selected are incorporated in overall site plans. Apply to the U.S. Coast Guard for assistance in delineating and esta- blishing Federal Special Anchorages off Faga'alu, Malaloa, Pago Pago, and Utulei by working through the Office of Marine Resources to in- sure that ecological conflicts are avoided -- particularly in the area of the proposed Utulei underwater reef observation park. Develop territorial policy reserving for ASG Parks and Recreation the right to manage fixed moorings for small craft. Work out an agreement with the Coast Guard to the effect that if Federal Special Anchorages are established, fixed mooring permits will only be issued to this arm of the ASG which may then dispense them to the public for a fee. Note: nobody con charge for the "right" to moor in a Federal. Special Anchor4 e, but charges can be made for use of actual fixed buoy hard- ware an@ for servi@es related to it -- such as dingy service, security, shore sgrvices. Submit vio the Office of the Governor a proposal to reserve space at the hotel end of the fuel pier area for a new Parks and Recreation special recreational marine installation. The concept is not to con- trol a large sector of shorefront, but to create a compact facility to serve as a buffer between the hotel and commercial wharf opera- tions. The facility could include mooring space for a charter boat, a glass bottom boat, a shuttle boat for harbor tours or trips back and forth to Anasosopo, a dive/tackle/bait/shell shop, a sport fishing weigh station, and perhaps a beachware arcade shop. Seek concurrence in the proposal submission from OMR and the Office of Tourism as well. Make thi4 on element in current redevelopment plans for Pago Pago Pursue with OMR development of the Matu'u shore outlook and turn-out and Undenqater Park; and the Utulei Reef Underwater Observation Park off the Rainmaker Hotel. 105 H Conservation and Open Space Planning and Development � Fully develop Trail System #1 (including appropriate conservation and development on Alava Ridge) around the bay area. Identify and set aside the archaeological site of old Pago Pago Village purported to be up on the ridge. � Prepare a site plan for Blunt's Point and develop: involves trail im- provement; perhaps guard rail's in some places, vegetation clearing; gun emplacement upgrading + drainage; perhaps rain shelter pavilion; perhaps historic marker telling the story; attention to parking and access, and litter control. � Prepare a site plan for Breakers Point. Cut and develop the trail. Work in picnic, shelter, and rock fishing components if appropriate. � Prepare site plans for roadside observation spots on the crest passes of the Afono Road and the Fagasa Road. � Do a site plan for Leone Falls stressing removal of, current obstruc- tions and eye sores and the formulation of long range conservation themes. Perhaps include trail development to forest sites above the falls. However, before taking action, get consensus among parties in- volved on what the themes and concepts will be -- including the nature of access and activities. Include development concepts that will make Leone Falls a place for tourists to visit. � Participate in any review of the role and status of Taputimu Experi- mental Farm. Develop a feasibility statement regarding conversion of the seaward section of the farm as a future park/open space site for handling by Parks and Recreation. � Have the ASG-owned land at Logotala Hill reserved for future Parks and Recreation Department handling. � Develop policy and procedure for historic sites/landmarks identifica- tion and preservation. Coordinate with Historic Preservation Com- mission. � Formulate the Steps Point conservation complex proposal, includi 'ng Trail System #2 cross-island to Aasu. Coordinate with OMR on marine component. � Conduct a formal reconnaissance of interior Ta'u Island with particu- lar attention to Laufuti Falls, Mt. Lata, the Lavania coast, conspi- cuous craters. and potential trail circuit routes -- all as raw mate- rial for future concept formulation on Trail System #3 and the iden- tification of natural landmarks for possible registration. � Participate with other conservation entities in establishing such wild- life and vegetation refuges and sanctuaries as are suggested. 106 X MRST YEAR ANNUAL ACTION PROGRAM AND FUTURE CYCLIMG The first year of operation of the new Department of Parks and Recre- ation will be dominated by organizational activities as it pioneers in its new role. At the same time, it is important to initiate planning and offi- cial action on a variety of long term projects. All subsequent actions and actual field implementations depend on accom- plishing three general tasks: Launching the new Department of Parks and Recreation; Establishing HCRS eligibility and securing funding through an initial budget allocation; Arranging formal interagency agreements on facility joint use, pro- gram coordination, and plan integration. Following on these primary requirements -- which are essential in esta- blishing a capability to act further -- the next actions to be initiated have to do with sites. Reservation of sites for Parks and Recreation management: Anasosopo Park. The Afono and Fagasa Road Crests and the Alava Ridge park strip. Logotala Hill and the seaward parcel of Taputimu Farm. Recreational Service District Level park expansion space in Tafuna. Expansion space for Utulei Beach Park. The Autapini coastal strip. Pago Pago Park with an official, permanent boundary determination. Reservation of a new site at the extreme "hotel" end of the fuel dock for a compact special recreational marine installation as previously discussed. Nuuuli local level park. 221 Site determinations for certain specialized facilities: Running track with interior multi-purpose field and spectator facil- ities. (Note: It is recommended that the substandard track at 108 Samoana High School be phased out and that a site to the west be iden- tified. Initial assessment appears to disqualify Pago Pago Park due to the extremely high rainfall.) Enclosed multi-purpose center including gym and field house elements. Olympic-size swimming pool. Detailed site plan preparations, stressing Barrier-Free design for the handicapped. Malaloa Recreational Pier. Manu'a High School playing field expansion on existing, available ASG DOE land. Anasosopo Park. Utulei Beach Expansion. Pago Pago Park in its entirety. (It is recommended that phased devel- opment of this park include preliminary development as generalized open space, then develop fully in the future. Establish the boundary; remove hazards, and unauthorized or incompatible elements; handle the drainage problem and channelize Vaipito Stream; and improve the sur- face for general interim use.) Tafuna district level park expansion. Nu'uuli local level park. The newly proposed Nuututai Point recreational marine installation be- Aween the hotel and the fuel pier. Blunt's Point. Alava Ridge and the road crests at Afono and Fagasa. Leone Falls redevelopment. At the same time, positive programming action should be implemented in areas listed below. Good management and consistency is essential as this will be the first substantial exposure the new department will have to the general public. Organize a volunteer group of interested recreationalists with time and talent to devote to programming. 109 �Playing a leadership role and using this volunteer talent -- in co- ordination with other programming entities -- organize league sports play in American Samoa. �Start at the village level and link program enhancement and league competition to the process of upgrading local level facilities especially recreational courts -- as previously detailed. �Launch an aggressive "Learn to Swim" program using the Rainmaker Hotel Pool and Utulei Beach, with trained, certified professional instruc- tors. Maximize impact by close coordination with other entities, especially*the DOE. � Support the handicraft program in the elderly fales. Consider esta- blishment of additional fales at dispersed locations in future years. Lastly, other actions should be accomplished relative to specialized concerns and open space. The standard colors, labels, and signs for the entire American Samoa Park System should be decided upon. The Department should prepare a general contingency plan for dealing with large ceremonies and events that could come up on lands it will con- trol. This plan should be geared to existing conditions and should be modi- fied as those conditions change. The Department should meet with the Historic Preservation Commission and solicit other public input to establish policy on identifying and protecting historic landmarks, including archaeological sites. Guidance should be drawn directly from HCRS directives on the subject. The Tuimanua Tomb on Ta'u, and the Territorial Cession Site in Pago Pago should be given first attention. They can serve as carefully documented test cases in setting a future pattern. The Department should meet with all conservation entities to gain knowledge and involvement in environmental concerns. It should encourage the ASG to move toward a comprehensive environmental policy -- a matter now fragmented among a number of enforcement, planning, and advisory offices. HCRS guidance and requirements on natural landmarks should be applied to 110 policy formation on this subject within the new Department of Parks and Recreation. Laufuti Falls on Ta'u should be submitted as a test case pend- ing the results of a formal reconnaissance survey. The proposed Steps.Point conservation area as introduced elsewhere in the Plan and appendices should be pursued as the first large scale "open space" project. Although this will be an extremely complex matter, some opening action -- such as presenting an initial conceptual overall site plan for public review -- should be accomplished within the first year. The area is under little contention at present. It is important to work now to set it aside before it becomes subjected to other potential use claims. Support the Office of Marine Resources in its plans to establish marine parks and preserves at Utulei, Matu'u, and Fagatele. As previously dis- cussed there is a substantial opportunity here for integrated action between OMR and the Department of Parks and Recreation, Also support OMR in the development of its system of boat ramps. Insure that appropriate sites are reserved in new park developments. Coordinate with OMR in establishing de- sign and construction standards. Seek to have these marine elements affili- ated with the American Samoa Park System (or 'included in the system) with consistent signs, colors, labels. Introduce a proposal for Federal Special Anchorage Areas in Pago Pago Bay as previously discussed. Consolidate feedback from within the ASG,, and pending ASG executive approval, submit to the U.S. Coast Guard for consi- deration. In the process investigate the legal basis and the position of the U.S. Coast Guard on the concept of reserving the issue of USCG permits for fixed moorings exclusively to the ASG Department of Parks and Recre- ation within special anchorage areas. ill Fully develop Trail System #1 around the Pago Pago Bay mountain rim as elsewhere described. Some elements exist now but need upgrading. Other stretches must be developed. Get expert advice on safety and environmental aspects of this project and design the system as a whole according to standards. A separate concern is to apply existing funds already earmarked for ex- pansion of the Lava Lava Golf Course lest they become unavailable. Finally, in cooperation with the ASG Development Planning Office formu- late policy on the ways and means by which outdoor recreation planning will be cycled, coordinated with the operational planning of other functional entities, and integrated with general territorial planning. Also, establish a procedure and schedule for preparing subsequent Annual Action Program. In conclusion, the scope of action described above is deemed appropriate toward generating initial action on several fronts. It is not to be expected that complete action will be accomplished in all areas, particularly when fundamental building of organizational capability must be dealt with first. 112 FOOTNOTES 1. National G.!L@h_ic, Oct. 1962, 58. 2. 1978 Pacific Island Yearbook. 3. Economic Development Plan for American Samoa: FY 1979-1984" 1979, 111-6. 4. "Adjusted 1980 Figure" from corrected projections through the ASG, Development Planning Office Ten Percent.Sample_Census 1977.. 5. U.S. ArnLv Engineer District, Honolulu, "Draft Environmental Statement, U.S. Dept. of the Army Permit Processing Guidelines to Control the Cumulative Effects of Shoreline Development in Pago Pago Harbor, etc.", 1978, 2-1. 6. Information combined from the preceding reference and from: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NOAA, Environmental Data Service, Local Climatological Data, Annual Summary of Comparative Data Pago Pago, American Samoa, 1971, "Narrative Climatological Summary", 1971 -- also the source for subsequent climate information. 7. ASG Development Planning Office. Statistical Bulletin, Annual Report on Economic Indicators, 1979-, and ASG, and Action Resources, Inc. Energy Siting: C7-M Plan, American Samoa, 10 Jan. 1980. 8. Bryan Farrell. "Perspective on Land Use -- American Samoa", Journal of the Graduate Research Center, 34:3 (June 1965) 325-327. 9. Arthur Lyon Dahl (Dept. of Botany, Smithsonian Institution). "Ecological Report on Tutuila, American Samoa", 13-page typescript based on 1970 visits, 12, 13. 10. ASG Department of Public Works. Wastewater Facilities Plan American Samoa, Vol. 1, prepared by CH2M Hill, Feb. 1976, p. 2-42. 11. William H. Teller. "Final Report and Recommendations pertaining to Land Tenure and Cadastral Survey in American Samoa", 30 June 1970, 2, 6. 12. Marshall Kaplan, Gans, Kahn,, and Yamamoto (for ASG Development Planning Office). Housing in American Samoa, Oct. 1972, 91. 13. Arthur Lyon Dahl. "Ecological Report on Tutuila, American Samoa", 13- page typescript based on 1970 visits, 12. 14. Robert Langdon. "All that Glitters isn't Gold in America's South Seas 'Showplace' ", Pacific Islands Monthly, Sept. 1966,, 33. 15. Te Rangi Hiroa (Peter H. Buck). Samoan Material Culture, Bernice P. Bishop Muse@m@Bulletin No. 75,, Honolulu, 1930, 523-524. 113 16. ASG Development Planning Office. Economic Development Plan for American Samoa: FY 1979-1984, 1979, iii. - 17. ASG Parks and Recreation Control Board, Territorial Report to the Governor, transmitted 22 June 1979. 18. The methodological explanation for selection of this standard of 3 land- based acres of recreational space per 2,000 population is as follows. The National Recreation and Park Association suggests a standard of 5 acres per 1,000 population for all outdoor recreation resources (not merely land-based space) as ide-alT. In Honolulu (HAWAII SCORP, 1972) in actual practice there were 3.24 land-based recreational acres per 2,000 population. (Since population increase has outstripped park development sinc.e then, the ratio is pro- bably lower at present.) Hawaii has a lifestyle marked by heavy pursuit of leisure time opportunities. It does not have a subsistence or com- munal base, nor is it in transition from a traditional Polynesian past. Further, although land is at a premium in Hawaii, the scarcity in rela- tion to demand for comparatively flat land is much more severe in Ameri- can Samoa. Note further that Honolulu has one of the heaviest non-resi- dent (tourist) involvements in recreational opportunities of any city in the world, whereas in American Samoa tourism is still a very minor acti- vity. On top of these several fundamental differentiating points it should be kept in mind that high-intensity resource management is the rule in Honolulu -- with such multiplying advantages as night lighting and night urban mass transit infrastructures. With these several fac- tors in mind, a 3-acre per 2,000 population land-based figure for Ameri- can compares very favorably with the Honolulu figure of 3.24-acres per 2,000 population. 19. Reduction of figures from Appendix C'yields the following results: General Planning Standard: 3 acres/2,000 people. 1985 Calculated Requirement: 59.75 a/36,890 p = 3.24 acres/2,000 people. 1985 Availability, all resources: 80.25 a/36,890 p = 4.35 acres/2,000 people. 1985 Availability, no DOE/ASCC: 51.5 a/36,890 p = 2.79 acres/2,000 people. 2000 Calculated Requirement: 81.5 a/50,195 p = 3.25 acres/2,000 people. Interpretation: Qualifications and exceptions entertained at the dis- trict and local levels produced a calculated 1985 requirement at a standard higher than the baseline 3 acres/2,000 people. Full resource availability in 1985 gave a considerable margin (4.35 acres vs. 3.24 acres) above even that higher standard. However, without DOE/ASCC re- sources, availability dropped below even the baseline standard (2.79 acres vs. 3 acres), unacceptable. By projecting case by case calcula- tions by area according to standards to the year 2,000, a requirement of 3.25 acres/2,000 people was yielded - precisely comparable to the 1985 requirement (due to parallel derivation) and nearly satisfied by the 1985 all resource availability. Note again, this is aggregate spatial 114 satisfaction without regard to quality of facility content, or distri- bution of that space per population and access standards. 20. Army Corps of Engineers, American Samoa Community Profile, American Samoa Water Resources Study, May 1979. The survey interviewed only heads of households or their spouses; it may be assumed that participa- tion rates would have been higher if the entire household were surveyed. 21. Development Planning Office, Draft American Samoa Coastal Zone Manage- ment Program Document, American Samoa Government, March 1980, 22. A basic determination is whether or not such facilities planned for the ASCC should be duplicated, Cost, space, and access considerations will be required, including an ASG decision. 115 APPENDICES A: ADMINISTRATION AND ORGANIZATION B: RECREATIONAL INVENTORY ITEMS AND RELATED MAPPED DATA C: RECREATION AND OPEN SPACE RESOURCES, DETAILED SUMMARY DISPLAYS D: AREA AND DIMENSION REQUIREMENTS SELECTED RECREATION/SPORTS FACILITY ELEMENTS E: AMERICAN SAMOA DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION RECREATION PROGRAMS IN THE SECONDARY AND ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS F : SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE TABLES 116 APPENDIX A. ADMINISTRATION AND ORGANIZATION Three subjects are covered in this appendix: a short summary of public involvement; memorandums of understanding; and the new law establishing the American Samoa Department of Parks and Recreation. Summary of Public Involvement Although the. present document is the first formal T-CORP to be prepared for American Samoa, a glance at the list of references shows that there have been earlier recreation plans. These culminated in the American Samoa Recreation Area Development Plan 1975-1980 prepared in January 1975 by the Parks and Recreation Control Board. The stage was set for preparation of the present T-CORP by two major broad-based public surveys conducted in 1978 and 1979 respectively. The first, in 1978, was an American Samoa Community Profile conducted as part of the major US Army Corps of Engineers American Samoa Water Resources Study. In this survey, household heads and their spouses-in villages throughout the Territory were queried on a variety of subjects to gain understanding of their perception of the environment, resource use, and their activity pre- ferences as regards the environment. It was in this latter connection that questions on recreational preferences and existing recreational use of the environment were introduced. Results have been discussed in some detail in the text. The second survey, in 1979 and early 1980, conducted by the American Samoa Development Planning Office was called the 1979 Comprehensive Village Survey. It covered a list of themes, one of which was.recreation -- in direct anticipation of the pending T-CORP project. This survey was directed at the Village Councils of the 55 American Samoan villages having pulenuus 117 (village chiefs) appointed by the Department of Local Government -- also known as the Department of Samoan Affairs. Results of this survey were forwarded to the T-CORP consultant in three forms: original packets of survey questionnaires dealing with recreation; "Results of Recreation Vil- lage Council Survey Conducted by the DPO (1979)" -- in three large sheets; and finally in a typescript received in March 1980 entitled "Village Development" with "Recreation -- Main Aspects" highlighted as one theme. This typescript also included detailed information on fish and other marine forms gathered in the littoral zone. These results have also been analyzed in the text. The consultants followed this work up with four field visits which covered all villages and areas accessible by road on Tutuila -- hence the vast majority of villages there, and all islands of the isolated Manu'a Group. In Manu'a, interviews with leading individuals in all villages were conducted. Independently, the American Samoa Parks and Recreation Control Board was pursuing recreational topics among public agencies, village chiefs, and interested private parties, and holding its own Board meetings. Feedback from these sources was relayed to the consultants, and discussed in great detail during visits by the consultants to American Samoa, and by officials of the Parks and Recreation Control Board, and the Development Planning Office during their visits to Honolulu. During this period the Office of Samoan Information through its daily organ, the "News Bulletin" publicized recreation in general and the work of the Parks and Recreation Control Board, described the recreational planning underway, and called for public input from any and all interested parties. (The most significant release is reproduced later in this appendix.) 118 Independently, the consultants undertook interviews in the Office of Samoan Affairs with its Director, and with selected village leaders, parti- cularly in Leone Village. Extensive discussions were held with the recre- ation specialists at the Department of Education -- who were accompanied into the field so as to watch their program in action. Additionally, talks were held with the Director and Fishery Biologist at the Office of Marine Resources -- which in its most recent literature had described upcoming pro- jects in a wide variety of areas pertinent to outdoor recreation. These in- clude the Malaloa Recreational Pier development and the territorial nets of boat ramps and fish aggregation buoys. As a result of these contacts, marine and coastal opportunities have been heavily stressed in the present T-CORP with the intention that co- operation among agencies be developed to serve the mutually compatible goals of economic and recreational marine opportunities. Also, future coordina- tion between Parks and Recreation and the Department of Education has been solidified in the Memorandum of Understanding which follows in this section. The consultants also visited officials in the Office of Tourism, Depart- went of Public Works, Development Planning Office, Coastal Zone Management Program, American Samoa Community College, Office of the Port Director and U.S. Coast Guard, and the Special Assistant to the Governor for Environment. Additionally, in Hawaii, close contact was maintained with the Geography Department, University of Hawaii, working on a CZM Atlas of American Samoa, and with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and subcontractors working on American Samoa. A-11 public and private high schools were visited, all elementary schools in Manua,, and a good number on Tutuila. All existing recreational facil- ities were field checked, including undeveloped resources such as the Ana- 119 sosopo landfill area. Sites were checked from the air, by car, and on the ground, and a photographic record was developed for future referral. These several activities were brought together in a major public meeting at the Rainmaker Hotel in American Samoa, called by the Parks and Recreation Control Board. One of the public announcements of that meeting, and the subsequent attendance list, are reported on the following page. Finally, an effort was made in the field to visit park sites in the late afternoon (after school and work let out) in order to get a feel for facil- ity use at the busiest time and talk to some of the individuals present. 120 "Bills ou THURSDAY. FEBRUARY 21, 1980 PUBLISHED BY THE OFFICE OF SAMOAN INFORMATION PAGO PAGO, AMERICAN SAMOA PARKS & RECREATION MEETING SET FOR MONDAY Parks & Recreation Chairman Rob Shaffer has announced that the Parks & Recreation Control Board & Tank*Force will hold a public meeting at the Rainmaker Hotel poolside, Monday, February 25th, at 1:30 p.m. The meeting Is being held to review the preliminary draft of the American Samoa Terri- torial Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan which is to be submitted to the Department of the Interior an June lot of this year. The Outdoor Recrmation Plan, which is being prepared by MKGK/Yam,-moto, Inc. of Honolulu, in a mandatory requirement by the Department of the Interior of all U.S. states and territories in order that they either become or remain eligible for federal matching money and/or grant funds. Mr. Tim Wright and Mr. Derek Wang of MKGK/Yamamoto will attend the meeting and present the draft report to those present. It is requested that representatives from the Department of Education, Samoan Athletes in Action, Community College, the Triple A, Tennis Association and all those in the public or private sector who wish to contribute to the Territorial Outdoor Recreation Plan attend the meeting. This will be the last public meeting for the review of this.recreation plan, as the final draft will be prepared based on comments and input received at this meeting. ATTENDANCE 1. R. Shaffer, Chairman Parks and Recreation 2. P. Templet Development Planning Office (CZM) 3. J. Sundquist Private Sector 4. J. Chun Private Business/L.A.T.L. 5. E. I rno Samoan Athletes in Action; Dept. of Ed. 6. D. Behan Samoan Athletes in Action; Dept. of Ed. 7. R. Hessler Samoa News 8. V. Afoa Leone High School 9. L. Epati, Jr. Samoan Athletic Association 10. 0. Lefforgeg Vice-President American Samoa Community College 11. T. Uperesa American Samoa Community College 12o H. Sesepasara, Director Office of Marine Resources 13. J. Samia, Jr. American Athletic Association lb. T. Annastas Parks and Recreation 15. D. Wong, consultant MKGK/yamamoto, Honolulu 16. T. Wright, consultant MKGK/Yamamoto, Honolulu 17. M. McMoore Parks and Recreation ' 18. P. Tuiteleleapaga Man Power Resources Commission 19. J. Samia, Sr. American Athletic Association v:rw trtso movff 05 20. L. Simonsen, Inst. Planner American Samoa Community College 121a Al THURSDAY, JANUARY 17, 1980 PUBLISHED BY THE OFFICE OF SAMOAN INFORMATION PAGO PAGO, AMERICAN SAMOA PARKS & RECREATION BOARD TO MEET Members of the Parks & Recreation Control Board and Task Force will meet this afternoon at 4:00 p.m. at the Rainmaker Hotel poolside to discuss the Territorial Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan which is required by federal law for eligibility for Department of the Interior recreation grant funds. Attending the meeting will be Mr. James Yamamoto, President of My'GK/Yamamoto, Inc., whose firm is preparing the recreation plan for subulission to the Department of the Interior. Parks.& Recreation Control Board chairman, Rob Shaffer, is also requesting that members of the Samoan Athletes In Action, Triple A, and the Tennis Association attend this important meeting, so that their views regarding recreation development in the territory can be heard. Attendance Faufano Li, Veterans Organizations Letasi Epati, Jr., Chairman, Samoan Athletic Association Paul Templet, CZM Program Manager, DPO, ASG Tusi Avegalio, DOE, ASG Meki McMoore,- Member of the Board Sipa Anoai, CETA Dan Pritchard,, DOE, ASG John Nevton, Businessman Harold Siufauna, CETA Paul Stevenson, DOE, ASG D. T. Tupua, Member of the Board Lorence Simonsen, AS Community College Robert Shaffer, Chairman, Parks and Recreation Control Board J.T. Yamamoto, MKGK/Yamamoto, Inc., (fonsultant to the Board 121 GOVERNMENT OF AMERICAN SAMOA PAGO PAGO, AMERDCAN SAMOA 95799 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION April 9, 1980 To: Rob Shaffer, Chairman of the Parks Recreation Control Board Director of,Education From. Mere-Betham, Subject: Inter-agency fa6ility-sbaring agreement The Department of Ediication fully supports the 6reation of the new Parks & Recreation Department. It is the hope of the Department of Education that through an aggressive and imaginative Parks & Recreation Department, the recreational and athletic needs of the territory of American Samoa will finally be realized. The Department of Education provides the territory's school-age boys and girls with a wide range of athletic and sporting programs and competition at both the elementary and secondary levels. However, proper recreational and athletic facilities are still underdeveloped on a territory-idde level. The Department of Education recognizes the need for the development of new athletic facilities and fields in American Samoa. The department also re- alizes however, that in a territory of this size,, that these facilities be available for use not only by those students attending scbool-should the facilities be op DOE property--but to the community' as well. , By the same token, DOE would expect to reserve for use certain facilities *for elemen- tary and high school athletic events which are under the administration of the Parks & Recreation Department. In consideration of the creation of the new Parks & Recieation Department, 1. as Director of the Department of Education, do hereby agree to cooperate with the Parks qG Recreation Department to every extent possible in the joint use of all DOE athletic facilities, and at the same time look forward to a long and mutually beneficial working relationship. 00 '@ERE BETHAM 122 GO)(ERNMENT OF AMERICAN SAMOA PAGO PAGO, AMERICAN SAMOA 96799 PARKS & RECREATION CONTROL BOARD April 20, 1980 To: Director of Educdtion 1;@'om: Chairman, Parks & Recreation Control Board Subject: Inter-agency facility-sharing agreement The Parka & Recreation Control Board, as the governing voice for the newly-created Parks & Recreation Department, believes that in order for American Samoa to juBtify the axpenditure of large amounts of money for the construction of much-needed recreational and athletic facilities in a territory of this size., that these facilities be open to use by all the territory's various interest groups, whether they be private, religious or governmental. The Parks & Recreational Control Board also believes that the Depart- ment of Education-Lwith its wide range of elementary and secondary school sporting and'athletic programs--should be given top priority in the use of Parka & Recreation Department facilities. The Control Board also believes that the DOE should be consulted in the planning of future Parks & Recreation facilities before construction is begun, thereby fitting the facilities to DOE use as much as is feasible. 'Phis memoranduri-is to officia Z ly "inform you that the Pa rks & Recrea- tion Department will give the Department of EduCation top priority in the use of facilities under our administration @@;d will cooperate with your. department to every extend possible in this regard- Y L 6;yz R S FER OBet R@ IFE@ 123 MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING The American Samoa Parks and Recreation Commission2 in coordination with the Development Planning Office and the Coastal Zone Management Program, is preparing a Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan for submission to the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the U.S. Department of Interior. Analysis of resources and requirements shows that optimum recreational opportunities can be delivered to the public through joint use of facilities and inter-agenqy cooperation in.program and resource development. As a basic implementive stpp, the Commission is seeking inter-agency agreements with its counterparts for the mutual benefit of all concerned., especially the Samoan people. This MEMORANDUM is being circulated with an invitation to share in an understanding via signatory action to the following statement: The signatory agencies below share a common interest in supporting the American Samoa Parks and Recreation Commission in its work to implement a Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan and support the basic strategy of joint use and inter-agency cooperation. It is understood that cooperating agencies always reserve the capacity to meet their awn requirements first, and that an accountable inter-agency agreement would first require a schedule of specific roles and responsibilities within the framework of the approved plan. Sigmature Title Agenc DAte Public Agencies to be Canvassed8 Parks and Recreation Commission. Development Planning Office/CZMP. Budget Director. Samoan Affairs. DGE. ASCC. Special Ass It to Governor for Environment. DPW. Office of Marine Resources. Historic Preservation Commission. Office of Tourism. etc. MEMORANDUM OF COOPERATIVE INTENT (PRIVATE SECTOR) We the undersigned private clubs, associations, and service organizations of American Samoa with a permanent interest and involvement in the development of sound recreational opportunities., have been informed by the American Samoa Parks and Recreation Commission of its current work in preparing a Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan. We welcome this positive step and look forward to future cooperation with the Commission in seeing that public/private sector coordination is applied to program enhancement for the mtual benefit of the Samoan people and the several organizations that can make a future contribution to this important component of American Samoan life. Signature Title Organization Date Private Parties Suggested for Canvassing: American Athletic Association. Samoan Athletes in Action. Rotary Club. Pago Pago Yacht Club. American Samoa Game Fish Association. Rainmaker Hotel. American Samoa Tennis Association. American Samoa Dive Club. Van Camp Cannery. Starkist Cannery. Korea House. Two-Dollar Beach Proprietors. etc: other clubs, league/church teams, organizations, community groups., elderly organizations, as may be appropriate. 125 H,B. No. 145 PUBLIC LAW NO. 16- THE SIXTEENTH LEGISLATURE OF AMERICAN SAMOA Third Regular Session Begun and held at Faqatogo, Tutuila, American Samoa on Monday, the fourteenth day of January one thousand nine hundred and eighty AN ACT CREATING THE DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION, THE .@J-',ERICAN SAMOA PARK SYSTEM AND THE PARKS AND RECREATION ::O,"lSSION; PRESCRIBING POITERS, DUTIES, SERVICES, AND PRO- A-MENDING 32 ASC 201-02 AND 3 ASC 201; REPEALING 32 ASC 1-4; REDESIGNATING 32 201-02 AS 301-02; AND CREAT- ING NEW 32 ASC 201-10 AND 32 ASC 401-02. 13E IT E1.1ACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF AMERICAN SAMOA: Section 1. This act shall be known and may be cited as the "American Samoa Parks and Recreation Act of 1979". Sec 2. A new chapter 2 of title 32 is added which reads: "CHAPTER 2. DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION 201. Definitions As used in this title: (1) "Commission" means the parks and recreation com- mission; (2) "Department" means the department of park-s and recreation; (3) "Director" means the director of parks and recre- ation and the head of the department; (4) "Government" means the Government of American Samoa; (5) "Governor" shall mean the Governor of American' Samoa or the person who exercises the power of Acting Gov- ernor; (6) "Legislature" means the Legislature of American Samoa; (7) "Parks system" means the American Samoa parks system; (8) "Per-son" inclijdes the plural and includes the individuals, partnerships, corporations, matais of families, and other legal entities; and (9) "Territory" means the Territory of American Samoa. 126 202. DepArtment of parks and recreation There is created within the executive branch of the Government a department of.parks and recreation. The head of tha .1(-p-jrtment is a director appointed by the Governor and Col.- .irmed by the Legislature in accordance with 3 ASC 12 (c) 203. Director; powers .-nd duties The director has the following powers and duties: (1) Manage, develop, control and maintain the park system$- (2) Initiate, promote, equip and supervise recrea- tional programs in areas within the park system; (3) Submit an annual report on the operations of the park system and recreational programs by the department for each fiscal vear to the Governor and Legislature not later than Decembe@ 1; (4) Administer the department through organizational units which he may establish; (5) Prescribe the duties of assistants, deputies, attendants and other persons employed in the department; (6) Manage the budget of the department; (7) Attend, ex-officio, all meetings of the commis- sion; and (8) Establish rules in accordance with the Admini- strative Procedure Act, 3 ASC 1931 ej_ seq. to accomplish the purposes of this act. 204. American Samoa Parks System; classification; map- ping (a) There is created the American-Samoa Parks System. The department shall inventory all properties belonging to the Government and with the Governor's appr'Ova'l determine w@ich properties are included in the park system. The department keeps a list of all areas in the park system according to classification, with correct and accurate descriptions,. and, provides the Legislature with a current copy of the list, (b) The department classifies, and may subsequently reclassify, each area within the park system in 1 of the following categories: (1) "Nc@tural Preserves" which are to remain unim- proved; (2) . "Conservation Preserves" which may be improved for the purpose of making them accessible to the public in a manner consistent with the preservation of their natural features; (3) "Territorial Parks" or "Community Par 'ks" which may be improved for the purpose of providing public recreational acilities in a manner'consistent with the preservations and enhancement of the natural features; 127 (4) "Territorial Recro4tion Facilities" or "Community Recreation Facilities" which may be improVed for the purpose of providing public recreation facilities; and (5) "Iiistorical and Pro-historic Objects and Sites" which are aaministered in accorda,.ncle, wilth federal guidelines as set by the Department of the Interior. (c) The territorial surveyor provides' the department with maps of record, and any new maps which may be needed, for all property within the park system not later than 1 year after each request by the department. "S 205. Seashore reserve All Iand including underwater land'. and water areas of the Territory of American Samoa extending from the mean high waterline seaward to 10 fathoms is included within the park system and be administered by the.director in accordance with � 204 above. 20 6. Parks fund; -revenues from concessions and uses; donations (a) There is established, separate and apart from any other fund of the Government of American Samoa, 'a parks fund for the development and jmpr@ovement of the parks system. The fund is managed by the department. Financial statements on the fund for each fiscal year are included in the depart- ment's annual report to the Governor and L.egislature. The department may grant permits.and charge fees to individuals or groups to establish concessions on or other-wise use any part of the parks system. The fees from the permits shall be deposited in the parks fund. Any.per- son or group granted a per-mit must be bonded in an amount necessary, in the department's Judgment, to insure that damage to the system caused by that. person or gro-up, in- eluding litte'ring, can be rectified, (c) Money or the proceeds of any property donated, granted or bequeathed for the benefit of the parks system are deposited in the parks fund; provided, that, money or property donated, granted, or bequeathed for specific, pur- poses is held in trust and may only be used for those pur- poses. 11� 207. Voluntary improvements The department may grant permits to any individuals or group to improve, without expense to the Government, any part of the park* system. 128 0 "S 208. Damage to property Any person who injures or damages any property within the parks system, or who removes, destroys, or defaces any tree, shrub, plant, or other attraction of any nature on or in that property is guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable by a fine not to exceed $500. "� 209. Recreational use of school facilities The department may, with the consent and cooperation of the department of education, initiate, promote, and super- vise recreational programs on properties and in facilities under the control of the department of education. "� 210. Transfer of offices and employees The Governor is authorized to transfer to the depart- ment the employees of existing agencies of the Government, engaged in performing functions that come within the purposes of the department and the entire or any part of the budget related to those functions transferred. Sec 3. 32 ASC 201 is amended to read: "S 301. Federal assistance programs; department's powers and duties (a) The territorial park and recreation control board department is authorized with respect to federal assistance programs, to prepare, maintain and keep up-to-date, a com- prehensive plan for the development, use and conservation of outdoor recreation resources of the territory, to develop, operate and maintain outdoor recreation areas and facilities of the territory, and to acquire oversee acquisition land, waters and interests in land and waters for such areas and facilities. The Legislature must be provided with a copy of the plan and any modifications that are from time to time made to it. (b) With the approval of the Governor of America Samoa it the department may enter into contracts and agree- ments with the United States or any appropriate agency thereof, keep financial and other records relating thereto, and furnish to appropriate officials and agencies of the United States such the reports and information as may be reasonably necessary to enable such those officials and agencies perform their duties under such those programs. 129 0 (c) The territorial park and recreation control board department, with the approval of the Governor of American Samoa, may enter into and administer agreements with the United States or any appropriate agency thereof for plan- ning, acquisition and development projects involving parti- cipating federal aid funds on behalf of the territory. (d) In connection with obtaining for the territory of American Samoa the benefits of any such program, the terri- torial park and recreation control board department shall coordinate its activities with, and represent the interest of, all agencies of the territory having interests in the planning, development and maintenance of outdoor recreation resources and facilities within the territory." Sec 4. 32 ASC 202 is amended to read: "� 302. Funds (a) Federal assistance projects may be undertaken by the territorial park and recreation control board department only after it- has determined that sufficient funds are avail- able to it for meeting the territory's share of project costs (b) It is the legislative intent that, to such the extent as may be necessary tp assure the proper operation oped pursuant to under any program participated in by this the territory under authority of this chapter title, such these areas a-nd facilities shall be publicly maintained for outdoor recreation purposes." Sec 5. Here is a now chapter 4 of title 32 is added which reads: "CHAPTER 4. PARKS AND RECREATION COMMISSION "S 401. Park and recreation commission; appointments; removals (a) There is established within the executive branch of the Government the parks and recreation commission, which consists of 5 members appointed by the Governor for terms of 2 years, except that the 4th and 5th initial appointees shall serve for 1 year only in order to establish staggered terms. (b) Officials of the Government may be appointed to the commission. (c) All appointees may be reappointed to the commission. (d) All appointees may be removed from the commission by the Governor for cause; provided, that, the majority of the commission concurs in the cause offered. 130 402. Commission; powers and 'duties The commission has the following powers and duties: (1) Carry out those duties as may be set out in this title and other laws, and the rules, of the Government which specifically delegate power cir authority to the commission; (2) Elect, at its 1st meeting and thereafter annually at the 1st meeting in October, a chairman, who Ipresides at all meetings, and other officers as it may consider desir- able from among its members; (3) Develop policies and programs for the administra- tion, management and op 'eration of the parks system and r(-reatio.nal activities; (4) Review and make recommendations to the Governor and department on: (i) comprehensive plans, applications and acceptances pertaining to . federal assistance programs prior to their final approval and submission; (ii) the preliminary and final budoets of the depart- ment prior to submission to the Legisla@ure; (iii) during the 1st month of each quarter, the opera- tion and financial records of the department for the pre- vious quarter; and (iv) the department's annual report prior to submission to the Legislature; and* (5) Perform other assignments as the Governor may make in the furtherance of the overall developmeht of the parks system recreational programs." Sec 6. 3 ASC 201 is amended to readt 11� 201. Required departments There shall be (1) a department of legal affairs, (2) a department of health (3) a department of public works, (4) a department of education (5) a departmcnt of agriculture, (6) a departmont of administrative services, (7) a department of port ac;ministration, (8) a department of local-govern- ment, and (9) a department of parks recreation, with such as may be p_rescriDe by law or assigned by responsl the Governor." Sec 7. Repealer 32 ASC 1-4 are repealed. ALFIA P0UM_HLE TUANA-ITAU F. T U IK. Presi-dent of the Senate 131 Speaker of the House APPENDIX B. RECREATIONAL INVENTORY ITEMS AND RELATED MAPPED DATA Following is a detailed inventory checklist which correlates with mapped locations on MAP W5. Categories are arranged as follows- Principal Territorial parks and facilities and a few major pri- vate sector facilities. 0 :Smaller recreational locations or facilities. 0 :Miscellaneous points of interest or potential recreational iden- tification and development. Existing registered National Historic Landmarks. Existing registered National.Natural Landmarks. American Samoa Community College. Public High Schools. Public Elementary Schools. Private High Schools. Private Elementary Schools. SA :Locations where creation of federal "Special Anchorage" areas .. might be considered for the future. ebooo :Selected scenic trails. INVENTORY Unmap * Rose Atoll National Wildlife Refuge: the only existing special con- servation zone, encompassing Rose Atoll some 100 miles east of Manu'a. * Swain's Island: privately owned, located some 200 miles north of Tutu- ila (geographically in the Tokelau Islands); Swain's Elementary School located here; documentation of its history may yield identifiable sites. NOTE: Rose and Swain"s are not included in the scope of T-CORP. * 145 "Village Early Childhood Education Centers" dispersed on the five principal islands. * Archaeological sites remain to be inventoried and identified by Ameri- can Samoa Historical Commission. 132 Principal Territorial and Private Recreation Facilities A. Proposed Anasosopo "Bicentennial" Park (Public): the most important available site east of Pago Pago on Tutuila. Landfill currently is only partly consolidated, uncompacted, and with a large standing sump pool in the center, the shoreline perimeter is irregular and unimproved. Potential includes fields, courts, playground, picnic/open space, water access and boat ramp, fishing, clean wading/swimming conditions, parking, boat shuttle linkage to the Utulei shore, etc. B. Existing Pago Pago Park and proposed Marina (Public): this park is intended to become a focus for events and interchange on American Samoa Flag Day (April 17) and Western Samoa Independence Day (June 1). The "finish lines" are here for the new "Marathon" race inaugurated in 1979, and the Fautasi (longboat) races which begin out toward the mouth of the harbor. Proposed plaque sites where Cession was achieved and the flag officially raised are located here. Courts and playing fields and a stadium with partially-protected spectator seating exist. Present elements or near neighbors include Handicraft Fales and a Senior Citizen Handicraft Cen- ter, Korea House, relocated "Goat Island Club", AAA Gym, a sometimes operational bowling alley, and existing boat ramp and finger pier, Organizations involved at the park include the Rotary Club of American Samoa, Samoan Athletes in Action, the American Athletic Association, and the American Samoa Tennis Association., C. Proposed Autapini Coastal Park (Public). D. Existing Malaloa Fishing Pier (Public): yachts and boats tie up and anchor off; there is a Fish Weigh Station. The American Samoa Game Fishing Associa- tion may have an interest here. Current development concepts include creating a focus here for yacht services with expanded slip space, per- haps mooring buoys, and possible relocation of U.S. Coast Guard operating space at or near the pier. E. Existing Fagotogo-Malae Shore Development and Open Space (Public): will contri- bute to urban design of adjacent "downtown" commercial area and shopping mall and promenade developments. F. Existing Solo Ridge Observation Point and Aerial Tranuay Terminal (Public): site 133 under development; existing aerial tramway is unique with 6,000' cable crossing Pago Pago Inner Bay to the other terminal at approximately 1,610' on Alava Peak. (Solo-Togatoga Ridge). G. Existihq Utulei Beach Park (Public): the only full-fledged existing public beach park with sandy beach and swimming with inshore raft floats. Small craft anchor off. The private Pago Pago Yacht Club is located near the south end, and is the center of sailing activity. The "Apia Cup" is one prominent race. The American Samoa Dive Club is based somewhere on the Pago Pago Bay south shore. H. Existing Faga'alu Park (Public): a coastal park but not a beach park. Cruising yachts wait out the hurricane season by anchoring off along with other small boats. (Note: interior Fqa'alu Valley has Vaitanoa "Virgin" Falls and Pool (Faga'alu Reservoir). 1. Existing Tafuna Park on Pala Lagoon (Public): includes Rotary-sponsored Child- ren's playground, courts and open picnic space. (Note: Mangrove forest on inner Pala Lagoon and "puzzle nut" - Le'ile'i trees - Xylocarpus moluccensis on the park shore proposed as "Natural Area" in Environ- mental 'Co'n-sultants Draft). J. Existing Lava Lava (Tafuna) Golf Course (Public): a short 9-holes with.proposed expansion to 18. To E. - Tafuna Lowland Rainforest, proposed Natural Area. K. Existing The "Rainmaker" Hotel (Private): the principal hotel in American Samoa, located on fill encompassing the former Goat Island; with the only existing swimming pool, and a private beach. The Rainmaker is the focus of visitor and tourist activity. The ASG Office of Marine Resources plans an underwater observation park for the reefs directly off the Hotel and Utulei Beach. See also "Blunt's Point" Development under the National Historic Land- marks List. 0 Smaller Recreational Locations or Facilities a. Existing Aoa Village Tourist Pavilion and Camp Site (Village). 134 b. Existing Two-Dollar Beach (Private): good swimming and shady picnicki ng at Avaio Village; note Lion's Head Rock offshore -- is "Lion's Park" another name for this spot? Marathon Run begins here, goes on to Tafuna, comes back to end at Pago Pago Park. c. E@o s e@d Breakers Point Trail (Public): trail tends up from crest of road. d. Propose Aua Village Park (Village): no actual site observed -- although a school basketball court was noted along with a ruined Mormon Church court. e. Propos Centipede Row Recreational Dock Development (Public): when the existing Centipede Row "G.A.S." housing is removed, most of this strip will be applied to port expansion. However, Office of Marine Resources (in Feb. 1980) discussed the possibility and desirability of reserving the end toward the hotel for a tourist-oriented marine recreation focus. A spa- tially modest development could include moorings for the one existing true charter fishing boat (moorings rented on concession); mobrings for a glass-bottom boat to visit reefs off the hotel and Utulei; a fish weigh station with an attractive backdrop for photographing game fish catches; a small dive and tackle concession; and possibly an embarkation point for small boat shuttles that might develop to carry passengers across the bay to the newly planned facilities at Anasosopo Park. Note the advantageous "buffer" role such an installation would have between the port dock operations and the Tourist Office and Hotel grounds. Con- straint would be a requirement for moving existing fuel handling func- tions -- for reasons of space, safety, aesthetics, and pollution control. f. Propos Matuu Beach Outlook and Access to Matuu Underwater Park (Public): com- position, location, and boundaries of the Underwater Park must be deter- mined. g Existing Tafuna Residential Playground (Public): in the Tafuna housing area. h. Existing "YCC" (Youth Conservation Corps) Airport Landscape Park (Public): on the grounds outside the International Airport. 135 Exi sting Freddie's Beach Park (Status?): at Fogagogo rock pool and surge channel swimming, and picnicking. - It is not a territorial public park. Existing Aoloau Village Park (Village): on the high Aoloau plateau, adjacent to the elementary school with a carved tourism sign like the one in Aoa Village. Actually the same'school grounds with basketball court, and the small open space for the village park are incorporated with the landscaped lawn and botanicals behind the school. k. Existing Utumea (West) Park (Village?) (Private?): proposed in the "implementa- tion program" in American Samoa Recreation Area Development Plan: 1975; has "Private" signs posted, no facilities. 1. Existina Amanave Village Beach Park (Village): a small sW-side lawn with some small fales, unimproved basketball court, painted trash cans, and the beach below. m. Proposed Marine Resources, Fagatogo (Public): existing pilings for finger piers, existing boat ramp, scientific moorings. Conceptual plans for creating wharf space fronting this section of coast have been mentioned to serve both commercial and pleasure fishing interests. Fish aggregation buoys currently are made up and deployed from this location. Existing Registered National Historic Landmarks 1. Blunt's Point Artillery Rifle Preservation and Proposed Historic Walk. (Winding trail to two heavy emplacements and light weapons pits higher up; presently overgrown and undeveloped; emplacements filled with rain- water). 2. Aasu Bay Historic Monument: commemorating massacre of members of a La Perouse shore party killed by Samoans in 1787. 3. Jean P. Haydon Museum of American Samoa. 4. Office of Tourism Building -- now American Samoan Bank Building. 5. Atauloma Girls' School: now ASG housing. 6. Former Fagalele Boys' School, Grounds, and Fagalele Shoreline: the structure,, built between 1855 and 1885, is thought to be the oldest standing non-indigenous structure on Tutuila. The lawns and shaded 136 grounds, though private, are made available on a mutual courtesy basis to visiting picnickers. The rocky but accessible coast fronting on the Fagalele private church property is a popular swimming spot shared in by the Leone Village public. Village elders discourage recreational use by Leone youth on Sundays while the church intervenes if use becomes too heavy with associated litter problems. There appears to be a workable balance with infrequent need to invoke restrictive control. 7. Government House: with its parklike surrounding grounds. 8. High Court of American Samoa, V Existing Registered National Natural Landmarks 1. Aunu'u Island: with Faimulivai Marsh in the old crater proposed as "Natural Area" in Environmental.Consultants Draft. Note also Red "Pala" Lake just NW of the crater and Maamaa Cove breaking the east crater wall . 2. Cape Taputapu (Proposed): (also must check a reference at this spot to 'Taema - Founder of this Island'). Include Taputapu Island. 3. Fogama'a Crater (Proposed): (The whole Fogama'a/Fagatele crater and. coast area might be considered as a unit. Fagatele Point to the west proposed as "Wildlife Sanctuary" in Environmental Consultants Draft. Leala Shoreline just west of Fagatele Point is an existing National Natural Landmark. An adjoining marine park/sanctuary component might be included, as discussed by the ASG Office of Marine Resources in 1976 and 1980. 4. Leala Shoreline: lying just west of Fagatele Point (see previous entry) note that the traditional "sliding rock" site is nearby, though the pre- cise location must be mapped. This stretch of coast is delimited by the impressive grave of High Chief Satele Moasegi on a low rocky point sami of the road at about the point where the Taputimu Experimental farm grounds come closest to the coast. Coast is marked by rocky outcrop- pings,' deep and shallow surge channels, and tide pools, backed by a mix of coconut, grass and scrub forest. 5. Matafao Peak: 2,142', the highest summit on Tutuila and the second highest in American Samoa; montane scrub on the summit; reached by a scenic trail up from the Fagasa Road crest pass. 6. Rainmaker Mountain (Mt. Pioa): 1,718',, second highest on Tutuila and fourth highest in all American Samoa; montane scrub on summit, reached by steep trail to the Afono Road crest pass. 7. Vaiava Strait: The whole area of Pola Island, Polauta Ridge, and the white cliffs "Sami Tu'utuu" on the west of Polauta Ridge should be con- sidered jointly. This area is proposed a@ "Wildlife Sanctuary" in Envi- ronmental Consultants Draft. (Possibility of a marine component remains to be explored). 137 Schools ASCC - American Samoa Community College (Public): the only college (2-year) in American Samoa, with some discussion of future expan- sion to a 4-year program. ASCC has a new gym and some outside facilities, with long-range plans for recreational facilities in- cluding a swimming pool. VQC "Voc-Tech Ed Center" (Public): formerly linked to ASCC, now under DOE. Program oriented to correspondence course distribution, and involves adult education as well as serving secondary level needs. Pu,blic High Schools A Manu'a Isl-ands: in Luma, Ta'u. B Faga'itua: in Faga'itua, East Tutuila, C Samoana: in Utulei, Pago Pago Bay South Shore. D Leone: in Leone, West Tutuila. Private High Schools A Marist Brothers: Malaeloa, West Tutuila. (Boys), Catholic. B Fa'asao: "Lepuapua", Puapua,) Leone. (Girls), Catholic. Public Elementary Schools (Swain's Island Elementary School, un- mapped) a Fitiuta, Ta'u. b Faleasao, Ta'u. c Olosega, Olosega. d Ofu, Ofu. e Aunu'u, Aunu'u. f Matatula, Tula. g Olomoana, Aoa. h Alofau. i Masefau. j Afono. 138 k Laul i 'i I Aua. m Mauga-0-Alava, Vatia. n Matafao, Faga'alu. o Fia Iloa, Utulei (exact spot?). p Pago Pago. q Le'atele, Fagasa. r Manulele Tausala, east of Tafuna and northwest of International Airport (exact spot?). s Lupelele, Ili 'ili . t Pava'ia'i. u Aasu (inactive). v Sili'aga, Aoloau. w Leone-Midkiff, Leone. x Alataua-Lua, Nua. y Fagamalo. z Poloa (sometimes listed as Fagali'i or Taputimu). (unmapped) Swain's Island. <> Private Elementary Schools a Marist Brothers: Atuu, Pago Pago Bay North Shore; (boys), Catholic. b St. Francis: Lepua, Pago Pago Bay North Shore; (girls), Catholic. c St. Theresa: Leone, West Tutuila; (boys and girls), Catholic. d South-Pacific Academy: located in Tafuna (exact 1,ocation Sponsorship?). (unmapped) Pre-Elementary Public & Private Educational Facilities 139 Public ASG supervises some 145 public Village Early Childhood Education Centers on the five principal islands, according to the ASG DPO Economic Development Plan for American Samoa: fy 1979-1984, p. IV-79. Private � Independent Cooperative Kindergarten, Fatagoto. � ABC Nursery, Futiga. � Seventh Day Adventist School, Satala. � Seventh Day Adventist School, Tafuna. � Bethany School, Leone. � Manumalo Baptist School, Malaeimi. 0 Miscellaneous Points of Interest or Potential Recreation Development 1. Laufuti Falls, Ta'u South coast, cascade said to be 1,000'. (Question on all waterfalls, when do they flow?) All Lata Mt., Lavania Cove, Ulufala Pt. are proposed as "Natural Area" in Environmental Consultants Draft. 2. Tiaiu Falls, inland west of Afono. 3. Vaitanoa, "Virgin" Falls, interior Faga'alu. 4. Sina Falls, between Malaeloa and Leone. 5. Leone Falls, interior on Leafu Stream,.Leone, unattractive due to pipes, cement, debris, poor approach trail. 6. Logoua Falls, near Failolo, West Tutuila, not significant. 7. Alava Mountain, 1,610' aerial tramway terminal and television towers located here, fifth highest on Tutuila, eighth highest in all American Samoa. 8. Olotele Mountain, 1,617' at the edge of the Aoloau Plateau, Tutuila; fourth highest on Tutuila, seventh highest in all American Samoa. 9. Lata Mountain, Ta'u, 3,160'+, montane scrub and cloud forest in highest parts; summit of Ta'u and highest peak in all American Samoa. 10. Piumafua Mountain, top of Olosega at 2,095'; third highest in all Ameri- can Samoa. 140 11. Tumu Mountain, top of Ofu at 1,6211; sixth highest in all American Samoa. 12. Nuutele Island and Nuusilaelae Islet, west of Ofu; proposed as "Wildlife Sanctuary" in Environmental Consultants Draft. Summit of Nuutele is rock in likeness of man called Foysia. There is a deep, large tidepool on the seaside of the island. 13. Nuusetoga Island, northeast Tutuila; has ifilele trees (Intsia bijuga) used for best kava bowls and house posts; proposed "Natuiral Area" in Environmental Consultants Draft. 14. Anape'ape'a Cove + two caves, on the east side of Afono Bay; said to be the major known caves on Tutuila, used by swifts and the sheath-tailed bat, proposed "Wildlife Sanctuary" in Environmental Consultants Draft. 15. "Airport Secondary Forest", in the airport perimeter to the west on Tutuila; proposed as possible "Natural Area" in Environmental Con- sultants Draft. 16. "Flower Pot Rock" Islet, and wreck of vessel "Van Winkle Nuan", off Fatumafuti. 17. Lighthouse, Pofala Hill, Aunu'u. 18. Lighthouse, Breakers Point, east side Pago Pago Bay entrance. 19. Lighthouse, Steps Point, southernmost point of Tutuila. 20. Main Dock, Pago Pago Bay; cruise ships tie up here, USCG (with 55' Search and Rescue vessel) and Custom House located just to the west. 21. Leone Landing; possible historical significance as first missionaries landed here; nearest prime landing point for traffic from Western Samoa. 22. Auasi Boat Landing; regular landing for Aunu'u boat traffic to Tutuila; also nearest prime Tutuila landing point for traffic from Manu'a; nice swimming water here at present. 23. Van Camp and Starkist Tuna Canneries, and industrial "Marine Railway" (tracked dry-docking facility); guided tours are offered. 24. Ofu Airfield, 2,200', ASG owned, DPO's Economic Development Plan (1979) discussed proposed development of recreation facilities in association with the airfield. This is the Vaoto Marsh area at the south tip of Ofu. "Ofu Airport Lowland Rainforest" nearby is a proposed "Natural Area" in Environmental Consultants Draft. Ta'u Airfield, 1,600;, privately owned by SPIA, at approximately 185' elevation inland from northern Luma, and on the heights to the south of Faleasao Village; DPO's Economic Development Plan (1979) discussed pro- posed development of recreation facilities in association with the air- field. See 79 Faga, proposed new airfield site. 141 26. Asaga Strait Road Viaduct, connecting Ofu and Olosega Islands; one lane. (Note that Ofu used to be said to have the most feral pigs; will opening of this causeway affect their distribution?). 27. Ta'u Church, London Missionaries. 28. Tomb of the last Tui'manu'a, near the coast below Papatea in north Luma, Ta'u. 29. Botanic and Agricultural Park,, Aoloaufou; small landscaped area adjacent to school. 30. Taputimu Experimental Farm; government controlled open space, buildings in ruinous condition, out of use, only taro and bananas growing. An excellent location. 31. Ancient site of Pago Pago Village on Alava Ridge; exact site and compo- sition must be determined. 32. "Mauga 'Alii" - "High Chiefs Burial Ground", in the Sa'ilele area, exact location and composition to be determined. 33@ Vaitogi Village, seaward to the south side is open recreational space; blow holes along the shore; site of the popular "Turtle and Shark" legend which school children sing. There are good swimming holes with pockets of sand in the rock channels along the shore. 34. Cinema: Pago Pago Cinemas, Lepua. 35. Cinema: Haleck's West, Pava'ia'i. 36. Cinema: Leone Theatre, Leone. 37@ Rex Lee Auditorium. 38. LBJ Hospital, now moved to Faga'alu. 39. Fautasi (longboat) races begin here (exact spot?) and finish off Pago Pago Park. 40. Scenic crest road pass to Afono. 41. Scenic crest road pass to Fagasa. 42. Feleti Pacific Library, in Centipede Row area, Pago Pago Bay south shore. (Note also the Library of American Samoa in Utulei). SURFING SITES: Reported by R. Shaffer, Director, Office of Samoan Informa- tion, ASG, Feb. 1980. He indicates sites remain to be dis- covered in Manu'a. Sites listed presumably for regular surf- boards and some overlap with body surfing. He estimates maximum wave heights. 142 43. Tula Reef Break: best on calm days with small ground swell and on an in- coming tide; rights and lefts, similar to normal beach break conditions, November to March. 44. Alao Reef Break: same conditions as (43). 45. Aunu'u Reef Break: can handle large westerly swell up to 10 feet; right and left break on incoming to high tide; normal southeast trade winds are offshore at this spot. 46. "Gas Stations" near Alofau Village: long left break; can handle large southerly swell up to 10+ feet; incoming and high tide, and calm or northwest wind conditions are best. 47. Lauli'i "No. 2" Point Break: rights only into channel; can handle south or easterly swell up to 6-8 feet; incoming to high tide, and calm or northwest wind conditions are'best, November to March. 48. Lauli'i "No. 1" Point Break: left break only; southerly swell; best during light southeast trades and incoming tide; good to 8-10 feet. 49. "The Hotel": learner's spot; tiny waves year around on any large swell; incoming tide necessary; wind conditions unimportant. 50. "The Park" next to Faga'alu Park: right break only 2-6 feet; extremely shallow, very fast waves and very hollow; excellent on good southeast swell and incoming tide with northwest winds or glassy conditions; November to April. 51. Matu'u: big right break into channel; rideable waves up to 10+ feet with large peaks, steep drop, short ride; best during incoming tide and northwest winds or glassy conditions; November to March. 52. "Lefts" west of Matu'u. good left break, steep takeoff, long wall, and good ride; from 2-10 feet on east or southerly swell; incoming tide and glassy conditions or northwest winds; November to March. 53. "The Rock" (Fatuuli Rock off Utulaina Point): good right break into channel, and radical left over reef -- but good wave in certain condi- tions; Right break: steep drop, long ride, excellent wave, very fast and hollow, from 3-10+ feet. Left break: steep takeoff, short fast ride with pullout at the end; both waves on incoming tide, northwest winds or glassy conditions best; November to March. 54. Nu'uuli: excellent right break, 3-9+ feet, long wall, steep takeoff, fast and hollow; easy paddle out; incoming tide and northwest wind or glassy conditions; November to March. 55. "Birds" point break (Asili): a right in front of the village; long smooth lines from 4-10 feet; far out and long paddle; must be near high tide as a coral head is located near the end of the ride; best on glassy days or northwest winds; known to break at any time of year and not affected much by southeast trades. 143 56. "The Pastor's"House (Amanave Village)- long, fast over reef; incoming tide necessary as very shallow; must pull out at end of ride; good year around and not affected by southeast trades. 57. Poloa: rights and lefts similar to beach break waves; incoming or high tide year around but blows out on north or west winds; 3-8' and easy paddle. 58. Faleasao Village,, Ta'u: rights and lefts at channel mouth on a north swell, but closes out at 6'; incoming tide, and good on all winds ex- cept north or west, or when conditions are too glassy, 59. Ofu Boat Harbor and Power Station. 60. Ofu Village Basketball Court. 61. Ofu, Nuupule Rock, good swimming. 62. Faalaaga Beach, most outstanding example of curving tropical white sand beach in American Samoa. 63@ Olosega Village Shoreline, another outstanding white beach. 64. Faleasao Power Plant and Beach. 65. Ta'u Village Tourism Guest Fales and Village Beach. 66. Ta'u Theater. 67. Fusi Boat Harbor, Ta'u. 68. North Faleasao (interior of Siulagi Pt.) plantation land and Toa Cove/ Beach. 69. Agricultural Station, Ta'u. 70. Aunu'u Island Boat Harbor. 71. Alao Open Space. 72. Faga'itua Crest Park. 73. Aoloau/Aasufou open space/chief's tomb/super Fale. M Logotala Hill open space (ASG owned). 75. Olovalu Crater. 76. Vailoatai Village Malae. 77@ Faga'itua Village Malae. 78. Pala Lagoon Mangrove Shore/Conservation Park/Open Space. 144 79. Faga Shore, Ta'u, proposed new airfield site; 2,000'+. 80. Papa Stream Valley (potential recreation space?). 81. Mormon Church Courts, Malaimi. 82. Sailele Beach. Boat Ramps (BRI - BR13) 1. Pago Pago, existing. 2. Fagasa, existing. 3. Leone, proposed priority. 4. Faga'alu, concrete pad only. 5. Auasi, sand launch beside Boat Harbor. 6. Masefau, existing private. 7. Poloa, planned. 8. Ofu, planned, current beach launching. 9. Ta'u, existing, part of Boat Harbor. 10. Pala Lagoon, planned. 11. OMR Ramp, Fagatogo: existing, but too narrow. 12. Anasosopo, planned, priority. 13. Aunu'u Island, in Boat Harbor, potential. 145 Fish Aggregation Bu (FBA - FBJ) Depth Distance from Buoy Position (fathom) land (mile) A 14-15.2'S, 170-29.0-W 535 - 4.2 B 14-21.1-S, 170-37.8-W 900 3.0 C 14-24.6-S, 170-43.5-W 935 3.0 D 14019.2'S, 170053.9W 25 3.1 E 14-12.5-S, 170-43.7-W 500 3.1 F 14010.1'S, 170033.9'W 1,050 4.6 G 1401BA'S, 170025.4W 520 7.4 H 14044.2'S, 170038.5'W 1,350 23.2 I 14026.2'S, 170004.1'W 672 26.3 i 14014.7-S, 169034.3-W 520 3.4 SA Indicates possible locales for federal "Special Anchorage Areas" where- in vessels under 65' long can anchor without the requirement to show anchor lights. Since a pattern is developing of small boat and yacht moorage off the south shore of Pago Pago Bay, concern for safety and control of protected water space may make Special Anchorages an appro- priate innovation. Sites off Faga'alu, Utulei, Malaloa, and Pago Pago initially have been noted. .... Indicates routes of selected existing scenic trails. The whole trail picture in American Samoa remains to be well documented. Out of the full complex of trails, many of which are no doubt used for regular travel, work, and access, some will present themselves as chiefly recreational in nature. Trails marked here include the ridge trails from Fagasa Road crest pass up to the summit of Matafao Peak and up to the north bay ridge culminating in Alava summit where the Aerial Tram- way terminates, then eastwards along the ridge to the point where a trail north downslope to Vatia or a trail south downslope to Pago Pago near Leloaloa can be taken. Also shown is the steep trail up the Rain- maker (Pioa) from the Afono Road crest pass. Note also trails on Aunu'u Island. Many other trails, and perhaps some new ones, must be located. 146 Special Identification of a Major Potential Territorial Conservation Area The preceding list includes a variety of conservation, open space, and potential recreational sites in the general "Steps Point" area. A closer look shows that these form a cohesive group of contiguous locations, not now suffering encroachment in any large degree, which could wel '1 be designated jointly as a territorial conservation area with specified restricted use and access. A summary list of the elements follows. Note the symmetry of distribu- tion - east from Steps, including the Fogamaa/Larsen crater landforms, to Vaitogi Village; west from Steps, including the Fagatele Crater landform, to Vailoatai Village; north on the Steps Point road to the main highway at Futiga opposite Olovalu Crater just north of the main road. � Vaitogi Village: well-maintained with wide village open space and a scenic shoreline with swimming, blow holes, and the "Shark & Turtle" coast; note also the Chief's tomb and the high ceremonial arch in the village. (A small number of more well-to-do homes lie westwards on an unimproved road. ) � Logotala Hill: with unimproved road access; an ASG-owned parcel capped with a large, flat open space area with impressive views the length of Tutuila and into the Fogamaa Crater/Cove complex; a poten- tial district/territorial level recreation/open space site identified in the survey. � Fogamaa Crater: a proposed National Natural Landmark, currently with model subsistence farming activities within. � Fogamaa Cove and beach: idyllic and isolated on the inner margin of Larsen's Bay. � Larsen's Bay itself: potential for coastal/clifftop walking trails here. � Steps Pt.: the farthest southern point of U.S. Territory (worthy of a plaque and a scenic lookout); with the USCG lighthouse on a small federal reservation at the point; with controlled-access road leading down to the point from the north. � Fagatele Bay and Point: potential for clifftop walking trails here; note also extensive seabird breeding grounds on the cliff faces both here and in Larsen's Bay; one draft report suggests Fagatele Point as a wildlife sanctuary (land-based). � Office of Marine Resources proposed Marine Preserve in waters of Faga- tele Bay and environs, said to be an outstanding and little-spoiled natural marine area. � Fish Aggregation Buoys (C) and (H) located to the south approximately 3 and 26 miles from land respectively -- intended to be served chiefly 147 by boat ramps proposed for Leone and Pala Lagoon, and by launchings in Pago Pago Bay. Leala Scenic Shoreline: a National Natural Landmark lying to the west of Fagatele Point. (Also in this area is the "sliding rock" site.) Chief Moasegi's Tomb on the rocks above the sea: at the point where the Vailoatai South Road meets the coast -- a definite landmark at the west end of Leala Shoreline. Taputimu Experimental Farm -- and Potential open space: this ASG (owned? controlled? managed?) facility is located quite near the coast, just inside the turn of the road mentioned above; buildings currently in derelict condition with only banana and taro observed; great potential here for the seaward end of the farm to be developed as territorial/district level open space -- even as the remainder of the farm is revitalized in'a productive and pertinent ag role as per- manent buffer and open space to the rear of the suggested coastal pre- serve area. * Vailoatai Shoreline and lawn Malae: buffer the west of the whole pro- posed area just as do Vaitogi at the east end and Futiga to the north. * 4 land routes of access (restricted): 1) Vaitogi road; 2) Logotala Hill Road turnoff; 3) Steps Pt. road and turnoff to the landfill pro- ject inland from Fagatele Bay; 4) and the Vailotai South Road at Leala. (Note a few well-to-do houses above the coast just beyond the Moasegi Tomb.) * Steps Pt. also one end of potential scenic cross island trail to Olo- valu Crater, up to Olotele Peak along-the drainage divide, across Aoloau and down to Aasu on the north shore - Aasu Memorial and good potential camp site. 148 APPENDIX C. RECREATION AND OPEN SPACE RESOURCES, DETAILED SUMMARY DISPLAYS Diagram 5 in the text provides a compressed quantitative summary of land-based recreational acreage available. Displays in this appendix iden- tify and group the sites that were tallied to produce Diagram 5. They also extend beyond land-based spatial resources to marine-related and specialized resources, open space and selected conservation sites of potential interest, and selected potential. natural and historic landmarks. Diagram Display Title D-6a Composite Summary of Land-Based Recreational Requirements and Resources. D-6b Territorial Level Land-Based Resources. D-6c Manu'a Recreational Service District & Local Land-Based Re- sources. D-6d East Tutuila Recreational Service District & Local Land- Based Resources. D-6e Pago Bay Area Recreational Service District & Local Land- Based Resources. D-6f Tafuna Area Recreational Service District & Local Land-Based Resources. D-6g West Tutuila Recreational Service District & Local Land- Based Resources. D-6h Local Land-Based Recreation Spatial Requirements Projected to Year 2000. D-6i Composite Summary of Non-Marine Specialized Resources, Con- servation/Open Space, and Historic & Natural Landmarks. D-6j Composite Summary of Coastal Zone and Marine Resources, In- cluding Selected Beach Park/Swimmable Beach Sites Requiring Public Access, Marine Preserves, Boat Ramps, Fish Aggrega- tion Buoys, Surfing Sites, and Related Facilities. 149 DIAGRAM 6a. COMPOSITE SUMMARY OF LAND-BASED RECREATIONAL REQUIREMENTS AND RESO 19TE IS REQUIRED RESOURCES2 AUTHORITY, ESTIMATED ACRES Total ACRES Other Village/ Oompared Dist/Loc Less 1985 P&R DOE ASCC ASG Private TOTAL ro Req. Composite DOE/ASCC TERRITORIAL: 18 20 3 025 23.25 + 5.25 + 5.25 20 MANUIA: District*@ 1 .75 .75 .25 0 Local 1.25 2 .25 2.25 + 1 + .75 025 E. TUTUILA: District 4 4.5 4.5 + .5 4.5 Local 4.75 4.75 3.25 8 + 3.25 + 4.25 3.25 PAGO BAY: District 5 10.5 10.5 + 5.5 10.5 + 5 Local 5.25 3.75 1 4.75 - .5 1 TAFUNA: District 6 3 3 - 3 3 Local 6 2.5 2 .25 3.25 8 + 2 3.5 W. TUTUIIA District 4 6 6 + 2 0 Local 4.5 3.75 5.5 9.25 + 4.75 + 6.75 5.5 TOTAIS: 59-75 38.0 26.5 2.25 .25 13.25 80.25 +20.5 +20.5 51.5 -Territorial 18.0 23-25 + 5.25 20.0 -Rec District 20.0 24-75 + 4.75 18.0 -Local 21-75 32.25 +10.5 13.5 Only Non-5pecialized, Land-Based Resources. (Ex: Golf Course a Specialized, "Districts" are derived Recreational Service DistKj2ts, not administrative regional planning areas. These aggregate E2&ce totals require the context of access revealed in the displays following for full interpretation. EE2Llit lability and suit separate concern. avai DIAGRAM 6b. TERRITORIAL LAND-BASED RESOURCES TERRITORIAL LEVEL: (Central Location and Access per Total Population) (Overall Planning Standard: Over 30,000 Population) (Space Requirement: 1 Acre per 2,000 Population) Frojectea Population Requirement EXISTING RESOURCES: Non-Specialized land-Based., and Shorefront 1985 1985 (acres) (Some current development or planned treatme 36t890 18 SITE Authority & Estimated Net Acreage P&R DOE 'ASCC Other Village Priv Projected ASG Population Requirement 2000 2000 (acres) Pago Pago Park 20 50,195 +7* 25 (Final Elements Pend) Samoana. High School 3 Fields & Running Track ASCC Sheltered Gym .25 TMAL 20 3 .25 POMNTIAL RESOURCES: ASCC: Phased development plans for Olympic Swimming Pool. Phased development plans for Running TrackAthletic Field Leone Open Space (Between Elementary and High Schools): Alternat Running Track/Athletic Field. Fagalitua High School: Alternate site for Olympic Swimming Pool. DIAGRAM 6c. MANUIA RECREATIONAL SERVICE DISTRICT & LOCAL LAND-BASED RESOURCES District Level Standard: "Severe access problems coupled with population of at leas Population- 1985/2000 1,655A.935. District Requirement Acres: 1985/2000 -- 1 LML/DIVISION/STANDARD SITE/LOCATION MSTING MOURCES,2,A ==@7O@@ITY Z@S Other Village/ P&R DOE ASGG ASG Private T DISTRICT Manula High School .75 Ln LOCAL N) East Talu Rural Fiti luta School .5 West Talu Rural Faleasao School -5 Olosega Exception Olosega School .5 Ofu Rural Ofu School -5 Ofu Village Court 025 POTENTIAL: Manu I& High School: Expansion on available DOE ASG land to create ful] Siulagi Plantation Land and Toa Coves N. Faleasao: Possible future red park site. Vaoto Airfield/Marsh Space, Ofu: Possible enhancement of airfield and i alternate recreational use outside of air hours. DIAGRAM 6d. EAST TUTUILA RECRKATIONAL SERVICE DISTRICT & LOCAL LAND-BASED RESOUTM District Level Standard: "Geographic attenuation access problems + population of at Population: 1985/2000 -- 7,220/8,230. District Requirement Acres: 1985/2000 -- 4 IML/DIVISION/STANDARD' SITEAOCATION EXISTING IMSOURGES,ATJTHORITY, T. AC Other Village/ P&R DOE ASCC ASG Private TOTAL DISTRICT Anasosopo Landfill Park 4.5 4.5 LOCAL Aunulu: RuralNater- Aunu lu School .5 .5 Isolated Tula Coast: Rural Matatula School .5 .5 AlaoAJtumea E.: Rural Alao Sandy Open Space 2 Utumea E. Village Land ? 2.0 Alofau/Amouli: Rural Alofau School .5 .5 Aoa Coast: Rural Olomoana School, Aoa -5 Aoa Village Tour Site *25 .75 Masef au/Masausi-: Rural Masef au School .5 .5 Fagalitua Coast: Rural Fagalitua High School .75 Fagalitua Malas 05 1.25 Iauli-li: RuralAirban Lauli 11 School .5 .5 VatiaAfono: Rural Mauga-o-Alava School 0 Afono School 0 Aua Coast: Urban Aua School .5 .5 POTENT'IAL: Fagalitua Crest Park: Picnic and play area up off the ridge road. Aua (Proposed) Village Park: No site observed. Afono Road Crest: Possible lookout/rnini-park development. DIAGRAm 6e. PAGO BAY AREA RECRFATIONAL SERVICE DISTRICT & LOCAL LAND-BASED RES District Level Standard: "Generally acceptable access + population of at least Population: 1985/2000 -- 9,705/12,320. District Requirement Acres: 1985/2000 LML/DIVISIOW/STANDARD SITE/LOCATION EXISTING RESCURCES,AUTHORITY,EST. Other Village/ P&R, DOE ASCC ASG Private T @Autaplni Coastal Park 1 DISTRICT Fagatogo.Shorefront 1.5 Utulei Beach + Expansior 5*25 Fagalalu Park 2.75 1( LOCAL Leloaloa Coast: Urban St.Francis School .25 (Private) Atuu Coast: Urban Marist Bros. School .5 @Private) U1 Fagasa/Fagatele-. Rur/Vrb Lelatele School.,Fagasa .5 Pago Pago/Fagatogo:Urban Pago Pago School 1.25 Fagatog4o Malae 1.5 2 Utulei: Urban Fia Iloa School2Utulei .25 Fagalalu/Matulu: Urban Matafao School.,Fagalalu .5 11C POTENTIAL-. ngasa Road CrestAlava Ri@ge% i FLni-Fark/Strip Park/Lookout Potentiz Matulu Village: Any possible ppacc mountain-side (uka) of the road DIAGRAm 6f. TAFUNA AREA RECREATIONAL SERVICE DISTRICT & LOCAL LAND-BASED RESOURCE District Level Standard: "Generally acceptable access + population of at least 10., Population: 1985/2000 -- 11.,180/3-7,615. District Requirement Acres: 1985/aw - LEVEL/DIVISION/STANDA'RD SITE/DDCATION EXISTING RBSOURCES,AUTHORITY9 ST. ACRE Other Village/ P&R DOE ASCC ASG Private TOTAL DISTRICT Tafuna Park/Playground 3 3 LOCAL Nuluuli: Urban 0 Tafuna: Urban Manulele Tausala School -5 Tafuna Residential Playground..ASG Housing .25 South Pacific Academy (Private School) .5 1.25 Malaeimi Area: Urban ASCC Front Field 2 Morman@Church-Gourts I Ln Ln 3 Faleniu Area: Urban 0 Aoloau Plat:Rur-al/urban Aoloau Landscape Park --25 Sili laga School,,Aoloau -5 .75 Mapusaga Area: Urban 0 Pavalialio. Urban Pavaliali School 1 Ili lili: Urban Lupelele Schbol.,Ili lili -5 .5 Vaitogi: RuralAJrban Vaitogi Open Space 1.5 1.5 8.o POTENTIAL: Tafuna Park Expansion Space: Commsat area; contiguous? amount? configurat Aasufou/Aoloau open Space: Large open area across from quarry, Logotala Hill: large flat-topped height of land., NE of Fogomaa, ASG owned. Pala Lagoon Shore, Nuluuli-side: required space must be found for local le Papa Stream Valley: mountain-side (uka) of road., W. Nuluuli -- any space h Aasutuai School: at the coast, apparently inactive at present, future plan DIAGRAM 6g. WEST TUTUILA RECREATIONAL SERVICE DISTRICT & LOCAL IAND-BASED RESOU] District Level Standard: "Geographic attenuation acceav problems + population o Population: 1985/2000 -- 7,120110,095- District Requirement Acres: 1985/2000 LEVEL/DIVISION/STANDARD SITE/LOCATION EXISTING RESOURCES2AUTHORITY, T Other Village/ P&R DOE ASCC ASG Private T DISTRICT Loone High School 6 Fields and Courts LOCAL Futiga: Urban malaeloaAtulau: Urban Marist, Bros. High School -2 (Private) Falasao High School (Private) .75 Taputimu: RuralAJrban Vailoatai: Urban Vailoatai Village Nalae - 1.5 'Le one-. Urban Leone-Midkiff School 2-25 St. Theresa's School .5 (Private) Fagalele mission Grounds .25 Faletolu Coast: Rural Nua/Seletaga: Rural Alataua-Lua School., Nua .5 Amanave Coast: Rural Amanave Village Park .5 Poloa/Fagalilit'Fagamalo Poloa School .5 Coast: Exception Fagamalo School .5 POTENTIAL:. Taputimu Experimental Farm: Shoreward parcel has.tremendous potential as park/open space. Leone Fallst Could be developed with more open space along the stream of the falls area + possible access on trail above the falls. Poloa-Amanave Road Crest: Possible mini=p!rk picnic area here. DIAGRAm 6h. LOCAL LAND-BASED RECREATION SPATIAL REQUIREMNTS PROJECTED TO YEAR 2000, IN ACRES REC DIVISION STANDARD EXISTIM REQ. 1985 REQ. 2000 MANUIA East Talu Rural .5 .25, + .25 + .25 - .5 West Talu Rural e5 .5 2 0 + .5 - 1 Olosega Except. -5 *252 + *25 + 925 a e5 Ofu Rural .75 .25o + .5 + .25 - .5 SUBTOTAL 2.25 1.25, +1 +1.25 a 2-5 EAST TUTUILA Aunulu Wat. Iso. -5 45, + .25 + .25 - .5 Tula Coast Rural -5 .25s + .25 + .25 - -5 Alao/[Jtumea E. Rural 2 *5 +1*5 0 a .5 AlofauAmouli Rural -5 .5 0 + .25 - .75 Aoa Coast Rural .75 .5 + .25 0 a .5 Masefau/Masausi Rural -5 .5 0 + .25 - .75 Fagalitua Coast Rural 1.25 .5 + .75 + .25 - .75 Laulili RuralAirb. .5 .5 0 + .25 - .75 VatiaAfono Rural .5 + .5 + .25 - .75 Aua Coast Urban .5 -75.. - 25 + .25 - 1 SUBTOTAL 8.0 1 4-75@ +3.25 +2.0 - 6.75 PAGO BAY AREA Leloaloa, Coast Urban .25 .5 .25 0 a .5 Atuu Coast Urban .5 .5 0 0 .5 Fagasa/Fagatele RuralAirb. .5 95 0 0 .5 Pago/Fagatogo Urban 2*75 2f5 P+ *25 + e5 3 Utulei Urban .25 .5 2- .25 + .25 .75 Faga'alu/Matulu Urban .5 .752 - 25 + .25 1 SUBTOTAL 4.75 5.25, - .5 +1 - 6.25 TAFUNA AREA Nu I uuli Urban 0 1*5 P -1*5 + 95 - 2 Tafuna Urban 1.25 *75, + .5 + .25 w 1 Malaeimi Area Urban 3 95 +2*5 + *75 - 1*25 Faleniu Area Urban 0 5 - .5 0 - .5 Aoloau Plateau Rural/Urb. *75 :5 + .25 + .25 - .75 Mapusaga Area Urban 0 95 - *5 + 95 - 1 Pavaliali Urban 1 *75, + e25 + *5 - 1*25 iii,ili Urban -5 .5 0 0 0 .5 Vaitogi RuralAJrb. 1-5 .5 +1 + .5 - 1 SUBTOTAL 8.0 16.0 +2.0 +3.25 - 9.25 WEST T1JTUIIA Futiga Urban 0 *251 - e25 + *25 - 95 MalaeloaAtulau Urban 2.75 .5 +2.25 + .25 - .75 Taiputimu RuralAJrb. 0 -?5: - .25 + .25 w .5 Vailoatai Urban 1.5 95 +1 + .5 - 1 Leone Urban 3 1 +2 + .5 - 1.5 Faletolu Coast Rural 0 *5 - 95 0 a .5 Nua/Seletaga Rural -5 .5 0 + .25 - .75 Amanave Rural -5 .5 0 0 0 .5 Poloa/Fagaii 1i Except. 1 *5 + *5 + o25 - e75 Fagamalo Coast SUBTOTAL 9.25 4.5 +4-75 +2.25 - 6.75 ---j GRAND T(YrAL [email protected] @1-75s +10-5@ 1+9-75 -31-5 157 DIAGRAM 61. COMPOSITE SUMMARY OF NON-MARINE SPECIAIJZED RECREATION RESOURCES, CONSERVATION/OPEN SPACE, AND HISTORIC AND NATURAL LANDMARKS SPECIALIZED SITES & FACILITIES * Solo Ridge Observation Point and Aerial Tramway (6.,0001 Cable) to the top of Alava Peak. * Rainmaker Hotel: the only major hotel and principal tourism facility,, with the only swimming pool in the islands., and a private swimming/sailing beach. * Lava Lava Golf Course: 9 holes at present with expansion plans to 18. * ASCC Gym: currently unique; as would be the standard running track and olympic-size swimming pool -- should these phased developments be accomplished. EXISTING HISTORIC 1ANDMARKS, NATIONAL (See Appendix B details) � Blunt's Point Coastal Artillery Installation. � Aasu.Bay (1a Perouse) Historic Monument. � Jean P. Hayden Museum of American Samoa, � "Office of Tourism" Building -- now housing American Samoan Bank. � Atauloma Girls' School. � Fagalele Boys' School. � Government House. � High Court of American Samoa NM- This cursory preliminary listing,should be developed further in the context of a consistent local policy for differentiating sites of local historical interest for appropriate preservation as well. Two sites of national historic significance not listed would be the Tuimanula Tomb on Talu, and the U.S. Cession Site in Pago Pago. SELECTED SCENIC TRAIIS, EXISTING & PROPOSED * Breakers Point Trail: to be developed. * Blunt's Point Trail: to be developed and integrated with historic artillery. * Pioa (Rainmaker Mt.) Trail: requires upgrading and safety assessment. * Alava Peak Trail: up from Fagasa Road Crest., requires improvement and integration with such ridge park development as may be determined. * Mt. Matafao Trail: up from Fagasa Road Crest to highest summit on Tutuila, with possible further extension to Vaitanoa in interior Faga'alu Valley. XOrE: "Trail System 111 could integrate all of the above. Start at Breakers Point and ascend a new up trail to the Pioa Summit; then down to the Afono Pass; then Maugaloa Ridge to Alava Peak; (optional descent on Aerial Tramway); then along Alava Ridge to the Fagasa Road Crest; then up to Mt. Matafa6; then down to Vaitanoa Falls and Pool; then outbound in the Faga'alu Valley interior to an upslope entrance to the Blunt's Point trail; hence down to Utulei. Aunulu Island Walking Trail: could be upgraded and developed as day trip access to the interesting coast and open space features of the crater areas 158 DIAGRAM 61. (Concluded) SELECTED SCENIC TRAILS, EXISTING & PROPOSED (Continued) * Steps Pt.-Fagatele-Fogamaa Coastal Vista Trail: potential for development could be explored; see comprehensive discussion of the integrated conservation/open space potential of the greater Steps Pt area as detailed in Appendix B. * "Trail System 211: proposed cross-island trail from Steps Point at the U.S. Coast Guard lighthouse; along the heights of Fagatele and Fogamaa Craters; then north to cross the main road near Futiga; then up the western side of Olovalu Crater; then along the main ridge crest northwards to the height of land at Olotele Peak -- a site for developing an independent observation tower; then across the Aoloau Plateau and dawn the crest trail to the Aasu coast for termination at the Aasu Monument and a possible campsite. * Tumu Peak Trail., Ofu Island: could be developed provided extreme care taken to avoid current economic use areas, environmentally unsuitable terrain where man might harm nature., and hazardous terrain where nature might harm man -- or cause maintenance of the trail to be unfeasible. * Piumafua Peak Trail, Olosega Island: topographic maps show a faint trail at present that might be upgraded or altered per conditions given in the preceding entry. * "Trail System 311 -- Lata Mt,., and Laufuti Falls, Talu Island: offered as a concept for further study as a potential serious wilderness trail planned to traverse a broad range of environmental zones. As with all trails that would penetrate the high watershed., no development should be pursued until territory-wide conservation policies, standards, zones, and site identifications have been implemented per ecologic criteria. HIGH WATERSHED, COASTAL CONSERVATION ZONES, WILDLIFE AND VEGETATION SANCTUARIES AND PRESERVES, AND SMALL ISLAND PRESERVATIONS As suggested in the last trails entry above2 these topics should be treated comprehensively within the framework of fundamental territorial policies and authorities encompassing environmental conservation. Individual sites that may be notewortby include Laufuti Falls., Talu; Olovalu Crater,, Tutuila; the Aunulu backlands; the entire Steps Point area; Anapelapela Cove in east Afono; all the highest summits; the Vaitanoa Falls Area of interior Faga'alu; the Pala Lagoon mangrove shore area; and the small islands of Pola (with main island Tutuila environs),, Nuusetoga.. Taputapu., and Nuutele (Ofu). EXISTING NATURAL LANDMARKS2 NATIONAL (See Appendix B details) * Aunulu Island. * Cape Taputapu (proposed). * Fogamaa Crater (proposed)e NOTE: Rose Atoll.,outside the T-CORP study area, is organized as a * Leala Shoreline. U.S. National Wildlife Refuge. * Matafao Peak. Rainmaker Mountain. Vaiava Strait. 159 DIAGRAM 6j. COMPOSITE SUMMARY OF COASTAL ZONE AND MARINE-RELATED RECREATIONAL RESOURCES_, INCLUDING SELECTED BEACH PARK/ SWIMMABLE BEACH SITES REQUIRING PUBLIC ACCE559 MARINE PRESERVES2_BUT-RAMPS, FISH AGGREGATION BUOYS, SURFING SITES'p__AND RELATED FACILITIES. FISH AGGREGATION BUOYS, (10) -- See detailed list in Appendix B. These buoys are anchored generally 3-4 miles offshore and tend to concentrate fish (which are attracted to them) to the benefit of sport and commercial fishermen. BOAT RAMPS., (13 proposed) -- See detailed list in Appendix B. Aswith the Fish Aggregation Buoys, the Office of Marine Resources is the prime mover. Ramp sites are spread at good access points and their pattern is related to the pattern of fish aggregation buoys. UNDERWATER PARKS & PRESERVES 0 proposed); all OMR projects. � Utulei Reef Preserve off the Rainmaker Hotel and Utulei Beach Park. This underwater site is the most accessible to visitors and residents alike. � 'Matulu Underwater Parkp and Beach Outlook. The Matulu reefs are said to be the most popular of the readily accessible reefs for divers. Required is a minimal shore access point and facility. � Fagatele Bay Marine Preserve. A relatively undisturbed and rich marine environment identified by OMR for extensive conservation handling. See further detail in the special Steps Point discussion in Appendix B. GENERAL RECRKATION-REIATED MARINE FACILITIES * Main Dock,, Utulei. Cruise ships tie up here. * Boat Harbors: Auasi, Aunulu, Ofu Village, and Fusi (Talu)2 with concept proposals for Leone development. * Pago Pago Yacht Club,, Utulei Beach. This is the hub of small sailing craft activities in American Samoa. Beach launchings at Utulei and at the private beach at Rainmaker Hotel are conducted. * Mlaloa Recreational Pier. This is.the principal safe haven for larger cruising yachts although facilities are severely limited at present. Carefully planned development and expansion is recommended, with development of services, space for relocated USCG facilities,, and slip/mooring expansion room reserved in the direction of the Autapini coastal open space development. * OMR scientific moorings, offices, boat ramp, former finger 'piersi and fish buoy depot,, Fagatogo. Plans are being formed for upgrading of this general area along with possible increase of wharfage for bet.t;e.r access by commercial/recreational fishermen. (Note-0 Pago Park also -haa a modest finger pier.) * Proposed Centipede Row Recreational Dock Development. Details are-given in Appendix B. The concept is to develop a small., clean marine recreation related access point and buffer between the existing Rainmaker Hotel and the existing fuel pier which is incompatible as a present neighbor to this tourist hotel. PROPOSED SPECIAL ANCHORAGE AREAS, (4) -- See discussion in Appendix Be These charted anchorage grounds could be established off the current principal concentrations of recreational boating activity for better control and use of water -space in Pago Pago Harbor* Proposed sites are at Fagaalu.. Utulei., Malaloa, and Pago Pago -- all of which areas are used currently for moorings. (Must determine reef/anchorage facts.Utulei.) SURFING SITES, A preliminary list of 16 supplied by the Director of the Office -of Samoan Information is given in Appendix B. 160 DIAGRAM 6j. (Concluded) PRINCIPAL BEACHES, SWIMMING SITES, & SEIECTED COASTAL LOCATIONS Manula * Toa Cove, N. Faleasao, Talu: Swimming? Courtesy access, Faleasao Village. * Faleasao Beach.. Talu: Swimming. Courtesy access2 Faleasao Village. * Talu Village Beach., Talu: Swimming -_ particularly in the central channel opposite the Tourism Guest Fales. Courtesy access, Talu Village. * Olosega Village Beach, Olosega. Swimming. Courtesy access, Olosega village. * Faalaaga Beach@ Ofu. Swimming on the longest most photogenic beach in American Samoa. * Nuupele Rocks, Ofu. Swimming in a good protected area. Courtesy access.1 Ofu Village. Aunulu * Aunulu Village south shore. Swimming? Courtesy access., Aunulu Village. Tutuila South Shore * Two-Dollar Beach. Swimming at this popular picnic beach* Access requires payment to private families in Avaio. Only present private beach park. * Sea-end of proposed Anasosopo Park. Swimming could be developed, all .under ASG control. * Rainmaker Hotel private beach. Swimming and sailing. Reserved for hotel guests. * Utulei Beach Park. Swimming with moored raft platforms. This is the top public swimming beach in the Territory and a headquarters for small sailboats as the Pago Pago Yacht Club is located here too. It is under ASG'control with plans for expansion once existing Utulei ASG housing can be relocated. It is the only public beach park at present. * Fagalalu Park. No swimming. Fagalalu Bay is chiefly used for small craft mooring and there is no beach at the park. * Matulu Shore Outlook and Diving Access. No beach or shore swimming. This is a proposed ASG development to create a shore spot facilitating access to the Matulu reefs, a favorite diving spot. * Freddie's Beach., Fogagogo. Minimal swimming only in the tide pool niches of this generally rocky coast which is a favorite picnic spot. Ownership/control status? * Vaitogi Village Surge Swimming Area. Swimming in the pocket beach covelets among the rocky coastal prominences. Courtesy access., Vaitogi Village* * Vaitogi Shark. & Turtle Shore. No beach., no swimming; a scenic rocky shore famous in a Samoan legend chant. Access through VAitogi Village on an unimproved road with no parking turnouts. * Fogamaa Cove. Idyllic beach cove deep in Larsen Bay without direct access. Undoubtedly swimmable but recommended for conservation/restricted access. Ownership? * Ieala Shoreline. No beach; some exposed swimming along the rocky coast. A good picnic and shore fishing area with some tide pools too. ASG controlled. * Vailoatai Scenic Shore. No beach, no swimming, just the scenic background to the manicured Vailoatai village malae. Courtesy access. * Fagalele Shoreline. Good swimming off the rocks below the old Mission Grounds. Courtesy access across private mission grounds or along shore with villAge approval. * Nua Village Beach* Some swimming. Courtesy access. * Utumea West Beach. Swimming? This narrow beach is marked with "private" signs, presumably considered restricted for local use. * Amanave Village Park/Beach. Swimming. Courtesy access,, Amanave Village. Tutuila North Shore - Conditions little documented; access generally poor. * Salilele Village Beach provides a classic setting -- coralline white beach backed by palms, encompassed by rocky points. Swimming conditions unknown. Village courtesy access presumed. Great potential. * Vatia Village Beach -- and several others -- may play future rec roles. 161 APPENDIX D. AREA AND DIMENSION REQUIREMENTS. SELECTED RECREATION/SPORTS FACILITY ELEMENTS Diagra D-7a * Combination Baseball, Football, Softball Fields. D-7b * Multiple Recreation Court. D-7c * Athletic Ballfields within 1/4 Mile Running Track. D-7d * Touch and Flag Football. D-7e * Softball 12" (Fast and Slow Pitch). Source: Departments.of the Army, Navy, & Air Force, Plan ning and Design of Outdoor Sports Facilities, October, 1975. 162 DIAGRAM 7a. SPACE STANDARDS: COMBINATION BASEBALL, FOMBALL SOFTBALL MLDS TM &803-IO/NAVFAC P-4571AFR 88-M I> x A COMBINATION BASEBALL, FOOTBALL, SOFTBALL FIELDS X NAME OF SPORTS ORGANIZATION Basaban-The Official Playing Rules Committee. Official Baseball Rules, 1974. A/N O'JCM 0 FLAG S fiball-Arnateur Softball Association of America (ASA). Touch and Flag FOOTBALL IOPTIOPAAI@@ F tba:;-National Touch and Flag Football Rules-The Athletic Institute. 1. 00 t OFTBALL SOFTBALL MULTIPLE Foe ba . I I man-National Collegiate Athletic Association I NCAAI. SOFTBALL RECOMMENDED AREA \j 1 0 FOOTBALL Varies with number of fields and configuration. - - - - - - 22S FAST Pff N MZ SLOW PIC SIZE AND DIMENSION MR TC 77 1 Varies with number of fields and configuration. - - - - - - ORIENTATION 0 Pr (erred orientation varies when combinations are used. Selection for priority e OFTBALL should be based on anticipated use, time of play. and local site conditions. SURFACE AND DRAINAGE Surface is to be turf. Drainage is to be provided following guidelines for individual sports. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS J Safety aspects of each sport of field muct not be compromised when multi- MULTIPLE SOFTBALL WITH OPTIONAL use concepts are employed. TOUCH AND FLAG FOOTBALL NOTES: For individual field dimensions and details see figure 22 (Sas*bmffl. figure 29 (Footbaffl. figure 30 (Touch and Flag Foottia"I and figum 36 (Softbaill. For grading drid dtoinage details see figure 69. BASEBALL AND FOOTS Foe surfacing deeds a" figure 710, 2, 114 2-115 DIAGRAM.7b. SPACE STANDARDS: MULTIPLE RECREATION COURT TM S-8n'0/NAVFAC P-457/AFR W33 12* all zr Ir MULTIPLE RECREATION COURT . ..... T., STA NOAAO WITH IF Ir 0 CUT NAME OF SPORTS ORGANIZATION C A N T IfLOVA ERD.T 10 REMOVABLE MAY VARY -T. WITH FLUSH BACK TENNIS AND a U 8 sketba 11 -National Collegiate Athletic Association, (NCAA). 1974. Volleyball- MANUF4CTURERS) DECK PLATE nited States Volleyball Association, (USVAI, 1974. Tennis-United States Lawn Tonnio Association, (USLTA). 1974. Shuffleboard -Not ional Shufflo- T@NNIS r -------- Ch board Association, INSA), 1974. Ri 4@- RECOMMENDED AREA 11'41" ITINNISI Ground space ia 9.EQ square foot. SIZE AND DIMENSION Overall length it 120'-0". Overall width is 82'.C'. De@ ------ - ------ ORIENTATION I OLL M4 V Preferred orientatibn is for the long axis of the counfol, which isfarel expected to have primary use, to be nonh-zouth. SURFACE AND DRAINAGE Surface is to be bituminous material with optional protmive colorcoating or Portland Cement concrete JPCC), except that shuffleboard courts must be concrete. Wo' Preferred drainage is from and to and mt.'s slope of I" in 10'with the 17-0" 71 a, areas on each and to be level for the shuffleboard courts. 6 ;I, I . SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS V Removable posts with flush mounted dock plates murrt be used for tennis and volleyball to allow unobstructed use of other couns. Fencing should be provided W-0- high on an sides. NOTES: COURTLAYOUT lyl For i'dividual court 6@sions end details am ligur f9a.liebsM, figure 18 [Shuffleboard), figure 19 ITer and figure 21 lVelleybelf: for fari,,cs details we figure For drainage details a" figure 56: for surfacing -falls we figy's 10. For renriovable not post dotage see figure 65. 2-110 2 - 1111-0 P." 1. 1 - 1131 DIAGRAM 7c. SPACE STANDARDS: ATHIETIC BALLFIELDS WITHIN 4- MILE RUMNG TRACK TNI 5,@10/NAVFAC P40/AFR W33 324 ar b ATHLETIC BALLFIELDS WITHIN 1/4 MILE RUNNING TRACK FAct OF NAME OF SPORTS ORGANIZATION A Mile Running Track-National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). Footbafl-National Collegiate Athletic Association INCAAI. Soccw-National Collegiate Athletic Association iNCAA). b RECOMMENDED AREA Ground space is 4.0 acres. SIZE AND DIMENSION Overall length is 600.02'. Overall width is 276.00'. b b ORIENT4TION FOOTBALL FIELO__ --- ----------- \___J_ The long axis of the complex should be so oriented that it runs norih-south IACE OF to nonhwest-southeast, CU.a __47 SURFACE AND DRAINAGE b Track surface is to be preferably bituminous with optional synthetic surface. PI flanfields are to be turl. Ballfields should be crowned for drainage. VS OT Track should pitch inward at one parcentll:100) maximum slope. NOTES: SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS For indwidual f.eld tl,@sions @md details and I,ack di@e,sio@s and ditiod. see figure 29 1 Footb.111, figure 34 A system of underdrains and/or storm water sewers must be provided to (Soccer I and fg.," 40. 41, 42. 43 ond 44 1 A We accommodate surface runoff. Running T,.ck Layot#W For gading artd dmin.ge delaas scre figum 69. For surfacing details see figure 70. 2.116 2.117 DIAGRAM 7d. SPACE STANDARDS: TOUCH AND FIAG FOCYT13ALL TM SIM&IOINAVFAC PAPIAFR B&M NOTES: 27@ 4" Optional goal past may be u- - f a -gie metal Patin W "o. n'd rono with a cant,10"Orl jontal crossbar and two uprigh w-a height and spacing as to, TOUCH AND FLAG FOOTBALL Far go&[ am construction data fig-e 65. NAME OF SPORTS ORGANIZATION National Touch and Flag Football Rules, The Athletic Institute, 1971. Pylon to be construclod of soft malonal. red or mange in color RECOMMENDED AREA Ground space is 41,200 square toot 1.94 acre) minimum. -GRA01 SIZE AND DIMENSION PlaYiN field width is 120'-G". Length is 300'-0". Additional area recommended GOAL POSTS is W-0- minimum unobstructed $coca on all sides. ORIENTATION NOTES- Preferred orientation is for the long axis to be norlhest-couthonst to awl the iingle of the sun in the fall playing season, or north- south for longer Por,odo. Ali -ancunnnents should be made from the ;rsido edge of fin" marking boundariov. SURFACE AND DRAINAGE Surface is to be turl. Ali field dimension li- shown must be mDfkod 4" in width with a white, non- slot Preferred grading is a longitudinal crown with a 1 slope from center to each tomic material which is not Injurious to aide and adequate undardrairiogo. the cyce a, hi.. 01110UND Grading may be from side to side or corner to comet diagonally If conditions l(crow hatching in and rons is white. do not permit the preferred grading. it then be no clo-, then two It" to 0 the bound" lines. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS - - - - - - - - LNeousto Goal posts art to be provided at each and of the playing neld. Pylons are to When toorns or. composed of 9 or I I SIOE be Ptcheided as required by rule a. vlsveni@ a field 3W'-0- C120 YOSI tong with I" W-0- 120 YO) rones *F;d two 30%0- 110 YOI and tones Is ecornmerided. S1 For g,ad,n 0 and dolm o" dot tilit see W'r wo- figure 69. For surfacing details sear figure 70. PLAYING FIELD LAYOUT DIAGRAM 7e. SPACE STANDARDS: SOFTBALL 1211 (FAST AND SWW PITCH) TM &41@10/NAVFAC P4S?/AFR W33 441" r FIRST BASE UNE '0 6 i. "OME E PLATE NN. r 6 SOFMALL 12" (Fast-and Slow Pitch) SKINN lot NAME OF SPORTS ORGANIZATION Amateur Softball Association of America. (ASA), 1974. RECOMMENDED AREA 6 CATCHER'S BOX Ground space is 62,500 square feet 11.5 acres) to 90,000 sQuare feet 12.0 acres). SIZE AND DIMENSION .0 easelines are W-0" for mon and women, 45'-0" for juniors. Pitching distances afe 46*-0" for men, 40'-0" for women, 35'-0" for juniors. Fast pitch playing 4 R i ,,aid is 225' radius from home plate between foul lines for men and women. 0 Slow pitch is Z75' radius for men, 250' radius for women. LAYOUT AT HOME PLATE ORIENTATION Optimum orientation is to locate home plate so that the pitcher is throwing across the sun-and the batter Is not lacing it. NOTES: .SURFACE AND DRAINAGE Foul ll;nov, catcher!s. biinw's and coach's boxes. &rW Surface is to be lurf. Infield maybe skinned. The infield shall-be graded so 3' lines are 2" to 3" chalk knes. 30' DW LIAME that the base lines.and home plate ere level. Pitching distance Jor -orn*n's schbal to be 40'.0". SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS For Junior Player f94Z veart;f 4S'distance ban-" Backstop is to be located at a-rininirrwirt distance of 25' behind home plate. besq%. Wipich" distance. For vreding " &*I-*" dousift 9@0 69-M!, W. DIAMON For surfacing drrisas.see fivurs-70. For backsioto details see fWe 71. A 2. 74 2.75 a- _V- P LOA TE Nb APPENDIX E. AMERICAN SAMOA DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION RECREATION PROGRAMS IN THE SECONDARY AND ELEMENTARY SCH60LS. Recreational specialists in the Department of Education prosecute an active schedule of physical education and after school sports activities throughout the territory. They also represent the schools in the American Samoa recreation community at large. Most recently flag football and vol- leyball have been introduced for seventh and eighth graders. Following are tables showing total enrollments of students based on in- formation provided through the courtesy of the Department of Education. The subsequent pieces on physical education are adapted from Department of Edu- cation reports entitled: "Elementary Physical Education", "Secondary Phy- sical Education Program", and "Elementary and Secondary Athletics", all sup- plied by the Department of Education in February 1980. It should be noted further that in 1976 the same office prepared a "Phy- sical Education Facility Survey Report" which discussed general conditions, highlighted specific problems at individual school sites, and. suggested space and layout standards for multiple-use hard-surfaced courts. Elementary and Secondary Athletics (Adapted from the D.O.E. Report.) The increase in interest and support by students, coaches, and school administrators, plus the community, were big factors in success of the ath- letic program. We accomplished all the scheduled sports previously set for the school year. In the secondary program, seven major sports were offered: football, volleyball, basketball, track, softball, rugby, and soccer. Much effort and concern was focused on better game administration, especially officiating, and implementation of league competition. We introduced for the first time in regular league competition two new sports: rugby and soc- 168 TABIE 6a. AMERICAN SAMOA EDUCATIONAL ENROLLMM, JAN. 19809 EIEMENTARY SCHOOIS. (Figures Supplied by Department of Education.) 'SIXKKNTART SCHOOL 2 13 4 5 6 7 8 BOYS_ GIRLS AFONO 9 9 17 9 8 8 43 38 AL,ATAUA-LUA,NUA We ri @ureg Suj3T lied - - - - - - ALOFAU 33 25 34 35 34 *34 18 32 119 126 AUA 32 44 43 1 49 1 34 41 163 151 JUJOU I UFOU 13 1 14 6 8 48 34 FAGARALO 3 5 4 4 No Fi pro aSx@vi Ued' 7 9 FALEASAO' 27 30 16 26 29 24 26 24 101 101 FITI'UTA 12 12 13 18 15 16 17 17 68 52 LAULI'T, 13 13 13 1 6 13 12 10 7 46 41 LE'ATELE.FAGASA. 7 19 13 13 is 17 13 .10 60 50 LEONE-MIDKIFF 85 90 96 87 99 95 92 103 411 336 LtIPEL7.,LF- TpIllu 39 45 40 43 34 46 37 38 196 126 ftMULELF, TAFUNk 103 101 89 113 70 82 65 61 359 325 14ASEFAU 4 6 S 8 7 5 6 9 25 29 14ATAFAO 35 55 38 42 39 117 1,7 43 191 150 @[ATATULA 16 79 31 10 11 79 34 20 130 91 t4Aur,A-0-VL'A'VV 13 11 iq in 12 16 10 6 47 49 oru 10 9 12 12 11 11 14 11 4 4 & 7 OLOMOANA, AOA 10 8 4 13 4 5 10 29 25 QT,O.SrGA 6 9 5 8 15 14 9 15 42 39 PAGO PAGO 84 107 98 78 86 84 so 73 371 319 PAVA'IA'I 61 46 64 68 61 49 51 54 256 198- POWA 16 16 13 15 12 15 7 11 62 43 SILVAGA, AOL40AU 15 16 20 16 10 13 16 17 84 42 FIA IL04, UTULKI N6 ns-ur#qLSUVP@ ted ( Aasu - Iniratiwei lwainis not =ncud id) rOTAL 646--- R4 705- 651 1610 L.902 12,417 TABLE 6b. AMERICAN SAMOA EDUCATIONAL ENROLLMENT, JAN. 1980: SECONDARY SCHOOLS. (Figures supplied by Department of Education.) 9 10 11 12.. Boils Girls Total Bo G r1s Totaz Boys Girzo TotaZ Boys Girls Totc FAGA' ITUA R. E 7 8 73 151 65 62 127 63 6@ 126 68' 57. '1 LEONE R. S. 109 2 221. 122 102 224 111 106 '217 95- 75 1 MANTA H.S. 15 23 38 19 21 40 25 21 46 30 '22 SAMOMA H.S. '161 1.18 279 111 119 230 106 .109 2 15' 88 87' 1 TOTALS 363 326 689 317 304 621 305 299 .604 281 241 5'2 TABLE 6c. AMERICAN SAMOA EDUCATIONAL ENROLLMENT, JAN. 1980: ALL LEVEL TOTALS. (Figures supplied by Department of Education.) PRIVATE SCHOOL BOYS GI St. Francis ..... 0...... 4 Sr. 'Theresa-Leoxi&.. 0000.00 70 2 South-Pacific Academy......,,,,*.,* 604*i 54, Marist Brother-Blementary-Atulu. 0.:&q9G@:e0099*0 461 Marist Brother-Wigh School-malaeloa .00*90.00000000*0 250 Falasao High School-Lepuapua..*....Qoo..,,,,**,, ... 0 2 TOTAL 835 9 PUBLIC SCHOOL ECE*. ..... 949 9 Special Education ........... ...... 52 Elementary School ........ 2,902 2,4@ Seoondary School .... 09-0.00.000 .00000000000.0 .. 000 lf266 1,1 TOTAL 5,169 4,5 COMBINED Private 1089 Public 9C735 TOTAL 111,524 AMERICAN SAMOA COMMUNITY COLLEGE (ASGC) Full-Time: 485 (January 1980 figures courtesy Part-Time: 415 ASCC, Feb. 1980.) College Subtotal: 900 GRAND STUDENT TOTAL 12,,424 cer. The Hawaii-Samoa Invitational game and Mid-Pac tournament were big additions to the program. ASHAA made decisions covering player eligibility, regulation on age limit, and academic status. At the elementary level , we were successful in conducting flagfootball for boys and volleyball for girls in the 7th and 8th grades. The 24 schools in the elementary level were divided into 3 groups according to size: "Four A" division of 400 and up; "Double A" division between 200 and 400; "Sin- gle A" division up to 200; while the Manu'a schools make their own divi- sions. We need to direct more attention to developing athletic programs in the lower grades. NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS/RESULTS OF LEAGUE: HIGH SCHOOL LEAGUE: ELEMENTARY LEAGUE: VOLLEYBALL 4A FLAGFOOTBALL 52 JV girls Fagaitua 144 Pago Pago - Leone 49 JV boys Samoana 2A FLAGFOOTBALL 53 Var girls Faasao 107 Matatula 50 Var boys Fagaitua 4A VOLLEYBALL. HIGH SCHOOL LEAGUE: 61 Matafao BASKETBALL ELEMENTARY LEAGUE: 2A VOLLEYBALL 43 JV girls Samoana 56 Aua 53 JV boys Samoana Fagaitua. 47 Var girls Leone 50 Var boys Samoana FOOTBALL 160 Var boys Samoana 172 RUGBY 74 JV boys Samoana SOCCER 61 Var boys Samoana SOFTBALL 48 JV boys Samoana 43 Var girls Samoana TRACK 96 JV girls/boys TOTAL (HIGH SCHOOL) 990 III Var girls/boys TOTAL (ELEMENTARY) 369 PROBLEMS: The ideal situation for any high school is the availability of a fully equipped indoor gymnasium. We need the locker rooms, showers, safe storage rooms, weight rooms, etc. High school basketball and volleyball courts need re-surfacing with special top fine asphalt finish - not the coarse asphalt. most elementary schools are in desperate need of multi-purpose hard-surface courts to accommodate basketball, volleyball, square games, tether ball, etc. RECOMMENDATIONS: 1. A survey report was done by the Department of Public Works to im- prove our local fields. The estimated costs for improvement are summarized by priority in the following table. a. Marist Brothers School 5,400.00 b. Pago Pago Park field 20,700.00 c. Leone field 7,900.00 d. Samoana field 7,400.00 173 2. A full-time professional person is needed to develop and implement a full-scale Athletic program at the elementary level for grades 5-8 (a total of 2,542 students) not including the private schools. 3. A major concern is a thorough physical examination for each student. Two-year interval physical examinations are recommended for all students. This 2-year interval plan should start when the child is about to enter 7th grade. The 2nd exam s hould be prior to entering 9th grade, and the 3rd exam should be prior to entering llth grade. 4. D.O.E. should seek membership in the National Federation of High Schools Associations. To be sanctioned by this association would bring nation-wide recognition to our high school athletics programs. 5. Off-island D.O.E. recruitments should also include athletic coaches. Up-to-date movies featuring fundamental skills in each sport should be made available to students. PROJECTION: 1. ASHAA's projection for the 1979-80 school year in. the high schools will feature the 7 major sports plus special 1-to-3 day tournaments in the following: volleyball, basketball, tennis, table-tennis, golf, and wrest- ling. 2. The elementary program needs to get off the ground. A projection for the next two years is summarized in the following table. 1978-79 1979-80 1980-81 Sports 4A 2A IA M 4A 2A IA M 4A 2A 1A M Flagfootball (B) X X X X -_ -7 X X X X Volleyball (B & G) X X X X X X X X X Track (B & G) X X X X I X X X 174 1978-79 1979-80 1980-81 Sports 4A 2A IA M 4A 2A IA M 4A 2A 1A M Basketball (B) x x x x Softball (G) x x x x x Soccer (B & G) x x x x x x x Wrestling (B) x x x x 3. A full-time professional person is required for the elementary pro- gram. Second ary Physical Education (Adapted from the D.O.E. Report.) The Physical Education program in the public high schools is operating under limited staff. There is a definite need to have specialized P.E. instructors in all high schools to promote beneficial changes in the secon- dary physical education program. The secondary teachers' physical educa- tion background has generally been improved. There are, however, a few who have not felt confident implementing the P.E. program this school year (1978-79). Evidently, the P.E. program is stable. The P.E. instructors feel that the program must be diversified to meet the needs of P.E.-oriented students. Most important of all is that the P.E. program has some positive direction which leads towards meeting the goals and objectives of the Department of Education. The present physical education program is planned and developed to pro- vide sequential development of physical education skills fundamental to organized sports. In order to develop the skills fundamental to group sports, the history, rules, and skills are required to be taught in P.E. 175 classes in all high schools. It is the intention of the D.O.E. that such sports as basketball, volleyball, softball, soccer, football (flag or touch), and track and field be implemented in all high schools. In addition to the above sports, the Physical Fitness Test was also conducted during the school year. The school year of 1978-1979 was marked by the desire to expand the P.E. programs in all high schools. The number of P.E. participants has increased every school year. The present number of boys and girls who are enrolled in P.E. classes this school year is 1,296. Below is the count for the respec- tive high schools: Faga'itua High School 9th grade boys 66, girls 61 10th grade boys 61, girls 60 Samoana High School 9th grade boys 157, girls 111 10th grade boys 94, girls 130 Leone High School 9th grade boys 112s girls 116 10th grade boys 99$ girls 105 Manu'a High School 9th grade boys 20, girls 19 10th grade boys 24, girls 22 The major emphasis of the P.E. program for the coming school year will be: � Maintain and implement the present P.E. program. � Revise the existing P.E. guide. � Enlarge the P.E. program by adding more sports. � Develop advanced P.E. courses for the upper classmen. � Continue the implementation of Physical Fitness Tests. � Organize workshops for P.E. instructors with emphasis on First Aid Care. 176 . The P.E. education program was not as successful as it could have been due to the turnover of teachers at the beginning of the school year and through misplacing P.E. majors to teach other subjects. Effective leader- ship and qualified instructors are the prime elements in a successful pro- gram. Future Recommendations. � Samoana High School should have a multi-purpose court and showers. � P.E. majors graduated from colleges must teach P.E. classes. Storage room and classroom for P.E. classes must be provided. � Accountability of P.E. equipment must be improved in all schools. � More sports must be added to the program. � Establish a P.E. committee to evaluate the program at the end of the school year. � Five days for P.E. instruction instead of three. Elementary Physical Education (Adapted from the D.O.E. Report.) . I The Elementary Physical Education Program is fulfilling its potential. Personnel in the various schools have different backgrounds. Some still lack the basic training necessary in teaching a broad physical education program. A trained physical education instructor has great advantages over other classroom teachers within the P.E. setting. Emphasis has been toward keeping the students active and providing enjoyment in the activities. Present development 'is in providing elementary teachers with a curri- culum guide that is simple, useable and activity oriented. Hopefully, a new guide will be implemented by early 1980. Though instruction takes place in group form, we would like to make provision also for individual instruc- tion. 177 MAJOR ACCOMPLISHMENT OF THE YEAR: - Greater number of people working in the total physical education and sports program. - Started on preliminary ground-work for physical education curriculum guide. -Completed majority of workshops planned throughout the school year. -Generally, there has been more participation in various activities. -Innovative activities are being offered. -Received some professional enrichment by way of attending National Convention. -Many more teachers are becoming aware of physical education and fit- ness as vital parts of the educational program. STRENGTHS OF THE PROGRAM: Many teachers that have experience in elementary physical education con- tribute tremendously. Being able to work together and share ideas has greatly aided the program. Many more educators are realizing the signifi- cant role that P.E. plays in total education. WEAKNESSES OF THE PROGRAM: In-service training is a main concern of ours. Not being able to meet with teachers consistently causes harm to the program. The allowable time set aside to conduct P.E. classes is very minimal. Still many teachers elect to use this as "free time." If more of the schools followed the sche- dule for P.E. periods, there would be less conflict over equipment use and play space. Insufficient equipment is a problem, but not a major one. If 178 ptorage, care and maintenance were properly administered, a minimum would be lost. stolen, or damaged. In order to establish adequate fitness habits, the P.E. program must be vigorously and regularly applied by trained per- sonnel. 179 APPENDIX F. SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE TABLES Table 7. Population, of American Samoa Study Area Villages by Census (1970-1980) & Projection (1980-2000). Table 8. American Samoa Age-$ex Cohorts. Table 9. Place of Birth of American Samoa Residents. 1960 & 1970. Table 10. Visitor Traffic: $ample Year 1978. Table 11. Land Availability and Density, 1977. Table 12. Residential Land Use Density. Table 13.- Agricultural Employment. Table 14. Primary and Secondary Income and Employment, 1913-1976. Table 15. American Samoa Government Trade Balance, 1970-1978. Table 16. Sources of Revenue, 1971-1978. 180 TABLE 7. POPULATION OF AMERICAN SAMOA STUDY AREA VILLAGES BY CENSU .S (1970-L980) & PROJECTION (1980-2000) 4 1970@ 1974' 1977' 19804 1985 20004 MANUIA ADMIN DISTRICT 1. M. PIANNIWG AREA #1 2.,112 1,808 1,705 lo583 11665 1,935 A. Fitiluta County 1.*T,easoa3.ii 240 197 181 162 170 198 12, Maia 252 244 241 236 250 291 B. FAleasao County 3. Faleasao 288 253 239 222 235 273 C. Talu County 4. Luma 260 251 247 242' 255 296 5. Siufaga 280 239 224 205 219 255 Do Olosega County 6. sin 99 83' 77' 70 66 75 7. Olosega 281 167 137 107 3.15 135 E. Ofu County 8. Ofu 412 37h 359 339 355 412 EASTERN TUTUILA ADMIN DISTRICT II.o RBG. PLANNING AREA #2 2.,441 29401 2.,438 2,9479 29605 39025 F. Vaifanua Coupty.(FAW) 9, Vatia (We;st) 391 395 398 402 415 485 10. Aoa (East) 390 345 326 392 415 480 11. Onenoa 173 143 131 117 123 141 12. Tula 329 345 357 370 389 450 13. Alao 271 345 326 303 318 367 Go Sua County 1-4. Afono 278 273 271 268 280 325 15. Masefau 340 306 292 274 288 337 16. masausi 140 175 212 261 280 328 17. Sailele 129 109 101 9? 97 112 III. REG - PLANNING AREA #3 29744 2045 2s777 2,9844 23955 3s3O6 18. Laulili 451 498 53o 57o 592 655 19. Amaua 496 5u 534 580 603 691 (Amaua) - - (60) (62) (75) (Aund) - (111) (115) (130) (Alega) - (23) (25) (38) (Avaio) (79) (82) (91) (Auto) (280) (291) (320) WtusiA) (27) (98) (37) 20. Faga litua 5o2 457 431 405 421 485 181 TAKE 7. (Continued) 1970 1974 1977 1980 1985 2000 H. Salole County 21. Alofau, 378 409 430 445 462 495 22. Amouli 365 324 291 260 270 310 23. AuasiAitumea F.. 104 120 134 156 162 180 24. Aunulu 425 426 427 428 445 490 IV. REG. PLANNING AREA #4 7.,886 8,,554 9.,135 9.,638 10030 12.,719 I. Maoputasi County 25. Aua + Anasogopo 11,002 13200 1035 1.,475 1.9585 1,815 Tafananai 23 36 49 72 75 84 26. Lsloaloa + Lepua 390 429 453 484 515 6oo 27. Atuu 305 582 880 4025 lj,100 1,325 Anua 56 41 35 29 31 37 28* Pago Pago (to Sata- 2,451 2s529 2,575 2s631 22820 3,630 la + Autopini) 29. Fagatogo + Mialaloa, 1,592 1,788 13912 2,077 2,225 2s600 30. Utulei ls,074 939 870 799 859 1,298 31. Fagalalu 993 1,012 lsO26 1,046 4120 1030 (Fagalalu) - - 992 1,060 1,0240 (Fatumatuti) - - - 54 60 90 V. REG. PLANNING AREA #5 6,555 72807 8,468 9,991 11.9485 18,010 J. Itulau County 32. Fagasa, + Fagatele 649 622 609 593 580 850 33. matulu/Faganeanea 431 410 402 392 455 650 34. Nuluuli 1.,804 2.,096 2,329 2,619 3,,040 4.,400 WESTERN TUTUILA ADMIN -DISTRICT K. Tualauta County 35. Tafuna 545 820 1,10h 4479 1.,720 3,000 Malaeimi - 340 386 437 500 750 Mesepa 462 340 295 249 290 600 36. Faleniu. 614 566 544 517 600 860 37. Mapusagafou, 314 532 786 987 1.,150 4700 38. Pavaliali 638 853 1,051 1,199 19390 2,400 39. I'li 'i li 625 615 610 604 700 1.,200 4o. Vaitogi 473 613 738 M 1,060 1,600 VI. REG. PLANNING AREA #6 5,347 5,841 6,015 6s971 7,850 U,200 L. Ieasina County 41. Aasu 89 168 252 331 350 425 42. Aoloau 359 276 245 278 380 680 43. Malaeloa 192 300 326 358 430 75o 182 TABIE 7. (Concluded) 1970 1974 1977 1980 1985 2000 M.. Tualatai County 44. Itulau 332 268 242 247 300 500 45. Futiga 288 273 266 276 350 560 46. Taputimu 341 396 435 460 500 650 47. Vailoatai 554 742 931 1,107 1,9180 1,s965 No Lealataua County h8. Ieone 1,657 1.,823 li,948 21090 2025 3oOOO 49. Faletolu-Pulenuu Title 446 473 496 507 560 730 Components: (Amaluia) (158) (188) (210) (220) (240) (300) (Asili) (197) (184) (178) (170) (190) (250) (Afao) (91) (101) (108) (117) (130) (180) 50. Nua/Seletaga 276 366 433 507 560 780 Utumea W. 50 46 44 42 50 80 51. Agugulu/Failolo, 99 135 162 206 225 285 52. Amanave 292 292 292 @92 330 420 53. Poloa 166 152 147 140 150 220 54. Fagalili 90 78 73 78 90 120 Maloata. 7 1 1 1 10 25 55. Fagamalo 62 52 48 51 60 90 GRAND TOMS 27.,o85 29.,156 30.,538 33,,5o6 362890 50,9195 Note that stucbr area omits Swain's Island'* * Tafananai reported in Plan. Area A. Numbered sequence is of villages with pulenuus appointed by the Department of Ic@cal Government. Sources: 'U.S. Census of Population. 2Report on the 1974 Census of Amer-!can Samoa. 3ASG DPO., Ten Percent Sample Survey. 4ASG DPO, "American Samoa* Population Projection by Planning Districts and by Five Year Intervals 1980-2005",, transmitted in letter of 4 Mar. 1980 by So leasiolagi., Statistician, to R.M. Towill, Corp. 183 I TABIZ 8. AMERICAN SAMOA AGE-SEX COHORTS Age Cohort Male Female Total Male/Female Ratio 0-9 h,583 hiph9h 9,077 50-5:49.5 10-19 3,466 3,376 6,842 50-7:49.3 20-29 1,873 1,973 3,846 48-7:51.3 30-39 1,397 1,365 2,762 50.6:49.4 1970 40-49 1,036 1,056 29092 49-5:50.5 50-59 788 652 i,h4o 54-7:45.3 6o & + 496 531 1,027 48-3:51.7 Total :13,639 13,446 27,025 50.h:49.6 Median Age 16.5 In Households 26,722 Heads of Households 3,844 Average HH Size 6.95 0-9 4,774 h,396 9,170 52.1:47.9 10-19 3,529 3,523 7,052 50-0:50.0 20-29 1,957 2,399 b.356 44.9:55.1 30-39 1,734 1,512 3,246 53.h:46.6 1974 W-49 1,237 11199 2,436 50-8:49.2 50-59 8hq 761 1,61o 52-7:47.3 6o & + 596 603 1,199 49-7:50.3 N.S. 55 32 87 Tot 9-1 14,731 ih*425 29,156 50-5:49.5 Me di an Age 17.6 In Households 29,156 Heads of Households 4*252 Average HH Size 6.85 0-9 5,220 4,500 9,720 53.1:46.3 10-19 3,890 3,750 7,64o 50-9:49-1 20-29 1,6oo 2,66o h,26o 37.6:62.h 30-39 1,770 1,730 3,500 50.6:49.h 1977 ho-bg 1,28o 1,040 2,320 55.2:44.8 50-59 740 -990 1,730 42.8:57.2 6o & 750 68o 1,430 52.4:47.6 Total 15,250 15,350 30,6oo 49.8:50-21/ Median Age 3.7.8 Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 1970 Census of Population, General Population Characteristics, American Samoa, Pages 56-11, 12; Development Planning Office, Report on the 1974 Census of American Samoa, East-West Population Institute, page 14-17; Development Planning Office, Annual Report on Economic Indicators, St is tical Bulletin, American Samoa Government, 1979, page 1. 184 -TABLE 9. PLACE OF BIRTH OF AMERICAN SAMOAN RESIDENTS2 1960 & 1970 NATIVE FO co Ln Tot al American United Westen Population Tota.1 Samoa States Other Total Samoa 1960 Male g.o6o 8,911 146 4 i,lo4 875 Female 8,go4 8,821 76 7 983 829 Total 20,051 17,964 17,732 221 11 2,087 1,7o4 1970 Total 27,159 21,286 20,o67 1,211 8 5,873 4,535 Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 196b Census of Population, General Population Characte 1970 Census of Population, General Population Characte TABLE 10. VISITOR TRAFFIC: SAMPLE YEAR 1978 DEPARTURES BY MONTH AND PURPOSE OF TRAVEL AMERICAN SAMOA: 1978 MONTH BUSINESS TOURlS TRANSITS OTHERS TOTAL JAN 211 916 3,154 2,507 6,788 FEB 251 611 1,991 2,305 5,158 MAR 228 622 831 2,441 4,122 APR 224 369 488 2,161 3,242 MAY 306 587 968 3,620 5,481 JUN 257 714 1,507 3,207 5,685 .JUL 283 840 3,081 3,866 8,070 AUG 365 1,144 1,920 4,185 7,614 SEP 353 626 994 3,667 5,640 OCT 362 960 1,170 3 189 5,681 NOV 328 791 2,874 2:986 6,979 DEC 288 747 1,723 3,104 5,862 TOTAL 3,456 8,927 20,701 37,238 70,322 ARRIVALS BY MONTH AND PURPOSE OF TRAVEL AMERICAN SAMOA: 1978 MONTH BUSINESS TOURIST TRANSITS OTHERS TOTAL JAN 448 1,063 3,636 3,285 8,432 FEB 450 926 1,699 3,042 6,117 MAR 373 854 1,133 3,186 5,546 APR 516 642 962 3,603 5,723 MAY 439 774 999 3,715 5.927 JUN 361 977 1,308 4,619 7,265 JUL 422 1,133 3,304 4,614 9,473 AUG 531 1,001 1,986 5,494 9,012 SEP 584 836 1,389 4,904 7,713 OCT 369 1,113 1,213 3,353 6,048 NOV 255 908 2,937 3,082 7,182 DEC 432 930 1,870 3,932 7,164 TOTAL 5,180 11,157 1 22,436 46,829 85,602 Source: ASG Immigration Division data in ASG Development Planning Office, Statistical Bulletin, Annual Report of Economic Indicators, 1979, p. 12. 186 -TABLE 11. LAND AVAILABILITY AND DENSITY, 1977 AMERICAN SAMOA STUDY AREA Total Percent Total Acres Percent Popul Acres of Total 30% or Less of Total 19 Manu'a Group 149464 29.7% 5,000 30.0% 1,7( Ofu 1,792 3.6 175 1.0 3 Olosega 1,344 2.9 124 0.7 21 Tau 11,328 23.2 4,700 28.2 1,1 co Tutuila* 34,3o4 710.3 11,675 70.0 28,8 Northeast Shore 4,205 8.6 720 4.3 214 Southeast Shore 4,281 8.8 630 3.8 2,7 Pago Pago Bay 4,326 8.9 925 5.5 9,1 Tafuna Plains 9,767 20.0 6,ooo 36.o 8,4 West Tutuila 11,725 24.o 3,4oo 20.4 6'0 Total Area 48,765 100.0 16,675 34.2 .30,5 *Tutuila includes the island of Aunu'u which contains 384 acres, 115 acres of these lands are less. The density is measured in terms of population found on lands with 30% slope or less (p Source: Development Planning Office, Economic Development Plan for American Samoa: FY 1979-1 Government, March 1979, pages III-11 and 18. TABLE 12. RESIDENTIAL IAND USE DENSITY 1977* 1977* 1983 1983 AMERICAN SAMOA STUDY AREA Existing Population Residential Populat Density Lands Manula Group 205 8.3 200 1,457 Tutuila 2,270 12.7 2,503 33,446 00 Northeast Shore 255 9.6 280 21552 00 Southeast Shore 252 11.0 273 3,oc)6 Pago Pago Bay. L38 20.9 455 109033 Tafuna Plains 820 10.3 94o lo .646 West Tutuila 505 11.9 555 7,239 Tot al 21,475 12.3 2,705 34,903 *Land area in acres; population density in people per acre Source: Development Planning Office, Economic Development Plan for American FY 1979-1984, American Samoa Government, March 1979, Page 111-19, 2 TABLE 13. AGRICUUTURAL EMPLOYMENT 1960 Total Employed 5,833 Employed in Agriculture 2,84o Private Wage and Salary 47 Government 18 Self-Employed l,o64 Unpaid Family 1,711 Employed in Non-Agriculture 2,993 Private Wage 1,427 Government 1,349 Self-Employed 135 Unpaid Family 82 1974 Employed in Agricalture 493 Communal 41.2 Commercial 72 No Stated 9 Produce Sold for Cash by 187 Agriculture Principal Source of Income 131 1976 Total Employed 7,297 Government 3,285 Cannery .1,214 Secondary 2,798 Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 1960 Census of Population: General Population Characteristics, American Samoa, P. 56-21. Development Planning Office, Report on the 1974 Census of American Samoa, East-West Population Inst-itute, ]@. 98-101. , Annual Report on Statistical Indicators, Statistical Bulletin 1979, p. 20. 189 TABLE 14. PRIMARY AND SEGONDARY INGOME AND EMPLOYMENT, 1973-1976 1973 1974 1975 TOTAL INCOME ................. $29,266,255 $29,800,265 $26,248,254 $261, ASG Income... 16,630,828 19,415,140 18,396,140 17, Canneries Income ............... 3,464,131 2,021,598 3,319,764 31 Secondary Economy Income ....... .. 9,171,296 8,363,527 4,532,350 5, TOTAL DAPLOYMENT * ........... 8,200 7,994 7,878 ASG Employment ........... ........ 3,901 3,884 3,359 Canneries Employment .............. 1,217 -700 1,300 Secondary Economy Ehployment ...... 3,082 3,410 3,219 AVERAGE INCOME ............... 3,569 3,728 3,332 ASG Average Income ................ 4,263 41999 5,477 Canneries Acerage Income .......... 2,846 2,888 2,554 Secondary Economy Average Income.. 2,976 2,453 1,4o8 AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD INCOME ..... 7,241 6,995 6,205 Population ................... 0.000 28,574- 29,190 29,400 Number of Households ......... 0 .... 4,042 4,26o 4,230 PER CAPITA INCOME.... ... o.- 1,024 1,021 893 Source: Development Planning Office, Annual Report on Economic Indicators, Statistical Bul Government, 1979, page 20. Tax Office emp.Loyment figures have been adjusted by the Development Planning Office to repr Smployment of an average of 30+ hours of work per week, Tax Office employment data did not TABIE 15. AMERICAN SAMOA GOVERNMENT TRADE BAIANGE, 1970-1978 YEARS IMPORT EXPORT TRADE BALANCE 1978 73,339,727 $104,155,656 $ 30,815,929 1977 54,940,452 81,232,067 26,291,615 1976 50,690,638 64,892,749 14,197,111 1975 49,893,544 55,897,558 6,004,014 1974 46,549,418 82,988,726 36,439,308 1973 35,952,859 66,576,005 30,623,146 1972 24,114,332 53,738,997 29,624,665 1971 19,556,873 41,396,235 21,839,362 1970 15,713,339 36,735,384 21,022,045 N.B. Figures presented cover only the private sector import and expor-t. Source: Development Planning Office, Annual Report on Economic Indicators, Statistical Bulletin, American Samoa Government, 1979, page 30 191 TABLE 16. SOURCES OF REVENUE, 1971-1978 DIRECT DEPARTMENT OF OTHER RECEIPTS FISCAL LOCAL CONGRESSIONAL INTERIOR FEDERAL SUB-TOTAL INDUST YEAR APPROPRIATION APPROPRIATION GWTT-IN-AIn GRANTS CO1WR OPERAT 1971 7,348,000 400,000 7,842,000 1,111,000 16,701,000 2,195 1972 7X6,ooo 470,000 10,733,000 5,183,000 24,692,000 206o 1973 9,836,ooo 520,000 14,510,000 5,545,000 30,411,ooo 3,510 1974 161695,000 556,ooo 13,444,ooo 6,981,ooo 37,676,ooo 5,996 1975 11,142,000 647,000 14,203,000 5,567,000 31,559,000 69007 1976 5,563,000 942,000 29,615,000 13,547,000 49,667,000 6,142 1977 9,582,000 798,000 22,074,000 23,721,000 56,175,000 6,2o6 1978 10,087,000 774,000 19,831,000 11,495,500 142,187,500 NA Source: Development Planning Office, Annual Report on Economic Indicators, Statistical B Government, 1979, page 16. 2.195 MAPS 2a/b: General Topography and Villages. 3a/b: Population and Roads. 4a/b: Selected Environmental Factors. 5a/b: Existing Recreational Resources, Landmarks, Schools, & Related Mapped Data, 1980. 6a/b: Principal Land-Based, Specialized, and Marine Recreation Sites by Recreational Service District. 193 POL.A L VAIAVA sTRAir VATII NO M FAU 0 MT. ALA JAMM 0 XT PIGA .0 ell, '70. GA 0 OLOAAJTUAI AASU FAG LE r AW LAUL AAW Mr. MATAFAO LAULIA NIALOATA o GAMALO FAGALF 200 MATUU/FAGANEANEA umu AOLOAU PLATEAU POLO LA CAPE TAPUTAPU MAM W MOMIIAI LAOOON TAPUTAPU I wumia WESM . TAFLNA TUTUI LA As" FAI AGUGULU/FAILC@LO AF Ile jk%kp, NUA/SE'ETAGA 'WI LETOW, PmAftNL LEONE BAY JTWALL e . @ - * "lu. IT00i LARSEN BAY FAGATELE SAY h U, 0 STEPS Pol OPU MAIPIWIll TA:W 410 SUNUITAO PEAK TWU AIRFIELD JPJUTRLE L ALAUFAU 00 Aff. PAUA UFAGA xuuom"L.*z 1. Tumu MU AIRF;IW Of u -OLOSEGA IEGEND t ia6l 2, Lwj@j W., t@,- @A 1 -0 Pat IR i'. AU", 0 90 li.. Al 0 ILL, 0 0 0 10 .0 0 0 0 1Oo 00 NU'UULI 00 0 0 0, 00 0 0 0 00 0 0 7, 0 TAFUNA 0 LEONE 06 PLAIN TUT ILA 0 % 00 00 *0 0 0 j 00 0 ; @_fw Ism OFU OLOSEGA LEGEND 16, I Will" Dx All 4@t POLA I WALAVA STRAIT TUTUILA LA c4mjAmtvu LA OON TAPUMAP&I-i. INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT LEONE BAY c r s 0 STEPS POINT TOA CAVE BEACH FALEASAO BEACH HARBOR 8 POWER PLANT POWER PLANT VIADUC 7'A'u VILLAGE :34 mAc CEM119"ING AREl @F'I'@Iulilrm L NAR3OR OFU VILLAW MACH AIRSTR#P OFU OLOSEGA ;@z 44 LEGEND d' Air 3.1 mow b SA K 49 G JS 41 b opal 39 so c a 46 5 52 2 v 53 3.6 FH@13 SR F82 < smo RE LEGEND BR3 Kumw O.W 0 mauna 0 3D MC wxqw Lomm Z .2 3.0 FI@H @2' 24 OFU OLOSEGA Fbi LEGEND 11196 saw UMLWAW KIM= :a Pk@ mAps 6a/6b. DETAIIED LEGM RECREATIONAL RESOURCES (LAND-WED) 0 - DOE/ASCC RESOURCE. TERRITORIAL LEVEL: PAGO PAGO PARK (UPGRADING REQUIRED) OSAMOANA H.S. - FIELD/COURTS + TRACK (SUBSTANDARD) OASCC SHELTERED Gym REC SERVICE DISTRICT LEVEL - DERIVED PER POPULATION 9 ACCESS: 0MANIJ'A: MANU'A H.S. (EXPANSION REQUIRED) 5 EAST TANASOsopo LANDFILL PARK (INITIAL DEVELOPMENT) A FAGA'ITUA H.S. - COURTS/LIMITED FIELD @6 PAGO B: LITULEI BEACH PARK (EXPANSION PROGRAMMED) 7 FAGA'ALU PARK MALALOA REC PIER (PLANNED EXPANSION REQUIRED) FAGATOGO SHOREFRONT UPGRADING REQUIRED) AUTAPINI SHORE (DEVELOPMENT PLANNED) TAFUNA: TAFUNA P;RK 9 CHILDREN'S PLAYGROUND (REQUIRES MAINTENANCE 9 POSSIBLE EXPANSION) WEST T <DLEONE H.S. - FIELDS 9 COURTS @ POTENTIAL TERRITORIAUREC DISTRICT SITES 41 SIULAGI PLANTATION LAND AAsu/AOLOAU OPEN SPACE LOGOTALA HILL (ASG) 16 TAPUTimu FARM - SEAWARD PARCEL (ASG) 17 OASCC - PLANNED SWIMMING POOL, FI ELD,TRACK,STADIUM LOCAL LEVEL 0-0 PUBLIC ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS a. Fitiuta., Ta lu n. Matafao, Fagalalu b. Faleasao,, Talu o. Fia Iloa, Utulei c. Olosega, Olosega p. Pago Pago d. Ofu, Ofu q. Lelatele, Fagasa e. Aunulu, Aunulu r. Manulele Tausala,, Tafuna f. Matatula,, Tula s. Lupelele, llilili g. Olomoana, Aoa t. Pavaliali h. Alofau u. Aasu (inactive) i. Masefau v. Sililaga, Aoloau j. Afono w. Leone-Yidkiff,, Leone k. Laulili x. Alataua-Lua,, Nua 1. Aua y. Fagamalo m. Mauga-0-Alava, Vatia z. Poloa 202 MAPS 6a/6b. DETAILED IMMD (Continued) (D-@ PRIVATE SCHOOL, VILLAGE, DTHER RESOURCES 1. Ofu Village Basketball Court 13. ASCC, Existing Field 2. Alao Village Open Space 214. Aoloau Village Landscape Park 3. Utumea E. Village Space 15. Vaitogi Village Open Space h. Aoa Village Park Pavilion 16. Marist Bros Private High School 5. Fagalitua Village Malae 17. Falasao Private High School 6. Fagalitua Crest Park 18. Vailoatai Village Malae 7. St. Francis Private El School 19 -.St. Theresa's Private El School 8. Marist Bros Private El School 20. Amanave Village Park 9. Fagatogo Village Malae 21. Fagalele Private YfLssion Grounds 10. Tafuna Residential Playground 22. Pala Lagoon (Nuluuli-side) Shore Space 11. South Pacific Academy (Prirate) 23. YCC Airport Landscape Park 12. Mormon Church Recreation Courts SPECIALIZED RESOURCES A RAINMAKER HOTEL - SWIMMING POOL, PRIVATE BEACH LAVA LAVA GOLF COURSE - 9 HOLES WITH EXPANSION PLANS 0 SELECTED BEACH OR SWIMMING SITES MISCELLANEOUS SPECIALIZED SITES A. Rainmaker Hotel N. Solo Ridge Aerial Tramway to Alava Pk. B. Lava Lava Golf Course 0. Blunt's Point Historic Walk C. Faalaega Beacht Ofu P.,Matulu Outlook & Underwater Park Access D. Laufuti Falls, Talu Q. Fagasa Road Crest E. Toa Cove Beach, Talu R. Freddie's Beach, Fogagogo F. Faleasao Beach, Talu S. Vaitogi Shore Pocket Beach Swimming G. Talu Village Beach T. Leone Falls H. Olosega Village Beach U. Fagalele Shore, (Leone) Swimming 1. Nuupule Rock, Ofu, Swimming V. Nua Beach, Swimming J. Salilele Beach, (Swimming?) W. Utumea W. Beach, Swimming K. Afono Road Crest X. Amanave Beach, Swimming L. Breakers Point Trail Y. Two-Dollar Beach (Private) Swimming M. Anasosopo Park, Swimming Z. Vaitanoa Falls and Pool 203 eo va 0 Wo Pago Alava,& a 7 EAST (D TU461LA Cos 1 0 A 06 PAG 0 BAY n SA L u Matafpo Z WEST v NU IUULI 3.1 010tele TUTUILA x I> TUTUILA TAFUNA LEGEN.0 LEONJ 16 Olovalu 0 Fogo 00 'C'O 0 sv, */a 0 qte@e 0 'A, 9 0'.. Tuimenula Tomb 1,0 V C, iumafua v ATum OFU, OLOSEGA LEGEND kcKATIM kllidCt'@IUMCT awn"lls.. Pon, KMOM.. pft"M un"I ANABOOM Wil two V BOAT (13), EXISIM AND PAMOSIM. FISH Asimwjan Buoys (A-A, swunine mus SA Pavonro CIAL ANCHOLW ANN (10. 0 SELECTU SURFING SIM. A PRINCI-PAL SUMUTS, 'TION@M SPA-M A NATUMLMTDP LOM UMRVA @j C 0. 70 NE ]MVILMO. ITALICS (EX: OSTlPe)lWJ!tATf INITIALLY NoTiveRMY SITES. REFERENCES References are arranged categorically under the headings following. There is minor cross- referencing of particularly important titles and selected ex- tracts from larger works. Check the most specific category first. For example, a reef ecological study would be listed under (5) "Marine and Coastal" rather than (6) "Other Environment, etc." which follows. Categories 1. Recreation 2. American Samoa, General 3. Socio-Cultural and Historical 4. Population and Migration 5. Marine and Coastal Zone 6. Other Environment, Conservation, and Natural History 7. Land Use and Tenure 8. Planning and Economic Development 9. Infrastructure (physical) 10. Legal Source Documents 11. Miscellaneous 12. Map and Imagery Sources 206 RECREATION American Athletic Association, American Samoa Chapter. American Athletic Association Program-for American Samoa, (date? prior to 1979) reference source: DPO Correspondence. American Samoa Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan 1969, mentioned in A-m--erican Samoa Recreation 06velopment Plan 1975-1980, not otherwise identi- fied. American Samoa Parks and Recreation Control Board. American Samoa Recre- ation Area Develoement Plan 1975-1980, submitted to Bureau of Outdoor-R-ecre- atioii, revised I Jan. 1975. ASG "An Act Creating the Department of Parks and Recreation, the American Samoa Park System and the Parks and Recreation Commission, etc.", H.B. No. 145 before the Sixteenth Legislature of American Samoa, Third Regular Ses- sion, passed Jan. 14, 1980 as Public Law No. 16-, and signed by the Governor in Feb. 1980 to become effective in law in 60 days. ASG Department of Education, Recreation Specialists. "Elementary and Secondary Athletics", typescript, 1979. ASG Department of Education, Recreation Specialists. "Elementary Physical Education", typescript, 1979. ASG Department of Education, Recreation Specialists. "Physical Education Facility Survey Report". typescript, 1976. ASG Department of Education, Recreation Specialists. "Secondary Physical Education", typescript, 1979. ASG Development Planning Office. "Comprehensive Village Surveys, DPO, 1979", survey conducted from March 1979 through Jan. 1980. Products in- clude original survey packets; "Results of Recreation Village Council Sur- vey conducted by the DPO (1979)" -- in three sheets; and a Jan. 1980 sum- mary typescript "Village Development". (Contains specific public feedback on recreational demand at the village level). ASG Office of Samoan Information. "Parks and Recreation Meeting set for Monday", American Samoa News Bulletin, 21 Feb. 1980. ASG Parks and Recreation Control Board. Territorial Report to the Governor on the State of Parks and Recreation in American Samoa, transmitted 22 June 1979, 1-21. Barstow Foundation. Community Recreation Plan 1968-1972 '1972. Boston Parks and Recreation Commission. Managing Vandalism, A Guide to Reducing Damage in Parks and Recreation Facilities, May 1978, 1-58. DeChiara, Joseph, and Lee Koppelman. Manual of Housing Planning and Design Criteria, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1975, 1-550. 207 Florida Recreation and Parks Assoc., and Florida Planning and Zoning Assoc. , Criteria for Leisure Facilities Florida Design Standards and Quantities for Parks, Recreition an pen _@J__l -pace. an. GAS. Territorial Recreation and Parks Plan, 1972. (Reference source: CH2M Hill, Wastewater Facilities PTa-n A-m-eri-ca-67"amoa). Hawaii State Department of Planning and Economic Development. Hawaii SCORP (State Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan), prepared by Marshall Kaplan, Gans, Kahn, and Yamamoto, Dec. 1971, 1-300. Hawaii State Department of Planning and Economic Development. Hawaii SCORP (@S@tate Com rehensive Outdoor Recreatio@nPl@an .Techn@jcal @Reor@t, prepared by & Har@ twe ssoc@ I tes. e@ -3 C. Antani & Hartwe ssoclates, ec. 3 Holloway, C.W. and C.H. Floyd. A National Parks System for Western Samoa (UN Development Advisory Team for the S uth Pacific -- UNDAT), Suva, Jan. 1975. international City Management Association. "Recreation Space, Services, and Facilities", The Practice of Local Government Planninq, 1979, pp. 273-299. Malae o Malologa Ma Faafiafiaga (Bureau of Outdoor Recreation Plan), 1971, mentioned in American Samoa Recreation Area Development Plan 1975-1980 not otherwise id6@tified. Marshall Kaplan, Gans, Kahn and Yamamoto. County of Maui--1974, Open Space and Outdoor Recreation Plan, for the Planning Department, County of Maui, Hawaii, Jan. -1974. (Contain specific public feedback on recreational demand at the individual level.) Park Plan for American Samoa, National Park Service, 1965. Ryan, Susan E. "Hiking in Paradise", The New Pacific, Mar/Apr 1978, 29. Shaffer, Rob. "Identification of Surfing Sites in American Samoa"* one-page typescript to accompany base map, locating and describing 16 sites, received Feb. 1980. Shivers, Jay S., and George Hjelte. Planning Recreational Places, Associa- ted University Presses, Inc., Cranbur:y-,N.J., 1971, 1-381. Urban Research Development Corporation, Bethlehem, Penn. Guidelines for Understanding and Determining Optimum Recreation Carrying Capacitx, prepared for Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, US Dept. of the Interior, Jan. 1977. US Army Corps of Engineers, Honolulu District. American Samoa Water Re- sources Study, American Samoa Community Profile --- 1978, prepared by Marshall Kaplan, Gans, Kahn and Yamamoto, May 1979. US Department of the Interior, Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service. Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service Technical Assistance Guide, "to be developed" as of 7 December 1978. 208 US Department of the Interior, Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service. Outdoor Recreation Grants-In-Aid Manual, Part 630 -- "State Outdoor Recre- a ti o 1-TTa-n-n-i'n-g-',--r-e-vis-e-d -6-y -Frog -ram Directive No. 29 of 7 December 1978. US Departments of Arnly, Navy and Air Force. Planning and Design of Outdoor Sports Facilities, Wash. D. C., Oct. 1975. AMERICAN SAMOA, GENERAL "American Samoa -- Future Not so Black" Pacific Islands Monthly, a report of a paper by Bryan H. Farrell at the 10th Tak_ir_f@icScience Congress, Honolulu, Sept. 1961), Dec. 1961. 125-126. "American Samoa, The Gateway to Polynesia", brochure, 1979. Andelman, David A. "American Samoa must Choose between Prosperity, Para- dise", Portland Oregoni 21 (8 Oct. 1973). ASG Office of Tourism. "Facts and Figures on American Samoa", typescript, 1-10, received Feb. 1980. ASG Office of Tourism. Visitor's Guide to American Samoa, circa 1979. Bishop, Jams. "American Samoa: Which Road Ahead?", Pacific Studiest. 1:1, Sept. 1977, 47-53. Bloomfield, E. "Pago Pago Area", South Pacific Bulletin, 18:1 (1968) 53-59. British Naval Intelligence Division. 'Pacific Islands, Vol II, Eastern Pacific, Geographical Handbook Series, B.R. 519A, Nov. 1943. Bryan, Edwin H., Jr. American Polynesia and the Hawaiian Chain, Honolulu, 1942, 1-253. Christensen, Chris. "American Samoa in the South Seas", pamphlet, 1973. GAS Office of Tourism. "American Samoa", pamphlet circa 1978. Goodwin, Bill. "How Almighty Uncle Sam's Dollar?", Pacific Islands Monthly, Mar. 1979, 20-22. Hall, C.W. "America's Shame in the South Seas", Reader's Digest 79 (July 1961) 114-116. Hall,, C.W. "America's Showplace in the South Seas", Reader's Digest, 87 (Nov. 1965) 157-164. Langdon, Robert. "All that Glitters isn't Gold in America's South Seas 'Showplace' ", Pacific Islands Monjtly, Sept. 1966, 31-40. 209 National Geographi Selected articles on the Samoan Islands. a. Jan. 1899: "Samoa: Navigator's Island". b. Nov. 1900: "The Samoan Islands". c. Sept. 1919: "America's South Sea Soldiers". d. May 1941: "Samoa -- South Sea Outpost of the U.S. Navy". e. Oct. 1962: "Western Samoa, The Pacific's Newest Nation". f@ Dec. 1974: "Problems in Paradise". Pacific Publications. Pacific Island Year Book, 12th and subsequent edi- tions, Sydney, 1977. "A Polynesian Primer of American Samoa from A to Z", pamphlet, "for more information: GAS Office of Tourism", date? circa early 1970's or earlier. Shaffer, Rob. "American Samoa: Stepping toward Self-Determination", The New Pacific, 2 Parts: Mar/Apr 1978 and May/June 1978. Shaffer, Rob. "Interview: Governor Peter T. Coleman", The New Pacific Magazine, 5:1:19 (Jan-Feb 1980), 56-63. Universal Business Directories Ltd., Auckland,'N.Z. Visitors Guide to the Samoas, 1979. SOCIO-CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL Ala'ilima, Vairo J, and Fay C. Ala'ilima. "Samoan Values Which Affect Eco- nomic Development" (date?, source?). Calkins, Fay G. My Samoan Chief, Univ. Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, 1971. Dumstrey, H. "Official Visit to the Islands of the Manu'a District", 0 Le Fa'atonu 18 (2): 1, 2, 1920. Hiroa, Te Rangi (Peter H. Buck). Samoan Material Culture, Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin No. 75, Honolulu, 1930, 1-724. Historic Preservation Plan (for American Samoa), (date? prior to 1979) reference source: DPO correspondence. Keesing, Felix M., and Marie M. Keesing. Elite Communication in Samoa: A Study of Leadership,, Stanford, 1956. Kikuchi, William K. Archaeological Surface Ruins in American Samoa, M.A., Anthropology, Univ. o-f-H-aw-airf, June 1963, 1-169 +-3. 210 Ki kuchl , Wi 11 i am K., Stephen L. Pal ama, and Thomas E. Si 1 va. "Archaeol ogi - cal Reconnaissance Survey Proposed Ta'u Harbor at Fusi and Quarry Site Be- tween Fusi and Fagamalo. Ta'u Island, Manula Group, American Samoa", Archae- ological Research Center, Hawaii, Inc., Project 14-48, US Army Corps of Engi- neers, Pacific Ocean Division$ Mar. 1975. Lipman, Victor. "In Another Country: The Samoans in Hawaii", Honolulu, Jan. 1980, 68-78. Lockwood, Brian. Samoan Village Economy, Oxford Univ. Press, Melbourne, 1971. Marshall Kaplan, Gans, and Kahn. Assessment of HEW Services Delivery to American Samoans, for US HEW, 31 Jan. 1980, 1-178, Mead, Margaret. Coming of Age in Samoa, Dell Pub., New York, 1928. Mead, Margaret. Soc'ial Organization in Manu'a, Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin No. 76, lulu, 193U. Silva, Thomas E., and Stephen L. Palama. "Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey Proposed Shoreline and Highway Improvements, Tutuila Island, and Aunu'u Boat Harbor, Aunu'u Island, American Samoa". Archaeological Research Center, Hawaii, Inc., Project 14-62, US Army Corps of Engineers, Pacific Ocean Division, Aug. 1975. POPULATION AND MIGRATION ASG Department of Education. "Break-Down Enrollment by Grades, Month of January 1980". ASG Development Planning Office. Economic Development Plan for American Samoa: FY 1979-1984, much population information included in the text, Mar. 1979. ASG Development Planning Office. Ten Percent Sample Census, 1977. ASG DPO (S. Leasiolagi, Statistician). "American Samoa Population Project- ions by Planning Districts and by Five Year Intervals 1980 - 2005", 4 Mar. 1980. Marcus, Edgar S., and Evelyn Gebauer (Development Planning Office); and Michael J. Levin and Peter N.D. Pirie (East-West Population Institute). Report on the 1974 Census of American Samoa9 1974, 1-163. Park, Chai Bin. Population Statistics of American Sawa: A Report to the Government of American Samoa, Dec.7972, 1-107. US Army Corps of Engineers, Honolulu. (Advance copies of 6 displays of population projections by planning area for American Samoa through 2005), received Feb. 1980. 211 US Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Cens'us. General Population Charac- teristics, American Samoa, 1960 Census of Population, 1961. US Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. General Po ulation Charac- @p teristicso American Samoa, 1970 Census of Population, Nov. 19/1. MARINE AND COASTAL ZONE ASG and Action Resources, Inc. Coastal Zone Management Proq@ram Enerq U. Facility Siting for the Territory of Ameri'c_a_n_T_amoa, Honolu e . 1980, 1-82. ASG Department of Public Works. "Light Draft Harbor Program", Edvin C. Remund ltr of 28 Feb. 1978 to the Governor's Office comparing Leone, Fagasa, and Pala Lagoon, and calling for Army Corps to update its 1971 harbor recon- naissance of Leone. ASG DPO Coastal Zone Management Program. Draft American Samoa Coastal Zone Management Program Document, Mar. 1980, approx, 100 pages. ASG Office of Marine Resources. (Handout indicating locations and charac- teristics of Fish Aggregation Buoys A through J), 1979. Bryan, Patrick. "Aggregation Buoys Bring Big!Catches", Samoa Magazine . in- sert to The New Pacific Magazine, 5:1:19 (Jan-Feb 1980), A18-A22. Helfrich, Philip. Assessment of the Expected Impact of a Dredging Project L2posed for Pala Li-goon, American Samoa, -Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu, 1973. Hoover, H., Harbor Master, Pago Pago. (Typescript concept proposals on 1) development of Malaloa Pier, 2) Leone Boat Ramp, 3) Pago Pago Interisland Dock Facilities, 4) and Leone Boat Harbor), 1979-1980. Keys, J.G. "The Tsunami of 22 May 1960 in the Samoa and Cook Islands". Bull. Seismological Society of America, Vol. 53, 1211-1227. Living Marine Resources. Environmental Assessment Harbor Development Pro- ject, Pago Pago, American Samoa, for Starkist Samoa, Inc., and the Govern- ment of American Samoa, 1974. Randall, J., and D. Devaney (Bishop Museum). Final Report, Marine Biological Surveys and Resource Inventory of Selected Coastal Sites at American Samoa, for the US Army Corps of Engineers, 1914. Sunn, Low, Tom and Hara, Inc. Pago Pago Harbor Environmental Data Assess- ment, Honolulu, 1975. Travers, Patrick J. (Staff Attorney, Office of General Counsel, NOAA). "Legal Authorities Available for Development and Implementation of an Ameri- can Samoa CZM Program", to ASG Development Planning Office, et. al., circa 1978-79, typescript 1-35. 212 US Army Corps of Engineers, Pacific Ocean Division. Flood Hazard Studies, Tutuilal American Samoa, for ASG, 1976-77: T_ �Aua and Lauliituai. May 1977. � agaa-lu Stream, 75g. 1976. �Fagaitua a_nTTmouli, May 1977. �Leone Vil aqe Area. Aug. 1976. �ffu-uuii Village Area, Aug. 1976. �Tafunafou, May 1977. �Va-ipito Stream, May 1977. US Amy Corps of Engineers, Pacific Ocean Division. "Leone Boat Harbor, Tutuila Island, Territory of American Samoa, Reconnaissance Report". (by B.R. Schlapak) 7 Mar. 1980, 1-16. (An update of 1971 study). US Army Engineer District, Honolulu. American Samoa Water Resources Study, American Samoa Shoreline Inventory, prepared by Sea Engineering Services, Inc., andT.M. Towill Corp., Honolulu, Feb. 1980. US Army Engineer District, Honolulu. Draft Environmental Statement, US Department of the Army Permit, Permit Processin idelines to Control the Cumulative Effects of Shoreline Development in Pago Pago Harbor, Tutuila Island, American Samoa, includes bibliography, Honolulu, July 1978. US Arny Engineer District, Honolulu. Final Environmental Statement, Corps Permit Activities, Pago Pago Harbor, Tutuila Island, American Samoa, Oct. 1975. OTHER ENVIRONMENT,,_ CONSERVATION, AND NATURAL HISTORY ASG Environmental Quality Commission. Environmental Quality Commission Documents, 1979, 1-64. Ashmole, Myrtle J. "Guide to the Birds of Samoa", Pacific Scientific In.- formation Center, Bishop Museum, Honolulu, typescript, 1963, 1-21. Bryan, Edwin H., Jr. "Rose Atoll, V.S.A.", Paradise of the Pacific 51 (4): 9, 25, 26, 1939. Dahl, Arthur Lyon. "Ecological Report on Tutuila, American Samoa". type- script 13 pages based on observations 7-16 Jan. And 15-31 July 1970. (Dept. of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560.) Environmental Consultants. Draft, An Inventory of the Wildlife and Wildlife 1 Habitat of the Islands of American Samoa, for the US Fish and Wildli?e__.'5__r- vice, in 5ree volumes: I - Main Report; II - Technical Appendix Part I; III - Technical Appendix Part II, Dec. 1977. Environmental Consultants. "Trip Report, Rose Atoll National Wildlife Refuge, May 3-8. 1976", prepared for US Dept. of Interior Fish & Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon, typescript, 27 Aug. 1976, 1-11. 213 Jensen, Bruce. "Bat Hunting in Samoa", Samoa Magazine insert to The New Pacific Magazine, 5:1:19 (Jan-Feb 1980), Al-A3. Nelson, Robert E. "A Look at the Forests of American Samoa", US Forest Ser- vice, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Berkeley, Cali- fornia, 1964. Nelson, Robert E. and Thomas Annastas. "Forestry Views of American Samoa". Unasylva, 20:4 -- 83 (1966) 23-27. Sachet, Marie-Helene. "A Summary of Information on Rose Atoll". typescript, 1-25 with bibliography, undated. (latest bib entry = 1953). Sachet, Marie-Helene, and F.R. Fosberg. Island Bibliographies, Pub. No. 335, National Academy of Sciences, National ResearcT Council, 1955. "Samoa Faces Record Drought", Samoa News, 6-280:1, 23 Aug. 1974. Setchell, W.A. (Dept. of Marine Biology, Carnegie Institution). American Samoa: Part 1, Vegetation of Tutuila Island, Carnegie Inst., WasF_._O_._U._, 1924. Smetzer, Barbara. "Night of the Palolo", Natural History, 78 (Nov. 1969) 64-71. Stearns, Harold T. "Geology of the Samoan Islands", Bull. of Geological Society of America, Vol. 55 (Nov. 1944) 1279-1332. des Geologic Map of Tutuila Island, Samoa dated 1941). Stice, Gary Dennis. The GeologX and Petrology of the Manu'a Islands, Ameri- can Samoa, Ph.D., Geological Sciences, Univ. of Hawaii, Sept. 1966. 1-160. Stice, Gary Dennis, and F.W. McCoy, Jr. "The Geology of the Manu'a Islands, Samoa", Pacific Science, 22:4 (1968) 426-457. US Department of Commerce, NOAA, Environmental Data Service. Local Climato- 1 SummaE@ of Comparative Data, _m' logical Data, Annua Pago Pago, A erican Samoa, 1971, "Narrative Climatological Summary", 1971. US Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. "Rose Atoll National Wildlife Refuge American Samoa", brochure, undated. US Geological Survey. Water Resources Data for Hawaii and other Pacific Areas, (Water-Data Report HI-78-2), Vol. 2: "Trust Territory o-T-th-e-Pacific IsT-ands, Guam, American Samoa, and Northern Mariana Islands, 1979, 1-108. Whistler, Wayne Arthur. Inventory and Mapping of Wetland Vegetation in the Territory of American Samoa, for US Army Corps of Engineers, Pacific-O-cean Division, Apr. 1976. Whistler, Wayne Arthur. A Study of the Vegetation of Eastern Samoa, Ph.D., Botanical Sciences, Univ. of Hawaii, Dec. 1979, 1-325. 214 Young, Reginald, and Jerry Johnson. "A Preliminary Report on Environmental Health in American Samoa", Public Health, Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu, 1970. LAND USE AND TENURE. ASG Development Planning Office. "Land Tenure Trends in American Samoa", Appendix B to Housing Plan for American Samoa 1978-1983, 1978. ASG Development Planning Office. A Land Use Plan for American Samoa 1978- 1983, Aug. 1978, 1-93 + Appendices-T-through G and Bibliography. ASG Development Planning Office. "Statutory Definitions and Related Judi- cial Interpretations Affecting the Local Land Tenure System". Appendix C to Economic Development Plan for American Samoa: Fy 1979-1984, 1979. Coulter, John Wesley. Land Utilization in American Samoa, Bernice P. Bishop T__T_ Museum Bulletin No. 170, 94 . Farrell, Bryan. "Perspective on Land Use -- American Samoa", Journal of the Graduate Research Center, 34:3, June 1965, 300-327. "List of G.A.S. Land, by Village", typescript, no date, received Jan. 1980, 1-6. Marshall Kaplan, Gans, Kahn, and Yamamoto. "Residential Development", pages 89-94, also pages 142-143 of Housing in American Samoa, Oct. 1972. Teller, William H. (Cadastral Surveyor, Bureau of Land Management). "Final Report and Recommendations Pertaining to Land Tenure and Cadastral Survey in American Samoa", 28-page typescript submitted 30 June 1970. US Army Engineer District, Honolulu. "Institutional Analysis", including 'The Land Tenure System, Appendix C to American Samoa Water Resources Study, Plan of Study, Dec. 1977. US Army Engineer District, Honolulu. "Land Tenure and Use" -- 2-23/24, and "Cultural Institutions of American Samoa" -- Appendix B to Draft Environ- mental Statemento US Department of the Army Permit, Permit Frocessing Guide- lines to Control the Cumulative Effects of Shoreline Deve opment in Pago Pago Harbor, Tutuila IsT-and, American Samoa, July, 1978. PLANNING & ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ASG Development Planning Office. "Comprehensive Village Surveys, DPO, 1979", survey conducted from March 1979 through Jan. 1980. Products include original survey packets; "Results of Recreation Village Council Survey con- ducted by the DPO (1979)" -- in three sheets; and a Jan. 1980 summary type- script "Village Development". (Contains specific public feedback on recre- ational demand at the village level.) 215 ASG Development Planning Office. Economic Development Plan for American Samoa FY 1979-1984, Mar. 1979. ASG Development Planning Office. List of 55 Villages with Pulenuu's appoint- ed by the Department of Local Government; this is the basis of the 1979 Com- prehensive Village Survey; typescript. recL,-ived January 1980. ASG Development Planning Office. Pago Pago Bay Area Master Plan, (Bay Area Planning Committee), 1975. CH2M Hill. Proposed Olovalu Crater Project, October 1974, for the GAS. 1974. Eckbo, Dean, Austin & Williams. American Samoa General Plan Interim Report prepared for DPO, GAS, Nov. 1972. GAS Development Planning Office. Statistical Bulletin, Annual Report on Eco- nomic Indicators, 1979. Kelly, Pittelko, Fritz & Forssen Pollak, Barsocchini & Assoc., L.A. E.@2a- togo-Malae Master Plan, Tutuila, American Samoa, Feb. 1972, 1-93. Pago Pago Harbor Corridor Transportation Study, referred to on page IV-41 of Economic Development Plan for American Samoa: Fy 1979-1984, not otherwise identified. Randall, Scanlan, and Assoc. Pago Pago Harbor Study and Recommended Program for Development 1972-1982, for the GAS, 1972. US General Accounting Office. Report by the Comptroller General of the United States, American Samoa Needs Effective Aid to Improve Government Operations and Become a Self-Supporting Territory, 22 Sept. 1978. Wolf Management Services (for the US Dept. of CommerceS Economic Development Administration). Economic Development Program for American Samoa, Wash. D.C., Feb. 1969. INFRASTRUCTURE (Physical) ASG Development Planning Office. Housing Plan for American Samoa 1978-1983, July 1978. GAS Department of Public Works. Wastewater Facilities Plan American Samoa, 3 parts: "Summary and Selected PTa-n-'ri@o @=Plan; Vol. II Technical Appendices; prepared by CH2M Hill, Feb. 1976. "Highways in American Samoa", excerpt of Chapter III pp 50 -74 1, ap@arently from a US Federal Highways Administration pub. (42-530 O__7O ---- 5 , circa 1969. 216 Marshall Kaplan, Gans, Kahn and Yamamoto. Housing in Ame ican Samoa., pre- pared for Development Planning Office, Oct.-TM, T-T80. US ArrV Corps of Engineers, Honolulu District. American Samoa Water Re- sources Study, American Samoa Community Profile 8s prepared b-y-Ta-rshall Kaplan, Gans, Kahn and Yamamoto, May 1979. US Army Corps of Engineers, Pacific Ocean Division. Civil Works Program 3'1x5" booklet with a section on projects in American 'fa-moa, status as of 15 Aug. 1979. US Army Corps of Engineers, Pacific Ocean Division. Water Resources Devel- opment American Samoa, with map: "Project Inventory American Samoa" -- ch does not yet show Ofu-Olosega Viaduct, Jan. 1977, 1-37. US Army Engineer District, Honolulu. 'American Samoa Water Resources St2L, Assessment of Water Systems American Samoa, prepared by URS Company Hawaii. Sept. 1978. US Army Engineer District, Honolulu. American Samoa Water Resources Stud Wastewater Management Data Evaluation Study for American Samoa, preparedly, M&E Pacific, Inc., EnvironmentaT E-ng-ii-neers, Sept.1978. Wiley, Bonnie. "With 5 New Buildings, Community College in Samoa Moves For- ward", Sunday Star-Bulletin & Advertiser (Honolulu), 21 Oct. 1979, A-33. LEGAL SOURCE DOCUMENTS ASG American Samoa Safe Drinking Water Act (21 ASC Chapter 21, Enacted by P.L. 16-13 approved 7 Ma-r.-1-979.- ASG (GAS). Annual Report(s) Fiscal Year ASG Territorial Disaster Assistance Act of 1978 (3 ASC Chapter 25 Note: 3 ASC 2505(a) establishes an Office of Disaster Planning and Coordination in the Department of Public Safety; 3 ASC 2505(b) requires this office prepare and maintain a "Territorial Disaster Assistance Plan". :Code of American Samoa. Revised Constitution of American Samoa. Travers, Patrick J. (Staff Attorney, Office of General Counsel, NOAA). "Legal Authorities Available for Development and Implementation of an Ameri- can Samoa CZM Program", to ASG Development Planning Office, et. al., circa 1978-79, typescript 1-35. United States Code, Title 16, Chapter 17, 4601-4 through 4601-11, "Land and Water Conservation, Funds". US Bureau of Outdoor Recreation Organic Act (P.L. 88-29). 217 US Department of the Interior, Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service. Outdoor Recreation Grants-In-Aid Manual, Part 630 -- "State Outdoor Recre- ation Planning". revised by Program D ctive No. 29 of 7 Dec. 1978. US Federal Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972,_as Amended (P.L. 92-583). US Federal Register, Wednesday, Mar. 28, 1979, xeroxed excerpt of 923.24 1r5Fo__re_f_ront Access and Protection Planning" on pages 18600, 18601. US Federal Register, Thursday, August 9, 1979, Part V, "Department of the T@nterior, Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service, Grant Procedure Regulations for Administration of the Urban Park and Recreation Recovery Act of 1978; Interim Rule", (UPARR Program). US Land and Water Conservation Fund Act of 1965, as Amended. US National Historic Preservation Act (P.L. 89-665). US National Trails System Act (P.L. 90-542). MISCELLANEOUS GAS Office of Samoan Information. Amerika Samoa.(The Magazine of the Ter- ritory of American Samoa), bi-monthl-y. Inter-Continental Hotels, Pago Pago, American Samoa. "Directory of Services and Information on American Samoa", 25th Anniversary of Intercon, 1971. "Roster of Officials, American Samoa Government, January 1979". typescript. Telephone Directory 79 American Samoa., 1979. MAP AND IMAGERY SOURCES Air Facilities: FAA Airport Master Record excerpt sheets for Ofu and Ta'u, and periodic US Flight Information Pub. "Pacific Chart Supplement". Archaeology: No comprehensive sources yet located. Works by Kikuchi and others include some background material. Museum of American Samoa and American Samoa Historical Preservation Commission may have more. ASG Land Ownership: Office maps at ASG DPO and DPW. ATLAS: ASG DPO has contracted University of Hawaii Department of Geography to prepare a CZM Atlas of American Samoa to be completed in 1981. It will feature stand-a-r-cT -Scale and up-to-date erage of some 17 themes covering much of what is listed piecemeal here. Base topography and General Culture: 1) Aeroservice 1973 base separates. 2) USGS 1963 Topographic Maps. 218 Climate, Soils & Vegetation: Environmental Consultants, Draft, An Inventory of the Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Islands of American Samoa$ Dec. 1977; plus wetland and vegetation stuaies by Arthur Wayne Whistler. Conservation and Proposed Areas for special handling: Environmental Con- sultants, Draft, An Inventory of the Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of the Islands of American Samoa, Dec. 1977; also ASG Fffice of MaTineResources relative to mariine environment. Fish Buoy Locations: ASG Office of Marine Resources. (Handout indicating locations and charac- teristics of Fish Aggregation Buoys A through J), 1979. Flood Hazard: US Army Corps of Engineers, Pacific Ocean Division. Flood Hazard Studies, Tutuila, American Samoa, for ASG, 1976-77: � Aua and Lauliituai, May 1977. � F-a-gaalu Stream, Aug. 1976. � Fagaitua and Amouli, May 1977. � Leone Village Area, Aug. 1976. � Nuuuli Village rpa, Aug. 1976. � Tafunafou, May 1977. � Vai pi to _Stream, May 1977. Forestry and the Watershed: No specific forest maps located, refer to "vege- tation" and "conservation" citations and some physical data under "water re- sources Geology: Pocket map in Harold T. Stearns, Geology of the Samoan Islands, Nov. 1944, plus coverage of Manu'a being added in 1980 by University of Hawaii Geography Dept. as part of the CZM Atlas of American Samoa, in pro- gress. Historic Landmarks (National, Registered): American Samoa Recreation Area Development Plan: 1975-1980. Hydrography: Map 2-2, Vol. I, of ASG DPW Wastewater Facilities Plan Ameri- ____F I can Samoa, prepared by CH2M Hill, Feb. 1976. Note this map locates the new rainfall gaging stations scattered around Tutuila). Imagery: 1) Aero Service 1971 air photos. 2) USGS air photos (used photogrammetrically to produce the 1963 topographic maps). Infrastructure: Power, Water, Sewer, and Solid Waste Facilities: ASG DPW Wastewater Facilities Plan American Samoa, prepared by CH2M Hill, Feb. 1976, also includes general maps of land use, slope, soils. Isohyet Map (Rainfall Distribution): Extensive checking shows none in existence; shallow records from a few new gaging stations on Tutuila may exist. 219 Land Tenure: ASG DPO office maps. Land Use: 1) Bryan Farrell, "Perspective on Land Use -- American Samoa", Journal of the Graduate Research Center, 34:3, June 1965, 300-327, also 1ncludes general land us@_. soils. and geology maps. 2) Aero Service circa 1973 map "Tutuila Island -- Land Use Map of Tutuila Island, American Samoa", with an extensive clas- sification key modified from the International Geographical Union classification proposal of 1970. Location Map: MKGK/Y 1980 map. Natural Landmarks (National, Registered): American Samoa Recreation Area Development Plan: 1975-1980. Navigation and Ports: U.S. Nautical Charts and U.S. Coast Guard Notices to Mariners. Pacific Regional Maps: The Pacific Island Yearbook and National Geographic maps. Pago Pago Harbor -- Circulation, Foreshore Fill/Erosion Characteristics, etc.: Maps included in the 1978 US Army Engineer District (Honolulu) Draft Environmental Statement, US Dept. of the Aru, Permit Processing Guidelines to Control the Cumulative Effects of Sh-oreline Development in American Samoa. Planning Areas (Regional): ASG DPO 1979 Economic Development Plan. Political Boundaries: MKGK/Y compilations and cross checks of various exist- ing references. County and Administrative District lines per standard map displayed in ASWRS American Samoa Community Profile - 1978 and US Dept.,of Commerce Census Reports. Population Distribution: MKGK/Y 1980 map compiled from all existing data. Population 1974 Enumeration Districts: Original mylar planning bases annotated for the Report on the 1974 Census of American Samoa. Power/Energy Facilities: Exhibit III-I of ASG and Action Resources, Inc. Energy Facility Siting: CZM Plan, American Samoa, 10 Jan. 1980. Recreation: MKGK/Y 1980 Map compiled from all existing sources, and checked in the field Feb. 1980. Reefs and the "Near Shore": Maps in progress by AECOS and Aquatic Farms of Hawaii to be submitted to the Army Corps of Engineers circa March 1980. Roads: USGS Topographic maps, MKGK/Y research, and information in the DPO 1979 Economic Development Plan; plus Dept. of Public Works sources. 220 Schools: 1) Public: Dept. of Education location map (received Jan. 1980) for high and elementary schools. 2) Private: MKGK/Y field and institutional research compilations. Shoreline Beach Inventory: US Army Engineer District, Honolulu. American Samoa Water Resources Study$ American Samoa Shoreline Inventory, prepared by Sea Engineering Services, Inc., and R.R. Towill Corp., Honolulu, Feb. 1980. Slope Zone: Dames and Moore, Sept. 1979 map "Slope Map Planning Districts, Tutuila Island". Note: Dames and Moore used a range of slope breakpoints in 'T' that will be altered to a different range of breakpoints (though still in '11 in the in-progress CZM Atlas of American Samoa. Soils: (See Climate, etc. and Farrell under Land Use, and Infrastructure Surfing Sites: Rob Shaffer's map and annotated list delivered Feb. 1980. "Tourism" -_ popular, contemporary: Map by James Bier in production at the University Press of Hawaii in February 1980 entitled "American Samoa" (ob- verse) -- "Western Samoa" (reverse) -- as corrected and updated by MKGK/Y. Trails: MKGK/Y research; also map in progress on Trails of American Samoa by Susan Ryan. Vegetation: (See Climate, etc.). Water Resources in General: 1) The several components of the US Army Corps of Engineers, American Samoa Water Resources Study, 1977-78, 2) US Geologi- cal Survey. Water Resources Data for Hawaii and other Pacific Areas, (Water- Data Report Hl-78-2), Vol. 2: "Trust Territory of the PaciME-TITT-ands, Guam, American Samoa, and Northern Mariana Islands, 1979, 1-108. 221 .1 v I I Li 11121111millm, 3 6668 14102 8466