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US A9 r ov@ll Lu 10K'c V1 VOLUME L KRATIVEs A GEORGIA STATE COMPREHEN$IVE.,QqTQQOR,.l RECREATION, ?LAN,1972, STATE js- . ... ........ . -C Z C collection NARRATIVE PLAN U . S - DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA CENTER COASTAL SERVICES 2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE VOLUMEI CHARLESTON , SC 29405-2413 STATE Georgia State Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan, 1972 prepared for Georgia Department of Natural Resources Division of Planning and Research by Environmental Research Group Georgia State University COASTAL ZONE INFOREATION WITER December 1972 r-4 (M 2> PrOPertY Of CSC Library CONTENTS Acknowledgement v I ntroduction ix Map: A rea Planning and Development Commissions Prior to July 1972 xiii Chapter 1. SUMMARY: CONCEPT, FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONS, CONTINUED PLANNING 1 Georgia SCORP Concept 1 Findings and Recommendations 12 Outline of Program for Continuing Planning 18 11. GOALS 23 Region Workshops 23 Subcommittee Reports and the Statewide Conference 24 State Environmental and Recreational Goals 24 111. POLICIES 29 State Recreation Policies 33 State Legislative Policy Actions 39 Federal Legislative Policies 45 IV. STATE RESOURCE BASE 51 Gems and Its Usefulness in Recreation/Conservation Decision-Making 51 Geology 56 Physiology/ Landforms 60 Agriculture/Soils Capabilities and Limitations 64 Climatology and Hydrology 66 The Population for Which We Are Planning 70 Mountains; Scenic Rivers; Natural Areas; Marshlands and Islands 74 Primary Wildlife Habitats 78 Primary Fishery Waters 82 Parks 86 Wildlife Management Areas 90 Fish Management Areas and Hatcheries 94 Boat Access Sites 96 Historical and Archaeological Areas 100 National and State Forests, State Nurseries, Seed Orchards, and Radio Communications System 104 Major Water Resources Developments: Public and Private 108 Transportation Systems 112 V. SPECIAL AREAS 115 Chattahoochee River 115 Cumberland Island 122 Okefenokee Swamp 126 Chattooga River 130 Cohutta Mountains 136 Suwannee River 139 Flint River 143 Special Areas Bibliography 145 VI. DEMAND FOR OUTDOOR RECREATION 147 Georgia Recreation Survey, 1970 147 Statewide Analysis of Selected Factors 169 VII. OUT-OF-STATE DEMAND FOR OUTDOOR RECREATION 179 1 ntroduction 179 How Travel Estimates Are Computed 180 Characteristics of Vacation/ Recreation Travelers on Georgia Highways 183 Growth of the Travel Industry in Georgia 183 Welcome Centers 190 Characteristics of Out-of-State Visitors 192 Implications 198 Foreign Travel 198 Vill. OUTDOOR RECREATION SUPPLY: PRESENT AND PROGRAMMED 201 Present 201 Programmed Recreation Areas 211 Georgia Recreation Areas According to BOR Classification 213 Major Public Recreation Supply 217 IX. NEEDS AND PRIORITIES 229 Needs 229 Priorities 234 Comparisons at State Level 237 X. ACQUISITION AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM 243 1971 Report 244 1972 Report 246 Acquisition and Development Program Matrix Table Summary of State Recreation Management Systems 247 Financing 265 XI. RECREATION RESOURCE AND FACILITY STANDARDS 273 Carrying Capacity Standards 273 How Standards Were Used in the Georgia SCORP, 1971' 274 National Park and Recreation Association Standards 278 X11. SPECIAL STUDIES 283 Participation in the Planning Process 283 Private Financing 285 APPENDIX: Part 1: How to Use the Statistical Summary 293 Part 2: Brief Contents of Progress Reports 301 Part 3: Glossary of Terms 310 Part 4: Questionnaires Used 325 MAPS BASED ON APDC REORGANIZATION, JULY 1972 327 iv jRCKNOWLEDGEMENT The Georgia State Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan (SCORP) 1972 is a great milestone in the history of state recreation planning. For the first time,a thorough stratified random sampling of the population has been designed and carried out, including a field inventory which yielded 3,350 private and public outdoor recreation areas. This Plan updates the 1968 Georgia SCOR.P, which used national data for demand calculations and collected supply information for public recreation areas only. The 1968 study also lacked standard and carrying-capacity calculations. At Georgia State University the project was commenced under the general supervision of Dr. Norman Harbaugh, Dean's office; Dr. Willys R. Knight, Director, Bureau of Business and Economic Re- search; and Professor Robert L. Chaffin. The project leader was Dr. Joseph C. Horvath, Chairman, En- vironmental Research Group. The demand survey coordinator was Professor Jere L. Atchison, and the supply inventory chief was Professor James E. Morrow. They were assisted by Dr. Gilbert L. Litton and Mrs. Adele Kushner, economists. Mrs. Mary Bowdoin worked as research editor. Donna Murdoch, Gwynne Guest, Gloria Studdard, and Sharon Long were the typists. Miss Nancie O'Sullivan, our resident graphic artist, was assisted by Miss Bee Lee Waddell and Susan Lightcap. Miss Judy K. Martin did the typesetting, and Mrs. Diane L. Fowlkes kept us in line with the budget. Mrs. Lucy N. Voight, Miss Marsha G. Moore, and Mrs. Susan Richards were research assistants. Mr. Ian McLeod Howard, chief of the Bureau's publications, and Miss Carolyn Pollard, assistant, were aided by Janice Snider and many student assistants-Maria S. Capo, K.M. Francies, Kathy E. Nikas, Juliette Wilson, Elizabeth Johnson, Leila L. Hartley, Mrs. Susan L. Turner, Mrs. Jane Black, Mrs. Beryl T. Birchenall, Joe Sturgeon, Patrice White, Terrilynn Harrison, Randy Ingram, Tim Jones, Susan Kushner, and Sherla White-who provided the many skills and efforts needed to produce the manuals for the supply inventory, demand survey, and other SCORP publications. The help of Miss Ellis Hughes is valued. We are particularly indebted to Mr. Tom L. Linder, Jr., and his predecessor, Mr. H. Oliver Welch., State Planning and Communty Affairs Officer, and the Deputy, Mr. Frank T. Benson; to Mr. Byron M. Kirkpatrick, Chief, Natural Resources Division; Mr. Robard Mark Hughes, Mr. Lovell R. Great- house, Mr. John Hammaker, and Mr. Burt Weerts, all of the Bureau of State Planning and Community Affairs (now called the Office of Planning and Budget). Messrs. Gene Steffen, Pleas M. Glenn, and Bill Bellinger of the USDI Bureau of Outdoor Recreation gave us considerable assistance. Recreation and other planners from the Area Planning and Development Commissions (APDCs) have also contributed, and their assistance is hereby appreciated and acknowledged. We wish to express our appreciation to Mr. Jack A. Crockford, Director, Game and Fish Division; Mr. A. Leon Kirkland, Chief, Fisheries Division: Mr. Hubert Handy, Chief, Game Division; Mr. Richard L. Payne; and Mr. Claude E. Hastings of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources; also from the Department, Mr. Tom Hicks, Mr. James Nix, Mr. Jack Sandow, Mr. John Frey, Mr. William Guthrie, Mr. Zan Bunch, Mr. Dan Marshall, Mr. Sam Ramsey, Mr. Thagard Colvin, Mr. Sid Painter, Mr. Terrell Ramey, Mr. Douglas Hedden, Mr. Charles Bryan, Frank Ellis, Bob Gasaway, Ronald Odom, Mr. Robert Howarth, and Lewis Self. They collected and field-checked those recreation areas which had water acreages providing recreation opportunities. The staff of the former Georgia Recreation Commission (now a part of the Department of Natural Resources), led by Mr. John H. Davis, was responsible for the supply inventory in metropolitan and urban areas. Their contribution is hereby appreciated and acknowledged. The United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, did the field work oil well over 1 000 recreation areas in the state. Our thanks and appreciation are hereby extended to Mr. Cecil W. Chapman, State Conservationist, J.C. Tillman, Deputy State Conservationist; and their v district conservationists and work units. These are J.L. Myers, J,H. Mattox, E.P. Lunsford, J.C. Booth, D.H. Norton, G.T. Bowers, H.H. Owings, Jr., W.C. Player, B.P. Thornton, R.I. Payne, D.G. Williams. W.A. Gaines, E.N. Keith, D.R. Brown, W.D. Brantley, H.H. Billings, P.A. Gantt, S.W. Avera, Jr., P.P. Patton, T.W. Cole, J.W. Lampp, J.C. Kitchens, J. Nelson, John E. Bomar, L.N. Harris, F.L. Burrell, W.C. Hardy, J.E. Brown, A.G. Dunaway, W.M. Gaissert, J.C. Butler, C.W. Smith, H.L. Anderson, J.T. Coots, W.B. Jones, R.A. Owen, B.H. Kinney, M.R. Seaton, R.R. Garrard, C.R. Gaines, Jr., L.P. Norris, R.D. Branan, J.A. Carey, T. Davidson, M. Whitley, J.C. Taff, J.L. Boling, P.L. Marshall, M.F. Garey, McWhorter, H.K. Jordan, M.L. Bridges, H.G. Breedlove, G.W. Clark, Jr., W.R. Smith, W.D. Bynum, M.F. Beall, Jr., A.L. Price, J.E. Brinson, H.W. RabuTn, CW. Prince, C.S. Chapman, C.F. Brackin, J.H. Hudson, J.J. Barron, Jr., F.M. Satterfield, R.A. Porter, B.K. Whitehurst, S.L. Mullis, G.E. Graham, J.D. White, H.D. Garrison, W.H. Parker, E.T. Mullis, E.C. Jones, D.K. Stewart, E.F. Boyd, W.C. James, Jr., E.L. Hall, J.G. Padgett, J.H. Smith, R.L. Kitchens, J.W. Adams, G.C. Norris, L.T. Roberts, E.L. Deariso, W.H. Varner, H.D. Knight., W.C. Garner, D.L. Pope, J.E. Collins, R.L. Robertson, A.C. Dorminey, H.H. Meinders, B.C. Tomlison, R.P. Armstrong, F.M. Blackburn, H.K. Fears, W.W. Brown, J. Eubanks, R.J. Roach, H.F. Burch, C.B. Wilder, L.W. Drennan, W.E. Brett, J.L. Baskin, W.D. Garrison, J.B. Goldin, J.A. Ross, E.G. Nicholson, Jr., J.B. Olliff, W.R. Penn, J.V. Dupree, D.C. Chapman, E.L. Hamilton, H.N. Zeigler, C.D. Sims, Jr., E.M. Stone-all of the USDA Soil Conservation Service. Credit is due the Tourist Division, Georgia Department of Industry and Trade; the Georgia Parks Department; and Stone Mountain Advertising for photos used. Preparation of this study was aided in part by funds provided by the Land and Water Conservation Fund, 1965, from the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, United States Department of the Interior. The manpower requirements for a study of this size are tremendous. If anyone who assisted in the study has been omitted from this acknowledgment, the writer offers apology and extends appreciation. My sincere apologies are hereby offered to Mt. Don Boughnian, Scientific Programmer, and to Mr. Taylor Murray, Chief, Scientific Programming Division, Computer Center, Georgia State University, whose work toward the Statistical Summary of this SCORP was not acknowledged earlier. Their invaluable contributions are hereby acknowledged, and appreciation is expressed. In addition, Professors Robert H. Elrod and Bikramjit S. Garcha of the Department of Quantitative Methods of Georgia State prepared the algorithm for the computer calculation of the sampling errors for principal variables of the study. The Draft Report of Volume I of the Ga. SCORP 1972 was a major undertaking, not only by the consultant but by the newly organized Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Division of Planning and Research, led by Mr. Chuck Parrish. Several chapters of that volume Were prepared by Mr. Charles M. (Chuck) Parrish, III, Mr. Lovell R. Greathouse, Mr. Robert E. Friedman, Mr. Thomas H. Catalano, Mr. David G. Garrity, Ms. Marilyn McKinney, Miss Robin Jackson, Lonice Barrett. Don A. Davis, and Paul C. Pritchard, all of Division of Planning and Research, Department of Natural Resources. Mr. Louis F. Schneider, Mr. David Garrity, and Mrs. Rubye Humphrey assisted from the Office of Planning and Budget; Mr. William R. Mitchell from the Georgia Historical Commission-, and Mr. Sam M. Pickering, Jr., from the Earth and Water Division, Department of Natural Resources. Larry C. Wills, Leland S. Veal, and H. Darrell Elwell, Department of Transportation, also assisted in the preparation of this volume. Mr. Sam 0. Candler ' of the Georgia Natural Areas Council also provided help. Mr. Sylvester Phillips of the Graphics Department of the Office of Planning and Budget drew many of the GEMS maps. Alberta Evans of the Department of Natural Resources drew the Natural Resource-Protective Environments and Management System component of the GEMS. Personnel of the Environmental Research Group producing the Draft and this final report include Mrs. Mary Bowdoin, Research Editor, and Miss Nancy O'Sullivan, graphic artist. Miss vi Sharon Long, Miss Donna Cash, Miss Joan Flint, Mrs. Lucy Voight and Mrs. Deborah Bustin typed the manuscript. The contributions of Professors James E. Morrow, Jere L. Atchison, and Robert L. Chaffin are hereby acknowledged and appreciated. The printing is credited to Joe Sturgeon and Raymond 0. Darnell, Editorial Assistant, of the Bureau of Business and Economic Research. directed by Dr. James R. Miller. Deep appreciation is expressed to the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, the National park Service, and the U.S. Forest Service for their review and comments on the plan and the GEMS maps in their related functional system. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH GROUP J eph C. Horvath, Ph.D. Project Leader @/J @eph C. vii INTRODUCTION The statewide recreation demand survey (1970) of 2,140 Georgia households showed these major goals, desires, and needs of the people: -Georgians want a quality environment; -They want a three-dimensional recreational environment with a variety of outdoor recreation opportunities (as appropriate) within: the large urban or metropolitan areas; the rural districts and county centers of trade; the resource-based environments, including some wilderness areas. The total area supply of the whole state, including the natural recreation resources, areas now managed for recreation and all other existing land use and development patterns, is 37 million acres. Analysis reveals: -In general much of the natural environment of Georgia is now of reasonably good quality-, -With development pressures growing, Georgia must act to develop policies and acquire key recreation areas if it is to conserve and protect needed natural, recreation, and historic areas; -There are critical problem areas where action is needed now. There is ample land, if we use it rightly, to meet the three-dimensional recreation environment goals expressed by the people. If the variety of natural land water areas are used in harmony and accord with their natural charac- teristics, the natural processes for a high quality environment will remain; and the needs for urban, rural, and wilderness recreation opportunities can be met, as well as needs for food, shelter, industry, travel, and other special amenities of a modern technological society. As one observes the total landscape from the mountains, through the inland rivers, across the plains to the sea, he sees a variety of naturally suited land management areas. Some are steep slopes with thin soils, forested to protect headwater supplies. Others are occupied by large and small cities with residential, recreation, and open space, industrial and commercial areas. Ample lands for food and fibre exist, and most of these are now managed as farmlands or forests. Fortunately, most of the rivers are still ribbons of green. Some rise from the mountain waterfalls to visit pastoral plains, cities, forests, wilderness gorges, and swamps on their way to the sea. The estuarine and coastal islands are a very special part of the heritage of Georgia. and their quality maintenance is highly dependent on a continuous stream of nutrients from the inland rivers for beach sands and estuarine enrichment. Whether Georgia's environment improves or degrades in quality is a continuous process of decision-making by an informed people and their leadership. Will Georgia provide adequate recreation open space for its cities and rural centers as these areas grow; or will there be too little too late, 'as in many cities of other states? Will Georgia evaluate and conserve the irreplaceable natural recreation resources of the regional land- scape, or will Georgians pollute, 'dredge, build too many dams, and unnecessarily degrade these living resources as have so many other states? ix The major purposes of this Georgia Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan are to develop, refine, and maintain on a continuous basis: -an inventory and analysis of the demand for outdoor recreation and the supply of outdoor recreation areas and facilities; -an awareness of priority needs for recreation, the quality of the environment as affected by land use and development patterns and recreation resource allocations. But most important is the action program for implementation, consisting of: -the development of policy at the state and local levels; and .-the governmental investment program for recreation, conservation, and historic preservation by federal, state, and local agencies to meet priority needs, by type and location, in line with the Statewide Comprehensive Plan. GENERAL PLANNING FRAMEWORK OF THE GEORGIA SCORP, 1972 General Considerations The Bureau of State Planning and Community Affairs was assigned by the Governor the task of state level planning for outdoor recreation. The Bureau contracted with the Environmental Research Group of the School of Business Administration, Georgia State University, for prepara- tion of the Georgia Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan (SCORP), 1972. The Georgia SCORP, 1972 consists of the following publications: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY STATISTICAL SUMMARY NARRATIVE PLAN-VOLUME 1: STATE NARRATIVE PLAN-VOLUME 11: REGIONAL ANALYSIS The Executive Summary is a small document on state-level recreation planning, including a presentation of the issues involved. It is primarily for the decision maker whose responsibilities have to do with providing outdoor recreation opportunities for residents of Georgia. Among other things in this document the problems are summarized and pinpointed, areas of greatest need are identified, and a plan for action is drawn. The Statistical Summary is a three-volume document of regional and state level data on demand for, carrying capacity, and the need or idle capacity of outdoor recreation resources and facilities within the state of Georgia. The detailed analyses of these three parts of recreation planning will be sufficient for both public and private recreation planners for years to come. The Narrative Plan, comprised of this "State-Volume l" and "Regional Analysis-Volume ll," is in a narrative form. Volume 11 gives a detailed analysis of regional needs and relates them to the acquisi- tion and development program. Special state level action programs and legislative and other issues are part of this publication. The Acquisition and Development Plan is incorporated within the Regional Volume. This element will be updated annually. The planning goal of the Georgia SCORP, 1972* is to provide better recreation opportunities for the population of Georgia, and its main planning objective is to meet that goal in time. The present plan provides answers regarding facilities needed now, in 1975, 1980, and 1985. These answers are concerned not only with the type of recreation resources and facilities needed, but their carrying capacities, and location within the various regions. *13ased on Executive Summary, 1970, pp. 30-31. X Objectives The first objective of the Georgia State Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan, 1972 was to update the 1968 SCOPP. This was achieved by a thorough inventory of the public and private outdoor recreation areas in the state and a survey of a statistically significant number of randomly selected households to ascertain their recreation experiences, preferences, and related factors. The two functions, supply and demand, for outdoor recreation have been compared with the quality standards of outdoor recreation resources and facilities. The result is the need and/or idle capacity figures for 35 major recreation resources and/or facilities by region and for the state. The second objective was to meet the needs of the population in outdoor recreation. This objective is as yet unfulfilled because of the limited financial resources of federal, state, and local governments. The private sector is rising to assist in meeting the needs. However, in urban outdoor recreation, the greatest deficiency area, private activity alone is not sufficient. More than half of the total number of recreation areas but less than one-third of the total acreages in outdoor recreation are owned by private businesses. Taking into account potential recreation areas and their carrying capacities, projections for the next fifteen years (see Statistical Sumnwry for further details) show increasing needs. The second objective will remain a pressing one. The third objective was a plan fior action to improve the environmental quality of recreation resources. This objective was manifested in the high quality outdoor recreation resource and facility standards adopted by the state of Georgia for SCORP, 1971. Two documents were published on standards calculation; many meetings and discussions were held; and after about four months of work, from the grassroots up to state planners and back, the final standards were adopted. (See Table XI-1, Chapter XI, for further details.) The standards took into account a particular resource and/or facility, its physiographic location, distance to population centers, daily turn- over rate, climate, soil type, frequency of use without quality deterioration, length of season, quality of actual recreation/ experience, and other factors. A need for any one of 35 recreation resources and/or facilities was found if the demand for it exceeds the carrying capacity of the available supply. Some regions without current or po tential resources to meet a particular need may be dependent in this respect on one or more other regions. Perhaps each region should be concerned with meeting only certain selected needs. These are alternatives to be considered by recreation planners at both state and local levels. The high quality of recre atio n/ environment set by the adopted standards can be an incentive to investment by the private sector. This, in turn, would provide many employment opportunities. It is expected that the plans developed from this study will encourage the enlistment of private enterprise and outdoor recreation development. The Program Planning Section of the Department of Natural Resources is charged with assisting private developers along these lines. The fourth objective was to establish a framework of state policies and actions for planning, staffing, and development. The publication, Program of' State Policies and Actions, 1970, by the Bureau of State Planning and Community Affairs was revised to fulfill this objective. This docurnent is the guide to continuous statewide recreation planning, conservation, and development in the state of Georgia. The frarnework encompasses 18 fields of endeavor and brings into focus an orderly system of outdoor recreation thinking in the state of Georgia. It represents the first attempt in the nation to program a policy action in outdoor recreation. The fifth objective was to determine priorities fior resource acquisition and facility development. This objective was met by the need calculation, the statewide and regional resource analysis, and by the setting of priorities within each region and at the state level. Though the need is so great for many of the recreation categories that they cannot be met with presently available funds from public sources, certain needs are more important than others, The sixth objective was to provide a guide fbr executive management. The SCORP, 1972 has met this objective. The need or idle capacity for 35 items of outdoor recreation resources and/or facili- ties has been calculated by region on a comparable scale for the whole state. From this vast range of xi basic information, priorities can be made. These priorities, in turn, guide executives in decision making in regard to land and water acreage acquisition and/or development of needed facilities. The Statistical Summary, explained in the Narrative Plan and backed by the Acquisition and Development Plans in the programs in the current State and Regional volumes, is the most up-to-date guide for executive management. The seventh objective, the last, is not the least important: acceptance of the Georgia SCORP by the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, in order to qualify for funds under the Land and Water Conservation Fund Act, 1965. Concerned officials and leaders in this entire effort have been in constant communication with the staff of the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation and have carefully used the Bureau's Grants-in-Aid Manual as a guide. The Executive Summary, the final Statistical Summary, the revised Narrative Plans, with their Acquisition and Develop- ment Programs, comprise the final documentation for qualification under the Act. Schedule for Continued Planning The Georgia SCORP, 1972 has been based on primary data, and both demand and supply represent early 1971 status. The population data used in the report is of 1970. Projections are listed for years 1975, 1980, and 1985. These last three dates include present potentially available recrea- tion facilities and resources. It is therefore foreseen that every five years a thorough demand study and inventory should be made, along the lines of the two field surveys conducted in connection with this study. Within the periods of those five years, however, annual updating of the supply, policies and the Acquisition and Development Program should be made. The latter should concentrate on new additions to presently open recreation areas, and on entirely new recreation areas, thus updating the supply inventory each year. The observation posts for making this annual updating should be within those agencies that submit A&D schedules. New carrying capacities will be added to those presently available and will be compared with the demand. Computer tapes now available 'will facilitate this process. The annual updating, including comparisons with the A&D plans, can be published in a small document. The regional base of the outdoor recreation planning cannot be overemphasized.. and updating will be shown in statewide systems and more specifically by each region. r, RESOURCE BASE ANALYSIS APPROACH A Resource Base Analysis Approach has been added to the SCORP in 1972. This is discussed in the Georgia Environmental Mapping System, Chapter IV of this volume. The technique is applicable statewide, by region, and to major recreation areas or systems within regions. The state now uses this method in defining key potential resource-oriented recreation areas. For the first time the Area Planning Commissions used this method in their Regional SCORP Analysis and Plan. It will be a continuing planning too]. One of its chief values is in identifying the needs for special areas conservation. This need is founded in the irreplaceable nature and value of such areas, and the need for their protection is based largely upon their physiographic definition, size, and form on the surface landscape-as is necessary to preserve the integrity of such areas. xii OUTDOOR -a Ic IAIO*" IAIUM JRORTH T@EORGIq %E-OF\.GI)q FECREATION A. OujqT)IINS fkEGIONS oA1S0Z"-r, TALLEY IFOOSA fop$,- IN EFFECT UNTIL JULY 1972 J XORTK F,)q ST .0'. JKTLRNTR `l_* QjEORGIB M. ETROPOLITBN I ..... so. AITO. LMKCk. 'k,. ALI .0 OMGA" 0012002 TALLAISNO@ COLUAW onow'.1 INTOstj VgAfllkgft'@ O.C-0.0 Cc-f?A PUTNAM "TRAIL UTTS mWall I-" HAPACOCIC L /1, GtA&MCV IFENTRA ---,.J@ONEE SAVANNAK PKIVER,'70.- @i2KATTAKOOCIJE u1so. @jEORGI,0 C.AWPOM jo..16. 1-wit IAMPI$ E uscoor 0 OKGIR t.,,No. IDDLE A... 1ACO" cIOC.f1 F-LINT LT'L OF A i4EART@)F6iF \.GI DOD*' 10T wiggle. 'AIT.All '12- ftcon V QOWER C.-Sp ......a ALTAMAKA x irk. I III, D..'s I TOASTAL fR.F--G1Ojq ATTA- @,KoocfjEE- ... CIAl CO.-tv 00,,C-- COASTAL ---'@tOUTHWF'ST I., ]PLAIN PINE- -PSH QF-ORCIB Colo.." C cc, C- 48- CIA.%tO- Ols @j xiii 'IRA -!@ 6!f%w Kf jf" 4.7 q Aq 17 44 C5 vu 1v I IJAPTFsK I 1@r/ G:z SUMMARY CHAPTER I SUMMARY: CONCEPT, FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONS, CONTINUED PLANNING A. GEORGIA SCORP CONCEPT 1. PURPOSE OF RECREATION PROGRAMS This plan and its elements are part of an ongoing process of state- wide comprehensive planning and decision making. The State Recreation Program's major aims are: --to provide for the recreational needs of the people of Georgia and out-of-state visitors; and --to help maintain environmental quality through conservation of re- source areas of critical concern. The plan is a guide for government agencies and the private sector to acquire and develop recreation areas and facilities by functional types in the proper locations at the proper time. The major tools of implementation are: --the development of public policy to protect essential open space areas of critical environmental concern and provide adequate types of recreation areas as a primary land use; and --the planning and programming of the governmental investment pattern for recreation at all levels--federal, state, and local--in concerted effort and complementary to the private sector. 2. PLANNING PROCESS Illustration I in this concept is a diagram of the comprehensive Statewide Recreation Planning Process. The elements of this process are parts of an ongoing cycle. Some elements, such as the supply inventory, state and local policies, and the acquisition and development program must be updated on an annual basis. The whole plan, with all elements in concert, should be revised at five-year intervals. 3. PLANNING CONCEPT Illustration II shows the planning concept of the total resource base and all land uses. The relationship of the supply of natural recreation resources, demands of people, and the transportation system to man's total environment is depicted. Natural recreation resources exist in recreation resource oriented regions, in linear zones, and, as individual areas, upon the statewide landscape. Human resources are the generators of recreation demands. Most people prefer a variety of activities which require different functional types of recreation areas. These areas range from neighborhood playgrounds to wilderness areas. The planner must help separate the conflicts of recreation interests and use, while providing for a wide variety of recreation needs. The planner should compatibly relate the various recreation activities and let the natural characteristics of the land guide the use, site selection, site design, and the management of recreation resources on any particular piece of land. This concept is basic to comprehensive recreation planning. This concept should be applied within the statewide framework, re- gionally within the statewide framework, and locally within each regions's plan. In this manner, a program leading to a more optimum use of the en- served. Man-made developments will occur at co mplementary locations. En- vironment can be developed. Irreplaceable natural resources can be con- vironmental quality can be maintained; and, in culmination, the highest degree of user satisfaction can be achieved. 4. SYSTEMS OF RECREATION PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT Illustration III generally shows types.of recreation resources, types of management areas, their general service function as primarily vacation, weekend, or resident day use, and the level of governmental administration. 5. OVERALL PROGRAM MATRIX Illustration IV is a matrix for overall planning through the SCORP with opportunity for planning and concerted actions among Georgia's state and local agencies, BOR, and other federal agency programs. In Volume I of the Narrative Plan, this framework is applied state- wide with the use of GEMS (Georgia Environmental Mapping System) and the compilation of federal and state investment programs. It is applied by APDC multicounty subregions in the Regional Volume of this plan, where federal, state, local government, and major private sector investments are considered in more detailed regional composition. 6. DEFINITIONS The following narrative definitions and roles of national, state, regional, local public, and the private sector make the concept more meaningful. a. National (Greater Regional --recreational resources within Georgia of a kind and quality to be of sufficient interest to attract people from surrounding states for specific recreation uses. Their 2 significance is of national as well as state interest. These areas are generally beyond the state's ability to provide. The major responsibility for their provision is that of the federal government. Qualifying greater regional recreation resources are such resource-based recreation areas as national parks, national forests, wild and wilderness areas, national rec- reation areas, wild and natural recreation riverways, and Corps of Engi- neers impoundments. b. Statewide and Subregional System (Regional Plans --recreation resources and their created appropriate developments of at least state- wide or multicounty regional significance. Such areas are of sufficient interest and attraction to people to motivate their frequency of use from over a geographic service area as large as the subregions defined in the statewide recreation plan. These are areas whose land and water char- acteristics meet the criteria to qualify them for state'parks (natural, active, or historic types), state fishing and hunting areas, and state scenic wild river segments. c * Local Recreation System_(Community Plans)--those recreation areas and facilities basic to the daily needs of the residents of a munic- ipality or county. These include such areas as municipal, county and school parks, natural areas, playfields, playgrounds, and swimming pools, the significance of which is first of local interest and a responsibility of the local governments to provide. These should be structured within each regional plan at complementary locations to assure conservation of the natural recreation resources defined in a and b above, and to meet priority recreation needs of the residents. d. The Private Sector (1) Commercial Recreation--the provision of specialized recre- ation areas and facilities at any of the above-defined levels of service which are of sufficient interest for use by people to realize a profit to the operator. This includes the service operation of food, lodging, and other special services which complement and supplement the public recreation resources and area/facility opportunities of a region. These services should be placed at locations complementary to the natural resource conservation areas. (2) Quasi-public Agency Recreation--such as scouts or church- sponsored, not for profit. Summary: Application of the Above The statewide and regional plans should provide for an analysis of the recreation resources, the consideration of present and future popula- tion needs and transportation patterns, the selection, priority establish- ment, and implementation actions for recreation resources, areas, and facilities in a regional mix of all four systems identified above. The combined location and timing of public investments should be calculated to guide orderly regional and urban physical, social, and economic growth; 3 to provide for highest environmental quality and the values of human liv- ing through conservation of unique areas and opportunity for a broad variety of recreation activities. 7. PLANNING APPROACHES AND METHODOLOGY Georgia, like many other states, uses several approaches in planning for recreation on a statewide basis. In addition to the on-going process defined above, the basic approaches are outlined here. a. Resource-Based Approach--The GEMS technique described in a suc- ceeding chapter employs techniques similar to those formerly utilized by Wisconsin and Hawaii. The distinctive areas of landscape are identified. Systems overlays show major geologic and physiographic relationships and outstanding natural, scenic, botanical, and zoological areas, major ridges, scenic rivers, and wetlands. The environmental corridor, an outgrowth of the Resource-Based Approach, is not confined to traditional definitions of recreation. This approach also includes major natural resource considera- tions of prime fish and wildlife habitats, historical and archaelogical sites, outdoor education and scientifically important areas, as well as recreation areas. The competition for land is used as a positive planning argument, and those areas with inherent development limitations and features re- quiring open space management to maintain environmental quality are iden- tified. Most of the critical resource areas can be assigned values accord- ing to their suitability for intensive, as well as low-density, types of recreational use. The approach is relatively simple and can be used to help plan a system of statewide and regional parks, fish and wildlife habitat zones, historic areas and statewide trail systems. It is highly useful when related to other systems, such as highways, as a tool to show opportunities for concerted action. It can be related to society's goals, such as our desire to shape the urban landscape in advance of urban sprawl. b. Demand-Based Approach--This approach attempts to adapt the tech- niques of statistical survey analysis to the problem of estimating recre- ation demand. A statistical sample of the population is taken within which individuals are requested to indicate their particular preferences for various recreation activities, annual activity occasions (leisure time spent participating in each), and factors indicating education, income, occupation, etc. The population growth is projected for selected terminal years, with recreation activity demand projected for each terminal year. The limitations of the approach lie in the assumption that succeeding age groups will continue to do proportionately what others do now. The traditional approach by itself concentrates on activities and maximized Recreation Resources Review Commission report by attempting to measure use. Georgia's demand study went beyond the approach used in the Outdoor the quantities of existing and needed supply to meet recreation demands. Georgia adopted and applied capacity space standards, and statistically compared demand with supply to determine needs and idle capacity. c. Recreation Standards Approach--There are basically three types: (1) Units per 1,000 population--This guideline uses the tradition- al number of supply units per 1,000 population for particular types of areas and facilities. It is most useful to indicate minimum acres of rec- reation open space needed for a given population area. Actual facility needs should be based on the age and interest composition of the particu- lar population. (2) Capacity-Space Standards--As used in this plan they are a statistical unit of measure expressed as quantities of activity occasions which given types of recreation areas and facility units can serve annu- ally--for example, in the Georgia Highlands, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain regions. Such factors as quality versus density and climatic limitations are considered. This approach is explained more fully in the Demand Sec- tion of the Plan. While it is still imperfect, it holds promise for con- siderable refinement. (3) Standards for Functional Types of Management Areas--This natural site identification and selection process uses several criteria for the selection and planning of major recreation areas. These include the location of types of areas considered in the Resource-Based Approach in relation to the needs to be served. Consideration is given to natural site characteristics, location in relation to other land uses, availabil- ity of access, potential compatible activities, and appropriate facilities. A master plan should be developed for each major area to consider natural land patterns and functional arrangement. Unique features, size, compat- ible uses, and quantities of appropriate facilties determine the daily, seasonal, and annual carrying capacities. This,system of applying multiple criteria is both an art and science to be applied by those specifically trained and experienced in natural resources and recreation areas planning. Summary of Planning Approaches and Methodology Some use of each of the above planning approaches and standards is appropriate in Georgia. No singular approach is perfect. It is highly important to have a resource-based "analysis and land use plan as a . guide in advance of development. The state should refine its standard criteria for use in the selec- tion of new major state areas. The resource inventory and analysis tech- nique with system overlays will be highly useful. A master plan should be developed for each major state area, based on the area's theme and design for quality day-use capacity. Each area that exists in an environmental corridor framework should be designed within the context, functions, and use pattern of that corri- dor. Many of the concepts are illustrated in the concept plan for the Suwannee National Wild and Scenic River. Definitions The new recreation-conservation concept deals with the ecology of man in his environment. The urban and regional areas of the state con- stitute a living organism within which man is an interdependent part, and yet the only agent free to plan and shape his destiny. a. Recreation Planning is a process of planning for the continuous understanding, maintenance, and orderly evolvement of both natural re- source and human resource recreation. Evolvement includes evaluation of man's physical environment, consideration of alternative plans of conservation and devel- opment, and selection of the optimum regional and urban design plans. For people, it involves the understanding of human growth and development of basic human values. The importance of recreation is that it is a basic human need and has poten- tial as a constructive individual, social, educational, and economic force. b. Natural Recreation Resource--natural resource area possessing inherent physical features of outstanding scenic, fish and wildlife, cul- tural, historic, scientific, outdoor recreational or outdoor educational values. These natural resource areas are of sufficient significance to merit state or local government policies and planning for protection to maintain their desirable physical environmental, social, and cultural values in each county. c. Recreation Area--A designated, private or public, natural or man-made area for wholesome leisure time activities designed with appro- priate facilities for its landclass and the compatible activities to be conducted thereon. d. Stream Valley Park--A natural recreation resource utilizing the stream valley floodplain, designated as a public recreation area and planned with appropriate facilities, to which other public or private park nodes may be related to properly utilize the natural floodplain buffer, conserve scenic beauty and design with nature. e. Natural Recreation Environmental Corridor--A natural resource (in contrast to man-made) which has inherent physical characteristics of high recreational, fish, wildlife, educational, scientific, and re- gional or urban environmental design values. Examples are: (1) Scenic, wild, and recreation rivers and the adjacent lands paralleling these waterways. (2) A generally undeveloped mountain corridor or ridge of high scenic, fish,,wildlife, and outdoor recreation values of primitive and natural forms, such as hiking, wilderness camping, wildlife photography, or natural science study. These corridors also serve as a broad green strip of natural open space providing a contrasting environmental zone between the mechanized urban and rural intermediate zones of our environment. They are funda- mental components of nature's design which should be publicly conserved and protected by Georgians to shape and maintain the quality of their re- gional and urban environments. A 25 ;k' AW 4 re npt N" .5N MW fr -A- ;.I,;. OW Z I C :S 7 00 ILLUSTRATION I COMPREHENSIVE STATE RECREATION PLANNING PROCESS State Goals & Objectives Balanced year round pro- Specify Areas for Acquisition Collect Demand Info gram; All interests & and Development by National, What people want to do Ages;Residents & Visitors State or Local Line Agency daily, weekend & vacation and where they want to do to do site master plans, it. develop, operate & maintain Annual A & D Plan FEDERAL & INTERS Up Date \ Program Resource Budget Land Use Plan: State Based Select Plans , Establish Po ficies and Resource Inventory, Analysis of Intermediate STATEWIDE Areas Statewide Priorities for Regional Environment; Recreation Resource, Design. Development by types of Areas areas to meet greatest needs in con- Corridors, Irreplaceable Natural Areas COORDINATION text of long range plan & Update Supply Inventory of Existing National, State and local areas BALANCE Alternative Plans relate needs to National, Statewide and local DC & LOCAL FUNCTIONS service plans by types of recreation areas & locations. Identify private service nodes Neighborhood & Community Project Population & Recreation Demands APDC's develop local area plans & compare to existing supply to determine Relate Urban growth areas, within the framework of the state needs; local statewide & national transportation net, water plan. State furnishes some technical resources and other inter- goverrun & financial assistance ental plans re gr 0110. so am M, 11" no a" so M1 M IMI ILLUSTRATION 11 STATE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN TOTAL RESOURCE-BASE ENVIRONM ENT-LAND-WATER-AIR -MAJOR URBAN AR EAS-FOR EST-AG R ICU LTU RE -TRANSPORTATION (The Resource Base Inventory and Analysis is a major determinate of the locations of the above, and essential to determine all future recreation areas and facilities as well as all other land uses.) SUPPLY DEMAND @ur a I @Re s o u @rc e s Transportation Ways Connecting and Human Resources/ Relating people to their resident daily, regional weekend, and vacation I Major Resource Based recreation opportunities People: time preference Recreation Oriented (2) Their place of residence Regions (3) The daily weekend and vacation I areas selected for expression Environmental Recreation Walking biking driving boating flying horsebacking Resource Zones I I Activity Groues Major Scenic Mountains, Major activity groups divide into sub groups, and Riverways, Coastal Areas they logically relate to different environments: and Intercoastal waterways I High density, medium density, low density & no development BALANCE I Natural Man-made or Urban, rural and intermediate; resource based, NATIONAL STATE LONL including wilderness Resource Based Areas Intermediate Areas Resident Based Large Areas; Primary 4 Broad Classes Primary Urban and Activity Groupings Attraction in Natural County Resident Areas EXAMPLE: with sub groups of each related to dimension of,environment Resource Zones ENVIRONMENT ALKING Large Active Manmade, inre - L..@v . - . Neighborhood, Playgrounds Urban Organized Reservoir Reservoir Walking for Transportation to the Unique Natural, and parks; community district, or or Pleasure Areas in Complementary playfields; community wide Location Historic, and metropolitan regional or (High Density) Streams Streams county wide parks Regional Informal Scenic Sail boats Nature Selected Private Service Special Conservation Often major historic areas .and Cabin Rivers, & Power boats Walks or Intermediate Service for Fish & Wildlife are found in Urban areas Intermediate Lodge Impound- Small craft Day Hikes Sites in Relation to the '(Low Density) Tent Trailer ment Macro Resource Base As well as certain types of major active areas Usually a variety of types Resource Wilderness Wild river Canoe & Hiking in of resource areas in the Based & Seashore small craft remote same resource based region (Lowest Density) country ILLUSTRATION III COMPREHENSIVE STATE PLAN SYSTEMS OF RECREATION PLANNING MACRO LANDSCAPE OF THE ENVIRONMENT: Urban High Density, Rural Intermediate, Resource Based (Level of service function-fixed resource, areas and facilities in relation to where people are.) VACATIONS & WEEKENDS PREDO4?A4@4;WeV%'6 DAILY RESIDENT V0 VACATIONS SOME DAY USE MOUNTAIN & RIVER VALLEYS STATE INTERMEDIATE AREAS LOCAL AREAS 1. Areas of Nat'l. Parks, Resource Based Zones 1. Unique Natural Sites Generally State Provided Neighborhood parks Forests and Wildlife & Areas and playgrounds 2. Large Active Regional Unique Natural, Historical MAJOR RESERVOIRS & LAKES Areas often conserve Sites Usually Water or important fish & wild- Playfields & Com- other values such as based life habitats of national munity District Fresh Broad Surface water supply sources or statewide significance. Parks Water Based 3. Major State Historical Usually Federally Sites Water based active and Community-wide & NATURAL LAKES Owned or Controlled; natural low density devel- Metropolitan - some with joint state 4. Special state areas for opment parks to provide Regional or County 2. Corps of Engineers & cooperative planning fish and wildlife state regional balance. Parks private Impoundments development and conservation management functions; State parks Fish & Game Special conser- COASTAL REGION Division of the Dept,of vation areas of Natural Resources and the local natural and 3. National Seashores Georgia Historical Com- historical signi- National Park Service mission are the line ficance agencies for acquisition, 4. Large Special development & operation City and County Conservation Areas Governments or for Fish & Wildlife Regional Coope- rative Park 5. National Historical Districts provide Sites these areas and. facilities ILLUSTRATION IV SCORP STATEWIDE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION-CONSERVATION-OPEN SPACE PLAN STATE DEPARTMENT of NATURAL RESOURCES PLANNING& TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE& PROJECTS ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL DEPARTMENTS PLA NS & PROGRA MS A DMINIS TRA TION INTERIOR HUD AGRICULTURE U.S. ARMY z 0 NATIONAL PARKS SOIL z BOR FISH & WILDLIFE HISTORIC OPEN URBAN HISTORIC CONSERVATION CORPS OF ENGINEERS V) 0 L.W.C.F- D. J. P.R. PRESERVATION SPACE BEAUTIFICATION PRESERVATION FOREST SERVICE SERVICE PIL 566 PIL 89-72 z > z U) FISH WILDLIFE :E z Z @ z LLJ D w 0 < -0 i;i FISH & WILDLIFE NPS NSFS CORPS ADMINISTERS - E ADMINISTERS @ ADMINISTERS ADMINISTERS LEASES MOST AREAS Z 0 Z < a w = 0 Z STATE STATE STATE STATE COORDINATES Z 0 LD RECOMMENDS STATE RECOMMENDS RECOMMENDS RECOMMENDS & RECOMMENDS ac z % 0 a, z UJI 0 Z 0 0 10 0 z Z SMALL @@ <z 0-- z cc of ;70 WATERSHEDS 0 at < > - PROJECTS BY < FOR A & D 8, ADMINISTRATION IN URBAN STATE OR Z < z u Z OR,URBANIZING AREAS LOCAL SPONSOR Z W - 5 < < - STATE MUST PAY Z 0. Z CL C 0 z ADMINISTERS 50% COSI SHARE 50% COST 50% OST SHARE 0 z 0 SHARE Of PROJECT 3: 00 APOC-REGIONAL PLANS AND LOCAL PLAN ASSISTANCE IWITHIN A REGIC, 4AL FRAMEWORK AS PART OF SCORP Z @7 z :E 0 < 0 < - - 0 @- mw cc t 0 z SMALL 0 0 t: WATERSHEDS a- - 0 :k- -< z 0 0 PROJECTS BY 0 > LOCAL SPONSOR zw < 0 0 0 z E@ 0 50% COST LOCAL PROJECTS z 0 ADMINISTERS I I I I dG PRIMAZILY LOCAL GOV tNMENT SPONSOISHIP 50% COST SHARE SHARE 50% COST SHARE B. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 1. GENERAL FINDINGS Georgia Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan 1972 repre- sents the compendium of 19 volumes of studies in outdoor recreation in Georgia since 1965. In addition, outdoor recreation has received atten- tion in two other state documents, three intergovernmental studies (the Chattooga, Suwannee, and Chattahoochee special areas), and the Appalachian Regional Commission and Coastal Plains Regional Commission Plans. Recreation is accepted as an important social and environmental need and an economic generator in Georgia. A plan is more than a document. The recent reorganization of state government in Georgia, which located recreation program responsibility in the Department of Natural Resources, and the leadership of Governor Car- ter's administration together place recreation and the environment in a functional program category alongside transportation, industrial develop- ment, and housing. This plan includes a five-year action program for acquisition and development related to responsibilities of all levels of government and the private sector to meet the needs for outdoor recreation in Georgia. This plan uses the methods of Resource Analysis; Inventories of De- mand and Supply; the National Recreation and Park Association; and capac- ity-space standards to determine recreation needs and priorities in Georgia. From these comparisons, needs are projected through 1985. The needs are cataloged on a state'wide and regional basis as being either urban, rural, or resource based. Priorities exist in all three categories. Needs and priorities are established both statewide and by region. In general the needs are great in Georgia for all types of areas and facilities. However, needs vary by region within the state according to the occurrence of unique natural resources; the existing supply of recre- ation areas and facilities; and the demands, composition, and recreation preferences of the residents of the respective regions. It is necessary to review the Regional Analysis (Volume II) for a more accurate determina- tion of needs and priorities for each region. 2. NATIONAL PRIORITIES The national recreation priorities of investment place emphasis upon the timely conservation of unique natural, wilderness, and major historic resources and protection areas of critical concern for environmental qual- ity open space such as floodplains. 3. STATE PRIORITIES Major active types of parks wherein the emphasis of use and attraction 12 is man-made facilities and activities are in fair balance, This role of service should be increasingly filled by the private sector. State parks. designated "active" should have master plans with functional facility lay- outs and capacity space limitations designed with the land to avoid over- development and loss of quality. The state park system should reemphasize its policy and acquisition program to protect major unique natural recreation resources and to assist in providing major parks in urban areas before these sites are lost to other purposes. This action is essential to maintain environmental qual- ity, shape the regional and urban environments, and provide adequate out- door recreational, educational, and scientific opportunities for present and future generations. It is evident that public acquisitions will cover only a small part of the needed protective environments conservation. The tax structure should be studied and revised to help assure that protective environments owned by the private sector are maintained in compatible open space uses. Policies to permit public conservation easements and public use ease- ments should be established in addition to the present fee acquisition and lease arrangements. The public acquisition need for unique natural recreation resources is determined by a landscape physiographic definition of a special area's boundary--as necessary to protect the-integrity of the area. Use is then determined in a master plan of appropriate facilities to guide compatible activities within a management plan of operation and maintenance to assure quality human experiences and protection of the resource values. 4. LOCAL AND URBAN PRIORITIES Special problems exist in the large urban areas. Recreation and en- vironmental open space is inadequate in each SMSA, and that which remains is vanishing to other competitive uses. Federal and state technical and financial assistance should be provided here to acquire key natural and active types of urban-shaping parks before the historical mistakes of other older cities in the nation are repeated in Georgia's larger cities. Intergovernmental plans for investment and operation programs of major resources such as the Suwannee Scenic River should be pursued. The federal government should invest heavily in the special area-fragile re- source zone which needs to be conserved. The state and local governments should be given opportunity to operate the unique natural and public park areas; and the private sector should be encouraged to provide the bulk of the food and lodging accommodations at strategic locations adjacent to the protective environments. Summary of Findings and Recommendations for a Balanced Statewide Park and Recreation System The national and state parks should primarily conserve major scenic, 13 unique natural resource oriented, and historic types of parks. API)Cs and local governments should cooperate in establishing major national and statewide parks where irreplaceable resources justify their creation@ Additional, smaller regional parks may-be cooperatively provided by two or more local governments to meet additional demands of the people where needed and feasible. The cities and counties should complete the system by acquiring and developing the needed local community parks and recrea- tion areas in the system. These are neighborhood parks, playgrounds, playfields, swimming areas, trails, boat access sites,.citywide and county- wide parks as required to meet the daily needs of the local residents. In addition to the objective of meeting daily resident needs, the local parks and recreation areas should be developed in concert with the objective of properly shaping the local environment within the larger regional resource conservation framework. State technical and financial assistance should be provided to the APDCs and local governments to assure realization of these statewide recreation findings and needs. 5. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ARRANGEMENT One of the most needed and productive state recreation services has been the provision of technical planning and pregram. assistance which has been provided to the local governments and the API)Cs by the Georgia Recre- ation Commission and the Office of Planning and Budget. These functions have now been transferred to the Department of Natural Resources. It is important that this service be maintained if the application of concepts and goals, as outlined in the 1972 SCORP, Volumes I and II, are to be implemented. As the focal point for park and recreation development in Georgia, the Parks and Recreation Division views the State Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan as a major source of iong-range planning and direction regarding parks and recreation in Georgia. The Parks and Recreation Division views its involvement in SCORP as providing professional expertise to cities, counties, Area Planning and Development Commissions, and other departmepts and divisions within state government to determine the present and future park and recreation needs and services to be provided by the governmental unit involved. By its very name.. SCORP is an outdoor recreation plan and must receive the maxiipum professional direction that the Parks and Recreation Division can offer. 6. RECOMMENDATIONS: 1. Provide greater planning and technical assistance to cities and counties. 2. Maintain or increase the planning coordination between Area Plan,-- ning and Development Commissions and the prcfessioral staff of the Planning 14 and Research, Game-Fish, Parks-Recreation, and other divisions of the Department of Natural Resources. 3. Fully utilize the Technical Services professional staff in providing planning and technical assistance to the total SCORP effort. Recommendations from the Analyses of Protective Environments 1. Accelerate regional land use plans for the Highlands and Coastal outdoor recreation resource-oriented regions; 2. The U.S. Forest Service should play a major role in the conserva- tion of the critical resources and special natural recreation areas in the Georgia Highlands; 3. Finalize and continue with the implementation of the Chattahoo- chee Scenic River Park Plan; 4. Obtain National Wilderness Protection of the Okefenokee Swamp by Congressional action; 5. Pass a sound Cumberland Island National Seashore Act to maintain this island as a true island with a natural, primitive, and historic theme; 6. Restudy the Alcovy and Flint River developfadnt'pr6posals and con- sider all possible alternatives to maintain environmental protection of these natural scenic river resources; 7. Establish through Congressional Action National Policy creating the Chattooga and Suwannee wild and scenic rivers as components of the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System; 8. Coordinate State Education and Recreation Program efforts to emphasize a new joint program of environmental awareness and appreciation; 9. Maintain minimum flows below major reservoirs to maintain river values and uses. Fish., Wildlife, and Boating Fishery Finding: The primary inland river fishery resources should be pro- tected from unnecessary damaging pollution, channelization, dredging, and damming ' Protection of the scenic shorelands and provision for adequate public access of appropriate types at proper locations are needed. (See map PE-3--Primary Fishery Waters, Chapter IV.) Recommendation: The newly-programmed trout hatchery on the Chatta- hoochee River below Buford Dam should receive high priority for funding in Fiscal Year 1973. Wildlife Finding: A balance of both intensive and natural wilderness managed wildlife areas should be achieved to meet hunter and other environmental needs. There are some areas within the state which, based on their natural use characteristics, are well suited for Class V-B wilderness classifica- 15 tion. These areas should be from 5,000 to 50,000 acres or larger in size. Overall, Georgia has only 1,144,800 acres in state-managed wildlife lands including those lands in theNational Forest. This is considerably less than have several other states, some of which maintain five acres of public hunting land per licensed hunter. The 1968 Statewide Recreation Plan showed a need for an additional 640,000 acres of wildlife land, but only a fraction of that has been obtained. Recommendations: 1. Assign a top priority for acquisition and management to those primary wildlife habitats shown on the protective environment maps which also have other environmental quality values that justify their management as essential open space. 2. Some large wilderness sanctuaries should be established as refuges for the black bear before this noble animal becomes extinct in the state. 3. A State Recreation/Conservation Trust Fund should be created and include as a public purpose the acquisition of top priority wildlife areas while they are still obtainable, rather than wait until they are piece- mealed out of existence for other purposes or costs become prohibitive. 4. The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife should continue to work closely with the State Game and Fish Commission, other resource management agencies, and planning commissions in Georgia to plan and provide adequately for both intensively-managed and wilderness-type wildlife lands. Transportation--Highways, Trails and Boat Access Finding: In the planning of highways, additional environmental safeguards should be taken to avoid conflict with areas of critical environmental concern. Recommendations: Such safeguards should consist of standing policy within the State Department of Transportation to avoid natural lakes, swamps, mountain environmental corridors, river and creek floodplains, prime fish and wildlife areas, historical sites, and marshlands unless no feasible alternative is available. If no feasible alternative is available, then the Department of Transportation should take every measure possible to minimize the damage. Such measures include the purchase of extra right- of-way, bridging, tunneling, and other special design considerations. Finding: Interdepartment cooperation and coordination of efforts in the planning function on a continuous basis can realize many potential ac- tions in the public interest. Opportunities exist in location planning of highways on the regional landscape and in urban areas. Recommendations: 1. Strips of land may be acquired along highways to protect the priate trails should be considered for location in these greenways. scenic shoreline where these parallel scenic rivers floodplains. Appro- 16 2. Where new highways cross major scenic rivers, public boat access for canoe and fishing trails should be planned and acquired as part of highway right-of-way acquisition. 3. Where feasible and appropriate, important historic and scenic views should be acquired and protected as part of the right-of-way acqui- sition. 4. Boat access areas should be planned, acquired, designed, and constructed concurrently with transportation planning where new highways cross scenic rivers or old bridges are replaced. 5. Where roads now pass through natural scenic corridors, they should be designated as scenic roads, within their functional classifi- cation, and upgraded in their scenic qualities. Findings and Recommendations for Fund Al location Recommendation: As a general administrative guideline, land and water funds should be allocated 50 percent for state projects and 50 per- cent for local projects over the next five years.. HUD open space funds should be used primarily to supplement local recreation acquisition needs. State Projects In the past six years, state projects have been invested largely in development projects (78 percent). Critical and irreplaceable area acqui- sitions have lagged while costs have skyrocketed. During the next six years, the state should invest a greater portion of the funds allocated to state projects (75 percent) in top priority acquisitions before these areas are lost to other purposes or costs be- come prohibitive. Local Proj cts At the local level, a more equal balance between acquisition and de- velopment has been maintained. Still not nearly enough of the recreation open space needs have been met, particularly in the large urban areas such as Atlanta. In most areas of the state, less than half of the existing need is being met. Balance should be maintained through areawide and lo- cal plans and priorities. Recommendation: The state should establish a State Recreation/Con- servation Trust Fund for funding top priority state and local acquisition and development projects in line with the above principles and policy guidelines. Priority projects should be packaged by APDC and reviewed and updated on an annual basis by appropriate state, regional, local, and federal representatives. Because needs vary within the regions and urban areas of the state, priorities within general plans and programs should be set by the state in cooperation with each region and local government therein. This re- vision of the SCORP, in its State and Regional volumes, reflects a first effort to accomplish this goal. 17 Recommendation: The process should be refined annually through concerted planning review and updating of inventories, policies, acqui- sition and development programs between the State Department of Natural Resources, its planning and technical service functions, the Area Plan- ning Commissions and their local i'overnments. C. OUTLINE OF PROGRAM FOR CONTINUING PLANNING The process of continuing planning is now greatly simplified by the adoption of State and Regional volumes and an atlas method of annually updating. Each year the Public Supply Inventory and the Acquisition and De- velopment Program will be updated. The State Volume (I), including state policies, Management System Supply Inventories, and the Acquisition and Development Matrix will be revised and updated as needed. It is proposed that these components of the plan be multilithed and 100 copies made for continuous planning and updating among the federal and state agencies and APDCs. The supply inventory summary as shown in the Supply Section can be updated annually as a running inventory. Both the State Management Sys- tem Supply Inventory and Program Matrices are coded to the statewide GEMS Maps for general comprehensive planning with other systems. The program matrix for each State Management System will be updated annually. As state priorities are refined within the system and master plans for state areas are developed to guide acquisition and developments, these changes will be reflected in the State Acquisition and Development Program each year. The Regional Volume (II) contains Regional and Local Policies and Acquisition and Development components. State and federal areas are identified with major local areas on the regional sketch map and coded to each region's Acquisition and Development program. Other smaller lo- cal areas which are developed within this regional recreation and open space framework are not shown on the map, but they are included by county in the Acquisition and Development Program of each region. The regional inventory can be updated as a running inventory in each region's statistical supply summary and on the one-page summary ta- ble of public areas in each region's part of the SCORP. This will be aided by a copy of the annual running inventory of the federal and state systems. Regional and local policy changes as needed and developed in each region can be made annually, together with an updating of each region's A&D Summary. Federal and state actions will be reviewed and added. The Area Commissions will add acquisition and developments accomplished and programmed in their respective regions. They will furnish copies to the 18 state. The state will review the federal, state, and local updatings and strive to resolve conflicts. The state will transmit the updating elements to the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation. These will include the inventory summaries, new policies, and acquisition and development elements from both the State and Regional volumes. The entire system should have a major updating and review at five-year intervals. Special studies such as the Southern Highlands Regional Study, any other special area studies, or scenic river systems studies will be addi- tional planning projects, and costs will be within the framework of the SCORP and its continued planning program. TABLE 1-1 OUTLINE OF CONTINUING SCORP PLANNING PROGRAM 1972-1977 (FYs 73-77) Work Element Time Agency Manpower Costs Period Man- Months State Federal Annual State Analysis & annual DNR--Planning 30 $22,500 LWCF Plan Update FYs & Research annually $22,500 73-77 Division Sec- retary, Trav- el and Print- ing of Update State Game-Fish Elements Boating System Element 1. Special Study -DNR--Game & 12 6,240 PR-DJ for Determi- Fish Coordi- 12,480 nation of Eco- nators nomic Value of -U.S. BSF & F&W Recreation Wildlife -Georgia State University 2. Inventory and annual -DNR-Planning 18 10,500 10,500 Map Maintenance; FYs & Research annually Environmental 74-77 -Game and Fish Corridors Research Planner 19 OUTLINE OF CONTINUING SCORP PLANNING PROGRAM 1972-1977 (FYs 73-77) Work Element Time Agency Manpower Costs Period Man- Months State Federal State Parks & annual DNR--Planning 36 months $26,000 $26,000 Recreation Areas & Research System Element annual DNR--Planning 12 months 15,000 15,000 & Research State Historic - Preservation System Element Historic Preserva- FYS Georgia His- 40 100,000 100,000 tion Planning, 73-74 torical Com- annually National National Regional mission Park Maintenance, Site Historical Service Evaluation and Preservation A&D Planner Secretary & SCORP Travel Regional Analysis & Plan Update 1. State Assistance annual DNR--Parks & 30 22,500 LWCF to APDCs and Lo- Recreation annually 22,500 cal Governments Division 3 State-Area Recreation Planners 1 Secretary Travel Updating of: 2. -Supply Inventor- annual APDC Recrea- 36 man- 27,000 LWCF ies & Maps tion Resource months 27,000 -Regional & Local Planners 2 man- Policies months -Local Government each APDC A&D 2 x 18=36 Priorities and A&D Program in Context with State Resource Management Systems 20 OUTLINE OF CONTINUING SCORP PLANNING PROGRAM 1972-1977 (FYs 73-77) Work Element Time Agency Manpower Costs Period Man- Months State Federal Southern Highlands 1-01-72 -DNR--Plan- 64 over 32,000 LWCF Region Study ning & Re- 2 years 32,000 search 1-31-74 University of Georgia & other State Agencies Coastal Zone Regional Plan 11-01-72 -DNR--Plan- 80 over 30,000 CPRP ning & Re- 2 years 90,000 search 11-01-74 State Re- source Spe- cialists University of Georgia In- stitute of Ecology -Coastal APDC Special Scenic River and 7-01-72 -DNR--Planning 15 7,500 LWCF other Special & Research annually 7,500 Areas Studies Division 6-30-77 in coopera- tion with APDC 21 CHAPTER. 11 GOALS IL CHAffER 11 GOALS The establishment of recreational goals for the state received one of the most dramatic thrusts ever through Governor Carter's Goals for Georgia Program. A. REGION WORKSHOPS During the summer of 1971 over 5,000 Georgians attended regional workshops where they completed workbooks containing questions relating to their opinions and priorities on various aspects of state and local government in Georgia. One chapter in the workbook dealt with environ- mental and recreational concerns. The degree of enthusiasm for each program as expressed by regional conference participants is indicated in Table II-1. It is important to note the high 44.1 percent who ex- pressed reservations regarding the wisdom of encouraging future expan- sion of population and economic development. TABLE 11-1 REGIONAL CONFERENCE RESULTS Percent Item Supporting Public school instruction on the environment 94.7 Adoption of standards to eliminate environmental ugliness 94.4 State assistance for local waste disposal systems 86.9 Involve youth in fighting environmental problems 85.5 Establishment of stricter automobile pollution laws 81.5 Develop a central State agency for environmental planning 79.4 Establish uniform licensing standards for all park and recreation personnel 77.6 Establish stricter controls over use of farm pes- ticides 75.1 Provide more revenue for park and recreation facilities 74.0 Consolidate agencies performing environmental control functions into a single department 72.8 Discourage expansion of population and economy 44.1 23 B. SUBCOMMITTEE REPORTS AND THE STATEWIDE CONFERENCE During the late summer and early fall of 1971 the subcommittees of the Committee on the Natural Environment worked to compile compre- hensive recommendations to Governor Carter. The subcommittees, con- sisting of 183 citizens, produced reports which served as the working documents for the Statewide Conference on the Environment. At the conference, attended by some 600 Georgians, the workbooks were reviewed and revised to reflect the consensus of those present. The revised reports were then submitted to Governor Carter.as the recommendation of the people on what Georgia's Natural Resources and Environmental Management Goals should be. The following outline represents a selection of those goals which have direct implications for the state's recreation program. These recently-established goals are now in the process of being translated into executive and legislative policy, and in some areas a substan- tial degree of implementation is under way. C. STATE ENVIRONMENTAL AND RECREATIONAL GOALS 1. REORGANIZATION --Establish and adequately fund a single state agency with the responsibility for the protection of all natural resources of the state. During the 1972 legislative session, all agencies were com- bined except those responsible for forestry, the State Conservation Committee for Soil Conservation Districts, and those concerned with historical archaeological functions. Efforts should be made to cover these functions in the present planning process with the intention of including the related agencies in the Department of Natural Resources in the immediate future. 2. NATURAL RESOURCES INVENTORY --Conduct a land characteristics and natural resources inventory of the state to provide information on the suitability of the land for development. The study should identify those lands most suited for various types of urban, commercial, transportation, and open space use. 3. STATE LAND USE PLAN --Provide the state with authority to develop and implement a statewide land use plan with regional and local participation which would guide the development of the state's natural resource base. 24 4. STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLANNING _-Develo and maintain the statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Rec- reation Plan @SCORP), including its Policies and Priorities for Public Investment as a working tool in the process of allocating the expenditures of funds for the acquisition and development of recre- ation-open space facilities. 5. STATE CONSERVATION-RECREATION CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT FUND --Provide a State Conservation-Recreation Capital Improvement Fund for the acquisition and development of needed state and local recreational and conservation areas. A source of revenue must be established if such a fund is to be of value. An increase in the income tax or a diversion of gas tax revenues attributable to boat fuel are possibilities. 6. REFINEMENT OF THE RECREATION CAPITAL IMPROVEMENTS PRIORITY SYSTEM --Develop and adopt the Conservation-Recreation (acquisition and development funding priorities) System related to the conservation- recreation demand inventory and a land use plan containing controls to guide state and local governments in establishing budgets and pro- grams which are consistent with the overall plan. 7. STATE WILD AND SCENIC RIVERS --Conduct more detailed studies of those rivers considered most suitable for inclusion in the State Wild and Scenic Rivers System and to place those found eligible under public protection and management. 8. NATIONAL RIVER AND WILDERNESS PRESERVES --Work closely with federal agencies to place the Chattooga and Suwannee Rivers under the protection of the National Wild and Scenic River System and the Okefenokee Swamp under the protection of the National Wilderness Preservation System. 9. CUMBERLAND ISLAND NATIONAL SEASHORE --Cooperate fully with the U.S. Congress for the enactment of a sound Cumberland Island National Seashore Bill which provides for its management as a natural island environment. 10. CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER --Protect the Chattahoochee River Scenic Corridor from Buford Dam to Peachtree Creek, providing for acquisition, protection, and management of key natural areas and adequate park and boat access sites. Georgia should also assist in the development of basic cri- teria to guide development along the river to assure projects with minimal environmental effects. 25 11. CITIZEN'S ENVIRONMENTAL SUITS --Permit any citizen to bring suit to enjoin the violation of any state law pertaining to environmental protection. 12. STATE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ANALYSIS --Require all agencies of the state government and its political subdivisions to formally prepare an environmental impact study and to consider alternatives before commencing any major action with pos- sible significant adverse effects on the environment. Georgia should establish criteria to which any proposed project should conform and which must be included in the study if it is to be considered suffi- cient. These criteria would serve as project development guidelines. 13. AD VALOREM TAX REFORM --Fix at a reduced tax rate according to their desirable and suitable limits of open space use, lands classified as possessing prime agricultural unique scenic, recreational, and historic value which, according to the desirable future growth patterns within the state, should be maintained as open space. 14. SOUTHERN HIGHLANDS REGIONAL PLAN --Develop and implement a comprehensive regional plan to insure the balanced development of the Southern Highlands Region in harmony with the environment. The Southern Highlands Plan presently in prog- ress will serve as the basis for initiating a comprehensive regional land use and development planning program. 15. ESTABLISHMENT OF FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT CONTROLS --Enact uniform statewide floodplain management legislation to prevent alteration of the floodway which would block the floodwaters or cause public subsidization of property losses in the 100-year flood- plains in the rivers and streams of the state. Provisions should be made to encourage the use of floodplains to provide recreation and open space resources to the community while allowing them to continue their natural ecological processes. 16. LICENSING OF PARK AND RECREATION PERSONNEL --Upgrade the quality of recreation leadership by requiring man- datory licensing for park and recreation personnel (including the raising of minimum qualifications for the job) and urging local govern- mental units (cities and counties) to adopt personnel standards recom- mended by the state. 26 17. LAND DONATIONS FOR RECREATION ONLY --Revise state law to permit donations of land to be earmarked for recreational uses only, in the expectation that land 'donations would be made more easily and frequently if such uses were guaran- teed by state acceptance; and require conformance to state land use plan. 18. WATER RESOURCES PLANNING --Develop a functional plan for water resources as a part of the total State Development Plan; require other state agencies to coop- erate and coordinate their responsibilities within the plan. Benefits of the plan would be a systematic evaluation of the state's water resources for recreation-conservation and water quality and supply and the facilitation of orderly regional growth. 19. CONSERVATION EDUCATION CENTER --A conservation education center should be developed by the state Parks and Recreation Division and operated by all resource agencies as an adjunct to the state school system. The center would be a group facility where school camping would be conducted during school months and other forms of outdoor education programs planned for winter months. With this as a demonstration pilot project, school systems would soon learn the value of this educational tool and begin to develop their own school camps. New parks need not necessarily be created for the above-mentioned purpose; upgrading of group camps in certain selected major regional parks can pro- vide facilities. The initial center or centers should be in or near the six (6) major urban areas (SMSAs) of the state. 20. STATE AGENCY ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION EFFORTS --The natural resource agencies of state government, such as State Parks and Game and Fish, and the Forestry Commission can make contributions to environmental education from within their existing staff and budgets. Study areas can be set aside on present land- holdings for classroom study and research projects; rangers and naturalists can be made available to the classroom teacher to con- duct-field study trips; and interpretive devices, such as exhibits, trails, and museums, can be installed throughout the state. 21. RECREATIONAL AND EDUCATIONAL FACILITY COORDINATION --Parks and recreation must take the lead in establishing agree- ments to insure that school facilities are made available for recrea- tion during time of summer recess and other nonacademic periods. All schools should be planned and constructed to serve education and recreation. Recreation authorities should have a share in the plan- ning. Facilities for recreation could be grouped at one end of 27 school buildings. In an effort to insure construction of school facilities useful for both school and recreation, the State Parks and Recreation Division should review the plans for new school buildings. Recreational use of school facilities should in no way interfere with regular school use. New urban parks should be planned contiguous with or adjacent to existing or planned schools. Outside park/recreation facilities should be designed to complement the school and to encourage maximum utilization of the open space by the school during school hours and by the general public during non- school hours. 22. STATE THERAPEUTIC RECREATION PLAN --Develop a comprehensive statewide plan for therapeutic recrea- tion services to meet the needs, capabilities, and -interests of the ill and handicapped citizens of Georgia. The plan should be estab- lished as an element of the State Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan development process. 'R nV 01 oF, i`@` 4, -i lllgi@-q t vkt@l,`,`,`l@` 0, 5"l Bll @f'pg g"n M,5i, Nl@ In -V@, p4 Nl "ll lk @lO !lFU50, i, J., '111 l4ll l@@ lc@ @,J'l R aT in V. ,41 T l, 5 ll aff j@ ?";,Y "M 28 ", .'d two$ 4<7 161JAPTER 111. t POLICIES M Mon M M GEORGIA STATE GOVERNMENT -- EXECUTIVE BRANCH REORGANIZATION STRUCTURE 1972 Voters Governor 8 Department of Department of Comptroller Agriculture Law General retary of State Department of Department of Office of Planning Labor Education 3 4 and dget @3 1 3 *Georgia Historical Cominjission Department of Department of Department of Department of University System Department of Community t Department of Offender Banking and Administrative 11 Natural Resources Human Resources of Georgia Finance Services Development 9 27 3 is I Rehabilitation 2 1 4 8 91 -L_3 - Department of Department of Department of Department of Personnel Board Statethola ip State Forestry Transportation Public Safety Defense Veterans Service Co ssij: Commission 3 4 14 State Merit System 2 1 Other Agencies Non-Budgeted Agencies I nterstate Compacts Lieutenant Governor Georgia Fire Fighters Standards and Training Council Southeastern Interstate Forest Fire Protection Advisory Committee State Treasurer Professional Practices Commission Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Committee Public Service Commission Georgia Development Authority Interstate Environment Compact Teacher's Retirement System Richard Brevard Russell Monument Commission Appalachian Regional Commission Employee's Retirement System Coastal Plains Regional Commission Soil and Water Conservation Committee Forest Research Council Literature Commission x x Organizational Units Transferred or Abolished Organizational Units Attached Administratively BU -[7St.temF-,,e Com DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES NATURAL RESOURCES BOARD DEPUTY COMMISSIONER COMMISSIONER FOR PUBLIC AFFAIRS ADMINISTRATIVE PLANNING SERVICES RCH PARKS AND EARTH GAME AND FISH ENVIRONMENTAL RECREATION AND WATER DIVISION PROTECTION DIVISION DIVISION DIVISION m mom m DEPAR ITMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES PLANNING AND RESEARCH DIRECTOR Conduct Research SPECIAL Analyze Special Issues Coordinate Project Review PROJECTS STAFF LAND AND WATER PROGRAM RESOURCES SITE PLANNING CONSERVATION PLANNING PLANNING SECTION FUND SECTION SECTION SECTION Evaluate Land and Water Maintain Departmental goals, Conduct Resource Base Prepare site plans for all Fund projects policies, and objectivies and Open Space Planning natural resource lands Develop legislative package Conduct planning Provide drafting services Maintain -Departmental Acquisition for special areas to the department and Development program Coordinate Departmental Research Program Develop issue Analysis System Compile SCORP AREA PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT COMMISSIONS EFFECTIVE JULY 1, 1972 TENNESSEE NORTH CAROLINA N6'rth 4eorgid, eorgio-*64untains,, Coosa Valley. 01-11 -North ast G rgia Atla. "Region -,Mcintdi hqlt"ohooche T T-c Central Trimil jSavannah'-, River Oconee I J MiddT L owlar &0"rgia hattah ochee If 4a r t a f .j Geoxghq@, I T Alti 4maba/\ M i d d I ei), F 1_@m t GeOrgilu'- Sotithern s !Coa to. ..7j r Sick, hPine-1 sout"'est Geo@gia 7 1-17 Co@stal PlMn Q FLORIDA t h 32 CHAPTER III POLICIES Over the past eight years, Georgia has developed a number of programs which are based upon executive and legislative policies. Those policies designed to fulfill the needs of the state in the area of recreation and environmental management are outlined below. The completed extensive revision of the state's goals and the newly enacted extensive reorganization of the state's Executive Branch of gov- ernment now in progress will probably result in a continuing substantial revision of the state's guiding policies over the coming months and years. There have already been extensive changes in legislative policies as enacted by the State Legislature during the 1971 and 1972 sessions. The most innovative of these laws thus far have dealt primarily with environmental quality control and the structure of government. The indications are that much future action will be in the areas of land use management and funding of public acquisition and development programs. This chapter includes the following: --An outline of the state's Executive recreation policies as they can best be expressed at this time; --A list of significant state legislation enacted during the past two legislative sessions (1971 and 1972); --Significant federal legislative actions of the past few years'; and --A description of the most important environmental and recreational legislation currently pending before Congress. A. STATE RECREATION POLICIES 1. INTERAGENCY PLANNING AND STAFFING In order to implement a comprehensive program of planning, programming, and evaluation to provide all Georgians with adequate recreation opportuni- ties, the Department of Natural Resources will foster coordinated planning at the state, regional, and local levels of government. 2. COMPREHENSIVE STATEWIDE RESOURCES INVENTORY AND LAND USE PLANNfNG Provision of a basic analysis of the state's resources and land capabilities will serve with social and economic data as a guide for decisions regarding the protection and management of the state's natural resources. The process will involve basic mapping of the state's land and water resources with an analysis of the characteristics of the natural resources regarding their value and suitability for development. 33 The general land use inventory and analysis will be developed largely by the Department of Natural Resources with the cooperation of other appropriate agencies. It will be utilized in the State Comprehensive Development Planning Process through policy planning and coordination with the Office of Planning and Budget, the Department of Transportation, the Department of Industry and Trade, and others as appropriate. 3. SOUTHERN HIGHLANDS PLANNING Through the Southern Highlands Study, the state seeks to create and implement an optimum regional plan of balanced conservation, an orderly development and management of the natural and manmade recreation resources of the Southern Highlands region. The Governor has committed funds from the Governor's Contingency to initiate the study in cooperation with North Carolina, South Carolina, the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, and the Appalachian Regional Commission. 4. FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT To encourage wise use of the land and avoid flood damage in flood- prone areas along our rivers and coast, the state seeks to prepare and implement a Floodplain Management Program which will: --Establish statewide enabling legislation and environmental standards. --Coordinate federal, state, and local efforts in floodplain manage- ment. --Encourage state and local authorities to adopt and enforce adequate floodplain protection within zoning ordinances, subdivision regulations, building codes, health regulations, and other measures designed to reduce damage and loss of life from flooding. --Make maximum use of flood-prone lands for such activities as recreation, agriculture, and other open space needs. --Assist and encourage communities and municipalities to become eligible for and participate in the flood insurance program under the Flood Insurance Act of 1968. 5. STATE PARKS Provision for public appreciation and use of natural, scenic, historic, and recreational areas of statewide significance involves the development of a system of state parks which matches the various recreational and educational needs of Georgians to the opportunities presented by the state's natural heritage. Parks will be themed as active, natural, and historic, accord- ing to the unique natural features which justify their creation. Com- patible facilities and a program of activities will be developed within this context to provide maximum public benefit consistent with the pres- ervation of the parks' unique characteristics. 6. STATE SCENIC TRAILS The state seeks to establish a Scenic Trails System to be administered, 34 and coordinated within the duties of the Division of Planning and Research of the Department of Natural Resources. The Scenic Trails System seeks out points of scenic, geologic, and historic interest*and develops a balanced system of trails throughout the state. It will include trails to serve the needs in urban centers as well as rural and wilderness areas and will also serve the needs of various types of trail users such as hikers, horse- back riders, and bicyclists. The System will also accommodate the variety of ability levels and distance requirements of the users. 7. SCENIC ROADS The development of roads serving recreation and pleasure will be encouraged, insofar as they are consistent with balanced regional develop- ment@, which includes urban, rural, and wilderness environments. The State Department of Transportation will seek to prepare and implement a Scenic Roads Program to: --Coordinate federal, state, and local efforts in the selection, preservation, and development of roads that are scenic-oriented. Priority will be placed on beautifying existing roads. --Encourage state and local authorities to adopt and enforce adequate regulations to include zoning ordinances, building codes, easement devices, and other measures designed to protect, maintain, or enhance the scenic aesthetic and recreational qualities of the corridor outside the right-of- way through which a scenic road passes. 8. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT The state will continue to repair and maintain the quality of Georgia's air, water, and land resources by limiting emission of pollutants and con- trolling resource consumption. The development and implementation of recycling and pollution abatement technology and participation in compre- hensive land and water resource-use planning to achieve these goals will be encouraged. 1. ESTUARINE AND COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT The state program of estuary management, through the Department of Natural Resources, seeks to unify the many public and private coastal interests into a comprehensive study, use development, and management process for the estuarine zone as a part of the orderly protection and management of the overall Georgia coast. This study process will promote a balanced program of optimum long- run management through: --Protection of the area's fragile resources. --Compatible use of estuarine resources within an overall general land use plan for the coastal region. --Application of the principle of sustained yield in the development and use of biological resources. 35 --Evaluation and assurance that short- and medium-range development plans and decisions are in context with long-range environmental, social, and economic benefits. --Establishment of federal, state, local, public, and private interagency planning, coordination, review, conservation, development, and management processes. 10. NATURAL AREAS PRESERVATION In order to study the ecology of man in Georgia, or the relationship of human life to environment, the state has prepared and seeks to implement a program of locating, studying, and preserving undisturbed natural areas in Georgia. The purposes of the program are to: --Locate, study, and preserve these natural environments, which are usually irreplaceable plant and animal habitats. --Coordinate federal, state, and local efforts in Natural Areas preservation and serve in an advisory capacity regarding existing state- and federally-owned lands in Georgia. --Guide the citizenry of Georgia toward a more perceptive and sensitive land use in the hope of improving the quality of our environ- ment. 11. SCENIC RIVERS PRESERVATION In order to preserve outstanding rivers or sections of rivers within Georgia for the enjoyment and enlightenment of future generations, the state established a State Scenic Rivers policy. Its purposes are to: --Identify, study, and preserve rivers or sections of rivers in Georgia having outstanding scenic quality and add suitable rivers to the state system by state legislative act. --Coordinate federal, state, and local efforts in Scenic Rivers preservation. --Inform and educate Georgia citizens on the need for and wise use of Scenic Rivers. --Encourage state and local authorities to adopt and enforce adequate regulations governing pollution control, zoning, and other measures designed to preserve the natural qualities of areas designated as Scenic Rivers. 12. URBAN NEEDS The state recognizes the value of recreation services to the community and to man as an individual. Therefore, the state provides planning and technical assistance to local and regional subdivisions to assist in their efforts to plan and implement recreation programs consistent with the availability of funds and the needs of the community. 13. THE PRIVATE SECTOR AND STATE ASSISTANCE FOR PRIVATE DEVELOPERS The state seeks to encourage the private sector to provide outdoor recreation opportunities and services where feasible and consistent with 36 state, regional, and local plans. Profit-making enterprises currently satisfy a significant part of the total recreation needs, but they could further enhance and augment government efforts. Specifically, the role of the private sector in providing outdoor recreation opportunities should be to: --Cooperate in planning and development of a complementary regional recreation investment pattern between the public and private sectors for environmental quality enhancement--the government investing in protective environments of critical concern and the private sector developing at adjacent strategic locations. --Lessen the pressure from existing public areas and facilities. --Provide areas and facilities which meet special needs not offered by other agencies. --Insure a wide variety of wholesome recreation opportunities to the general public and generate an interest in tourism locally, regionally and statewide. --Increase and insure sound and stable economic growth for the area and the state. 14. NEGOTIATION WITH FEDERAL PLANS AND PROGRAMS Through close coordination and communication, the state will attempt to effect a clear understanding with federal agencies so the establishment and implementation of federal programs and projects can be the most effective possible and, therefore, can be used to the greatest extent by state and local agencies. Decisions regarding federal projects with Georgia which relate to recreation should be made only after consultation and coordination with the Department of Natural Resources. Georgia's Environmental Mapping System (GEMS) is to be used as a tool for functional systems planning of parks, fish and wildlife areas, historic sites, forestry management, and transportation systems in cooperation with respective state and federal program agencies. 15. RECREATION FOR THE HANDICAPPED The needs of the handicapped should be met through the modification, design, and adoption of facilities for the handicapped within the general facilities plan of man-made recreation facilities. In addition, the pro- vision of special facilities and programs and the employment of qualified staff are necessary so that the handicapped may have an opportunity to enjoy the benefits of recreation deserved by all Georgians. The development of a statewide plan on Recreation for the Mentally Retarded would include a statewide inventory of existing programs and facilities available for use by the mentally retarded. The plan would also identify priorities with recommendations on personnel, programs2 areas and facilities, and funding sources. In addition, this plan would be incorporated as a component of the Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan and other appropriate state plans concerned with programs and services for the mentally retarded. 37 In developing guidelines for eliminating architectural barriers from park and recreation facilities, minimum standards would be pre- pared and hopefully adopted by the state whereby any park and recrea- tion development utilizing state and federal funds would be required to meet these standards. 16. ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION AND SAFETY IN RECREATION AREAS The state seeks to insure the adequate protection of the health and safety of individuals visiting, residing, or working in recreation areas through: --Consideration of suitable drainage, soil permeability, and ground water levels --Assurance of an adequate and safe water supply --Proper collection, treatment, and disposal of sewage wastes --Proper storage, collection, and disposal of garbage and other refuse -Inspection of kitchen, dining, and other food service facilities --Certification of food sources --Adequate and safe building facilities --Control of insects and rodents --Proper design and operation of outdoor bathing areas and swimming pools --Minimization of accident hazards and promotion of safety. 17. HISTORIC PRESERVATION It is a state policy to identify historical objects, sites, areas, and ruins; to select from the total inventory those of special significance for state preservation; to preserve and make available for scientific study those items of particular vulnerability; and to open those suitable for public recognition so that Georgians may better appreciate their cultural heritage. 18. HUNTING, FISHING9 AND BOATING Georgia attempts to protect, manage, research, and develop the wildlife and boating resources of Georgia by: --Providing and maintaining the maximum population of game animals, game birds, and fur-bearing animals compatible with available wildlife habitat and food --Permitting an orderly harvest of surplus wildlife in a manner that will provide,the greatest benefit to the greatest number of Georgia citizens --Developing and maintaining the fish resources of the state while providing the maximum degree of orderly utilization of the resource on a sustained yield basis --Enforcing all laws, rules, and regulations pertaining to wild- life and boating --Encouraging safe boating practices on the state's lakes and rivers. 38 B. STATE LEGISLATIVE POLICY ACTIONS 1111 LEGISLATION Bill No. Name Act No. HB 1 Reorganization of State Government 2 HB 5 Amend Board of Recreation Examiners; Add Fees 318 HB 55 Shrimp Season 86 HB 77 Litter Control--Penalties 787 HB 84 Std. Metro Statistical Areas: Create 5 HB 153 Water Pollution Control: Grants to Authorities 61 HB 210 Watercraft Capacity 378 HB 219 Fulton Co., Rapid Transit Authority; Local Sales Tax 46 HB 220 Metro Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority; Retail Sales 47 HB 234 Protection of Alligators and Crocodiles 998 EB 244 Game & Fish Commission Acquire Certain Property for Boat Access 382 HB 271 Foxes--Hunting with Recorded Sounds 558 HB 340 Change Hunting & Fishing License Fees 8 HB 369 Water Quality Control Mandamus'Proceedings 34 HB 473 Jekyll Island State Parks (Limit Dev. Lands) 427 HB 537 Cities & Counties, Recreations Systems, Board Members 131 HB 661 Georgia System of Scenic Trails: Create Vetoed HB 1000 Colonels Island Transfer Georgia Port Authority 808 SB 2 State Athletics Commission: Creat Vetoed SB 3 Georgia Surface Mining--License Fees 75 SB 52 Landscape Architects--Applicants Exam. Fee 526 SB 66 Air Quality Control--Violations-- Penalties 66 SB 67 Air Quality Control--Pollution Permit 67 SB 68 Motor Vehicle Emissions Control of Diesel Vehicles 68 SB 131 Motor Vehicle--Devices Emissions 69 SB 153 Creating a Citizens Environmental Council 707 SB 216 Land Covenants--Time Limitation 715 SB 248 Water Quality--Pollutants Discharged 70 SB 249 Water Quality Control--Judgment-- Enforcement 71 SB 250 Air Quality Control--Judgment-- Enforcement 72 SB 303 Interstate Environment Compact 73 SB 306 Architects: Relating to Qualifications 730 39 Bill No. Name Act No. HR 205 Apalachicola, Chattahoochee, Flint Rivers HR 276-893 Corridor Loop Study Committee: Create 95 HR 289 Chattooga National Wild & Scenic River-- Congress: Create HR 312 Preservation of Native Trees, Shrubs and Plants SR 64 Appalachian National Scenic Trail 44 SR 85 White House Conference on Aging in Georgia SR 87 Study Feasibility of Statewide Zoning Practices Law SR-88 Interstate Highway System--Study Committee: Create SR 89 Chattooga River, Congress Add to Nat'l. Scenic System SR 103 Rapid Transit Study Committee: Create SR 150 Moratorium on Rezoning on Chattahoochee SR 159 Atlanta Area Chattahoochee River.Study Committee Some of the most significant actions are summarized as follows: Environmental Quality_Management Reaulations Act 34 -- Water Quality Control--Mandamus Proceedings: Amends the Water Quality Control Act to provide for mandamus proceedings for violation after investigation and public hearing. Act 61 -- Water Pollution Control--Grants to Authorities: Amends the State water pollution control law to authorize the state to make grants of assistance for water pollution control projects to any public authority, agency, or commission. Act 70 -- Water Quality--Pollutants Discharged: Any person who intention- ally or negligently causes pollution to the waters of the State shall be liable in damages to the State and any political subdivision for all costs caused by such deposits. Act 66 -- Air Quality Control--Civil Penalties: Amends Air Quality Control Law to provide that violators shall be liable to a civil penalty not to exceed $1,000 for such violation and an additional $500 for each day during which such violation continues. Act 67 -- Air Quality Control Pollution Permit: Requires new developers to obtain a permit for construction in advance of development of new construct- ion which may result in injurious air pollution. Act 69 -- Motor Vehicle Emissions Control: Amends Uniform Act Regulating Traffic on Highways to require owners or operators of vehicles which have an 40 emission control device required by PL 90-148 to operate the vehicle with the device in serviceable condition. Operators may convert to petroleum gas or make other modifications to reduce atmospheric emissions. Act 787 -- Amends the Litter Control Law: By authorizing the increase in fine from $25 to $100 or authorizing in lieu thereof the judge, of convicted cases, to direct violators to pick up and remove litter from a street, highway, public beach or parks, or upon private land on which a violator has littered. HuntiU and Fishing Reaulations Act 8 -- Change Hunting and Fishing License: Provides for additional licenses, including a trout stamp, and for the increase in State hunting and fishing license fees. Preservation of Natural Areas and Acquisition of Lands SR 64 (Act 44) -- Protection and Management of Appalachian Scenic Trail: Resolved by the General Assembly that the State of Georgia (through its agencies) shall cooperate with the U. S. Department of Agriculture, the U. S. Department of Interior, and the Appalachian Trail Conference in.the preservation, protection, and development of that section of the Appalachian Scenic Trail within the State of Gevrgia. Act 382 -- Acquire Certain Properties for Boat Access: Amends the State Properties Acquisition Law to permit Game and Fish to acquire parcels of property not to exceed three (3) acres for the purpose of boat launching ramps where no cost of land to the Commission is required. Act 427 -- Limit Development of Lands on Jekyll Island: This Act reduces the amount of high ground which the authority may subdivide from 50% to 35%. SR 89 -- Designate the Chattooga as a Component of the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System: Resolved by the General Assembly of Georgia that the State of Georgia strongly endorses the proposal to designate the Chattooga River as a component of the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System. SR 150 -- Moratorium on Rezoning on Chattahoochee River: Resolved by the Senate that the governing authorities of Cobb, Forsyth, Fulton, and Gwinnett Counties are urged to declare a moratorium on rezoning of any lands along the Chattahoochee from Buford Dam to Peachtree Creek unless such rezoning would further restrict development along the river. HR 289 -- Chattooga National Wild and Scenic River: This resolution recognized the outstanding natural recreation fish and wildlife and water supply values of the Chattooga River and recommends that Congress take action to place this river in the National Wild and Scenic River System. 41 Environmental Agencies Act 2 -- Reorganization of State Government: Charges and authorizes the Governor to direct and effectuate the reorganization of State Govern- ment, except where an agency is established by the Constitution. Where an agency is created by statute, the Governor's proposal must be submitted for ratification by the General Assembly. Elected department heads must also approve their proposed departmental changes. Act 5 -- Creating a Metropolitan Area Planning and Development Commission (in each Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area of Georgia having a population of more than 1,000,000): This Act made the Atlanta Region Metropolitan Planning Commission an APDC with legal rights of other Area Planning and Development Commissions. The Commission shall be designated as the official planning agency for all State and Federal programs to be carried out in the area; act as the regional planning and review agent for all local government plans in the area; develop guides consisting of policy statements, goals, standards, programs and maps for orderly development, public and private in the area. Development guides shall encompass physical, economic, and health needs and consider future development. The guides shall include land use, water and sewer systems, parks and open spaces, land needs, transportation systems, and other public and community service facilities. The Commission is authorized to engage in a continuous program of planning of these matters in its area; to receive gifts; apply for grants and contract with Federal, State, and local agencies. Act 73 -- Interstate Environment Compact: This Act adopts the inter- state environment compact. HR 276-893 (Act 95) -- Corridor Loop Study Committee: This Resolution appoints a study committee of State legislators, State Planning and Area Planning Commissions to study the need and proposed location of an outer perimeter around 1-285 and Atlanta. Growth points and natural and recreation open space conservation is to be considered in selecting any location. Act 131 -- Cities, Counties and School Boards Authority to Provide Recreation System: Amends 1971 Enabling Act to provide that any two or more counties, any two or more cities, or any county or municipality, or any county and municipality may cooperate to provide a recreation system. Any school board may join with any municipality, county, or any other school board in conducting and maintaining a recreation system. Act 318 -- Amends Board of Recreation Examiners: By increasing the education and experience requirements for registration and increasing the registration fee. Act 707 -- Creating a Citizens Environmental Council: Created a seven- member Environmental Council appointed by the Governor. Council to advise the Governor on comprehensive environmental policy for the State; make or recommend special environmental studies as needed; and recommend to the Governor actions to be taken. 42 SR 159 -- Creating Atlanta Area Chattahoochee River Study Committee: A ten-member joint Committee of the Senate and House shall coordinate a study with State, local, and other agencies and individuals to regulate development and preserve environmental values,along the Chattahoochee from Buford Dam to Peachtree Creek. Committee shall consider the form that legislation, if any, should take and report to the 1972 session of the General Assembly. 1972 LEGISLATION Bill No. Name Act No. HB 491 Citizens Right to Information 1483 HB 571 Pesticide Use & Application 1303 HB 1244 Ground Water Use Act of 1972 1478 HB 1323 Georgia Scenic Trails 842 HB 1474 Water Pollution & Sewage Treatment 1330 HB 1497 Changes in Hunting & Fishing Regulations 1332 HB 1552 Flooding Easements on Boat Ramps 1336 HB 1837 Transportation Planning 1538 HB, 1914 Landowner Contracts 1401 SR 48 Georgia Financial Investment Comm. 245 SE 481 Air Pollution Control Devices 1479 SB 487 Coastal Marshlands Enforcement 1480 SB 488 Air.Pollution Unlawful 1481 SB 490 Expands Surface Mining Act 1482 SB 493 Water Quality Control 1484 SB 494 Water Quality Order Final 1485 SB 495 Solid Waste Management 1486 SB 517 Fishing in Salt Water Stre s 863 Some of the most significant actions are summarized as follows: Environmental Quality Management Act 1303 -- Pesticide Use and Application Act: Provides controls over the use of pesticides. Authorized the Commissioner of Agriculture to promul- gate regulation. Requires license for applying pesticides to lands of another. Act 1480 -- Coastal Marshlands Enforcement: Extends to the Coastal Marshlands Protection function enforcement provisions similar to those currently in effect for Water Quality Control. Its provisions include: the authority to issue cease and desist orders, civil penalties, writs of mandamus, restraining orders and injunctions, and hearings for aggrieved parties. Act 1486 -- Solid Waste Management Act: Provides the State the authority to implement a state-wide program of solid waste management and requires local political jurisdictions to prepare solid waste management plans. Act 1478 -- Groundwater Use Act of 1972: Provides for the regulation of use of groundwaters through the designation of areas potentially subject to 43 capacity use and the permitting of water consumption within those areas. Today this control is of particular importance in the coastal regions where there is an immediate danger of excessive draw down and salt water encroach- ment. Act 1538 -- Transportation Planning: Provides for the development of long-range plans for alternate modes of transportation. Act 1479 -- Air Pollution Control Devices: Provides that air pollution control devices installed due to Federal requirements (from 1968 on) will be made part of the State annual safety inspection of motor vehicles to assure that they still are in effective working condition. Act 1481 -- Air Pollution Unlawful: Requires that anyone operating an air pollution source shall, when requested by the Department of Natural Resources, install monitoring devices and make periodic reports concerning emissions to the atmosphere and also that it shall be unlawful to create air pollution in the State or to emit contaminants that would violate any rules or orders established under the law. Act 1482 -- Expands Surface Mining Act: Expands the definition of surface mining to include under its provisions all forms of mining except dimension stone quarries, and simplifies requirements for proof of mining in cases where litigation is required. Act 1483 -- Citizens Right to Information: Authorizes that information directly affecting any person which is obtained by duly authorized agents of the State Water Quality Control Board shall be admissible as evidence in any legal actions involving private rights or riparian owners. Act 1484 -- Water Quality Control: Amends Water Quality Control Act by providing for civil penalties of up to $500 per day of violation. Act 1485 -- Water Quality Order Final: Amends the "Georgia Water Quality Control Act" to provide that any Order of the Director of the Division of Environmental Protection of the Department of Natural Resources shall become final unless the person aggrieved requests in writing a hearing before the Director within 30 days. Huntingand Fishing Regulations Act 863 -- Fishing._in Saltwater Streams: Provides for public access to and freedom to fish in any of the saltwater creeks, streams, estuaries, sounds , rivers or bays. Act 1332 -- Changes in Hunting and Fishing Regulations: Prohibits the possession of wildlife illegally taken; legalizes use of tree stands for hunting; removes statutory limit of five (5) rabbits per day; removes re- strictions on basket fishing and leaves the matter to the Commission of Natural Resources. 44 Preservation of Natural Areas and Acquisition of Lands Act 842 -- Georgia Scenic Trails Act: Authorizes the Department of State Parks to identify and plan a system of Scenic Trails throughout the State. These include: urban trails; bicycle trails; horse trails; rural hiking trails; primitive hiking trails; and historical trails. Act 1336 -- Boat Ramps onFlooding Easements: Allows the expenditure of funds for the construction of boat ramps on property whose deed includes a flooding easement. Act 1401 -- Landowner Contracts: Authorizes the Game and Fish Department to enter into contracts with private landowners to make their lands available for public hunting and fishing. New Financial Arrangements Act 245 (SR 48) -- Georgia Financial Investment Commission: Allows the State of Georgia to incur bonded indebtedness. To be voted on in November as State Resolution 245. Act 1330 -- Water Pollution and Sewage Treatment: Authorized counties to levy taxes for Water Pollution and Sewage Treatment. POSSIBLE FUTURE LEGISLATION --Tax ref orm aimed at removing existing incentives for environmental abuse and replacing them with environmentally-sound incentives. --State Floodplain Zoning legislation to prevent unwise use of flood- plains. --A State Environmental Protection Act to supplement the national one, with requirements that all State agencies prepare environmental impact studies and investigate alternatives before commencing any major action with possible adverse environmental effects. --Establishment of a State Conservation-Recreation capital improvement fund over the next five (5) years to provide additional funds for the acquisition and development of needed recreational and conservation areas. --Establishment of a comprehensive program of environmental education. --Revision of the 1937 Revenue Certificate Act to enable local govern- ments to finance solid waste management programs through revenue bonds. --As an alternative to more specialized action, legislation to provide the State with the power to protect areas of critical environmental concern, such as the coastal zone, floodplains, wetlands, and the mountains. (See map PE-1, Protective Environments, Chapter IV.) 1. RECENT ACTION C. FEDERAL LEGISLATIVE POLICIES During the past decade there has been much legislation at the federal level which greatly enhances our ability to assure the preservation of a 45 quality environment. Many of these Acts,have very positive implications on our society's ability to provide the people with an adequate opportunity to enjoy a quality outdoor recreation experience. The most innovative legislation enacted during the past few years deals primarily with the effect a project has on the environment. This legislation concentrates its effect either on a study of the specific project or upon a comprehensive study of broad geographical areas to determine the most suitable location for various types of projects. Project Impact Evaluation The National Environmental Protection Act of 1969 (NEPA) was of such far-reaching effect and magnitude that the country remains very conscious of its impact. Under this new legislation, several federal agencies and departments have been confronted with perplexing new mandates to include in their project plans a full consideration of the environmental impact and evidence that these effects will not be severe. The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 requires that the above agencies prepare and implement guidelines which will meet the criteria set by Section 102 (C) of the Act. As the courts clarify NEPA's scope and administrative difficulties are solved through refined guidelines, provisions of the Act will become more integrated into our governmental process. NEPA undoubtedly will go far toward assuring that environmental considerations are integrated into planning from a project's conception. Comprehensive Resource Planning An emerging recognition of the centrality of comprehensive land use planning is very evident in the legislation enacted by the 91st Congress (1970). Among the acts implicitly or explicitly referring to land use plans were the Airport and Airway Development Act of 1970 (P.L. 91-258), Urban Mass Transportation Assistance Act of 1970 (P.L. 91-453), Resource Recovery Act of 1970 (P.L. 91-512), Clean Air Amendments of 1970 (P.L. 91-604), and the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1970 (P.L. 91-605). Three other bills specifically aimed at land use planning were introduced. Though. these bills died at the end of the 91st Congress, they nevertheless indicate the direction of Congressional thinking. 2. PENDING LEGISLATION A number of bills are under consideration by both the House and the Senate which, if passed, will greatly strengthen our ability to protect the environment and provide for wise and beneficial use of our natural resources. Many of the new management tools will improve our ability to allocate land and other natural resources to recreation in the most effi- cient manner possible. At the same time, many areas will be maintained in a condition suitable for recreation which might otherwise be destroyed through inappropriate use. 46 Land Use Planning Both the House and Senate are presently considering legislation to provide for the establishment of a national land use policy and to authorize the Secretary of Interior to make grants to the states to assist in developing and implementing state land use programs and to help in coordinating federal programs and policies which have land use impact. This legislation authorizes appropriations to the Secretary for his use in grants to the states of not more than $100 million annually. The grants would be appropriated to the states on a 90 to 10 percent basis for their use in developing plans and implementation of programs. If enacted, this money could be available for expenditure in FY 1973. Coastal Zone_Management Proposed legislation in the House And Senate would provide for the management of the Coastal Zones and Estuarine Zones. It authorizes the Secretary of Commerce to make development grants and operational grants to states, assist them in developing their management programs, assist in-the administration of these programs for land and water resources of their coastal zones, and help in the coordination of federal activities within the states. Both bills authorize the appropriation of $50 million for operational grants. The House bill authorizes $15 million annually for three years for development grants. The Senate bill authorizes $12 million annually for four years for operational grants. Funding would be limited to 66-2/3% of the expenditures under either operational or development grants. If passed, the grants could be available in FY 1973. Federal Water Pollution Control The legislation pending before Congress declares as National policy the elimination of the discharge of pollutants into navigable waters by 1985. In the House bill, however, this date is set as a National goal, subject to a future feasibility study to be conducted by the National Academy of Sciences. Both bills are similar with respect to total spending and grants for the construction of waste water facilities, but they differ in the criteria for disbursement of funds. The House bases disbursement on need while the Senate's criteria are based on the ratio of population of one state to all states. If passed, the funds could be available in 1973 with the maximum federal share of costs to be 75 percent if the state pays 15 percent leaving only 10 percent for the local government share. Surface Mining Both the House and Senate committees have held hearings on a large number of bills to regulate surface mining. The Heckler-Nelson companion bills would end coal stripmining six months after enactment of.the bill. 47 Other measures provide for reclamation and performance requirements for mining operations. Most of the legislative proposals for mining give states the primary role in regulating surface mining. Generally, state regulations would be subject to federal approval, but flexibility would be encouraged to suit varying conditions. Power Plant Siting The legislation in the House calls for coordinated, long-range regional planning for the construction of power facilities. The bill provides for re- view by industry regional councils to determine whether plans for any site development balance reasonable power needs and reasonable environmental factors, and it requires a ten year advance identification of power needs and a five-year identification of plant sites and transmission routes to all-low opportunity for public scrutiny. Environmental Pesticide Control The House bill overhauls the 1947 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act, moving from the present system of simple labeling and registration to one in which the Environmental Protection Agency has broader regulatory authority and enforcement powers over the use and manufacture of pesticides. It also provides for research by grant and assistance to state agencies in developing and administering state programs for training and certification of pesticide applicators. Noise Control Pending bills before the Congress propose to control the emission of noise detrimental to the human environment. The legislation would provide for the coordination of federal research and activities, establish federal noise emis- sion standards for commercial products, provide information to the public about the noise characteristics of these products, and authorize appropriations for grants in support of noise pollution control programs. S.3342, unlike HR-11021 prohibits preemption of state standard-setting authority. Marine Protection The bills now pending before Congress would provide for the regulation of ocean dumping. National Environmental Center The bill before the Senate provides for the establishment of National Environmental Laboratories, with the geographical distribution of any such I -ab oratories to be determined by the Board of Trustees of the National Environ- mental Center. The bill authorizes the appropriation of $50 million annualll,- for the maintenance and support of long-term research activities in the Center and authorizes the appropriation of $126 million, $40 million 48 for FY 1973 and $80 million for FY 1974, for the operation of the National Environmental Center and constituent laboratories, Technology Assessment The bill presently pending in the House provides for the establishment of an office of technology assessment for the Congress as an aid in the identi- fication and consideration of existing and probable impacts of technological applications. It provides for the amendment of the National Science Foundation Act of 1950. 240"_ IN, 1g, P g,g; p@- M" b" M 4 g- 7 MW D D, ERV M, 1 @0 ilk ',Flwin 4 "A 7, rN Af, 1^4i@ ;Z4, X At,_ 5- 49 STATE RESOURCE BASE V.,11APTER IV CHAPTER IV STATE RESOURCE BASE A. GEMS AND ITS USEFULNESS IN RECREATION/CONSERVATION DECISION-MAKING This introduction describes the use of Georgia's Environmental Mapping System (GEMS) in Statewide Regional and Local Recreation and Environmental Systems Planning. Georgia's Environmental Mapping System was developed by directive of the Governor as an initial phase of Statewide Development, Policy and Public Investment Planning to meet the following needs: 1. Reduce conflicts in the public investment process as identified through A-95 and Environmental Impact Statement Reviews; 2. Provide the initial thrust in comprehensive statewide land-use (conservation and development) systems planning by broadly identifying and classifying the natural resources of the state according to their natural characteristics and existing locations for use and management; 3. Identify and classify the primary natural recreation resources as protective environments for policy development in order that they may be appropriately considered in the development of highways, dams, agri- cultural, industrial, urban, or other intensive land uses; 4. Establish, coordinate, and plan priorities of a functional manage- ment system of state parks and recreation areas, game and fish hatchery and boat access areas, historical and archaeological areas, and other natural.areas of critical concern; 5. Provide a simple method of updating the system on a continuous basis. GEMS has been developed primarily as a policy planning tool for the statewide development plan. These maps and the process are useful as a briefing device systems inventory and update, an analytical tool for consideration of public investment alternatives in relation to other systems, and for report purposes. The initial GEMS maps are on a.scale of 1:500,000, are prepared on standard mylar, and are reproduced on color sensitive stable, clear mylar. As of this time, 45 system maps have been developed, consisting primarily of natural environmental systems; man-made systems such as transportation and water resource developments; and a population map representing social systems. 51 The Natural Resource Protective Environments and the Public Recrea- tion and Conservation Management Areas for the SCORP have been developed as integral parts of the GEMS and the State Development Plan. Through the use of GEMS, the various natural and man-made systems can be shown on a statewide, state subregional, and local basis by use of more detailed standard system maps. In this regard, the Area Planning and Development Commissions of Georgia were requested to utilize prints of the 1:250,000 USGS (United States Geological Survey) maps for their initial work in developing their regional SCORP analysis and plans. Varying degrees of success were realized in their initial effort. The regional volume of the SCORP update includes 8-1/2 x 11 illustrations of the relationship between: critical environmental open space systems and parks recreation, fish, wildlife, and historic areas; existing population pat- terns and urbanizing areas; and the major highway system relating people to the major regional and local natural recreation resources and man-made recreation areas and facilities. The Tri-State Southern Highlands Study, and interstate effort being developed between Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina, is expected to utilize the techniques of this system. The study should serve as a working model to the southeastern states, as well as to effectively coor- dinate, consider alternatives, and synthesize in an optimum plan the efforts, policies, and investments of federal, state, and local agencies and the private sector. Perfection of the GEMS system in detail can be highly beneficial to Georgia for use at the APDC substate regional level. During the next few months the state Office of Planning and Budget, under the reorganized state government of Georgia, will be using GEMS to assist in the development of alternative physical development policy plans. Through the direction of the Governor, working-briefing sessions have been held between the Governor and the state department heads and between the state technical staffs of natural resources, recreation, and trans- portation planning. These executive sessions will be followed by working- briefing sessions with the House and Senate Natural Environment Committees of the General Assembly. In addition, the executive directors and the chairmen of the Area Planning Commissions have been briefed on the use of the GEMS. As a result., state agencies are making use of GEMS and assisting in their updating. The Southern Highlands Study is now proceeding, in co- operation with the chief of topographic mapping of the U.S. Department of Interior, in adopting and standardizing more detailed statewide maps, land use information, symbols and methods of graphic display. Potentially, a refined process of planning and of selection of conservation areas and development alternatives should result, in addition to an improved system of map updating. 52 SUMMARY Many state and federal agencies have provided information and work in the preparation of the GEMS maps. When overlays identify development projects, the agencies have prepared tabular data coded to the maps. These tables identify funding sources and management responsibility; the location, size and function of the project; the status of the project (existing, programmed, planned, or proposed); and the fiscal year of funding. These overlay maps and tables can be updated regularly to keep the information as current as is feasible. For simplicity, the system is divided into three major groups of maps. One group is concerned with the natural resource-base environment without man-made alterations. This group includes the categories geology, land- form, hydrology, and the land areas best suited for management as agricul- ture, forestry, and protective environments. Each of these is color-coded. The second major group includes overlay maps which deal with develop- ment projects, management areas, and man's environmental alterations. These are also color-coded. The categories of this group include: parks and natural resource management systems, water resource developments, and transportation networks. A third group of socioeconomic overlay maps will be developed and added to this mapping system, relating human and economic development conditions and trends to the environmental resource conditions. The GEMS mapping system represents a first step in the physical development policy planning process. It represents an inventory of Georgia's natural resource systems, man's alterations and planned alter- ations of these systems, and their interrelationships. From this inventory it will be possible to identify the major environmental issues, problems, and opportunities facing state government in environmental management. The existing situation will be assessed; physical develop- ment, conservation, and environmental protection strategies can be designed. Physical development policy can then be implemented in terms of human, economic, and environmental goals. The system will be improved with more detailed and accurate infor- mation on a larger scale using inputs from APDC's planning. The regional analyses for the SCORP represent a first step in this direction. Later, this Environmental Information System can be automated, using computer grid-coordinate and a land-use classification program. This will provide a more effective, computerized environmental monitoring system, permit continuous updating with new information, and more thorough and reliable quantitative analytic techniques. The use of GEMS in statewide recreation and environmental systems planning is illustrated in the following Atlas presentation of 16 maps with narrative on opposite pages. The resource base maps are designed to present the reader with a conceptual picture of Georgia through it's natural resource protective environments and the resulting management 53 and development systems. The resource base maps, when compared with the existing, programmed, and proposed state investment patterns, indicate the relationship of existing policy to the wise management of our natural resources. An examination of the 1970 population pattern, existing and proposed arterial highways, and current recreation and conservation management systems indicates alternatives which should be considered as a basis for future public investment decisions at the federal, state, and local levels. The State Management System maps are followed by inventory tables in Chapter VIII. Acquisition and development program matrices are included in Chapter X. Basic in beginning an ecologically-based descrip- tion and'understanding of natural processes in the state is geology. GEMS can help us describe the state and understand some of these natural processes. The sequence of GEMS illustrations as presented here is: geology, landform, hydrology plant cover, protective environments, natural resource management (system shown as existing, programmed, and proposed), water resources, transportation, and socioeconomic development systems. These interacting systems, or interdependent parts of man's environment, may be viewed as a layer cake of the earth on which we live. The layers include: 1. The natural systems and their living processes which we inherit-- as represented by geology, landform, climatology, hydrology, soils, plant cover, and animal life; and 2. Our cultural development systems--as represented by the following land uses: residential, social, recreation/conservation, industrial, commercial, transportation, agriculture, forestry, and mining. These natural and man-made systems may be viewed as interrelated parts in a planning and decision-making process over periods of time-- of long-, medium-, and short-range. The general planning goal may be stated: to plan for the needs of man in harmony with the environment. When used in this context over a short-, medium-, and long-range view, these interrelated parts of man's environment become bases of decisions for land use, environmental design, and management of both natural and human resources. Not the least important is environmental education, of which the recreation experience is both a fundamental tool and an end in itself. The objectives then are to: 1. Maintain or restore good environmental quality by developing in harmony with natural processes. 2. Provide adequately for the physical, social, and spiritual needs of people, and 54 3. Maintain and regenerate human values and develop the social system. The layer-cake concept of planning for the needs of man in harmony with his environment may be observed (or discussed) from either end of the spectrum--beginning with geology (the rocks) or Homo sapiens (man). Since the rocks do not change much, and we need a better understanding of the natural processes if we are to plan and develop in harmony with them, we start with geology. ilk 7v AI "wit iA 4r Ily 40 B I 14 402! 4 7:. -AOL-* ? ,EIP- -tO 55 G-1 GEOLOGIC FRAMEWORK OF GEORGIA AREA OF OLD, HARD SEDIMENTARY ROCKS (SANDSTONE. SHALE. LIMESTONE, ETC.) AREA OF OLDEST ROCKS WHICH HAVE BEEN RECRYSTALLIZED BY EXTREME HEAT AND PRESSURE (GRANITE, GNEISS, MARBLE, SCHIST, ETC.) AREA OF YOUNGER SOFT SEDIMENTS (CLAY, SAND, LIMESTONE, ETC.) AREA OVERLAIN BY 5-40 FEET OF PLEISTOCENE TERRACE SAND AND SANDY CLAY 56 G-1 GEOLOGIC FRAMEWORK OF GEORGIA Geology, or earth study of the underlying rocks and the landform, is basic to the understanding of the earth, its natural processes, good environmental land and water use, and recreation planning. The present state geologic map was published in 1939. Although the rocks do not change much, new geological information is becoming avail- able. The state should,therefore develop its geological survey and com- plete more detailed geologic mapping of its regions and their respective counties. As shown in the accompanying map, the geological framework of Georgia shows three general types of rocks: sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous This geological framework has great influence on the earth's structure. The fall line, a zone of sand hills, extends from Columbus to Macon to Augusta. Old Indian trails and the Bartram Trail traversed this zone. Another important recreation planning point based on the geology is the rapids formed by the Savannah and Ocmulgee Rivers where they cross rock layers near these large urban centers. Here, they provide a natural recreation facility of potential use for a two-dimensional aquatics pro- gram. They are convenient in their location for large numbers of people to learn basic skills which are then useful on exploratory trips to other unique water resources of the state. Such natural outdoor recrea- tion areas and associated recreation activities provide a tremendous catalytic potential for environmental awareness and education as people learn directly from the experience that all things in the environment are somehow connected (ecologically). The southern part of Georgia below the fall line has younger soft sediments of clay, sand, and limestone. This is the major groundwater recharge region for well waters used by residents in this area on the coast and in Florida. Radium Springs, near Albany, is a recreation point of interes t where groundwater under pressure flows from a limestone base. The scenic Alapaha River in the Coastal Plain APDC flows into a hole and entirely underground just north of the Florida line. Great care should be exer- cised with pesticides and other pollutants in such areas in order that water supplies are not polluted. The pleistocene terrace portion is generally covered by 5 to 40 feet of sand and sandy clay. Geophysical processes have played no small part in the formation of the Okefenokee Swamp and the Barrier Islands of Georgia. North of the fall line is the area of older rocks which have been recrystallized by extreme heat and pressure. This area includes granite gneiss, marble, and schist. The first gold discovery was at Dahlonega. Gem hunters still range this region of the state. The geological frame- work creates a striking topographical base for some of the best forested 57 mountain scenery, hiking, hunting, fishing, and white-water canoeing in the Southeast. In the northwest section of the Coosa Valley and part of the North Georgia APDC areas are the Appalachian Plateauand Ridge and Valley area, which includes old hard sedimentary sandstone shale and limestones. Cave exploring and fossil hunting are natural recreation activities here, in addition to outstanding scenic and natural areas opportunities. 58 7-7 500".), 'go jj% BLUE RIDGE HIGHLANDS PHYSIOGRAPHIC MAP WASHINGTON PLATEAU GREENVILLE UPLAND TALBOTTON SLOPE \,I'S PLATEAU FORT VALLE 41' IS, OKEFENOKEE SWAMP 60 PHYSIOGRAPHIC MAP When the overlays of other geological and landform Systems are related with the base geological framework, the state takes on added detail and perspective with each system. Physiographic Map. The Physiographic overlay divides the state into areas of roughly similar topography, elevation, drainage, and general landform. It is important in determining proper land and natural resource use patterns. Escarpments, Ridges, Mountainous Areas. This system locates major escarpments, linear ridges, and generally mountainous areas. The under- ying geology of the area directly influences these landforms. The Pine Mountain and Blue Ridge areas, for example, are clearly identified. Flat Rock Granite Areas. Several widespread granite areas occur near the surface in the Georgia Piedmont. Granite areas, because of their hard and impermeable nature, have a direct effect on construction and the availability of groundwater. Flat rock granite outcrops are ecologically unique and have a characteristic plant cover of great interest to bota- nists. Panola and Arabia Mountains have been accorded natural area pro- tection. Major Faults. Much of the area of North Georgia has been torn and broken by large faults which are fractures in the earth's crust. 'These faults are not presently active, but their occurrence has influenced the land's surface, drainage, forest, and crop types. The Brevard fault has determined the location of the Chattahoochee River and the Industrial Belt of Atlanta, The Towaliga and Goat Rock faults have brought the quartzite to the surface which is the foundation of Pine Mountain. Solution Depression Areas (Limesink). These are areas which were underlain by limestone which has been dissolved to form sinkholes and caverns. Since limestone carries the.groundwater supplies for much of the state, these areas are important because polluted water can enter our water supply here. Also, these caverns often collapse into new sinkholes at the surface and can disrupt developed areas considerably. Mineral Resources. Georgia is the world's leader in kaolin produc- tion, the nation's leader in both granite and marble quarrying, and a foremost producer of industrial minerals. Georgia's mineral resources are an essential part of Georgia's economy. The construction industry is dependent upon a continuous supply of quarried stones and metallic minerals. Also, many mineral-processing operations are located in smaller, rural areas providing job opportunities in these communities. From a mineral-related recreational standpoint, rock hunting, gem polishing, and jewelry making are of interest to an increasing number of people. Summary. The unique landforms are part of the scenic and natural spiritually-based heritage of Georgia. Where outstanding features exist, 61 their statewide, regional, and local public significance should be iden- tified and public policies and investment actions taken to assure their lasting protection. All land and water should be considered valuable. Where mining occurs, the land should be reclaimed. Some areas should not be mined because of their outstanding recreation, natural area, or other environ- mental values. Stewardship should prevail in attitude, policy, and action. 62 El I 4T @oa @A a Niil, 7- AA ML RK 63 A-1 AGRICULTURE: CULTIVATED CROPS AND PASTURE SOIL LIMITATIONS f PLANNING DISTRICT BOUNDARIES APDC BOUNDARIES COUNTY LINES MSEVERE -Composed primarily of capability classes V, VI, and VI I =MODERATE -Composed primarily of capability classes III and IV SLIGHT -Composed primarily of capability classes I and 11 2-V @4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... .. . 1.1-%....... . . ...... . .. TI., ... . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 A-1 AGRICULTURE: CULTIVATED CROPS AND PASTURE SOIL LIMITATIONS Cultivated Crops and Pasture Limitations. This overlay identifies soil limitations for cultivated crops in three categories--severe, mod- erate, and slight. Note, for example, the severe soil limitations in the extreme northeastern section of the state. This is due primarily to the steep slope gradient. Other factors affecting soil capabilities include the inherent soil characteristics. In addition, note the severe limitations in the large floodplain areas subject to periodic flooding. Current Usage of Cropland and Pasture Limitation Classes. Additional statistical overlays (not shown) reflect, by APDC and by county, the percentage of land with soil capability limitations and that percentage of land presently used for cropland and pasture. These maps were developed with the assistance of the Soil Conserva- tion Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and Department of Agricultural Economics of the University of Georgia College of Agriculture. Soils by types, as analyzed and classified by professional soil sci- entists, with wetland and steep slopes limitations considered, were utilized in developing this generalized statewide soils map. In planning for the orderly physical, social, and economic develop- ment of the state, it is important to consider and protect adequate lands for food and fibre. As shown, there are ample well-suited agriculture soils to supply most of Georgia's needs and part of the rest of the country if we manage these lands wisely. The statistical maps were developed to indicate how these respective groups of soils are actually being used at present. Most of them are being utilized according to their naturally suited characteristics. However, there are areas where important land use changes should be made-- areas where man's activities are in conflict with naturally suited use characteristics. In comparing the Protective Environment Maps with this soil map, it is found that the limited mountains, scenic rivers, outstanding natural areas, estuarine zone and islands which are desirable to manage as environmental quality and recreation open space are genera ly not in conflict with soil areas of the state which are best suited for cropland. Public policies and public investment actions should be developed to manage these natural resources in accord with their natural suited charac- teristics in order to protect both the prime food and fibre lands and the irreplaceable natural recreation resources. 65 STATE OF GEORGIA STREAMBASE H-1 f v@ i IJ 66 CLIMATOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY For brevity and simplicity, climatology and hydrology are discussed here with the statewide surface waters map as an illustration to be con- sidered in relation to other components of the system and the planning and programming process. In the GEMS Hydrology System, nine maps and interpretive briefs. have been developed using the 1:500,000 USGS Stream map as a base. These component system maps are: Annual Precipitation in Inches; Average Annual Runoff in Inches; Average Discharge of Principal Rivers; Hardness of Water in Small Streams; Availability of Groundwater; Areas of Artesian Flow; Hardness of Groundwater and Recharge Areas for Attesian Aquifers --Poten- tial Areas of Salt Water Encroachment. The 1:500,000 USGS Statewide Streambase is used as the ecological system index map together with geology and topography to relate other surface land uses--Protective Environments, Resource Management Systems, Water Resource Developments, and Transportation. All major public pro- jects are shown as existing, programmed, or proposed and are cross indexed to the river basin and sub-basin and the APDC and county in which the project occurs. Climate exerts an influence on man's actions through temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, and atmospheric pressures. It is, there- fore, very influential in determining types, times, and place of outdoor recreation activities. Water sports ordinarily occur only during sunny days of late spring and summer and tobogganing during winter snows. Georgia's climate, with its lack of extremes, provides opportunity for many different outdoor recreation activities for most of the year. Practically the only activities limited by inadequate climatic condi- tions in Georgia are winter sports requiring natural snow and ice. Due to the risk of a short and intermittent season, artificial snow- making is required. In Georgia, temperatures seldom rise above the 90's or drop below O'F. On a typical July day in North Georgia, the range is from 92*F in midafternoon to 68'F at night; in January, it is 54' to 32'. Summer brings more rain than winter. In winter, precipitation frequently falls in the form of snow in the extreme northern region, but temperatures below 32'F are of short and intermittent duration. Southern Georgia rarely witnesses snow, and winter low temperatures average above 55*F, climbing to the 70's and 80's at midday, even during midwinter. Most of Georgia has a comparatively favorable climate for many forms of outdoor recreation throughout the year. The mountains and the seashore regions have a most attractive summer climate, and southern Georgia and the coastal area have an excellent winter climate. 67 Annual precipitation ranges are: Highlands: 72 inches in the northeast corner of the state, to 58 inches over the highlands; Piedmont: 52 to 48 inches; Coastal Plain: 48 to 44 inches, with Southwest Georgia and the coast averaging 52 inches. Rainfall distribution in Georgia is generally related to topography which, in turn, is related to the basic geology. WATER-SUPPLY QUALITY AND WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENTS. As a matter of state water policy, areas of good water quality should be maintained, and degraded areas should be improved by cleanup of pollution at its source. Aided by good public support and federal assistance, the state is progressing in this direction. A review of Georgia's basic hydrology, water supply, and growth information indicates these factors and alternatives: Highlands Region. Highest annual precipitation occurs in the mountains. Steep slopes limit growth in some areas, but create a unique natural recreation resource. If the unique values are to be maintained, development should be clustered on the periphery of the steep slope core area rather than scattered over the mountains. Piedmont Region. Good annual precipitation on the Piedmont averages 48 inches. This is the region where the greatest growth has been oc- curring. Groundwater supplies are greatly limited here. Most of the major feasible reservoir sites have been developed. Special problems to consider. An ecological balance between water supply, quality maintenance, and large-scale development areas appears to be occurring here. Additional drawdown on Lake Lanier for water for Atlanta during summer and fall months will conflict seriously with the needs of millions of recreation visitors, revenue returns on Lake Lanier Islands investments, and other growing private investments in the Upper Chattahoochee Region. California water resource planners warn not to repeat their growth mistakes of putting too many people on too little land and transporting water at the cost of another region's environment. Rather than growth like cancer, future growth patterns should con- sider alternatives like the planning of smaller growth centers by region in and near existing county centers of trade. Alternative impoundment sites could be selected from various tributaries. This would allow pres- ervation of the unique stream valleys and permit the remaining undammed primary inland rivers to carry their replenishing nutrients and sands to the sea. 68 Piedmont and fall line urban areas should accelerate their water pollution abatement programs to avoid furthersurface and groundwater pollution to coastal region users. Coastal Region. Moderate annual rainfall of 48" is generally ade- quate most of the year except in growing areas of high demand. Ground- water is ample backup to surface water supplies except along the coast- line where heavy water use industries withdraw groundwater to the extent of risking saltwater intrusion in the future. Where dam sites are deemed necessary to supply increases, they should be considered at alternative major tributary sites near thegrowth centers to be served.. Tobesofkee Reservoir at Macon, Bibb County, may be cited as an example of using a tributary for lake recreation supply near an urban center. (It is not used for water supply at the present time.) By locating close to the growth center, the supply is convenient for use. Less development costs are likely to be incurred in supply line con- struction. The urban environment is in part shaped by the recreation development. Active water-based recreation is provided near the people. Unique natural resources such as the Ocmulgee River rapids on the fall line can be conserved in the rural-urban balance. As a policy guideline, the state should participate in the planning of any major reservoir, under the authority of Public Laws 89-80 and 89- 72, to assure that: 1. A balanced statewide water resource plan is developed; 2. Natural resource allocation alternatives are fully considered; 3. Financial allocations are made in accord with statewide resource allocation objectives for urban-rural balance, growth center service, and environmental quality conservation. tit 'N 'C' 69 J- POPULATION DISTRIBUTION 1970 1000*POPULATION PLANNING DISTRICT BOUNDARIES APDC BOUNDARIES ------ COUNTY LINES X. It r V wl- 70 THE POPULATION FOR WHICH WE ARE PLANNING We plan first to meet t he environmental and recreational needs of the Georgia people and, second, to serve out-of-state visitors. This population distribution map, developed from the 1970 census, shows the general location of Georgia residents. Each dot equals 1,000 people. The 1960 census population of Georgia was 3,943,116; the 1970 population was 4,589,575, an increase of 646,459 living residents over the last decade. There is a need to stabilize a sound urban-rural balance. The trend has been continued migration to urban areas. Sixty percent of the state's population now live in urban areas, 40 percent live in rural areas. (Note the sprawl and crush over the Atlanta Metro Region.) Coupled with the movement to the cities has been increased growth pressure and considerable inability to keep abreast of recreational, housing, sewage needs, and even adequate job opportunities. In the rural areas, about 24 percent of the farms, most of which are large farms, provided about 82 percent of the income from agricul- tural products of the state, according to the U. S. Department of Agri-, culture. Among important factors which will help assure a stable balance is good land use planning at the urban and regional levels. This includes planning for: --adequate and proper land and water areas for environmental quality conservation; and --a balance of urban/rural and wilderness types of recreation areas and facilities. Environmental/recreation planning will help to assure proper land use and to meet the variety of outdoor recreation activity needs of the people. Compared Population in Georgia's six Standard Metropolitan Statis- tical Areas for 1960 and 1970 was as follows: Population Vicinity 1960 1970 Albany 75,680 89,639 Atlanta 1,017,188 1,390,164 Augusta* 216,639 253,460 Columbus+ 217,985 238,584 Macon 180,403 206,342 Savannah 188,299 187,767 *Includes portion in South Carolina. +Includes portion in Alabama. 71 Georgia's water pollution problems, for example, are like the pattern in many other states, heavy man-made water pollution just below the urban centers. In meeting the recreation open space needs, of all the people, three categories of priority recreation land needs should be planned: 1) urban, 2) rural, and 3) wilderness. These priority categories should be planned by region where the opportunity still exists for environmental balance. The large urban centers where most of the people live pose a special problem for planning. In the Atlanta Metro Area, for example (based on the regional minimum standard of 18 acres of recreation lands per 1,000 population), the present existing recreation lands represent less than one-third of the minimum presently needed to serve the existing population. 7 2 T n@, L Nt am 73 -j PE-1 NATURAL RESOURCES-PROTECTIVE ENVIRONMENTS: MOUNTAINS; SCENIC RIVERS; NATURAL AREAS; MARSHLANDS AND ISLANDS 015 110 River Corridors c--) '10 Natural Areas 0 Scenic Rivers - Marshlands 10 11-N 21 3 140 24 02 0 1 7 34 33 9 12 50 20 49 39 17 31 10 7 40 0 @.3 74 PE-1 NATURAL RESOURCES-PROTECTIVE ENVIRONMENTS: MOUNTAINS; SCENIC RIVERS; NATURAL AREAS; MARSHLANDS AND ISLANDS This map shows the Highlands Environmental Corridor, Scenic and Wild Rivers, Major Registered Natural Areas, and the Coastal Marshlands and Islands. This system was developed through the cooperation of the Georgia Natural Areas Council. The inventory and classification of scenic rivers and outstanding natural areas shown with corresponding numbers on this map are cross indexed to the reports of the Natural Areas Council. Additional major natural areas will be added to the system as the Council completes additional field reviews. In the recent reorganizaticn of state government, the functions and staff of the Natural Areas Council were transferred to the Department of Natural Resources, where the Council's goals will be actively pursued. The significance of the Protective Environment System as illustrated on this map is that it aligns with the goal to conserve those major unique natural resources which are irre'placeable on the state's living landscape. These resources are comprised of limited mountain corridors which exist as scenic backdrops to a much larger portion of the regional land- scape that is more suited for man-made developments. They include most of the scenic river corridors, their associated floodplains, prime natural stream fish habitats, and the major swamp areas: --Unique geological, botanical, and zoological areas; --The estuarine zone--saltwater fish nurseries and basic food supply source; and --The Golden Isles. These resources are part of the irreplaceable natural heritage of Georgia which should be conserved for present and future generations. In total, these relatively thin bands of regional sustaining environ- mental life zones and unique natural areas comprise only about 15 to 25 percent of the state's land mass.* Yet, they enhance the whole state; incorporate most of the natural areas of critical concern for maintaining a functioning, natural, healthy environment; and comprise most of the high quality natural recreation areas. *Dr. Eugene Odum and Dr. H. T. Odum, in their paper "Natural Areas as Necessary Components of Man's Total Environment," propose that about 50 percent of the environment be managed as natural environment lands to balance lands required for food and fibre, commercial-industrial, and residential purposes. 75 These resources are not renewable. Once a stream has been channelized or dammed, it will never be the same. When a virgin forest is cut, it could take hundreds of years to return it to a likeness of its original state. A little development or overuse could completely destroy certain of our fragile natural areas. Some of these areas can be and are being used for educational purposes such as field study trips. Others could be classed as scientific areas, wild areas, historical areas, or hiking trails. As our population expands, fewer natural areas will be found. It is imperative that we encourage people to preserve and manage wisely as many of these areas as we n-ow-c-an, in order t'o meet the increasing demands of the future. Georgia is made up of many different ecosystems. Each is unique and forms an integral part of the state. By registering major examples of natural areas in these varied ecosystems and recommending rivers for Scenic River status, the Natural Areas Council hopes to encourage their preservation, thereby establishing a living record of the natural history of Georgia. The Georgia Council for the Preservatio@ of Natural Areas would like to see state protective policies established and a State Land and Water Conservation Fund set up for acquiring natural areas that are in danger of being destroyed. In many cases the private landowners would like to see this done. For example, they would no longer have to pay property tax on swamp lands that cannot be put into agricultural production. The natural functions that these swamps perform are far too important to have them drained for development. They are needed for environmental quality maintenance, for fish and wildlife habitat, for outdoor education, and for many forms of outdoor recreation. Priority recommendations include: 1. Accelerate land-use plans for the Highlands and Coastal outdoor recreation resource-oriented regions; 2. Finalize and begin implementation of the Chattahoochee Scenic River Park Plan; 3. Obtain National Wilderness Protection of the Okefenokee by Congressional action; 4. Pass a sound Cumberland Island National Seashore Act to maintain this island as a true island with a natural, primitive, and historic theme; 5. Restudy the Alcovy and Flint River development proposals and consider all possible alternatives to maintain environmental protection of these natural scenic river resources; 6. Through Congressional action establish national policy designating the Chattooga and Suwannee wild and scenic rivers as components of the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System. 7. Coordinate state education and recreation program efforts to emphasize a new joint program of environmental awareness and appreciation. 76 7i@ XU0 Ag, -7 "VV 0,1 for -t*m 77 ----- -------- j b 0 0@41 I 4"1' 416',' PE-2 NATURAL RESOURCES-PROTECTIVE ENVIRONMENTS: PRIMARY WILDLIFE HABITATS ... ----------- - --------- ------------- ----------------------- - ---------- ----------------- PRIMARY WILDLIFE IIABITATS -1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - ------- ---- -------- - ----- - ----- - - - - - - - - - - 4+4444 4 @++ _11 + .4+ +++ +1+1 +144 .+++ 1-1-+. +++@ ++.I ++ +++ + m a !A I + + +4+ + ++++ + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . tki k to 4 - - - - - - - - - - 4 ++ ++ -4 i H - - - - - - - - - 46 - - - - - - - - - - - - - + +++ - - - - - - -- - - - - - - ++ ++ + - - - - - - - - - - + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - + + - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - 14 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ++ 4," - - - - - - - - - 4.+ ++ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .4+ - - - - - - - - - - + ++ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - t + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . . . . . . 4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ------ ------- +,++ 44 . . . . . . 4- . . . . . . . ++ + - - - - - - +++ .... 444-+++I@+ + + ++ ++++,+,+++l,,4-_++@, ++ + ++ + ++++ ++.441 +4 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + + +, AL 78 PE-2 NATURAL RESOURCES-PROTECTIVE ENVIRONMENTS: PRIMARY WILDLIFE HABITATS This map shows four maps in one: the Primary Ranges in Georgia for Deer, Turkey, Bear, and Wetland Birds. Deer are shown in horizontal lines; turkey in vertical lines; bear in right oblique; wetland birds in left oblique lines. The closer the density of the lines the better the remaining range from which to choose management areas. Conversely, the wider the lines are apart the less opportunity for suitable range. Note the absence of these wildlife species where cities occur and, conversely, the predomi- nate density patterns aligning with the river valley floodplain environ- mental corridors. Bear: The most critical range needs are for the black bear. Unless some large remote reserves are set aside, this outstanding animal will soon become extinct in Georgia. Minimum size standard areas for bear should be 30,000 to 50,000 acres or larger. They should be selected from resource areas with land characteristics suited for wilderness management but with an adequate balance of food and cover. Roads should be either nonexistent within these areas or capable of being gated and closed to vehicular traffic except for administrative maintenance and emergency purposes. While the bear exists as an endangered specie in Georgia, not one single federal or state area in the state is currently managed as a wilderness area. Wild turkey also require large remote habitats which generally correlate well with bear habitat requirements. The most suit- able areas, as may be identified on the map, are: sections of the Blue Ridge cap, the Jacks-Conasauga of the Cohuttas; Coleman River drainage; the Chattooga River; sections of the Altamaha, Oconee, arid Flint Rivers; and the Okefenokee Swamp. Deer, a fringe of the forest animal, will be found in lesser numbers in the primary bear range areas. Deer: Highest deer populations are associated with large farm and forest land mixtures. The greater deer-carrying capacity exists where hardwoods are managed to provide a balance of food and cover. Unneces- sary roads should be avoided in the primary deer ranges to avoid high fatality deer-kill by automobiles. Wetland Birds: Ranges are confined primarily to the river flood- plains and swamps. Since these ranges are minimal to meet hunter demands, and the habitats generally serve other useful purposes in their natural state, such as groundwater recharge, these areas should be protected where they exist. Wetland habitat is steadily dwindling and is very difficult to replenish. Emphasis on total protection of this habitat type should be stressed. 79 .Turkey: Primary range for turkey consists of-large mature tracts of hardwood timber interspersed with improved grasslands. This habitat pro- vides excellent fall and winter food through hardwood mast and satisfies the turkey's spring requirements for high-protein insect foods found on grasslands. The minimum size of these tracts should be from 20,000 30,000 acres, since turkeys range over large areas and do not establish localized ranges as do deer. The wild turkey cannot withstand harassment. It is therefore essential to keep to a minimum the number of access roads located in good turkey range. Consider the Georgia Piedmont and the twin objectives of protecting prime scenic rivers and potential wild land resources by managing those prime remaining wildlife habitats associated with the scenic rivers, their floodplains and shorelands. Note that only four large segments of primary fishery rivers and associated prime wildlife habitats remain on the Pied- mont. These are Trotters Shoals on the Savannah; Oconee above Lake Sinclair; the Flint River; and the Alcovy River. Match the major public and private reservoir development system map to these four areas and observe that the first three are proposed for inundation by reservoirs. Alcovy, the fourth area, has been proposed for channelization. An alternative solution should be' found to conserve at least one of these prime scenic rivers and associ- ated wildland areas on the Georgia Piedmont. 80 AA j 00 PE-3 NATURAL RESOURCES-PROTECTIVE ENVIRONMEN TS: PRIMARY FISHERY WATERS PRIMARY FISHERY WATERS A.. W- -T -ER MCIES 82 PE-3 NATURAL RESOURCES-PROTECTIVE ENVIRONMENTS: PRIMARY FISHERY WATERS This system shows the majorrivers, the major lakes, and the primary saltwater fishery waters. These primary fishery water inventories and classifications incorporate the criteria of water quantity, quality- chemistry, food and cover for major game fish species. The waters are naturally subdivided into the pr imary habitats for cold-water trout, warmwater black bass and Coosa Bass, and saltwater species. Cold waters for trout are a recreation resource which is current- ly limited in supply when compared to present and projected demand. The cold waters exist naturally only in the shaded streams of the higher elevations of the Georgia mountains. They exist artificially in the depths of the mountain lakes--in Lakes Lanier, Hartwell, and'Clark Hill--and in the tail waters below those major man-made reservoirs where a minimum, flow is maintained. The same highland waters of the trout are the fountain headwater supplies for the people and industries in Gainesville, Rome, Atlanta, Columbus, Augusta, and Savannah. In the interest of both the people and the trout, shade trees should be maintained over the trout streams to keep them cool, to protect steep slopes from erosion and the waters from siltation and other forms of pollution. The Flint River Smallmouth, a variety of the Coosa Bass, is another species with limited range, being confined almost exclusively to the Flint and its tributaries. Significant portions of this drainage, where this species occurs, should,be maintained in the free-flowing state and existing water quality maintained so as to preserve this unique fish form and fishery. Only the mainstreams and certain major impoundments are shown on this system map. The mainstreams, however, are aggregate totals of their tributaries' inflows of good or poor quality. The lakes trap the silt loads from any silt erosion in their basins. This shortens the life of these reservoirs proportionately. Too many reservoirs will stop the nu- trient cycles to the marshland nurseries for both the saltwater fin and shellfish. Mainstream reservoirs also landlock the sands which normally flow from the inland rivers to replenish the island beaches. In the coastal area, impoundments on mainstreams could block migration of impor- tant sport and commercial species. Unnecessary erosion siltation and other damaging man-made pollution should be corrected and controlled at its source. Protection of the scenic shorelands and provision of adequate public access of appropriate types at proper locations are additional policy objectives. 83 Alteration of these streams and their tributaries by channelization or other improper use of the floodplain and watershed can cause serious degradation of these stream fishery resources. We now show a deficit of stream fishery resources, and projections of future use reflect an in- crease in the unsatisfied demand for this resource. Yet, no more streams will be created. These resources need protection. 84 m m mm now" w m mm M ........... . ....... ....... age 00 tA MS-1 NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: NATIONAL, STATE AND MAJOR LOCAL PARKS Lm mm 4 z@ Aw- 86 MS-1 NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: NATIONAL, STATE AND MAJOR LOCAL PARKS The major Parks System in Georgia, showing the existing, programmed, and proposed parks, is located on this map. Each park is shown in relative form and scale in its location on the landscape, with the exception of smaller state parks, which are shown as a tree symbol. The number of each park corresponds to its inventory and program matrix, on which is shown the county, APDC, and river basin location; its acquisition and development project costs; and the fiscal years of funding. The active, natural, or historic theme designation for each park is a general guide for quality. Highest quality is achieved through a master plan designed for appropriate land use facilities, activities, and manage- ment. The general BOR land class for each park is a basic criteria for the park's master plan. The realization of such master plans will maintain and enhance the unique, inherent qualities of each park as an opportunity for the most meaningful human re-creational and educational experiences. The National Parks Service and the State Parks and Recreation Division of the State Department of Natural Resources cooperated in the develop- ment of this map. The state authorities and the proposed major urban intergovernmental-financed park on the Chattahoochee River are also shown. Parks and recreation areas should be planned as a functional system on a regional basis to meet the needs of people. All types of facilities and activities cannot be provided on the same piece of land; therefore, it is desirable to provide functional types of areas in a balanced park and recreation system. The national and state parks should primarily conserve major scenic, unique natural resource-oriented, and historic types of parks. APDC's and local governments should cooperate in establishing major national and statewide parks where irreplaceable resources justify their creation. Additional, smaller, regional parks may be cooperatively provided by two or more local governments to meet additional demands of the people where needed and feasible. The cities and counties should complete the system by acquiring and developing the needed local community parks and recrea- tion areas in the system. These are neighborhood parks, playgrounds, playfields, swimming areas, trails, boat access sites, and citywide and countywide parks as required to meet the daily needs of the local residents. In addition to the objective of meeting daily resident needs, the local parks and recreation areas should be developed in concert with the objective of properly shaping the local environment within the larger regional resource conservation framework. The larger regional resource conservation framework is represented by the preceding protective environ- ment system maps. State technical and financial assistance should be pro- vided to the APDCs and local governments to assure realization of these objectives. 87 Since parks and recreation facilities are'needed (but expensive), and planning in harmony with protective environments that function regionally and statewide are twin objectives, more intergovernmental planning and more financing proposals such as the Suwannee and Chatta- hoochee River Plans should be developed. 88 wwww"-"Ml ""loom .-Wk- IK To '@!L A4. @Wt "IPA AIY@ tk, i. 00 MS-2 NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: 46A NATIONAL AND STATE WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AREAS 41 44 47 ... Is- 17 PIEDMONT 29- M-A @NWR -24 MS @-A N.R 90 MS-2 NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: NATIONAL AND STATE WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AREAS The state and federal Game Management Areas and National Wildlife Refuges as existing, programmed, and proposed are shown on this Wildlife Management System map. It was developed with the cooperation of Georgia's Chief of Game Management, his regional biologists, and the U. S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. In addition to the management of wild- life on state-owned lands, the State Game and Fish Commission conducts cooperative wildlife management programs on federal lands and, in general, manages the wildlife as a state resource. Two general types of management areas are shown as follows: 1. BOR Class III Areas, which are general hunting areas with in- tensified management practices (as represented by Oaky Woods Wildlife Management Areas); and 2. BOR Class V or V-B Areas, which are areas managed largely by nature as represented by the wilderness area within the Okefenokee Swamp. Most of the areas within Georgia are Class III type. (See the index of classified state wildlife management areas, Chapter VIII.) Not one single area in Georgia is now afforded wilderness protection under the National Wilderness Preservation System or by state policy. Both types of areas are badly needed. There are some areas within the state which, based on their natural use characteristics, are well suited for Class V-B wilderness classifica- tion. These areas should be from 5,000 to 50,000 acres in size. Such areas are generally remote, based on their locations and mechanical accessibility. The high elevations of the Blue Ridge cap, the steep gorge-like lands of the Chattooga River Valley and the Cohutta Mountains, and major river swamps and floodplains on the Altamaha, Ocmulgee, Flint, and Alcovy rivers are good candidates. Wassaw, Wolf, and major portions of Sapelo and Cum- berland islands should be seriously considered for wilderness management. Overall, Georgia has only 1,144,800 acres in state wildlife managed lands including those lands in the national forests. This is considerably less than several other states, some of which maintain five acres of public hunting per licensed hunter. The 1968 Statewide Recreation Plan showed a need for an additional 640,000 acres of wildlife land, but only a fraction of that has been obtained. RECOMMENDATIONS 1. The state land-use and management objective should be to acquire and manage as wildlife areas those primary wildlife habitats shown on the protective environment maps which have other environmental quality values that justify their management as essential open space. 91 2. A State Land and Water Trust Fund should be created to acquire publicly top-priority wildlife areas while they are still obtainable, rather than wait until they are plecemealed out of existence for other purposes or costs become prohibitive. 3. The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife should continue to work closely with the State Game and Fish Commission, other resource management agencies, and planning commissions in Georgia to plan and provide adequately for both intensively managed and wilderness-type wildlife lands. 92 @,,jr 4 IFFIC A L "Al 93 MS-3 NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: Nil- FISH MANAGEMENT AREAS C-TANI-SE -11 AM-AL I-C-1 FISH MANAGEMENT AREAS MANAGEMENT AREAS IATCHEIIES AM-SINAT-11-A-INY MARAMILLAN NATI-AL FIS.I MILLEN NATIMAL FI 94 MS-3 NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: FISH MA14AGEMENT AREAS AND HATCHERIES This map shows the existing, programmed, and proposed State Fishing Areas, State Fish Hatcheries, and Federal Fish Hatcheries. The increase in population will greatly exceed the increase in amount of water available for public fishing in future years. As a result, exist- ing water resources will receive increased pressure. In order to maintain the present quality of fishing, three avenues of management are available: 1. Provide appropriate access to and promote fisheries that are not currently being utilized. 2. Create additional public waters. 3. More intensively manage existing waters to increase sport fish production. Public access to existing potential fisheries is being provided in part by the launching ramps program. Purchase of public interests in shoreline strips is important for bank fishing, as well as for shoreline protection. Identification of underutilized resources, as well as urban, rural, and wilderness management classifications, will be accomplished by a comprehensive inventory. These programs will be complemented by infor- mation and education activities sufficient to relay findings to the public. Additional public waters can be created by outright purchase and development of public fishing areas by the state or by agreements or leases of private waters for public utilization. Advantages exist for both types of activities. However, since property values continue to rise disproportionately higher than other values, the cost of public acquisition and development in most areas can be partially offset by early acquisition and development. Where possible, floodplains and shorelands with prime wildlife values that adjoin prime fishing waters should get top priority for public acquisition. A more intensive management program will require the provision of fish from hatcheries for initial stocking of new waters; introduction of new species, such as striped bass, where suitable habitat exists; restocking and corrective stocking of existing waters. In addition, catchable-size fish should be provided for limited production areas, such as trout water. The distribution as indicated appears adequate, although fish-rearing space is not sufficient to meet the demand. The newly pro- grammed Chattahoochee Trout Hatchery, Number 13 on the map, should have a high priority for funding in fiscal year 1973. The statewide demands, the available quality and quantity resource, and location of this hatch- ery combine to justify a sound investment now. 95 MS-4 NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: BOAT ACCESS SITES BOAT ACCESS SITES I CL- I CLISS 2 .A.= Cal 14 11 L 96 MS-4 NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: BOAT ACCESS SITES This map shows the boat access sites which have been developed under the existing boat access program. Under the existing program, local governments, individuals, or agen- cies normally donate the land and the State Game and Fish Commission builds the access facilities. Most of the facility developments shown are cost shared 50 percent with Land and Water Conservation Funds. The various man-made facilities should be designed and fitted at appropriate locations to the natural landscape patterns. As a guide for land and water management, the land is classified according to natural use characteristics. Appropriate facilities to serve compatibly related activities are then functionally related to a particular land site after sufficiently detailed study of the area and the alternatives for optimum development. An even more correct application through planning is to study existing natural regional patterns of landscape to determine appro- priate future conservation and development patterns. This is essential to properly relate regional systems in a pattern of regional design. The proper planning of specific land areas and sites can be achieved with a greater degree of finesse to meet the intended purposes of service, functional design, individual user satisfaction, and environmental quality maintenance when classified land areas are developed within a regional framework. Applying these principles to boat access sites, it becomes apparent that we need three types of access sites, as indicated by the map legend: l.- Small Craft Carry (portage) Sites, Class 1; 2. Regular (small motor) Fishing Sites, Class 2; and 3. Marina Sites, Class 3. The correct classification of boating waters will include at least the following major criteria for the proper planning of water and related land uses for optimum human enjoyment: 1. Regional setting of the water area--either urban, rural, or wilderness (the associated stream class with the land area is generally a recreational, scenic, or wild river segment in accord with national and state acts); 2. BOR land classes of land and water areas within the region; 3. Existing water quality (pollution degrades esthetics and may present a health hazard); 4. Existing or potential fishery; 5. Skill class and safety requirements (as may be determined by the magnitude of rapids, waterwalls, narrowness of stream, available surface water areas and their capacity for safe usage, and abrupt water fluctua- tions); 97 6. Season of use (the months of floatability as determined by neces- sary minimum flows for various types of watercraft usage). When the system of boat access sites is considered in relation to the protective environments, their regional settings, land, scenic river, skill classes, existing patterns of development, and the present and proposed highway system, better alternatives for site selections can be made. When systems are planned in relation to each other, the environment can be planned as a whole rather than piecemeal. To illustrate, a boater who has lost his flat-bottom boat or sheared a pin at every bend in the Chat- tooga River of the Upper Savannah would consider it foolish to locate a Class 2 access site along the waterway. But a canoeist would agree that six Class 1 sites located at proper places along 40 miles of the same river are desirable. The three needed classes of boat access sites may be acquired with Land and Water Conservation Funds. Class 3 marina sites may also be ac- quired through Corps of Engineer acquisitions on major public reservoirs. Private power companies may donate sites on their large reservoirs where recreation project plans are required by the Federal Power Commission. Development of elaborate marina facilities with Land and Water funds is excluded in Georgia at this time. This is due to the limit of funds for basic rather than for high-cost, elaborate facilities. Where elabo- rate marina facilities are desirable, user fees may justify the cost of revenue bonds for financing the facility as a part of a larger man-made recreation complex. 98 lip vow- A4 WY ilk 99 MS-5 NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL AREAS HISTORICALand ARCHEOLOGICAL AREAS -1-1 ___ RoOSEV 11-11CALAgEAS H 9 .1 ARCHEOL061 AREAS lki 100 MS-5 NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL AREAS This map shows the 20 existing Historical and Archaeological Areas managed by the Georgia Historical Commission, and one programmed area-- Jarrell Plantation. Since most of the sites are relatively small and cannot be shown in scale, they are shown on this map by symbols. The goal is to identify, classify, and select for public preserva- tion outstanding examples of Georgia's cultural heritage. Other major historical and archaeological sites are now being inventoried and selected by the Georgia Historical Commission for addition to the state system. The comprehensive statewide historical sites survey includes over 2,200 places, of which 151 sites, as of May 10, 1972, have met qualification for the National Register of Historic Places under authority of PL 89-665 according to the Georgia Historical Commission. Qualification on the National Register is prerequisite to federal fund assistance through PL 89-665. The Georgia Historical Commission has been designated by the Governor to develop the state's Historic Preservation Plan. As a part of this function, it will: --Maintain the State Register of Historical and Archaeological sites; --Update this map inventory and classification system to include both national and state significant areas; --Show each project's status as existing, programmed, or proposed; --Promote interest, appreciation, and education in the@ history and archaeology of the state; --Encourage the preservation and appropriate interpretation of other important historic and archaeological sites by other state agencies, local governments, and the private sector; and --Work with the Area Planning & Development Commissions to assure that major significant areas are appropriately considered in the regional conservation and development plans. In melding the Statewide Historic Preservation Plan into the Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan, the Georgia Historical Commission will annually: --Review and update as necessary the register and inventory of major historic and archaeological area's to be preserved and operated by the Georgia Historical Commission; --Propose, review for approval, program and prepare budget as appro- priate for the major historic or archaeological areas to be preserved and operated by the Georgia Historical Commission; --Cooperate, advise, and assist the Department of Natural Resources in the preparation of plans for protection and proper interpretation of significant historic or archaeological sites existing on other state properties; --Encourage local participation in Historic Sites Preservation. 101 RECONNENDATIONS 1. Establish by State Act the state register of historic and archae- ological places of statewide significance, and provide protection similar to that in the national act. 2. Transfer the function and positions of the Georgia Historical Commission to the State Department of Natural Resources. 102 Os 103 MS-6 NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: FORESTRY CHATTAHOOCHEE NATIO@AL FOREST FORESTRY -2 STATE FORESIS OCDNEE NATjONA FOREST,,' c@E I-INATIONA@ FORES NF f .AT'.NA FORES 104 MS-6 NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: FORESTRY NATIONAL AND STATE FORESTS, STATE NURSERIES, SEED ORCHARDS, AND RADIOCOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM This map shows the National Forests and Georgia Forestry Commission's Management System of State Forests, Nurseries, Seed Orchards, and Radio Communications as existing, programmed, and proposed. The map will be updated by the Georgia Forestry Commission to include lands now managed by the U. S. Forest Service and by major private forestry managers. The Forestry Commission, in cooperation with the U. S. Forest Service is in the process of developing another map showing the lAnds best suited for forest management in Georgia. When completed, it can be compared generally with the maps showing soils for prime agriculture croplands, the protective environments, water resource systems, urbanizing patterns, and transportation plans. General management policies and land use decisions for conservation and development in balance and harmony with the total environment can be made with the aid of these forestry GEMS. Much better planning can be done by developing the GEMS information on more detailed regional and local standard scales. GEORGIA HIGHLANDS PLAN Some critical areas still need public protection in the Georgia moun- tains. These include high elevation, headwater steep slopes, and the narrow river valley floodplains. In addition, some unique natural and wilderness recreation areas should be publicly conserved. The U. S. Forest Service should play a major role in the conservation of these critical re- sources and special natural recreation areas. These areas are highly fragile for development; but they are of key importance as regional natural resource conservation attractions for local residents, Georgians statewide, and out-of-state visitors. The Chattooga River is one example of a major special natural recreation area. Such areas are the scenic settings and resource-based attraction for multiple outdoor-recreation activities for such communities and potential terminal service sites as Dillard, Clayton, Cleveland, Helen, Dahlonega, Jasper, Ellijay, Blue Ridge, Blairsville, and Hiawassee. The regional physiographic land pattern of the Georgia Blue Ridge with these potential service*centers is a natural for a circum- ferential scenic route like the Great Smoky Mountain National Park region. Policies should be developed now to assure public protection of the critical areas and special areas in an optimum plan of conservation, development, transportation system, and management of the whole Georgia Highlands region. Good regional development sites at complementary regional locations should be left for quality development by private enterprise. 105 The Georgia Highlands Plan will be developed as a part of a Model Southern Highlands Plan for the southeastern states. Georgia will cooperate with North Carolina, the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, and the Appalachian Regional Commission. The plan will serve as a more detailed application of the GEMS* and Planning Process. The planning process involves the synthesis and presentation of Regional Conservation and Development alternatives, policy formulation, and Public Investment Program Development. The Southern Highlands Plan will be a major part of the Georgia SCORP continuing planning program during.the next eighteen months. It will also serve as a substate regional model for other regions of Georgia. *The RIBS of the Southern Highlands Study is essentially the same process as GEMS. 106 LOI 'ZI* fll',- ire -Izz kr Air vo W-1 & 2 WATER RESOURCES: MAJOR WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENTS PUBLIC ANDPRIVATE 20 6 10 21 19 PUBLIC (C. of E.- T.V.A.) MAJOR PRIVATE DEVELOPMENTS 19 4 IU-TA 35 26 /I 17 29' 39 28 3 7 23 27 A 13 25 7 108 W-1 & 2 WATER RESOURCES: MAJOR WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENTS PUBLIC AND PRIVATE Shown on this map are the major public reservoirs of the TVA and Corps of Engineers and the major private reservoirs of Georgia Power Company. When planning for the use of water resources, the quality, quantity, protective environments, existing major land use and transportation pat- terns, and the desirable future statewide regional and local conserva- tion and development patterns should be considered. Drainage basins must be planned, but must be in relation to other regional systems--as physio- graphic, social, economic, conservation, and transportation, etc. Too often in the past, one system has been planned out of context of a plan for the whole environment. This has sometimes occurred at the unnecessary expense of damaging other systems existing in balance in the environment and has resulted in further conflict. One object of the GEMS is to reduce conflicts in the public invest- ment process by considering the several systems and aiding in the selec- tion of the optimum plan of regional conservation and development. Major public Corps of Engineer projects are shown in five stages of development: proposed, authorized, advanced planning, under construction, and completed. Authorized means a project has been authorized by an Act of Congress but no funds have been advanced for design or construction. Once a Corps project has been authorized, it may have planning money authorized by Congressional action. Subsequently, acquisition and con- struction funds may be authorized and expended after planning has shown the project to be feasible and the environmental impact statement has been approved. Most of the Corps projects are multipurpose reservoirs serving such purposes as flood control, hydroelectric power, streamflow regulation, and recreation. An exception is the Hartwell Reservoir, where no con- sistent minimum low flow is required. In comparison to the Lake Lanier Reservoir, whose minimum flow for the Chattahoochee River maintains a trout fishery 48 miles downstream into Atlanta, the Hartwell Reservoir of the Savannah River has an even greater trout fishery potential. How- ever, the Savannah Trout Fishery and float potential is unnecessarily limited by the periodic zero flow release in the river to essentially no small craft floatation and to only 10 miles of trout water. A good example of potential conflict can be seen by comparing this map with the proposed system of scenic rivers. The complex of three. Flint River reservoirs is in the same area where the Natural Areas Coun- cil has proposed designation of a Wild and Scenic River. By pinpointing the location of the potential conflict graphically, the means for pro- posing alternatives and selection of the best plan of regional conserva- tion and development can be provided. 109 The numbers opposite each major public reservoir project are codes to a matrix which gives the name of the project, the river basin, state of the project, breakdown of cost between federal and state, and fiscal year of funding. In addition to reservoir projects, navigable waterways to accommodate commercial navigation and ports are shown. MAJOR PRIVATE DEVELOPMENTS Georgia Power reservoirs are developed primarily for hydroelectric power and recreation. Only one reservoir--Laurens Shoals--is in the programmed stage. This reservoir, directly north of the existing Lake Sinclair, is on 1-20 between Atlanta and Augusta. When using this over- lay with the Corps overlay, it is easy to see where major reservoir recreation opportunities are located in relation to any demand needs in the state. Laurens Shoals Reservoir will serve most of the same Georgia regional population demands for broad water-type recreation as will Trotters Shoals Reservoir on the Savannah. Note that Trotters Shoals is proposed between two major existing reservoirs which serve the same region, while other regions of the state have no broadwater sites. This overabundance is further compounded by the fact that Georgia Power will give the state a major state park on Laurens Shoals. SCS SMALL WATERSHEDS AND RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS The Small Watershed projects under the U.S. Soil Conservation Service program provide technical and financial assistance to help local groups plan watershed protection and flood prevention projects. Channelization projects, the Alcovy River in particular, have stirred much opposition from conservationists and ecologists. The Alcovy is one of the rivers proposed by the Natural Areas Council for Wild and Scenic status. The SCS-Resource Conservation and Development projects, like Small Watershed projects, are initiated by local interests. However, the plan for the project is broader based, and several counties are usually involved. The plan for the project sets forth opportunities for economic growth resulting from the development, conservation, and utilization of the natural resources of the area. At present in Georgia, there are three operational RC&D projects, one in the planning state, and three additional applications. The SCS Small Watershed projects and RC&D projects are depicted graphically on GEMS overlays (not shown here) for consideration with plans of other systems and the environment as a whole. 110 7". el Al@ s '44. T-1 & 2 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS INTERSTATE & FREEWAYS SYSTEM LEGEND STATUS CONSTRUCTED UN E CONSTRJCTION CDUR A 0 tSITION B LESICN Lo CATION RO@OSED PRINCIPAL ARTERIALS SYSTEM STATUS. LEGEND CONSTRUCTED I-OCATION %% 112 T-1 & 2 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS Shown here are the Interstate and Freeway System and the Principal Arterial System. Roads are coded as existing, proposed for location, under acquisition and design, or under construction. (Not shown are airports, rails, pipelines, navigable waterways, and major electric transmission system.) A highway by its location can be either a blessing or a curse. It can be a physical complement to a comprehensive plan for the environmental, social, and economic needs of people and the land, or it can be a conflict severely diminishing environmental quality. The total transportation system should appropriately fit the state- wide landscape. The environmental corridors comprised of steep ridge- lines and stream valleys' floodplains, as reflected on the protective environment map, are natural trailways for both people and wildlife. Highways should fit the more gentle grades, 0 to 12 percent, where they require less costly construction and will minimize erosion. They should be timely programmed to guide development in growth areas. The statewide demand study of the leisure time interests of Georgians showed that foot trails and bicycle trails are two of the top priority recreation facility needs in,Georgia. In addition to foot and bicycle trails, Georgians' needs are indicated for horseback, wilderness, and canoe .trails. These should be planned as a part of the transportation system in a comprehensive statewide land use plan. At present, Georgia has very few miles of primary recreation trails in total. Most of the existing trails are located in national forests; state, national, and local parks; and in large private recreation areas. IThe Georgia Statistical Abstract (July 1, 1968) shows 88,605 miles of major highways existing. The Highway Department reported a total of 98,873.61 total public roads in Georgia as of May 12, 1972. The 1970 Statewide Recreation Plan showed the following types and quantities of trail needs in 1970 based on statistical demand indications and a quality space standard applied to the existing supply: Recreation Facility and/or 1970 Need Resource (in miles) Canoe Trails 2,140 Urban Nature Trail 10,472 Rural Nature Trail 78,635 Wilderness Trail 4,000 Bicycle Trail 88,571 Motorbicycle Trail 13,798 All Terrain Vehicle Trail 3,954 Horseback Riding Trail 7,308 113 Major historic trails and sites on trails should be protected wher- ever possible. It should be noted that most of the existing trail miles accounted for are actually existing roads. Yet, almost none of these road trails are marked for bicycles, nor do they have a wide berm for safety of cyclists or foot travelers. A great opportunity for interagency cooperation exists to provide a total transportation system, including appropriate type and location of access modes to and within the natural environment and the major recreation areas. Scenic roads and-parkways are an important part of the overall transportation system, especially in a region like that of the Georgia Mountains, where 2,000 miles of scenic highways now exist and should be maintained and upgraded in their scenic standards. In the planning of highways, additional environmental safeguards should be taken to avoid conflict with areas of critical environmental concern. Such safeguards would consist of standing policy within the State Department of Transportation to avoid natural lakes, swamps, mountain environmental corridors, river and creek floodplains, prime fish and wildlife areas, historical sites, and marshlands unless no feasible alternative is available. If no feasible alternative is available, then the Department of Transportation should take every measure possible to minimize the damage. Such measures include the purchase of extra right-of-way, bridging, tunneling, and other special design considerations. Interdepartment cooperation and coordination of efforts in the planning function on a continuous basis can realize many potential actions in the public interest. Opportunities exist in location planning of highways in regional and urban areas. Strips of land may be acquired along highways to protect the scenic shorelands where the highways parallel scenic river f1codplains. Where new highways cross major scenic rivers, public boat access for canoe and fishing trails should be planned and acquired as part of highway right-of-way acquisition. Important historic and scenic views should be acquired and protected as part of the right-of-way acquisition. Present efforts to replace old bridges and the redesign of bridges and crossings for safety measures should consider the feasibility of boat access. 114 loom SPECIAL AREAS 161JAPTEsK V Chattahoochee River CHAPTER V SPECIAL AREAS Within the features discussed in the last chapter as distinguishing Georgia's natural environment, seven areas are of particular recreational significance: 1) Chattahoochee River 2) Cumberland Island 3) Okefenokee Swamp 4) Chattooga River 5) Cohutta Mountains 6) Suwannee River 7) Flint River These "Special Areas" have assumed topical importance because they possess ecological, scenic, or historic uniqueness in the context of statewide recreational needs. They have risen to prominence through increasing public sensitivity to their value and, often, the accompanying maturation of threats to their survival. In addition to importance in and of themselves, the seven areas represent diverse types of recreational resources. Among them are a swamp, a mountain area, a coastal island, and four rivers in various parts of the state. Many of the areas are relatively remote, but one of the rivers courses through the state's largest metropolitan area. These areas are representative in other ways. There is not a single case among the seven about which there is total unanimity regarding its highest and best use. Though each area is naturally unique, none is immune to claims that it could be better used in any number of ways: for real estate or resort development, for the production of hydroelectric power, or for flood control. Even when there is general agreement that the area should be used for recreation, a number of options remain: Should the development be public or private? What is the optimal balance between preservation and recreational use? In highlighting these areas, then, the attempt is to point out the natural and recreational significance of each, to present its current status in terms of alternative uses, and to recommend the most appro- priate form of recreational development. A. CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER 1. NATURAL AND RECREATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE From Buford Dam at Lake Lanier to Peachtree Creek, where Atlanta's sewers empty into it, flows a 48-mile segment of the Chattahoochee River which is remarkably undisturbed considering its proximity to Atlanta. it 115 T E N N. CHATTOOGA RIVER L- TOWNS DADE L@YENXS-j W-7, -AARXH COHUTTA MOUNTAINS LOCATION MAP OF SPECIAL AREAS WALKER CNATT. 0 BAN" (rRAHNLIN HART ALL rLOID 5A.- CHEROKE E "C'SOl 1-150" LISEAT MLK F 7, CHEE ILING cobs GIN-ETT I__w L . CHATTAHOO @@IVER -.LElHO.II,E , NA 1. Z TO. y WILKES D DIIALIS WAL DCUIGLAS LINCOLN NEW- CARROLL L. "RE"" dl@j HENRY @ /.,,\ r ETA WARREN HEA JA5PER PUTNAM RIc.wICNo TT. HANCOCK @.KcjIL-1 TR IRALOW.. BURKE THER U..R.E) 'o.E. 7-... E.,WE Imm. WAIHINCTION 1:0 UPSON .5 WILKINSON. L_._ 'E.K.NS S-EIIEN 51 AR." YALBOT AM"CIRD jO-.SON RIVER FL -INT -) .,@ EMANUEL IH`ACH I muscoG LAIJ. S HOUSTON BLECKLEY /./,\ f'TREurLEN CANDLER C"ATIAHOCCHIOE@ lAlIOl LE,@ BUL LOCH \EllING.A- DooLV DOME WHEELER E-N. SUMTER comes I j '-\'\ _'_rNA. lELrAI. -ALL CRISP WILCOX QUITMAN LIBERTY ---DOL- L, IER-ILL LEE BE. HILL EA@', Fj APIN_..G LONG CLAY TURNER L',_4 I @]-O-N DOUG.E TV WORTH RW.. 1@ corFEC sAcED. WAYNE -T EARLY BAKER BEIIIIN ATIU.- F MILLER MITCHELL COLQUIrl ....TLII ILYNN COOK 0 OKEFENOKEE SWAMP ClINC. CAMDEN D ATUA CRAOV ON '--AS K' )r_,)LOWNDES 41. - /. ECHOLS , @:.( @ CUMBERLAND ISLAND F SUWANEE RIVER D A 116 L11 '14 4 A. e4l -7r ?!,5; ;--44 Roswell IG CREEK GORGE MORGAN FALLS MORGAN FALLS DA SOPE CREEK loN, PLAN . M.: .ilim 75 4 FALLS 41 MORGAN @fR FALV-@' NATURAL AREA Vinings VININGS ISLAND FORD S Sandy Springs C' PALISADES 0 %,c) @%V%v bb N1. tot.% c_ Atlanta .0,0%tAG f 10%SED 10 INSET'A" INSET 75 PEACHTREE CREE No PROPOSED PROPOSED no afauytD emm PUBLIC Pft1C AREA BORMIDARY -V USE USE- -USE us[ PROTECTION SCROIC PAmmc 111311- _zmfn IOENT- -FEE- FEE- Maw[ BILD& BUT MAN ELEMENTS MEP R N.BAM 1__' -FLOOD -*HER CNAUNEL PUBLIC ROAD ICNIC AREA STYLIZED SECTION WATER COURSE TYPICAL ACCESS AREA BASE DATA: US GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FLOOD PLAIN DATA US CORPS OF ENGINEERS Chattahoochee River LEGEND BUFORD DAM WATERCOURSE (SEE INSET *A*) FISH HA'TCHEIIY ACCESS AREA (SEE INSET*51 41NERAL RECREATION AREA (SEE 'NSET-C-) NATURAL AREA HISTORICAL AREA AND SITE SHAKE, FISM NATCAIRT AND AQVUIUV Gnomes SCENIC PAKWAT ITTMANIS FERRY SWALS RIVER MILE 20 Suwanee ,C TRE 141 Duluth -PITTMAN'S FER NATURAL AREA Norcross 23 SUWANEE OLD TOWN INSET 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 9 10 -------------- -*,t@ r PIABLIC 00110 CAMP AREA ir TRAIL "ATIMP CONCEPT PLAN MAP PARKING AREA SCAM ACKS SmIcE 1101 j PWAK AREA C H A T I A H 0 0 C H E E RECREATION AREA STUDY TY PICAL GENERAL RECREATION AREA PREPARED BY US 06PARTIAENT OF 0* INTERIOR. RMAUOF OUTOOOR RKREATION AP21t, 1972 119 Chattahoochee River is perhaps the most unspoiled scenic, historic, and ecologically inter- esting river remaining in any major metropolitan area of the United States. The river picks its way variously through island s and shoals inter- spersed between calm passages. At several points along the river, mas- sive granite palisades rise above the watercourse. The river's water is unusually pure in view of its location and is the source of drinking water for one-third of the state. The flora and fauna of the corridor are generally more typical of the Appalachian Mountains than of the Atlanta area. The stands of hard- wood trees which extend along the banks represent some of the few currently- existing examples of climax ecological communities in the region. An understory of rhododendron, mountain laurel., and flame azalea characterizes the corridor, as do wildflowers, including pink lady slipper orchids, trailing arbutus, and spring beauties. A few very rare species of wild- flowers make their home in the river's watershed. Fauna include beaver, red fox, muskrat, racoons, and even an occa- sional mink. Crappie, bream, bass, mountain rainbow, and brown trout live in various stretches of this portion of the river. As an archaeological and historical resource, the Chattahoochee is particularly valuable. Human beings have inhabited the river corridor for almost 10,,000 years. On the banks of the river are the marks of primitive hunters of the Archaic period (8000-3000 B.C.), and the more advanced plant gatherers who followed them. Until 1821 the river was the site of numerous Creek and Cherokee Indian villages, trading stations, and campsites. Fifteen archaeological sites occupy a single four-mile segment of one bank. Civil War trenches and relics and the ruins of old mills are also in evidence. The ultimate recreational value of an area is the product of two variables: the character of the land and water, and the needs of the public. Even if the Chattahoochee were not close to a population center, it would be worth protecting; the fact that most of this stretch of the river--and virtually all of its most scenic areas--is within half an hour's drive of Atlanta, the regional center of the Southeast, makes the resource invaluable. There are currently about 9,000 acres of public recreation lands in the Atlanta Metropolitan area. Based on a minimum standard of 18 acres per 1,000 people, the region had a shortage of 10,000 acres of developed recreational lands in 1960. By 1970 that deficiency had increased to 16,000 acres and, should acquisition continue to proceed at the same rate, by 2000 the deficit will be 36,000 acres. It is easy to verify the recreational need of the area. There is only one public access point on the river, and there are no public parks. Yet, on a typical Saturday in midsummer it is not uncommon to find over 1,000 people floating down the river on anything from canoes to inner tubes. Fishermen dot the shores, and hikers explore the banks. 120 Chattahoochee River Whatever the criteria one uses--scenic distinction, ecological uniqueness, wilderness character, historical and archaeological signifi- cance, educational and scientific interest, fishing quality or canoeing, tubing, and hiking suitability--the river qualifies as an area of un- usually great recreational potential. Of nineteen sites recommended over the years by the Atlanta Regional Commission as nature preserves, the Palisades area of the Chattahoochee is the only one still available that lies within the perimeter highway. The Palisades is the most unusual segment of the 48 miles of river, and its preservation is essential to the shape and quality of the present and future of Metropolitan Atlanta. The Bureau of Outdoor Recreation's Chattahoochee Recreation Area Study noted, "The Chattahoochee River and its banks comprise the one remaining natural resource feature within the urban area which is substantially intact." Its importance to the metropolitan area cannot be overestimated. But the same location that makes the river an ideal area for a park proves also to be its greatest curse. 2. STATUS The Chattahoochee River lies within Atlanta's major growth corridor, and the implacable expansion of development threatens to transform it into a southern version of the Charles, the Potomac, or the Hudson. Since 1960, three major highways have crossed the river and six other, major crossings have been improved. Sewer lines are beginning to extend into the area, land values are rising, and the pressure of rapid popu- lation growth increases. Today, at least 70 percent of the riverfront land on both sides of the river is owned by real estate developers and speculators. The river has been scarred by some inappropriate develop- ment, but the bulk of the river remains in its natural state. With the maturation of the threat has come a realization of the river's value and the need to guide development. For a long time the river was used only by those few who had discovered the fishing, canoeing, swimming, and hiking opportunities it offered. The public controversy over the river dates, in fact, to the day one of these users took his family to his favorite picnic spot, only to discover a rezoning sign. The effort to save Rottenwood Creek (tributary to the Chattahoochee where the user picnicked that day) was abortive; the sewer was soon in place. The public support drummed up in that original fight mushroomed, and soon most local conservation groups had designated protection of the Chattahoochee as their chief priority. A coalition of concerned groups formed Friends of the River in June 1971. The great "Raft Race" drew over 20,000 to the river in 1971, further publicizing the natural resource. In October 1970 the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation initiated a Recreation Area Study of the Chattahoochee as part of the Federal Survey of needed parks in urban areas. Legislation introduced in the 1971 legislative session aimed at regulating development along the river was referred to committee for 121 Cumberland Island a yearls study. Rezoning fights multiplied as the pressure to develop the area grew. Governor Carter and the state of Georgia entered into the fray surrounding controversial rezonings where the perimeter highway crosses the river. A moratorium on rezonings along the river requested by the. state Legislature finally went into effect in September 1971, pending ac- tion in the 1972 legislative session. No protective legislation succeeded in passing the session; however, the Atlanta Regional Commission, with state support, committed itself to develop a land use plan for the river corridor and got the County Commission to extend the rezoning moratorium pending completion of the plan. Federal, state, and local authorities have been attempting to establish major parks in the areas of the Palisades and Morgan Falls. The bureaucratic mechanisms of society are primed to translate public need and natural opportunity into reality, but thus far few concrete re- sults have surfaced. 3. RECOMMENDATIONS a. A River Park Complex based on the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation's Concept Plan should be established. It should include access areas, general recreation areas, natural areas, historical areas and sites, a fish hatchery , and a scenic parkway. The main natural or scenic areas, such as the Palisades, which are unsuitable for development but are essential open space for en- vironmental quality maintenance should receive special attention. Major recreation areas in such a park complex should occur at Morgan Falls, Island Ford, Holcomb Bridge Road, and Suwannee Old Town. Park areas should be carefully themed according to purpose, and the pressures for use should be managed in such a way that no harm comes to those areas or the natural value of the corridor. Federal, state, and local funding and cooperation will be essential to the realization of such a plan. b. A watershed land use plan (like that being prepared by the Atlanta Regional Commission) should be adopted to protect the natural integrity of the river corridor and insure wise development where it should occur. Zoning restrictions, building regulations, and scenic easements are tools to be used in concert in the implementation program. Land uses in flood- plains, on steep slopes, and within about 150 feet of the river should be carefully regulated to appropriate recreation and open space uses. B. CUMBERLAND ISLAND 1. NATURAL AND RECREATIO NAL SIGNIFICANCE In a 1955 survey of outstanding natural seashore resources along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, the National Park Service identified Cumberland Island as being "of national significance and one of the two (along with Cape Cod) most outstanding seashore areas remaining along the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts." It is the last large island on the Atlantic Coast that re- mains almost completely in its natural state. 122 LEGEND 0-4j@ (@old Type) 1111E I OEVELOPWENr 0<4 (Fine Type) P-SE U DE@E@0-2,11 PR POSED EAS11OPE ;71 '0 0-0ARY d 4- Aloe 1"4111. "Wets .00 z J-- j High Point 'A P'c icking 9 Swimming "imiliv. camping Bicycle &Walking Traik @@@Brick Hill Bluff U Visitor Contact Mainland Area PicnickiRg Its visitor contact islaod Shuttle Sol Islaid Ferry Service Bicycle & Walklog Trills arias Boat Docking Lodge Accommodations Whitney Lake Picnicking, Camiling : Isidences dmi" istrallon 1 Outstanding Natural Area For Interpretatlem Ndqtrs.--.x Bicycle & Walking Trills Plum Orchard Visitor Contact U island Shuttle Service Bicycle & Walking Trail$ @1 Boat Docking C C b.,I..d study -Itesearck Cartier W-d Lodge Accommodations Sweetwater Picnicking 9 Swimming PfireitlVer Camping Bicycle, Walking 1 Ciao* Trail% Dungeness Visitor Contact Primiti ve Camping Lodge Accommadof.onS island Shuttle Ser,ice -d K-90-d I :icycl. & Walking T,oil, cat Docking St. Marys Primiti- Camping Jerry Fishing Picni,king & 5.i.-g icyd. L Walking T-il, FLO*1DA F-..d- 0 R r H PROPOSED Development Plan NS-Cf-7200-B Oct., 1967 CUMBERLAND ISLAND NATIONAL SEASHORE U N I T E 0 S T A 7 f S 0 F F A R T M f N T 0 7 H E I . T f R 0 0 1 N A t 1 0 N A L P A R K 5 E a @ I C I 123 Cumberland Island Cumberland is the southernmost of a string of islands off the Georgia coast known as the Golden Isles. On its east coast are eighteen miles of beach which gradually rise to dunes, some of which surpass fifty feet in height. Behind the dunes are freshwater lakes and marshes, including the largest freshwater lake in such proximity to the sea. The interior of the island is heavily forested with giant live oaks, cedars, and palms, from whose limbs hang Spanish moss, vines, and creepers. The highlands drop to salt marshes which stretch several miles to the mainland. These are large salt marshes south of Chesapeake, filled with their bounty of shrimp and grasses and all manner of life. Unique to the island is the Cumberland Island Pocket Gopher. Turkey, deer, and smaller animals inhabit the forest, while alligators and log- gerhead turtles frequent some of the wetter areas. not any particular element in itself, but rather the interrelationship of Perhaps the most distinctive natural characteristic of the island is all the parts, the sense of nature acting and interacting. Cumberland Island is still very much a "living" island, where natural change is visible and continues without man-made interruption. Sands gradually erode from the northern end of the island and are deposited on the south. Dunes shift and slowly encroach upon the freshwater Whitney Lake. The impression is one of nature in progress. The National Park Service wrote of the island: Forming first under a prehistoric sea, then emerging from the receding ocean, the island continues to be molded and reshaped by changing winds and moving tides ... the overall effect is one of pristine beauty not now adequately repre- sented in any unit of the National Park System. But, if man's touch rests lightly on the island, it is not because he is a recent or insignificant participant. Five thousand years ago-- and some estimates place the length of time at twice that--Cumberland was the home of Indians. Their burial mounds, still largely untouched, dot the higher lands. Spanish missionaries followed, and the Scottish with their cotton and indigo plantations replaced them. Today, one can still see the lonely chimneys of slave quarters that are mute testimony to an era and the Civil War that ended it. Because the island was not used for farming after this period, it gradually repaired itself. It was bought by Thomas Carnegie, brother of Andrew, as a winter retreat and has remained.in such use ever since. Resting in private hands and separated from the mainland by wide marshes, the island has remained beyond the reach of all save the owners, their guests, and a few poachers. Legends have grown on the mainland about the mysterious island, and interest has been stimulated. The National Park Service estimates that if the island were opened as a National Seashore, 11.5 million people would visit it in the first fifteen years, 124 Cumberland Island 2. STATUS Cumberland Island faces a new phase in its long history. Rising lan d taxes and the dispersion of family ownership are making impossible the retention of the island as a retreat for a single and cohesive family. Cumberland's future has become a matter of public decision. Not long ago parts of the island began to be sold to people outside of the Carnegie family. About 3,000 acres were sold to Charles Fraser, who planned to promote an exclusive recreation retirement community. Alter considerable controversy, Fraser gave up the project and sold the land. These threats have convinced most of the Carnegie family that the island canaot be held as it has in the past; they highlight the need for planning,its future. A small subdivision is being developed on Cumber- land and bespeaks one possible future for the island. More recently, the National Park Foundation acquired about 70 percent of the land on Cumberland Island. Legislation that would designate Cum- berland Island as a National Seashore has been introduced in Congress, and hearings have been held. .(See the map giving the proposed development plan.) Cumberland Island, lying between the coastal growth centers of Brunswick, Georgia, and Jacksonville, Florida, represents the last opportunity in this region for a true natural island conservation. There has been some question about the optimal use of the land. Par- ticular concern has surrounded the possibility of building a causeway to the island, Dissension has also centered on whether it should be considered primarily as a recreation resource to provide maximum use, or as a wilder- ness area with emphasis on preservation. 3. RECOMMENDATIONS a. At least initially, Cumberland Island should be designated as a National Seashore and acquired accordingly. The island's theme and management should be for natural, primitive, and historic experiences, in addition to beach usage. b. Once declared a National Seashore, extensive wilderness studies should be made to determine whether some areas of the island could qualify for wilderness designation. The study committee should determine addition- ally whether the area could be better served as a National Park. In any case, recreation should be allowed only insofar as it is consistent with the preservation of the fragile ecological balance on the island. C. No causeway should be built, as this would lead to overuse. Motor vehicles would bring with them the attending services, would require paved roads, and would be difficult to control once there--all of which would have an adverse environmental impact. Instead, there should be an access point on the mainland, and a boat shuttle service. 125 Okefenokee Swamp d. Recreational development should concentrate on beach areas avail- able from Dungeness. Other recreation modes could include Brick Hill Bluff, Plum Orchard, Whitney Lake, and Sweetwater. Beyond these areas public use should be regulated carefully and confined largely to group tours, hiking, walking, and bicycle and canoe trails. e. There should be limited availability for primitive camping. f. Visitor access should be controlled in order to limit use to the island's capacity. C. OKEFENOKEE SWAMP 1. NATURAL AND RECREATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE Okefenokee Swamp, located in Southeast Georgia, is world famous as one of the largest and most primitive swamps in America. Okefenokee Na- tional Wildlife Refuge, comprising about 371,444 acres,* is actually a vast peat bog filling a huge saucer-shaped sandy depression that was once part of the ocean floor. The shallow, dark-stained waters of Okefenokee flow slowly but continuously across the swamp toward the outlet--the famed Suwannee River. Swamp forests of cypress, gum, and bay cover about 80 percent of the swamp The natural Suwannee River trails through the swamp traverse areas of*large cypress trees hung with Spanish moss and the,broad open prairies with thousands of exotic wildflowers. Picturesque swamp scenery accessible to the public is found on the west and north sides, where moss-draped cypress border the lakes and boat runs. In sharp con- trast to the swamp forests, the prairies form vast water expanses. Some seventy upland islands totaling 25,000 acres are formed in the swamp. A few of these, extensions of adjacent uplands into the swamp, are managed timberlands; however-, most of them are deep in the swamp and unmanaged. Dominated by longleaf and slash pines, these islands form an important part of the swamp's varied wildlife habitat. Over sixty lakes dot the swamp forests and prairies of Okefenokee. Few areas can equal the interesting variety and abundance of animals in Okefenokee. Of more than 225 species of birds observed in the swamp, the egrets, herons, ibis, anhingas, and other water birds are most fre- quently seen. Several threatened species make their home here. The sand- hill crane is a permanent resident in the prairies, and ospreys nest in the tops of cypress trees throughout the swamp. At least 41 species of mammals have been recorded in the swamp. Okefenokee Swamp is one of the last extensive areas in Georgia where the black bear and otter can still be found in numbers. The mammals most fre- quently seen by visitors are the racoon, white-tailed deer, fox squirrel, and otter. *368,942 acres in Georgia; 2,502 acres in Florida. 126 PARK WARE CO CHARLTON CO. po 17INNER POND 44,1 BIG rrR LAKE 0 FLOVDS ILOYOS PRA @f'E_ ISLAND PINE ISLAND AKE SLIWANNEE A STEPHEN FqSTER STATE PARK BILLYS HASE PRAIRIE ISLAND Ar rR CHARLTON CO. WARE CO, BUGABOO THIEC) HONEY ISLAND Ar" 'E' CAMP CORNELIA HONEY ISLANDPRAIRIE c S PRAI 43 PRA/l GRAND: -A 0 PRAIRIE: FARGO STRANG IL 0 ISLAND It A,E BLACKJACK IS AND a NUMBER ONE ISLAND. Ml ISLAND SOLDIER CAMP ISLAND --@GEORGIA MIMS ISLAND FLOW15-A OuAl cl. Of @T -TO S EORGE OKEFENOKEE GA. _94 WILDERNESS STUDY AREA I OKEFENOKEE k -LEGEND- NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE GEORGIA REF BE MANAGEMENT UNITS OUTUIDE OF SWAMP LINE. 0 1 2 4 6 8 MILES SWAMP AREAS OUTSIDE OF REFUGE BOUNDARY. SCALE REFUGE SWAMP AREAS AFFECTED BY EXISTING AND PROPOSED DEVELOPMENTS. .127 Okefenokee Swamp Some 54 species of reptiles, 32 species of amphibians, and 37 species of fish have been identified in Okefenokee. The swamp holds one of the largest concentrations of alligators remaining in the country. 2. STATUS Most of the Okefenokee Swamp is presently being managed as a National Wildlife Refuge and is under consideration for inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System. Recreation facilities adjacent to Okefenokee Swamp have been developed to some degree, and construction is now progressing on further developing tourist facilities in the perimeter areas. The inner regions of the swamp are to be kept in a primitive state, development to proceed only in the outer areas. The Stephen Foster State Park, a small 80-acre outstanding natural island, is now accessible by a paved road. Existing and planned facilities at this major swamp entrance include rental cottages, tent and trailer camping, a boat basin, picnic grounds, nature museums, and other visitor-use facili- ties. The coordinate state-federal plan for the Suwannee River proposes extension of this park on an area adjoining the Suwannee, rather than over- developing the natural area. At Okefenokee Swamp Park, the only major entrance outside the refuge, existing: facilities include a concession building, boat shelter, a museum, live animal exhibits, a boardwalk, trails, and an observation tower. At the Camp Cornelia entrance, a number of visitor-use facilities, including a concession building, have been constructed by the Bureau. Additional developments at this entrance include nature trails, various interpretive facilities, an observation tower, essential service facilities, and swamp boardwalks. Recreation in Okefenokee includes fishing, sightseeing boat tours on perimeter lakes, photography, bird watching, and other forms of nature study. The use of the swamp for scientific study and educational purposes is encouraged. Access to the swamp will continue to be by way of the three main entrances where interpretive facilities, boat tours, guide service, boat rentals, and fishing supplies are available. It is now possible for skilled outdoorsmen to take a canoe trip, by permit, entirely across the Okefenokee. The upland timber areas within the refuge bordering the swamp are managed to provide optimum habitat for wildlife. These management units, comprising 7,000 acres outside the swamp line, will continue to be man- aged for wildlife and timber products. The remaining seven units, in- cluding Chesser Island and Soldier Camp Island, will be allowed to revert to a natural state. 128 Okefenokee Swamp Okefenokee Swamp is located in a rural area oriented primarily towards forestry. Southeast Georgia is one of the leading pulpwood-producing re- gions in the country. Seventy-five percent of the acreage of Okefenokee Swamp outside the refuge is owned by twelve to fifteen pulpwood companies and large private landholders. Exploitation of the lands through clear- cutting poses a distinct threat to the wilderness character of the Okefe- nokee. The clearing of these lands could create adverse drainage problems for the area. As one of the outstanding tourist attractions in the South, Okefenokee is of great economic value to the surrounding area. The swamp's present and future value is an economic asset. Much of the successful food and lodging operations by the adjoining local communities rests largely in the continual preservation of-the swamp as a national wilderness attraction. Most visitors will continue to see only those fringes of the swamp which are easily accessible to day-use trips from the main entrances. But the fact that a unique wilderness lies just beyond will add immeasurably to their visit. 3. RECOMMENDATIONS a. Establishment as a Wilderness Area Approximately 93% (343,850 acres) of the Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge should be managed as a wilderness area and forever protected as a part of the National Wilderness Preservation System. The passage of a .good wilderness bill to protect the fragile values of the Okefenokee should be top priority action, This large unique swamp, managed as a wilderness area, will be an environmental recreational resource like a separate world within its ever-increasingly man-made surroundings. b. Perimeter Recreational Development A plan of regional design with man-made developments strategically located adjacent to the swamp line is essential to maintain the wilderness values of the swamp and to serve properly the variety of human needs. Stephen Foster and Laura Walker State Parks, Okefenokee Swamp Park, and Kingfisher are perimeter service-'regional development areas, each of which needs a master plan. Each should relate to the larger transportation system and to statewide and national recreational needs. Through their facilities and programs, the perimeter areas should provide for high-quality, natural recreation, educational, and scientific experiences. At developed perimeter areas, natural recreational, educational, and scientific areas with interpretive facilities should be available. Master plans should provide for limited overnight accommodations, but extensive day-use opportunities within a two-mile radius of their central points of general visitor contact should be provided. The private sector should offer most of the overnight accommodations and food service for the swamp day vis- itors and tourists. The location of these private service facilities should be in and near Waycross, Folkston, and Fargo. 129 Chattooga River The visitor initially should be exposed to an.ecological overview of the whole Okefenokee its geology, hydrology, flora and fauna, and its system of natural waterway trails formed by the Suwannee River. c. Interior Recreational Use Beyond a two-mile radius from each of the developed perimeter areas, the highest human values are to be realized through experiences which re- quire this nationally-limited wilderness for deep and meaningful expression. Opportunities should be available for greater depth wilderness expe- rience within the swamp and river for those who want it, and overnight opportunity should be available to wilderness travelers who would meet the wilderness on its own terms and sleep in jungle hammocks hung from trees or in their own small craft. Hand-powered canoes, pole boats, and row boats should be available for rent at perimeter areas. The present gasoline-powered boats pollute in scurrying about for convenience's sake. Electric motors should replace the air with noise and fumes, churn the water, and require more space gasoline motors as soon as possible. National State Wilderness Area Use policy should be less concerned for the safety of wilderness users. The dangers inherent in the swamp should be accepted as part of an individual's risk. Trails should be un- marked beyond Billy's Lake, but travelers should be provided with inter- pretive maps with trails and identifiable points of reference. Overnight-use capacity for various areas within the swamp should be determined and limits set accordingly. Overnight camping within the swamp is by special permit only, and each group is limited to a maximum of 20 people. d. Surrounding Areas Because of the possible adverse effects of clear-cutting by pulpwood producers on land just outside the wildlife refuge, the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife should attempt to acquire over the long range all those lands within the swamp line so that the preservation of the swamp will be assured. D. CHATTOOGA RIVER 1. NATURAL AND RECREATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE predominate natural wild-land feature of the eastern section of the Georgia The Chattooga River, a tributary in the Savannah River Basin, is the highland. It is one of the largest and longest free-flowing mountain rivers in the eastern United States remaining in a relatively primitive, undeveloped condition. It contains beautiful and challenging white water, floatable year-round through a gorge-like eastern canyon. No other mountain river in the Southeast equals it in combination of natural features to provide a white 130 mmm CHATTOOGA RIVER CHATTAHOOCHEE N40adfiollit GA. NANTAHALA N46MIlfrt"t N. C. SUMTER Ndk:wd fr4a S.C, 00, TO HIGHLANDS c 1A TO FRANKLIN SECTION 11 CLAYTON arm 00 CHAT PINK My". SECtIONVIIIII RECREATION N SECTION I SECTION IV TENN SIC11ON V TO WALHALLA "SCENIC Will -161 LEGEND ALA. SECTION Vjj@ WILD ftv, TO WESTMINSTER ...... . LAKE -b Chattoop River water trout fishery, floatable year-round, in the degree scale of the Chattooga. It flows through an area rich in Indian history and outstanding scenic features. The massive face of the Blue Ridge Escarpment is marked by a number of deep gorges representing millions of years of carving by waterborne sands. The Chattooga River flows for a major portion of its length through one of these gorges. Elevations along the river range from 4,800 feet on the crest of the Blue Ridge.to 891 feet at Tugaloo Lake. In this distance of 50 miles, the waters of the Chattooga descend 2,469 feet, an average drop of 49 feet per mile. Vertical slopes of exposed rock 200-400 feet high are seen along the river. The cold waters of the upper Chattooga support a sizable trout popu- lation. As the water warms in the lower regions, redeye bass replace the trout for sport fishing. Brown trout are dominant in the main stream. A rich variety of plant life is present in the Chattooga River drainage. Wide differences in elevation and high rainfall combine to create a unique environment, supporting many kinds of plant communities. Dominant among these is the hardwood forest with its wide variety of species. Many stands, especially on north-facing slopes, are dominated by majestic eastern white pine. Several rare plant species occur along the Chattooga. Mountain camel- lia appear along Dick's Creek. The rare Shortia plant is found along Reed Creek and just above Burrells Ford. These areas are still rich in botani- cal varieties, including many species of wild orchid, fern, ground pine, lily, trillium, and violets. The cultural history of the region extends back beyond the first white settlements in the region. The trail routes of Indians who in- habited the area prior to 1700 can still be traced. Many scenic features can be seen by river travelers. Ribbon Falls is a small but spectacular waterfall cascading 75 feet down the mountain- side on the extreme headwaters. Chattooga Cliffs, a series of prominent granite outcrops exposed 400 to 600 feet above the river, can be easily seen. The Rock Garden is a series of spectacular rock formations where geologic weathering has left large slabs sticking up to 75 feet out of the river at sharp angles. A treacherous area for the canoeist called Bull Sluice has ten-foot high falls dropping over a large rock formation. Another scenic feature is Dick's Creek Falls, a classic waterfall dropping fifty feet over a steep ledge into the river. Below U.S. Highway 76 are the most rugged rapids on the river, to be run only by expert canoeists. Both the Chattooga River and West Fork contain a scenic array of rapids, cascades, waterfalls, shoals, and other dramatic geologic forma- tions. 132 Chattooga River Although fishing accounts for the greatest portion of recreation use, the river has many other attractions. The canoeist and floater are showing up in increasing numbers to experience the challenge of the river. To preserve the wild river, tent and trailer campsites are not devel- oped on the river, but at selected areas nearby. It is to be noted that sites are too small to accommodate any large numbers and should be moved back from the river. River runners on extended float trips can enjoy camping under primitive conditions at many sites along the river, some- thing that is becoming harder to find in our urban world. A developed trail extends the four miles from Burrells Ford to Eli- cotts Rock. However, most of the shoreline is accessible to those hikers who would test themselves against the rugged country. Even with formal inclusion in the National System of Wild and Scenic Rivers, the Chattooga must be viewed in its proper perspective--that of being the most outstanding recreation attraction in a region characterized by rare and exceptional natural features. The Southern Appalachians are one of the nation's most popular vacation destination lands. Georgia has 4,000 miles of river ways; 700 miles (including tributary streams) exist as cold-water resources in the Georgia Highlands. Viewed in terms of its mountain-environment setting, free-flowing character, its quality as.a cold-water trout stream, its year-round floatability, and its virtually undisturbed state, the Chattooga River can be seen as the most significant riverway of its kind in the ten southeastern states, if not the entire United States, 2. STATUS There are three possible futures for the Chattooga River: First, the river could be developed on a "come what may" basis; second, it could be designated for hydroelectric power; and, third, it could be included in the National Wild and Scenic River System. Leaving the river to develop in the future much the same as it has in the past would probably result in maximum development of summer homes on the choice private lands and more public camping facilities constructed by the Forest Service and private landowners. Further encroachment on the river's shoreline by jeep roads could be expected, as could increased use by fishermen and boat campers, resulting in litter accumulation and site deterioration. With overall river use increasing, pollution becomes a real and serious threat. The system of timber harvest practiced by both Georgia Power Company and the U.S. Forest Service would be expected to continue. Since 1935, there have been four separate proposals for hydroelectric development of the river. Two of the proposals were made by the U.S. Corps of Engineers, one by U.S.IStudy Commission, Southeast River Basins, in 1962 and, more recently, one by the Federal Power Commission in 1969. 133 Chattooga River Most of the proposals call for a series of dam installations with power plants, each depending on the other for water release required for opera- tion. Any series of dam on the Chattooga River would so seriously impair the free-flowing quality of the river, reduce its length, and regulate flows of the remaining stretches as to practically eliminate the river character as we know it today. It must be seen that, although this river could help meet the power generation needs for the Southeast by the year 2000, many more intangible benefits are to be gained by people needing a wild river that is much the same today as when man first saw it. Colonel John S. Egbert, former District Hydroelectric Engineer for the Savannah Corps of Engineers, said at a Clayton, Georgia, public meeting on March 17, 1972: Our studies to date indicate that the environmental implications of this proposal are positive, since the Chattooga in its present state contributes a great deal to the scenic and aesthetic value of the region, generally possesses high water quality and would preserve, under the conditions of the proposal, one of the longest and free-flowing rivers in the Southeast in its relative primi- tive and undeveloped state, and thus preserve a unique national environmental resource. Therefore, I support the proposal to preserve the Chattooga River as a "wild and scenic river." Management and development as set forth in the proposal would contribute to the overall water resources development and pre- serve the positive environmental impact of the Chattooga River on the entire Savannah Basin. The Georgia Power Company owns over 40 percent of the land directly along the Chattooga. The Forest Service has been actively negotiating with the company to exchange lands for inclusion in a Chattooga Wild and Scenic River. Georgia Power has been quite cooperative in discussing possible Wildand Scenic River status for the Chattooga and seems recep- tive to the wishes of the public and to have a regard for what is best for this region. 3. RECOMMENDATIONS a. The U.S. Forest Service should administer the river as a unit of the National Wild and Scenic River System. A river management program should be prepared, and the Forest Service must cooperate clos,ely with the respective state and national resource agencies. b. The river's carrying capacity may be reached in a few years. The desirable daily carrying capacity should be determined and controlled to a large degree by the transportation system and parking spaces in adjacent proximity to the river. This necessitates a well-planned and inspiring interpretive program for those who cannot be accommodated. The prognam should incite an awe-inspiring feeling of stepping back two or three hiked down the river. hundred years, a feeling similar to that one would get if he canoed or 134 Chattooga River The secondary themes, such as history and geology, should not be ignored and, in fact, can be made interesting and of value to the visitor if they are presented in a direct relation to man's impact on the river, and how the river has fought against man's influence. c. The main attraction of the river will continue to be the primi- tive unspoiled sections of spectacular white water and its valley gorge wild lands. Information facilities, however, are needed to designate where these sections are, what they offer, and ways in which they can be visited and enjoyed. To provide the type of experience in which a feeling of adventure, challenge, and physical achievement is dominant, river access should be primarily by trail, including canoe launch sites. Such a system must be carefully designed to disperse visitors and prevent overuse of the river. In light.of this, it is recommended that most of the unpaved roads to the river be gated and used for emergency and administrative purposes only. Three points should have road access: Grimshawes Bridge, Highway 28 Bridge, and Highway 76 Bridge. Development should be minimal and set back from shorelines. Recreation-use levels should be regulated on the basis of carrying capacity of the land and water to prevent overuse damage to the resources or deterioration of the recreation experiences. Tentative saturation levels have been determined for the area, and they will be modified as use data indicates. d. When the Chattooga is included in the National Wild and Scenic River System, additional plans should be prepared for the management of fishing and hunting activities in the area. e. The role and objective of timber management in the proposed boundary should be the production of healthy, vigorous stands of trees of all ages of species common to the area, managed and utilized only to enhance and complement recreation and other resources. Timber manage- ment here should be for recreation, watershed, and esthetic and wildlife values, rather than for commercial timber production. . f. The extraction of minerals through surface disturbances is in- compatible with wild and scenic river objectives. Federal lands within one-quarter mile of the river should be withdrawn from mineral entry. g. Water management activities should maintain or improve quality. Recreation management should take all possible steps to minimize the chance of water pollution from recreation activities. h. A bench-mark system should be established to measure and note changes in the river's environment. Some change is inevitable. The Chattooga is not a static resource that can be preserved for all time. Designation of this river as a National Wild and Scenic River can prevent undesirable developments on the river by man, but it cannot halt the 135 Cohutta Mountains ageless ecological and geological processes. A bench-mark system is needed to inventory all the river's resources and evaluate their condition and trend. Some methods that might be used are infrared aerial photog- raphy to measure species compositions in the overstory canopy, and line transcripts on a plot or strip basis to measure all species in the understory, along with size and rates of growth and camera points to record the nature of the general scenery. The value of the bench-mark system is that it will provide as accurate a record as possible of all ecological and geological changes occurring, both natural and man caused. i. The Georgia General Assembly, by Resolutions 89 and 289, has stated the values of this river and encouraged Congressional action for its protection as part of the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System. j. Further field studies by the Chief of Game and other natural resource planners of the State Department of Natural Resources recommend 30,000 to 50,000 acres of wilderness management of the shorelands on the 'Georgia side. This wilderness management has been concurred in by letter of the Governor to the Secretary of Agriculture. (It is felt that South Carolina should adopt a similar proposal.) E. COHUTTA MOUNTAINS 1. NATURAL AND RECREATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE The Cohutta Mountains area of the Chattahoochee National Forest is located northeast of the town of Chatsworth in North Central Georgia. It is the major natural feature of the western boundary of the Georgia High- lands. The area includes the headwaters of the Conasauga River and the entire Jacks River drainage area, a total of 49,500 acres. The wilderness area is within the Blue Ridge mountain chain and is an area of very strong relief, as elevation may vary from 950 feet to 4,149 feet. The area is characterized by predominately steep slopes which drain high-quality waters from over 50 inches of rainfall annually. The topography of the Cohutta provides it with very distinct varia- tions in both temperature and precipitation. The area abounds in recreational opportunities, including fishing, hunting, nature study, photography, backcountry camping, and also provides an exceptional experience to the skilled canoeist who would shoot the rapids of the Conasauga River. The Cohutta Mountains have a strong appeal to sportsmen, especially hunters, because of their remoteness and wilder- ness character. The area can be managed to provide huntable populations of all game species and can also be managed for the benefit of all wild- life, including nongame species. The list of wildlife to be found in the area is a long one and includes deer, turkey, black bear, ruffed grouse, gray squirrel, wild hog, and other species. It is one of the last strong- holds for the black bear in the Appalachians. Both the Jacks River and the Conasauga River are classified as quality native trout streams. Th e Conasauga River is one of the few 136 Cohutta Mountains remaining wild trout streams in Georgia. From Rough Creek upstream, con- ditions for trout are ideal. From this point downstream, Coosa Bass become progressively more numerous, although trout are found over the entire length. The Jacks River is also a productive fishery. Coosa Bass are found in the lower reaches of the stream up to the waterfall near Beech Mountain. Trout can be found throughout the stream. The Georgia Botanical Society has conducted a survey of plant communities on portions of the area. At least forty rare or uncommon plant species have been found. The two rivers have highly scenic gorge-like sections with a wide variety of hardwood trees. Large stands of beech trees are found. The forest is composed mostly of second-growth stands and is generally of the oak-pine type. All national forest lands except 55 acres are now con- sidered commercial forest lands, with over 50 percent of the area considered as cove hardwood sites. Due to the steep land; thin, highly erodable soils; important water-quality values and fishery; and limited Georgia bear range, commercial forest use should be eliminated in this area. Of particular scenic beauty are the Jacks and Conasauga Rivers. The Jacks Riverat Bear Branch Confluence has some of the most rugged stream valley gorges in America. Here the river drops 540 vertical feet in 3.6 miles. From the Bear Branch Confluence, the river becomes increasingly difficult to a point 3,000 feet downstream. The river at this point explodes into a wild torrent of falls and cascades difficult to describe. At approximately each quarter mile, the river runs head-on into the beautiful massive stone outcrop of the opposite ridge and abruptly turns almost 90 degrees in the opposite direction. Along each segment of this serpentine form, the river leaps over falls and cascades over rock ledges and giant boulders. Following the river from Bear Branch to Gregory's Mill downstream provides a visitor with almost unimaginable beauty. This section of fif- teen miles contains white water rapids in a gorge-like setting and further downstream provides scenic pastoral landscape with floodplains up to 300 yards backdropped by the spring mountain. 2. STATUS The Cahutta Mountains Unit was established as a part of the Cohutta Mountains Game Management area in 1968. The U.S. Forest Service and the states of Georgia and Tennessee cooperate in the management of wildlife under a memorandum of understanding. There are no developed recreational sites within the unit; however, one main area has served as a congregation point for recreation activities and undeveloped camping. Immediately outside the southwest corner of the area is the Lake Conasauga Recreation area, a development originally constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps. This facility has six- teen camping units and twenty-eight picnic units. It exists on lands unsuited for facility expansion. It is now overused and, because it will generate damaging pressure through overuse,, it should be either managed as a primitive campsite or eliminated. 137 Cohutta Mountains Nearly 17 percent of the total area is under some type of mineral reservation, most of it with all mineral rights reserved. This amounts to 8,300 acres. These outstanding rights might be a problem in the future management of the Cohutta Mountains Wilderness Area, but no commercial minerals are known to exist here by state geologists. The rivers in the area are now accessible by a number of foot trails which have been used increasingly by vehicular traffic. This situation poses a threat to the environment, as well as to the drivers. The paths are very hazardous, almost vertical at some points, and would require high maintenance costs to keep them in adequate condition for vehicular traffic. There is also a threat to the river areas in the way of dam construc- tion, as studies have also been completed to this end. 3. RECOMMENDATIONS a. It is strongly recommended that the Cohutta Mountains Unit be designated a National Wilderness Area. b. Long-range acquisition of all private lands within the area should be planned. c. The construction of new roads within the area should be prohibited, and existing roads should be blocked with the exception of those from Tumbling Creek Road to Dalley Gap, Georgia Highway Number 2 to Three Forks, and Three Forks to Grassy Mo untain Fire Tower. All fire roads should be left as they are. A master plan needs to be drawn up to provide for perimeter access points to take pressure off Lake Conasauga and terminate vehicular traffic into the interior of the area. d. Provision should be made for primitive camping experience rather than developed campgrounds. e. Low-density campgrounds could fit well in the periphery and serve as a jumping-off point for backcountry users and other less-vigorously inclined individuals. Overuse here will probably occur by 1980 or 1985. Therefore, larger campground density development nodes should be located elsewhere along the base of the mountain along Cartersville fault east of Route 411. f. There is a need to increase the supply of other forms of recrea- tion. Hiking, backpacking with tents for camping, quality stream fishing, nature study, and backcountry type hunting can be supplied by these lands. All of these can be supplied with a great degree of solitude. g. The planning and location of a minimum number of small signs at trail heads and backcountry intersections may be considered necessary. 138 Suwannee River The placing and size of these signs, however, must not detract from or mar the natural beauty of the mountains area. h. There is a need for a natural wildlife management program in the Cohutta Wilderness Area to supply the growing demand for wilderness- type hunting and fishing activities and general nature study. i. Hunting and fishing should be maintained subject to state laws, and fishing of all stream tributaries to Jacks and Conasauga Rivers and Tumbling Creek should be prohibited. j. Georgia biologists should collaborate with authorities in Tennessee to determine the value of the trout fishing in the gorge sections below Alaculsy Valley. A stream survey is probably needed. k. Because the Jacks and Conasauga Rivers serve as the major water supply for Dalton, Chatsworth, and Rome, there is a need to maintain the water to the highest quality possible, 1. Ideally, all timber cutting should be prohibited. The area could then be managed for wilderness preservation. The clear-cutting system of harvesting timber should be abandoned on steep slopes, and in its place other methods, such as selective cutting, should be instituted to preserve the area in a near-natural state. F. SUWANNEE RIVER 1, NATURAL AND RECREATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE A report prepared for Congress on the Suwannee River stated: Of all the rivers in the southeastern coastal plain, extending down the Atlantic shores and along the Gulf from Virginia to Mississippi, the Suwannee seems to be the only one of major size relatively unspoiled. None of the major rivers of this coastal region have watersheds so sparsely populated, scenery so unusual, and channels so nearly free of dredging and dams. The Suwannee flows 265.4 miles from its source in the Okefenokee Swamp in South Georgia to its mouth on the Gulf of Mexico in Florida. About sixty miles of this is in Georgia. After leaving the boggy channels of the Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge, the river snakes through a broad floodplain, which averages 2,600 feet in width. Near the state border, the river begins to pass between rising limestone banks, and the stained water fades as many clear springs feed into it. It flows through densely wooded hammocks, more swampland, and finally through extensive salt marshes before it joins the Gulf. The river is essentially free of impoundments, and biological and chemical pollutants are virtually absent. Along its course are shoals, grottos, sunken vessels, old missions, and mills. 139 SOURCE SILL R.M. 238 ? _MARLTON r GEORGI ....... . FLORIDA EC t t Lr.N CLINC__ .::*.::-COLUMBIA ... BAKE,, iE % LALADISON ICHETUCKNEE I SPRINGS UNIO@---7 ------ ZI; Do POWER LINE LITTLE RIVER .... R/W SPRINGS R.M. 191 L1 LEGEND DIXIE WILD RIVER 'TJ < SCENIC RIVER n RECREATIONAL RIVER LEVi'--l -.-- SUWANNEE NATIONAL WILD AND SCENIC RIVER 0 u RIVER CLASSIFICATION OF MEXICO C, 5 0 5 10 15 20 SCALE *=m MILES MOUTH U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF OUTDOOR RECREATION SOWTHE AS T REGION ATLANTA, GEORGIA 140 Suwanrm River The banks along most of the river remain relatively untouched. Though roads cross the river at many points, none travels along the shoreline. Vegetation ranges from the Ogeechee-tupelo forests of the Okefenokee to red cedar at the Gulf, The Georgia section of the river includes notable examples of freshwater marsh, Ogeechee-tupelo forest, and hammock vegetation. Three-hundred and seventy-six species of animals inhabit the river area, including 54 species of fish. Nine rare and endangered species make their home in the area: Suwannee Bass, American Alligator, Wood Ibis, Southern Bald Eagle, American Osprey, Southern Red-cockaded Wood- pecker, Florida Panther, Florida Water Rat, and Florida Manatee. The Suwannee courses across sediments that were formed during a span of 40 million years. It is not surprising that there are exceptionally valuable paleontological findings in the river basin. The Suwannee River and its environs have been used for recreation since the Civil War, when horse-drawn buggies traversed the banks and river steamers paddled the river's waters. Today the river is located in the midst of a number of rapidly-growing urban areas. Five major urban areas with a combined population of 4.2 million people are located within a day's drive of the area. However, with a few exceptions, rec- reational developments along the Suwannee are minimal and poorly main- tained. Largely because of this, the Suwannee receives little attention from the millions of tourists who travel to Florida each year. 2, STATUS That a river as large and as well known as the Suwannee should re- main largely undisturbed is something of a miracle. Fortunately for the Suwannee, flood-control projects along its path are unfeasible and the counties it runs through are agricultural; so there has been little de- mand for hydroelectric power'and conversion to urban uses. Little dredging has ever occurred, though the first requests for dredging were entered as early as 1880. However, if history has treated the Suwannee comparatively well, the future may not. Most of the riverfront land along the river is owned by private individuals and corporations. Almost half of the land fronting the river is managed for its timber. Though a combination of expense and public spirit has prevented clear-cutting along the banks of the river, there is no guarantee that this restraint will continue. A more immediate threat to the river's integrity is posed by the rich limestone deposits that line fifty-three miles of perhaps the most scenic section of the Suwannee. Mining along the banks of this stretch of the river, unless carefully c'ontrolled, not only would violate its scenic character, but would inevitably cause substantial erosion and resulting water pollution. Estimates of the market value of these lime- stone deposits run as high as $6,240,000. 141 Suwanfm River Increasingly, the river is being recognized as a recreational re- source. The 1963 Southeast River Basins Study Committee Report iden- tified the recreational and tourist potential and assessed the economic impact of such development. However, recreational.development will not necessarily treat the river better than other commercial uses. The report to Congress on the Suwannee summarizes: Existing trends in recreational development tend to fractionate the resource and rob it of its most salient value--continuity of its natural character. Many established enterprises are marginal with respect to both capitalization and facility stand- ards: There is a high incidence of either enterprise failure or project abandonment. Also, much of the existing recreation use occurs without maintenance of facilities. Unless a coherent and comprehensive master plan for utilizing the resource is implemented, the quality of this nationally significant natural environment will continue to diminish. This condition over time will seriously mar the outstanding scenic beauty of the river. There is an alternative future for the river. The 1968 National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act designated studies of 27 rivers for inclusion in the Program. The Suwannee was one of these. The study was submitted on October 2, 1970, with the approval of both Georgia and Florida, and awaits Congressional approval. The proposal has not met with universal endorsement, and the Suwannee River Citizens Association has been vocal in its opposition to public ownership and regulation. 3. RECOMMENDATIONS a. Congress should designate the Suwannee as a National Wild and Scenic River. The recommendations of the study report should be imple- mented. b. From its source to river mile 238 (27 miles) the river should be designated as "wild" and should be maintained in its present state. The next 158 miles (to river mile 81) should be designated as "scenic" and should be maintained without impoundments or substantial shoreline alteration. The last 81 miles should be designated "recreational," with provisions for ready access and some development. C. A buffer zone not to exceed 300 feet on either bank should be established by fee acquisition or easement. The floodplain should be protected through a policy of open space uses. d. Larger areas along the river should be established for recreation of varying sorts as recommended in the study. The report recommends the establishment and maintenance of 44 recreation areas over the 238 miles four.of over 400 acres and 12 between 100 and 400 acres. The Georgia contingent of parks should include Stephen Foster in the Okefenokee Swamp, as well as a new major park at Cumbes (R.M. 234) or 350 acres, and four smaller boat access parks of between 15 and 30 acres interspersed along the rest of the Georgia portion of the river. 142 Flint River e. Access to the river should be assured, should provide for the appropriate distribution of-recreational opportunities along the entire river,, and should be designed to regulate the amount and type of recre- ational use. The study recommends access points every 10 to 12 miles. f. The federal government should acquire the 305-acre Cumbes site, the other four smaller boat access parks, and the buffer zone. 9. These parks should be optioned to the Parks and Recreation Division of the State Department of Natural Resources. The counties could operate the smaller river parks within the overall management plan for the river, if they so desire. G. FLINT RIVER 1. NATURAL AND RECREATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE In the "Georgia Scenic Rivers Report," the Georgia Natural Areas Council ranked the Flint as the most scenic river in the Piedmont. Considered together with the swamp which lines many of its banks and the land that surrounds them, the Flint around Spewreil Bluff comprises what Ecologist Dr. Charles Wharton has called "the single largest remaining wetlands complex in the Georgia Piedmont." Some of the river's course takes it through quartzite. Dripping Rock Natural Area is a tributary waterfall over pink quartz. The twisted folds of Pine Mountain Environ- mental Corridor and other dramatic bluffs and palisades distinguish the area. Particularly scenic areas include Flat Shoals, Dripping Rock, Tally Gap, Spewrell Bluff, the bowl and scenic backdrop of Pine Mountain, and Pansley Shoals. Ecologically, the river is also unique. Where it crosses the Pine Mountain Ridge, the flora and fauna of the northern mountains regions intermingle with those of the southern coastal plain. Along the Flint are the southernmost limits of such northern plants as the New York fern, the Curtis Georgia oak, Vail, mayapple and dwarf rhododendron, as well as the northernmost limits of such southern plants as Spanish moss, bay- berry, Pursh Southern cucumber tree, tupelo gum, and Ellis Two-Wing Silverbell. Extremely rare plant species include dwarf adder's tongue and Eaton Bradley's spleenwort. The river above Lake Blackshear supports one of the rarest fisheries available to Georgians--the Apalachicola redeye bass fishery. While red-eye bass are found in most parts of the Apalachicola network, the Flint provides the only substantial fishery in Georgia for this unique species of bass. Additionally, this section of the river provides a habitat for flathead catfish and striped bass. The Flint River area also provides one of the few unpolluted hab- itats for the Osprey. This bird is endangered with extinction through the use of persistent pesticides, and this presently uncontaminated area is one of the few suitable habitats remaining. The area is a prime deer, turkey, squirrel, raccoon, water fowl, and fur-bearer habitat. A survey 143 Flint River of the Lazer Creek region of the Flint conducted by the State Game and Fish Commission concluded that five areas were suitable for intensive game management. The largest deer recorded in the state was shot near Spewrell Bluff. Georgia's archaeological deposits may be grouped generally into four orders: 1) Paleo-Indian, 2) Archaic, 3) Woodland, and 4) Mississip- pian. Artifacts gathered around the Flint represent all four of these. Among the artifacts already discovered are fragments of fiber-tempered pottery, believed to be the earliest form of ceramics in the New World. In historic times, the lower portion of the Flint was the home of Creek Indians, but the Flint in its entirety was occupied for thousands of years before that with considerable differences in occupation from one section of the river to the other. In evaluating the recreational significance of the river, it should be kept in mind that it is near enough to Atlanta, Columbus, Macon, and other population centers to provide easy access for day trips. 'Canoeing this river requires little skill except for a section below Spewrell Bluff to lower Auchumpkee, where some intermediate canoeing knowledge is needed. The surrounding countryside provides bountiful opportunities for hiking and camping, and the fishing is excellent. Stipulating a use for the area which would protect its wilderness character has other benefits. The 600 acres of swamp along the river detoxify the untreated wastes from the Atlanta airport. It has been estimated that swamps are worth over $1 million an acre in terms of pollution treatment. 2. STATUS Three dams are currently proposed by the Army Corps of Engineers for the Flint: at Spewrell Bluff, Lazer Creek, and Lower Auchumpkee Creek. The dam at Spewrell Bluff is in its final planning stages, and $1 million was allocated for its development in fiscal year 1972. Three- hundred fifty thousand dollars has been budgeted for the Lazer Creek Proj- ect. These proposals have stirred great controversy. The Flint River Preservation Society has been formed, and numerous conservation groups have taken up the cause. The State Game and Fish Commission has gone on record against the Spewrell Bluff project. The resulting inundation of 42,300 acres would put most of the scenic areas of the river underwater, drown the swamps, cover wildlife habitats, bury many archaeological sites, destroy the redeye-bass fishery, and virtually eliminate the free-flowing character of the river. As the Corps of Engineers is quick to point out, however, a number of benefits besides hydroelectric power generation and flood control would accrue from the dams. The dams would "dedicate 23,000 acres of agricultural and timber lands and 13,300 acres of water surface areas to the public ownership for the benefit of the public" as well as provide an economic stimulus to the region. "Project lands that are not perma- nently inundated will be available for multiple-use management to protect 144 Flint River and preserve the natural surroundin8s*" The Corps esti "Rates that sport fishing activities in project waters will approximate 236,000 man-days annually, of which 226,000 would be occupied on the lakes. In the ab- sence of the dams, the comparable figure, according to the Corps, is 6,000. Boating opportunities would also be provided. The Corps claims that the lakes will function as sediment and nutrient traps, thereby reducing bacterial levels and improving water quality. In deciding between the two alternatives, the estimated greater usage of the lakes cannot be discounted; but, through low-cost manage- ment, high-quality river usage could be greatly increased as needed. According to the statistical analysis of recreation needs in this area of Georgia included earlier in this plan, there is a much greater deficit need for river-based recreation than for lake based. This is particularly true on the Piedmont Province of the State. Four major impoundments-- Lake Walter F. George, Tobesofkee, West Point Dam and Reservoir, and Goat Rock Lake--are already well within driving distance. The benefit- cost ratio of the dams, the power needs to be served', and the desirability of development in the immediate area have been questioned. 3. RECOMMENDATIONS a. There should be a full study of the relative benefits and costs of building the dam . Careful consideration should be given to alternative sites for the dams. The study team should include competent ecologists. b. Until such time as the study is complete, no further commitment of planning or monetary resources should be made to the project. c. The state should pursue efforts to designate the Flint as a Wild and Scenic River. d. A joint study effort between the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation and the State Department of Natural Resources with the cooperation of the Corps of Engineers and the Soil Conservation Service should be con- sidered. H. SPECIAL AREAS BIBLIOGRAPHY CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER "Archaeological Areas and Sites," Cobb County, Fulton County. "Chattahoochee Recreation Area Study," U.S. Department of the In- terior, Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, April, 1972. "Environmental Education," Georgia Science and Technology Commission. "Historical Areas and Sites," Georgia Historical Commission. "Trails," Chattahoochee Trails Committee. "Trout Hatchery," Georgia Division of Game and Fish. 145 CUMBERLAND ISLAND "Cumberland Island, A Challenge in the Golden Isles," U. S. Department of the Interior and National Park Service, 1955. "Cumberland Island as a National Seashore . . . The economic impact of a proposed development," William B. Keeling, University of Georgia, Graduate School of Business Administration, April, 1968. OKEFENOKEE SWAMP "Okefenokee Wilderness Study Area," U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Washington, D. C., revised March, 1971. "Okefenokee Papers," Georgia Recreation and Parks Society and Others, 1969-1970. CHATTOOGA RIVER "Chattooga River: as a Wild and Scenic Rf-ver," U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Region. Georgia Department of Natural Resources Working Papers. COHUTTA MOUNTAINS "Cohutta Mountains Unit," U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Oconee Ranger District, Cohutta Ranger District. Georgia Department of Natural Resources Working Papers. SUWANNEE RIVER "Suwannee River, Florida-Georgia, National Wild and Scenic River Proposal," U. S. Department of the Interior, August, 1970. FLINT RIVER Georgia Department of Natural Resources Working Papers. "Spewrell Bluff Lake, Flint River, Georgia," U. S. Army Corps of Engineers District, Mobile, Alabama, June 18, 1971. "The Flint River Report," Bob Hanie, Georgia Natural Areas Council, Atlanta, Georgia, October, 1971. 146 APTER Vl__ DKMA'ND FOWOUTDOOR RECREAMON )VV_ @ Imm. xI J_ @,A JA. -sj 41 .10t -A A- oil" r @v Iv @ XT I CHAPTER V I DEMAND FOR OUTDOOR RECREATION A. GEORGIA RECREATION SURVEY, 1970 The Bureau of Business and Economic Research, Georgia State Univer- sity, under contract to the Georgia State Bureau of Planning and Commu- nity Affairs, designed a survey to obtain data from which estimates of participation of Georgia's population in various forms of outdoor recre- ation could be made. The state of Georgia was stratified by the 19 des- ignated recreational regions. Within each of the recreation regions the sample size for the region was distributed to individual counties com- prising that region on the basis of the proportion of population within the county to the region as a whole. The samples assigned to individual counties were further subdivided into the census county divisions (for nonmetropolitan counties), and into census tracts for those Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas that are divided into tracts by the Bureau of the Census. In those cases in which detailed 1970 population data was available, the sample areas within each county were selected with probabil'ity proportional to the population size. By the use of random number tables and a random,location start, the actual sample units to be surveyed were selected. The basic unit of the sample was the household, and 2,410 households were surveyed within the state. These households consisted of both fam- ily and nonfamily units. The total number of persons included within the sample was 7,156. Of these, 2,094 were adult males, 2,327 were adult females, and 2,626 children. In addition, there were 109 persons for whom data were incomplete as to sex, as to family relationship, or as to whether they were adults or children. Included in the adult group were 68 single men, 213 single women, 2,026 husbands, and 2,114 wives. The.data collected for this study cover a wide variety of informa- tion related to recreation activities of the population. The study was directed primarily at collecting the information on participation in 53 specific recreat*ion activities. However, in order to make the study more useful, numerous other basic information items were obtained. Among these were specific socioeconomic characteristics of the households in- terviewed, including leisure time available to the household and, in con- trast, the factors household members felt prevented them from greater recreation participation. Specific information was collected on boating ownership and activities, fishing activities, hunting activities, and va- cation-recreation activities. Specific information was obtained on the ownership of vacation homes or the desires of householders relative to th( ownership of vacation homes. Data was sought on the dollar value of in- vestment of the household in recreation equipment and in variable expen- ditures for vacation and recreation. Data was also obtained on the house- hold's plans for recreation in the coming year. 147 FIGURE VI-1 DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE UNITS BY TYPE i HOUSEHOLDS NUMBER PERCENT HUSBAND, WIFE, AND CHILDREN 1,265 53.4 HUSBAND AND WIFE ONLY 594 25.1 HUSBAND AND CHILDREN ONLY 30 WIFE AND CHILDREN ONLY 115 HUSBAN[T,'WI FE, AND OTHERS 106 4.5 NONFAMILY, ONE MALE 48 2.0 NONFAMILY, TWO OR MORE MALES 8 0.3 NONFAMI LY, ONE FEMALE 154 6.5 NONFAMILY, TWO OR MORE FEMALES 26 1.1 OTHER 24 1.0 TOTALS: 2,370 100.0 Source: Statistical Summary, Volume 1, State Totals-14, Table 01. FIGURE VI-2 AVAILABILITY OF LEISURE TIME-REPORTING HUS13ANDS VACATION DAYS (1) AVERAGE @ 12.6 HOLIDAYS (2) 5.7 WEEKEND LEISURE HOURS 25.8 WEEKDAY LEISURE HOURS PER DAY Source: Statistical Summary, Volume 1, State Totals-14, Table 04. Note: (1) Vacation days are expressed in working days only, including Saturday and Sunday if they were regular working days for the respondent. (2) Holidays include only paid holidays. The distribution of the sample units by type is shown in Figure VI-1, and the availability of leisure time as indicated by husbands is presented in Figure VI-2. Wives reported approximately the same amount of leisure time as did husbands. Children had more vacation days because of summer vacation and Christmas and Easter holidays. On the average, however, children reported less than the median number of vacation days. This can be attributed to the fact that many children 16 and above take summer jobs. Children also had fewer than average weekend hours of leisure time (two hours less than the median value) because of weekend jobs. Directly related to the availablity of leisure time are the average hours worked per week. Heads of households reported, on the average, working 45 hours per week, whereas the median number of hours worked per week was 40. This difference can be attributed to a number of reasons, among which is the fact that many work overtime, managers and proprietors often work beyond the 40-hour week, and many persons with regular 40-hour jobs also "moonlight." Important considerations in determining the demand for recreation f 1-3' 4 0 2 0_3 1 .1 1.0 3.8 facilities are the reasons given for less participation in recreation and vacation activities than is generally desired (see Figure VI-3). For 148 husbands, wives, and children the principal reason was the lack of time. Single adults, however, cited the fact that they had "participated as much as desired" as the primary reason for not having additional recre- ation participation. For families, the second most important reason given was lack of funds. In the weighted distribution.of answers, sin- gle adults cited lack of funds as the major factor preventing further participation. FIGURE VI-3 FACTORS PREVENTING MORE RECREATION AND VACATION RANKED BY FREQUENCY OF RESPONSE HUSBANDS REASON PERCENT 1. LACK OF TIME 32.5 2. LACK OF FUNDS 21.5 3. PARTICIPATED AS MUCH AS DESIRED 13.0 4. AGE OR HEALTH REASONS, DISLIKE TRAVEL 11.6 5. CHILDREN TOO YOUNG 6.5 6. VISITED RELATIVE OUT-OF-STATE 6.1 7. AREAS CLOSE TO HOME TOO CROWDED 3.'s 8. DISSATISFIED WITH OPPORTUNITIES IN GEORGIA 2.8 9. PREFER INDOOR ACTIVITIES 1.6 10. PREFER URBAN-CULTURAL ACTIVITIES 0.7 Source: Statistical Summary, Volume I, State Totals-44, Table 44. Each factor was weighted according to its ranking.as first, second, or third preventive factor (weights of 10,6, and 3, respectively). This weighting in relation to weighted totals resulted in the percent distri- bution of preventive factors for husbands as given in Figure VI-3. The percentage distribution of weighted factors for wives and chil- dren differed very little from that for the husbands. For children, lack of funds was a more significant factor than for husbands and wives, and age or health reasons were given as a less significant factor. 1. SOCIOECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS The major findings relative to the socioeconomic characteristics of the population within the survey are as follows: a. Length of Residency in Georgia Nearly 72 percent of the households surveyed indicated that the head of the household was a native of Georgia; of all respondents, nearly 16 percent had lived in Georgia for at least 11 years. Length of residence in a state is considered to be a determinant of the demand for recreation because the person is presumed to have a greater knowledge of the facil- ities available. (See Table 54 of the Statistical Summary, Volume III-, State Totals-1, for the relationship between recreation activities and length of residence.) b. Age of Head of Household The median age of the head of the household for the sample was 44 1/2 years; 56.5 percent of the heads of households were below the age of 50. c. Education (Years of School Completed by Head of Household) Of the heads of households, 43.7 percent had less than a full high school education, 17.2 percent either had some college or were college graduates, and the median years of school was 12. d. Occupation of Head of Household Of the heads of households, 19.2 percent had professional, techni- cal, and manager-foreman occupations, 9 percent were clerical and sales, 11.8 percent were reported as retired full-time, and 9.3 percent were in unidentified occupations or the occupations were not reported. e. Income The largest single group of income recipients in the sample had a range of income from $7,000 to $10,000 per year. However, the median family income was $6,000, the median single-male income was $4,000, and the median single-female income was $2,000. Of the households surveyed, 15 percent would not report their income level. f. Employment (Head of Household) Approximately 70 percent of the households surveyed reported that the head of the household worked the full year in 1970. Full-time stu- dents and students who worked part time constituted less than 1 percent of the total sample. Those who would not disclose their employment status during the survey year constituted 2.8 percent of the total sample. g. Employment (Wives) The majority of wives, representing 65 percent of the family house- holds, were homemakers. On the other hand, 19.9 percent of the households indicated that the wives worked full time for the full year. The balance of the wives reported that they worked full time for part of the year or part time. At this writing, data from the 1970 census are not yet available 150 with respect to socioeconomic characteristics of the entire population of Georgia. W'Ken this information is released, comparisons with respect to the distribution of all the above characteristics can be made. The size of the sample for this study should give a very high level of re- liability with respect to the distribution of the socioeconomic charac- teristics of the sample. 2. RECREATION PARTICIPATION FIGURE VI-4 DISTRIBUTION OF AVERAGE ANNUAL RECREATION ACTIVITY BY SAMPLE TYPES Family: zzx@ "@Z; Z. ' -ty 1W Male 133.19 Female 105.40 Children Non-Family: Male 196.84 Female 115.76 Other* 224.73 All Adults 122.56 0 50 100 150 2;0 250 Source: Statistical Summary, Volume 1, State Totals-18, Table 24. *Unidentified as to age or sex. FIGURE VI-5 DISTRIBUTION OF AVERAGE ANNUAL ACTIVITY PARTICIPATION BY URBAN-RURAL RESIDENCE Urban: Adults 126.29 Children 259.15 Rural: Adults 120.12 Children 222.06 10 510 160 ISO 200 2;0 300 Source: Statistical Summary, Volume I, State Totals-35, Table 30. 151 FIGURE VI-6 PARTICIPATION IN THE TOP TEN ACTIVITIES ADULTS AND CHILDREN ACTIVITY PARTICIPATION* 1. DRIVING FOR PLEASURE 22.92 2. SIGHT-SEEING '11.15 3. NATURE WALKING IN RURAL AREA 10.62 4. WALKING FOR PLEASURE IN URBAN AREA 9.06 5. FISHING, WARM WATER 8.22 6. SWIMMING. WADING 8.14 7. PLAYING OUTDOOR GAMES 6.31 8. BOATING 5.05 9. WATCHING OUTDOOR GAMES 4.89 10. BIRD WATCHING, BIRD AND WILDLIFE 4.70 PHOTOGRAPHY TOTAL OF TOP TEN 91.06 ADULTS REPRESENTING % OF ALL ACTIVITIES 74.30 TOTAL OF ALL ACTIVITIES 122.56 ACTIVITY PARTICIPATION* 1. BICYCLING - 62.30 2. PLAYING OUTDOOR GAMES - 54. 53 3. DRIVING FOR PLEASURE (SEDAN) 23.23 4. SWIMMING, WADING 22.35 5. WALKING FOR PLEASURE IN URBAN AREA 11.07 6. NATURE WALKING IN RURAL AREA 10.78 7. SIGHTSEEING 8.00 8. WATCHING OUTDOOR GAMES 7.56 9. FISHING, WARM WATER 9 10. HORSEBACK RIDING CHILDREN TOTAL OF TOP TEN 211.19 REPRESENTING %OF ALLACTIVITIES 85.32 TOTAL ALL ACTIVITIES 247.52 Source: Statistical Summary, Volume 1, State Totals-18, Table 24. *Participation is expressed in average annual outdoor recreation activity occasions per adult or child* 9.1 8.2 8.1 4 6-31 5 .05 4.89 1 4 F7O ff 8 7 260 5 9 5. @q 8 a" fm 0" so 00 M so so W a" an M M The major purpose of the Georgia Recreation Survey, 1970, was to determine the annual average participation of the Georgia population in 53 specific outdoor recreation activities '. Th*e participation data in- clude activities both within and outside the state of Georgia. The 53 recreation activities are classified into four major types: water- based, land-based, snow-and-ice-based (winter sports), and air sports and recreation. It was found that the average Georgia adult participates in one or more of these outdoor recreation activities 122.56 times each year; the average Georgia child participates 247.52 times per year. The single male had the second highest participation rate after children-- 196.84 times per year. The single female has a lower participation rate, 115.76 times per year. Wives reported the lowest participation rate of all, 105.40 times per year. (See Figure VI-4.) The urban-rural breakdown of rates is shown in Figure VI-5. It is not surprising to find that the activity which has the high- est participation rate among children is bicycling. This is followed closely by playing outdoor games. The third most popular activity is swimming and wading. This last activity does not show as much partici- pation as might be expected, due in part to the fact that swimming is a seasonal recreation activity. It is likely that, were more pools available, the participation rate would be far greater. For all persons, driving for pleasure in a sedan shows a high rate of participation.* State Recreation Planners recognize that driving for pleasure is often an activity done incidental to the pursuit of other primary motivated outdoor recreation activities. This includes family, nonfamily, male- and female, and children. It is not at all surprising that the highest participation rate in this activity is reported by single males. Nature walking in a rural area also has a relatively high participation rate among all groups. Sightseeing, too, is popular among all age groups and family and nonfamily groups. Warmwater fishing is a relatively popular sport with adult males and to a fairly high extent with single females. Since many recreation activities are resource-oriented, it is not unusual that saltwater fishing would be higher in those regions which are near the coast. Thus, regions 13,14, 18, and 19 show a higher par- ticipation.rate in saltwater fishing than do other regions within the state. Hunting activity is fairly evenly spread. Georgia recreation activities are to some extent water-oriented, and it is not unexpected to find that boating among adults is a popular recreation pursuit. Figure VI-6 gives for all adults and for children the first ten activities ranked by participation rates reported. Among adults, only four outdoor recreation activities would be considered requiring per- sonal physical exertion, whereas among children six of the first ten activities require physical exertion. For children the two most popular *State Recreation Planners recognize that driving for pleasure is often an activity done incidental to the pursuit of other primary motivated outdoor recreation activities. 153 activities require physical exertion, bicycling and playing outdoor games. Among adults, the first two activities requiring exertion are walking in rural areas and walking in urban areas, ranked as third and fourth in order of participation. Of the ten adult recreation activities with the highest participa- tion rates, three may be classed as primarily water-oriented, one as both water and land-oriented, and the balance as land-oriented. Among the children, two may be classed as primarily water-oriented, one as water and land-oriented, and the balance as land-oriented. 3. INCOME AND RECREATION PARTICIPATION The information in Figure VI-7 compares-the participation rates of adults and children by income groups. The data show that in general, as income increases, the participation rates of both adults and children also increase. Paradoxically, this trend does not hold for those house- holds reporting income of $25,000 or more. There is a significant dif- ference between the participation rates for both adults and children when comparing with the next lower income group. However, due to the fact that only 70 households in the sample reported incomes of $25,000 or more and only 46 children were represented, the validity of the reported rates of participation for both adults and children is lessened. This does not negate the value of the data as given, but only suggests that the responses given are not necessarily typical of the activity participation in this income group. The activity most frequently pursued by adults, driving for pleasure, has about the same level of participation throughout the different in- come brackets except for the $25,000-and-over group, whose activity rate is 8.89 occasions. The most popular activity for this income group is bird watching and bird and wildlife photography, with sightseeing second, and golf third. The participation rates for those who failed to report their income are low and tend to suggest that a large portion of them are in the low-income groups. This suggestion is further strengthened by a comparison of the participation rates for the various types of ac- tivities. Rates for the unreported group are very similar to those of the two income groups under $5,000. While the participation rates in specific activities of adults in the higher income group vary somewhat from those adults in the lower income groups, those of children in all the income groups are very similar. The main exception is that for the children in the $25,000-and-over category, the driving of a motorcycle for pleasure ranks as one of the major activities. Recreation activities which require either a large capital outlay or a large expenditure tend to show a higher participation rate among those in the higher income groups. Boating, horseback riding, watching outdoor games, playing golf, sightseeing, visiting outdoor exhibits, visiting historical and archeological sites, and flying for pleasure are among those activites which show a specific increase with an increase in the income available. Activities which do not require specific outlays for major items of equipment or major fees and charges for participation tend to show greater participation rates in the lower income groups. 154 FIGURE VI-7 INCOME AND PARTICIPATION RATES OF HOUSEHOLDS INCOME GROUPS ADULTS IIIIIIII CHILDREN- UNDER $3,000 ......... .................................................................................. $3,000-$4 ,999 .................................................................................................................... $5,000-$6,999 .. . ............................................................ $7,000-$9,999 ............................................................ $10,000-$14,999 ................................................................ $15,000-$24,999 ...................................................... $25,000-OVER .................. UNREPORTED .................................................................. AVERAGE, ........................................................................... REGARDLESS OF INCOME so 95 110 125 140 155 170 185 200 215 230 245 260 275 290 305 320 Source: Statistical Summary, Volume 1, State Totals-19, Table 25. FIGURE VI-8 AGE AND PARTICIPATION RATES ADULTS AND CHILDREN AGE GROUPS ADULTS CHILDREN 29 YEARS AND UNDER ................................................... %............ 30-39 ............................................................... 40-49 ................................................................. = ............ 50-59 ....................................................................... 60-69 .......................................... 70 AND OVER ....................................................................... AVERAGE, ............................................................ *............. REGARDLNESS OF AGE 80 95 110 125 140 155 170 @185 200 215 230 245 260 Source: Statistical Summary, Volume 1, State Totals-21, Table 26. tA 4. AGE AND PARTICIPATION RATES Generally, as the age of the head of a household increases, recrea- tion participation decreases, but there are some exceptions with respect to the participation rates of the children. The information in Figure VI-8 shows the distribution of participation rates by age groups for adults and children. The clearly indicated decrease in participation rates with the in- crease in age of the head of the household may be explained by two-sig- nificant factors. First, as age increases, activities requiring more physical exertion decrease. For example, swimming or wading for adults in the age group 29 years and under averages 13.14 activity occasions per year. As age increases, average activity occasions decrease until at age 70 and over the participation rate is 0.83 activity occasions. Activities such as fishing do not show a significant decrease. Walking in both urban and rural areas increases with age. The second explanation for the decrease in activities with advancing age could well be that re- tirement implies a somewhat reduced income for most persons. There is a steady trend downward in driving for pleasure at the advanced ages. Playing outdoor games decreases from an activity rate of 10.93 at ages 30 to 39 to 0.27 at age 70 and over. While there is some reduction in watching outdoor games, it is not as dramatic as in some of the other activities. Activity participation rates of children of the heads of households up through age 59 are essentially equal. Only for the children of the age group 60 to 69 is there a significant drop in activity participation. However, the children reported for heads of households 70 and over show a large increase in activity participation. This average is based, how- ever, on only 23 children in the sample and is thus suspect with respect to its reliability. In general, it can be demonstrated that participation in those rec- reation activities that require physical exertion of any extent declines with advancing age. It may also be inferred that those activities which require a large capital outlay or large expenditures for current activ- ities also decline, because of the concurrent decline in income. 5. EDUCATION AND ACTIVITY PARTICIPATION The educational level was measured by the school years completed by the head of the household. In the case of both children and adults, participation in outdoor recreation increases as the educational attain- ment of the head of the household increases, as is shown in Figure VI-9. There is one exception, however, in that participation. rates for both adults and children declined slightly for education of 18 or more years. This may be explained in part by a statistical variation due to the rela- tively small size of the number reported for this group. Since recreation participation was found to be related to level of 156 so so No am ' low so FIGURE VI-9 EDUCATION AND PARTICIPATION RATES ADULTS AND CHILDREN EDUCATION ADULTS CHILDREN 7 YEARS OR LESS ...................................... w ......................... 13 TO 10 YEARS ..................................................................... 11 TO 13 YEARS .............................................................................. 14 TO 17 YEARS .................................................. 44 ......... 18 OR MORE ........................................................ AVERAGE, ........................................................................... REGARDLESS OF EDUCATION 80 95 110 125 140 155 170 185 200 215 230 245 260 275 290 Source: Statistical Summary, Volume 1, State Totals-23, Table 27. FIGURE V1- 10 OCCUPATION AND PARTICIPATION RATES ADULTS AND CHILDREN ADULTS CHILDREN PROFESSIONAL ........................................................................ TECHNICAL ................................... MANAGE R-FOR EVAN ..................................................................... CLERICAL ............................................................................... SALES ................................................................................ SERVICE ............................................................................................... FARMER-RANCHER ................................................. CONSTRUCTION .............................................. LABORER ............................................................................................................ CRAFTSMAN ....................................................... OPERATIVE ....................................................................................... RETIRED ........................................................... PROPRIETOR .......................................................................................... ARMED FORCES STUDENT-FULL TIME .......................o...................................... STUDENT-PART TIME . ..................................................................................................................... 585.33 HOMEMAKER ........................................................ OTHER Mawr .....................i.................................................... NOT IN LABOR FORCE ............. ................................................................... AVERAGE, ............................................................................ REGARDLESS OF OCCUPATION 73 80 95 110 125 140 155 170 185 200 215 230 245 260 275 290 305 tA -A Source: Statistical Summary, Volume 1, State Totals-25. Table 28. income, and the relationship between education and income is a well- accepted one, the values shown in Figure VI-9 may be said to be direct- ly related to both income and educational attainment of the head of the household. The data on income and education lead us to expect that as the educational level of future generations increases, the demand for out- door recreation will show a corresponding increase, with a leveling off at some upper income and educational level. 6. OCCUPATION AND ACTIVITY PARTICIPATION No clear-cut pattern of relationship between occupation and par- ticipation rates emerges from the data displayed in Figure VI-10. Full- time students have the highest participation rate of all adults, followed closely by members of the armed forces on active duty, professional and technical occupations, proprietors, and managers-foremen, in that order. Sales, service, and construction workers and those reported as not being in the labor force are above average for all adults, with the lowest par- ticipation rate being those who reported the head of household as a home- maker. The rates of unskilled laborer, operative, and retired persons were above those of the homemaker. The category of occupation "Other, which incluees those who could not be specifically placed elsewhere in the list, shows a participation rate only slightly below the average. The participation rates of children when categorized by the occu- pation of the head of the household show even wider variability than that of adults. Children of part-time students show an activity rate of 585, but only 3 children are reported for this category and therefore the value shown has little validity. In general, there seems to be little correlation between the participation rates of heads of households in a given occupation and the rates of their children. With four exceptions, occupational categories of adults that show above the average participation rate for all adults are the same as the categories for children that show above the average for all children. For both adults and children, 11 of the occupations show participation rates higher than the average. In only three cases does the ranking of the 11 coincide precisely between adults and children. In two cases the difference is one rank. For example, adult students full-time show rank 1, but their children show rank 2. It can be inferred, tentatively, that the number of activity occa- sions is related to occupation, but only as the occupation is related to income. For example, professional occupations rank third, technical occupations fourth, proprietors fifth, and manager-foremen sixth. Up- setting this apparent relationship, however, is the fact that the cler- ical group ranks seventh, "not in the labor force" eighth, construction ninth, and sales tenth. It is thus not possible to make any firm state- ments relative to the relationship between occupation and participation rates in outdoor recreation. 158 7. EMPLOYMENT AND ACTIVITY PARTICIPATION Full-time students@showed the highest participation rate for adults, followed closely by those who work part time during the year. Third in order of rates are those who reported working the full year. Rates then trend downward as the reported working period decreases. Those who re- ported that they worked only one to two months had a higher rate than would be expected from this trend. However, there were only five respon- dents who reported this working period, and this information is thus not statistically valid. Those who reported that they were unemployed for the full year had,the lowest participation rate for adults, whereas the children of those who reported they worked three to five months had the lowest participation rates for children. Children's activity occasions in outdoor recreation are influenced to some extent by the employment record of the head of household. An employment record that results in reduced income would obviously affect the ability of the children to pay admission fees or make capital ex- penditure for equipment for certain types of recreation. While there-is considerable variation in the data, the general inference may be drawn that the employment record of the head of the household has a specific influence on the activity participation by chil- dren. Detailed data on employment record and activity participation is contained in Table 29 of the Statistical Summary, Volume I, State Totals- 31. 8. VACATION ACTIVITIES 1970 AND PLANNED 1971 Considerable information was obtained from the respondents about their vacation activities during the study period. Among the items of information was the number of vacations taken or the number of overnight trips taken by retired persons. Data were obtained on the type of vaca- tion taken in 1970; the preferences for vacations in 1971; and the num- ber of participants, categorized by family and nonfamily, in various types of outdoor recreation engaged in during vacations. Average daily expen- ditures by those on vacation as well as methods of travel both by time spent and miles traveled were obtained. Information about the states, countries, or continents visited while on vacation was also acquired. 9. VACATIONS TAKEN AND PLANNED The respondents reported 2,608 vacations taken during 1970. The majority of the households (961) reported taking only one vacation dur- ing the year, 359 reported two vacations, and 128 reported three vaca- tions. Four or more vacations were taken by 99 households, no vacation was taken by 560 households, and no report was made by 18. Retired per- sons reported taking 389 overnight trips during the year. The majority of these were concentrated in the one or two trip category. No overnight trips were reported by 134, and no report was made by 6. 159 Planned vacations for 1971 were only a 2 percent increase over cur- rent vacations. A large portion of this increase is accounted for by persons who did not take a vacation in 1970 but planned to take at least one in 1971. There was some reduction in the number of vacations planned by households, but more households planned to take vacations in 1971. More retired persons planned to take overnight trips, but the number of overnight trips planned is less. The result is a net reduction in num- ber of overnight trips planned by retired households. Plans for 1971 could not be reported by 56 family households and 15 retired households. 10. TYPE OF FAMILY VACATION TAKEN 1970 AND PREFERENCES 1971 From a list of 16 different kinds of vacations the respondents were asked to indicate the types of vacations taken in 1970. These types were not mutually exclusive; therefore, a respondent could indicate that he engaged in several different types of vacation during 1970. A number of households (464) failed to report the type of vacation they took in 1970. Since many families reported more than one type of vacation, the total reported exceeds the total number of households surveyed. Of the total vacations taken, however, 13.5 percent reported that they stayed at home. Visiting friends or relatives out-of-state accounted for 11.9 percent of the reported types of vacation, and traveling in neighboring states constituted 11.7 percent. Short trips accounted for 10.1 percent of all types of vacations. Vacations in Georgia were 8.7 percent, and traveling in other states 8.1 percent. Of all vacations, 4.4 percent were to visit national parks, and 2.7 percent to visit national or state forests. The households were asked to express their first, second, and third preference for vacations they intended to take in 1971. These responses were weighted by 10 for the first preference, 6 for the second, and 3 for the third. The total weighted responses showed that 12.9 percent planned to visit relatives or friends out-of-state, and 12.7 percent planned to travel in other states. Traveling in neighboring states con- stituted 10 percent of the preferences for 1971 vacations. Preferences for short trips represented 9.6 percent, and vacations in Georgia repre- sented 7.6 percent. Only 6.2 percent planned to stay at home during their vacations in 1971. Traveling in states other than neighboring states and visiting friends and relatives out of state showed increases over the 1970 experience. Percentagewisej much fewer planned to remain at home during their 1971 vacation. Preference for a vacation in Georgia decreased from an actual of 8.7 percent in 1970 to 7.6 percent in 1971. The types of vacations indicated for 1971 were preferences only. Purely on the basis of speculation, one might deduce from the data that, if households had sufficient time and funds, traveling to states through- out the country or traveling in foreign countries would increase. For example, 46 households stated that they visited foreign countries in 1970; but, in preference for 1971, 115 stated as their first choice that they would prefer to travel in foreign countries. 160 ll* RECREATION ACTIV ITIES DURING VACATION The respondents were asked to name the two major recreation activ- ities in which they participated during vacation. This should not be confused with the type of vacation that the person took. For example, a person could have stayed home on his vacation and yet participated in any number of outdoor recreation activities. The information was collected for family, husband, wife, and chil- dren; and for nonfamily, male and female. The data as tabulated indi- cate the number of persons who reported participating in a given out- door recreation activity. For families, 1,150 participated in sight- seeing, the activity having the greatest number of participants. The second most frequent activity was swimming and wading. For husbands, alone, the second most popular activity was fishing in warm water, but for families as a whole this activity ranked third. For nonfamily, male and female, the most frequent activity was, again, sightseeing, with swimming and wading as the second. The third most popular activity was fishing in warm water. For all persons reporting, the distribution was the same as for individuals; that is, sightseeing had the greatest number of participants (1,235 reporting), swimming was second with 676 reporting, while fishing in warm water was third with 465 persons reporting having participated in this activity. While driving for pleasure ranked as the most popular adult activ- ity, as a specific recreation it ranked relatively low in the activities engaged in during vacation. This fact suggests that as far as vacations are concerned, driving a sedan is a means of transportation and not in itself the aim of the vacation trip. Trout and other cold-water fishing was named by 129 persons as an activity in which they engaged on their vacation. All other activities were reported by less than 100 persons as being a major vacation activity. The specific details of recreation activities are contained in Table 33 of the Statistical Summary, Volume I, State Totals-38. 12. VACATION TRAVEL--LONGEST TRIP TAKEN Information was obtained on vacation travel relative to the longest trip in miles and the longest trip in terms of time. As a corollary to this information, the percentage of vacation time spent in Georgia was also obtained. Families reported that they spent an average of 66.9 per- cent of their vacation time within the state of Georgia. Nonfamily re- spondents spent 73.9 percent of their vacation time in Georgia; for all respondents the average time spent was 67.6 percent. For families the average number of persons traveling on vacation trips was 3.2 per trip; and for nonfamilies the average was 1.2 persons per trip. For all respondents the average was 3 persons. 161 The number of days on trips for the longest trip was reported by both family and nonfamily groups. For families the longest trip averaged 7.2 days. while the nonfamily average was 10.2 days. The overall aver- age for all respondents was 7.5 days. In terms of the farthest distance in miles traveled on the longest vacation trip, the overall average for all persons reporting was 608.1 miles. For families this average was 611.6 miles, and for nonfamilies 577.4 miles. An important item of information about vacation travel is the aver- age expenditure per day while on vacation. For the families reporting, the average daily expenditure was $30.. 90; the nonfamily respondents re- ported an average of $41.61 per day; and, for the total reporting, the average was $31.78. Of all households, both family and nonfamily, 63.3 percent reported that their vacations were for pleasureand recreation only. A relatively small percentage of all households'signified that they conducted some business while on vacation, and an even smaller percent specified that they combined some pleasure with their regular business trips. Of all households, 30.7 percent failed to report on these three items. Information was obtained about the most common method of travel on vacation, ranked by time and miles traveled. It is not surprising that for all respondents the family car was the most prevalent method of traveling on vacations. This holds for both time spent and miles traveled. For all family and nonfamily reporting units, the number who re- ported traveling by family car was 1,252 as the first method in reference to time spent, and 1,142 as the first most common method in reference to miles traveled. The next most common method with respect to time was as a guest in another's auto, and this was reported by only 76 families; 71 respondents reported this method as most common in terms of miles traveled. Only 56 respondents reported commerical planes as the method most commonly used for time spent in traveling, and 88 reported commercial planes as the principal method in terms of miles traveled. 13. STATES, COUNTRIES, OR CONTINENTS VISITED ON VACATION The information obtained on places visited permitted the respondent to name four places he visited on vacation ranked by the time spent in each. Since a person may have visited only one, or two, or three places while on vacation, the number of responses decreases for the second, third, and fourth places visited. Information given here will pertain only to the total number of times that a particular state or country was mentioned as having been visited while on vacation. As might be expected, Georgia, with 735 responses, led all other areas as the place most frequently visited on vacation. Florida followed closely with 582 responses. With respect to the ranking by time, Georgia showed 497 and Florida 434. In the total of all rankings, Tennessee was third, with 234 respondents 162 having visited Tennessee, and.North Carolina was fourth with 213. Ala- bama had 160, while South Carolina had 122. All states within the U.S. with the exception of North and South Dakota were reported as having been visited at least once by persons while on vacation. West- ern Europe was reported as having been visited by 25 respondents. There were 11 who reported having visited Canada. Australia was the only continent not visited by respondents in this survey. The inference is clear that, with Georgia and Florida leading, the states for most vacation travel are Georgia, itself, and the states that border on or are close to Georgia. Popularity of visitation ap- pears to be a function of distance and time. 14. INVESTMENT IN RECREATION EQUIPMENT The respondents were asked to estimate their investment in five major groups of equipment necessary for engaging in certain recreation activities (Table VI-1). One respondent reported that the investment in recreation land and water was $700,000. This is certainly an atypical case, and this value distorts the averages considerably. If this one case is removed, the reported average becomes $7,930.76 and the total of the averages then becomes $10,490.21. This further reduces the sample average* to $582.47 and the total sample to $1,396.40. These revised figures are cited here only as an illustration of the fact that extreme values for any response can distort the average values in any study of this type. TABLE VI-1 INVESTMENT IN RECREATION EQUIPMENT Dollars Sample Reported Number Average Average Reporting Vehicles, Boats, Horses 577.49 2,046.69 680 Recreation Land and Water 872.92 11,818.79 178 Hunting Equipment 155.38 273.53 1,369 Fishing Equipment 60.57 102.08 1,430 Golf &/or Tennis Equipment 20.49 137.15 360 Total 1,686.85 14,378.25 4,017 Source: Statistical Summary, Volume I, State Totals-44, Table 42. 15. BOATING ACTIVITY Of the total of all respondents, 464 or 19.3 percent reported that they owned a boat, and 3.5 percent indicated that they rent boats at some time or another. Of the total boats owned or rented, 61.7 percent (338) *The sample average becomes the total investment minus $700,000 divided. by (total number of households surveyed minus 1). 163 were outboard boats. Seventy-six respondents (13.9 percent) said they either owned or rented rowboats, and 65.1 percent kept their boats at home. Boats were kept at a freshwater or salt water marina by 7.4 per- cent, at their own docks by 9.1 percent, and at other places or "unre- ported" by the remainder. The majority (374 respondents) reported that they use their boats exclusively for fishing. Pleasure boating ranked second, and water skiing third. 16. FISHING ACTIVITY Of the 2,410 households in the sample, 1,592 reported some fishing activity. The reported average number of persons in the household who fished was 2.2, whereas the overall average for the total sample was 1.5. Detailed data on fishing activities per household is displayed in Table VI-2. TABLE VI-2 FISHING ACTIVITY AVERAGES PER HOUSEHOLD Sample Reported Number Average Average Reporting Number Who Fished 1.5 2.2 1,592 Miles Driven to Fish 205.8 344.9 1,438 Lodging Costs (Dollars) 5.1 73.4 166 Cost of Meals (Dollars) 9.0 46.9 464 Source: Statistical Summary, Volume I, State Totals-46, Table 49A. On plans to obtain a fishing license in 1971, 753 of the 2,410 house- holds surveyed reported that they had no plans to get a license, 55 did not report, and 1,470 said they would obtain some form of fishing license. Of those who reported their most important reason for not fishing next year, the majority (553) stated that they were not interested in fishing. Second in rank among the first reasons given was the lack of leisure time. Of the other reasons given, none represented more than 1 percent of total respondents. Plans for fishing in the next twelve months are summarized graphi- cally in Figure VI-11. Of the trout fishermen who reported the areas where they actually fished, the major portion stated that they fished in unmanaged streams. There were 180 who reported that they fished for trout in 11catchout" ponds, 164 while 176 reported that they fished in reservoirs or lakes. Only 99 in- dicated that they fished in managed areas and streams. For those who reported their preference for trout fishing, wild nonstocked streams led, with 353 reporting; stocked streams were close behind with 321 reporting; and 186 respondents signified,that they preferred to fish for trout in catchout ponds. FIGURE VI- I I PLANS TO FISH IN NEXT TWELVE MONTHS NUMBER OF FISHERMEN Saltwater Only 77 Trout Only 3 15 7:' Freshwater, Not Trout 484 Trout. Other Freshwater 7".., 7,77.7--'T.7 --.777777-7 227 Saltwater & Trout Only2 Saltwater & Other Fresh 158 6 All Types of Fish Tournaments 0 No Fishing Planned :.t: Unreported 190 100 200 300 400 500 Source: Statistical Summary, Volume 1, State Totals-47, Table 49G. The respondents named those counties in which they did most of their fishing. The county breakdown for trout, warm freshwater, and for salt- water fishing is shown in Table VI-3. 17. DETAILED HUNTING ACTIVITY The information in Table VI-4 shows the number of persons within households who said that they hunted during the study period, and Figure VI-12 gives the distribution of the hunters by the size of game that they tar 0-11y@_- reported hunting. Squirrel hunting was reported by 831 hunters; quail followed with 690 reporting. As might be expected, deer led all of the 165 TABLE VI-3 COUNTIES MOST POPULAR FOR FISHING FISHERMEN ONLY WARM TROUT GRANO WARM TROUT GRAND COUNTY FRESHWATER FISHING SALTWATER TOTALS COUNTY FRESHWATER FISHING SALTWATER TOTALS NO. PCT NO. PCT NO. PCT' NO. PCT NO. PCT NO* PCT NO. PCT NO* PCT APPLING 10 0.4 5 0.2 0 0.0 15 0.2 DAWSON 4 0.2 2 0.1 0 0.0 6 0.1 ATKINSON 5 0.2 2 0.1 0 0.0 7 0.1 DECATUR a 0.3 4 0.2 0 0.0 12. 0.2 BACON 4 0.2 2 0.1 0 0.0 6 0.1 DE KALB 6 0.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 6 0.1 BAKER 3 0.1 2 0.1 0 0.0 5 0.1 DODGE is 0.7 5 0.2 0 0.0 23 0.3 BALDWIN 38 1.6 3 0.1 0 0.0 41 0.6 DOOLY 5 0.2 2 0.1 0 0.0 7 0.1 BANKS 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.0 DOUGHERTY 6 0.2 1 0.0 0 0.0 T 0..'. BARROW 7 0.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 7 0.1 DOUGLAS 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0-0 1 0. 0 BARTOW 10 0.4 2 0.1 0 0.0 12. 0.2 EARLY 5 0.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 5 Ool BEN HILL 7 Oo3 1 0.0 0 0.0 8 0.1 ECHOLS 4 0.2 4 0.2 0 0.01 8 0.1 BERRIEN 9 0.4 10 0.4 0 0.0 19 0.3 EFFINGHAM 12 0.5 1 0.0 0 0.0 13 0.2 BIBB 33 1.4 0 0.0 0 0.0 33 0.5 ELBERT & 0.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 6 0.1 BLECKLEY 5 0.2 3 0.1 0 0.0 8 0.1 EMANUEL 7 0.3 11 0.0 0 0.0 a 0.1 BRANTLEY 9 0.4 3 0.1 0 0.0 12 0.2 EVANS 6 oo2 2 0.1 0 0. 0 8 0.1 BROOKS 12 0.5 9 0.4 0 0.0 21 0.3 FANNIN 11 0.,5 7 0.3 0 0.0 18 Oo2 BRYAN 9 0.4 5 0.2 5 0.2 19 0.3 FAYETTE 2 0.1 0 0.0 0 OoO 2 0.0 SULLOCH 11 0.5 1 0.0 .0 0.0 12 P.2 FLOYD 21 0.9 2 0.1 0 0.0 23 0.3 BURKE 8 0.3 1 0.0 0 0.0 9 o.L FORSYTH 8 0.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 8 0.1 BUTTS 20 0.8 0 000 0 0.0 20 0.3 FRANKLIN 5 0.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 5 0.1 CALHOUN 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 FULTON 7 0.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 7 0.1 CAMDEN 12 0.5 1 0-0 21 0.9 34 0.5 GILMER 5 0*2 4 0.2 0 0.0 9 ool CANDLER 2 0.1 2 0.1 0 000 4 0.1 GLASCOCK 1 0.0 1 0.0 0 0.0 2 0.0 CARROLL 14 0.6 4 0.2 0 0.0 .18, 0*2 GLYNN 18 0.7 10 0.4 62 2*6 90 1.2 CATOOSA 4 0.2 1 0.0 0 0.0 5 0.1 GORDON I ooo 1 0.0 0 0.0 2 0.0 CHARLTON 3 0.1 1 0.0 0 0.0 4 0.1 GRADY 6 0.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 6 0.1 CHATHAM 16 0.7 2 0.1 53 2.2 71 1.0 GREENE 2 0.1 5 0.2 0 0.0 7 0.1 CHATTAHOOCHEE 18 0.7 1 0.0 0 0.0 19 0.3 GWINNET 16 0.7 6 0.2 0 0.0 22 0.3 CHAiTCOGA 4 0*2 1 0.0 0 0.0 5 0.1 HABERSHAM 2 Ool, 11 0.5 0 0.0 13 0.2 CHEROKEE 22 0.9 4 0.2 0 0.0 26 Oo4 HALL 36 1.5 9 0.4 0 0.0 45 0.6 CLARKE 7 0.3 5 0.2 0 0.0 12 0.2 HANCOCK 11 0.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 11 0.2 CLAY 14 0.6 1 0.0 0 0.0 15 0.2 HARALSON 6 0.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 6 0.1 CLAYTON 3 0.1 0 0.0 .0 0.0 3 0,0 HARRIS 11 0.5 3 0.1 0 0.0 14 0.2 CLINCH 6 0.2 3 0.1 0 0.0 9 0.1 HART. 8 0.3 0 ooo 0 0.0 a 0.1 COBB 12 0.5 6 0.2 0 0.0 18 0.2 HEARD 4 0.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 4 0.1 COFFEE 18 0.7 15 0.6 0 0.0 .33 0.5 HENRY 12 0.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 12 0.2 COLQUITT 7 0.3 0 ooo 0 0.0 7 0.1. HOUSTON 5 0.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 5 0.1 COLUMBIA 11 0.5 -4 0-@ 0 0.0 15 0.2 IRWIN 9 0.4 1 0.0 0 0.0 10 0.1 COOK 8 0.3 6 0.2 0 0.0 14 0.2 JACKSON 5 0.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 5 0.1 COWETA 12 0.5 0 '0.0 0 0.0 12 0.2 JASPER Jo 0.4 3 0.1 0 0.0 13 0.2 CRAWFORD 4 0.2 0 .0.0 0 0.0 4 0.1 JEFF DAVIS 7 0.3 4 0.2 .0 ooo 11 0.2 CRISP 21 0.9 2 6.1 0 0-0 23 oo3 JEFFERSON 8 0*3 1 0.0 0 0.0 9 0.1 DADE 2 0.1 .1 0.0 0 0.0 3 0*0 JENKINS 2 Dot 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 0.0 L91 0 Mon zw - "r-r- A mnx. a r'o:c V@;O-;Uzz --I r-;D;Oon xxzzmmczxzx r. -4nxo-i Or---o-OVZOOM X->MZ 0 f- AT OC-4z>rlm" An f- mz m mDxOZX>(A OMMO-4MOO>>OOXMXO4^ZZCXO Ow mm;O(A&A 0 -C ):.. 0 r- > x ;K mz "MmzO-<ZOmm;DmzO -4""-m r,-4 ZX 0 a co r- z -0 Z 0 zo m x r- -.4 z c z vv Z -< 0 z z MOM ;0 m m r, z V) 'D ;D m m m r Z ;D W Om :11 n4 TO z 0 0 0 0 0% 0 0 0 0 W 0 0 0 0 w 0 P@ PV 0 0 P" W 0 0 0 0 0 ?"N N N 0 r-J 0 0 0 0 0 0 -4 z N 0 r- > 0 X Lon z 'TJ 0-40 OW I.- P. a ul ul O@ -4 4, -4 41 41 CPI 41 %.n C -4 > cq J> z t7" 1-4 c x x w x x x x x x x z x x x c a -4 -4 -.4 -4-4 -4 -4 -4 -4 -4.4 --4 -4 w w (A wl 4A cm Z 0 p p - @@ @@ X M > > >> > > V Z M C X X 0 0 @ M M M > D- 3:- > C -4 " V M 0 x x r, rn w -< V% v = r- r- CA @;@ W 0 M X 0 -M C X r-< -4 rr- M M M > X W C) rIn -4;K A m MOZ=VM"AO -4 V M - mc)lnmr-"M;m OmzZomm"CAM >m>OZPO")@MOZ< PTI 0 0 Z CA X mm z z;O 0 X r, o or-;x>,n"mxm"cm r- ;0 (A m ;0;v 0 m r- r- m X -4 z z r- z -4 0 r- -4 - z r, X 0 GI m m z 10 D m z 0 N n z ;0 N N %A 01 -D (Y. -4 41 W'D -4 4. N -4 v cl% N N Q@ 0 0 m N 0 .4 cc 0 X > 3c x > rl m N 4. N w :D ZO 41 0 z "n 0 Ol ? @; %0 0 0 0 N -4 w 0 vi 0 w w 0 1- 0 0 0 0 0 0 W 0 W 0 0 0 0 VI 0 0 P- -P VI ;0 OD z -4 FOOOO OOVO 0 41 z so 0 10 0 N N P, P. -4 cl w 4- w 01 N N a- 01,14 ap, 1.- -4 V@ %n r4 @O 0 0 0 OD A) 1- 40 %0 KO.Ul's Ow -4 sp 0 w 000000.00 .a w 0 . 0 0 0'a 6 n 4- P- v- rv 4- r-j,N o 4- 1-1 o %d v- tv v%a o P;- r-j ri w t- o w P- 4- o o w N " w N N -4 big game in the number of hunters reporting. Among the small game, dove were reported as third and rabbit hunting as fourth in number of hunters. . TABLE VI-4 HUNTING ACTIVITY AVERAGES PER HOUSEHOLD Sample Reported Number Average Average Reporting Number Who Hunted 0.60 1.42 1,027 Miles Driven to Hunt 77.83 212.43 883 Lodging Cost (Dollars) .55 38.97 34 Cost of Meals (Dollars) 2.62 27.56 229 Source: Statistical Summary, Volume 1, State Totals-52, Table 51 A. FIGURE V1- 12 HUNTERS BY SIZE OF GAME HOUSEHOLDS AND PERSONS 1970 Households Persons '451 Small Game Only .610 Big Game Only 145 318 7 Small&BigGame 0 1010 200 300 400 500 Source: Statistical Summary, Volume 1, State Totals-52, Table 51F. Deer hunters reported killing 148 deer, giving an average of 1.38 per household and of 0.24 for all reporting deer hunters. Tables showing the counties which were most often hunted for var- ious small and big game are too large to reproduce in this report; con- 168 pequently, the reader is referred to Table 51H of the.Statistical Sum- mary, Volume I, State Totals-53. 18. RECREATION PLANS FOR THE COMING YEAR The respondents were asked to estimate their activity in 24 dif- ferent recreation categories for the year 1971. Tabulation of these responses is in Table 52 of the Statistical Summary, Volume I, State Totals-61. For each of the designated 24 activities the major number of respondents indicated that theyplanned no significant increase in activity. However, a significant number reported that they planned to increase their fishing activity, swimming activity, picnicking, boating, and hunting activity. Relatively few people in the overall picture indicated that they planned any decrease in these 24 outdoor recreation activities. The implications of the data contained in this table are significant with respect to the planning effort for future facilities. 19. WILLINGNESS TO TRAVEL FOR RECREATION Detailed information obtained from the respondents relative to their willingness to travel in order to engage in 48 specific recreation activities is significant. This information is contained in Table 53 of the Statistical Summary, Volume I, State Totals-62, and is,much too comprehensive to reproduce in this summary report. Definite patterns of the willingness of persons to travel to participate in various activ- ities are apparent from the table. For example, the majority of the persons reporting their willingness to travel to visit a zoo state that they are willing to travel up to 100 miles. The majority of those who said they would travel for sightseeing were willing to travel more than 100 miles. Those reporting travel for saltwater fishing and boating are willing to travel more than 250 miles. Most persons interested in model plane flying would go only to an area within walking distance of their homes. The same is true of biking. Very few people are willing to travel more than 51 miles for archery or target shooting or trap and skeet. On the other hand, most people seem.desirous of traveling a great distance for camping. 20. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The information in Table VI-5 shows the degree of relationship be- tween annual activity occasions and socioeconomic variables. B. STATEWIDE ANALYSIS OF SELECTED FACTORS The population of Georgia was sampled for data on outdoor recrea- tional experiences, participation, socioeconomic characteristics (such as income, age, education, mobility), vacation, travel, expenditures, and many othex factors. From this sample are attained the actions, de- sires, opinions, spending patterns, etc., of the total state population in the year 1970. 169 TABLE VI-5 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF TOTAL ANNUAL ACTIVITY PARTICIPATION FOR HEAD OF SAMPLE UNIT AS A FUNCTION OF CERTAIN OTHER VARIABLES Independent Coefficient of Coefficient of Degrees of Computed Level of Variables Correlation (1) Determination (2) Freedom (3 t Value Significance (4) 1. Length of Residence -.1364 .0186 2,373 -6.7060 .99 2. Length of Vacation .1523 .0232 21407 7.5600 .99 3. Income .1433 .0205 2,040 6.5385 .99 4. Age -,1243 .'0155 2,387 -6.1184 .99 5. Education .2174 .0473 2049 10.7949 .99 6. Hours Worked per Week -.0365 .0013 1,851 -1.5717 .90 7. Holidays .0501 '.0025 19,612 2.0147 .95 8. Average Hours per Weekend .1622 .0263 1,909 7.1842 .99 9. Average Hours per Weekday .0255 .0007 1,822 1.0889 .70 10. Equipment Expenditure .0632 .0040 210407 3.1077 .99 11. Vacation Expenditure .1776 .0315 2$407 8.8518 .99 12. Vacation Daily Expenditure .1216 .0148 23%407 6.0082 .99 13. Number of Types of Activities .5679 .3225 22407 33.8483 .99 Source: Statistical Summary, Volume III, State Totals-1, Table 54. Notes: (1) The coefficient of correlation is the measure of covariability (degree of association) between the two variables. (2) Hypothesis: That the independent variables explain the participation in all outdoor recreation of the respondents. (3) Degrees of freedom = N - 2, where N = the number of valid cases. (4) Indicates the probability that the coeffici6nt of correlation shown did not come from a population whose coefficient of correlation is zero. For example, for theindependent variable, "length ofresidence," with a coefficient of correlation of -0.1364 and a "t" value of -6.7060 and 2,373 degrees of freedom, the probability is almost certainty that there is some degree of association between "length of residence" and annual activity participation. These data are highly significant when applied to the whole population ona state level, and they are acceptable on a regional level. Statewide data are given in detail in Volume I of the Statistical Sum- mary. The most important factors are presented here, and some of the information summarized in section A of this chapter is discussed more fully in this section, with specifics based on the total reporting on the particular category. 21. WORKING HOURS Hours Worked Georgians work an average of 45 hours a week. The range from re- gion to region is 42.4 to 46.9 hours. The median (the number above which and below which there was an equal number of responses) and the mode (the answer given most frequently) for the state and for most of the regions is 40 hours per week. The difference between these two measures and the average is accounted for by the fact that many people work long hours (including moonlighting) and/or overtime. Hours Considered Reasonable Respondents consider a 42.4 hour work week reasonable. Again, the median and the mode in the state and most regions are 40 hours. 22. LEISURE TIME a. Vacations The average number of vacation (working) days received, as reported by husbands, is 12.6, with regional variation ranging from 8.8 in Region 6 to 17.1 days in Region 14.* The number of days most frequently given is 10 in the state and most of the regions. The median for the state and regions is also 10 days except for Region 6 (7 days) and Region 15 (12.5 days). Georgians' desires differ somewhat from their vacation experience. They prefer (on average) 14 days vacation, ranging from 11.1 in Region 5 to 17.8 in Region 15, though the largest number of respondents specify 10 (working) days. The median and the mode in the regions vary from 5 to 15 days. b. Holidays For the state and most regions the median number of holidays is 5.0 (two regions reported 4 days and two reported 6 days). Five holidays is the most frequently given number for the state and all regions except *Regional cata in this volume refer to the regional boundaries existing before the reorganization effective July 1, 1972. 171 one (4 days). Statewide, the average number of holidays is 5.7, and re- gions vary from 4.6 to 7.5. c. Weekends The average number of weekend leisure hours available is 25.8 hours, ranging in the regions from 17.5 to 28.9. The most frequently given an- swer is 32 hours. This was true for all regions except Region 2 (North Georgia)--16 hours. The median for most regions and the state is 32. d. Weekdays During the week (Monday through Thursday) the average number of leisure hours available per day is 3.8 for the state, and from 3.4 to 4 hours for the regions. The mode and median are 4 for the state and all regions. 23. VACATION HOMES One hundred and eighty-six vacation homes are owned by respondents. The largest number of owners (43) are in the $10,000-14,999 income brack- et, but there were 82 owners with incomes less than $10,000. a. Environment Environmental location is designated for 150 of the vacation homes: 29 percent (43) are at the seashore,.26 percent (39) in the mountains, and 45 percent (68) in the flatlands. Respondents' preferences differ somewhat from their experience: 40 percent prefer the seashore, 38 per- cent the mountains, and 22 percent flatlands. With a few exceptions in the regions (Region 11 has 50 preferences for flatland vacation homes out of 118 reporting), the flatlands are the least preferred area. b. Type Structure Of the 153 vacation homes for which type of structure is known, 97 are permanent structures built on the site; 20 are movable mobile homes; and 15 are mobile homes on foundations. As to the type structure considered suitable, 958 (or 57 percent) of the 1,669 reporting feel a permanent home built on the site is more suitable, 290 prefer a movable mobile home, 166 a.camper or tent trailer, and 107 a mobile home on a foundation. c. Value The value of home and land is available for 146 of the vacation homes. More than half (86) are valued at less than $10,000 (48 are less than $5,000). Nearly one-fourth (23 percent) are in the $15,000 and over class. Residents of the Atlanta Metropolitan Region have the most expensive vacation homes, and the regions with sizable urban centers are generally willing to pay more for vacation homes. 172 d. Location Data on location is given for 140 of the homes. Ninety-eight, or 70 percent,.of them are in Georgia; and 22, or 16 percent, are in Florida; 8 are in Alabama. There is some tendency for residents of regions bor- dering other states to have their vacation homes in those states: e.g., residents in the Coastal Plain (Region 17) own homes in Florida and the Lower Chattahoochee (Region 15) in Alabama. The most varied answers come from the Atlanta Metropolitan Region (with one or more homes in Florida, North Carolina, Alabama, Georgia, and "other" areas) and from the Lower Chattahoochee Region (homes in Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Rocky Mountains, and "other"). e. Recreation Development Of the 150 specific answers in this category, 90 (60 percent) state their vacation homes are in an area developed for recreation. Def- inite preferences are given by 1,636 responding units: 11034 (or 63 per- cent) prefer a developed area. A larger portion of the residents of Metropolitan Atlanta (Region 4) and of the Lower Chattahoochee (Region 15) than of other regions prefer vacation homes in undeveloped areas. f. Facilities Ava ilable and Desired Respondents rated the recreation facilities available at or near their vacation homes. A weighted tabulation shows freshwater (warmwater) fishing as the most highly rated, followed by swimming facilities (salt or fresh), boat ramps or docks, and less closely by other facilities. The facilities desired followed the same order for first and second place, but scenic views were rated third. When existing facilities and desired ones are combined (and weighted), a similar.order of preference emerges: 1. freshwaler (warmwater) fishing 2. swimming facilities (salt or fresh) 3. scenic views 4. saltwater fishing 5. freshwater (trout stream) fishing 6. small game hunting areas 7. boat ramps or docks Fishing, swimming, and scenic views lead in preference in most of the regions. Small game hunting is especially popular in the Heart of Georgia Region (12). 24. ANNUAL ACTIVITY OCCASION PARTICIPATION a. Types of Activity Driving for pleasure is the most popular outdoor recreation activity 173 for Georgia adults. They participate in this activity an average of 22.92 occasions (one half hour or more equals an "occasion") a year. The next ten most often engaged in are: sightseeing (11.15 activity occasions); nature walking in rural areas (10.62); walking for pleas- ure in urban areas (9.06); fishing--warmwater, fresh or salt (8.22); swimming and wading (8.14); playing outdoor games (6.31); boating (5.05); watching outdoor games (4.89); and bird watching, bird and wildlife photography (4.70). (See Figure VI-6.) Facilities for these activities generally are available and in most cases are relatively inexpensive. The southern climate i.� also conducive to these types of recreation. There are some variations by regions. Residents in the Atlanta and Columbus regions walk for pleasure (in the urban area) more often than any other outdoor recreation activity. Driving ranks second, and playing outdoor games third. Sightseeing is the preferred activity in the Heart of Georgia Region, followed closely by pleasure driving (a closely related venture). In the Georgia Mountain region, nature walking is first. Both men and women participate in pleasure driving more than any other type of outdoor recreation, but second place goes to fishing (warmwater, fresh or salt) with men and sightseeing with women. In third place for men is sightseeing and for women is nature walking in rural areas. Bicycling is the favorite with children, playing outdoor games is second, and pleasure driving third. b. Types by Income .For adults swimming is more popular in the $10 to $25 t housand income level than in lower or higher levels. Bird watching and bird and wildlife photography and golf increase as incomes grow larger. Sight- seeing is popular with all income levels, but pleasure driving tends to drop off as income gets to the $25,000 level. c. Types by Age of Head of Household (Adults) Swimming appeals to the younger adults, walking (rural or urban) is popular for all age groups, and sightseeing declines at age 70, as does driving for pleasure, though the latter still leads as the primary recreation activity for age 70 and over. d. Types by Education (Head of Household) Fishing activity increases as number of years of education increase; bird watching and wildlife photography and golf are particularly associ- ated with longer educational training; sightseeing also tends to increase with more years of education. Amount of education appears to have little influence on pleasure driving. 174 e. Types by Occupation (Head of Household) All occupations enjoy warmwater fishing. Sightseeing and pleasure driving are also popular' with all occupational categories. Professional people joined farmers and others living in rural areas in citing nature walking in rural areas as significant (in urban areas, also, for pro- fessional people). 25. VACATIONS a. Number(Tak en and Planned) Nearly half (45 percent) of the heads of households who reported had 1 vacation during 1970, 17 percent had two vacations, and 26 per- cent had no vacation. More people planned to take one and two vacations during 1971. b. Types The most common family vacation in the state during 1970 was stay- ing home. (The "vacation" at home applies especially to the Coastal Plains.) Other types, in order of occurrence, were visiting friends/ relatives out of state, traveling in neighbor states, taking short trips, vacationing in Georgia, and traveling in other states. Except for the fact that fewer people preferred to stay at home in 1971, the same types of family vacations were desired for 1971, though not quite in the same order of the 1970 experience. Top preferences for 1971 were, first, meeting out-of-state friends and relatives and, second, traveling in other states. Most Georgians showed no preference for visiting exotic, faraway places. C. Recreation Activities Georgians spent more vacation time, by far, in 1970 sightseeing than any other recreation activity. Swimming ranked second, and fishing (warm- water) was third. d. Longest Trip The number of days spent on their longest vacation trip was given by 1,541 respondents. Just over half had trips of from 1 to 5 days; 31 percent spent 6 to 10 days on their longest trip. The 1970 vacationing Georgia family, as reported, traveled an av- erage of 608.1 miles on its longest trip, though more people reported the 251 to 500 mile range than any other. The majority of the vacations were from 51 to 1,000 miles long. e. Expenditures per Day Georgia families (and nonfamily units) spent an average of $31.78 175 per day on their 1970 vacation (based on those reporting). Family units spent $30.90 and nonfamily units $41.64 (an average of $10.74 more per day). A larger number reported spending $10 or less than any other expendi- ture range. As the range of daily expenditures increases, the number of families so reporting decreases. f. Purpose The primary purpose of vacation was pleasure and recreation. A small minority combined some business, sometimes attending conventions. g. Place Visited More Georgians took vacations within their own state than any other, but Georgia was followed closely by Florida and less closely by Tennessee, North Carolina, Alabama, and South Carolina, in that order. h. Prevention and/or Satisfaction Factors The biggest complaint that husband, wives, and children have about their vacations is that there isn't enough time. Single adults find lack of funds to be their main hindrance (23.2 percent). The percent- ages of people satisfied with their vacations are 12.8 percent of the wives; 13 percent, husbands; 15.5 percent, children; and 19.4 percent, single adults. The least important factor for all is "prefer urban culture," with percentages from .5 to .9 percent. The highest percent of satisfaction of husbands (23.7 percent) is in the same region (Heart of Georgia) as the highest percent of dissat- isfaction (6.3 percent). The two main factors of dissatisfaction in each region are lack of time and lack of money. Others are: age or health, range of 6.8 to 15.2 percent; visited relatives, 2.5 to 12.3 percent; children too young, 3.1 to 10.7 percent; areas too crowded, 0.4 to 9.1 percent; prefer indoors, 0.0 to 4.2 percent; and prefer urban culture, 0.0 to 2.6 percent. No regional pattern emerges: sat- isfaction or dissatisfaction appears to be an individual thing. 26. RECREATION EXPENDITURES a. Investment in Equipment Georgians have invested an average of $14,378.25 in recreation equipment, nearly $12,000 of this privately (for use on land and water). The largest number of persons (1,430) reported some investment in fish- ing equipment, the average amount being $102.08; and the next largest, 1,369 persons, in hunting equipment, averaging $273.53. b. Variable Expenses Commercial transportation expenses (air, bus, taxis, rentals, etc.) 176 are the highest of "variable" expenses connected with vacations (use of private vehicles not included), averaging $297.23 for those reporting. Lodging costs are second, $120.30, and food-refreshments third, $109.63. More people reported expenses for food-refreshment (1,217) and hunting, fishing, and boat licensing (1,068) than for other categories--probably because use of private vehicles is by far. the major mode of transporta- tion for vacation. The average reported for all "variable" expenses (as defined above) is $636.08. c. Additional Funds Respondents indicated their choices of means of providing additional funds for outdoor recreation largely as follows: 28.6 percent favor user fees; 25.2 percent, state park permits; 20.5 percent, Federal Gol- den Eagle passports; and 13.9 percent, state tax revenues. When asked whether they would be willing to pay additional license fees, 69.3 per- cent of those responding said "no" for fishing, 71.6 percent for hunt- ing, and 81.3 percent for additional bow and arrow license fees. 27. BOATING a. Ownership Three-fourths of those reporting said they do not boat, about one- fifth own a boat, and other boat users rent them. The majority of boats owned have motors of 10 or more horsepower, they are not cabin boats, and they usually have outboard motors. In the regions, the Heart of Georgia has the highest percentage of boat owners. The three areas with little boating and few owned boats are the McIntosh Trail, Chattahoochee-Flint, and North Georgia regions. b. Use Boatowners use their boats an average of 30 times a year and re- quire 107 gallons of fuel (usually purchased at auto service stations). The boats are usually kept at home and are used primarily for fishing in fresh water and secondarily for pleasure. C. Use of Marine Fuel Tax The largest number of those reporting (1,778 out of 8.970) feel the marine fuel tax should be used for boating safety programs rather than other programs; next in preference is building boat ramps and .docks, followed by improving wildlife habitats and the building of high- ways and bridges. 28. HUNTING AND FISHING a. Information Information on hunt ing and fishing regulations is disseminated 177 primarily by word-of-mouth, next by newspaper, then by television. Other media are Game and Fish Commission publications, sports publications, and radio. Use of hunting and fishing license fees for TV programs is preferred by those reporting. Use for Game and Fish publications and exhibits (fairs, sports shows) is next in preference. Nine but of ten hunters and fishermen are not members of a sportsmen's group. b. Improvements Suggestions for improvements needed in hunting and fishing condi- tions include primarily (in order given): more public areas, improve- ment in law enforcement, improved facilities--increased stocking, and improved habitat. c. Fishing The average fishing household has 2.2 members who fish, they drive 344.9 miles to fish, their lodging costs $73.40, and their meals cost $46.90. Nearly one-third planned to buy a fishing license next season. The main reasons,for planning no fishing next year are, first, lack of interest and, second, lack of leisure time. The 1970 and the preferred experience is fishing in small lakes (6-49 acres). Easy driving distance is the principal attraction of a fishing area, but "size and numbers" and "good access to water" are almost as important. Bass fishing is the preference for freshwater and snapper for salt- water. d. Hunting The average hunter household has 1.42 members who hunt, drives 212 miles, pays $39 for lodging and $28 for meals. Four out of five Georgia hunters go out for small game: primarily squirrel, quail, doves, and rabbit, in that order; and more than four out of five of the big game hunters are deer hunters. The average kill per household is 1.38 (per hunter is 0.24). Crisp, Coffee, Dodge, and Sumter counties are particularly popular hunting grounds for doves; Berrien, Coffee, Crisp, and Dodge for quail; Cherokee, Coffee, Crisp, Dodge, Glynn, Liberty, and Lowndes for squirrels; and Coffee County for ducks. The principal deer counties are Baldwin, Brooks, Camden, Chattahoochee, Echols, Jasper, Jones, Liberty, McIntosh, and Monroe. Some rabbits are hunted in most of Georgia's counties. For all hunting, the leading counties are Coffee and Crisp. 178 ... ... . .... .. OUT-OF-STATE DEMAND FOR OUTDO RECREATION U*IJAPTEK Vil CHAPTER V11 OUT-OF-STATE DEMAND FOR OUTDOOR RECREATION A. INTRODUCTION As an industrial society becomes more prosperous, its population becomes increasingly mobile. Rising incomes, longer leisure time, and higher educational levels make possible increases in entertainment, recreation, and travel activity. In recent years, primarily because of its geographical location, Georgia has become known to travelers as a "pass-through" or "bridge" state. This was not always true, as Georgia was once well-known for its winter and summer resort areas. But with the increased use of the private automobile, vacation/recreation patterns changed, and the resort hotels which were-once so popular in the area began losing much of their appeal; and, although at present the number of travelers on Georgia highways has increased tremendously, most are merely passing through the state on the way to other destinations, particularly Florida. Along with this shift in vacation/recreation patterns came a corres- ponding and discouraging shift in attitude by Georgians towards highway travelers. Fortunately, this situation has eased somewhat in the past decade, even as the total number of highway users continues to climb. tatewide road resurfacing and widening programs, educational and cour- tesy campaigns, and the establishment of a series of Welcome Centers on S major highways have resulted in dramatic improvements in resident-traveler relations. While these developments assisted the state in reclaiming its tradi- tional reputation for hospitable treatment of visitors, the construction of the interstate highway system in Georgia added new dimensions to the basic problem of a pass-through state. The interstate system tends to isolate travelers even further from the areas through which they are pass- ing. To cope with this new problem and to expand its share of the travel market, Georgia has set about pursuing two major objectives: (1) the creation and development of travel attractions to serve the needs of those travelers who are, in fact, only passing through the state, and (2) the establishment of new attractive destination areas in Georgia. Attainment of these two objectives is imperative if the state is to take full advan- tage of the increasing amount of vacation/recreation travel on its high- ways and alter its image as a pass-through state. Added attractions are needed so that even those travelers having an ultimate objective outside of the state can experience something meaningful while in Georgia, and additional final destination areas are necessary to capture a larger share of vacationers. 179 B. HOW TRAVEL ESTIMATES ARE COMPUTED For a number of reasons the original raw data collected in 1960- 1961, when the Tourist Division of the Georgia Department of Industry and Trade and the Georgia Highway Department underwrote the first survey of tourism, could not be assumed to constitute a representative sample of total annual traffic in the state. In the conduct of that survey, inter- view stations were selected to collect the data by means of a combination of state-line screens, cordons around major metropolitan areas, and inter- nal screen lines. Yet, even if these stations could have been assumed to be located so that traffic passing through them constituted a representa- tive sample of total traffic, practical problems involving bad weather and scheduling difficulties prevented individual stations from being operated continually at the most desirable times. The data obtained were in terms of individual recreation trips. Obviously, some means of relating these trips to a significant measure of total traffic in the state during the period under study had to be devised. The measure finally chosen was vehicle miles and, since total vehicle miles of travel in Georgia had been estimated with considerable accuracy by the State Highway Department, the problem became one of determining the portion of those vehicle miles to be attributed to recreational travel. The roads chosen for the interview stations in the original survey 'had been classified into three distinct categories, and these classifica- tions were used in attempting to overcome the problem of nonrepresenta- tiveness of the sample: (1) roads used primarily by pass-through traffic to Florida; (2) principal east-west routes which carried the majority of Florida interstate traffic; (3) roads which were primarily intrastate traffic routes. Working with traffic flow maps furnished by the Georgia State Highway Department, detailed estimates of seasonal and annual total vehicle miles were made for each of these road categories. At the same determined through an analysis of data obtained from the stations located time, the characteristics of the traffic using each category of road were on that type of road and in each case were assigned to the vehicle miles represented in the category. Through detailed origin and destination analysis, the average length in miles of the vehicle trips was determined separately for nonrecreation trips and for recreation trips of four major types. Finally, it was possible to make an allocation of total vehicle miles in each category of roads among the various types of trips known to have been taken on that category of roads. Since the original survey, subsequent estimates have been made of the volume and economic importance of vacation/recreation travel in Georgia and, while the basic format of the original survey is still used, the scope of the study has been expanded. Additionally, as other data became available and improved techniques of measurement were devised, figures for earlier years were revised to assure their comparability with the more current estimates. By the use of these procedures, and following the 1960-1961 methodology, yearly estimates of travel volume were made for 1962- 1964. However, tabulations of Welcome Center data for 1965 confirmed changes in both length of time and expenditures while in Georgia, and the 180 1965 estimates were based on these new characteristics. As larger sections of the interstate opened, traffic patterns also changed in the state. Trips for 1965-1966 were thus later adjusted according to the new methods applied to 1967-1968 estimates, and, again, data prior to 1965 were revised. Findings from permanent highway counters maintained by the State Highway Department were analyzed in 1969 for significant changes in data from 1960 through 1968.* Vacation/recreation travel in Georgia almost doubled between 1960- 1968. In 1968, thirteen million automobile trips, involving thirty-nine million travelers, were taken by private automobiles on Georgia highways-- approximately 82 percent above the 1960-1961 estimate (Table VII-1). In 1968, out-of-state visitors accounted for 47.5 percent of all vacation/recreation trips on Georgia highways and 54 percent of the travel expenditures. Georgia residents accounted for the remaining 52.5 percent of the trips, but their expenditures were less. Since 1962, almost 8 million travelers have visited Georgia Welcome Centers (to be discussed later), with 2.6 million visits recorded in 1969. Residents of other southeastern states account for the greatest number of visits at most centers. However, the primary motivation for using the state's highways is the necessity of passing through Georgia to reach an ultimate destination in another state. Of those who remain in Georgia, a typical Welcome Center visitor stays two days, with visits to historical or scenic places in the state the primary travel activity. The Atlanta area is the most popular specific place, followed by coastal Georgia. Destinations of the travelers, however, differed. Georgia residents spent most of their vacation/recreation time in the state. See Table VII-2,. Only 13 percent of the trips by Georgians were for an out-of-state destina- tion. This further confirms the fact that Georgia remains essentially a pass-through area for nonresidents. *Except for Foreign Travel (Section H), information in this chapter is from The Georgia travel Industry 1960-1968 and Georgia Welcome Center Resea-rch @@e_port, Division of Research, College of Business Administration, University of Georgia. 181 FIGURE VII-1 VACATION/RECREATION TRAVEL BY PRIVATE AUTOMOBILE ON GEORGIA HIGHWAYS, 1961-1968 (In Millions) % Increase 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1961-68 Round trips 7.2 7.8 8.1 8.8 9.7 10.9 11.8 13.1 81.9 Persons 21.5 23.2 24.0 26.1 28.8 32.4 35.0 39.1 81.9 Source: The Georgia Travel Industry 1960-1968, Travel Research Study, Number 11, 1969, Division of Research, College of Business Administration, University of Georgia. VACATION/RECREATION TRAVEL BY PRIVATE AUTOMOBILE ON GEORGIA HIGHWAYS, 1961-1968 (In Millions) 81.9% Increase 39.1 Round Trips and Persons 35.0 32.4 77777S 28.8 26.1 24.0 23.2 7777S '21.5 x@ z 0 LU CL Z ........ .. ......... . ....... .. ....... ....... ... ....... ...... :13.1. ........ ........ ........ ........ ...... ....... :11.81 :10.9:: ...... ........ .......... ::9. T'. ....... z :::7.8- ....... ....... .... ........ ........ ....... .... ........ - .... ........ ... ... ........ :7.2: ... ...... D E: ........ ........ 0 cc ......... ........ x ....... ..... ....... . ..... .... 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 182 C. CHARACTERISTICS OF VACATION/RECREATION TRAVELERS ON GEORGIA HIGHWAYS The general home regions of all vacation/recreation travelers in Georgia are given in Tables VII-1 and VII-3. (Also, see Figure VII-2.) Because of its importance, Florida is presented separately, both as an origin and as a destination. Regardless of destination, the most important states in Georgia's highway travel are Florida, New York, Ohio, Illinois, Tennessee, Pennsyl- vania, Michigan, and New Jersey Furthermore, the states producing the most travelers with Georgia destinations are Florida, Alabama, Tennessee, South Carolina, North Carolina, Ohio, and Illinois. D. GROWTH OF THE TRAVEL INDUSTRY IN GEORGIA For data-gathering purposes, the Georgia travel industry was defined as consisting of "the types of business that serve the traveling public either principally or with great frequency and thereby receive the greater part of the-traveler's dollar." Three kinds of business were grouped as the travel industry: --firms providing lodging, eating and drinking, and entertainment services to the traveling public (hotels, motels, tourist courts, trailer parks, camp grounds, and all other lodging establishments except those with permanent residents; restaurants, cafeterias, cafes, lunch counters, night clubs, bars and other eating and drinking establishments; and amusement and recreation firms except motion picture). firms providing automotive services to the traveling public (auto- mobile service stations; repair shops; garages; parking lots; and tire, battery and accessory dealers). --firms providing transportation services to that part of the public which travels other than by private automobile (train, bus, airline, and steamship companies; limousine and taxi companies; travel bureaus; and automotive rental agencies). Beginning with the 1960-61 travel survey, economic estimates have been made annually for the lodging, eating and drinking, entertainment, and automotive services sectors of the Georgia travel industry. Estimates for common carriers and related firms have not been developed. To that extent the economic importance of the travel industry in Georgia is understated in the tables that follow (VII-4 through VII-7). By any measure, the travel industry is of tremendous.and growing importance to the economy of Georgia. Travel-servicing businesses (Table VII-4) showed the addition of 4,000 firms since the initial travel survey of 1960-61, an increase of 25 percent 183 TABLE VII-1 ORIGIN AND DESTINATION OF VACATION/RECREATION TRAVELERS ON GEORGIA HIGHWAYS Trips and Persons by Major Origin and Destination 1961-1967 Georgia Residents Georgia Residents With Destinations With Destinations All Travelers In Georgia Out-of-State In Georgia Out-of-State TRIPS: 1961 3,328,300 506,700 336,900 3,031,200 7,203,100 1962 3,574,800 546,300 362,600 3,319,400 7,803,100 1963 3,678,000 562,400 373,200 3,455,800 8,069,400 1964 3,944,100 601,500 398,400 3,841,600 8,785,600 1965 4,311,500 657,000 439,000 4,296,500 9,704,000 1966 5,195,300 725,500 453,500 4,557,300 10,933,600 1967 5,407,700 755,700 524@400 5,141,800 11X9,600 1968 6,019,700 879,600 720P300 5,521,900 13,141,500 PERSONS: 1961 10,441,400 1,588,400 1,032,600 8,444,000 21,506,400 1962 11,215,200 1,713,700 1,110,300 9,161,400 23,200,600 1963 11,529,100 1,762,500 1,141,400 9,523,300 23,956,300 1964 12,389,000 1,887,000 1,219,900 10,580,100 26,076,000 1965 13,538,100 2,063,000 1,343,300 11,368,300 28,802,700 1966 16,261,300 2,269,800 1,378,600 12,487,000 32,396,700 1967 16,926,100 2,357,800 1,594,200 14,088,500 34,966,600 Source: The Georgia Travel Industry 1960-1968, Travel Research Study, Number 11, 1969, Division of Research, College of Business Administration, University of Georgia. M N" TABLE VII-2 ORIGIN AND DESTINATION OF VACATION/RECREATION TRAVELERS ON GEORGIA HIGHWAYS Percentage Distribution of Destinations of Travelers from Selected States and Regions, 1961 Home of Traveler Destination of.Travelers Georgia Florida Other States All Destinations Georgia 86.8% 6.8% 6.4% 100.0% Florida 14.8 85.2 100.0 Other Southeast 22.4 62.9 14.7 100.0 Mid-East 3.5 93.5 3.0 100.0 New England 2.0 94.7 3.3 100.0 Great Lakes 6.2 92.8 1.0 100.0 Plains 9.5 82.4 8.1 100.0 Southwest 22.4 25.3 52.3 100.0 Rocky Mountains 24.4 61.4 14.2 100.0 Far West 24.6 38.6 36.8 100.0 Canada and Other Foreign Countries 2.3 96.6 1.1 100.0 Total 53.4 34.1 12.5 100.0 Source: The Georgia Travel Industry 1960-1968, Travel Research Study, Number 11, 1969, Division of Research, College of Business Administration, University of Georgia. 00 00 CN TABLE VII-3 ORIGIN AND DESTINATION OF VACATION/RECREATION TRAVELERS ON GEORGIA HIGHWAYS Percentage Distribution of Origins of Travelers from Selected States and Regions Classified by Major Destination, 1961 Home Destination of Travelers Georgia Florida Other States All Destinations Georgia 91.0 11.2 28.5 55.9 Florida 2.1 51.5 7.6 Other Southeast 4.2 18.6 11.7 10.1 Mid-East .7 28.3 2.4 10.3 New England .1 6.3 .6 2.3 Great Lakes 1.3 29.7 .9 10.9 Plains .2 2.2 .6 .9 Southwest .3 .5 2.8 .7 Rocky Mountains .2 .1 .1 Far West .1 .3 .8 .3 Canada, Other Foreign Countries 2.7 .1 .9 Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Source: The Georgia Travel Industry 1960-1968, Travel Research Study, Number 11, 1969, Division of Research, College of Business Administration, University of Georgia. *Less than one tenth of one percent. .. . . .... .. .. .. ... ..... ....... ------------- - -------------- Cc)) -------------------- -------------------- - ---------------------------- ---------- . ......... 77 > C7 -4 r M 0 p m -4 > rt, eY > -4 r (A > -4 -1 rm x m in -4 vi M rj) 0 w M o 0 z C 0 0 0 -4 m m p 0 A :2 c m z Z rk > M > r X rn M M 0 m 0 x M In m -4 m 0 Z> < r" M, r m rn 0 DD 0 IA - - ,, @ "0 m 0 - 2 14 - y 6) TABLE VII-4 NUMBER OF TRAVEL-SERVING FIRMS Increase 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1961-68 (%) Lodging 1300 1360 1390' 1400 1420 1490 1550 155n 19.2 Eating and drinking 5050 5270 5400 6090 6190 6420 661n 6790 34 4 Recreation 950 920 1000 1000 1040 1110 1130 1140 20:0 Gasoline service stations 6700 7260 7290 7480 7530 7650 7600 7740 15.2 Tire, battery, accessary 460 490 530 530 560 560 600 610 32.6 Auto repair service 2570 2640 2850 2900 3160 3270 3310 3370 31.1 Total 17030 17940 18460 19400 19900 20500 20800 21200 24.5 Annual increaseM 5.3 2.9 5.1 2.6 3,0 1.5 1.9 Source: "Georgia's Travel Industry 1960-1968,11 Georgia Business, Vol. 29, No. 7, January 1970, Division of Research, College of Business Administration, University of Georgia. TABLE VII-5 TRAVEL-SERVING FIRMS SALES AND RECEIPTS (millions of dollars) Increase 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1961-68 Lodging 61.9 70.0 78.1 87.1 94.5 108.5 123.5 143.3 131.5 Eating and drinking 185.1 203.6 219.0 246.2 277.5 308.9 345.2 394.0 112.9 'Recreation 27.3 30.6 32.8 36.4 41.6 49.4 56.6 64.4 135.9 Gasoline service stations 372.0 402.1 427.4 458.6 492.3 536.9 594.7 662.1 78.0 Tire, battery, accessory . 55.3 64.7 70.3 79.9 84.6 90.7 97.7 113.2 104.7 Auto repair service 93.5 102.1 108.8 117.7 126.1 137.2 151.3 169.5 81.3 Total 795.1 873.1 936.4 1025.9 1116.6 1231.6 1369.0 1546.5 94.5 Annual increase M 9.8 7.3 9.6 8.8 10.3 11.2 13.n Source: "Georgia's Travel Industry 1960-1968," Georgia Business, Vol. 29, No. 7, January 1970, Division of Research, College of Business Administration, University of Georgia. 188 TABLE VII-6 TRAVEL-SERVINGFIRMS NUMBEKOF EMPLOYEES Increase 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1961-68 (%) Lodging 9,500 9,700 10,010 10,940 11,400 12,540 14,370 15,560 63.8 Eating and drinking 221600 25,590 27,390 29,740 31,600 32,580 34,240 36,470 61.4 Recreation 3,700 3,940 4,090 4,100 4,800 6,350 6,900 7,140 93.0 Gasoline service stations 13,100 13,800 14,650 15,600 16,000 16,200 16,700 18,220 39.1 Tire, battery, accessory 2,020 2,080 2,210 2,870 3,050 3,080 3,230 3,550 75.7 Auto repair service 5,800 6,490 6,980 7,370 7,390 7,770 7,940 7,940 36.9 Total 56,720 61,600 65,330 70,620 74,240 78,520 83,380 88,880 56.7 Annual increase M 8.6 6.1 8.1 5.1 5.8 6.2 6.6 Source: "Georgia's Travel Industry 1960-1968." Georgia Business, Vol. 29, No. 7, January 1970, Division of Research, College of Business Administration, University of Georgia. TABLE VII-7 TRAVEL-SERVING FIRMS WAGES PAID (millions of dollars) Increase 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1961-68 M Lodging 16.3 17.3 19.3 21.6 24.0 29.9 38.3 45.0 176.1 Eating and drinking 39.1 43.8 48.8 55.7 63.6 75.4 87.1 98.2 151.2 Recreation 10.9 11.9 12.7 12.9 14.4 18.6 25.3 27.9 156.0 Gasoline service stations 28.3 30.9 35.5 39.7 40.3 43.1 48.4 53.5 89.0 Tire, battery, accessory 7.4 8.2 9.5 12.3 13.3 14.5 16.2 19.1 158.1 Auto repair service 18.7 21.3 23.4 26.2 30.6 32.7 36.1 38.5 105.9 Total. 120.7 133.4 149.2 168.4 186.2 214.2 251.4 282.2 133.8 Annual increase M 10.5 11.8 12.9 10.6 15.0 17.4 12.3 Source: "Georgia's Travel Industry 1960-1968," Georgia Business, Vol. 29, No. 7, January 1970, Division of Research, College of Business Administration, University of Georgia. 189 by 1968, and an annual growth rate of 3.2 percent.* Even more impressive gains were made in sales, with total sales receipts in 1968 totaling $751.4 million in excess of 1961 figures, an increase of 94.5 percent--more than three times the rate of increase in number of establishments for the period (Table VII-4). Sales and receipts of travel-serving businesses for 1968 are estimated as 20 percent of sales and receipts of all retail and service groups in the state. Increased spending by travelers is evidenced further by the fact that the rate of increase in vacation/ recreation expenditures was found to be greater than the rate of increase in the number of vacation/recreation trips. There is a continuing trend toward higher average receipts per estab- lishment as travel-serving firms tend to become larger and, presumably, of higher quality and better managed. Lodging and recreation categories increased in number approximately 20 percent during the 1960-1968 period, but their sales increased more than 130 percent. This expansion results primarily from the opening of many large metropolitan accommodations, such as the development and expansion of recreation facilities (e.g., Six Flags Over Georgia and Stone Mountain) and the introduction of major league sports. Healthy economic growth in the travel industry is also found in the employment record of travel-servicing firms, in increase in number of employees (Table VII-6) and even more so in increase in average wages (Table VII-7). The latter is primarily a reflection of the increased productivity of the firms. Although healthy, the Georgia travel industry must find ways to adjust to changes brought about by the interstate system of highways in the state. As daily expenditures by travelers with a Georgia destination are significantly higher than those of pass-through travelers, additional final destination areas such as Jekyll Island, Callaway Gardens, and Stone Mountain Park must be developed and promoted in the state. The travel industry must continually strive to improve its standards because as travel mobility continues to increase, the traveler has more to choose from and consequently becomes more selective and quality conscious. E. WELCOME CENTERS Since the initiation of data on annual tourism, estimates have been published by the Division of Research, College of Business Administration, University of Georgia, along with additional data relating to the travel industry. Further, under the sponsorship of the Georgia Department of Industry and Trade, a series of quarterly "Travel Barometers" has been developed by the Division of Research and published quarterly in January, April, July, and October issues of Georgia Business, its monthly publication. *Estimates in Table VII-4 represent slight revisions from those published earlier as a result of the availability of additional data and the develop- ment of improved measurement techniques. 190 FIGURE VII-3 ALL VISITS TO GEORGIA WELCOME CENTERS Estimated Visits to Each Georgia Welcome Center, 721.8 1962- 1969 700. (Thousands) -650,. 600. -550. TENNFSSEE NORTH CA ROLINA -500. SOUTH DLINA -450. z"7 ALABAM 6@ 400. FL R -350. 300. GG0 -250. -200. -150. COLUMBUS 100. -50. AUGUSTA -00 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 191 Lastly, the Division of Research processes the information obtained at the state's Welcome Centers, makes monthly estimates of attendance at the centers, and does special studies on the characteristics of out-of- state visitors. The Tourist Division of the Georgia Department of Industry and Trade, presently operates eight Welcome Centers located at Columbus, Lavonia, Ringgold, Savannah, Sylvania, Valdosta, Augusta, and the Atlanta Airport. Thus, the research activity at the Welcome Centers serves the dual purpose of providing both an analysis of specific highway traffic and traveler characteristics. Since the information continually obtained from the registers and questionnaires used at the centers is similar to that ob- tained in the initial 1960-1961 survey, the use of these centers as sources of data supplants extensive highway surveys. The Welcome Center program was initiated in January 1962 with the opening of the first center near Sylvania on U. S. 301 close to the South Carolina border on Georgia's most heavily traveled tourist route, one predominantly servicing Florida-bound vacation/recreation travelers. Six other centers are located on major highway entrances into the state. The eighth is in operation at the Atlanta airport. Future plans include the operation of additional centers on interstate routes. Upon visiting a center, each party is requested to sign a visitors' register and to furnish certain basic information concerning the nature of the trip. As a supplementary check, automatic traffic counters main- tained by the Georgia Highway Department provide information on the volume of traffic at each center. These traffic counts and the number of persons per party obtained from visitor registers at the centers are then used in estimating the total number of visitors. Final estimates are adjusted for multi-axle vehicles, vehicles driving through the parking lot, and other appropriate factors. Atlanta airport estimates are prepared by the Tourist Division, Georgia Department of Industry and Trade. Every month the Division of Research at the University of Georgia prepares a summary report of these estimates for the Tourist Division. During the first two years of a center's operation, a more detailed report is made, giving volume of registration, general characteristics, detailed origins and destinations, and daily average attendance. Annual reports are then constructed summarizing this information. F. CHARACTERISTICS OF OUT-OF-STATE VACATION/RECREATION VISITORS TO GEORGIA WELCOME CENTERS Information obtained about the visitors at each Welcome Center, such as home region, number in the party, income level, purpose and factors influencing the trip, and the activities engaged in while on the trip in Georgia, is summarized in Tables VII-8--VII-11. 192 Figure VII-3 contains data from visitor registers and automatic counters for estimated visits from 1962 through 1969. Characteristics of visitors (Tables VII-8 through VII-11) are based on cards distributed in 1964 at Sylvania, in 1965 at Savannah, in 1966 at Lavonia and Ringgold, and in 1967 at Valdosta.* The data contained in each of these tables relate only to the centers as specified; and, while the detailed data are expecially useful, these reports cannot be considered representative of total traffic in the state. There are two major reasons why welcome center reports are important even though nonrepresentative. First, the information is representative of traffic moving on the specific highway served by that center. Thus, persons interested in promoting or developing a travel-serving business on a specific highway should find the data extremely useful. Second, the information in these reports will indicate changing trends in the travel industry. Separate treatment for the centers makes possible a comparison of the characteristics of travelers moving on different highways.** The location of a center largely governs the regional origin of the vacation traveler (Table VII-8). As a whole, however, visitors from surrounding southeastern states constituted major travel in all the centers. Vacation/recreation trips arid visits to friends and relatives were the primary motivation of most out-of-state travelers who visited Georgia welcome centers. Other categories listed comprised an insignificant number of visitors (Table VII-9). The high percentage of pass-through vacation/recreation traffic in Georgia is evident from Table VII-10. Activities engaged in by out-of-state vacation/recreation visitors are summarized in Table VII-11. Vi@iting historical or scenic places was the primary activity engaged in by visitors, with visits to friends and relatives ranking an important second. *Data gathered at the Columbus Center are not included in this report. The Columbus Center is located between Columbus and Fort Benning on U.S. 27 and 280. It receives a tremendous amount of Fort Benning-oriented travel, but misses the important east-west U. S. 80 traffic. Because of the peculiar nature of this center's location, it is felt that information gathered there should be treated separately. **The reader is again cautioned that data do not represent all travel in the state and that only vacation/recreation visitors are included in the tabulations. Therefore, data for Savannah and Sylvania vary slightly from the results published in the initial study. 193 TABLE VII-8 HOME REGION OUT-OF-STATE VACATION/RECREATION TRAVELERS Percentage Distribution of Home Regions@ of Parties Surveyed in the 1960-61 Highway Survey and at Georgia Welcome Centers for Selected Years All Home Highway Welcome Sylvania Savannah Lavonia Ringgold Valdosta Region Survey 60-61 Centers 1964 1965 1966. 1966 1967 ,Southeast 40.1 40.3 30.8 41.9 61.7 34.8 34.9 Mid-East 23.5 18.5 43.1 27.7 19.6 2.8 6.6 New England 5.2 4.3 8.6 7.3 4.8 0.6 1.4 Great Lakes 24.8 26.3 11.4 10.3 3.5 50.3 46.3 Plains 2.0 3.8 0.7 2.5 1.3 7.6 5.8 Southwest 1.5 1.8 2.8 4.1 9.3 1.1 Rocky Mountains 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.7 o.4 0.1 0.4 Far West 0.6 2.3 1,3 4.0 3.6 1.2 1.4 Canada, other foreign countries 2.1 2.3 3.8 2.7 0.8 2.2 2.1 No response 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1-00.0 Source: Georgia Welcome Center Research Report, Number Two, Division of Research, College of Business Administration, University of Georgia, August 1970. TABLE VII-9 PURPOSE OF TRIP OUT-OF-STATE VACATION/RECREATION TRAVELERS Percentage Distribution of Purpose of Trip of Parties Surveyed at Georgia Welcome Centers for Selected Years All Welcome Sylvania Savannah Lavonia Ringgold Valdosta Trip Purpose Centers 1964 1965 1966 1966 1967 Vacation/recreation 82.1 83.5 84.9 73.5 83.0 83.7 Visit friends and relatives 54.8 58.1 39.9 65.0 55.5 58.4 Business 11.0 9.5 11.7 17.2 12.9 8.6 Personal 8.2 7.2 8.2 12.0 9.6 6.6 No response 0.7 1.6 1.4 0.3 0.5 0.1 Number of parties responding 6,333 915, 1,492 1,034 659 2,233 Source: Georgia Welcome Center Research Report, Number Two, Division of Research, CoHege of Business Administration, University of Georgia, August 1970. *When combined with vacation/re creation. 110 TABLE VII- 10 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE TRIP OUT-OF-STATE VACATION/RECREATION TRAVELERS Percentage Distribution of Factors Influencing the Decision to Come to Georgia Parties Surveyed at Georgia Welcome Centers for Selected Years Factors All Welcome Sylvania Savannah Lavonia Ringgold Valdosta Centers 1964 1965 1966 1966 1967 Passing through 67.6 83.4 54.4 47.9 61.2 79.7 Previous visit 28.6 25.3 22.3 26.6 31.3 33.7 Recommendation of friends/relatives 13.4 8.9 14.2 8.8 14.9 16.1 Information received by mail 4.9 3.5 6.2 6.1 6.0 3.9 Advertising-magazines 4.3 2.8 6.5 4.1 5.2 3.4 Advertising-newspapers 2.2 1.5 3.5 2.3 2.9 1.5 Other: Routing 3.8 3.0 2.9 4.7 5.7 3.6 Business 1.3 0.2 2.3 2.7 1.4 0.5 Friends/relatives 4.8 o.4 1.6 16.6 11.8 1.3 Highways ' 1.2 0.4 o.4 2.0 2.3 Natural or historical attractions 1.2 0.9 2.7 1.8 0.6 0.3 Welcome center 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.3 Unfavorable reply 0.1 Commercial facilities 1.3 0.2 0.7.' 5.3 2.0 0.3 Curiosity 1.8 0.2 4.5 3.5 1.7 0.2 No response 3.6 2.4 10.1 5.3 2.6 Number responding 463 691 511 348 .1,190 3,203 Source: Georgia Welcome Center Research Report, Number Two, Division of Research, College of Business Administration, University of Georgia, August 1970. M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M TABLE VII-1 I ACTIVITIES ENGAGED IN OUT-OF-STATE VACATION/RECREATION TRAVELERS Percentage Distribution of Activities Engaged in by Parties Surveyed at Georgia Welcome Centers for Selected Years Activities All Welcome Sylvania Savannah Lavonia Ringgold Valdosta Centers 1964 1965 1966 1966 1967 Visit historical/ scenic places 41.7 27.6 59.3 44.4 43.9 32.3 Visit friends/relatives 25.9 14.2 23.1 43.5 26.1 24-.1 Pass through only 22.3 23-2 7.6 10.5 11.3 42.5 Camping 12.6 14.2 6.6 15.3 17.1 13.7 Beaches/swimming 10.9 8.8 15.5 10.9 12.6 7.7 Business 7.4 3.3 8.9 10.9 8.7 5.8 Sports 6.5 1.8 5.5 14.1 11.6 4.0 Hunting/fishing 2.9 3.3 3.2 3.6 2.9 2.0 Boating 2.3 1.1 2.7 3.1 2.9 1.8 Convention 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.9 2.2 l..2 Other 3.3 1.5 2.1 6.1 2.3 No response 12.3 33.8 12.1 13.2 21.3 0.0 Number of parties responding 3,129 452 801 523 310 1,043 Source: Georgia Welcome Center Research Report, Number Two, Division of Research, College of Business Administration, University of Georgia, August 1970. G. IMPLICATIONS In limited natural recreation resource regions, there is a need for consideration of alternative regional plans. Demands for all activities are growing in degrees proportionate to the population increase, more leisure, greater mobility, and increased incomes. Limited regional recreation resources such as the coastal estuarine zone and islands and the Georgia Highlands have a daily seasonal and annual visitor-space capacity--much the same as an individual park or an auditorium. When this capacity is saturated and exceeded, the quality of the recreational experiences of its visitors is adversely effected. By considering regional land use and design alternatives on the regional landscape, the best combinations of land uses to compatibly relate recreation user groups, separate conflicts of interest, serve more people, plan with nature, maintain open space environmental values, and realize optimum economic benefits can be approached. The Georgia Highlands Plan may be considered an example. The Appalachian Regional Commission Study of Demand for Mountain- Oriented outdoor recreation in the eastern United States showed large quantities of demand, much of which might be served in the Appalachians. Most of it should not be served in Georgia. Georgia's Mountain environment is relatively small, its core area being only about 2 percent of the state's land mass. Yet, it serves most of the Georgia residents and much of the mountain recreation demands for Florida, South Carolina, and Alabama. The Southern Highlands Study should consider the limits of the overall resource use. It should consider regional design alternatives for conser- vation, development, and transportation systems to protect both the natural resource values and the opportunity for quality mountain-oriented recreation experiences. H. FOREIGN TRAVEL* Even though the 1960's were characterized by universal turmoil and upheaval, world travel broke all records. In 1969, about 786 million of the world's 3.5 billion people traveled somewhere. This travel was valued at nearly $77 1/2 billion, made up as follows: $20.511 billion for international travel $29.687 billion for domestic U. S. travel $27.197 billion for domestic tourism in Western Europe, Great Britain, Canada, and the rest of the continents. *Information from William D. Patterson, Travel: The Big Picture 1969-1970. 198 Americans, with Europe their chief foreign destination, are on the go more than any other peoples. U. S. citizens traveling abroad in 1969 accounted for 22,661,000 of the world's total travelers, and they spent $5.366 billion. And, although the U. S. in that year experienced earnings of $2.363 billion from foreign visitors (the highest ever recorded), the U. S. travel gap increased $216 million, reaching $2.093 billion. Predictions that travel volume of the 60s will continue and even accelerate during the 70s are based on a number of social and technical developments: the four-day work week, holidays added to weekends, longer vacations, increasing incomes with increasing discretionary purchasing power, education, and the giant strides made in transportation which, combined with instant communications, make distance, in fact, no longer a restraining factor between countries. The Boeing 747 and the SST are prime examples. Along with these elements,of travel growth has come the surge in supporting industries to serve the global and domestic traveler, such as lodging, food, car rentals, ground transit, and innovations for attracting the visitor to man-made as well as natural tourist interests, local cultures, and recreation facilities. And, though Europe continues to be the most popular continent for alien visitors, and the formidable U. S. deficit in the international travel balance continues (all countries have a travel surplus relative to the U. S.), visitation to the U. S. from other countries is increasing. In 1969 foreign visitors to the U. S. totaled nearly 12 1/2 million (13 percent, or nearly 1 1/2 million, over 1968). They spent $2.058 billion in the U. S. in addition to $305 million for transportation on U. S. flag carriers. Also in 1969, 144.2 million U. S. business and pleasure travelers to other places in the U. S. spent $29.687 billion -- an increase over 1968 of 5.25 percent in people and 11 percent in spending. (Even so, 58 million Americans took no holiday trip.) Travel is the third largest industry in the U. S. More labor than capital intensive (though this imbalance is changing), it employs about 12 million persons and up to this point is composed largely of small businesses. Automation and new management concep-ts are gradually changing the ratio of labor to capital in travel-oriented operations. The potential impact of foreign visitors to the U. S. is significant to Georgia. Georgia's relative share (based on its share of U. S. popu- lation -- 2.259 percent) of annual foreign visitation to the U. S. would mean 281,000 foreign visitors a year in Georgia spending about $46 1/2 million. If Georgia's share is based on relative share of U. S. area (1.64 percent), foreign visitors should number about 204,000 and spend $33.751 million in Georgia a year. In addition, if Georgia had its relative share (based on population) of U. S. travelers (business and pleasure) in the U. S., travelers would number 3.257 million and spend $670.6 million in the state. Based on relative area, these figures would be 2.365 million travelers spending $486.9 million. 199 dol@ l Sir vl@ 4-1 If OUTDOOR RECREATION SUPPLY9 PRESENT AND PROGRAMMED, V,11APTER V I I I CHAPTER VIII OUTDOOR RECREATION SUPPLY PRESENT AND PROGRAMMED A. PRESENT 1. DISTRIBUTION OF AREAS In the 1971 survey of developed outdoor recreation areas in Georgia, 2,348 recreation areas and 1,003 small combined ones, for a total of 3,351, were found. The average number of areas for each of the 19 Area Planning and Development Regions was 124, but the number per region varied from a low of 41 to a high of 257.* Table VIII-1 gives the number of areas, the percent of the state total number of recreation areas, and the percent of the state population in each region. 2. OWNERSHIP AND ADMINISTRATION Ownership and/or administration of outdoor recreation areas in the state is given in Table VIII-2. The contribution of private busi- ness in developing recreation resources of the state is clearly evident. Despite the number of governmental agencies and the personnel and money involved, the private business firm still accounts for 50 percent of the number of recreation areas. 3. SIZE OF RECREATION AREAS Of the 3,527,583 acres devoted to developed outdoor recreation areas in Georgia, 91.1 percent are located in the 87 largest areas. Figure VIII-1 shows the distribution of the number of areas, land acre- age, and water acreage for the various size groups of recreation areas. There are 2,988,457 land acres and 539,126 water acres in the 2,348 rec- reation areas. Of those with water frontage, there was an average 8.2 miles of frontage per area. 4. POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT AND EXPANSION According to the 1970 supply inventory, there were 58 recreation areas with positive plans for expansion. The total expansion of these areas will involve 218,269 additional acres. Entirely new potential development of recreational areas totaled 95 areas with 207,118 acres. The 'Regional Analysis (Volume II) for 1972 now shows additional areas by region. Running inventory summaries of state parks, game, fish, *Statistical data are based on 1-9 regions as existed before July 1, 1972. See Statistical Summary, Volumes I, II, and III. 201 tj TABLE VIII-1 DISTRIBUTION OF RECREATION AREAS AND POPULATION Number of Region's Region's Outdoor Recreation Areas Percent of Percent of Recreation Region in Region Total Areas State Population 1. Coosa Valley 134 (50)* 5.7 6.59 2. North Georgia 63 (85) 2.7 2.86 3. Georgia Mountains 257 (12) 10.9 4.20 4. Atlanta Metropolitan 207 (488) 8.8 31.31 5. Northeast Georgia 135 (76) 5.7 4.78 6. Chattahoochee-Flint 146 (14) 6.2 4.27 7. McIntosh Trail 110 (28) 4.7 2.09 8. Oconee 107 (60) 4.6 2.00 9. Central Savannah River 231 (11) 9.8 6.58 10. Middle Georgia 132 (12) 5.6 5.65 11. Middle Flint 65 (8) 2.8 1.89 12. Heart of Georgia 80 (28) 3.4 2.21 13. Altamaha 41 (7) 1.7 1.65 14. Georgia Southern 120 (11) 5.1 5.37 15. Lower Chattahoochee 106 (62) 4.5 4.94 16. Southwest Georgia 117 (6) 5.0 5.94 17. Coastal Plain 50 (4) 2.1 3.13 18. Slash Pine 128 (14) 5.5 2.42 19. Coastal 119 (27) 5.1 2.12 State Total 2,348(1,003) 100.00 100.00 *Numbers in parentheses represent additional smarl recreation locations, such as school playgrounds, neighborhood parks. etc. They wereincludedin the summaries of recreation areas listed by region. See Statistical Summary, Volume 1, State Totals, for further details. mmm TABLE VIII-2 RECREATION AREA OWNERSHIP AND ADMINISTRATION Areas Acres* Area Administered By Number Percent Number Percent Federal Government 125 5.3 1,729,878 49.8 State Government 337 14.4 854,499 24.6 County Government 176 7.5 15,614 0.4 City Government 287 12.2 12,432 0.4 Other Local Government 21 0.9 2,612 0.1 Quasi-Public Organizations (Boy Scouts, Civic Clubs, etc.) 89 3.8 21,703 0.6 School Boards 93 4.o 14,055 o.4 Churches 36 1.5 4,071 0.1 Private Business 1,184 50.4 816,333 23.5 Total 2,348 100.0 3,471,197* 100.0 Area Owned By - Federal Agencies 203 8.6 2,085,812 60.1 State Agencies 295 12.6 267,914 7.7 County Agencies 186 7.9 16,997 0.5 City Agencies 274 11.7 11,774 0.3 Other Local Government Agencies 18 0.8 1,067 0.0 Quasi-Public Organizations 67 2.9 35,435 1.0 School Boards 73 3.1 12,726 0.4 Churches 31 1.3 3,900 0.1 Private Business 1,201 51.1 1,035,572 29.8 Total 2,348 100.0 3,471.197* 100.0 *In reporting ownership and administration, not all acreage was accounted for. W FIGURE VIII-I DISTRIBUTION OF RECREATION AREAS BY SIZE PERCENT OF AREAS PERCENT OF TOTAL LAND, RECREATION AREA, PERCENT OF TOTAL WATER 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% OVER 25% SIZE IN ACRES "'937*139.9%, 0-10 3,511111!@ 0.1% 692"*-0.1% 396- 16.9% 11-25 5,289. 0.2% 1,857 10.3% M 259 11.0% K 26-50 7,752 0.3% .2,488 0.5% 204 iMkl@ 8.7% 51-100 12,331 0.4% 3,290 0.6% 185 7.9% 101-200 23,539 0.8% 4,597 0.9% 1" 6.1% 201-500 35,143 1.2% 10,166 1.9% 51 2.2% 501-1,000 31,325 1.0% 6,683 1.2% 68 2.9% 1,001-2,500 96,728 3.2% 11,644 2.2% 17 0.7 % 2,501-5,000 00 50,464 1.7% 13,936 2.6% 87 3.7% 331 0*4 % r@ @ 290 0. 6% 2'3 5 0_8% 4 597 0.9% OVER 5,000 '%,2 722 375 91.1 4- J@4441t4t4t444446444f- 1@14t 89.7% *1 NUMBER OF AREAS ** ACRES OF LAND *** ACRES OF WATER 204 boating, and historic areas are included at the end of this supply section. 5. PRIMARY AREA ATTRACTION Recreation areas that were centered primarily around land-based activities represented 50.6 percent of the total areas, and water- based areas accounted for 39.1 percent. The remainder of the areas were of historical, archaeological, and architectural significance and roadside parks. 6. LENGTH OF SEASON Recreation areas were primarily year-round operations, with 82.4 percent of the areas in operation for ten to twelve months of the year. 7. ORIGIN OF VISITORS TO AREAS The origin of visitors to Georgia's recreation areas is presented in Figure VIII-2. The average visitor came from a relatively nearby area; 79.6 percent came only 50 miles or less. FIGURE VIII-2 ORIGIN OF VISITORS TO RECREATION AREAS DISTANCE TO PERCENT HOME OF VISITOR 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% WALKING DISTANCE 9.9 @1. M,! 25.2 LESS THAN 5 MILES o 6 TO 25 MILES 32.5 26 TO 50 MILES 12.0 51 TO 100 MILES 7.8 101 TO 150MILES 4.8 151 TO 250 MILES 3.2 OVER 250 MILES 4.6 8. FREQUENCY OF VISITS The frequency of annual visits to recreation areas is shown in 205 Table VIII-3. Only 7.3 percent of the areas drew 79.4 percent of the visitors. Overnight visits totaled 20,999,103 and represented 16.8 percent of the total annual visits. Water-based recreation areas ac- counted for 85 percent of overnight visits and represented 41.1 percent of total visits. Land-based recreation areas drew 53.2 percent of total visits and 13 percent of overnight visits. TABLE Vill-3 ANNUAL VISITS TO RECREATION AREAS '17isits Amnual Visits Areas Percent of to Area Number rercent Number Total Visits Less than 2,000 807 34.4 592@073 0.5 2,000 to 5,000 488 20.8 1,628>373 1.3 5,001 to 101,0100 318 13.5 2,624,418 2.1 !0,^Ol to 25,000 318' 5,496@503 4.4 25,001 to 50.%300 138 5.9 53569@152 4.5 50,001 to 100,000 118 5.0 9,851,751 7.9 100,001 to 250,0000 95 4.0 16,779,111 13.4 ^450,001 to 500 0.30 1.5 13,130,185 35 500,001 to 1,000,001 21 0.9 15,952,700 12.8 Over 1,000,OnO 20 0.9 53@416,353 _421.7 Total 23,348 100.0 125,1050,1619 1190.0 FIGURE VHI-3 ANNUAL VISITS TO RECREATION AREAS Annual Visits Percent of Percent of to Area Areas Total Visits :,ess than 2,000 ",000 to 5,000 5,nni to in,oon 1n,001 to 25,MO 41 25,r)nl to 50,000 5n,nol to ion,noo inn,or)l to 250,noo 250,0M to 50f),noO 5nn,nOl to 1,000,00@' ;Iver 1,nnn,000 Total 100.0 Perc ent 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 206 9. WATER-BASED AREAS AND WATER QUALITY There.were 1,399 recreation areas (59.6 percent of the total areas) reported as having some type of water activity associated with the area. Of the area with water, 66 percent reported that the qual- ity of the water helped recreation, 31.1 percent reported it had no effect, and 2.9 percent reported that the quality of the water limited recreation in the area. 10. SPECIAL FEATURES A number of special features were reported as being available within some recreation areas. Figure VIII-4 shows the number of areas that contained one or more of these primarily natural features. FIGURE VIII-4 SPECIAL FEATURES OF RECREATION AREAS Feature Number of Areas with Feature 1. Forest Environrent 928 2. Wildlife 890 3. Lakes. Ponds 529 4. Rivers and Streams 401 5. Reservoirs 195 6. Landscaped Urban Park 192 7. Primitive Areas 187 8. River Swamps 147 9. Cold Springs -142 10. Cultural Site - 90 11. Overlooks 66 12. Museum, Outdoor Exhibit - 65 13. Interpretive Facility - 60 14. Geology Rock Outcrops - 55 15. Waterfalls - 53 16* Fire, Lookout Tower - 40 33 17. Fish Hatchery 18. Canyons or Gorges - 21 19. Rapids, Beginners -19 20. Caves -16 21. Rapids, In terrediate - 13 2'.. RaDids, Advanced -12 23. Game Farm 'I 24. Zoo 9 25. Warm or Hot Springs 6 26. Reptile, Bird Farm 14 11. AVAILABILITY OF RECREATION FACILITIES TO CITIES Certain f acilities used primarily for outdoor recreation and lo- 4y 207 TABLE VIII-4 AMOUNT OF FACILITIES WITHIN 5 MILES OF INDICATED CITIES FACILITY ATLANTA AUGUSTA CCLUMBUS SAVANNAH MACCN ALBANY WAYCROSS GAINESVILLE ROME SWAINSBORO @CTELt FCTEL UNITS(RESORT ONLY) C 42 0 0 0 0 a 0 10 0 CRGANIZEE CAPPING BECS C 165 C 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 TRAILEP [email protected] TENT SITES 0 C C 250 251 0 212 25 0 0 PARIN 'A eCAT CCCKING SPACES 0 29 90 215 10 4 0 225 0 26 ECAT LALNCHING RAPPS 2 A 7 21 2 2 5 0 4 PLAYFIELL ACRES 6C2 48 12 159 237 68 10 46 187 34 FANCRALL CCURTS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 EASEPALL DIAPONDS 3$1 15 44 17 21 9 13 3 19 2 SCFTP@ALL CIAVCNCS 37 31 40 34 49 26 1 it 22 2 FCCTbALL FIELCS 24 4 2 0 51 8 3 2 11 8 GCLF CCUPSE FCLES 45 81 54 63 36 45 9 19 36 9 CCLF CRIVINC RANGE 7FES 0 8 2C 20 10 23 0 15 0 0 PINIATURE GCLF HeLES 0 18 18 0 54 0 18 18 0 9 SKI SLCPE ACRES 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .0 0 FISFING PIER SPACES 0 0 0 250 112 0 0 0 0 95 PICNIC TABLES 2e8 103 274 180 218 115 12 174 98 84 BARBECUE PITS 76 46 IC6 60 132 38 53 59 40 27 S@%IPMINC PCCLS 23 12 5 5 3 4 3 4 a 3 50 YETEP SWIFFINC PCCLS 4 0 0 2 2 1 2 1 1 0 PEACH IAATER ACRES 0 C 0 1 41 0 0 1 0 11 BEACH LAND ACRES 0 0 0 0 42 0 0 3 0 0 BEACH SFCRE PILES 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 1 FCRS@ eRICLE PAT@S PILES 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 20 0 BIG GAPE HABITAT ACRES 0 15 0 0 300 26,000 0 0 29500 0 SPALL GAVE HABITAT ACRES 0 2C5 25 C 6CO 27,020 100 0 2#690 0 WATFR FClftL HPOITAT ACRES 0 520 0 12 314 200 106 0 0 0 TRCUT FISHINC STREAPS PILES 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 IRARP FISFING STREAPS MILES 0 0 0 11 5C 5 0 0 0 0 FISHING LAKtS ACRES IA5 1,375 91 60 1,834 .114CO 110 70 a 166 %ATER FPENTACE PILES 1 2 4 34 41 37 4 6 11 9 RECREATICN AREA FPPLCYEES 529 329 2CO ...146 177 126 96 131 64 23 FIELn ANE TRACK ACRES 6 3 3 0 9 0 0 22 0 i%ATER SKIING AREA ACRES 0 0 76 130 1,200 0 80 0 0 0 TENNIS CLURTS 114 44 35 15 is 10 12 12 16 6 NATURE FCOTTRAILS MILES 0 5 0 3 3 0 0 0 2 0 AREAS WITH LCC C 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 FISTORICtL AREAS 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 ARCFk@CLCCICAL AREAS 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 ARCHITECTURAL AREAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SPALL DEEP SEA FISHING BCATS C 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 LAPGE DEEP SEA FISHING BCATS 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 AREAS WITH PRIPITIVE SETTING 0 C 2 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 eICYCLE-TRAILS PILES a 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 AREAS WITH RAPIDS 0 0 0 Note: The above data pertain only to those facilities devoted primarily to the pursuit of outdoor recreation and available to the public. !r -n ;,i 3r -nw-4 v ce.M f* Fn M.h I.M f= el "1^ 1:1 .7. -1 n-f -M r 1. :U b- T@ Ill X. 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'a _j r. @j D .r W co W w m C, n @ %P Nj .1 @j Q. %A j- a. -4 4, @o n z W @ W W 0 @n @o @ W 01 N .0 0 W 'a Y C)@ 4, 2 %A 0- 4' 0 N 0 -J J%Q -4 10 M In OW. cated within 5, 50, and 250 miles, respectively, of ten key cities throughout Georgia are indicated in Tables VIII-4, 5, and 6.* Even a quick review of the tables will bring out the fact that considerable emphasis is needed on the development of recreation facilities in urban areas. The relative scarcity of such facilities within five miles of some of our major cities (Table VIII-4) is, by itself, a signal that emphasis on recreation area location is possibly being directed toward the suburban areas at the sacrifice of core city facilities. Only a detailed analysis of each urban area will prove or disprove such an assumption. Table VIII-5 represents facilties available within an hour or so's drive from the urban areas named. Certainly the magnitude of the quan- tities shown is a considerable improvement over the five-mile picture; but the population involved has also grown, particularly in areas like Atlanta where suburban growth has been so rapid. Table VIII-6 represents facilities within a day's drive, which comprise, in many instancesi almost the total state inventory of such facilities. Tables VIII-5 and VIII-6 are valuable for the quantitative picture they present of available recreation facilities within given areas and will be of added value when used in conjunction with the de- mand and needs analysis presented in both this publication and the full report of the state recreation plan. B. PROGRAMMED RECREATION AREAS The population growth and the expected increase in leisure time for all individuals will result in more pressure on the existing recre- ation facilities in addition to the requirement for entirely new recre- ation areas. Some realization of these aspects was reflected in the plans for new and expanded facilities reported during the statewide in- ventory. A total of 58 existing recreation area operators had made specific plans for the expansion of their facilities. Plans included not only the development of additional facilities but also the acquisition of an additional 218,269 acres of land or water. Specific plans were also reported for the development of 95 new recreation areas with a total of 207,118 acres. Tentative plans for expansion were reported by an additional 124 area operators, and 512 other area operators had given consideration to expanding but had reached no definite conclusion. *Note that information in the tables is for facilities devoted primarily to outdoor recreation (e.g., "hotels, motel units" refers to primarily resort-type facilities.) 211 (REORGI)4 BECREATION AREAS FIGURE VHI-5 CLASS V PRIMITIVE AREAS CLASS IV. OUTSTANDING NAT@PAL AlffA-S CVZ:R =OR= CLASS I HIGH DENSITY RECREATION AREAS- Li CLASS VI HISTORIC AND CVLTURAL-,-,@., SITES CLASS 11 GENERAL OUTDOOR RECREATION AREAS NA CL SS 1111 TURAL t&VIRONMENT:-- AREAS 212 A new consideration that confronts the recreation area operator ,is the increasing number of physically handicapped people and senior citizens who are potential visitors to recreation centers. Special provisions for the physically handicapped were being planned for 28 areas, while 46 recreation centers were making plans for the special needs of senior citizens. C. GEORGIA RECREATION AREAS ACCORDING TO BOR CLASSIFICATION BY REGION The Department of the Interior has established the basic require- ments for a system of Outdoor Recreation Classification. This system divides outdoor recreation areas into six major classifications, each possessing a definite set of characteristics. The categories are deter- mined by the use of various criteria, including the nature of the area setting, the activities available at the locale, and the degree and ex- tent of development and financial investment. CLASS I includes those defined as High Density Recreation Areas. The physi- ographic features of these areas make them adaptable to special types of intensive recreation and development. Although natural settings are desirable, man-made settings are acceptable, with no specific size criteria indicated. Although these areas usually exist within or near major urban population centers, they may OVE11 GE131LOIJL occur within natural parks or forests more remote from densely populated areas. The major development at the sites includes a wide range of inten- sive day and weekend activities capable of accommodating large numbers of people. In addition, these areas generally have a high degree of facility de- velopment which quite often requires heavy financial investment. Finally, the sites are usually managed exclusively for recreation purposes. Such areas are most com- monly held under municipal, county, regional, or state ownership. In a recreation resource based oriented region, small towns or service villages may be considered high density recreation areas. Helen, Georgia, is an example. CLASS 11 defines General Outdoor Recreation Areas. These sites have varied topography within attractive man-made or natural settings which are capable of providing a wide range of outdoor recreational opportunities. These areas, like those in Class 1, range widely in size, but are usually more remote than the Class I High Density Recreation Are'as. Recreation activities available include extensive day, weekend, and vacation use, although the overall development is generally somewhat less extensive than that in Class 1. These areas are commonly held by federal, state, or local governments, including regional park and recreation authorities, and private clubs and other forms of private ownership assisted by public agencies on problems of access and development of basic facilities. CLASS III includes those sites defined as Natural Environment Areas. Public lands of this category often adjoin outstanding natural Class IV and primitive Class V areas in national and state parks and forests. They are characterized by varied and interesting land forms within attractive natural settings and are usually more remote from population centers than either High Density Recreation Areas or General Out- door Recreation Areas. However, this class does comprise, on an acreage basis, the largest defined category. The primary activities enjoyed at these areas include exten- siveweekend and vacation recreation undertakings which are dependent on the quality of the natural environment. The primary objective of these areas is to make available traditional recreation experiences on an "as-is" basis in the out-of-doors, often in con- junction,with other resource uses. The sites are commonly held by federal, state, or local governments, including regional park and recreation authorities, as well as pri- vate ownership. 213 CLASS IV categorizes Outstanding Natural Areas. The sites or features in this recreational area classification are limited in number and are irreplaceable if destroyed. The physical characteristics consist of some outstanding natural feature associated with an outdoor environn-kent that, because of its uniqueness, merits special care to insure preservation in its -natural condition. In some instances, one or more such areas may be part of a larger administrative unit such as a national park or forest, but the use of the site, because of its very nature, is limited to the enjoyment and study of natural attractions. Development of the area is I imited to the minimal re- quirements for public enjoyment, health, safety, and protection of the feature. 01 e than trails and sanitary facilities, access roads and facilities should not be constructed th r within the immediate vicinity. Federal, state, and local public agencies, as well as pri- vate landowners with assistance from public agencies, assume responsibility for the 1111111ft" protection and management of these significant natural areas. CLASS V defines Primitive Areas and consists of two types. Those classified as V-A include only those areas designated under the provisions of P.L. 88-577, the Wilderness Act (78 stat. 890; 16 U.S.C. 1131). The second type, designated as V-B, includes all other areas having the same or similar characteristics of this class. Both types are characterized by extensive natural, wild and undeveloped areas and settings which are essentially removed from the effects of civilization. The areas are primarily characterized by these facts: 1. The natural environment has either not been disturbed by commercial utilization or natural restoration has occurred over a period of several years. The marks of man are essentially unnoticeable and the area is suited for wilderness management. 2. The areas either do not now provide mechanized transportation or existing roadways will be closed for motorized vehicle use by the public. However, the site must be large enough and so located as to provide persons utilizing the area the feeling of enjoying a "wilderness" experience. The area may vary in size in different parts of the country, although it is usually remote from population centers. The development of V-A areas is prescribed in the Wilderness Act. In those areas categorized as V-B, there is usually no development of public roads (except trails), permanent habitations, or high density recreation facilities. No mechanized equipment is allowed except that needed to control fire, insects, and disease. Any commercial use existing at the time of categorization should be discontinued as soon as practical. Federal responsibility exists for the management of V-A areas. Responsibility for V-B areas is usually federal, but may also rest on state agencies or private landowners. CLASS V!, the final classification, includes those areas defined as Historic and I Cultural Sites. Such areas are associated with the history, tradition, or cultural heritage of national, state, or local interest sufficiently significant to merit preservation or restoration. The location of the feature establishes the site, and the use of the area is limited to sightseeing, enjoyment and study of historic or cultural features. Management of the areas should be limited to those activities that effect whatever preservation and restoration is necessary to protect the features from deterioration L, and to interpret their significance to the public. On-site development should be limited so as to prevent overuse and not detract from the historic or cultural values of the site. Responsibility for the areas is vested in federal, state, or local public agencies as well as private landowners who identify, set aside, and manage historic and cultural areas. All of the recreation areas in Georgia have been inventoried and the results analyzed both by county and by region. However, to categor- ize many recreation areas in the state within the given BOR classifica- tion is, at best, difficult, as many of the areas for which information is available do not appear easily distributed within any of these six aforementioned classifications established by the Department of the Inte- rior. Therefore, to accomplish this task, some arbitrary determinations were made for major groupings of recreation areas, and these were as- signed a classification of 1 to 6 based on that Single classification for which each grouping exhibited at least some of the delineated char- acteristics. Caution should be exercised in studying these groupings L due to the fact that while all areas in the state have been classified in this manner, it is doubtful that many of these would be envisioned 214 by the Department of the Interior as coming within the purview of any of the delineated classifications. Major areas may be reclassified as comprehensive regional and individual master plans are developed. Generally, in addition to large recreation areas such as Six Flags over Georgia, the following areas are classified as Class I (High Density Recreation Areas): Public school playgrounds and city and/or county recreation areas. Those classified as Class II (General Outdoor Recreation Areas) constitute a large number of various kinds of activity areas. Included are: American Legion recreation areas, state roadside parks, some smaller camps (most being classified as III), golf clubs, driving ranges, country clubs, 'drag strips, ball parks, church recreation areas, parks, military reservations, YMCA, tennis courts, swimming pools, festivals, playhouses, colleges, shooting ranges, church areas, amusement parks, and boys' club recreation areas. Naturally, in many cases it was difficult to determine whether a spe- cific group of recreation areas was more characteristic of Class II or Class III. Still, as previously stated, an ultimate determination was made based not so much on an individual area, but on the group of areas as a whole. Classification III (Natural Environment Areas) is, perhaps, the largest and most varied category in number and type of activity. Included in this grouping are: campgrounds, saddle clubs, landing fields, fish farms, dock basins, marinas, game management areas, river parks, watersheds, lakes and ponds, dams and reservoirs, hunting areas, fishing camps, fish hatcheries, sportsmen clubs, lodges, trailer parks, trails, nurseries, and ranches. Generally, those activities more associated with the natural environment or in which the natural outdoor facilities are integral to the activity are classified in this category. Class IV areas (Outstanding Natural Areas) are so designated be- cause of their outstanding and spectacular natural beauty. Included in this grouping are such scenic Georgia attractions as Glassy Mountain, Look Off Tennessee Rock, Wellborn's Rockhound Mines, Tallulah Gorge, Old Block Diamond Railroad Cave, Chestatee Overlook, and Stone Mountain Park. Class V (Primitive Areas) consists of V-A areas now designated un- der the provisions of P.L. 88-577, the Wilderness Act, and V-B areas hav- ing the same or similar characteristics. Several areas in Georgia, if not already so designated, should be classified V-B. These would include the Cohutta Mountains Area, sections of the Blue Ridge Crest, the Chat- tooga River, the Okefenokee Swamp, and some of the Georgia Islands. Class VI, the final class,ification, defines those areas categorized as Historic and Cultural Sites. A number of areas in Georgia of local, state, regional, or national importance could be so classified. These would include Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield, Skull Shoals His- toric Area, Uncle Remus Museum, Etowah Indian Mounds, Little White House, Resaca Confederate Cemetery, and various forts and other edifices of historical or cultural interest and importance. Of the total 2,348 classified recreational areas reported in 215 TABLE VIII-7 DISTRIBUTION OF RECREATION AREAS BY BOR CLASSIFICATION Total Georgia areas: 2,348 (BY REGION, AREAS, AREAS WITH WATER AND TOTAL ACREAGES) Areas with water: 910 1971 Total acreage: 3,471,197 BOR CLASS I 1I IV V VI Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of Areas Total Areas Total Areas Total Areas Total Areas Total Areas Total Region Areas W/Water Acres Areas W/Water Acres Areas W/Water, Acres Areas W/Water Acres Areas W/Water Acres Areas W/Water Acres 1. 27 2 1282 69 8 6861 34 25 64815 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 5850 2. 14 4 78 24 22 88 24 22 255784 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 8 3. 34 3 4408 88 31 13007 118 55 571929 11 1 3432 0 0 0 6 1 1082 4. 36 4 15889 127 36 9953 42 25 6240 1 1 5407 0 0 0 1 0 2883 5. 21 1 1094 67 14 10485 44 26 155694 0 0 0 1 0 254 2 0 16 6. 12 2 2883 44 12 9534 88 74 101564 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 290 7. 4 0 564 27 5 1765 79 73 8200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8. 9 0 256 40 6 11374 56 35 155073 0 0 0 1 1 75244 1 0 2 9. 21 1 1494 107 20 55704 97 68 232592 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 15414 10. is 1 956 38 12 6345 74 60 79256 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 783 11. 10 0 631 30 2 2390 24 14 17529 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 5 12. 16 0 442 36 6 2300 28 16 14604 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13. 8 0 189 15 5 662 18 13 29261 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14. 16 1 923 38 5 5143 65 38 66217 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 5500 15. 11 1 557 40 10 3223 54 24 223817 1 1 1300 0 0 0 0 0 0 16. 13 0 531 44 0 669 59 30 57820 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 5000 17. 1 0 (, 3 31 1 215 18 9 24705 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18. 12 0 475 52 8 3041 62 36 402995 0 0 0 2 2 229158 0 0 0 19. 7 2 250 49 12 328601 60 21 146900 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 249 Total 290 22 32965 966 215 471360 1044 664 2614995 13 3 10139 4 3 304656 31 3 37082 State Totals Group Totals Percent of Areas 100.0 % 12.35 41.14 44.46 .55 .17 1.32 Percent of Water Areas 100.0 % 2.42 23.63 72.97 .33 .33 .33 Percent of Acreage 100.0 % .95 13.58 75.33 .29 8.78 1.07 Note: Out of the total (2,348) recreation areas 910 or 38.8% have water acreages. However, 1,192 areas or 50.3% of the total have water frontages within or adjacent to 919 areas, representing 39.1% of the total, and arepri- maxily water based outdoor recreation areas in the State of Georgia. Georgia, some 910 consist in whole or in part of water acreage. The total area, both land and water, for all 2,348 areas amounts to 3,527,583 acres. As might be expected, the largest total acreage fell into category III (Natural Environment Areas) with 75.33 percent of. the total acreage, a result of the fact that Class III contains most of the lakes, hunting areas, trailer parks, camps, etc. Conversely, categories IV, V, and VI constitute a very small percentage of total areas and total acreage (land and water). Category II, containing most of the parks, swimming pools, country clubs, church recreation areas, etc., accounted for some'13.58 percent-of the total number of areas. Thus, although some of the category determinations were made on the basis of somewhat nebulous distinctions, the end results would tend'to fall into an expected pattern. Consequently, this cursory examination And classification of all recreation areas in Georgia may be of value in the overall state planning process. The distribution of Georgia recreation areas by BOR classifica- tion is shown in Table VIII-7. D. MAJOR PUBLIC RECREATION SUPPLY Shown in the following pages are the GEMS Inventory tables for State Parks, Game and Fish, and Historical areas. These serve as a ready summary reference and a continuous annual inventory updating system for state managed areas. Project name, map code number, grid location, county and region identification, size, BOR land class, and ownership are shown. Federal areas will be summarized and added to this running inventory of major public recreation areas in Georgia. As a management tool, this provides basic statewide summary data for continuous coordination of planning efforts, statewide and by re- gion, with federal, regional, local, and major private sector interests. Used with the GEMS, this simple system has been quite helpful in working with the area commissions in developing more detailed comprehensive re- gional and local plans. 217 t1i m N) t1i K) F@ P@ Fl I.- F, F- F- i.0 co ON (_n IIJ I F@ H-'O 81Z 4@. tj F, ;.o Pli Qn 'i (TN tp. w Ltj-- F_ rt t-I I --- 111 I@j H. P0 ::5 0) P) 0 pJ 0 0 @_j @l @31 0 LQ rt- sfH LQ @l ti ti ki h ti Fl- 0 (D pi H_ m ki0 r@ @l 0@ rt, rt L.J. 0 0 F- Di5 0 Pi ;T F-I (D ::@ (D @Y (D CD H m (D P. rt. @j P) 0 @j 0 En 0 PT 0 P. (D cnH w EQ 0 I-S rl n a F_ rt C+ 'd @Q @:s H 0 0) (D Ul 0 rr D) Fl. 1-0 Fi- @R: (D @11 @5 0) M <4 (D :R: 0) (D P_ LQ LQ rt (D rt. H ::s w 0 0 (D (D PA (D Fl Fl ca LQ (D tl El) (D rt En pi ILI 0 Fl I'D m0 00 F@ @N_), t1i 0 Fl C) m C:) F- N) C.) N) 0 LI) m 00 A!. 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Ln Ln ON n ON 010 01% Fl _j 4@N 0 0 w . co 110 P. 0 00 m00 Cl@ ON H ML4) _.j00 _j k.0 j @o 0 -.3 -1 0 m op, N3 w G 'o C) Ln H H HH HHH H H H H -i H H H H H H H F-I H H H rA v,p Ili Dcl, 71 t-i '1 11 131 N N I ftj @l t-i 11 C: t, III CD (D )iMD H.D(D Fl- (D (D (D D (D (D Fl- (D (D .Fl- CD CD D (D (DD :noD(D 0 (D (D CD D (D (D CO 0 (D (D En0CD CD D (D (D (D (D Cf) >:n 7) ::$ :n U) @:s cn En cn :n rn In ::s w m 0zcri (n A I,- LQ H- EQ Fl- Fl- H- Fl- Fl- 10 H- Fl- ED H_ P_ (D (D (D (D Z F, n(D @ --Fl H Fl F' Fl Fl (D t5 D (3 (D (D (D (D (D (D (D (D (D (D LD IC Lri w Li L,) rtW www w LAJ w w w w LA) w Lj w w wl N) N) @-: www &. w H N) w Pb w 0 a LI) e0 0 d a a 0 0 0 0 a00 L" LOD ul 0 H,M WFl IIJ 4s 0 Ui Ln @_n pb Ln u, w v Ul LAJ w 0:) Ln F7' W 0 Ln _.j 00 m H F-J -.j q Ln A. A. G_@ t- o @l0 00 1"n co co -00 co 00 00 00 co 0) m co co OD m 00 00 00 001 P_ 'I P' w w w w P. N) P:, N)w D. @jw 1@ % t oa 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 a 00 0 0 rt c@ i- Ul Ln 0Ul F- Lno Ln w 0 Ln A. 4 P@. K) w 0 wIli H 'n 0 -11 ON Ln n m m w N) Ln Ln Ln 0@j 0 [(D (D CD INVENTORY INDEX OF STATE PARKS (cont.) Code o. APL)C Acres BOR Lail Ownership Location Env.i%1gt: Z@p P0.0ject coullty/1\1 C 1; Grid Coord. Zone Unit NAME Central icense (25 33*39' lat. 2 Ej Mistletoe 073 Savannah II @[email protected]. yr.) 821"231 long. 1,920 (50 341,09' icense 30 Red Top Mountain 015 Coosa Valley 1,246 11 @U-S.C.E. vr.) 84'043' Southwest 31611' Reed Bingham 075/071 (4a. 1,605 Fee Simple 83'032' Southwest License (25 30048' 33 --Seminole 253 r'a 343 _U.S.C.E. yr-) of 84653' Tugaloo 119 License (50 34*3 83004' 36 - lGa. Mt. 393 11 'U.S.C.E. r.) 38 Victoria Bryant 119 -IGa. Mt. 381 11 Fee Simple 1 34018' 83010' 34*46' Fee Simple 83'56' 39 Voqel 291 Ga. Mt. 221 11 33"36' Chattahoochee 851,09, 52 1 Tanner's Beach 045 Trni 1 1 11 'pgml= Rimple Coosa valley License (50 34*08' 14 George W. Carver 015/057 -]-North Ga. 307 11 IU-S-C.E. vr.) 84'40' 33*12' 46 Hanburg 303 Oconee 740 111 Fee Simple 82047' 33648' Central 25 Lincoln 165 iSavannah 53 Fee Simple 81057' 340 51' 43 Moccasin Creek 241 Mt. 31 IFee Simple 0' 551 83035' Southwest 3 Bainbridge 087 Ga. 7 Fee Simple 84035' Southwest License (25 30049' 655' 10 Fairchild 253 Ga. 255 U.S.C.E. yr 84 32-115' 18 Hawkinsville 235 iHeart of Ga 19 IV Fee Simple 83"29' 346 58' Lake Chatuge 281 Ga. Mt. 14 111 Fee Simple 324 36' 83649' Central 40 Yam Grandv 107 Savannah 11 1 Fee Simple- 82,5201 Middle 32621' 481 Whitewater Creek 193 Flint 504 11 Fee Simple 840041 INortheast 34002' 14 Watson Mill Bridge 221 Ga. 143 VI Fee Simple 310 31' 83005' 'D 49 General Coffee 069 Slash Ping 1,480 111 lFee Simple 821146' 310 53 ' 81! ill 47 Richmond Hill 029 lCoastal iFee Simple INMITORY INDEX OF STATE PARKS (cont.) 0 Code 1) Po0ject County/No. APUC Xxx Acrcs BOR Lan Ownership Location Env.@Igt, I\TAME C 1 %,,;rid Coord. Zone it Southwest License (2 30043' li&t 57 087 Ga. 176 111 U.S.C.E. y -) - 84115 Vlon East Bank I License (2 3010 51 I Southwest 56 1 Four Mile Creek 087 Ga U.S. 84037' Southwest License (2 300 51' 55 Spring Creek 087 Ga. 560 111 U.S.C.E. v 84045' 54 Skidaway 051 Coastal 480 Fee Simplel 3? 581 81003' ---- 330 37 ' 53 Panola Mountain 247 Atl. Metro. 471 IV Fee Simple - 840 0 Lower T 32*04' 50 Providence Canyoni 259 @hattahooclkee 1,061 V Fee Sim 840551 340391 58 Zahnd 295 Coosa Valley 163 IV Fee Simple 850281 330 05' Baldwin Area 009 Oconee 600 111 83018' Dixie Creek 285 Chattahocchee 331105' 85004' Flint 688 111 Chattahoochee 320 56 ' 85*10' Maple Creek 285 Flint 899 111 340 28' 82058' Paynes Creek 147 Ga. Mt. 400 111 33054' Central Murray Creek 181 Savannah 629 111 82"29' 33*27' Lloyd Shoals 035/159 OCDnee 400 111 83*50' 31* 10' Blythe Island 127 Coastal 976 111 816 33' Tired Cree 131 Southwest 30056' 84016' k Ga. 4 -5 7 111 33" 23' Richland Creek 133 Oconee 800 111 83" 10' 331128' Sugar Creek 237/211 Oconee 500 111 830 18' 31@56' Altamaha River Site 001 Ga. Southern 500 111 82"17' Central 33640' @ ns e '2 C* E * (y ense 2 C. E - ense 2 C .1 E v Wilkes County SitE@ 317 Savannah 500 82030' INVENTORY INDEX OF STATE PARKS (cont.) Code Map 111"-' oj Oct Coulity/No. APLIC N= Acres BOR Lanj Ownership Location Env.,Nlgt Unit NAME cla@ (;rid Coord. Zone Southwest License (25 30*51- lat. -41. IReynoldsville 253 Ga. 100 111 U.S.C.E. y_r,-I_ 84646'lonr. l 340 27 ' 44 jBlackburn 187 Ga. Mt. 231 vi Fee Simple 84*02' l 34050' 7 @Cloudland Canyon 083 Coosa Valley 1,699 IV Fee Simple, 85629' License-U.S.30149- 35 Stephen C. Foster 049 Slash Pine 80 IV Dept. of In-;.(25 yr.) 82'22' coastal 3r 40' -20 :Jeff. Davis Mem. --155 21ain 12 VI Fee Simple 83023 Northeast 34000' 82-45' 29 !Nan6y Hart 105 Ga. 4.86 VI Fee Simp1a 30047' 32 !Santa Maria 039 Coastal 65 vi Fee Simple 810 35' 33-48' IStone Mountain TAT-TIT-T 84009' 310 05' 810 29' JekVll Island T-TT-TTT 34010' Lake Lanier TT 84 004' Unicoi NREc; 11 33-44 Sweetwater Creek 097 Atl. Metro 1,400 vi 84 38' INVENTORY INDEX OF STATE WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AREAS EXISTING, PROGRAMMED, PROPOSED /tap BOR Land Location Env. Mg Jnit Project County APDC Acres Class Ownership Grid Coord. Zone I Pigeon Mountain Walker Coosa Southern Timber- Valley 17,000 111, VB land and individu- 34041' 850231 als 2 John's Mountain Floyd, Gordon, Coosa Public - - US FS, Walker, Valley & 20,000 111 Several private 340351 85004' Whitfield N. Georjzia individuals- 3 Berry College Floyd Coosa Valley 30,000 111 Berry Schools, 34018' 85014' Inc. 4 Cohutta Murray, Gilmer, Fannin N. Georgia 90,000 111, VB Public (USFS) 34053' 84037' 5 Coosawatee Gilmer, Murray N. Georgia 30,000 111, VB Ga. Power Co. 34039- 840241 U.S. Army C of 34038' 840361 E, individuals 6 Allatoona Bartow, Coosa U. S. Army C of E, Cherokee Valley, 28,000 111 Ga. Kraft Co. 34PIO ' 840381 N. Georgia 7 Blue Ridge Lumpkin, Fan- Ga. Mtns., nin, Dawson, N. Georgia 40,000 111, VB Public (USFS). 34038' 840101 Union 8 Chestatee Lumpkin, Union, White Ga. Mtns. 25,000 111, VB Public (USFS) 34041' 830531 9 Chattahoochee White, Union, Towns Ga. Mt-ns. 20,000 111, V B Public (USFS) 3404@' 830471 0 Swallow Creek Towns Ga. Mtns. 9,000 111 Public (USFS) 34'52' 83'401 11 Lake Burton Rabun Ga. Mtns. 0 15,000 111 Public (USFS) 34'52- 83 37' P pro PO- *programmed ed INVENTORY INDEX OF STATE WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AREAS (cont.) BOR Land Location Env. Mgt.1 Map t Unit Project County APDC Acres Clas s Ownership Grid Coord. Zone i 12 Coleman River Rabun Ga. Mtns. 13,000 VB Public (USFS) 340571 830301 13 Warwoman Rabun Ga. Mtns. 14,000 111 Public (USFS) 340561 83016 1 14 Lake Russell Habersham, Public (USFS), 340321 830231 Stephens, Ga. Mtns. 17,000 111 individuals Banks 15 Whites Burg Carroll, Chattahoo- 330331 840531 Douglas chee, Flint, 28,000 111 Ga. Kraft Co. ARC 16 B. F. Grant (Piedmont Exp. Putnam Oconee 14,985 Univ. of Georgia 330241 830281 Station) 17 Clark Hill McDuffie, Central Wilkes Savannah 10,000 U. S. Army C of E 330381 820311 River 18 Cedar Creek Jones, Jasper, Oconee, 330111 830301 Putnam Middle Ga. 40,000 111 Public (USFS). 19 Baldwin State Ga. Forestry 330021 830131 Forest Baldwin Oconee 5,000 111 Commission 20 Oaky Woods Houston, Middle Ga. , Ga. Kraft Co., 83033 Pulaski Heart cFf 37,000 111 Continental Can 32028- Ga. Company 21 Ocmulgee Twiggs, Continental Can Bleckley Middle Ga. 28,000 111, VB Company 320?91 830281 22 Albany Nursery Dougherty S.W. Ga. 325 111 Game and Fish 310351 84016' *programmed p proposed INVENTORY INDEX OF STATE WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AREAS (cont.) @4ap BOR Land Location FEnv. ME Jnit Project County APDC Acres Class Ownership Grid Coord. Zone 3 Chickasaw Baker, Hatchery Calhoun, S.W. Ga. 26, 000 111, VB Saint Joe Paper Co. 310281 840251 Dougherty 4 Lake Seminole Decatur, Seminole S. W. Ga. 3, 700 111 U.S. Army C of E -300461 840481 5 Alapaha Atkinson, Coastal Private--- several Berrien Plains 20,000 111 individuals 310221 83007' Private, 6 Arabia Bay Clinch Slash Pine 45,000 111 Interntl ' Paper 310091 820521 Company 7 Grand Bay Lowndes, Coastal Lanier Plain s 5,866 111 Public (USFS) 300581 830091 8 Suwanoochee Clinch, Slash Pine, Langdale Co. Echols, Coastal 70,000 111 S. Rosin Chemi- 300531 82056' Lanier Plains cal Company 9 Bullard Creek Addling, Continental Can Jeff Davis Altamaha 18,000 111 Company 31-0561 820291 0 Waycross State Forest Ware Slash Pine 37,500 111, VB Ga. Forestry 310071 820141 Commission I Brunswick Pulp Glynn, Coastal, Brunswick Pulp 310261 810411 and Paper C o. Camden, Altamaha, 40,500 111 and Paper Co. 310021 810361 Wayne Slash Pine 2 Altamaha Brantley, 310171 810441 Glynn, Coastal .18,000 111, V Game and Fish 310201 810 2 6' McIntosh 3 Sapelo Island McIntosh Coastal 12,250 111, V Ganie and Fish 310271 810151 *programmed p proposed INVENTORY INDEX OF STATE WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AREAS (c@nt.) Map BOR Land Location [Env. Mgt. Unit Project County APDQ Acres Class Ownership Grid Coord. Zone 34 Rich Mountain Gilmer N. Georgia 25,000 111 Public (USFS), 340421 840201 individuals 35 Cooper's Creek Union Ga. Mtns. 28,000 111 Public (USFS) 340461 840021 36 Bras stown Bald Union, Town, White Ga. Mtns. p Public (USFS) 340501 830501 38 Chechero Rabun, 340481 830181 (Chattooga River Habersharn Ga. Mtns. p - WMA) 39 West Point WMA Troup, Heard Chattahoo- chee, Flint 15,000 Public (C of E) 330121 85012' 40 Ogeechee Warren, Continental Can 330221 820491 Hancock Oconee 24,000 111 Company 33017' 82048' 41 Stewart Webster Stewart Lower 320111 840531 Chattahoo- p chee 42 Little Satilla Pierce, Wayne Altamaha 16,000 111 Union Camp Co. 310221 82004' 43 Rock Creek Gilmer, Murray N. Georgia p 340441 84037' 44 Pine Log Mt. Cherokee, Bar- N. Georgia 34018' 840371 tow, Pickens, Coosa Valley p Gordon 75 Talking Rock Dickens, Gordon, N. Georgia, Gilm er Coosa Valley p 340311 84`371 *programmed p proposed INVENTORY INDEX OF STATE WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AREAS (cont.) Map BOR Land Location Env. M,, Unit Project County APDC Acres Class Ownership Grid Goord. Zone 6 Lake Blue Ridge Fannin, (Ext. Gilmer N. Georgia Public (USFS) 340 48' 84 0 151 7 Polk County WMA Polk, Floyd Coosa Valley p 340011 850211 8 Haralson County Haralson, Polk Coosa Valley p 33050' 85017' 9 Paulding County Paulding, Coosa -T4CO -Z' 840531 WMA Carroll, Valley, 33049' 84057' Douglas N. Georgia 0 Hart County WMA Hart, Elbert Ga. Mtns. , 0 N. E. Ga. p 34 16- 82'501 I Trotters Shoals Elbert N. E. Ga. p 340081 82'46- 2 Brier Creek Screven, Central Burke Savannah p 320 5 8' 81 0381 Regio 3 Bryan Creek Bryan, Coastal Liberty Region p 310 511 810181 4 Clay County. Clay, Lower Randolph ChattalToo - p 31"44' 84056- chee 5 Webster County Middle 320 06' 84 029' 0 A & B Webster Flint p 320021 84 281 6 Etowah WMA Dawson, Forsyth Ga. Mtns. p 340211 84"101 *programmed p - proposed INVENTORY INDEX OF STATE WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AREAS (cont.) Map BOR Land Location @Env. Mgt.@ Unit Project County APDC Acres Class Ownership Grid Coord. Zone 57 Lake Lanier Hall, Banks, Habersham Ga. Mtns. P 34025- 83040' 58 Black Mt. WMA Stephens, Habersham Ga. Mtns. p .340391 8302Z' 59 Blue Ridge Pickens, Coosa 340311 840201 Extension Dawson, Valley, P Gilrner N. Georgia 60 Lewis Island McIntosh Coastal 5,000 111, V 31025- 810351 *programmed p proposed INVENTORY INDEX OF GEORGIA HISTORICAL COMMISSION EXISTING, PROGRAMMED, PROPOSED Lnv. 1,iu 1, Proj ect (Iounty No API)c No. Acres -',,OR J,amdl Ownership L o,- o- Class i -";rj.d Coord. Zalric-" 3 ;Etowah Mounds Archeo-1 I ngiral Area 15-1 1 62.34 State 84047'50" - 34007'lC Museum 11 33- 0.356 VL State 82050'05" -33005115' Waynesboro Historical 0 9 Museum 17 1,Ft Jackson Maritime 51-30 14 7.8 __VT JState 81002'07"-32005163" 20 Fort McAllister 1 29- 2 19 30.1 VI State 81011'31"-31053'37" 2 New Echota 129-2 1 200.0 State __j_@4-5435"-34-32'33" 7 C.W.Long Medical Muse. 1 157-0 5 0.03 VI IState 183034140"-34007'10" 15 :Chehaw Indian Monument 177-0 16 0.7-5 VI State 84011'30"-31046100" 18 Midway Museum 179-0 19 6.77 VI State 8l025'45"-3l0491071'______. t 19 Fort Morris 179-16 19 7.42 VI State 81017'04"-31045153" Gold Museuml 5 Dahlonega Courthouse 187-0 3 0.264 VI State 83"58153"-34031150" 21 Fort King George 191-3 19 12.0-- VI State 81025'03"-31022 1 00"@--- 14 Confederate Naval 215-31 11.0 VI State 84059'24"-32027'16 8 Eagle Tavern 219-8 5 1.0 VI State 8 3 0 2 4 ' 2 33 3 0 5 1 ' 5 0 4 New Hope Church Monu.. 223-10 1- 0.85 VI State 84047'15"-33056150" 10 Mackay House-- 245-0 9 1 . 0-.-,--- VI State 82000'12"-330041-0511 6 Historic Traveler's 257v14 3 2.995 VI State 83013'15"-34036115" 13 Troup Tomb 283-6 12 1 0.985 V-L 82042 20"-32020'10", 16 Lapham Patterson HousL 275-0 1.001 VI IState @559"-30050'46" 1 Vann House 313-0 2 7.93 VI State 84 0 5 0 ' 3 534 0 4 5 1 5 0 Museum I i VI State, 9 lWashington Wilkes Hist 317-0 9 1.0 @82-44'03"-33044'07"l 12 j Jarrell Plantation 169-0 10 7.0 VI .@Eroposed 83043'30"- 3002'20" .011 J%6 41 ;film 7_t STATISTICAL NEEDS AND PRIORIT IES m IJA PTER I X CHAPTER IX NEEDS AND PRIORITIES Needs and priorities exist statewide and by region in three broad categories when related to land planning. These are: (1) urban, (2) rural, and (3) resource based. A. NEEDS There are two major needs indicators in the Georgia SCORP: 1. Need for conservation of limited natural recreation resources 2. Statistically-measured Demand less Supply=Needs. The first is inherent in the physical-biological makeup of the en- vironment. Conservation of such areas is essential for environmental quality maintenance, the setting of most recreation facilities, and to natural resource and historic-oriented leisure-time activities in par- ticular. The second measures, to a degree, more specifically what most people do for recreation now against the supply of existing opportuni- ties. It projects population growth and an assumed recreation demand and need for more of the same activities and facilities in 1975, 1980, and 1985. 1. NEED FOR CONSERVATION OF LIMITED NATURAL RECREATION RESOURCES Resource analysis is used to identi fy the irreplaceable BOR Class IV, V, and VI types of areas and those physical-biological systems, or critical areas of concern, which must be protected for environmental quality maintenance. These types of areas are identified as physio- graphic units and corridors on the surface landscape.* Public policies are developed and public investments made as is feasible to protect them. Many of these areas serve primary recreation land use purposes. Many serve other purposes, and recreation is a secondary use of the open space. The need for conservation of natural recreation resources is fur- ther identified in the GEMS chapter and in each region's analysis for the SCORP as developed by the Area Planning Commissions. Additional policies should be developed, as defined in the goals section, in order *They are commonly referred to as special areas, natural areas, or areas of critical concern. Georgia uses a more inclusive term to refer to these areas--generally as protective environments. 229 to protect the irreplaceable natural recreation area needs and environ- mental values. In developing sound statewide, regional, and urban plans, both needs should be used jointly. Unique areas should be preserved, and a river must have a right-of-way for its floodwaters to flow through. Both have naturally shaped the regional landscape and urban settings, and both are parts of the living environment. Parks and many other important man-made recreation areas and facilities should be used to help shape the urban growth patterns and to provide other quality recreation opportunities to meet the activity preferences indicated by the people. The statistically-measured needs are most useful in helping to show current popular demands and needs which exist over the present available supply. The planner must still guide the proper location at the proper time. Planners of Georgia's Area Planning and Development Commissions are using both indicators in developing and refining the plans for their regions in cooperation with their local governments. The major objective of a state comprehensive outdoor recreation plan is to identify in depth the needs by resource and facility, on both the state and regional levels. The compared statistical needs for 1970, 1975, 1980 and 1985 are summarized in Tables IX-3--IX-6 at the end of this chapter. Numbers with a - (minus) sign prefix denote need. Those without a prefix mean idle capacity, or excessive supply. The same tabulations were completed for each of the 19 outdoor recreation regions within the state. 2. STATISTICALLY MEASURED NEEDS Statistical need is defined as excess of demand over supply. In order to make valid comparisons of supply and demand, and thus ascertain statistical needs, a common unit of measurement was used: annual activ- ity occasion. This is defined as one person six years or older pursuing or participating in any recreation activity in a day for a half hour or more. This common denominator can be applied to any recreation resource or facility. An excess of demand, or a statistical need or unmet demand, was found at the state level for 25 of the 35 recreation resources and fa- cilities investigated. Potential new development and expansion for the year 1975 will care for some of the current deficiency. But since sta- tistical needs are increasing, even the developments anticipated for 1975 will not fill the demand at that time. Statistical needs on the state level, measured in annual activity occasions, are ranked in Table IX-1. For the four years specified, the first three needs (numerically) account for about 42 percent cf the to- tal. need. They are: trail systems for biking, walking in urban areas, and rural trail systems. For those terrinal years, 26 of the 35 outdoor 230 TABLE IX-I RANKING OF THE NEEDS BY RECREATION RESOURCE OR FACILITY STATE OF GEORGIA (IN 1,000 ACTIVITY OCCASIONS) OUTDOOR RECREATION 1970 1975 1980 1985 RESOURCE OR Need Percent Need Percent Need Percent Need Percent -FACILITY NEEDED Bike Trail 74,262 21.37 93,840 21.32 111,593 20.84 130,000 20.45 Urban Trail 42,691 12.29 53,901 12.24 65,377 12.20 77,352 12.17 Rural Trail 31,585 9.09 39,365 8.94 46,991 8.77 54,124 8.52 W.W. Fishing Stream 23,492 6.76 29,637 6.73 35,145 6.56 40,850 6.42 Baseball Courts 20,675 5.95 26,215 5.95 31,461 5.87 36,710 5.77 Docking-Boating 15,216 4.38 19,091 4.34 23,051 4.30 27,110 4.26 Fishing Lake 15,092 4.34 18,573 4.22 24,081 4.50 29,786 4.68 Handball 14,323 4.12 18,061 4.10 21,559 4.02 25,058 3.94 Picnic Sites 13,865 3.99 17,551 3.99 21,315 3.98 25,160 3.96 Softball Fields 13,037 3.75 16,656 3.78 20,154 3.76 23,653 3.72 Swimming Pool 11,999 3.45 16,692 3.79 22,636 4.23 28,698 4.51 Soccer and Football 10,058 2.89 12,798 2.91 15,421 2.88 18,046 2.84 Horse Trails 8,504 2.45 10,645 2.42 12,639 2.36 14,542 2.29 Motorized Bike Trail 8,434 2.43 10,572 2.40 12,753 2.38 14,710 2.31 Trout Stream 8,254 2.38 10,507 2.39 12,513 2.34 14,530 2.28 Boating & W. Skiing 8,046 2.32 9,776 2.22 13,736 2.56 17,794 2.80 Multipurpose Courts 6,090 1.75 7,709 1.75 9,458 1.77 11,208 1.76 Trout Lake 5,925 1.71 8,175 1.86 10,180 1.90 12,198 1.92 Croquet Courts 3,580 1.03 4,512 1.02 5,386 1.01 6,261 0.98 All-Terrain Vehicle 3,468 1.00 4,376 0.99 5,281 0.99 6,180 0.97 Golf Course 3,337 0.96 4,563 1.04 6,087 1.14 7,689 1.21 Tennis Court 2,123 0.61 2,764 0.63 3,549 0.66 4,327 0.68 Tent Camping 1,674 0.48 2,057 0.47 2,595 0.48 3,133 0.49 Wilderness Trail 847 0.24 1,072 0.24 1,280 0.24 1,489 0.23 Primitive Camping 639 0.18 797 0.18 968 0.18 1,111 0.17 Canoe Trail 282 0.08 358 0.08 436 0.08 508 0.08 Water Skiing Acres 0 0 0 0 13 0.00 1,957 0.31 Small Game Habitat 0 0 0 0 0 0 983 0.15 Trailer Camp Sites 0 0 0 0 0 0 842 0.13 TOTAL 347,498 100.00 440,263 100.00 535,658 100.00 636,009 100.00- Source: Statistical Summary, Volume 1, Page S-64. Note: The need is expressed in thousands of outdoor recreation activity occasions for the population of the state of Georgia for a year. These figures denote the unmet demand by year. The 1975, 1980, and 1985 figures include not only the present carrying capacity but also the potential capacities reported. Of 35 resources or facilities, 26 resulted in need by the year 1970, 26 by 1975, 27 by 1980, and 29 by 1985. EIGHT 1970 TOP-RANKING GEORGIA RECREATION NEEDS FOR SELECTED YEARS (in 1,000 activity occasions) BIKE TRAIL 1970 1975 1980 1965 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, URBAN TRAIL 1970 1975 1980 1985 20, 30, 46, so, 60, 70, so RURAL TRAIL 1970 1975 1980 1985@_ 1 1 1 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, WARM WATER FISHING STREAM 1970 1975 1980 1985 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, BASEBALL COURTS 1970 1975 1980 1985 lo" 15, 20, 2-5, 30, 35, 40, DOCKING-BOATING 1970 1975 1980 1985 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, FISHING LAKE 1970 1975 1980 1985 5, 10, is, 20, 25, 30, HANDBALL 1970 1975 i::o 1 5 5. 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, recreation resources and facilities in 1970, 26 in 1975, 27 in 1980, and 29 in 1985 were predicted to be in need of additional development. The Though highest ten needs account for about 75 percent of the total need. for the year 1975 potential development was added to current available facilities to obtain the 1975 supply, the need for the highest ten, cal- culated as a percent of the annual total, dropped almost none or remained the same. Current needs total 347.5 million outdoor recreation activity occasions. They increase to 440.3 million in 1975, 535.7 million in 1980, and to 636.0 million in 1985. The relative distribution of the needs for those years can be seen in Table IX-1. These needs represent qual- ity outdoor recreation experiences--experiences for which are now being substituted recreation in undeveloped areas, in other states or countries, in home backyards, or in crowded facilities. In some cases activities are not pursued, even when wanted, because of lack of facilities or crowded conditions. The selection of the most urgent need(s) for the most people is the major problem of outdoor recreation planning. Figures in Table IX-2 reflect the current problems of outdoor rec- reation in the state of Georgia and those in the next fifteen years. The total demand generated by Georgia's population increases faster than the demand satisfied by the available and potential supply. The need, however, increases even faster--an alarming situation if no action is taken. Presently over 56 percent of the total demand is not met by the available supply. This results in overcrowding, depletion of the re- source or maintenance of the facility, or Georgia people go outside the state and out-of-staters continue to use Georgia as a pass-through state. The extent to which demand is satisfied will continue to decrease over the next fifteen years. Joint efforts by the public and private sectors in outdoor recreation development and land and water acreage acquisition are badly needed. B. PRIORITIES Statewide, regional, and local priorities should be considered in three broad categories to relate with proper land and water planning. These are: (1) urban, (2) rural, and (3) resource-based needs and pri- orities. Needs and priorities vary by region and urban areas therein. The major factors influencing these differences are each region's natural resource base differences in recreation preferences and needs as ex- pressed by the people, and variations in the investments for recreation areas and facilities which have already been made. One community may need land, another may need development. The state provides a guideline and criteria for priority setting. The federal, state, and local government roles defined in Chapter I are part of these guidelines. In addition, criteria to guide state and local land acquisition 234 TABLE IX-2 TRENDS IN TYPES OF DEMAND AT STATE LEVEL BY YEAR (IN MILLIONS OF ACTIVITY OCCASIONS) Type of Demand 1970 - 1975 - 1980 1985 Activity Percent Activity Percent Activity Percent Activity Percent Occasions Occasion Occasions Occasions TOTAL LOCAL DEMAND 611.9 100.0 770.9 100.0 921.3 100.0 1,075.1 100.0 Satisfied demand 87.9 14.4 108.3 14.0 119.8 13.0 128.9 Unmet demand (need) 347.5 56.8 440.3 57.1 535.17 58.1 636.0 59.1 Demand could not be compared with supply 176.5 28.8 222.3 28.8 265.8 28.9 310.2 28.9 Increase in Types of Demand: 1970 100 TOTAL LOCAL DEMAND 1970 1975 1980 1985 SATISFIED DEMAND 1970 1975 1980 1985 UNMET DEMAND (NEED) 1970 1975 1980 1985 DEMAND COULD NOT BE 1970 COMPARED WITH SUPPLY 1975 1980 1985 T- 100. 110. 120. 130. 140. 150. 160. 170. 180. Source: Statistical Summary, Volume 1, State Totals-64, 65, and 66. EXHIBIT IX-I PRIORITIES (Criteria for Project Priorities: for Kinds of Recreation Areas & Facilities by Regional & Urban Locations & Mgt. Resp.) ACTION PROGRAM--PRIORITIES STATE *LOCAL A. ACQUISITION A. ACQUISITION Classes IV, V, VI Classes I, II, III B. ACQUISITION B. ACQUISITION Classes I, II, III Classes IV, V, VI C. DEVELOPMENT C. DEVELOPMENT Outdoor Recreation Facilities Basic Local Outdoor Recreation Facilities D. DEVELOPMENT D. DEVELOPMENT Support Facilities to Outdoor 2Secondary Local Outdoor Recreation Recreation Facilities and Maintenance Facilities *THE ABOVE-STATED PRIORITIES SHOULD BE APPLIED TO EACH LOCAL SITUATION INDIVIDUALLY BY THE PROFESSIONAL RECREATION PLANNER. 1. Basic Local Outdoor Recreation Facilities: Playground, Playfield, Community District or Municipal Park, County or Regional Park, and County Camp. 2. Secondary Local Outdoor Recreation Facilities: In general all other local recreation facilities and maintenance facilities necessary to the use of outdoor recreation facilities. PART 640.1.2 HAS BEEN TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION IN THE PREPARATION OF THE ABOVE PRIORITIES. and development priorities for balanced regional and local plans are provided in Exhibit IX-1. This is based on the BOR land classifications and the state and local government roles. Comprehensive state systems plans, together with the regional and local plans, define the priority projects within this framework. The state sets priorities for state areas based largely on the significant natural value of an area. Other factors considered include whether the area is threatened by destruction; lack of similar recrea- tion resource opportunities in the state or region; an area's size, sig- nificance, and its capacity to serve people; and the questions of tim- ing purchases ahead of speculation. APDCs have been requested to take both regional natural recrea- tion resources and community facility needs into consideration in de- veloping their regional plans and priorities. A guideline entitled "Planning for Better Recreation Opportunities in Georgia" was developed and distributed to help local governments analyze and set local prior- ities within the regional and statewide frameworks. Should further priority setting be required, the state will more precisely define the problem and require more specific priority setting at the statewide, regional, and local level. In the establishment of the priority system, the urban, rural, and resource based recreation needs have been carefully considered with regard to the overall goal of a balanced statewide recreation plan and living environment for Georgia. The Land and Water Conservation Fund Act and the Open Space Pro- gram of the Housing and Urban Development in particular have been con- sidered in the overall policy framework and tools of implementation, together with the Army Corps of Engineers, Agriculture's U.S. Forest Service and Soil Conservation Service, Interior's Historic Preservation, Fish and Wildlife Conservation Acts, and the Federal Power Commission's regulatory act. C. COMPARISONS AT STATE LEVEL The needs and priorities for regional development are given in Volume II, Regional Analysis. The base of the priority selection is the need analysis derived from a statistical comparison of supply and demand on the regional level; and the state level comparison is a com- posite figure of all the 19 regional analyses. Due to limited space, only the state comparisons are published here (Tables IX-3--ix-6). TABLE IX-3. This table gives present and potential selected outdoor recreation resources, facilities, and features for every 1,000 persons, by adults (20 years and older) and chil- drbn (6 to 19 years old, inclusive). The facilities, 237 resources, and features inventoried were only those that are strictly outdoor recreation oriented. For example, motel and hotel units were inventoried only if they served a nearby state park, private beaches, or themselves were resort hotels. Total present facilities are reflected in 1970-1971 figures. Potential and present includes cur- rently available facilities and those which are under con- struction or are planned and will be available within three to five years. Figures reflect units per 1,000 per- sons. TABLE IX-4. Demand for and supply of each of 35 selected outdoor rec- reation resources or facilities are given in Table IX-4. The demand figure is the product of the average annual outdoor recreation participation rate per adult and per child times the number of adults and children within each of the nineteen regions, added for the state total. The supply is the total carrying capacity of all the inventor- ied outdoor recreation areas, by facilities and resources providing opportunities. Need means that demand is greater than supply. The minus sign denotes need. All figures are expressed in a common denominator: activity occasions. TABLE IX-5. Statistical need or idle capacity in terms of actual units of a recreation resource or facility, using standards, is shox@,n in Table IX-5. The 1975, 1980, and 1985 figures in both Table IX-4 and Table IX-5 include the potentially available supply calculated into carrying capacities. TABLE IX-6. Cer tain outdoor recreation activities do not lend them- selves to comparison with supply under known techniques. Therefore, these activities are calculated only as demand for selected outdoor recreation opportunities (Table IX-6). The demand is calculated as in Table IX-4. 238 TABLE IX-3 COMPARISON OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND FOR OUTDOOR RECREATION GEORGIA TOTAL UNITS AVAILABLE N U M E, E R' 0 F u N I T S P E R IrOO0 P 0 P U L A T 1 0 N + 1970 1975 1980 1985 FAC IL ITY PRESENT POTENTIAL ADULTS CHILDk.EN ADULTS CHILDREN ADULTS CHILDREN ADULTS CHILDREN HOTEL9 MOTEL UNITS 4,849 6t264 1.628 3.791 2.056 4.266 1.864 3.827 1.715 - --- 3.571 ORGANIZED CAMPING BEDS 18v169 209282 6.848 14.i:05 6.658 13.812 6.035 12.392 5.553 11.563 TRAILER AND TENT SITES 159 507 20,213 ------ 5.845 12.1.24 6.636 13.765 6.015 12.350 5.534 11.524 MARINA BOAT DOCKING SPACES 793OZ 99134 Z. 752 5.709 2.999 6.220 2.718 5.581 2.501 5.207 BOAT LAUNCHING RAMPS 569 722 .___O.214 0.1,45 0*.237 0.492 0.215 0.441 0.198. 0.412 PLAYFIELD ACRES 5t093 59584 1.920 3.982 1.833 3.8U3 1.662 3.412 L.529 3.184 HANDBALL COURTS 46 55 0.017 0.036 0.018 0 . 0 3 7 0.016 0.034 --0.015 0.031 BASEBALL DIAMONDS 735 %809 0.277 0.575 0.266 0.551 0.241 0.494 0.2Z2 0.461 SOFTBALL DIAMONDS 856 948 _.. 0.323 O.669_____ 0.311 0.646 0,282 0.'579 O.26O____ 0. 540 FOOTBALL FIELDS 452 497 O.i7U 0.353 0.163 U.338 U.148 0.304 0.136 0.283 GULF COURSE HOLES 2, 326 2 9524 0.877 1 . 8 19 0.829 1.719 0.751 1.542 0.691--' 1.439 GOLF DRIVING RANGE TEE.S 841 991 0.317 0.658 0.325 0.675 0.295 0.606 -0.271 0.565 MINIATURE GOLF HOLES 1P054 1,2L8 0.397 0.624 0.400 0.829 0.362 0.744 U.333 0.694 -- ------ - ----- - SKI SLOPE ACRES zo 20 U.008 0.016 0.007 0.014 0.006 0.012 0.005 0.011 FISHING PIER SPACES 8,924 1 f 3 10 3.363 6.977 3.713 7.702 3.366 6.910 3.09T 6.448 PICNIC TABLES 12,290 14,545 4.632 9.609 4.775 9.905 4.328 8.887 3.983 8.292 BARBEQUE PITS 3,936 . 59149 L.483 3.()77 1.690 3 . .506 1.532 3. L 46 1. 4 1. O.______2 . 9 ]l 6-_ SWIMMING POOLS 405 451 0.153 0.317 0.148 U.307 0.134 O.Z76 0.123 0.257 50 METER SWIMMING POOLS 48 57 0.018 0.038 0..019 -0.039 0.017 0.035--- O.OL6 0.032 BEACH WATER ACRES 940 1 v 075 0.354 0.735 0.353 0.732 0.320 0.657 0.294 0.613 BEACH LAND ACRES 606 670 0.228 U.474 U.220 0 456"-' __O- 199 0.409 0.183 0.382 BEACH SHORE MILES 127' 144 0.048 0. U99 0.049 0:101 0.044 0.091 0.041 0.085 HORSE BRIDLE PATHS MILES 387 462 0. 146 0.303 0.I52__-_'_0.3L5'_ 0.137--- 0.28Z 6. 126---' 0. 263 BIG GAME HABITAT ACRLS 2,002,497 2t071f889 754.731 1565.640 680.158 1410.908 6L6.551 1265.929 561.302 11111.226 SMALL GAME HABITAT ACRES I t'976, 518@___'_2, 046, 516 741t. 940 --1545.328 --671.829- _139 3. 630 --609.000---1250.4Z6 560. 3 5 4 - -1166. 761 WATER FOvqL HABITAT ACRES 194,718 243,542 73.388 152.239 74.950 .165.846 72.473 148.805 66.684 - 138.648 TROUT FISHING STREAMS MILES 629 630 0.237 0.492 0.207 0.429 0. 187 0.385 0.172 0.359 WARM FISHING STREAMS MILES 29195 29355 0.827 1.716 0.773 1.604 0.701 1.439 0.645 1.343 FISHING LAKES ACRES '_____.'409v703'__5OO,873 __i54.415_____32O.324 '-i64.426 -341.083 -"'149,049-- 106.035 -137.143--- Z85. 558 WATER FRONTAGE MILES 6,415 99706 2.418 5.016 3.186 6.610 2.888 5.930 2.658 5.534 RECREATION AREA EMPLOYEES-"--' 15, 782_____ i 79196 ___' 5.948 __12 339-5 645____11.7I0____ 5.117---,- _10.507 -_ 4. 7 0 8 9. 8 0 4 FIELD AND TRACK ACRES 523 611 0.197 0:409 0:201 0.416 0.182 0.373 0.167 0.343 WATER SKIING AREA ACRE 718__i_63, 856_--@o. 04 5-6 2. -1-2 7 __@4. 094---10. 72 4 ____3O. 90 5----63 .456 TENNIS COURTS 893 1,070 0.337 0.698 0.351 U.729 0.31-8 0.654 0.293 0.610 NATURE FOOTTRAILS MILES____ _______801_'__1vO74 0.302--- 0. 626 0. 3 53 "0 . 731'-'0.320 -'0.656---'o.294'--b.612'---'--- AREAS WITH ZOO a 9 0.003 0.006 0.003 0.006 0.003 0.005 0.002 0.005. HISTORICAL AREAS 40 47 0.015 0.031 0.015 0.032 O.U14 ------ 0.029 ___O.O13 0. 02 7 ARCHEOLOGICAL AREAS 2 3 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.001 O.UO2 ARCHITECTURAL AREAS 0 6---- O.0OO____0.0U0_O 000 0.000 U.000 ___O.0O0 0.000 0.000 SMALL DEEP SEA FISHING BOATS 3 7 9 0.014 0.029 O:UI3 0.027 0.012 0,024 0.011 0.022 LAR@GE DEEP SEA FISHING BOATS 3 i 31-- 0 . 0 12 0. 0 Z 4 0. 0 10 0 . 0 2 0. 0 09 ___'O. 0 L 9 -o. oo 8 -0. 0 18-- AREAS WITH PRIMITIVE SETTING 167 187 0.063 0.131 0.061 0.127 0.056 0.114 0.051 0.107 BICYCLE TRAILS MILES 2 3 3-'. 33 3__ 0 .088 0.182 0.109 0.227 0.099 0.203 0 .091 -_ 0. L90______ ---AREAS WI.T.H. I RAPI.ID-S 35 0.013 6.o27 0.014 0.030 0.013 0.027 0.012 0.025 Source: Statistical Summary, Volume 1, State Totals-63, Table 1. otlz !w m on -n m >* xCD X: ;10 C: C, , co C:)- X: -0 -4 --1 fn LA tA CK) n:r L@ rA ;o Xo -40;@C: @o > 00 > >;;MO ;lu @Dm @o 0 0 0 > ;o > > m r M r-I:M=C:C:Lll 0 orr. --I;pzom zm@, --qpxn"mnamm X 0 0 r- r- -4 --4 M -4 x . r- Z I M X -- - --I m m co a CD m I%j ol 'V 00 -4 LA LA X"nmLnlu@->Mp-mo > U C: 1> 0 X;o;o ;oxz r- 0 > 0 > :Czm. ;K;v- r-;o -0 0 C-1 r) x m o z --4 Ln z 0 a C) N N -4 w 4@ > z GO N -4 w w W m W w W 41 w a, (31 01 %.n w C, K) W -4 0 41 W.11 W W' rr- OD 0 fl.) - 41 Ln @,n r@ r@ m @@n %@n w w N N 10 r@ -C, 0 ,j -4 w%,n 1-n W%.n @.nX 0 ;o jun cD @ -4 rv r@ c, o, N N r@j zo, WDN w W @o 4,-4,M %.n C@ Q M-4 C, 4, o 0,00 > < 0 141 0 VI (7@ D f@ 00 w 4, 0 Co 0, D M 41 41-4 LD 41 W-4 01 41 W 0 0 - - 0 - D 0 z m c @o %D -4 0- 01 w-4 rlj z ol w C, w w z W w - 4- ol OMOCINOMM 0 @w -4 01 'D 'o Ln - -1 01 01 W NW @.n V 0 r. r%j @.n V, r@ W N 41 WOW @,Cl WOO Z CO 0, 01 - (7, Co 4, 4, 0 M In 4- 41 01 CO -.4 %n vi -4 0 -4 r) 0 -4 -4 0 co "D 'D co 'D W - MN C 10 0. rlj 10 N i rv rv w --n w w rj -4 'D - 0 w 0 --j r%j w m 0 _Q w CO -In 'o -4 %n -j -.4 a. 0, 'o - W W W 0, - %n z N N 0 0 ol W ;; -C, r1i -.4 m @ W W z - r...) ol @ 'D a 0 NN%.nO-4--4V Wwoal@-Mvw W 10 0 v g. -410 -4 0 w -XI C, 0 m N 0 r, oo C, t. -4 N 01 - -4 - @o 0 0 - w - 41 41 W M N 0 @D @D 41 07 41 41 0 0 0 0 Mi 0 C> 0 @.l V) w v ol 0 0 " 0 01 - 0 0 0 vi 0 vi -4 P. vi rl) OD W W %.n 0,.n 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 r,) co N I rr. 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IIJ rl N C, 0, , @. w -,. , N 0 w 0, ,j , @ W 0 0 4@ w @ .. .. . . w . . rn 0 0-1 w v -4 0 w %A 4- a- un w = W 'D @ W 0 @o W w 4- w 4- w -.4 w vi W, 01 TABLE IX-5 COMPARISON OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND FOR OUTDOOR RECREATION GEORGIA FAC-ILITIES-- AND- RESOURCES'_.j_____.___- CONVERSION OF NEED/IDLE CAPACITY EXPRESSEDAN ACTIVITTOCCASIOWS INTO- ACTUAL-- UNIT --OF RECREAT ION FACIL ITY AND/OR___ T- bF" tkE4SURE____i97d"_ -L05- -1980 RESOURCE 01 SWIMMING POOL WATER SURFACEt SQ. FEET -194889694 -21l45#482 -2001062 -396799716 02 SWIMMING BEACH WATER SURFACE, SQ.-FEET_@_4191909918 -47-9701#008*---4692U7,445 --4476799646 03 HANDBALL COURTS NUMBER OF COURTS -11t641 -15,778 -189777 -219881 04 CROQUET COURTS NUMBER OF COURTS -3v682_-_ -6,373 - 7, 6 3 - 8 , 9 5 7 05 BASEBALL DIAMONDS NUMBER OF DIAMONDS -18,862 -24till -28t825 -33,634 06 SOFTBALL DIAMUNDS NUMBER OF DIAMONDS@ - 8,92,1 -111516 _@13,922 -16,326 07 SOCCER AND FOOTBALL FIELDS NUMBER OF FIELDS -79 106 _9001 -10#816 -129673 08 COURTS - MULTIPURPOSE NUMBER OF -COURTS -4,498 5 , 8 8 2 .-7,202 8, 5 3 3 09 TRAILER CAMPING- NUMBER OF TRAILERSITES 1,569 2t58O 668 10 TENT CAMPING NUMBER OF TENT SITES -16,051--- -209273 -24,52f) 11 PRIMITIVE CAMPING NUMBER OF TENT SITES -6034 -69669 -8v116 -9,253 12 ORGANIZED GROUP "CA9P_fKG___'_'NUMBER OF BEDS 9,555--- -1.1- 9,326 ... 69691-- . 4,336 13 GOLF-COURSE NUMBER OF HOLES -39078 -4#158 -5,513 -6,940 14 TENNIS COURTS---- _____________NUMBER 'OF COURTS -1,301 - -2,369 ___3t046_ 15 PICNICING NUMBER OF TABLES -125, 47U -157,759 -1909835 -224t837 16 WATER SKIING WATER SKIING AREA IN . ACRE S Z6,093--- 36vI1O__ 22t626 8,62a 17 CA140E TRAILS MILES OF CANOE TRAILS -2v140 -3,Z22 -3,944 -4,526 18 DOCKING MARINA, SLIPS, MOORINGS 839109 -117,435 -140P209 -163,471-- 19 BOATING ACRES AVAILABLE*FOR WSKIING -58,974 -70,842 -L03,573____ -1369783 20 SAILING WATFR SURFACE ACRES 194,345 3357451 3339538 21 URBAN NATURE TRAIL MILES 0 F TRAIL IN CITIES -10*472 - 13 t 2 3 0 -169055 -19,000 22 RURAL NATURE TRAIL MILES OF TRAIL IN RURAL -98,128 _____@@117,183 135,070--- 23 WILDERNESS TRAIL MILES OF TRAIL IN WILUEPNES -4000 -5t.089 -6,079 -7,066 24 BICYCLE TRAIL MILES OF BIKE TRAIL 889571 119*510 -141v859 -i65,897- 25 MOTORBICYCLE TRAIL MILES OF MOTORIZED BIKE TR. -L3,798 --18,953 -.---22, 797 -269018 26 ALL TERRAIN VEHICLE_TRAIL____MILEs OF ATV TRAIL -3,954 -59553 __6 757'___-7,976 27 HORSEBACK RIDING TRAIL MILES OF HORSE TRA;L -7v30B -10,313 -12:225 -14,084 28 TROUT FISHING STREAM MILES OF COLDWATER STREAM -28,541 -34,064-'- -40,323 -48,032 29 TROUT FISHING LAKE + RES. ACkES OF TROUT-LAKE/RESERV. 127,608 122,672 116#698 109,406 30 FISHING STREAM MILES OF FISHING STREAM 19508013 -1,921,590 2 7 6, -10 4 ___@_21649, 479 31 FISHING LAKE + RESERVOIR ACRES OF FISHING LAKE/RES. -603,935 -743,440 -977#090 -1,220,560 32 WATERFOWL HUNTING -------ACREAGE OF HABITAT 58,341 65,174 30#310 -69127--- 33 SMALL GAME HUNTING ACREAGE OF HABITAT 632060 350026 28t889 -294,628 34 BIG'_GAME HUNTING ---------------4CREA@E-bF-HABI-TAT lt _. 4991- 875 1,41 4-,, 0.2-2 .I-12619579 1 1.I..0.01- 26 ..6 35 BOW + ARROW BIG GAME HUNT. ACREAGE OF HABITAT 2,032v757 29084,765 29064,717 2*043,284 Source: Statistical Summary, Volume 1, State Totals-65, Table 3. w w N fli r1i N N hiN r1i N) N - - - - - - - 0 W -4 01 %..n UJ rv 0 0@, -.4 0, j, 4@ L@N 11 co -4 ", ,n r, W N 0 c c4 xv) n 0 ;4 Vl ;@ (A Ln < < > < < < CA x n m x cn ;0 -4 7 c I r, -4 z r- z x > x ;u > > @; 0 ;0 -4 n M m U -< :z rt,0 m rn L) Cl ;Q J> - --4 < C-_> x c C) x m r- 2 M :E 0 X rn M -0 = C) 'D < ::;,:r n M 0 Z C-) m cc x D. Q ;0 -0 ;0 ::c o 7a -- -V m m - --4 M " A ;;Q > m Z r- 0 0 7z In 0 - - - X --q + Z - Le@ - M X > > < V1, cp > X r- Z Z - Z Z Z 0 Z m Z x > - > x + r, Z -n 0 :: >OOZOOO CA CA C) rn .0 -0 --1 z Z. -r. lei 0 > m 0 71Z 0 0 --1 COCIZ x --4 Z m 2-- + Z a > > 0 -1> 0 CMO=Zocxn rn X z U co 3> m 0 m 0 0 0 zr z cc > cmx@;oCX22z: _0 ;0 0 c " r- z -4 -4 m + r. Lln -40 "70mm M> + > > 0 m - -0 -4 0 m 0 m Lr) co m x 7j ID 0 c z tl@ r- 0 0 L) 00 r, 1@1 0 -.4 Cl X - > 'V 0 V) a CD x c c m m PO 0 M - - x Z U) 0 0 0 70 0 ;0 < < rn ;!@ C) c x 0 0 > ;c ;10 C (A C') m X --4 C) 2> m n m m -4 c 3> 0 z -4 -4 1"n m Z X w r, > 0 ZC no C Z rr. " X " - -4 m 0 r- + X 3@. > m 0 --4 - vi < ;0 In < Ln 0 rn m vi m 1> M > (D Le) < 'to m ID t -4 WN Got-WN NW 41 N NJ Aj N -4 10 fli 0- rj P@ 0 0@ co rl) w 10 Ol -4 ui N 0, w 0 a -j @n C), W V, 0 p,) - D 0 %.n r,) Vi N N N 10 w 00 -4 m V. a z N 410" -4 -4 0 4 vi Z N w co W 41- vi N 01 vi 4- 41 ;, %.n @.n -4 0 (7, Co vi -4 co 0 CO W @D 0 O@ 0 Vn 0 0 Z CO 0, 0 41 0 - 41 a W 0 Ki 'D .014. -4 %D N (30 -4 GO OD 0 10 01 -4 -P' CO 0 W N 10 O'OD O@ -4 v %A -4 m m > 4. r%j m tz N) N) V) N w co %.M CO CC W 00 TV f%) N N 0 N-4 10 W W %.n 01 0 W M W 10 W W 4' 4' 4' W CD N) 41 00 -4 c D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CO W - W 0 10 CD O@ @.n -4 W -4-4- 0 Dfl)CO COW- 414' O'N 0- -4 VIP- -4 co 41 4- -n @ -4 CO -4 O@ -4 -4 Z -4 co -P -P, o r. w 0, %.n 4, -.n (), -4 0 N C' - %.n - CO (Y, -4 C@ Z Z 01 0 41 -4 0 OD %A 10 Z -D CD N OD ?Q -4 W J- %." V" -4 -4 W"4-w wo 4, co -4 4- IA lw .-4 41 @w Nwp-o W 01 W kn -4,0 Mj 4. 00 41 CO'D N 01 rv 41 .0 OZ%AWW W OD N -4 %0 z %.n -4 0@ 41, w &, 4, co %.n Z o, > 4, N 0 N P.- co -4 M 0, co 4- 0, @ -4 W 10 CD C' -4 10 0-00 10 N N 0 10 W P'- -&l " -4 0 O@ -4 W -j w co . . . . . . . . . . . . v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . co N w r-j 41 0 CD w Ol co W %n W D @- C> G 41 0 0 -4 0 41 -4 C 41 0 0 CD W V, W 0 41 N 41 -.4 W 0 N --4 -V- 0% W IC W 4' O@ W ID N (7- -4 0 -4 %n C7. -4 w 0, @.n W 0 w -V@ %.n a- %n V M C) -4 -4 cr@ N V 0. %.n W w 10 M, x 'Q m (A (A m I v 0 %.n 41 w %.n -4 0 %n W IV 0@ 4- w 4' N N -4 01 M 41 01 N 0- 4 Un W -4 w r1i wn pi N -4 P- z %." - M w w w -4 4' 0 M 0 N Z " -4 C M - -4 N p -4 V cc G@ 4@ 4"0 z -4 W 0, W -4 @j a, cc 'i fli co _Q m 0. rv 4% @D w W 10 a) 0 41 03 .n C-) 01 OD 4. 0 %.n -4 kn - -4 -4 0 01 G W 01 0 4@ 0 0 00 W @.A Co w w @O OD 4- W CD %.n Q@ 0, -4 0 K) -4 0 41 00 41 CO D -4 01 VI 41 @ P- 4@ C) w %.n %.n OD UJ.V W 0 -4 4 -4,0. Z 01 %n Do 41 -4 0 N @.n w w C3 C3 ACQUISITION AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM 'J cI -nt 73. 7 Fr\i '(FKAPTFF,''X loll V ji CHAPTER X ACQUISITION AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM This section on the Acquisition and Development program is presented primarily to acquaint the user of this plan with the data available on the acquisition and development program of outdoor recreation resources and facilities throughout Georgia. A full A&D program was published in a separate document, as.part of the Georgia State Comprehensive Plan, 1971. This revision incorporates the A&D Summary by State Management Systems. Succeeding years will include related functional federal functions such as National Parks along with State Parks. The report on the Acquisition and Development Programs of federal, state, and local government agencies will make it possible to compare the established needs for outdoor recreation facilities of the nineteen planning regions in the state and the planning and action that is being taken to meet those needs. Preparation of the data in the report was made possible only by the cooperation of the many governmental agencies which have a responsibility for providing adequate outdoor recreation facilities for thecitizens of Georgia. Tn many instances, the preparation of the necessary reports required considerable effort and time on the part of the agency. The efforts and cooperation of the following agencies are greatly appreciated: U.S. Corps of Engineers (Savannah District) U.S. Corps of Engineers (Mobile District) U.S. Forestry Service National Park Service U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Tennessee Valley Authority Soil Conservation Service Georgia Game and Fish Commission State Highway Department of Georgia Lafayette Recreation and Parks Department Hall County Parks and Recreation Department North Georgia,Mountains Authority Marietta Parks and Recreation Department Stone Mountain Memorial Association DeKalb County Parks and Recreation Department Northeas-t Georgia Area Planning and Development Commission, Troup County Parks and Recreation Commission Carrollton Recreati on Department Upson County.Board of Commissioners Heard County 243 City of Thomaston City of Greenville Carroll County Development Corporation Griffin Recreation Department Eatonton-Putnam County Recreation Department Glascock County Planning Commission Wrens City Council Millen-Jenkins County Recreation Commission Louisville City Council Emanuel County Commissioners Wadley City Council Richmond County Parks and Recreation Department Sylvania-Screven County Recreation Commission Washington City Council Waynesboro-Burke County Recreation Commission Midville City Council Grovetown City Council Harlem City Council Swainsboro-Emanuel County Recreation Commission Lincolnton-Lincoln County Planning Commission Thomson-McDuffie County Recreation Commission Warrenton Recreation Commission Middle Georgia Area Planning Commission Warner Robins Recreation Department Macon Recreation Department Middle Flint Planning and Development Commission, Kinchafoonee Lake Authority City of Glennville Appling County Jesup-Wayne County Recreation Department City of Lyons City of Vidalia City of Reidsville City of Hazleburst Savannah Recreation Commission Chatham County Recreation Department Columbus Department of Parks and Recreation Albany Recreation Department A. 1971 REPORT The Acquisition and Development Programs of the.cooperating agencies were combined and presented in the Acquisition and-Development Plan, 1971, as part of the Georgia SCORP 1971. Within each regional report, the data were presented in considerable detail. The various types of recreation areas have been grouped generally in accordance with the designations suggested by the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, U.S. Department of the Interior. The major recreation facilities that are planned for the area were listed under each grouping. The intent was to give as clear a picture as possible of the scope of the efforts 244 TABLE X-I ACQUISITION AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS FISCAL YEARS 1971-1977. Source of Funds (in Thousands) Number of Acreage Acquisition Cost of Cost of General Other Private Fy Projects Land Water Total Acquisition Development Appropri. Bonds State L+wCF* Federal Donations 71 Acq. 15, 18, 1,64.1 1,659 $ 913,530 $ 219.5 $ 27-0 $ 397.0 $ 105,9 $164.0 Dev. 41 $1,550,400 392.0 107.4 357.5 677.5 16.0 72 Acq. 57 485 14,445 14,930 7,988,500 2,852.0 1,375.0 200.7 588.0 2,972.7 Dev. 74 8,541,920 1,290.2 788.0 1,226.3 1,846.5 3,133.0 258.0 73 Acq. 40 3,918 11,838 15,756 9,803,500 574.0 2,013.0 858.5 1 '618.7 4,739.2 Dev. 89 22,454,000 1,314.0 1,034.0 1,394.5 2,896.0 15,707.0 108.5 74 Acq. 37 1,078 40,350 41,428 5,681,500 203.2 952.0 664.5 2,039.0 1,822.7 Dev. 79 13,851,500 660.0 908.0 483.5 1,466.0 1091i4.0 210.0 75 Acq. 42 251 7,801 8,052 4,182,500 386.0 695.0 360.2 81.2 29 660.0 Dev. 70 12,510,000, 476.0 2,374.0 663.0 1,617.0 79270.0 110.0 76 Acq. 3D 37,517 37,517 9,419,090 63.7 563.0 276.7 7,383.5 1,131.0 Dev. 39 7,038,500 158.0 772.0 449.0 902.5 4,757.0 77 Acq. 30 4,290 4,290 2,573,500 1,080.0 56.7 86.7 19350.0 Dev. 43 9,239,000 55.0 505.0 436.5 757.5 7,485.0 Total Acq. 251 5,750 117,882 123,632 $40,561,030 $4,298.5 $6,678.0 $2,444.4 $12,194.5 $14,781.6 $164.0 Dev. 435 $75,185,320 $4,345.2 $6,381.0 $4,760.1 $ 9,843.0 $49,153.5 $702.5, 0 ce Acquisition and Development Plan, 1971-1977. *Land and Water Conservation Fund. tA being made to meet the demands of the public for outdoor recreation facilities as detailed in Volumes I, II,.and III of the Statistical Summary. (A comparison of the needs and the scheduled acquisitions and developments was presented in Chapter VI of the Narrative Plan, 1971.) In the AcquisitioLl and Development Plan, 1971 the detailed A&D programs were presented first, followed by a summary report of the state as a whole, which reflects total expenditures by fiscal year periods. These expenditures include both land and water acreage ac- quisition and recreation facility development. Consolidation of th e A&D activities for the fiscal years, 1966- 1970 was included for such comparison as the recipients of the report might find useful. The report for the FY 1971 is required by the U.S. Bureau of Outdoor Recreation as well as the reports for the five-year period of FY 1972-76. The report for FY 1977 is included, as planning in Georgia is for two-year periods, making a total of 6 instead of 5 years. For quick reference a summary, included here as Table X-1, was given for acquisitions and developments that were accomplished in FY 1971 and those that were scheduled for FY 1972 through 1977, in- cluding a breakdown of the source of funds for the projects reported. B. 1972 REPORT Scheduled acquisitions and developments are newly presented in Volume II, Regional Analysi 1972. tlzl 246 1. ACQUISITION AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM MATRIX TABLE SUMMARY OF STATE RECREATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS The following matrix tables summarize the A&D Programs of State Parks, Game, Fish, and Boat Access Sites, and the Historical Commission Areas. They are coded to their respective GEMS Map, and they coincide with the running supply inventory tables of the state areas. A summary of the estimated state acquisition and development costs for existing and new areas is shown by fiscal year for each respective area as now programmed. In addition to its GEMS map location by number, county, and region, each project reflects its river basin location for convenient reference. These A&D matrices, together with the more detailed A&D forms, the supply inventory, and the GEMS Maps, will be updated on an annual basis. a. STATE A&D SUMMARY - PROGRAMMED FY-1972-78 (as proposed 5/l/72 by Division shown) Each Management Program element is subject to revision and update annually. PARKS AND RECREATION DIVISION FY's 1972-78 State Funds Matched By Federal Funds Total Acquisition $ 4,113,467.00 $ 3,586,750.00 $ 7,700,217.00 Development $ 20,489,238.00 $ 670,993.00 $ 21,160,231.00 GAME AND FISH DIVISION FY 1972-78 Fish Management Areas, Hatcheries and Boat Access 1 New Hatchery - 70 Boat Access Sites - Proposed 50% LWC Funds. Total Program incomplete -- to be revised FY 1974. State Funds Federal Funds Total A&D 769,327.50 $ 769,327.50 $ 1,538,655.00 Wildlife Management Areas A&D 26,362,300.00 $ 35,188,250.00 $ 61,550,550.00 GEORGIA HISTORICAL.COMMISSION AREAS Total Acquisitions and Developments as submitted: FY-1973 PY-1974 Total FY's 73-76 $414,000.00 $292,000.00 $ 1,219,500.00* Total State State Funds Federal Funds Grand Total A&D Projects $ 52,344,082.50 $40,825,070.50 $ 93,169,153.00 Total Local A&D Projects $ 39,772,998.00 .$ 39,772,998.00 $ 79,545,996.00 GRAND TOTAL $ 92311171oO80.50 $80,598,068.50 $172,715,149.00 *50% from federal sources. 247 A&D PROGRAM MATRIX: STATE PARKS EXISTIWr PPr)r',RAMM PROPOSED Programmed Total Priority Map Co. APDC i Estimated Cost FY's of No. No. No. No. Basin --'River Proiect Name Federal State Funding A- -0- A- .-0- - 1 2651 9 Little River A. H. Stephens D- -0- D- 147,000.00 1973-19 78 A- 20,000.00 A- 20,000.oo 2 085 3 Chattahoochee Amicalola Falls D- -0- D- 307,700.00 1973-1978 A- -0- A- -0- 3 087 16 Flint River 'Bainbridge D- 3,5 0.00 D- 284,100.00 1974-1978 Little Tenn. and A- 35,000.00 A- 70,000.00 4 241 3 Chattooga. Black Rock Mountaill D- -0- D- 601,000.00 1973-1978 A- -0- A- -0- 5 105 5 Savannah Bobby Brown D- -0-- D- 375,700.00 1972-1978 177 A- -0- A- -0- 6 195 16 Flint Chehaw D- -0- D- 393,548.00 1972-1978 A -0- A- -0- 7 083 1 Tennessee River Cloudland Canyon D- -0- D- 4 1978 39,000.00 1973 A- -0- A- -0- 8 039 __19 Crooked River Crooked River D- -0- D- 224,995-00 1973-1978 A- -0- A- -0- 9 181 9 Savannah Elijah Clark D- -0- D- 445,500.00 1972-1978 10 2531 16- Chattahoochee Fairchild -- --- --- 11 2131 2 Conasauga Fort Mountain A- -0- A- -0- D- -0- D- 800.356.00 1972-1978 A- -0- A- -0- 12 0 3 5 Apoalachee Fort Yarcro D- 37,338.00 D- 421,988.0o -1972-1978 A- -0- A- -0- 13 145 6 Chattahoochee F. D. Roosevelt D- -0- D- 730,400.00 1972-1978 015 A- -0- A- 14 057 1 Etowah George W. Carver D- -0- D- 188,600.00 1972-1978 15 0811 11 Flint Ga. Vets. memorial A- -0- A- -0- D- -0- D- 410,600.00 1973-1978 A- -0- A- -0- 16 2671 13- Altamaha Gordonia Alatamaha D- -0- D- 61.600.00 1972-1978 211 A- -0-- A- 17 297 5 Appalachee Hard Labor Creek D- -0- 1 D- 1.368,950.00 1972- 978 18 235 12 Ocmulgee Hawkinsville @ 3 13 0 3 14 5 Ol5 Source: Totals for State are based on summary sheets for the APDCs. Final totals from Division of Parks and Recreation. "M I M M "I "so W'M W No MAN M A&D PROGRAM MATRIX, STATE PARKS (cont.) Programmed Total Priority Map Co. APDC Estimated Cost. FY's of No. No. No. No. Basin -- River Proiect Name Federal State Funding A -0- A- 50,000.00 19 035 7 Ocmulqee Indian Springs D- -0- D- 369,204.00 1972-1978 A- -0- A- 25,000.00 20 155 17 Alapaha Jeff Davis MemoriaJ D- -0- D- 45,000.00 1974-1975 A- -0- A- -0- 21 073 9 Savannah Keg Creek - D- ---0- D- 494,000.00 1973-1978 A@- -- -0- A- 2 099 15 Chattahoochee Kolomoki Mounds 2 - D- D- 425,502.00 1972- 978 23- 281 3 Oostanaula Lake Chatuge --- --- --- A- -0- A- -0- 24- 299 18 Satilla River Laura S. Walker D- -0- D- 693,500.00 1974-1978 A- -0- A- -0- 25- 165 9 Ocreechee Lincoln D- -0- D- 84,900.00 1973-1976 309 A- -0- A- -0- 26- 271 12 Little Ocmulgee Little Ocmulgee D- -0- D- 445,500-00 1972-1978 A- -0- A- -0- 27- 165 9 Oqeechee Magnolia Springs D- -0- D- 198,800.00 1972-1975 A- -0- A- -0- 28 073 9 Little River Mistletoe D- -0- D- 301,200.00 1971-1978 A- -0- A- 2,000.00 29 105 1 5 Broad River Nancy Hart D- -0- D- 4,500.00 1974-1977 A- -0- A- -0- 30 1 Etowah Red Top Mountain D- -0- D- 856,000-00 1973-1978 075 A- -0- A- -0- 31 071 16 Little River Reed Bingham D- -0- D- 456,700.00 1973-1978 32 039 19 Crooked River Santa Maria --- A- -0- A- -0- 33- 253 16 Flint Seminole D- -0- D- 386,225.00 1972-1978 @ 15 075 07 1 34- 221 5 Broad River Watson. Mill Bridge D- -0- D- 292,000.60 1972-1978 35 A- 049 18 Suwannee Stephen C. Foster- D- -0- D- @68,200.00 1972-1977 3@_j jjq 1 3 1 Tucraloo I Tucraloo D- -0- D- 447,700.00 1972-1978 A&D PROGRAM MATRIX, STATE PARKS (cojit.) Programmed Total 0" t-v a-'J Co. APDC Estimated Cost FY's of No. No. Basin -- River Proiect Name Federal State Fundincr A- -0- A- -0- 38 119 3 Broad River Victoria Bryant D- -0- D- 572,869.00 1972-1978 3 9 A- 25,000.00 A- 25,000.00 291 3 Hiawassee vo_qe.1 D- -0- D- 539,418.00 1972-1978 A- -0- A- -0- 40 107 9 Canoochee Yam Grandy D- -0- D- 40,700.00 1974-1976 A- -0- A- -0- L-41 253 16 Flint Reynoldsville D- 196t000.00 D- 40,400.00 1972-1976 1 - A- -0- A- -0- 42 207 10 Towaliga High Falls D- -0- D- 218,000.00 1972-1978 A- -0- A- -0- 43 241 3 Tallulah Moccasin Creek ID- -0- D- 88,500.00 1973-1975 A- 50,000.00 A- 50,000.00 44 187 3 Etowah Blackburn D- -0- D- 158,000.00 1972-1978 A- 45 A- -0- -0- D- 387,0 0.00 147 3 Tucfaloo Hart ID 1978 1972- A- -0- A- 75,000.00 46 303 8 Ogeechee Hamburg ID- -0- 1972-1978 D- 368,000.00 A- -0- A- -0- 47 029 19 Ocreechee Richmond Hill ID- -0- D- 32,000.00 1973-1975 48 A- -0- A- -0- 193 11 Flint Whitewater Creek- ID- -0- D- 325,800.00 1972-1978 A- 49 A- -0- 069 18 Satilla General Coffee ID- -0- D- 469,400.00 1972-1978 A- -0- A- -0- 50 259 15 Chattahoochee Providence Canvon ID- 22,100.00 D- 338,300.00 1972-1978 A- -0- A- 415,717.00 52 045 6 Little Tallapooda John Tanner D- -0- 574,000-00 D- 1972- - .1978 A- -0- A- -0- 53 247 4 South River Panola Mountain D- 44,455.00 D- 351,183.00 1973-1977 A- -0- A- 54 051 14 Savannah Skidaway D- 277,000.00 D- 277,000.oo - 1 1973-1978 A- --- A- 55 087 16 Flint Spring Creek D- --- D- --- 56 A- A- 087 16 Flint Four Mile Creek --- D- D- --- ow AI&D PROGRAM MATRIX, STATE PARKS (cont.) Programmed Total Estimated Cost FY'S of -MaP Co. APDC No- NO - No. No Basin -- River Proiect Name Federal State Fundinq A- A- --- 57 087 1 16 Flint East Bank D- --- D- --- A- --- A- --- 58 295 1 Tennessee River Zahnd D- --- D- --- A- -0- A- -0- 009 8 Oconee Baldwin 1,D- -0- D- 502,000.00 1.973-1,978 A- -0- A- -0- 285 6 Chattahoochee Dixie Creek D- -0- D- 412,000.00 1974-1978 A- -0- A- -0- 285 Chattahoochee Maple Creek D- -0- D- 468,500.00 1974-1978 A- -0- -0- 147 3 Tugaloo Pavnes Creek D- -0- D- 234,500.00 1974-1976 A- -0- A- -0- 181 9 Savannah Murray Creek D- -0- D- 162,000.00 1975-1978 035 A- -0- A- -0- 159 5 Alcovv Lloyd Shoals D- -0- D- 304,000.00 1974-1978 A- --- A- 127 19 Turtle Blythe Island D- --- D- --- A- -0- A- -0- 131 16 Ochlockon-ee Tired Creek D- -0- D- 41,300.00 1976 A- --- A- --- 133 8 Aoalachee Richland Creek D- D- 237 A- A- --- 8 Apalachee Sucrar Creek D- --- D- --- A- --- A- --- 001 14 Altamaha Altamaha River Site D- D- A- A- --- 317 14 Little Wilkes County Site D- D- --- A- 1,400,000.00 A- 1,400,obo.oo 097 4 Chattahoochee Sweetwater Creek D- -0- D- 74,200.00 1975-1976 A- -0-- A- -0- 4 Cochran mill D- -0- D- 278,000-00 1974-1976 A- -0- A- -0- 15 Pataula Creek D- -0- D- 371,500-00 1973-1978 A- -0- A- -0- --- 16 ID- -0- 1 D- -0- A&D PROGRAM MATRIX, STATE PARKS (cont.) Programmed Total Priority Map Co. APDC Estimated Cost ry's of No. No. No. No. Basin -- River Proiect Name Federal State Funding 125,000.00 A- 125,000.00 19 McIntosh/Glynn D- -0-- D- -0- 1976 4 Chattahoochee Chattahoochee State A-@1,856,7T= A-$l, 856, 750. 00 Park D- 90,600.00 D- 90,500.00 1973-1975 A-$3,586,750.00 A-$4,113,467.00 1973-1978 TOTAIS D- 670,993.00 D--20,489,038.00 Source: Totals for State are based on summary sheets for the APDCs. Final totals from Division of Parks and Recreation. mom ""No"Mo a" 00"M A&D PROGRAM MATRIX: WILDLIFE AREAS P-xf qTiNr, PRomym PRoposm ADV- TOTAL ESTIMATED COST F, 4 Co. APDC RIVER BASIN PROJECT NAmE PROP. IAUTH. PLAN ACO COMP. FEDERAL STATE FY'S OF FUNDING Purchase 7,000 Acre D PR 30,000 D 7,500 -1 Tennessee Pigeon Mountain WMA 19741 A 400,000 A 400,000 1971 TISFS 2 Coosa Johns Mountain WMA 1957 3 Coosa Berry College WMA L970 4 Coosa Cohutta `WMA 1968 5 Coosa Coosawattee WMA 1970 6 Coosa Allatoona PHA 19611 7- Chattahoochee Blue Ridge W-MA 1930 8 Chattahoochee Chestatee WMA 1938 9 Chattahoochee Chattahoochee WMA 19391 10 Tennessee Swallow Creek WMA 1962 11 Savannah Lake Burton WMA 1939 12_ Savannah Coleman River WMA 1960 Savannah War Woman WMA 1955 14 Savannah Lake Russell WMA 1954 15 Chattahoochee Whitesburg PHA 1965 16 Oconee Piedmont Exp. Sta.W.MA 1965 17 Savannah Clark Hill WMA 1954 A&D PROGRAM MATRIX: WILDLIFE AREAS (cont) MAP ADV. TOTAL ESTIMATED COST P 4 Co. APDC RIVER BASIN PROJECT NAME PROP. AUTH. PLAN ACO COMP. FEDERAL STATE FY'S OF FUNDING 18 Oconee Cedar Creek WMA 1950 19 Oconee Baldwin St. For. PHA 1970 20 Ocmulgee Oaky Woods WMA 1967 21 Ocmulgee Ocmulgee WMA 1970 22 Flint Albany Nursery PHA 1940 23 Flint Chickasawhatchee WMA 1956 24 Chattahoochee Lake Serninole WMA 1958 .25. Suwannee Alapaha WMA 1956. 26 Suwannee Arabia Bay WMA 1959 27 Suwannee Grand Bay PHA 1963 28 Suwanoochee Suwannee WMA 1959 29 Altamaha Bullard Creek WMI@ 19,58 1301 1 Suwannee Waycross St. Forest 1@57 31 Altamaha Brunswick Pulp WMA 1960 Altamaha WMA 1973 400,Q00 400,000 LWCF 32 Altamaha Extension Lewis Is. 1973 1953 22,650 7,550 14 33 Altamaha Sapelo Island WMA 1969 24,3QO Coosa Rich Mountain WMA 1971 Federal owned Lease go No go no No Owl M MI, no 60'. M ""On 000010101. "Mon"010 bosom A&D PROGRAM MATRIX: WILDLIFE AREAS (cont.) .YA P ADV. TOTAL ESTIMATED COST Co. APDC RIVER BASIN PROJECT NAME PROP. AUTH. PLAN ACO COMP. FEDERAL STATE FY'S OF FUNDING 35 Tennessee Cooper Creek WMA 971 Federal OwnEd Lease 361 Tennessee Brasstown Bald 1972 Federal OwnEd Lease (Addition) 137 Tennessee Swallow Creek WMA 971 Federal OwnEd Lease (Chattooga) (Chattooga River Wild) 38 Savannah lChechero WMA 972 Federal OwnEd Lease 39- Chattahoochee West Point WMA @972 Federal OwnEd Lease 40 Ogeechee Ogeechee WMA 971 Private OwnEd Lease 41 Chattahoochee Stewart-Webster WMA L972 Private Owncd Lease 42 Satilla Little Satilla WMA L971 Private OwnEd Lease 43 Coosa Rock Creek WMA 9,71 P:t;ivate OwnEd Lease 44 Coosa Pine Log Mountain WMA 1974 Pr---Lvate OwnEd Lease 451 Coosa Talking Rock WMA 1973 Private Own@d Lease 46 Tennessee Lake Blue Ridge WMA 1973 Private OwnEd Le@tse 47 Coosa Polk County WMA 1975 TBL 48 Coosa Haralson County W-MA 19761 TBL 49 Coosa Paulding County WMA 1975 TBL 50 Savannah Hart County WDIA 1972 TBL 1511 1 1 Savannah Trotter Shoal TTMA 1974 TBLI 9sz Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln ul Ln co --j m Ln J@. rQ m C: w t@ M ftj C) n m C) > > > 0 0 tz (D 0 xco F- @1) rt F-I @r @1) F- H LQ LQ 0 0 rt Fil W ;51 0 P. P) -4 rt rt rt, (D (D 0 .0 0 (DM a (D @4 @5 rt 0 2) Pi (D (D p @l 0 .13 f7l 0) rt (t 0 @l 0 0 Qj (D (D ri) Ud t-I @3' .3 pi Di Q) .5 @v @r (D (D I- F@ @@: a) PL) 9 ;:r @:), 2) (D (D 0rj @-3 ::$ ::E: 0 (D -V Di (D (D (D Fl- 2: 0 (D (D > a > IT' (D z (D LQ (D > > > > > 00 N w L@ w 0 m (D @-j F.,,@q I-,h w SD0 @d = = > rt ::$ Ct r@ Cr F1< P) F-J I)i (D tr0 *: F-0 P) Pi Pi (D F1 h @:s Pj (D SD pi Qj PV pi rt F- Ul (D (Dw tj @l @J Z:r F- rt' (D :3 @3'0 00 ti @L (D :9@ (D (D F- U) Pi (D > 0 Q) pi Pi D) P) n 0@3- H- (D (D ul ct En -'v Fl @3' ;3' @3' Di (D U) U) 0 (D ED D) pi D) @3' ;lq' (D 0 z ul @r V @:s 0 I LQ Pi Fl C-1 F- pi (7) @l (D (D F-- C) @3 0 (D (D H- (t 0 rt (D (D F-> Wh " > Fl (D 1< @W (D (D Ln 0 Fl t7l @l -t4 (D 0 0 Q 0 (D rt 21 ft > 1-3 @lx x t-I (D ti -@-q X @11 (D l< P) rt, Nrt t-h :J U) C:)Z rt- . I-. @o @-h 0 (D 0P () .- U @r P) rt rt, 0 H. I C) ki 0 P) (D v 0 @J (D @l LQ Pi P) N @:s a @r a) F-J En F- @l F- 2) En rv 0 (D I F- 110 @.o @o 'D a k.D k.0 0 1 -3 -_j Ln Lwo Lo 4@. Jt@ .1@- a) Ln F-3 1-3 @-3 F-3 F-3 > I c to W w W W t-I t-I L7' 3: > 0> > > !Q @11 @o co Ln t1i C@ Lr CD wco C) Ul C) Li C. wc CD Ln 0 MCD jC> wC: Lno I I I. - I 10 CD -11 Ln <D rQ C> 0 CD -11c C@ C> CD CD Ln C@ CD Ln CD CD CD LnC C) C> Cl CD CD CD CD CD0 CD C> C@C CD C> r) Fl lr@. %D Ul D. C) L, C) C) i- a) C, C) CD F- c C) Ln C) F@ t1i C) OD C> u) C:) I--c Ln C) U, CD C@ C) Ln c) c> Ln c) c) C> Lria C@ CD C) C) (D CD C@ C, CD C> C> C)c Cp0 t-I t-I F@ k-0 %D k.0 -10 I'D I'D @-D %D @o 1.0 w Ln Ln w 00 --j 0 co z z A&D PROGRAM MATRIX: WILDLIFE AREAS (cont.) A- PT TOTAL ESTIMATED COST ADV. RNER UASIN PROJECT NAME PROP. AIJT@H PLAN ACO COMP. FEDERAL - STATE FY'S OF FUNDING Alapaha Alapaha WMA Ext. 1974 2,439,500 2,439,500 1973-78 Estuarine Zone McIntosh,Carrs Is.104A D) Satilla WMA Wayne LWCF Satilla Camden,Ch.-Arlton,Brant. 1973 1,776,QOQ 1,776tooo .1974 Chattahoochee Harris Co. WMA 1975 1,25Q,QOQ 1,250,000 1975- Ocmulgee River WMA A) 3,525,000 3,525,000 Ocmulgee M.onroe, Laman Co. 1974 D) 10,000 10,000 1974 A) 1,000,000 1,000,000, Ocmulgee Houston Co. 1974 D) 17,000 17,000 1974 A) 1,500,000 1,500,000 ---@--1973 Ocmulgee Telfair 20,000 Acres 1973 D) 26,750 8,750 1973-78 Coffee, Jeff Davis 1973 750 8,800 1973 15,000 Acres mulgee D) 26, Townsend Pasture WMA A) to be leased Altamaha McIntosli,long,50,000 AQ 1973 D) q'0Q0 3,000 - WMA A) A) Flint Upson 1973 3,000,000 3,000,000 1973-77 Abolve stLma4s are incomplete ... TOTALS: Acq @,@.ons A.) 34,893,000 4 26,168,000 = 61,061,000 Impiovements D) 295,250 4 194,300 = 489,550 Al - %in- 590 35.188.250 +1 26-362-300 GRAND T(YTAL ESTIMATE FY 73-78 61,550,500 Island d Pigeon .'At. Acquisiti ns are FY 1973 and FY 1974 Priorit es. @T L To @Ie L sed. Alcovy WIMA +Alcovy Newton, Walton 1973 @60,000 A- 60,000 1 Q7q-77 A 3-lou !n 4otals as received late. ssz _j C) Ln Lki to F- C) 00 -.3 m ul 4@. LI) t1i J-1 F@ CD Ili ti 10 Ln 00 @j IC@ W m 0) @_j Isi F- N3 00 %.D I'D r1i t1i F- Vi Ul Lj Li w w 1) %D @o @j F_ %.0 J@.. H Ln Ul > I F- F3 > 0 0 0 0 C) 0 > > n n C) 0 N (D F, F- @q 4 4 4 @r La F@ 0) @-i P) 0 0 0 0 rt, ft & (D (D (D (D Pi rt -(D rt <4 rt, el 0 0 0 In 0 (D (D (D (D (t (D w ft rt @D @D 0.) la) ri) [a En (D a 0 rt 0 rt ct @J (n En co @v _V @31 (D _(D (D (D @3' (D .71 =71 .31 w 0 1 1 (D P) 0) Pi (D (D (D (D I W (D Di 0 0 @3' 0 M -1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 En n n 0 0 0 0 0 0. r) > 0 0 0 0 q 't 0 0 4 LQ H LQ 0 P) P) 0 0 rt 0 0 (D (D (D (D Pi rt- (D PV (D (D 0 0 @$ In Ln (D w @j @$ (D (D (D (D & W (D 51. (D (D P) @5 P) w @9 (D (D 0 a !t 0 I= I I @l (D (D P) (D (D @v @3' I:r (D (D LQ (D (D (D (D (D 4 (D (D (D (D (D (D ik (D rt Ul @j H 00 Z lxj n M 0 Ul co U) 0:) (D H-:3' P) Fl- 0 0 0 t7i P) Fl 0. m P) F@ U) rt, En P) rt-0 :9@ ID Fl IZ) PV F1 D) ID F t7' 0 t-I @3" 510 @3' (D rt- (D rt- r) t-I En (D F.@ ::rR @J (D (D 0 ct rr t7l a Fl :J :J (D t-h F- H- @J 0 t-I LO co -3 0 4(D Fi @J :!Z n (D H. ;J w Z (D 0 (D 6< l< 0i H_ 0 rD F -i F1 P) LQ H_ W F@ rr 0 F- ft Fl F1 F- 93 GQ In 0 1-4 m @l CD (n (D co D & & @3' @:% L-1 M pi WF@ @l m t-I P) w F- Fl- F@ j E m N P. 0 r P, 0 lj M Fl- (D (D Fl- C @31 o, 0 pi w rt En En U) In > rt rt m 0 In En @11 0 rt @3' > m @r (D w (D SD Fj ct 0 (t f ft lu > 0 0 Ln C) Ln C@ co <D M ca. ci C, C:> CD CZ) CD C> 0 C@ C) 0 cn Ln F- li - N) C@ to 0 t_n C) D - rl-I C> Co ul Ln rr Q Ln 0 0 D D CD 0 IQ 0 D @J C) CD C) D Z:> 'c. ZD m n C> 0 m a C@ a n D 0 C) C> Cl rr riof Im ftl ftj ftj 171 pm Im ftj _j . . . . . . . . . . . @j a, a, '-4 41 C% A&D PROGRAM MATRIX-FISH AREAS, HATCHERIES, BOAT ACCESS (cont.) @io @1;,p Co JAPDC Basin - River Project aw:@ Prop Auth Adv Const Camp Total Estimated Cost Y's of No. NO: Plan Federal State Funding FY-67 24 129 _(Oostanaula) CAIhniln T P K 25 291 Tennessee-Nottelv Nottely Dam,L.R. x FY-67 A alachicola-Chatt FY-67 26 2L,__aEoochee-Flint-Flint Reeves L.R. X-1 FY-67 27 1257 Savannah-Tugaloo Yowal'184 - L.R. x 2 8' 1114 Sa'vann'ah-Savannah Little Gumby Lake LR x FY-67 29 Altamaha-Oconee Murder Creek L.R. x FY-67 237 30 029 Ogeechee-Demeries Ch Demeries Creek.L.R. x FY-67 31 1.43 Apalachicola-Chatt Y FY-68 ahoochee-Plint-Plint 4 9 1_R FY-68 32 309 Altamaha-Oconee, 280 L.R.. x 33 1283 -Altamaha-Oconee -Pete Davis L.R. x FY- .68 FY-68 34 153 Altamaha-Ocmulgee 9@ - L.R.- x 35 175 Altamaha-Oconee 20 Mile N. Dublin FY-68 . Bickeys L.R. x 36, 315 Altamaha-0cmulgee @,bbeville L.R. x FY-68 37 023 Altamaha-Ocmulgee' Cochran L.R. x FY-68 38 305. Altamaha-Altamaha Jesup L.R. x FY-68 39 319 Altamaha-Oconee Ball's Ferry L.R. x FY-68 40 10 7@ Ogeechee-Ogeechee 56 Mill Creek L.R. x FY-@68 41 103 Savannah-Savannah Abercqrn Creek L.,R. x FY-68 42 281 Tennessee-Chatuge Upward Chatuge L.R. X 1,673.82 1,843.47 FY-68 Apalachicola-Chatt 43 269 ahoochee-Flint-Flint 128 L.R. 2,498.24 -2,667.89 FY-68 44 235 Altamaha-Ocmulgee 230 Sandy Springs LR x 1,706.71 1,876.361 FY-68 45 229 Satilla-St. Marys 121 Blackshear L.R. x 997-.51 1,167.171 FY-68 Safi I 1.q w Blackshear Odum 1,293.21 FY-68 46 @2@2 9 Altamaha7Altamaha' Bluff A&D PROGRAM MATRIX-FISH AREAS, HATCHERIES, BOAT ACCESS (c on ,-iod Mip Co. APDC1 Basin River Project Nan:Z Prop Auth Adv Const Comp Total Estimated Cost F*Y's o f :Y I' No. No. Plan Federal State Funding Bush Field I Launching 7 3,417.03 FY-68 47.245 ' Savannah-Savann h RamiD x - !7--F Apalachicola-Chatta 1,566.04 1,735.69 FY-68 48 081 hoochee-Flint-Flint Veteran State Park L.F_. x 49 1175 Altamdha-Oconee Blackshear .Ferry L.R. x 1,974.86 2,144. 52 FY-68 501175 Altamaha-Oconee Steve Fuller L.R. x 2,155.05 2,324.70 FY-6 8 5l 1161 A 1', tamaha-Altamaha Town Bluff Ferry L.R. x 2,763.52 2,933.17 FY-6 -8- 52 1271 Altamaha-Ocmulgee Dodge Lake L.R. x 1,476.95 1,646.60 FY-68 53 025 St- Marys 14orrina T,akt- T.-'R x 1,288.94 2,347.29 FY-68 54 001 Altamaha-Altamaha Carter Bike L.R. x 3,143.79 3,313.44 FY-59 55 001 Altamaha-Altamaha No Nam Ie - L.-R. x 1,786.68 1,956.33 FY-69 561271 Altamaha-Ocmulgee West Jacksonville L.R-, x 1,680.45 FY-69 571209 Altamaha-Oconee Bell's Ferry L.R. x 1,932.45 2,102.11 FY-69 58 279 maha-Altamah.a. McNatt Falls L.R. x 2,090.45 2,260.10 FY-@69 59 267 Altamaha-Altamaha County Landing L.R.. x 1,994.98 2,164.64 FY-69 60 069 Altamaha-Ocmulgee Flat tub L.R. x 1,555.78 1,725.43 FY-69 61069 Altamaha-Ocmulgee Red Bluff L.R. x 1,452.81 2,664.43 FY-6-9 Apalachicola-Chatta 62 3,21 hoochee-Flint-Flint Blackshear Dam L.R. x 31207.77 3,377.42 FY-69. 63003 St- Marys 64 Bridge.L.R. 1,172.23 1,341.89 FY-69j X 641289 Altamaha-Ocmulgee Bullard,L.R. X 1 1,797.36 2,001.21 FY-69 6 5129 1 Tennessee-Nottely Nottely Creek L.R. x 1,710.98 11880.64 FY-69 Satilla - St. Marys Crooked P-iver State 1,987.38 2,331.1E FY-69 66039 Crooked River_ pa.,k T R Satilla - St. Marys 764.94 2,559.6-, FY-69 67049 Aii-rn+- 'Pr)-r1c T. P x @27 l 0 25 Apala*chicola-Chatta Columbia )Lock & Dam LR FY-69 6181 99 x 1,22-8.13 4,146.7 7- 9@ -Flinoe ehac-t 69 67 Altamaha-Oconee Deepcreek L.R. X -1 FY-70 A&D PROGRAM MATRIX.-FISH AREAS, HATCHERIES, .BOAT ACCESS (cont.) Adv (ollst Luillp ioL@ji Lcd Lu@jL ; I :' A Oil M11) Co. AI'DC Basin Itiver Ptoject Nim:@,, 11rop AuLh Plan Federal State Fundin&_., Satilla-St.Marys Crooked River State 5,728.92 5,728.92 PY-7n 70 0311 Crooked River Park L.R. .-@l 07 Savannah-Savannah mistletoe State Pk.LR X 2,-473.45 1,473.45 FY-70 72 07 Savannah-Savannah Mistletoe State Pk.LR x 2,522.37 2,522.38 FY-70 73 14- Altamaha-Oconee 16 Sirr6lair L.R. x 2,826.11 2,826.10 FY-70 74 19- Savann-ah-Savannah Elij.ah Clark State Y 2 __R_5@7 r 1 Arl rl VV_ -7 Park L.R... - - -AT;7=c1i i co-fa--Ch a Uta=_ 7e-ter ans MemZ@_rial_ 75 08 L hooche-Flint-Flint R State Park L.R. x 3,025.78 3,099-7q- py-@U 76 113 Coosa-Coosa R. Rome City L.R. x 2,545.29 2:545.29 EV@71 77 02), Ogeech6e-Ogeechee R. Richmond Hill State P;; rk T. ]Z x_21.1 49 - q 0 4 A.q py_-@ @ I Richmond Hill State 78 02) Crk. (Estuarine) x 2,949.56 2 aA2,_U_ PY-71 Pa-rlc T.-T?- Georgia Historical 79 037 Coosa-Conasauga R@. Comm'.-Calhoun L.R. x1_4_R72__U_ 4 , RP77 _ IQ gy I 80 049 St. Marys-St Marys Ca:mp Pinkney L.R. x 2.427.52 VV_'71 River Chatooga County 1,997,7 3 FY-22 81 055 Coosa-Chatooqa Public Lak@-. T.-p- Apalachicola-Chatt@_ Flint above Jim 82 08-) hoochee-Flint-Flint Woodruff Dec_Cg@ x 1_2,958.64 2.958-65 PV-79 Apaia.chicola-Chatta- Mitchell County 83 20E hoochee-Flint-Flint State Hwj; 37 x FY-72 Estuarine) Medway River 84 17S @geechee-Medway R Sportsman Landin2 x FY-73 Weiss Lake- FY-66 85 11" Coosa-Coosa R. Bruq@v Branch X Hawkinsvii1e State 86 235 Altamaha-Ocmulgee R Pk.-Pulaski Co. x 3,146.27 3,146 .27 FY-72 Ogeechee-Ogeechee R. Hamberg, State Park EY-7 8 -1 303 Washir@aton Count--y x Altamaha-Champney R. Champney L.-McIntosh 8E 191 County x FY-72 Altamaha-Champney R. Champney R.-McIntosh 8S 191 County x FY@72 Savannah-Savannah R. Lake Hartwell* Hart 91 14; State Park-Hart Co. x FY@72 A&D PROGRAM MATRIX-FISH AREAS, HATCHERIES', BOAT ACCESS (cont.)_ UL;L od Map Co. APDC Basin - Itiver 11roJecL 14-M.1 1,rup hUL11 Adv .,ILcti L Planj kul"it Luillpl Federal State Funding 00. Crooked River Crooked River-NI/2L.6* FY-73 91 039 (Estuarine) Harriet6 BL-Camden Co,_ X _C =ar Hill-Bobby Browr FY-72 92 105 Savannah-Broad R. St.Pk.-Elbert Co. x -A-p-alachicola-Chatta- Flint R.-City of Albany 93 075 hoochee-Flint-Plintg Marine B.-Dougherty Co. x FY-73 94 267 0hoopep R.-Joy Bluff Altamaha-ohoopee g- Tattnall County 5Y-72 Ohoopee R.-4mi.W.of 95 267 jAltamaha-0hoopee R. Reid .sville-Tattnall Co, x FY-72 96 193 Apalachicola-Chatta- yhitewater L.-Whitewater hoochee-Elint-Plint St.Pk.- Macon County x FY-73 %Tithlacoochee- Withlacoochee R.-City FY-73 97 1 18E qithlacoochee R of Valdosta-Lnwnde.-, rl- Y I -91thlacoochee - Withlacoochee R-Hwy 98 02) Wikhlacoochee R 184 Brooks County x FY-73 99 121 Apalachicola-Chatta-i Chattahoochee R.-Mor- hoochee-Plint cHatj- gan Falls-Fulton Co_. x FY-73 Apalachicola-Chatta- Chattahoochee R.-Goati 10( 14 hoochee-Flint-ChaI-N.Rock - HcArris Co. x FY-73 Apalachicola-Chatta- Chattahoochee R-Burt- 101145 hoochee-Flint_Chatd-lettS Ferry-Harris Col. x I I FY-73 Jackson Lake-Hwy 36 FY-73 10 ? 03! 1Alf amaha-Tnt'l-a-, T' Butts County x Jackson Lake-Conleys 1 21' Ditch Ste-Newton Co. x FY-73 (0 4 1Altamaha-Alcovv R. SincT_a_i_r___L_a_Ke lo 4 141 1Altamaha-Sinclair L. Hancock Co. x FY-73 Savannah Seed Lake 10E 241 Seed L. Rabun County FY-73 106 095 Apalachicola-Chatta- Flint River FY-73 hoochee -Flint- F lint pl Dougherty Countv X_ SU@MRY: 5-year A&D Summary Statement for Boat Access Sites 70 Sites are proposed for FY 73 thru FY 77 $269,327.50 $269,327.5C FY 73-77 14 per year at an average cost of $6,266.50 each 50% from L&WCF Chattahoochee Fish Hatchery 500,003.00 500;000.00 FY 73-74 Baldwin State Forest Fishing Lakes 3 25,000.00 25,000.00 FY 74 Ben Hill Public Fishing Lake 150,000-00 150,000-00 b-Y 75-76 Total This System $1,888,655.00 944,327.50 1944,327.501 M M M M M = M M M W so @ M f9Z F- Fl 41 10 00 N) C, rQ 11) z n -P- @) ko 00 .11 -.3 -j Ln Ln 1@0 @O %@O 0-1 tj H 0 0 IQ 0) rt P3 (rt 0 co m 0 C? 0 rt m P3 0 rt m p 0 0 0 0 Im 0 ::r :3 P, vq, D) m cu 0 0 Pd r- m PCI 0 0 F@ rD PO W, I'd Pd .4 1 m F4 H H. H. m m PV .4 .4 N m m m F@ 1 11 rD (D m -T 4 0 D 0 tl 0) 0 0 0 PIV F, I't -t rt 1) (D 0 m 0 m P, Ppil 41 In 0 rt, fD P- m !::r r-T4 io 0 0 0 0 A Fl z 0 fD rt ct U) I (D C) D @-4 M (D M 0 0 rt ri) (n m Ch (D '0 rr H rt @D- 0 rt 0) 0 10 m @d M FU- 0 rt .... . ... ....... ........... .. 00 0-n rt Ln n C> to D CD D C> D Lj 0 .;1 un 0 rt C) @n n n n 0 M 3 D D Z) D Z) CD D D D- 0' 7N 0 0 10 n D D M n 0 c> ON w to D :1 D =) I D 0 @:) o 0 10 D D D ZD D => D 0 D C) F-h v9Z @o rl.) 1-3 rn rt ct UQ m (D w rD H, m PO H. 14 m rb 00 Ln 4a. fo f w rn :3 ct ;3 m 0 m :z 1-1 cm 0 n et r- rt 03 0 CD 0 W :3 m r. m ca Pi 1 :3 x 0 rt m P3 rn co r? 14 m D, 0 C13 CL rt m 03 'D CD ID 'D I li I I F@ CD 0 Lo M CD rt Ln -4 rt Ln m 0 0 M 00 0 F- CA ft In. LJ 1 0 0 a 0 0 0 rc, 2. FINANCING a Definition of the Problem One of the most critically acute problems is financing top-priority state and local outdoor recreation projects. This problem has been seriously considered by recreation and conservation leadership in Georgia over the past year. Leaders in the field have recommended that a State Recreation/Conservation Trust Fund be created to finance top-priority projects which are identified and are meeting criteria in the state plan. This recommendation is supported in the regional analysis and plans of most of the Area Planning and Development Commissions. The need for financial assistance is particularly acute at the local level. b. Discussion of the Problem and Need Past: The 1968 Statewide Recreation Plan recognized the problem, and in the 5-year projected financial needs the Plan recommended an ex- penditure of $63 million for the acquisition and development of needed' state and local public outdoor recreation lands and developments. Thirty-three million dollars was proposed for acquisition and $30 million for development. One-half of the total amount was proposed for local projects. During the 5-year period, less than half of the $63 million projected need was expended. Additional HUD federal funds which might have been expended in Georgia were used in other states. Local governments were unable to raise adequate funds to meet their recreation needs. The charts which follow show how the Land and Water Fund expendi- tures have been made in the past six years. The state passed Act 620 authorizing 25 percent state-matching fund assistance to those local projects which qualify in the State Plan and are approved for 50 percent Federal Land and Water Conservation Fund assistance. With this assistance, the local financing requirement would be only 25 percent of the total cost, but state funds to assist local governments have not yet been budgeted by the legislature. Present: A study committee of the Georgia Recreation and Park Society the past year reviewed the Recreation and Conservation Funding needs with the Georgia Conservancy and other associated Georgia conser- vation organizations. Their conclusion was that a public expenditure of $20 million annually for recreation and conservation is needed in Georgia if the state and its local governments are to acquire and con- serve top-priority regional and urban recreation areas before they are lost to other purposes. A state fund will be essential for implementation of programmed projects. This is critical if Georgia is to preserve the irreplaceable areas of its regional landscapes; to timely shape the urban environments; and to avoid the mistakes but profit from the experience of many other states. 265 The cost of land for the protection of the Chattahoochee River Scenic Shorelands and for the Natural and Recreation area acquisitions so vitally needed on this river was estimated at $63 million in 1971. This river conservation cost was not programed in the 1968 plan. While it illustrates the critical need in urban areas, it is ironic that the 1971 total estimated costs for the Chattahoochee River Conservation equals the total cost of all projects projected for the 5-year period in 1968. This further points up the critical need to establish a source of funds to program and acquire irreplaceable recreation and conserva- tion areas before costs become prohibitive. c. Future Programmed Acquisition and Development Needs It is evident that most of the Protective Environment lands of critical concern for maintenance in open space for a quality and healthy environment must be protected and maintained through the stewardship of the private sector. Urban shaping parks; major state parks, both unique natural and active; and major fish and wildlife and historic examples must be conserved as a public purpose to meet the recreational needs and to preserve examples of the heritage of present and future generations of Georgians. The future is now, for decisions must be made now if the areas of irreplaceable value for the present and future are to have any real assurance of being in existence ten or twenty years hence. It has been roughly estimated that even though a State Conservation Recreation Fund is established, it is feasible to protect through public acquisition only 20 percent of the areas which should be preserved in Georgia. Additional public policies such as conservation easements and public use easements, with appropriate tax breaks, should be provided for the private landowner as an incentive to preserve the irreplaceable natural recreation resources. Lease-purchase agreements taken by public agencies over a period of several years is another workable device. Beyond the creation of new Georgia Laws to provide needed protective environment policy, constitutional protection of the irreplaceable natural recreation resources should be considered. The current 5-year acquisition and development program for state and local projects is projected at $172,715,149. This is a conserva- tive estimate, considerably less than the real need. It has been impossible to identify all key areas which should be conserved to meet top-priority needs. At the same time land acquisition and development costs are increasing. State Park, Game and Fish, and Historic areas costs are estimated at $93,169,153 for the next 5 years. Local project needs as programmed and estimated within each APDC Region total $79,545,996 for the same period. A State Recreation Conservation Fund in the minimum amount of $10 million annually should be established to meet state and local 266 policies for.public recreation and conservation investments in Georgia. State and local funds would be matched with federal funds on most of the priority projects. A special state fund could be established, as, was proposed in the last legislative session, by resolution for constituti 'onal amendment; or authority could be established to issue state bonds in an amount equal to $10 million annually-for this purpose. State bonding authority seems to be the preferred solution. In either event, a constitutional amendment through public referendum is required to establish the needed authority. Passage of Resolution 245 in November 1972 would allow the state to incur bonded indebtedness. The APDC Regional Acquisition and Development Program of federal, state,, and local project priorities found in Volume II will simplify the executive and legislative review process for making annual appro- priations from a State Recreation/Conservation Fund. A' 17 267 00 STATE LAND AND WATER UNIT LAND AND WATER CONSERVATION FUND NUMBER STATE a LOCAL PROJECTS AMOUNT By Number And Amount PLANNING PLANNING (3) 271,373 2% 159 Projects 2.6% L & WCF Share Only $10,337,cro3 ACQUISITION 1,837,648 ACQUISITION 17.8% (34) 21% DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT (108) 68% ACQUISITION AND 7,155,685 ACQUISITION AND DEVELOPMENT 69.3% DEVELOPMENT (4) 9% 1,072,357 10.3% APPROPRIATION JAN. 1, 1966 - DEC. 31,1971 EASIZTI'ON L CQUI 4) 1. AMENDMENTS TO PROJECTS NOT INCLUDED 2. DOES NOT INCLUDE INELIGIBLE OR WITHDRAWN PROJECTS 69Z m :0 -u o" C- 0 M 00 0 z 0 o 0 N 0 Ul -010 N 0 C: 0) ;o C- @-@OI: M 1-0 Z -0 0 0 -4 M o - -4 0 -0 c 0 U) 00 0 ;o 0 -0 00 w M 0 C) (D 0 C- -0 m 0-0 0 po C-A QD q -04,00 U) 0 0 m 0 Cr-n 00 0 C- -0-4 -n > 0 --lo -n z 0 0 cn > -0 F\) > u 0 0 CD -V (ji m -U -% W ;o o 9D > %--. _0 M CD 0 0 0 z C- 0 oo M > 0 c) r- 0 U) 0 0 C- -OD lz-cj Ln ozo m m . 0 x -;Ou co 400 r..) _0 E)C- (n m 0 m m 000 -uo-)'> 0 1 -1 K Cl) ol Z Ul - C: (Ln 0 <0 m Ol (A z 0 01 oa@ 0 a3u, 'R p ON Z 0 0 0 00 0 0 ;-Do 0 0 '0 C- 00 om 8 0 0 0 0 0 C- 0 0--l rlo M C." (1) -0) 80 CA 0-V -60- Ul 0 CA 0 0 C- m -04 00 :,4 0 OD 0 0 0@ 0 cn STATE LAND AND WATER UNIT LAND AND WATER CONSERVATION FUND STATE & LOCAL PROJECTS BY LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT AMOUNT OF PROJECTS ACQUISITION + COMBINATION TOTAL DEVELOPMENT ACQUISITION & DEVELOPMENT $20,402,754 $14,592,062 $ 5,810,692 L&WCF &State County or Local Funds) STATE $778,754 COUNTY 13.5% $2,590,384 18% STATE COUNTY $7,104,952 LOCAL $3,083,618 49% $1,948,320 53.3% 33.2% LOCAL $4,696,726 % APPROPRIATION JAN. 1, 1966 - DEC. 31,1971 DOES NOT INCLUDE 3 PLANNING PROJECTS $271,373 STATE LAND AND WATER UNIT LAND AND WATER CONSERVATION FUND STATE & LOCAL PROJECTS BY LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT NUMBER OF PROJECTS ACQUISITION AND TOTAL DEVELOPMENT ACQUISITION & DEVELOPMENT 159 Projects 108 PROJECTS 48 PROJECTS 30% 68% S TE 7 PROJECT 14.5% STATE COUNTY .34 PROJECTS 27 PROJECTS 31.4% 25% COUNTY LOCAL 22 PROJECTS 19 PROJECTS 46% 39.5% LOCAL 47 PROJECTS 43.6% TA APPROPRIATION JAN 1, 1966 - DEC.31,1971 DOES NOT INCLUDE 3 PLANNING PROJECTS ZLZ r -460 CA N x > Ze P 2 :0 0 0) a) > z 0-09 ul 04 > 0 G) Aj c4/ OD 0 'COD C@@ m CP 0 o 4b Ic4e Q@ 1 m 6) 1% r U) @ a 0\0 CD 0 &1-. c Z C- A --i 0 > 01c, z 0040 0 z -, :-- > m Z- -0 09- Z 0 (D -0 r -Pl. 0 0 m I _0 0 > 0, :X) ic M 0 > uj ;> -71 z U) N c _0 0 .q 0 (n -1 T 0 z r- 0 M- > (1) 0 z !A -10 -4 0 Z > m a) z L)D U)9 N a) OD C/) z -0 Z C) C;J OP ;K OD 4 Zo (n _0 > M U) 0 CA C') > m -4 0 C- m m 0(0 n < 10 m m 0 z 1w Now 0 1 c z c z 0 VIP. I oil IJAPTER X1 ON RESOURCE AND FACILITY kl. STANDARDS CHAPTER XI RECREATION RESOURCE AND FACILITY STANDARDS A. CARRYING CAPACITY STANDARDS In recreation planning there are two distinctly different standards concepts. One refers to a particular recreation resource or facility available or to be provided for every so many thousands of people living in a certain area. This concept has been well known for many decades by the recreation professionals in the United States. It dates back to the time when recreation and park fields (in a professional sense) were little appreciated or recognized. The "Crisis in Outdoor Recreation" of the postwar period brought the problems into focus, then the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission (commonly known as ORRRC) made the recreation planning profession acceptable to the general public. The Federal Bureau of Outdoor Recreation was established within the Department of the Interior, and it became the focal point of recreation planning. Various service- professional organizations consolidated into the National Park and Recreation Association, which has been active in searching for improved standards for recreation planning. The second type of recreation resource and facility standard is based' on what amount of recreation opportunity a given facility/resource can provide within a year. This concept enables comparison with actual demand for such opportunities, while the former generalizes the relation between large numbers of people and a quantity measurement of resource/facility. Both concepts are usable, but for deeper understanding of recreation planning the latter is a better and improved tool. Since the latter concept lends itself better for statistical analysis of demand, supply, and need, it will be described first in this chapter. This concept of recreation standards is based on "carrying capacity" of a given recreation resource and/or facility.* The essential advantage of this concept is that it can be applied to resources/facilities of any loca- tion, climate, population density, soil condition, season, etc. The concept in itself considers these factors. Its use in setting high quality standards has almost no limit. The following factors were used in determining carrying capacity standards for the Georgia State Comprehensive Plan, 1971: *Developed by J. C. Horvath in 1964-65 in Denver, Colorado, while working on the recreation plan for the Missouri River Basin, the "carrying capacity" concept has been in use for the SCORP for Kansas, Missouri, Colorado, Minnesota, Arkansas, Tennessee, Virgin Islands, and Georgia. 273 1. What is the physiographical location of the outdoor recrea- tion resource or facility? a. Mountain b. Piedmont C. Seacoastal 2. What is the geographical location of the resource or facility: a. Urban b. Rural c. Wilderness or primitive 3. What recreation opportunity can this resource or facility provide? 4. What quantity of use can be made of such resource (or facility) without lowering the quality of experience it can provide? What amount of opportunity is it able to provide within a day, a week,- or any combination thereof, taking into consideration the daily turnover? What average area is needed for quality experience? 5. What length of time is this resource or facility in use during a 12 month period? B. HOW STANDARDS WERE USED IN THE GEORGIA SCORP, 1971 An example will clarify the use of standards. In determining the car- rying capacity standard of swimming pools in Georgia (shown in Table XI-1), the following points were considered and steps taken: 1. Pools can have different carrying capacities in the Georgia Mountains, Piedmont, and Coastal regions. 2. Within each of these physiographic regions, urban and rural areas can have pools, but not the wilderness areas. 3. Swimming pools provide swimming, wading, diving, and just splashing, even sunbathing opportunities. 4. Pool measurements are converted into square footage of water surface. The average area needed for a quality experience is 25 sq. ft., and the daily turnover is 2 for the same area. 5. The length of season is 16 weeks, or 112 days. 112 x 2 = 8.96 swimming activity occasions per square foot 25 of a swimming pool. Therefore, if maximum utilization of the pool is taking place, a 1,000 sq. ft. swimming pool (in this example) can provide 8.96 times 1,000 = 8,960 swimming activity occasions per year within the season. Since both demand and carrying capacity are easily calculated in annual activity occasions, they can be compared. 274 Each of the physiographic regions has its peculiarities, however. For example, there are densely populated areas like Atlanta, Augusta, Macon,, Columbus, etc., and there are small rural towns. Due to the different makeup of areas with various diversifications of opportunities, standards can differ. Less quality' or higher quality may be acceptable. Therefore, a knowledge of these special characteristics of the local populatio n, including other opportun- ities available, is necessary. In the Piedmont urban areas the standard is 10 swimming activity occasions per year; but in the Piedmont's rural areas the standard is only 5. The lower the actual number, the higher the quality of experience. In swimming, the season is longer in the Georgia Coastal physiographic region; therefore, the urban swimming pool standard is 13 per sq. ft. of a swimming pool. Standards for the 35 recreation resources or facilities, listed in Table XI-1, were calculated after long months of planning with local recrea- tion planners from the outdoor recreation regions. (See Appendix, Part 2, for further details.) The finalized, accepted standards were used for calcu- lating the carrying capacities of the supply of each of the 35 resources or facilities. These data, by region, are published in the Statistical Summary, under the Need sections. 1. CALCULATIONS OF DEMAND, SUPPLY, AND NEED OR IDLE CAPACITY OF 35 SELECTED ACTIVITIES, FACILITIES, AND RESOURCES, 1970, 1975, 1980, and 1985 Application of the standards gave results as summarized in Table XI-2.'* This is the major table comparing demand with supply, when demand is expressed as use of facilities and supply comprises the average annual carrying capacity of facilities and resources. a. Population data are listed by regions and by 2 age groups for 4 terminal dates--1970, 1975, 1980, and 1985. b. Demand is calculated as average annual participation of adults or children in a particular recreation activity times the number of adults and children in that region. Example: (1) Region A has the following population: 10,000 adults 20 and above 5,000 children 6 through 19 (2) Swimming average annual participation rate is: Adult: 20.0 Children: 30.0 (3) Total use (demand): 10,000 x 20.0 = 200,000 5,000 x 30.0 = 150,000 350,000 *From the Statistical Summary, Volumes I, II, and TI, "Needs" sections fo-.r 19 regions and the State as a whole. 275 TABLE XI- I FACILITY-RESOURCE STANDARDS- 1971 GEORGIA SCORP STANDARDS Measured in Average Annual Activity Occasions Standard A Facility or Resource Provides SUPPLY Unit MOUNTAIN PIEDMONT SEACOST FACILITIES/RESOURCES DESCRIPTION OF MEASUREMENT Per Year Urban Rural Wild UrbanjRural Wild Urban Rural Wild 1. Swimming Pool Water surface, in sq. ft. Sq. foot 8 4 10 5 13 6 2. Beach Water surface, in sq. ft. Sq. foot 3 4 2 3 5 4 4 6 20 3. Handball Number of courts Court 1,200 6oo 1,350 700 1,500 700 4. Croquet Number of courts Court 600 300 800 400 800 400 5. Baseball Number of diamonds Diamond 1,200 600 1,350 700 1,500 700 6. Softball Number of diamonds Diamond 1,200 600 1,800 1,000 1,800 1,000 7. Soccer and Football Number of fields Field 800 400 1,800 1,000 1,800 1,000 8. Courts - Multipurpose Number of courts Court 1,000 500 1,500 1,000 1,800 1,000 9. Trailer Sites Number of sites Site 480 420 500 430 600 450 10. Tent Sites Number of sites Site 100 125 100 130 150 135 11. Primitive Sites Number of sites Site 100 100 120 12. Organized Camping Number of beds Bed 70 60 80 80 70 80 13. Number of Golf Holes Number of holes Hole 1,200 800 1,500 800 2,000 800 14. Tennis Courts Number of courts Court 1,000 800 1,200 1,000 1,200 1,000 15. Picnic Sites Number of picnic tables Table 80 80 160 100 120 100 16. Water Skiing Acres Water surface in acres 100 Acres 200 100 200 100 200 100 17.. Canoe Trails Miles of trails Mile 100 60 40 200 60 40 200 100 50 18. Docking Capacity Number of moorings, etc. Docking 120 100 50 240 150 60 240 150 80 19. Boating Water surface acres Acre 200 100 50 200 100 50 200 100 50 20. Water Surface Acres, Sailing Water surface acres 100 Acre - 150 100 250 100 300 100 21. Nature Foot Trails, Urban Miles of trails Mile 4,160 - '000 6,600 22. Nature Foot Trails, Rural Miles of trails Mile 340 400 560 23. Nat. Foot Trails, Wilderness Miles of trails Mile 250 200 340 24. Bike Trails Miles of trails Mile 500 400 800 600 800 600 25. Motorized Bike Trails Miles of trails mile 500 400 500 400 500 400 26. ATV Designated Trails Miles of trails Mile 500 400 500 400 500 400 27. Horseback Riding Trails Miles of trails Mile 1,200 800 200 1,200 800 200 1,000 600 200 28. Trout Fishing Stream Miles of stream Mile 10 15 18 29. Trout Fishing Lake Acres of water surface Acre 10 15 15 30. Warm Water Fishing Stream Miles of stream Mile 10 15 15 10 15 25 10 20 25 31. Warm Water Fishing Lake Acres of water surface Acre 10 15 19 15 25 32 10 30 38 32. Waterfowl Habitat Acres of Habitat 100 Acres 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 3 3 33. Small Game Habitat Habitat in acres 100 Acres 4 5 7 4 6 6 4 5 6 34. Big Game Habitat Habitat in acres 100 Acres 1 3 4 2 4 6 2 4 6 35. Bow & Arrow Big Game Hunting Habitat in acres 100 Acres 1 3 4' 2 4 6 1 2 4 6 Regions: 2 and 3 Regions: @ Regions: 14 & 19 1 all others mmml TABLE XI-2 COMPARISON OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND FOR OUTDOOR RECREATION-GEORGIA RECREATION SURVEY, 1971 GEORGIA POPULATION CALCULATION OF DEMAND, SUPPLYt NEED/IDLE CAPACITY 1970 1975 1980 1985 EXPRESSED IN TOTAL ANNUAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 6 TO 19 GROUP 1,2799028 IP4689479 1,636,655 1,754,015 20 AND ABOVE 296539259 3,046v186 393609451 39652,182 DEMAND = PARTICIPATION FOR 1970, PAEFEREN-@E FOR 75, 80, 85 RECREATION 1970 1975 1980 1985 FACILITIES DEMAND SUPPLY NEED/IDLE DEMAND SUPPLY. NEED/IDLE DEMAND SUPPLY NEED/IDLE DEMAND SUPPLY NEED/IDLE SW. POOL 23509807 11510846 -11998961 29644094 12952216 -16691878 35588011 12952216 -22635795 41650309 12952216 -28698093 SW. BEACH 23509807 284172372 260662565 29644094 310325796 280681702 35588011 310325796 274737785 41650309 310325796 268675487 HANDBALL 14361080 38450 -14322630 18108613 47100 -18061513 21606093 47100 -21558993 25105633 47100 -25058533 CROQUET 3590262 10400 -3579862 4527145 15200 -4511945 5401518 15200 -5386318 6276401 15200 -6261201 BASEBALL 21541627 866150 -20675477 27162927 948150 -26214777 32409141 948150 -31460991 37658454 948150 -36710304 SOFTBALL 14361080 1324300 -13036780 18108613 1452200 -16656413 21606093 1452200 -20153893 25105633 1452200 -23653433 SOCCER 10770807 713100 -10057707 13581458 783300 -12798158 16204567 783300 -15421267 18829224 783300 -18045924 COURTS 7180535 1090500 -6090035 9054301 1345000 -7709301 10803041 1345000 -9458041 12552813 1345000 -11207813 TRAILER C 3393645 3887OLO 493365 4269256 5L53510 884254 5122358 5153510 3LL52 5995448 5153510 -841938 TENT C. 2064427 389965 -1674462 2578980 521560 -2057420 3116240 521560 -2594680 3654409 521560 -3132849 PRIMIT. C 656138 17100 -639038 814719 17300 -797419 985740 17300 -968440 1128200 17300 -1110900 ORG.GR. C 687326 1284710 597384 879155 1422770 543615 1086866 142Z770 335904 1273612 1422770 149158 GOLF 6111854 2775100 -3336754 7551373 2988400 -4562973 9075520 2988400 -6087120 10677331 2988400 -7688931 TENNIS 3143954 1020600 -2123354 3975105 1211200 -2763905 4760532 1211200 -3549332 5538619 1211200 -4327419 PICNICING 15214525 1349260 -13865265 19161103 1610320 -17550783 22925603 1610320 -21315283 26770798 1610320 -25160478 WATER-SKI 6948148 8188750 1240602' 8779664 10616550 1836886 10630028 10616550 -13478 12573678 10616550 -1957128 CANOE TR. 297100 15480 -281620 373154 17380 -355774 453400 17380 -436020 525342 17380 -507962 DOCKING 16234354 1018650 -15215704 20392318 1300920 -19091398 24352075 1300920 -23051155 28410755 1300920 -27109835 BOAT-S K I . 16234354 8188750 -8045604 20392318 L0616550 -9775768 24352075 10616550 -13735525 28410755 L0616550 -17794205 SAILING 528688 19965900 19437212 685959 34130700 33444741 909187 34130700 33221513 988878 34130700 33141OZZ URBAN TR. 43399321 708360 -42690961 54748394 847120 -53901274 66224266 847120 -65377146 78L99261 847120 -77352141 RURAL TR. 31786636 201300 -31585336 39653311 288140 -39365171 47279237 288140 -46991097 54412393 288140 -54124253 WILD. TR. 868961 21820 -847141 1097519 25270 -1072249 1305461 25270 -1280191 1514112 25270 -1488842 BIKE TR. 74390266 128000 -74262266 94033514 193400 -9384OL14 11.1786003 193400-111592603 130648596 193400-130455195 MOTORB.TR 8524776 90800 -8433976 10679714 107800 -10571914 12860734 107800 -12752934 14818014 107800 -14710214 ATV TRAIL 3523818 55500 -3468318 4436376 60300 -4376076 5341615 60300 -52813L5 6240635 60300 -6180535 HORSE TR. 8821959 318000 -8503959 11019066 374000 -10645066 13013363 374000 -12639363 14915993 374000 -14541993 TROUT STR 8260699 6741 -8253958 10514237 6759 -10507478 12519308 6759 -L2512549 14537077 6759 -14530318 TROUT LAK 8260699 2335845 -5924854 10514237 2338910 -8175327 12519308 2338910 -10180398 14537077 2338910 -12198L67 FISH STR. 23529111 37380 -23491731 29676935 40055 -29636880 35185038 40055 -35144983 40890261 40055 -40850206 FISH LAKE 23529111 8437545 -15091566 29676935 11104040 -18572895' 35185038 11104040 -24080998 40690261 L1104040 -29786221 WFOWL HUN 376795 510998 134203 484187 657344 173157 566956 657344 90388 652229 657344 5115 SMALL GAM 7415962 11395291 3979329 9322807 11812574 2489767 11063092 11812574 749482 12795397 ILB12574 -982823 BIG GAME 2189970 9262388 7072418 2740560 9540720 6800160 3259334 9540720 62BL386 3801399 9540720 5739321 BOW HUNT. 254938 9262388 9007450 320588 9540720 9220132 384274 9540720 9156446 451740 9540720 9088980 Source: Statistical Summary, Volume 1, State Totals-64. Note: The supply column is expressed as so many annual activity occasions available by each one of the 35 recreation resources and/or facilities by terminal date. The 1970 supply carrying capacity includes only the presently open recreation areas. The 1975, 1980 and 1985 carrying capacities include the present ones as well as those potentially available within the next 5 years, as inventoried. Both demand and supply are expressed in the same term, therefore need/idle capacity can be calculated. The demand participation rates are found on the fifth page of the demand output tables (Statistical Summary "children" category and "all adults" category, respectively, by region. The 1970 participation rates were used for 1970. The following increases were used for the other terminal years (1970=100): 1975=110%, 1980=120%, and 1985=130% of the 1970 rates. The percentage increases were determined on the basis of a 10 percent increase every five years, based on projected increases in population, leisure time, income, and travel. The state totals are simple additions of the 19 regional tables. C. Supply is expressed as the total annual carrying capacity of a facility or reFource within a region. The state total is the simple addition of regional totals. Example: Picnicking: 100 picnicking activity occasions per picnic site (this is the carrying capacity standard). If there are 170 developed picnic sites within a region, 17,000 annual average picnic activity occasions can be supplied at the present time. d. The need or idle capacity column is the difference between demand and supply. Need is when demand is greater than supply, and a negative sign is added to it. Idle capacity is expressed when supply is greater than demand (Table XI-2). e. The 1970 comparison includes the existing facilities or resources, while data for the 1975, 1980, and 1985 terminal dates include all facilities or resources inventoried (existing and potential). When need or idle capacity has been calculated, it is unusable for planning until converted back to the related specific unit of recreation resource and/or facility. This conversion procedure can be easily accomplished with the use of the standards. It has been done for the state (Table XI-3) and for the regions (Statistical Summary). Certain recreation resources, facilities, and activities do not as yet lend themselves to comparison with demand; i.e., we do not have "carrying capacity standards" for the 31 facilities/resources listed in Table XI-4. A set of standards in terms of carrying capacities is an extremely good and useful instrument in the hands of the recreation planner. This concept is still in the beginning stage, however, and its basic comprehension challenges the profession to go deeper into its value and usefulness in planning for recreation, on both public and private levels. C. NATIONAL PARK AND RECREATION ASSOCIATION STANDARDS The concept of the nationally used standards is based on the size of the population in a given city, town, county, or metropolitan area. 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The following stand- ards were used for calculating the need for certain facilities: Baseball Diamonds 1 per 6,000 population Softball Diamonds 1 per 3,000 Tennis Courts 1 per 2,000 Swimming pools, 25 meters or less 1 per 10,000 Swimming pools, 50 meters 1 per 20,000 Golf Courses (18-hole) 1 per 25,000 Using the above standards based on population, Table XI-5 gives for the state as a whole the calculated surpluses or deficits for the facilities named. According to this concept, we have surplus baseball diamonds up to 1977 or about, after which we will have need. Using primary data with carrying capacity standards, more than 18,000 diamonds are needed now statewide. This latter expressed need is a high-quality baseball experience, which could be lowered. Even so, additional diamonds are needed now. Both types of standards indicate softball and tennis court needs. Figures in Table XI-5 indicate a small present surplus of swimming pools, but in terms of carrying capacity there is a need. Both types of standards show needs for pools individually and in combination. Shooting range standards were not calculated for carrying capacities. According to population size standards, there is a surplus in golf courses. Using carrying capacity calculation, however, over 100 18-hole golf courses are needed in Georgia at the present time; and the number is increasing. Since standards related to population are widely used, these examples are given for comparison purposes on the state level. Some of these stand- ards-are not applicable in small regions, i.e., those without the minimum (threshold) population indicated by the standards for one such facility. The door is left open for further research in this area. Certainly, addi- tional insights could help recreation planners in the calculation of needed facilities. At present, the carrying capacity concept is a vast improvement over the population-based standards. 281 TABLE XI-5 CALCULATION OF NEED USING STANDARDS BY SIZE OF POPULATION FOR SELECTED OUTDOOR RECREATION FACILITIES STATE OF GEORGIA 1970,1975,1980,1985 1970 1975 1980 1985 Required Surplus or Pres. & Required Surplus or Pres. & Required Surplus or Pres. & Required Surplus or Present by NRR OSS Deficit Fac, Potential by NRR OSS Deficit Fac. Potential by NRR OSS Deficit Fac. Potential by NRR OSS Deficit FaQ Uats---at -Units Standards in Georeia Units Standards in Georeia Units Standards in Georgia Baseball Diamonds 735 655 + 80 809 752 + 57 809 833 - 24 809 901 - 92 Softball Diamonds 856 1311 - 455 948 1505 557 948 1666 - .718 948 1802 - 854 Tennis Courts 893 1966 -1073 1070 2257 1187 1070 2499 -1429 1070 2703 -1633 Swimming Pools 405 393 + 12 451 451 0 451 500 - 49 451 541 - 90 50 Meter Pools 48 197 - 149 57 226 169 57 250 - 193 57 270 - 213 Shooting Ranges 102 79 + 23 102 90 + 12 102 100 + 2 102 108 - 6 Golf Courses 258 157 + 101 280 181 + 99 280 200 + 80 280 216 + 64 National Park Recreation and Open Space Standards Note: Standards were used from the booklet by Robert D. Buechner, Senior Associate, National Recreation and Park Association, Washington, D.C., nodate, p. 13. SPECIAL STUDIES TIJAPTFF, X11 CHAPTER XII SPECIAL STUDIES A. PARTICIPATION IN THE PLANNING PROCESS 1. GENERAL Chambers of Commerce, municipalities, and state legislators were con- tacted individually in order to broaden the base of total understanding of the outdoor recreation planning effort, to increase potential support for action programs, aqd to obtain representative opinions relative to recreation development needs of their respective locations.* It is impor- tant that state planners and officials at all levels of government be aware of prevailing public opinion on the subject of outdoor recreation and informed as to potential assistance in action programs from various political subgroups, legislators, associations, etc. The information sought from municipalities concerned their planning in connection with outdoor recreation. Chambers of Commerce were questioned regarding the extent of potential local assistance, and state legislators were asked to assess existing assets and needs in their districts and to report on any proposed state legislation in the field of recreation. In all cases, letters explaining the project accompanied the ques- tionnaires submitted to the three groups. The responses were usually detailed, identifying and explaining the programs which the respondent was interested in or was pursuing. The final picture that emerges is one of widespread concern that opportunities be assessed realistically, that planning continue, and that cooperation be an essential element at all levels. 2. COMMENTS OF RESPONDENTS a. Chambers of Commerce Questionnaires were submitted to all of the Chambers listed in the Georgia Chambers of Commerce 1970 Directory. Eighteen responded, giving information as to: (1) whether recreational promotional activities or studies were conducted; (2) whether any outdoor recreation opportunities or activities were provided; and (3) recommended courses of action. Twelve of the respondents (67 percent) indicated that affirmative action had been taken in planning and providing for the outdoor recreation needs of their communities. The other six respondents either made no comment or said no action had been taken. However, some of those responding negatively did advise that affirmative action was contemplated in the future. The majority of the comments were to the effect that local *See Appendix 4 for sample page of questionnaire used. 283 businesses and civic organizations should make their localities more aware of their recreational needs and should take greater initiative in both planning and acquisition/development of outdoor recreation resources. b. Municipalities A questionnaire was submitted to all municipalities and towns in Georgia having a population of at least 5,000 as listed in the Directory of Georgia Municipal Officials. Of the twelve respondents, eleven indicated definite plans or programs were either formulated or were being implemented to meet the future outdoor recreation needs of their cities. Only one of the municipalities stated that there were no such plans now in progress. The means by which future needs are to be met include participating with federal agencies in development of outdoor recreation opportunities and beautification and upgrading of existing areas or facilities. Ten respondents (83 percent) felt, in varying degrees, that county, state, and federal governments should share the burden.of the costs of recreation development. One municipality suggested that the state-should go beyond the planning stages and actually imple- ment programs, while at least one other felt that the state and federal agencies-should offer counseling assistance as well as financial aid. Ten (or 83 percent) of the twelve respondents indicated that some type of recreation board and/or planning commission--either,municipal or countywide--was in existence within their governmental structure to study, plan, and provide for outdoor recreation. C. State Senators and Representatives Questionnaires were also submitted to all Georgia state legislators. Slightly over half (53 percent) of the nineteen respondents felt that the state and federal government should provide all or the major part of planning and/or financial assistance for development. An additional 37 percent leaned more heavily toward a combination of local, state, and federal aid and/or assistance. A single respondent, primarily because of the geographical location of his district, favored only federal and local assistance. The remaining responding state legislator did not com- ment in this area. Unfortunately, almost two-thirds (63 percent) of the respondents failed to indicate whether any legislation is being prepared or proposed by either themselves or any other members of the General as- sembly for meeting the current and future needs of the state for outdoor recreation facilities. It could, therefore, be presumed that little or no such legislation is pending. Two of the nineteen reported that they served on legislative committees relating to recreation-oriented activities, and a single respondent indicated definitely that he knew of no pending legisla- tion. Three legislators professed some knowledge of potential legislation, and one other said he would be willing to support legislation in this area. 284 B. PRIVATE FINANCING 1. GENERAL The private sector plays the major role in providing outdoor recrea- tion activities for America. Approximately 69 percent to 75 percent of the total recreational capacity in the U.S. and approximately 65 percent of the total visitation is provided by the private sector based upon a preliminary analysis of data from the Private Sector Survey.* A major conclusion reached in this report, however, was that while private banks do supply most of the funds, the availability of private capital to finance outdoor recreation appears to be limited because of the inherent risks in these types of enterprises. These risks include short seasons, uncertain weather conditions, high construction and operating costs, lack of managerial expertise, and the fad nature of many such enterprises. Goverment aid in the form of loans or loan guarantees may be the only means of satisfying the mounting financial requirements of the private sector . . . . Commercial outdoor recreation needs to be able to readily borrow such large sums if it is to be encouraged to fill a large part of the supply gap in visitor accommodations and in various recreation facilities, especially those that go beyond the minimum provided by government agencies.** Three federal agencies that operate credit programs were found to be of major importance: the Small Business Administration (SBA); Economic Development Administration (EDA), formerly the Area Redevelop- ment Administration (ARA); and Farmers Home Administration (FHA). Federal credit programs provide or stimulate credit not otherwise available and include direct and participating loans and loan guarantee programs, but they are intended to supplement rather than act as a substitute for private credit. In dollar terms, outdoor recreation loans do not amount to any more than 5 percent of the total of any federal credit program. For the three-year period 1962-1964 examined in the study by the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, those principal federal'credit agencies provided direct loans of $42.5 million to commercial outdoor recrea- tion, of which SBA provided $30.2 million and ARA (now EDA) $12.3 million; loan guarantees and loan participations were an additional *Federal Credit for Recreation Enterprises, Department of the Interior, Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, May 1967, p. 7. **Tbid. , pp. 8-9. 285 $15.1 million--SBA $6.9 million and FHA $8.2 million.* The types of facilities developed through federal credit programs revealed some agency patterns. ARA loans went chiefly to develop ski areas (43 percent) and resort hotels (38 percent). SBA loans went to resort hotels (36 percent), golf courses (13 percent), and a wide variety of other facilities. FHA loans to individual farmers were also diversi- fied, led by camp grounds (34 percent) and cabins or cottages (23 percent).' FHA loans to soil and water associations were largely for golf courses (89 percent).** 2. ADDITIONAL SOURCES OF CAPITAL a. Retirement Funds Two retirement funds authorized by the State of Georgia could serve as a significant source of capital for outdoor recreation develop- ment. The Teachers Retirement Fund and the Employees Retirement Fund have combined assets of approximately $625 million. The combined funds have an influx of $65 million annually that is available for investment. The Boards of Trustees for the funds have a great latitude in deciding where to invest the assets of the funds. They can make, and have made, loans for the development of outdoor recreation areas, par- ticularly for motels. In general, the boards are limited only by the requirements that loans for real estate development must be approved by the Georgia Real Estate Investment Board and no loan can exceed 75 percent of the total investment in the project. As a general policy a single loan will not exceed 1 percent of the total assets of the particular retirement fund making the loan. Applications for loans for development of outdoor recreation resorts are judged by the Boards entirely on their merit as sound investments for the assets of the retirement funds. Interest rates are comparable to current commercial financial institutions. b. Mortgage Bankers and Brok rs An additional potential source of capital loans is through mortgage bankers and mortgage brokers. They are in correspondence with a variety of lenders, some of whom may be inclined to make loans for projects connected with outdoor recreation. Again, the criteria for obtaining such loans is the soundness of the investment in outdoor recreation as compared to other investment opportunities available to the lender. In at least one instance a mortgage banker stated that his company was taking a greater interest in loans not connected with home financing. *Ibid., pp. 58-59. **Ibid., p. 52. 286 3. GEORGIA BANK AND SAVINGS AND LOAN SURVEY A survey was conducted in 1970 to study the extent of commercial bank and savings and loan financing of proposed investments in the out- door recreation industry in Georgia.* The survey had two major objec- tives: (1) to determine the existing policy of banks and savings and loan associations regarding recreation industry loans and (2) to deter- mine prior experience, if any, of those financial institutions with loans of this type. Following is an analysis of the five questions used in the survey. Table XII-1 shows the statistical responses to each question. A sample of the questionnaire used in the survey is given as Figure XII-1. 1. Does your institution's lending policies prohibit loans for equity or operating capital to private developers or operators of recreation businesses? (Private recrea- tion businesses included resort hotels, or motels--not transient motels, etc.--camp grounds, game farms, fishing lakes, etc.) Responses to this question indicated that a great majority of commercial banks in Georgia do not have policies prohibiting loans for equity or operating capital for outdoor recreation projects. By con- trast, the responding savings and loan associations were almost evenly divided as to their existing policies. Only 14.03 percent of the responding commercial banks have policies which prohibit this type of loan; 85.97 percent said they have no policies against such loans. Of the responding savings and loan associations, 42.86 percent reported that they do have policies prohibiting such loans, with the remaining 57.14 percent reporting -no such policies. 2. Has your institution ever received a loan application for an outdoor recreation enterprise by a private operator? Approximately half of the responding banks reported having had no prior experience with loan applications for this purpose. This could result from a number of factors. There is, doubtless, little demand for this type of business enterprise in certain areas of Georgia. Additionally, many banks in the state are very small. Finally, in those cases where banks have known policies against making loans for this purpose, prospective borrowers may have never even made applica- tion. Less than half, or 46.95 percent, of the respondent banks had, at some time, received an application of this type of loan, but the remaining 53.05 percent.had never received such application. The *For the Financial Survey, questionnaires were sent to all banks and savings and loan associations in Georgia. Numerically, this included 441 banks (281 returns) and 101 savings and loan associations (57 returns). 287 TABLE XII-I ANALYSIS OF THE GEORGIA BANK AND SAVINGS AND LOAN SURVEY* Would No Seriously Total Question Yes No Opinion Consider- Responses 1. Does your institution prohibit loans for recreation businesses? A. Banks 39(14.03) 239(85.97) 278 B. Savings & Loan Institutions 24(42.86) 32(57.14) 56 C. Combined 63(18.86) 271(81.14) 334 2. Has your institution ever received application? A. Banks 131(46.95) 148(53.05) 279 B. Savings & Loan Institutions 12(21.05) 45(78.95) 57 C. Combined 143(42.56) 193(57.44) 336 3. Has your institution ever made loans? A. Banks 121(43.37) 158(56.63) 279 B. Savings & Loan Institutions 9(16.36) 36(83.64) 55 C. Combined 130(38.92) 204(61.08) 334 4. Are they good loan risks? A. Banks 101(37.13) 33(12.13) 138(50-74) 272 B. Savings & Loan Institutions 9(15.79) 11(19.30) 37(64.91) 57 C. Combined 110(33.44) 44(13.37) 175(53.19) 329 5. Would institution cooperate with SBA or State Agency? A. Banks 89(32.48) 32(11.68) 153(55.84) 274 B. Savings & Loan Institutions 12(21.82) 6(10.91) 37(67.27) 55 C. Combined 101(30.70) 38(11.55) 190(57.75) 329 *Questionnaires were mailed to 441 banks and 101 savings and loan associations. Of these, 281 banks and 57 savings and loan associations responded. 288 FIGURE XII-1 QUESTIONNAIRE 1. Does your institution's lending policies prohibit loans for equity or operating capital to private developers or operators of recreation businesses? (Private recreation business includes resort hotels or motels [not transient motels, etc.], camp grounds, game farms, fishing lakes, etc.) Yes No 2. Has your institution ever received a loan application for an outdoor recreation enterprise by a private operator? Yes No 3. Has your institution ever made loans to private operators of recreation businesses? Yes No 4. Generally speaking, does your institution consider ouidoor recreation enterprises to be good loan risks? Yes No 5. Would your institution cooperate with state and/or federal agencies (SBA, etc.) to provide capital for private recreation development in your county? Yes No P4 289 responding savings and loan associations reported having received even fewer applications for outdoor recreation projects- only 21.05 percent responded in the affirmative, with the remaining 78.95 percent having had no prior experience with loan requests for this purpose. 3. Has your institution ever made loans to private operators of recreational businesses? Slightly over half, or 56.63 percent,.of the responding banks have never made loans to private operators for recreational businesses; the remaining 43.37 percent reported that they had made loans for this purpose in the past. Again, the responding savings and loan associa- tions indicated little activity with this kind of loan. Only 16.36 percent answered in the affirmative; the remaining 83.64 percent reported that no loans for recreational businesses had been made. 4. Generally speaking, does your institution consider outdoor recreation enterprises to be good loan risks? About half, or 50.74 percent, of the responding banks did not express an opinion as to the risk factor of loans to finance outdoor recreation enterprises. About 37.13 percent of the banks, however, considered these loans to be generally good risks, with only 12.13 percent responding negatively. The responding savings and loan associa- tions were even more uncertain in their attitudes on this question. Only 15.79 percent considered outdoor recreation enterprises to be good loan risks; 19.30 percent considered them to be poor risks; and the remaining 64.91 percent expressed no opinion. 5. Would your institutions cooperate with state and/or federal agencies (SBA, etc.) to provide capital for private recreation development in your county? Nearly one-third, or 32.48 percent, of the responding banks stated a willingness to cooperate with state and/or federal agencies in making loans for private recreation development in their areas. Only 11.68 percent reported an unwillingness to do so. In addition, over half of those responding (55.84 percent) indicated that they would seriously consider providing capital for this type of cooperative loan. The answers from the savings and loan associations were also encouraging. Approximately two-thirds of those responding (67.27 percent) indicated willingness to consider seriously such applications; an additional 21.8,2 percent replied that they would cooperate in providing capital; with only the remaining 10.91 percent expressing an unwillingness to consider or make loans under those conditions. These responses are a strong indication that Georgia financial institutions as a whole are willing to cooperate in providing capital for private recreation development should federal and/or state agencies participate and, presumably, guarantee repayment of these loans. 290 4. COMPARATIVE DATA A comparable bank survey was conducted in the state of Missouri in 1966. In that survey, questionnaires were sent to randomly selected banks with the universe as of June 1965 consisting of approximately 600 commer- cial banks in Missouri. The sample was designed to provide a 90 percent probability level. While the Georgia survey included savings and loan associations, the bank responses are reported separately; and although random sampling was not utilized as in Missouri, the results are none- theless meaningful in a comparative analysis. In addition, the same five questions were used in each survey. The results of the two surveys of banks only are summarized in Table XII-2. TABLE XII-2 COMPARATIVE DATA ON ATTITUDES OF BANKS TOWARDS LOANS FOR OUTDOOR RECREATION MISSOURI AND GEORGIA Would No Seriously Question* State Yes No Opinion Consider 1. Missouri 28 (19.7%) 110 (77.5%) Georgia 39 (14.03%) 239 (85.97%) 2. Missouri 80 (56.3%) 61 (43.0%) Georgia 131 (46.95%) 148 (53.05%) 3. Missouri 75 (52.8%) 66 (46.5%) Georgia 121 (43.37%) 158 (56.63%) 4. Missouri 59 (41.5%) 19 (13.4%) 61 (43.0%) Georgia 101 (37.13%) 33 (12.13%) 138 (50.74% 5. Missouri 39 (27.5%) 20 (14.1%) 81 (57.0%) Georgia 89 (32.48%) 32 (11.68%) 153 (55.84%) *Questions are as given earlier in text. The responses are similar in many respects. Perhaps the major en- couraging aspect can be found in the reaction to question 5. In both Missouri and Georgia, the overwhelming number of respondents either would provide or would seriously consider providing capital for private recrea- tion development in cooperation with state and/or federal agencies. While this may imply an overall reluctance to bear the full risk of loans of this nature, it does indicate a willingness to cooperate should additional state and federal programs be enacted to offset the potential 11risk factor." 291 5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS A private entrepreneur seeking funds for an outdoor recreation enterprise in Georgia will, in general, encounter a favorable climate among commercial lending institutions. Relatively few banks have policies disallowing loans for this purpose, although the percentage, of savings and loan associations prohibiting such loans is quite substantial. Analysis of the data and of the comments, however, reveals an overall consensus among the responding Georgia commercial lending institutions that applications for individual loans by private operators of outdoor recreation enterprises would be Considered in light of the same rigid requirements of credit, character, and other aspects of qualifying as for any other type of business loan. Encouragingly, only a small percentage of responding banks and savings and loan associations consider outdoor recreation-enterprises definitely to constitute poor loan risks. In addition, a vast majority of both types of commercial lending institutions either would definitely cooperate or would seriously consider cooperating with state and/or federal agencies in providing capital for private recreation develop- ment. 292 `4 MD. APPENDIX PART I HOW TO USE THE STATISTICAL SUMMARY The Georgia State Comprehensive Outdoor kecreatibn Plan, 1971, con- sists of several publications, each prepared for a different type user of the Plan. The Executive Summary is a small document giving major parts of the Plan and concentrating on the.actions to be taken by the decision makers for outdoor recreation development for the population of the state of Georgia. The Narrative Plan is a description of the findings and a detailed analysis of the present and future problems facing the state and the nineteen regions.. It also includes the over- all perspective of the Plan, the environment of Georgia, legislative actions on both state and national levels affecting the future of Georgia's recreation, appraisal of special Georgia outdoor recreation resources, etc. Its main emphasis, however, is the statewide and regional analyses. The Acquisition and Development Plan is a regional and statewide summary of a six-year period of budgeting for land and water acreage acquisition and recreation facility development. The base for the above publications, with the exception of the Acquisition and Develograent Plan, is the Sta- tistical Summary. It is a three-volume publication of the supply of, demand and needs for Georgia outdoor recreation. The Summary is divided into twenty main parts, the state level and the nineteen outdoor recre- ation regions. See "Table of Contents" of the Statistical Summary, Figure A-1. The Statistical Sum mary was presented in three volumes for easier handling of the large quantity of data. Volume I includes the state to- tals and the northern regions of the state, those numbered 1 through 5, which include the Georgia mountain areas and the Atlanta and Athens met- ropolitan areas. Volume II includes generally the so-called Piedmont regions 6 through 12, and Volume III represents South,Georgia and the Coastal regions. The 19 outdoor recreation regions generally correspond to the regions established as Area Planning and Development Commission (APDC) regions. However, some half a dozen counties did not belong to any of them, but each was grouped into one of the 19 outdoor recreation regions. The decision on grouping was made on the basis of the county's outdoor recreation resource base, socioeconomic characteristics of its population, the travel pattern, highway system, etc. Special reference is here made to the fact that, standardwise, these 19 regions were grouped into 3 major physiographic regions, as listed below: 293 ]FIGURE A-1 CONTENTS OF STATISTICAL SUMMARY 0 N 6 N T S Preface V 'YbL. i Acknowledgments vii State of Georgia supply S-1 Demand S-14 Need S-63 Region 1: Coosa Valley Supply 1-1 Demand 1-24 Need 1-73 Region 2: North Georgia Supply 2-1 Demand 2-20 Need 2-69 Region 3: Georgia Mountains supply 3-1 Demand 3-28 Need 3-77 Region 4: Atlanta Metropolitan Supply 4-1 Demand 4-22 Need 4-71 Region 5: Northeast Georgia Supply 5-1 Demand 5-25 Need 5-74 Preface v 0 L Acknowledgments vH Region 6: Chattahoochee -Flint sopply 6-1 Demand 6-23 Need 6-72 Region 7: McIntosh Trail Supoiy 7-1 Dern,i,id 7-19 Need 7-68 Region 8: Oconee stjpnly 8-1 Demand 8-21 Need 8-70 Region 9: Central Savannah River S@)P@)Iy 9-1 Demmncl 9-27 Need 9-76 Region 10: Middle Georgia SLJQ@w. 10-1 Den-ind 10-22 Naed 10-71 294 FIGURE A-I (continued) Region 11: Middle Flint Supply 11-1 Demand 11-22 Nepd 11-71 Region 12: Heart of Georgia supply 12-1 Demand 12-23 Need 12-72 Preface v OL 0 Acknowledgments vii Region 13: Altamaha supply 13-1 Demand 13-19 Need 13-66 Region 14: Georgia Southern supply 14-1 Demand 14-19 Need 14-68 Region 15: Lower Chattahoochee supply 15-1 Demand 15-21 Need 15-70 Region 16: Southwest Georgia supply 16-1 Demand 16-27 Need 16-76 Region 17: Coastal Plain Supply 17-1 Demand 17-23 Need 17-72 Region 18: Slash Pine supply 18-1 Demand 18-24 Need 18-72 Region 19: Coastal suppiv 19-1 Demrlnd 19-20 Need 19-69 Correlation Analysis of Selected Factors State nf Genrqia S-1 Reginns 1-1 W-T WE 295 OUTDOOR t iro I)q to s " -1, RECREATION I 1?\EG10p4s Y S VA-ICE 6A.TO, FIGURE A-2 C 1 (in effect until 1 0 , OPOL\ITqN oraNc" July 1, 1972) .,Lots 5" CAR-OLI Ct-O \ rww Fw1O. 6TM cow,?,. Y_ A.COC1 .1.ta 311. kbNi [email protected] 'i4ATT@IJ00C F, B, TROUP 11UN'T" -LF __Vt810F\.Gi 5" sc-f. Is W,G ..scolup" IU F A@ SbUTHERN "\. -00, ,.Rf@A 46@ wits ;,0 XLTAM41@@ USF- 90ASTAL I, T T A 13 q.@ 0 A 8TA L PLAIN SOUTHWEST Sm 6- FORGI.R r:- 0 296 Volume of Physiographic Number of Statistical Region Outdoor Recreation Region Counties Summary I. Mountain North Georgia Region, No. 2 6 Georgia Mountains Region, No. 3 13 1 II. Piedmont Coosa Valley Region No. 1 10 Atlanta Metropolitan Region No. 4 7 Northeast Georgia Re ion No..5 11 Chattahoochee-Flint Region No. 6 9 McIntosh Trail Region No. 7 5 Oconee Region No. 8 7 Central Savannah River Region No. 9 13 11 Middle Georgia Region No. 10 7 Middle-Flint Region No. 11 8 Heart of Georgia No. 12 9 Altamaha Region No. 13 5 Lower Chattahoochee Region No. 15 7 Southwest Georgia Region No. 16 13 Coastal Plain Region No. 17 9 Slash Pine Region No. 18 9 111 III. Coastal Georgia Southern Region No. 14 5 Coastal Region No. 19 6 Standards are defined as keys to convert the annual carrying capac-* ities of outdoor recreation resources and facilities into the same common denominator as the demand. Orie of the factors of the recreation standards is the climate and geographic location, which -in turn influences the use, season, or length of the season. The state of Georgia was therefore di- vided into these 3 physiographic regions. See figure A-2 for further ref- erence. Each of the regions and the state totals were further divided into three major chapter headings: SUPPLY, DEMAND and NEED. These subjects will be explained in that order. SUPPLY The supply of outdoor recreation can be defined as all the resources and facilities available for an outdoor recreation experience. Generally speaking, these recreation supplies are inventoried as units of administra- tion, and they are called recreation areas. These areas can be publicly or privately owned and/or administered. In the beginning ofthe Supply section for each region we find the Listing of Recreation Areas by county for that region. These listings denote type of ownership, administration, type of acreages, and the primary data collecting agency for that region. Information on these recreation areas is then summarized into a supply analysis for each region and the state totals. The state totals section does not list the recreation areas as they are listed in the regional 297 chapter. The state totals of the supply summary are composite figures of the regional supply summaries. There are 30 tables within the SUPPLY SUMMARY (state totals and region totals). The individual tables are described in the Summary List of SUPPLY OUTPUT TABLES (Figure A-3). Experience has pointed out the need to devise tables for the most particular recreation planner. If additional infor- mation is needed, it is available from the individual recreation inventory tables, which are on IBM cards. DEMAND The demand for outdoor recreation is the most difficult thing to measure. Due to their peculiar nature, outdoor recreation opportunities are usually publicly available for no charge: only transportation and personal initiative are needed to use them. Therefore, demand for out- door recreation cannot yet be measured as are other goods and services which command a price. This is changing, however, and economists within a decade will come up with a better way to measure the demand. Differ- ences exist as to the value of measuring devices for local, regional, and state level planning for outdoor recreation development. The most useful method was employed in the Georgia Recreation Demand Survey: re- cording the participation of an individual in any of the 57 selected out- door recreation activities during the year 1970, January 1 through Decem- ber 31. In addition to participation, preventive factors and other so- cioeconomic characteristics were collected to measure the co-relation or degree of influence on participation. These factors were cross-analyzed in the demand study, and the SUMMARY LIST of the computer output tables will help the reader in his effort of understanding (Figure A-4). The data were summarized on the state level and on 19 regional levels. The actual calculated demand for each of the 57 outdoor recrea- tion activities is found in the Need section. In the demand section is given only the detailed cross-analysis and tabulation of data of the 2,410 households, including 7,156 persons statewide. NEED A comparison of supply (inventoried) and demand (surveyed) is nec- essary in order to calculate the need and/or the idle capacity of recre- ation opportunities in the state of Georgia, now and for the years of 1975, 1980, and 1985. The comparison of the opportunities demanded (used and to be used) with the available and potentially available opportunities is known as the need analysis, given in "Need" sections of the Georgia SCORP, 1971. The need is defined as: a. excess of demand over supply, or b. un-met demand The need analysis was published on 4 computer printout (output) 298 FIGURE A-3 SUMMARY LIST GEORGIA STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN, 1971 COMPUTER OUTPUT TABLES OF THE SUPPLY INVENTORY COEPUTER (There are 13 output tables) OUTPUT TABLES PER PAGE, AS GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF TABLES PAGE NO. I. D. NIMER (Tables) 01 01 Number of recreation areas and their acreages 02 Potential expansion and new development areas 03 Primary attraction of the area 04 Geographic setting 05 Distance from main highway 02 06 Open months per year 07 Number of recreation areas by region (state level) 08 Land and water acreage 09 Size of outdoor recreation areas 10 Origin of visitors to area 11 Water frontage 03 12 Annual visits by,number of visits 13 Annual visits by type of area 14 Length of stay in area 15 Fees charged in area 16 Visits by month 04 17 Recreation activities occurring in oradjacent to area 18 Special facilities 19 Further development 05 20 Availability of recreation facilities to selected cities: within 5 miles 06 within 25 miles 07 within 50 miles 08 within 100 miles 09 within 150 miles 10 within 250 miles 11 21 Size of developed recreational facilities 22 Hunting and fishing resources within recreation area 23 Capacities of developed recreational areas 12 24 General setting of recreation areas 25 Non-recreational use of recreation area 26 Effect of water quality 27 Features of recreation area 28 Elevation of area 13 29 Coastal area recreation facilities 30 Ocean shore recreation area water and beach characteristics Note: Each of the above tables contains many subheadings and usually includes both number of... and its percentages. See any SUPPLY section within the Statistical Summary. 299 FIGURE A4 SUMMARY LIST GEORGIA STATE OUTDOOR RECREATION COMPREHENSIVE PLAN, 1971 DEMAND FOR OUTDOOR RECREATION, HUNTING, FISHING AND BOATING COMPUTER Computer OUTPUT TABLES Output (There are 51 output tables) Tables Page Individual No. Tables Per Page General Description of Tables 01 01 Distribution of Sample Units by Type 02 Characteristics of Units in the Sample 03 Average Working Hours Reported, Considered Reasonable Paid Vacation Desired 04 Availability of Leisure Time in Study Period 02 05 Residence Distribution 06 Age 07 Education 08 Number of Children 09 Occupation 10 Industry 11 Employment 12 Wife Employment 13 Location of Residence 14 Dwelling Unit Type 15 Oldest Child at Home 03 16 Income 17 Ownership of Vacation Home by Income Class 18 Vacation Home Environment 19 Type Structure of Vacation Home 20 Value of Vacation Home and Land 21 Location of Vacation Home 22--- Recreation Development at Vacation Home 04 23 Recreation Facilities Available or Desired Near Vacation Home 05 24 Distribution of Average Annual Activity Participation by Type of Sample (Actual Demand) 06 25 By Income Groups (Actual Demand) .07 25 By Income Groups - continued and concluded 08 26 By Age (Actual Demand) 09 26 By Age - continued and concluded 10 27 By Education (Actual Demand) 11 27 By Education - continued and concluded 12 28 By Occupation (Actual Demand) 13 28 Continued 14 28 Continued 15 28 Continued 16 28 Continued 17 28 Concluded 18 29 By Employment (Actual Demand) 19 29 Continued 20 29 Continued 21 29 Concluded 22 30 By Residence and Dwelling Type (Actual Demand) 23 30 Continued and concluded 24 31 Vacations Taken and Planned 32 Type of Family Vacation Taken and Preferred 300 Computer FIGURE A-4 (continued) 'Output Tables Page Individual No. Tables Per Page General Description of Tables 25 33 Recreation Activities During Vacation 26 33 Continued and concluded 27 34 Vacation Travel - Longest Trip Taken 34 A. Persons on Trip 34 B. Days on Trip 34 C. Farthest Distance 35 Percentage of Vacation Time SDent in Georgia 36 Times Stayed with Friends on Vacation 28 37 Average Expenditure Per Day on Vacation 38 Types of Usual Family Vacations 39 Attendance at Convention in 1970 40 -Most Common Method of Travel During Vacations 29 41 States, Countries or Continents Visited on Vacation 30 41 Continued and concluded 31 42 Investment in Recreation Equipment 43 Vacation and Recreation Variable Expenses 44 Distribution of Factors of Prevention or Satisfaction 45 Opinion Survey on Funds 46 Willingness to Pay Additional Licensee Fees 32 47 Boating Activity 47 A. Ownership 47 B. Horsepower 47 C. Kind of Water 47 D. Boat Utilization 47 E. Type of Boat and Cabin Facilities 47 F. Fuel Purchase Location 47 G. Use of Boat 47 H. Boat Usually Kept At . . . 33 47 1. Opinions on Marine Fuel Tax Use 47 J. Water Zoning 48 Source of Hunting and Fishing Information 49 Detailed Fishing Activity 49 A. Number of Persons Fishing 49 B. Reasons for Not Fishing Next Year 49 C. Planning for Fishing 49 D. Trout Areas Actually Fished 49 E. Preference for Trout Fishing Areas 34 49 F. Tvpe of Areas Fished and Preferred 49 G. Plans for Fishing, by Type 49 H. Attraction of a Fishing Area 35 49 1. Counties Most Popular for Fishing 36 49 1. concluded 37 49 J. Preference for Saltwater Fishing 49 K. Preference for Freshwater Fishing 38 49 L. State in/from Which Most Fishing Done Public Relations Information: 50 A. Use of H & F License Money for Education 50 B. Participation in Sportsmen Group 50 C. Visit Game and Fish Exhibits at Fairs 50 D. Read Newspaper Outdoor Column 301 children 6 through 19, inclusive, are also shown in the table. The Supply section in this table is the total carrying capacity of that particular recreation resource or facility within a year. At the beginning of the study, it was designed for a comparison of 17 activities demanded with the corresponding opportunities. With the assistance received from the regional recreation planners, however, the consultant increased the number of comparisons to 35. Some of the activities were compared with the same resource or with more than one resource. Carrying capacities are expressed in number of annual activity occasions. The corresponding demand data have also been expressed in number of annual activity occasions. Therefore the two can be compared. If demand is greater than supply, then we have need. If the supply is greater than demand, we have idle capacity. A "need" is preceded with a - (minus) sign. Need Table 3. Conversion of Need/Idle Capacity into Actual Units The need or idle capacity columns of Table 2 have been reconverted into actual units of recreation opportunities, be it a resource (land and water acreage) or a facility (swimming pool). The 35 comparisons are listed with their units of measurements. The state totals reflect the composite addition of the regional totals, which are not calculated separately. There are only regional standards. Therefore regional needs, even with the same demand and same number of opportunities, do not nec- essarily reflect the same level of need. Consult Chapter XI (standards) for further explanation. Need Table 4. Activities Not Lending Themselves to Comparison with Supply Included in Table 4 are those recreation activities, 31 altogether, which do not lend themselves, as yet, to comparison with recreation facilities. Their demand was calculated by children and by adults and added together in the same manner as the Table 2 Demand column was cal- culated. These activities are listed and expressed in activity occasions for the information of the recreation planner. ANALYSIS OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ACTIVITY PARTICIPATION AND CERTAIN OTHER FACTORS In almost all aspects of human activity the level or intensity of activity is related in some way to numerous other factors or circumstances. For example, as a person advances in age there is a tendency for him to decrease activity that requires extreme physical exertion; or as a per- sonts income increases he has more funds available to spend for equip- ment or supplies required to participate in some activity in which he has an interest; also, if a person has a generous vacation period it may 304 permit him to engage in recreation activities which require considerable time for participation. If these factors can be represented by numerical values it is then possible to usethe responses of interviewees about their recreation par- ticipation and about their ages, education, incomes, length of vacation, etc., to calculate the relationship between recreation activity partici- pation and these factors. In technical language, the values of partici- pation obtained in this study are used as the "dependent variables." The other factors--age, income, etc.--to which such participation may be re- lated are the "independent variables." The data collected for this study were from a random sample of households in the state. It can therefore be assumed that the values of participation in activities are randomly distributed and that the values given for the-independent variables are also randomly distributed. From this, values for each of the factors, taken separately, together with the values for participation form what is called a bivariate distribu- tion: that is, two values from each of the interviewees, one being ac- tivity participation and the other being one of the various factors, form a joint distribution of *the two sets of values. If the dependent variable (participation) and the independent variable (age, income, etc.) increase together (e.g., if, in general, participation increases with an increase in income), the variables are said to-be positively corre- lated. If the dependent variable decreases with an increase in the in- dependent variable (e.g., if, in general, participation decreases with an increase in age) the variables are said to be negatively correlated. The method used in this analysis is that of simple least-squares regression of the dependent variable on the various independent variables, one at a time. The assumption (or hypothesis) to be tested was that the independent variables "explain" to some extent the participation of the respondents in outdoor recreation. The coefficient of correlation, an abstract value that varies between -1 and +1, is the measure of the de- gree of association or closeness between two variables. The nearer this coefficient approaches either -1 or +1, the higher the degree of associ- ation. There is no implication of a causal association. For example, the level of education does not cause a given level of recreation activ- ity. The explanation of what causes a given degree of association must be determined on the basis of evidence other than the numerical values used in the analysis. The square of the correlation coefficient is called by some authors the "coefficient of determination." This latter value is a measure of the proportion of variation in the dependent variable, Activity Partici- pation, in this study, which can be attributed to variation in a given independent variable. The balance of variation in the dependent variable, for a given test, is attributable to unexplained forces. The tests of the sample data show that there are varying degrees of association of Acitivity Participation with each of the independent var- iables. Based on "t" tests for the total state sample, it can be stated that, with the exception of the relationship of Activity Participation 305 with Hours Worked per Week, Number of Holidays, and Average Hours per Weekday, the probability is less than 1 in 100 that the value of the coefficient of correlation shown for each bivariate distribution came from a population of sample coefficents whose true value is zero. Stated another way, the probability is almost certainty that there is some de- gree of association between the dependent and independent variables. For the three independent variables named, the level o! significance is less than almost certainty. For this reason, inferences drawn from the analysis of these three distributions will be of reduced reliability. CONCLUSION The wide variety of analyzed data on state and regional levels will be a useful tool for the recreation planner on every level of government. Even interstate cooperation can be based on these analyses. Private recreation enterprises, from small family-owned business to multimillion dollar resort developments and/or vacation home community developments, will find this data useful in their determination of eco- nomic feasibility. Travel patterns--willingness to travel and for what type of outdoor recreation activity; preference for vacation homes, types, resorts; and dozens of other types of primary information have never before been made available to any state. The consultant expresses willingness to explain its use for regional and other planners if request- ed. N7 M" '0 7 J. W, A4 A 306 APPENDIX PART 2 BRIEF CONTENTS OF PROGRESS REPORTS The Georgia State Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan (SCORP), 1971 was born out of the necessity of updating the first major Georgia SCORP of 1968. In January 1970 two publicaitons were issued. represent- ing an assembled framework for a major updating. The Executive Summary, 1970 and the Detailed Schedule for Continuing Planning were the result of this preplanning procedure of the present plan, but they are not part of the present plan. Since Spring 1970 the planning process has resulted in four publica- tions, made available to the Inter-Agency Council on Outdoor Recreation through the Bureau of State Planning and Community Affairs, Natural Re- sources Division. A brief summary of these publications is given here for better understanding of the planning process. The summary table be- low clarifies the issue: DATE OF TOTAL NO. USED FOR PUBLICATION PAGES 1. INVENTORY OF Training field data collec- 8-31-1970 93 RECREATION AREAS tors, coding and data process- ing, comprehension 2. DEMAND SURVEY Training field data collec- 11-13-1970 142 MANUAL tors, coding and data process- ing,, comprehension 3. FACILITY AND Comprehension of recreation 1-15-1971 74 RESOURCE STANDARDS resource and facility stand- ards by regional, state and lo- cal planners; request for their assistance in planning 4. FINAL STANDARDS, Finalized facility and resource 3-9-1971 22 COMPUTERIZATION, standards to be used for the OUTPUT TABLES comparison of demand with car- PROPOSED rying capacity of the supply by regions These progress reports served their purpose of identifying the data to be collected, coded, transformed into data processing cards, tapes, or discs, and processed--as it is now published in the Statistical Sum- mary of this Plan. As can be seen from the Acknowledgement section of the Plan, and other publications, the number of persons involved in the planning process is estimated to be over 200. As the years go by, these trained people could be useful in their special locations in interpreting 307 APPENDIX PART 3 GLOSSARY OF TERMS Acreages: Acres of land, acres of water, and total acres were listed for recreation areas and areas of individual facilities, like play- grounds, etc. Activities: Fifty-seven (57) outdoor recreation activities were listed in the state comprehensive outdoor recreation plan. They were grouped into four major classifications: (1) water-based, (2) land-based, (3) snow- and ice-based, and (4) air-based. Activity Day: An activity day is the same as an activity occasion. Activity Occasion: An activity occasion represents one person six years and older participating in any of the 57 outdoor recreation activities listed for at least half an hour in one day. Adjacent Land Ownership: -Ownership of land adjacent to a recreation area was classified as public, private, or both public and private. Adjacent Land Suitable for Expansion: 'If the land adjacent to a recreation area was suitable for ex- pansion, then it was coded accordingly. This was done to de- termine how many recreation areas will be able to expand as demand increases. Adjacent Water: LJ There were six classifications of water adjacent to a recrea- tion area: (1) none; (2) under 100 acres; (3) 101 to 499 acres; (4) 500 to 999 acres; (5) 1,000 acres or more; and (6) river or stream. Administration: LJ The administration of a recreation area was classified (into 310 9 categories) as federal, state, county, city, other local government, quasi-public, school board, church, or private. Air Sports and Recreation: Flying for pleasure: Piloting or riding in an airplane for pleasure. Skydiving was also included. Flying on commercial airlines was not included in this category. Sailplane aliding: Riding or piloting a glider or sailplane for pleasure. Model plane and kite flying: Included helping children with flying model planes or kites. Annual Carrying Capacity: A recreation resource and/or facility can provide a certain amount of use without losing its quality. If this is added up for a 12-month period, then we speak of the annual carrying capacity of that resource or facility. Bureau of Outdoor Recreation: The Bureau of Outdoor Recreation (BOR) was established as part of the United States Department of the Interior in 1962. The BOR is responsible for administering the Land and Water Conservation (LAWCON) Fund Act, 1965--federal planning funds. The Bureau of Outdoor Recreation is also responsible for preparing a nationwide Recreation Plan every five years, to be submitted to the United States Congress. Comparison: Demand and Supply, Need and Idle Capacity: Comparisons of demand and supply were made for 35 major recre- ation activities. Demand and supply were converted into annual outdoor recreation activity occasions, and compared. If the demand was greater than supply, there was need. If the supply was greater than demand, there was idle capacity. Comparisons were made for 19 outdoor recreation regions and the state as a whole and published in the three volumes of the Statistical Summary. Consultant: Environmental Research Group, Bureau of Business and Economic Research, Georgia State University, 33 Gilmer Street, S.E., Atlanta, Georgia 30303. Contact Hour: Same as an activity occasion. 311 Conversion: The calculation of a unit of a recreation facility or resour ce into an annual number of recreation opportunities for the pub- lic. In this calculation standards are used, and the product is the average annual carrying capacity. County: The 159 counties in Georgia were organized into 19 recreation regions. The county block principle was maintained throughout the planning process because most of the statistical informa- tion available from governmental and private sources is based on county lines. Demand: The demand for outdoor recreation is defined as the desire and ability to participate in any of the 57 recreation activities listed. The demand for outdoor recreation was identified by use of or participation by adults and children in any of the 57 outdoor recreation activities in the calendar year 1970. The demand survey was compiled through household interviews in December 1970 and in January 1971. It includes 2,410 house- holds with 7,156 persons 6 years and older (see Statistical Summary, Volume I, State Totals-14, Table 2.) Demand Projection Multiplier: Fixed projection multipliers were used to determine the future demand 'for outdoor recreation activities and opportunities. The 1970 calendar year participation rate of the Georgia pop- ulation was accepted as 100 percent. For future years the following fixed projection multipliers of the base year were used: 110 percent for 1975, 120 percent for 1980 and 130 per- cent for 1985. Demand Survey, 1970: To determine the demand for outdoor recreation activities a survey was designed and administered to a randomly selected portion (2,410 household units) of the total Georgia popu- lation. Their participation was extended to the universe (total Georgia population). The survey provided the demand structure for recreation opportunities in Georgia, which was analyzed for 19 outdoor recreation regions and the state as a whole. Development of Recreation Areas: Further development of recreation areas was divided into three 312 categories: planned, considered, or not considered. If a recreation area was planning to develop more facilities, then it was also inventoried (i.e., the expansion part) as a potential recreation area. If the further development of an area was only considered or not considered, such was recorded only, and not considered in the potential inventory. Eli@ibility: The eligibility of federal or state agencies or political sub- divisions to receive federal funds from the Land and Water Conservation Fund Act, 1965, for the purposes of acquiring land and water acreages and developing outdoor recreation facilities in the state is based on an accepted state plan for outdoor recreation. The procedure of acceptance and time span is one of the functions and responsibilities of the U.S. Bureau of Outdoor Recreation. Existing Recreation Area: An area open for recreation during the calendar year 1970. Factors of Prevention: Factors that prevented the persons interviewed from participa- ting more often in outdoor recreation were: 1. Lack of time 6. Visited relatives out- 2. Lack of funds of-state 3. Prefer urban-cultural 7. Young children in the activity family 4. Dissatisfied with oppor- 8. Indoor activities pre- tunities in Georgia ferred 5. Areas close to home too 9. Age or health reasons, crowded or do not like to Fees Charged: travel There were five categories under the question: Which of the following methods for providing additional funds for outdoor recreation facilities would you recommend? (one per each) 1. User fee (camping, etc.) 2. State Park Permit 3. Federal Golden Eagle Passport 4. State tax revenues 5. Local tax assessment bond issue User fee; A charge for the use of a developed facility, such 313 as a camping area or cabin. State Park Permit: An entrance fee to be collected and ear- marked for further development of the State Park System in Georgia. Federal Golden-Eagle Passport: Federal admission "passport" to national forests, parks, monuments, and other federal recreation areas all over the United State s. Its receipts have been utilized for land and water acquisition and development of additional and/or improved facilities for the public. State tax revenues: Information or opinion was sought from the general population of Georgia as to their wil- lingness to earmark additional or new taxes for outdoor recreation development for general public use. Local tax assessment and bond issue: Opinion was sought as to local tax increases or bond issues for local recre- ation development. This information is available on a county basis. However, the data are statis- tically significant only for the state and regional levels. Idle Capacity: When supply is greater than demand. This is available by re- gion and state level in 35 recreation opportunities (see Sta- tistical Summary). Land-Based Activities: 1. Archery: Any bow and arrow shooting for sport only. 2. Attending outdoor concerts and plays: Attendance at mu- sical, dramatic, artistic, or other nonsporting, passive, out- door events. Drive-in movie attendance was excluded. 3. Biking: Any type of bicycling for recrea tion. Bicycling for transportation was not included. 4. Bow and arrow hunting: Hunting with bow and arrow. 5. Bird watching, bird and wildlife photography: Watching bird's or wildlife outdoors and/or taking pictures of them. 6. 'Cave exploring: Visiting caves underground. 7. Driving for pleasure (sedan): Driving and riding for pleas- ure in regular passenger car. 8. Driving for pleasure (All-Terrain-Vehicle (ATV), Jeep, Dune Buggy): Driving a four-wheel drive vehicle, such as a Jeep, International Harvester Scout, Ford Bronco, or Land-Rover, etc., on a rough road in order to see more of the outdoors or to pursue game and fish; also riding motorcycles on rough roads. 9. Driving for pleasure (motorcycle): Any kind of two or three-wheeled motorcycle riding in outdoors. 10. Organized camping: Organized camping by a public organi- 314 zation like Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, etc.; could be in a bar- racks type building or in a hotel or motel, not necessarily a tent. 11. Hiking in wilderness__(with gear): Hiking with gear or pack in primitive, wilderness areas. 12. Horseback ridina: Recreational horseback riding. 13. Hunting big game: Big game includes deer, elk, bear, mountain goat, bighorn sheep, and antelope. 14. Hunting small game: Small game includes rabbits, pheasants, turkey, quail, fox, etc. 15. Mountain climbing with gear: Climbing rocks with gear, either alone or in teams. Mountain hiking was excluded. 16. Nature walking in rural areas: Walking in rural setting for pleasure. 17. other land based: Any land-based activity not listed here. 18. Picnicking: An outdoor activity away from home, the pri- mary purpose being the preparation or eating of a meal outdoors. 19. Playing golf: Includes playing golf on a regular 9 or 18- hole golf course or driving range, or putting on a miniature course. 20. Playing outdoor games: Team play and individual play with emphasis on active participation. Golf and tennis are excluded. 21. Playing tennis: Any type of tennis p@ayed outdoors. 22. Primitive camping: Camping in wilderness, or in primitive natural setting. 23. Sightseeing_: Seeing interesting sights, either scenic areas or man-made objects, outdoors. 24. Target shooting: Practicing or target shooting with any gun, BB, air or firearm. 25. Tent camping: Living outdoors with a shelter or bedroll, sleeping bag, or in a partially open hut. The tent camper had to take his bedding equipment and food with him. 26. Track and field participation: Includes all sport and rec- reation using tracks and/or related fields or open spaces. 27. Trailer camping: Camping outdoors with trailer (house trailer, pickup camper, or camper-trailer) for recreation. Regular living in a trailer home area was not included. 28. Trapping gamer Any trapping of game included in this cat- egory. 29. Trap shooting: Trap and skeet shooting for pleasure. 30. Visiting an arboretum: Visits to botanic gardens are in- cluded here. 31. Visiting farm: If resident of a nonfarm home in urban area. 32. Visiting outdoor exhibits: All outdoor exhibits and fairs attended. 33. Visiting zoo: Visits to zoo or a zoo-type facility. 34. Walking for pleasure: Walking for pleasure inside urban areas. 35. Watching outdoor games: Passive recreation activity, in- cluded because of the location and/or facility needed to accom- 315 modate this participation. 36. Wildlife and bird photography: Only wildlife and bird photography included. Leisure Time: In family sample unit types, information on the available lei- sure time in the calendar year of 1970 was requested from the husband, wife, and children. In nonfamily units, the infor- mation was requested from occupants one, two, and three (adult males or adult females). Vacation: Vacation was measured in working days and defined as paid vacation time or, in the case of self-employed or re- tired persons, vacation was measured as time away from work or time away from home. i I Holidays: Nine days are considered holidays: New Year's Day, Lincoln's Birthday, Washington's Birthday, Memorial Day, Inde- pendence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving, Christmas, and New Year's Eve. Leisure hours per weekend: The leisure hours per weekend were expressed as a standard total of 28 hours per weekend, starting Friday, 6:00 p.m. until 10:00 p.m.; and Saturday and Sunday from 9:00 a.m. until 9:00 p.m. Leisure hours per weekday: Daily number of hours of leisure time was four hours, from 6:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m., Monday through Thursday. Local Resident: A resident of the State of Georgia during the study period. Most Popular Activities: The most popular activities were ranked as first, second, and third most pursued by a recreationist in a given recreation area. The first three activities were chosen from the 57 recreation activities listed. Need: Need is the difference between demand and supply when demand is greater than supply. Nonrecreation Use of Area: The following 10 nonrecreation uses were recorded: timber production, mining, grazing, farming, industry, commerce, private inholdings, seasonal buildings, through roads, and public utilities. 316 Other Features: Recreation areas could have additional features: natural lakes and ponds, reservoirs, rivers and streams, rapids and waterfalls, cold springs, warm or hot springs, river swamps, canyons and river gorges, forest environment, wildlife, primitive areas, caves, fire and lookout towers, archeology, human history, natural history, urban parks, cultural parks, interpretive facilities, museums, outdoor exhibits, geology, overlooks, fish hatcheries, game farms, zoos, and reptile and/or bird farms. Outdoor Recreation Activity: The Georgia SCORP covers 57 outdoor recreation activities in the following major categories: water-based land-based winter sports air-based Some of the activities require developed facilities, some re- sources only. Out-of-State Activities: The extent to which Georgia residents participated in recreation activities out-of-state was examined. The percentage of the total vacation time spent in the state was measured. Each per- son was asked about the first and second activities. Out-of-State Visitor: A visitor from any other state to Georgia. Ownership: The ownership of a recreation area was classified as federal, state, county, city, other local government, quasi-public, school board, church, or private. Participation Rate: Annual average number of times an adult (age 20 or above) or a child (6 through 19, inclusive) participated in any one of the listed outdoor recreation activities. The participation rate is an average "use" figure. Physiographic Region: Georgia has three distinguishable physiographic regions: mountain, seacoast, and (in between) Piedmont. The 19 outdoor recreation regions were grouped into these three physiographic regions for planning purposes. 317 Population: The population of the state of Georgia as of July 1, 1969, and population projections to 1975, 1980, and 1985 were used. In each case, the population was divided into two age groups: children 6 through 19 and adults 20 and older. Potential Recreation Area: Potential recreation areas were identified in the supply inven- tory as those that are presently planned or under construction and will be open to the public on or before December 31, 1474. Primary Data: Information collected from households and/or businesses which is not available in published sources. Questionnaire: Demand Survey: A twelve-page questionnaire, providing for several hundred answers, was designed to record the primary data collected from 2,410 Georgia households. 'These data were 'coded on the questionnaire and later transferred to IBM punch- cards for data processing. A sample page of the questionnaire is found in Part 4 of the Appendix. Supply Inventory: A ten-page questionnaire was designed to contain the data collected on the outdoor recreation areas. A sample page of this questionnaire also appears in Part 4 of the Appendix. Ratio: The number of units of recreation resources and/or facilities divided by 1,000 Georgia population 6 years and older. Recreation Activity: Any recreation activity, either active or passive, for pleasure or enjoyment, in any of the 57 activities listed in the demand and supply surveys and/or inventories. Recreation Area: A recreation area is a unit of recreation enterprise, public or private, that is administered for outdoor recreation. Recreation Facilities: A recreation facility is a man-made recreation building or 318 structure that provides outdoor recreation opportunities for visitors to an area. Recreation facilities were measured in acres, square feet, and other units. See any supply or need section in the Statistical Summary. Recreationist: A person who participates in any of the 57 outdoor recreation activities and is at least six years old. Recreation Opportunity: A recreation opportunity is the availablity of recreation re- sources and/or areas with facilities or equipment that provides outdoor recreation experiences for pleasure and enjoyment. Cer- tain outdoor recreation activities need only a resource, such as land for hunting game. Other activities need developed facilities: golf courses, swimming pools, tennis courts, etc. Opportunities are limited by the seasons of the year; climatic conditions; lack of facilities, resources, and maintenance; and other factors. Recreation Region: A recreation region is one of the 19 regional combinations of the 159 counties in Georgia. The regions were formed on the basis of the similarity of the recreation resources, population, climate, topography, and other socioeconomic and geographic factors--corresponding to the regions of the Area Planning and Development Commission regions, commonly known as APDCs. Recreation Resources: A recreation resource is any natural or man-made area or facil- ity that provides recreation opportunities. The primary recre- ation resources are land, water, and air. All the other re- sources, timber, scenery, etc., are subject to or a direct function of the three primary resources. Rural Area: A rural area is an area with little concentration of population and less than 2,500 people. Sample Unit: A sample unit in the Georgia Recreation Survey, 1970, demand function was one household within the state of Georgia where a nonfamily or family unit resided. There were 2,410 sample units with 7,156 persons in the demand survey. 319 SCORP: State Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan, a study required by federal law for states to be eligible to receive funds for Season: recreation land and water acquisition and development. Each recreation area was identified by the number of months it was open for business: 1-3, 4-6, 7-9, and 10-12. Secondary Data: Usually refers to government publications on population, busi- ness, housing, recreation characteristics, etc. It might be any data not designed to be collected for a particular study. Snow and Ice-Based Activities: 1. Ice fishing: Fishing on ice for any type of fish. 2. Ice skating: Ice skating outdoors for enjoyment, including playing hockey. 3. Other winter sport: Not elsewhere identified. 4. Sledding and tobogganing: Any kind of snow sledding and tobogganing. 5. Snowmobile driving and riding: Driving or riding in a snow- mobde for outdoor enjoyment. 6. Snow skiing and snow shoeing: Skiing at either a regular @ski resort or anywhere outdoors; snow shoeing--walking on snow with the aid of a snowshoe. Socioeconomic Factors: Seven socioeconomic factors were surveyed and used throughout this study: 1. Age: The age of the head of the sample unit on December 31, 1970--classified into six different groups. 2. Education: The number of school years completed by December 31, f970. 3. Employment Record: Number of months employed or unemployed during 1970. 4. Income: Annual income during 1970. 5. Length of residency: Number of years of residency in the state of Georgia. 6. Occupation: Seventeen occupational classifications were used-, corresponding generally to the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census classifications. In addition, twelve in- dustries were identified as to location of work. Categories of 11not in labor force" and "other" were also given in the total coverage of this factor. 320 7. Wife's employment record: The wife's employment record was requested even if she was not considered the head of the sample unit. Standards: Standards are the keys to converting the capacities of recre- ation facilities or resources into activity occasions so that the facilities or resources may be compared with demand. Stand- ards are approved by state and regional recreation planners as the best attainable goals for resource management and develop- ment for their regions. State Outdoor Recreation Comprehensive Plan (SCORP): This plan is required by the Land and Water Conservation Fund Act, 1965. In order to receive or to be eligible for federal funds, each state must prepare a plan that calculates the rec- reation needs or idle capacities of its counties and/or regions. This planning effort is concentrated on outdoor recreation facilities and land and water resources, both public and pri- vate. The Georgia SCORP consists of an Executive Summary, a Narrative Plan, Acquisition and Development Plan, and the Statistical Summary. Statistical Summary: The Statistical Summary, in three volumes, contains the data from the Georgia Recreation Survey, 1970. The supply and de- mand functions and the comparisons to determine the need for or idle capacity of major recreation facilities and resources throughout the state are in the Statistical Summary. The analysis is organized into 19 recreation regions and the state as a whole. Supply: The supply of outdoor recreation in Georgia represents the total carrying capacities of the resources, opportunities, and facilities of recreation areas, both public and private. Supply Inventory: The supply inventory is that part of the Georgia Recreation Survey, 1970, which includes a complete inventory of outdoor recreation areas, both public and private, in Georgia. After the field survey was completed, the State Outdoor Recreation Inter-Agency Council checked missing recreation areas. The supply inventory includes all recreation areas existing in the Spring of 1971 and field checked to May 10,1971. 321 Terrain or Setting: The terrain or setting of the recreation area was ranked as first and second type only. The types of terrain are: agri- cultural, wetland, brushland, woodlands and forest, urban, grassland, and mountainous. Tourist Enroute: A transient tourist who is going to another state, but travel- ing through Georgia. Transient Motel: Transient motels cater to travelers who stay only one night. Transient motels were not considered to be recreation facil- ities in this SCORP. Type of Recreation Area: Functional types of recreation areas: natural, historic, and man-made as listed in the BOR Classifications in Chapter VIII. There were four classifications of recrea 'tion areas: existing 10 acres or less; existing 11 acres or more; potential expan- sion of existing area; and potential absolutely new develop- ment. Type of Sample Unit: Sample unit types were either family or nonfamily types. The family types included husband, wife, and child or children; husband and wife only; husband and children only; wife and children only; husband, wife and others. Nonfamily units in- cluded one, two, or more male(s) or female(s) and nonfamily other. Urban Area: An urban area is an area with a large concentration of popu- lation. According to the Bureau of the Census of the U.S. Department of Commerce, any town with a population of more than 2,500 is an urban area. Visitation: Visitations to recreation areas were classified as either day- time or overnight. The number of visitations was either an actual count or estimate. One visit may represent more than one recreation activity. Visitor: A visitor to a recreation area is one person at least six 322 years old. Visitor Day: A visitor day represents either a full day or part of a day spent in a recreation area by one visitor. It implies par- ticipation in at least one activity. Visits: One person at least six years old visiting a recreation area for part of a day, a full day, or overnight, implying that recreation activities were pursued during the visit. Visits are classified as either daytime or overnight. Universe: The total population of the state of Georgia on July 1, 1970. The characteristics of the sampled population were extended to the universe population by region and added together for the state totals. Water-Based Activities: Boating: All types of boating on water except canoeing. Canoeing: Riding or paddling a canoe on water. Fishin&, coldwater: Fishing for any kind of freshwater trout. Fishing, warmwater: Fishing for fish except trout. Sailing: Riding or sailing a sailboat on water. Skin diving: Scuba or skin diving in fresh or salt water. Swimming: Swimming, wading, or bathing outdoors for sport and/or recreation. Waterfowl hunting: Hunting wild duck, geese, mallard, or any other waterfowl on land or water, including wood ducks. Water skiing: Skiing on water skis on a water surface, being pulled by a motor boat or any other means. 323 APPENDIX PART 4 QUESTIONNAIRES USED IN GEORGIA SCORP, 1971 Various questionnaires were used in collecting the basic data for the Georgia State Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan, 1971. The one used to inventory the Demand for Outdoor Recreation and Fishing and Hunting Impact Study (Demand) consisted of 12 pages which were coded on 13 IBM cards. This questionnaire consisted of 95 single or multiple questions, including the 3 uniform field questions on each card. To these questions, there were a total of 889 possible answers available to the respondents. The Inventory of Recreation Areas (Supply) questionnaire consisted of 10 pages of questions which were coded on 8 IBM cards. This inventory contained 88 single or multiple questions with a total of 371 possible answers. In addition, the responses to Feature Card 6 allow for an in- finite number of answers as a description of the re,creation area is re- quested. Thus, the total possible answers cannot be mathematically com- puted for this questionnaire. The Civic Leaders Participation Survey consisted of 3 different questionnaires, of 2 pages each. One, containing 5 questions, was sub- mitted to the mayors of cities and towns in Georgia with a population in excess of 10,000. The other two, each containing 4 questions, sur- veyed Chambers of Commerce in the state and state legislators on the subject of outdoor recreation facilities. The possible answers to all questions in the survey, with the exception of the one on each question- naire requesting permission to publish the information, are infinite. This is due to the fact that the questions do not provide for multiple choice or single answers. The Financial Survey consisted of a 1-page questionnaire which was submitted to financial institutions, both banks and savings and loan associations in the state. Each consisted of 5 questions with 12 possible answers. 324 01110,14 01 PIS CAR 01 cote f 01C G C 3k) co,,.,91 1,0@s r., 48* common artlel act react on 'F4 ,on the to 'ER kc C."" R) as Q,) ""CA- '40-6M treat "CI,"X COOV O"E,kco@ ftset. an EC Of AREP. --- d 'leads 0 C PPP ,Ori ""Ec, ,@S COUEC"M,RS,4@ 1 O,API.I S,P0,91 0"E)kCOI B) @@2 cIty for Our PEP 1 16 do., FE is are Z needs. LC CR's OR 1, PC ,,,,Sr "RE" 2 --- @.P D,,R @--q ""r. 10 OR "0 1E,6,4% f lo 1@ "C'S@, P, ms 11""'o OV 0, is) Is Or city?I , fyPOSTSO ONOC C0iJ,'jPxE PEN-nor' P,5SO'UPkC,1fC" 3 to 4eet t PR 11 0",1% P, ;." 'Re S,,,-_3 - -'IZE Of 11T@,,C-- -10, 1CC 19 he future clued TY'LISPWIFI, 110, "0 1014 Of 0, RP, 'jif"Cl .'ApCI SPAR" Our S'0 ""%)-%=ED recreation "PAL, @C 6"20, P, t:7@- o*. -GSO U,5A ON 'pe v -7@;,rbf 'E'Be too PUN E you S Rec, G IGENC' ',,963)) Is the act 'seett Ile, role Of 1105"R@- O@%@UD bA%`4,UjjSSkCO@ CLS eAZS@1%) 'C5 on fact 4S 'Vour *K,,E Of D"'Oe as? correct the count 12 4,k,O`ESkCO@S -, - S -r 7, 'tat r -and toc ,f,E,,S,r ore req,, e. an 'O'Sr p,LEN) US 11'G "ER S d federal %S. OG,@ "GONA" co',@- amours f out kCOLS0 0,51 PMC@ S, A@e @4' 0, 0 0",1 D" G", "0. ovt4l) ACCESf,c.. kcc@ tAER GGos @0,4@ I, SO ,De% ,,OF,0- Al -CP ", S. "'C"I @@2 . ,-MIRSMIAER SE IG _7B, ,6. O@@y , 11 ",p) O@ NUM You he" RCC"PT ON P - a far ,k '-'doora ac It reac,., Y%eiltal strut, Or v E R I T Y GEORG need.? 9Ir A Ir 1E DA AeEORGIA 3o3O3 f-sTA,, "A NO N1,)APO E 0R 0REET. 5,ILAHTA. HUNT,'Ccom -UT.. @3 111"S' socio-e@cswToulm),@,('CSHr"U@oEyt@CR'ATIo"@"@nEICFEATioI P)LAN C ARAE,, rERO) CA,o FISHINGA7971 IST, ENDA, I I CARD R. c.U, NUMBER CS CA NO EAR 970) Tv'@M, D, B 6.----------- _! "EWNI,.VS S=. 4 C CENSUS. AMPLE qVgSTIONUIRE `UITI-11's-N, , B ",I UNITNO CENSUS W "'PE OF A-I'LIUN, 'THIN CITY CAI? OL 0 ,UB@s ACT, OR IN ......SOe ., ,, policies prohibit loans ter 'CAB -1, NO Is - I'D 'fX) APPL or operators HUS8ANGAWiFE AN'D our inatitutiOn's,leading LEOOD@NC; ON DISTRi, Does Y rating cap a, to private developers -2,"U8ANDAID,, NLY - NON.'AM equity Or OP -agesl ... rt hotels Or motels -4 H FIANbCHILD IL04REN) ONLY -6. NON-PAM,'LLY ONE of recreation bosine includes 11 fares. fishing a NO,,, USIAND. .,,, AREN) OIL MALE Y ZF (Private recreation b camp ground. gas IBER NON-FAMIL@0 els, etc. WI I, OF CHILOR No OT"C4 S' MORE MALES 9 OLD,S IARENIS IN. SIX YEARS WCE I MALE [,,Or transient not I lakes, -tc-) 70, ,,,LAECNILO AMILy OTHERR MORE FEMALES I, OF? OLDER BUTSTILL ()I,, ILoryD,L GATHOM Yes CATEGO EISURF TIME 4@AGE NDENTON AND LIVING 70 RY 010- I'm V_A, R,NSDY 1ER,8 SIX MALI-_, ,L")A,.N_,.,AL CN01) 'CHS N N N N N TOTAL DAYSN""ALI for an outdoor -@EIIZ' AY 75 No .WE AVERAGE IT IDI no application EkDAYAVEp4GE,3`URS/WE, @n ever received 10 EFT D"EN 10, ,@O 'KEND DCCU""'T CCC1LOREN OR 2* lis. your inatituti4 by 8 Pr jests operator? URS/DA -@NO 20 Uii recreation enterprise D`U'UR Z@- -- __ ANrND I I ZA,,UES'1ONS RD,G U Yes IZI) A"IICA ib '2 'ElIR I,, -I, ON -HOWIONG A.. SSEDINNON DAYS YOU 'YrOTHEHEAOOPHO wq-5,U@SEROF@D`O DER -ILELIG-@2 No @, .,I @' f reCreAti EA -1I.,E to private Operators SS I GEORG RIII. DA ',@E`OtA USEHOL 2@ on ever made loan. H,EE 'SA" G OU '0 -1 CAI HAS your insticuti S 1"@C'Y 3. businift6ses 13 WHAT OR YEARS EARS "OR f7' IS"' IN YEARS . ,,I AGE OP THE ELE,,NT. Yes 3oTG RSOLD OpUNHEADOFTH@@'S, LIFETIME -ja HOUSEHOLD,( -3, 40 To 39 YEARS OLD DER R MORE. Nor LIFETIME HOWMA" Y@ YIARsO(O 10 TO 59 ARS -S7 - I , ,,"EAR, HAVE ,6S I ECATEGORY, 35 tion ..naider outdoor recreat OUATT @6 700 YTEO, 89 Y does Your institu 2 a To I, YER LES, EN.,,,,@."ARSI-- OaO (C 43 45 4. Generally speaking, 5;,-3, " TO 13 YEARS -4- 14 To 7IC enterprises to be good 1risks? HAT is AR' -5, Ye FIS6ATEGORY) "DO YEARS (-ENI --01,,,."SS%-U1ArI-NI,, -i7- Yes -02 M`6CHN1CAL NAL E40 LIST To RESPONDENT, -" I, F0. - D4 '1171AICA'," FOREMAN -11 g@,FTSMAN,,,CHECKON -CAI,D, No 4T,VE LIED CATEGORY, r, RESIDENCY SALES - IZ RIT, R, `6 R,,, RETA'I -HO0 CI C13 P,.,,,,@ No opinion ,IRsOE I LU.,NG-EIALE 'OIL ,.I 0FAIMC,INA M--IFI ",),R 52 AGE cooperate th state and/or federal ag RLD 5. would your institution f wiplv.t. jacreation develO OR FOR', RICHER `,E)),FIN I, Co's'RUCSTZ FISHER 16- STU FULL TIMERCSS (ACT, Ile OUT" r3 EDUCATION T, 'T PpARTT'MI to, or 01 W KEEIR (SBA, tc.),to pide capital IN ".A&ORER 0 RK @@,787 HDMIMA@, to t A%@ 3-4 -- OCCUPA@ION your no y -01, A', INDUSTRY DO -- N.,,@, , GCUR' 'YOU R"' LABOR .R@ Yes 2R IS -RE=. I" 'is' TO OF CTC STRUCTION F`@OLESA,, OnENT)rCEC INDUSTRY IIONE CATEGORY, No G CT INANCE ,,, RETAIL7 K RAD, SERVICESIBLIURANCSO,, Seriously Ccn" der CSPOR'ArN@::@1`2' GO'@RNMIN SINESSOppRE@L ESTATE Would 07 ILETU I AT"SOTHER I fFF0IRAI SONAII . G , OR SITAA_CO NOT IN I. ITAIE OR IOCAII Comments*. __: 'OR,___ .325 MAPS BASED ON APDC REORGANIZATION, JULY 1972 The Georgia SCORP was prepared according to survey data tabulated by recreation regions which largely corresponded with the existing Area Plan- ning and Development Commission (APDC) regions as shown on the map on- page xiii. As of July 1, 1972, some changes were made in the geographical composi- tion of the Area Planning and Development Commissions. The new regions are shown on the following map, after which individual regional maps indicate major existing and planned recreation resources and facilities according to the new organization of APDCs. The reorganization of July affected the following regions as indicated: 5. Northeast Georgia: dropped Newton County. 6. Chattahoochee Flint: dropped Harris, Talbot, Upson, and Pike counties. 7. McIntosh Trail: added Newton, Upson, and Pike counties. 13. Altamaha and 14. Georgia Southern: combined to become Region 13, Altamaha/Georgia Southern; dropped Effingham and Chatham counties. 15. Lower Chattahoochee: became Region 14; added Harris and Talbot counties; dropped Early County. 16. Southwest Georgia: became Region 15; added Early County. 17. Coastal Plain: became Region 16; added Ben Hill County. 18. Slash Pine: became Region 17; dropped Ben Hill County. 19. Coastal Region: became Region 18; added Effingham and Chatham counties. TENNESSEE NORYH CAROLINA N6rth 4eorgi@. 011 _jJ eorgi"b aIns, Coosa Valle th G rgia "N Atl ii@ egion ZZ hooch -McInt s h Fil t Tr 11 Central Savannah River 'Oco m#d I Low Geor1gia hottahaachee em r t of: Gel\rgl Alt@niahci/\ Gebrg;@L. Middle',Flint Southern "Coasto.. as 57@ h Pi..'! outh%4est Ge 10 co@stal P1 6 In FLIIIUA MAPS BASED ON APDC REORGANIZATION, JULY 1912 19,00SA VALLEY Basic Data 10 Counties 'Ili ggold j Area - 4,016 square miles DAD Population - 304,289 CAT SA 2 WALKER 7' DQd CHA OGA i:FOOGA 'Calhoun Su merville BARTOW ra N-1 LEGEND: N-,2 N.. Rome/ al Highways Existing Princip, Proposed Highways FLOYD -.d%, Major Water Resources e -5 H Existing Urban Areas 41 Probable Urban Growth I Existing Recreation/open Space N-4 8 Proposed Recreation/open Space Cedartown LDIPG H-1, HistoricalSites Natural Area Sites KEY To 1--;-'.AP POLK H-1 New Echota H-2 Oostanaula Covered Bridge Dallas H-3 Euharlee Covered Bridge H-4 Etowah Indian Mounds HARALSON Is H-5 Sam Jones House N-1 Sag Ponds N-2 Marshall Forest* N-3 Ladds Quarry N-4 Pumpkinvine Creek Proposed Natural Area 1 Cloudland Canyon 2 Lookout Mountain (Rock City Gardens & I Fairyland Caverns)* 3 Lake Winnepassauka 4 Chickamauga National Military Park 5 Chattahoochee National Forest 6 Rocky Mountain Proposed Project (Georgia Power Company) 7 Berry College* 8 Lake Allatoona 9 Sea Breeze - Lake Olympia* 10 Pigeon Mountain Proposed Open Space Site *Private N-ORTFt (REORGI)4 McCaysville @,\27 FANNIN Vartiell f Mineral Bluff"\-\ Blue RidgeK_-@@\ WHITFIELD 15 301: 13 .7 7- fL-r- RAYe@@ 2 20 7r, 4Dal rt. W, 22 2 2 at ith 3 41 Ellij ILL 9 LEGEND: Existing Principal Highways Major Water Resources Proposed Water Resources 0 Existing Urban Areas ------ Probable Urban Growth asper Existing Recreation/Open Space -PICKENS Proposed Recreation/Open Space Historical Sites V, Tate KEY TO MAP CHEROKEE 12 (1) Cherokee County Park (2) Kenny Askew Mernorial Park (3) Buffington Community Park (4) Jasper Community Park (5) Pickens County Park (6) Owl Town Creek Regional Park (7) Gilmer River Park (8) Carter's Lake Recreation Areas (9) Carter's Lake (10) Coosawattee River (E.P.) Canton (11) Allatoona Lake 26 (12) Etowah River (E.P.) (13) Blue Ridge Community Park (14) Blue Ridge Lake (15) Morganton Point Recreation Area Holly Springs (16) Jacks River (E.P.) (17) Conasauga River (E.P.) (18) Blue Ridge Recreation Areas (19) Chatsworth-Murray Recreation Center (20) Dalton Recreation Lake (21) Dalton Reservoir (22) Whitfield County Park (23) Brookwood Neighborhood Park Woods ock (24) Lakeshore Park C H E R OKEE Canton 26 Holly Springs (25) Fort Mountain State Park Basic Data (26) Allatoona Public Hunting Area (27) Cohutta National Fish Hatchery 6 Counties (28) Chattahoochee National Fish Hatchery Area - 2,096 square miles (29) National Forest Population - 131,086 (1970) (30) CohuttaWildlife Management Area (includes Jacks/Conasauga River) H1 -Chief Vann House H2 -Fort Mountain kABUN::::::: .... . .... ........ ............... . .... .. ......... UNION: . ....... OWNS .......... ................... ... ................ X. :' ............. .. ........ . ........... . ........ . ......... ................... .... ... . . ................ ... ::: ..: . .. ....................... ...... Way ..... .... .... ....... .......... .. ...... ... .. ..... ..... ...... ::::.:. .... .............. ............ ... MP .... ........... ....... ........... qIaytoix:::::- . . ......... ................ .......... ........... .... ......... .......... ....... ......... :::4::. "'1"1"" .:1: .......... . . ... -:::::: -:--- .... ....... B i i ........ e ............. ...... ....... ........... .......... ....... ... .............. ..... . .......... :::::.: @--- ........... ........................ ... *'' ... .. .... . ........... ... ........... ............... .......... ...... ................. . ............. ............. . ............ ...... -................ ....... ....... .... ............ . ...... ........... ............ ........ .......... ....... .......... ... 76"'" ............. . . . . . . . . .......... W E s Eu?\. ( 3A ....................... ..................... .. ................. WILDLIFE .. ...... ...... .............. ......... ........... ........... .... ..... 4ANAGEMENT AREAS .................. . .. ..... ...... ............ ... ............ ..... ........... ........... ............ XX ... ................... ........ .... 1. Warwoman 1. .... ."-.-...*.'.* ... .:.:. I I ............ ... .............. ........ ..... .................. ... ......... .............. 2. Coleman R ................ ...... ...... ..... iver OUNT)41NS ............. ...... ........ 3. Swallow CFeek Helen 4. Lake Burto n . ......... ...... .. ....... . ...... ........... .......... ...... ... Basic Data 5. Lake Russell 6. Blue Ridge ...... ...... 13 Counties ...... .... .......... ........ ......... 7. Chattahoochee ........ .......... Area - 3,403 Square Miles .......... B. Chestatee ....... .......... ....... Population - 192,598 .......... KI L U M P .... ............. :::X ............... .............. ffaloo .. ............. ..... ...... .. ............. .......... .... .. ............ ....... . ............ .. . I ...... .......... .......... ........... -X` ...... ....... .......... "/Cleveland ............... ...... .... ............... .............. ........ . ......... occoa .............. ..... ....... ....... ............. .. ... ..... ..... .. @D4 lonega Comell, -X: HALL ... ..... oej ......... STEPHENS I /n irti FRANKLIN 0 Ha-rt'well BA S Lavonia Pawsonvill) NK HART #2kLulu 441 k, fto DAO ON 2 Homer 3 Canon 85 A FORSYTH Hartwell Lake I Lanie 29 Gainesville Royston Cumnu,ng,- LEGEND Existing Principal Highways Major State Parks Proposed Highways Major Private Recreation Major Water Resources Wildlife Management Areas Proposed Water Resources National Forest Existing Urban Areas Appalachian Trail Probable Urban Growth jffTLRNTR MFTF,0P0L1TBN Lake Sidn y Lanier ,- @,i @_/Buford COBB ROSWELL Chattahoochee River k' Allat..n. Ft. Mo ume Kennesaw Mtn. Nat'l. nD n!e.1t I Battlefield Park MARIETTA GWJNNETT D10 R A SMYRNA SAND-Y LAWRENCEVILLE SPRINGS I V LL 01 E POWDER SPRINGS AUSTELL AREA CHAMBLEE 7 4 Stone 10 Mt-- Memorial Park Fj rNorr 2 9 Lake % DECATUR a 8 3 % 5 6 DOUGLASVIL@. ATLANTA r-J DeKALB I CONYEF E AST L-t2INT COLLEGE -ROCKDALE PARK Airport FOREST 1 #4 DOUGLAS PARK Panola P.V at Riverdale % J# Lake Cochran Mill-Fulton Co. Spive FULTON CLAYTO I ATLANTA ATTRACTIONS 1. Six Flags Over Georgia 2. Atlanta Memorial Art Center 3. Cyclorama-Grant Park Zoo Basic Data 4. Stvan House 5. Underground Atlanta 7 Counties 6. Atlanta Stadium Area - 2,053 Square Miles 7. Governors Mansion Population - 1,436,975 (1970) _j 8. Sta te Capitol P opulation Density: 700 Per Sq. Mile (1970) 9. A tlanta Civic Center 10. Piedmont Park 11. Omni L e S r dn ey B-for h Rive@ ELL Ft ruel @.t M 0. D@' C,3, GWJ NNETT r J KEY TO MAP (N-1) Oconee National Forest (H-1) Scull Shoals (H-2) Eagle Tavern 22 (H-3) Crawford Long Museum (1) Bobby Brown State Park JACKSON (2) Nancy Hart State Park 21 (3) Fort Yargo State Park (4) Shaking Rock Park MADISON (5) Watson's MW State Park COMMERCE ELBERT (6) Alcovy Scenic River 15 (7) Apalachee River (8) Oconee River (9) North Oconee River H-3 @13 (10) Middle Oconee River 2 (11) Broad River (12) Hudson River (13)' Savannah River --ELBERTON (14) WMA /BARROW ff (15) WMA COMER (16) Alcovy Natural Area (17) Lake Wallace 0 (18) Clark Hill Reservoir WI DER (19) Hard Labor Creek State Park Curry Creek Reserv?ir 3 (20) (21) Tallow Hill Reservoir (22) Trotter Shoals Reservoir @.ATHENS OGLETHORPE 714_ OCONEE CLARKE CRAWF R V44LTON H-2 6 MONROE MORGAN N-1 REENE L MADISON 20 LEGEND: )X0RT1JEsjqST Existing Principal Highways GREENSBORO Proposed Highways Major Water Resources Proposed Water Resources Es 0 RG 1,9 Existing Urban Areas Probable Urban Growth Existing Recreation/Open Space 8 17 Basic Data Proposed Recreation/Open Space. 10 Counties H-1 Historical Sites Area - 2,982 square miles Population - 192,941 (1970) N-1 Natural Area Sites @TIJATTAROOCKEE RLI]qT EXISTING PUBLIC 1. Chattahoochee River Rica- 2. Flint River 3. Little Tallapoosa River 4. Little Tallapoosa R. Watershed 5. Lake Carroll 6. Tanner's Beach State Park 7. Senoir State Park PROPOSED PUBLIC E-* D 8. Maple Creek State Park 9. Dixie Creek State Park 0. Chattahoochee R. Wild Life Management Area Carrollton 11. West Point Reservoir Bowdon 12. Spewrell Bluff Reservoir 14 13. Franklin Reservoir 27A 14. Cedar Creek Reservoir 1 15. McIntosh Reserve WETA 16. Pyne Road Park 17. Glovers Creek Park 18. Jackson Creek Park 19. Cater Creek Park CARROLL 20. Beech C reek Park HEARD EXISTING PRIVATE 21. Powers Crossroads New"nan 21 Senoia 17 7 85 Grantville Hogansville MERWYETHER 2TA 20 ng Greenville 16* Pine Mountain 27 Warm Springs, R"/ge Fish Hatchery --West Point TROUP Manchester@ LEGEND: Existing Principal Highways Basic Data Major Water Resources 5 Counties Proposed Water Resources Area - 2,184 square miles Existing Urban Areas Population - 146,995 (1970) Probable Urban Growth Ja.-C TJ4T0S1J TRAJL Covington HENRY Stockbridge FG-1 CD-D) 85 Tyrone McDonough .00, E N 13F ettevpe FAYETTE to nio N Locust Grove 75 r jll@. rjj Jackso 12 ju Griffin PALDING ITTS LAMAR 41 Zebulon, KEY FOR WATER RESOURCES 19 1. Flint River P1 KE Barnesville 2. Alcovy River 3. Yellow River 4. Ocmulgee River 5. Lake at Indian Springs 6. Lake at High Falls 7. Lake Jackson UPSON 8. Arrowhead Lakes 9. Sams Lake 10. Starrs Mill Pond 11. Kelley Lake 12. Crystal Lake 13. Peachtree City Lake 14. Lees Lake I, Thomaston KEY FOR PARKS AND OPEN SPACE 1 . Flint Acres Golf Course LEGEND: 2. E A. Ballard Dove Shoot 3. G'reen Valley Golf Course Existing Principal Highways 4. Barnesville City Park Proposed Highways 5. Telequah Rec. Area ---% Major Water Resources 6. Porterdale Golf Club Proposed Water Resources 7. Antique Acres Existing Urban Areas 8. Old Town Country Club 9. Flint River Beagle Club Basic Data J@ Probable -Urban Growth 8 Counties 10. Griffin City Park Existing Recreation/Open Space 11. Area Within Indian Springs State Area - 1,943 Square Miles Park other than Lake Population - 152,953 12. Area Within High Falls State Park other than Lake (DC01qSF, 12 41 onticell Eato ton Sparta JASPER 29' PUTN AA HANCOCK Wedge BALDWI Sandersville WASHINGT N W KINSON IL Irwinton Wrightsville JOHNSON Basic Data 15 7 Counties Area - 2,894 square miles Population - 92,013 (1970) RECREATION AREAS EXISTING 1. Jackson Lake 2. Lake Sinclair 3. Oconee National Forest LEGEND: 4. Piedmont National Wildlife Refuge Existing Principal Highways 5. Oconee Springs Park 6. Hamburg State Park Proposed Highways 7. Holiday Hill&--Lake Tchukalako 8. Little Hudson Park Major Water Resources 9. Oconee River P 10. Ohoopee 'iver Proposed Water Resources 11. Oemulee River 0 Existing Urban Areas PROPOSED --- 12. Lake Wallace Probable Urban Growth 13. Regional Park-Sinclair Astro Resort Existing Recreation/Open Space 14.' Walter B. Williams, Jr. Park 15. Oho()pee River Recreation Areas Proposed Recreation/Open Space 9ENTRAL AVANNAIJ RIVER WILKES __,@ashington BASIC DATA 78 13 Counties Area - 5,217 Square Miles % 7 8 Population - 302,200 COLUMBW' TALIAFER 0 1-2 Augusta __Wa@inton 'Thomso ,,WARREN MCDUFFIE' 01, RICHMOND', GLASCOCK wrens 7. JEFFERSON 1 N, -Waynesboro RECREATION AREAS 1. Savannah River BURKE 2. Stev -s State Park 3. Elijah Clark State Park 4. Wilkes Co. Park oo" 5. Clark Hill Wildlife Area 10, JENKINS SC.REVEN 6. Mistletoe State Park 15 7. Ft. Gordon Rec. Area 301 8. Keg Creek State Park 9. Clark Hill Reservoir 10. Joes Creek (Proposed) EMANUEL I 11. Canal Park % n 12. Stalling Island 13. Shell Bluff. "I 7@',Sylvania 14*Museum 15. Magnolia Springs St. Park 16. Birdsville Plantation 0 17. Market Square i Swainsboro 18. Private Resort Area 4, LE GEND: Existing Principal Highways - - - - Proposed Highways 72 @77,24SW Major Water Resources Proposed Water Resources Existing Urban Area Probable Urban Growth Ja.IDDLF, (RF,0KG1)q @1'11 syt :z_ 75 ',ray acon 4 MONROE BIBB CRAWFORD % 80 Jeffersonville PEACH 129 TWIGGS Fo Valley Warner Robins Perry, P41 Basic Data LEGEND 7 Counties Existing Area - 2,260 square miles Population - 259,511 (1970) 1. Cedar Creek Wildlife Management Area HOUSTON JI 2. Piedmont National Forest 3. Hitchiti National Forest LEGEND: 4. Oaky Woods Hunting Area Existing Principal Highways 5. Tobesofkee Lake e Mai or Water Resources Proposed = Proposed water Resources 6. Oaky Woods Hunting Area Existing Urban Areas 7. T wiliga River 8. Floint River Probable Urban Growth Historical Sites Ja-1D1,DLF, RLIJiT Lower Achurn ee Lake Basic Data (Pro@jd) 8 Counties Area - 2,7QO square miles TAYLOR Population - 86,778 0 r-J tler MARION to '90:@@ MACON 11-0 i@!, Marshalville 19 FU HLEY C)Bue'na Vista\ %1(-N,@M.ntezurna 7r Unddilla. h, /0 Anderso ville Muckalee Lake I. (P posed I V Pinehurst Kinch oonee Andersonville National L e o Historic Site (Prop v d) I .. A mencus Vie, nn 75 v, DOOLY SUMTER - CRISP Weston ?9 Cordele WEBSTER Le 7- Fi il 41 KEY TO MAP 1. Reynolds Kiwanis Golf Course* LEGEND: 2. Tri-County Recreation Club* Existing Principal Highways 3. Whitewater State Park 4. Andersonville National Historic Site Proposed Highways 5. Sumter Shrine Arena* Major Water Resources 6. South Georgia Technical and Vocational School Proposed Water Resources I)e ]"00 '.e , le ,.ed) 7. Americus Country Club* Existing Urban Areas 8. Georgia Southwestern College 9. Lake Blackshear Probable Urban Growth 10. Georgia Veteran's Memorial State Park Existing Recreation/Open Space 11. Pine.Hills Country Club* Fil 2. Vienna Swimming Pool 0 Proposed Public Pools 113. Montezuma Swimming Pool *Private Historical Sites LEGEND EXISTING OWNER Pub. Pvt. H Troup Tomb X 1. Little Ocmulgee State Park X 2. Hawkinsville State Park X 3. Wildlife Management Area X 4. Oconee Scenic River X 5. Ocmulgee Scenic River X 6. Dykes' Ponds 60 acres X 7. Trunnell's Ponds 66 acres X 8. Country Club 100 acres X 9. Country Club 72 acres X 10. Tripp's Beach 200 acres X 11. Jaybird Springs 187 acres X 12. Country Club 201 acres X 13. Mobley's Bow Hunt 2500 acres X 14. Country Club 215 acres X 15. Hunting Area 1000 acres X 16. Wildwood Lake 325 acres X 17. Sandhill Lake 350 acres X 18. Black Creek Preserve 1000 acres X PROPOSED OWNER 0 Pub. Pvt. 1. State Park Expansion X 2. Wheeler County Lake 150 acres X 3. Treutlen County Lake 100 acres X 4. Montgomery Co. Lake 125 acres X 5. Uvalda City Park X 6. Cochran Pool X 7. Rochelle Pool X 8. Indian Mounds X 9. Alamo City Park X 10. McRae Open Space X 11. Lovett Garden X 12. Holiday Estate X A P\. T F %EsORGIA East Dublin 3 7 c"- BLECKLEY LAURENS TREUTLEN Cochran IA NI 1 16 % Soperton % H Cadwell Hawkinsville 14 PULASKI 10 MONTGOMER Eastmpri, < @2> (r 113)@DG E A mo Mt. Vernon 23 % WHEELER Basic Data Uvalda 9 Counties Helena'- Area - 3,345 square miles Population - 101,474 (1970) 10 M Rae 13 WI LCOX Abbeville, Rhin LEGEND: Existing Principal Highways Roche e ty Proposed Highways er City TELFAIR Lumb 41 1 Major Water Resources Existing Urban Areas Fish Probable Urban Growth Hatche Y CIO 01 Existing Recreation/Open Space . @%3 ee Jacksonvville Proposed Recreation/open Space Historical Sites H-1 Roadside Parks Boat Ramps ELTAMAIJA (RFOPGIA 50UTIJEsF\.N ARE)l n8o 121 301 X CANDLER Statesboro..- )z M@tter BULLOCH 1:63 Vidalia Lyons 23 Q EVANS Reidsville TOOMBS TATTNALL Basic Data 8 Counties Area - 3,468 square miles Population - 121,004 nville Gle 14 LEGEND: Hazlehurs Existing Principal Highways Proposed Highways Major Water Resources Baxley Proposed Water Resources Existing Urban Areas Probable Urban Growth JEFF DA M341 V'S APPLING 'Jesu KEY TO MAP 1. Bullard Creek Wildlife Management Area 2. Ft. Stewart Hunting Area WAYNE 3 Gordonia Altamaha State Park 4 Groveland Lake 5. Big Satilla Creek Project 6' Lake Lindsey Grace 7'Bishop Creek Watershed Project 8. Proposed State Park 02 -T 3. ,rALBOT HARRIS H-1 H-2 4 albotton GEE 6 5 lu 0 -3 ow E 0 H 90CHEE livat ISHATTA KEY TO MAP 9 Cusseta NOOCKEFs 1. Callaway Gardens 2* Franklin D* Roosevelt State Park Basic Data 3. Flint River Reservoirs 8 Counties 4. Bartletts Ferry Lake George Area - 2,292 square miles 5. Midland Pines Campgrounds 0 eservoir S2 Population - 232,396 (1970) 6. Lake Oliver 7. Bull Creek Golf Course 8. Bull Creek Tennis Center 9. River Bend Park 10. Hannahatchee Creek Public Use Area 11. Florence Landing & Marina _/'@ti@ART LEGEND: 12. Providence Canyon State Park 12 13. Rood Creek Public Use Area N H-4 i - Principal Highways 14. Eufaula National Wildlife Refuge tumpkin 15. River Bluff Park qb--m Major Water Resources 16. Tobannee Creek H-5 17. Cool Branch Park 0 Existing Urban Areas 18. Cuthbert Golf Course H-6 19. Pataula Creek State Park Probable Urban Growth 20. Sandy Branch Public Use Area 1= 4 1 21. Cotton Hill Public Use Area C) Existing Recreation/Open Space 22. Sandy Creek Park and Landing 23. East Bank Public Use Area Proposed Recreation/Open Space HISTORIC AREAS 1. Hamilto .n on the Square 16 2. Talbotton Historic District 3. Columbus Historic District ITMA _J sle 4. Bedingfield Inn H-8 5. Westville 6. Singer-Moye Indian Mounds Cuthbert 7. Rood Creek Indian Mounds Shellman 8. Cuthbert Historic District 9. Fort Gaines Historic District 21 RANDOLPH 10. Confederate Naval Museum NATURAL AREAS 22 1. Pataula Creek 23 ? Ft.+Anes ,rA @al C L .1J. SOUTIJWEST %F,0FG1)4 TERRELL 19 LEE Dawson Alban WORTH y) lvester CALHOUN DOUGHE-- Y\@ Blakely BAKER EARLY 12 Camilla MITCHELL MILLER Moultrie Colquitt 27 Pelham 22 19 COLQUITT SEMINOLE GRADY 2 THOMAS ;,Bainbridge 27 Cairo Thomasville DECATUR LEGEND: Existing Principal Highways Basic Data 14C ounties - Major Water Resources Area - 5,943 square miles - Existing Urban Areas Population - 285,295 (1970) Probable Urban Growth NOTE: See Table 16-1, Volume 11, for Map Code Identification. 90ASTAL FLAIJq F i TU NER BEN HILL IRWIN 'Ashburn i7itzgerald 319 4 - TI FT Ocilla N, 1 319 Basic Dat 10 Counties Tifton Area - 3,486 square miles Population - 156,776 (1970) BERRIE MAJOR SCENIC RIVERS 1. Alapaha River 2. Banks Lake 3. Little River 4. Withlacoochee River 5. Suwannee River LEGEND: Existing Principal Highways 'V-Nashville A Major Water Resources N. Adel Proposed water Resources 4i Existing Urban Areas L L IER Probable Urban Growth Historical Sites Campground State Park COOK Lakela'nd Wildlife Management Area Pavo Hahira A Valdosta uitman 84 @@Statenville BROOKS LOWNDES ----------- ECHOLS Lq S I F, 15, COFFEE BACON 17. ima 18. 0 1 0 u as 16 PIERCE 5. Blackshe 21.. 25. ATKINSON BRANTLE Wayc,ross\l -A Nahunta 3. 7. WARE Home 6. 29. RECREATION AREAS EXISTING PUBLIC 1 . Coffee County State Park CLINCH CHARLTON 26. 2. Alapaha Wildlife Mgt. Area 13. 3. Arabia Bay Wildlife Mgt. Area F0 sto, 4. Suwanooche Wildlife Mgt. Area 5. Satilla Wildlife Mgt. Area 10. 20. 14. 6. Waycross State Forest Wildlife Mgt. Area 7. Laura S. Walker State Park 8. Kingfisher Landing 28.' 9.0 9. Suwannee Canal Recreation Area 10. Stephen C. Foster State Park 2 11, Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge 12. 23. 12. Suwannee Scenic River 13. Satilla Scenic River 14. St. Marys Scenic River PROPOSED PUBLIC 15 ' The Rocks 16' Coffee County Game, Mgt. Area 17 ' Lake Alma 18. Big Satilla Creek Reservoir 19. Nahunta Wildlife Mgt. Area 20. Traders Hill - Lake Davis Recreation Area 21. Axon Reservoir 99 Kettle Creek Park EXISTING PRIVATE 23. Okefenokee Swamp Park Association LEGEND: (Non-Profit) Existing Principal Highways 24. Sewell's Fish Camp Proposed Highways 25. Pierce Recreation Inc. (Non-Profit) 26. Folkston Golf & Country Club Major Water Resources 27. K.O.A.,Kampground Existing Urban Areas Basic Data 28. Lem G riff is Hunting& Fishing Camp 8 Counties PROPOSED PRIVATE Probable Urban Growth Area-4,517 square miles 29. Tri-County Recreation Area Existing Recreation/Open Space Population - 97,771 (1970) (N on-Prof it) Proposed Recreation/Open Space EFFINGHAM@ Springfield Rincon no) k&O-ASTAL ;@J 16 Pembroke BRYAN 17 CHATHAM,? LIBERTY I:tichmon 11 Skidaway -19 Hill k_ Is.%- - - LONG Hinesville Ludowict 41P MCINTOSH 17 Basic Data 8 Counties Area - 3,775 square miles Population - 298,486 arien a KEY TO MAP 1. Cumberland Island 2. St. Marys River 3. Satilla River 4. Brunswick River GLYNN 5. Altamaha Riv r J 6. South Newport River Brunsw'6k 7. Medway River 4 8. Ogeechee River 9. Savannah River 10. Skidaway Island 4 11. Savannah Beach 12. Little Tybee Island 13. Wassaw Island 14. Ossabaw Island 15. St. Catherines Island (Harris Neck National Wildlife Refuge) 16. Sapelo Island (R.J. Reynolds State _4 @- Wildlife Refuge) 17. St. Simons Island (Fort Frederica National Monument) 18. Wolf Island (National Wildlife Refuge) 19. Little St. Simons Island 20. Jekyll Island - (State Park) Woodbine CAMDEN -LEGEND: d Existing Principal Highways Proposed Highways Kingsland Major Water Resourc e Existing Urban Areas -',Probable Urban Growth 00 S Existing Recreation/Open Space -C Z I C collection MISTR ZONE "M C E FV TER DATE DUE 3 6668 14106 4487